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diff --git a/corpus/building/image/fc6edc4bf7af0e68.png b/corpus/building/image/fc6edc4bf7af0e68.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b0d9608ed0d1defcd8c5a2aeb71204c778bdbfc --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/image/fc6edc4bf7af0e68.png @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:fc6edc4bf7af0e68b08d067072c03a9ab0415e23615c189dda15175ea2c4d818 +size 1204224 diff --git a/corpus/building/image/fd1057876765b3d6.png b/corpus/building/image/fd1057876765b3d6.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1667eec7584e7867bd35f6dbbbb721e3fb00e27b --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/image/fd1057876765b3d6.png @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:fd1057876765b3d6f6d76b29609d796f17782cea85bab66088d9eef57f88a267 +size 1204224 diff --git a/corpus/building/text/07a31b8c64047b2f.txt b/corpus/building/text/07a31b8c64047b2f.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f42d4510ee2182099d4117b6a8559dfa062ce60 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/07a31b8c64047b2f.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Strength-Parity Ensembling with Parameter-Isolated Experts for Multi-Task Affect Recognition + +Leading entries on the multi-task track of the 11th ABAW challenge rely on heavy ensembling, yet which member is worth adding to an already strong ensemble is rarely made explicit. We study this question for joint valence-arousal estimation, 8-way expression recognition, and 12-way action-unit detection from a single unconstrained face, under partial, long-tailed labels and a rule that forbids pretraining on Aff-Wild2. Building on a shared affect-latent that marginalizes the missing labels across two affect-supervised backbones, we propose a strength-parity rule: an added member lowers the ensemble error only when it is both decorrelated from the current members and a near-peer of them in individual accuracy. The rule exposes a concrete obstacle, as on a single backbone re-seeding and even distinct fine-tuning curricula re-converge to a prediction correlation of 0.98 and add no diversity. Parameter-isolation removes it: confining each adaptation to a disjoint low-rank subspace of a shared backbone yields experts that stay decorrelated at 0.91 while remaining near-peers, the strongest of them an AffectNet-adapted expert. The resulting system raises the overall validation score to 1.6949, against the organizers ConvNeXt-with-MixAugment baseline of 0.45; with per-AU calibration and by pooling the shared-latent heads valence-arousal byproduct as a further near-peer, the strongest configuration reaches 1.7259. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/0a241e0ab4ad8ad7.txt b/corpus/building/text/0a241e0ab4ad8ad7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a97957681d243ed3431cf48af6a11671446e8613 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/0a241e0ab4ad8ad7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,526 @@ +**************** + + + +-k t^^ + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live'' + + + +IS 11382 (1986) : Dimensions for stuffing box cavities of +end-suction process pumps [MED 20: Pumps] + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +aj^&vi iJii^s:y>K^ isb^^ni^seg + + + +:<>5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +UDC 621'762-64 : 006'7S ; 62r65'052'2 + + + +IS: 11382- 1986 + + + +a +o + +UJ + + + +to + +Q. + +E + + + + +Indian Standard < Reaffirmed 2001 ) + +DIMENSIONS OF STUFFING BOX CAVITIES +OF END SUCTION PROCESS PUMPS + + + +1. Scope — This standafd covers the dimensions of stuffing box bore in radial direction for pumps +with mechanical seals and in radial and axial direction for pumps with gland packings for end suction +process pumps. + +2. Stuffing Box Dimensions + +2.1 Packing and Mechanical Seals — See Table 1 . + +2.2 Space in Stuffing Box and Nearest Obstructions — See Table 2. + + + +TABLE 1 STUFFING BOX DIMENSIONS + +All dimensions in millimetres. + + + +f V////////A + + + +fF + + + +(Dd^ + + + +di + + + +7 <^d2 /hrl. + + + +V///////A + + + + +FIG. 1 BORE WITH UNBALANCED + +MECHANICAL SEAL OR SOFT + +PACKING WITH OR + +WITHOUT SLEEVE + + + +FIG, 2 BORE WITH BALANCED + +MECHANICAL SEAL WITH OR + +WITHOUT SHORT SLEEVE + + + +FIG. 3 BORE WITH BALANCED +MECHANICAL SEAL +WITH SLEEVE + + + +Fig. 1,2 +and 3 + + + +2, India + + + +AMENDMENT NO. 1 JULY 1990 +TO + +IS 11382 : 1986 DIMENSIONS OF STUFFING BOX CAVITIES OF +END SUCTION PROCESS PUMPS + +( Page 1, Table 1, col heading d^ ) — Substitute ^58' /^r '60'. + +( Page 1, Table 1, col heading d^ ) — Substitute 'S = %' for 'S = 9*, + +( Page 1, Table ], col heading d^ ) — Substitute '^Q' for *45'. + +( Page 2, Table 2, col heading /i, 6 rings ) — Substitute 'QQ' for '60'. + + + +( HMD 20 ) + + + +Printed at Ntw India Printing Press, Khurja, India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/0f1ade03993c104c.txt b/corpus/building/text/0f1ade03993c104c.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3761f396869607cbf05a7fe956dcff826ebd881d --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/0f1ade03993c104c.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +CORE: Common Outcome Regularities from Action-Free Visual Demonstrations for Robot Manipulation + +Robot imitation learning often relies on costly robot demonstrations, while abundant action-free visual demonstrations, such as human videos, are difficult to use because they lack robot-executable actions and suffer from embodiment gaps. We propose CORE, a policy learning framework that extracts Common Outcome Regularities from visual demonstrations. Rather than transferring explicit actions across embodiments, CORE exploits a key observation: although successful trajectories for the same task can be diverse, their terminal states often share stable object configurations, spatial relations, and contact constraints. CORE first trains a terminal outcome encoder with contrastive and auxiliary temporal objectives, then aggregates successful terminal embeddings into visual goal prototypes, and finally injects these prototypes as global goal conditions into robot policies. Compared with language instructions, visual goal prototypes provide more concrete geometric and physical constraints for task completion. Across Meta-World, RoboTwin 2.0, and real-world manipulation, CORE improves the average success rate of the corresponding policy backbones by up to +3.9, +11.1, and +17.0 percentage points, respectively, and outperforms text-conditioned variants under the evaluated settings. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/134da76a59c98997.txt b/corpus/building/text/134da76a59c98997.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3aa9ceca3d4260e9c29075dfeffc683ca9c94eed --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/134da76a59c98997.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +On the moments of Cox rate-and-state models + +Rate-and-state models are widely used physical models for the relation between changes in pore pressure due to fluid injection or gas extraction and the induced seismic hazard in a field. We consider the modification where the pore pressure measurements are affected by noise and provide explicit expressions for the first and second moments of the state variable. We show that when the pressure increases, there is positive correlation. In the case of decreasing pressure, both positive and negative correlation is possible. Using the delta method, approximate first and second moments of the rate variable are derived and compared to empirical moments. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/13d831ebb6dfa5d7.txt b/corpus/building/text/13d831ebb6dfa5d7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f118d8549de9c2ea629ed5795fc45fd674e8740 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/13d831ebb6dfa5d7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2017 @@ +**************** + + +-k is^ + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + +"^^ ^ ^ ^ % ?R^" + +Jawaharlal Nehru + +Step Out From the Old to the New + + +^viiT'jsiS'SfS^Nj^?*:: + + +•^■•■^^^■r + + +li^ i/ir w w w w w WW ^ ^ ^ tIt w w w + + +BLANK PAGE + + +^ + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + +IS 15481 (Parti): 2004 +ISO 10097-1 :1999 + + +/nd/an Standard + +WIRELINE DIAMOND CORE DRILLING +EQUIPMENT — SYSTEM A + +PARTI METRIC UNITS + +ICS 73,100.30 + + +© BIS 2004 +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG + +NEW DELHI 110002 + +^^"^2004 Price Group 6 + + +Diamond Core and Water Well Drilling Sectional Committee, MED 21 + + +NATIONAL FOREWORD + +This Indian Standard (Part 1) which is identical with ISO 10097-1 : 1999 'Wireline diamond core +drilling equipment — System A — Part 1 : Metric units' issued by the International Organization for +Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendations of the +Diamond Core and Water Well Drilling Sectional Committee and approval by the Mechanical +Engineering Division Council. + +The text of the ISO Standard has been approved as an suitable for publication as an Indian Standard +without deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards. +Attention is particularly drawn to the following: + +a) Wherever the words 'International Standard' appear referring to this standard, they should be +read as 'Indian Standard'. + +b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker, while in Indian Standards, the current +practice is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker. + +ISO 10097 consists of the following parts, under the general title Wireline diamond core drilling +equipment — System A: + +Part 1 Metric units +Part 2 Inch units + +In India, as we use only metric system, the concerned sectional committee has decided to adopt only +Parti of ISO 10097. + +The concerned Technical Committee has reviewed the provisions of ISO 3351-1:1992 referred in this +standard and has decided that it is acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard. + +Annex A of this standard is for information only. + + +IS 15481 (Part 1) : 2004 +ISO 10097-1 : 1999 + + +Indian Standard + +WIRELINE DIAMOND CORE DRILLING +EQUIPMENT — SYSTEM A + +PARTI METRIC UNITS + + +1 Scope + +This part of ISO 10097 specifies the nomenclature and thie leading dimensions necessary for the interchangeability +of the following wireline drilling equipment for drilling holes 48 mm to 96 mm in diameter, yielding cores of 27 mm to +63 mm in diameter. + +The equipment is illustrated in Figure 1 and comprises the following: + +a) core bit; + +b) reaming shell; + +c) core lifter; + +d) core lifter case; + +e) outer tube; + +f) inner tube; + +g) drill rod (smooth pipe only). + +2 Normative reference + +The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of +this part of ISO 10097. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, this publication do not. +apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 10097 are encouraged to investigate the possibility +of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For undated references, the latest +edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and lEC maintain registers of currently valid +International Standards. + +ISO 3551-1 :1 992, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units. + +3 Designation + +Items made in accordance with this part of ISO 10097 shall be designated by the identification letters WL and hole +dimensions A, B, N, H. + +EXAMPLE + +Core bit for wireline drilling hole B dimensions: WLB core bit. + + +IS 15481 (Part 1) : 2004 +ISO 10097-1 : 1999 + + +4 Materials + +Materials used in tlie manufacture of thie wireline drilling equipment specified in this part of ISO 10097 shall have +the minimum mechanical properties as specified in Table 1. + +Table 1 — Mechanical properties + + +Component + +Minimum tensile +strength, R^ + +N/mm2 (MPa) + +Minimum yield +stress, Rg + +N/mm2 (MPa) + +Minimum eiongation +after fracture, A + +% + +Drill rods + +690 + +550 + +12 + +Core tubes + +690 + +550 + +12 + +Other items + +Not specified + +5 Dimensions and tolerances + +5.1 General + +All dimensions and tolerances are in millimetres unless otherwise stated and shall be in accordance with Tables 3 to +9 inclusive. + +5.2 Conformity + +In those industries where drilling depths are measured in metres, the rod lengths shall be 3 m, 1 ,5 m or 0,75 m. But +when drilling in conformity with DCDI^A and CDDA standards, the lengths of rods may be 3,048 m, 1,524 m or +0,762 m. + +5.3 Eccentricity + +The eccentricity is defined as the distance between the centres of the outer and inner diameters and may not +exceed 1 0 % of nominal wall thickness Q. + +The eccentricity is calculated according to the formula: + + +tfmax Qi + + +n^iixioo + + +where g^g^ ^'^^ Qmin ^""e measured values in the same section. + +5.4 Straightness + +When measured over the whole length of the tube by rolling against a straightedge, the maximum deviation shall not +be greater than: + +— for drill rods 1 in 2 000 + +— for core tubes 1 in 1 500. + +5.5 Technical conditions + +Tubes should be made seamless. Tube rolling technique and machining operations are optional, + +Tube straightness is checked by rolling the tube on a horizontal or slightly inclined flat surface. When rolling, no +clearances shall be seen between the rod ends and the surface, nor between the middle of the rod (tube) and the +surface. + +Hole drilling by wireline system A equipment shall be cased by system A casing as specified in ISO 3551 -1 . + + +IS 15481 (Part 1) : 2004 +ISO 10097-1 : 1999 + + +Table 2 — System of dimensional identification letters + + +A, Ai, etc. + +Outside diameters; A being largest; Ai, A2, etc. progressively smaller + +B, 5i, etc. + +Inside diameters; B being smallest; B^, B2, etc. progressively larger + +C, C,, etc. + +External lengths; C being longest; Q, C2, etc. progressively shorter + +D, Di, etc. + +Internal lengths; D being longest; D^, D^, etc. progressively shorter + +£, E^, etc. + +Major diameter of pin threads; E being largest; E^, £2, etc. smaller + +F, fi,etc. + +Minor diameter of pin threads; F being largest; F^, F2, etc. smaller + +Thread pitch +(threads per inch) + +Pin threads + +C, Ci, etc. + +Width at root of pin thread + +H, Wi,etc. + +Length of o.d. machined for external threading + +y, yi.etc. + +Minimum length for full depth of pin threads + +K.K^,e\c. + +Length of relief at the starting point of pin threads + +Z,, Li, etc. + +Angle of bevel for pin thread shoulder + +M, Ml, etc. + +Major diameter of box threads; M being largest; Mi, M^, etc. smaller + +N, /V,, etc. + +Minor diameter of box; N being largest; N^, N2, etc. smaller + +Thread pitch +(threads per inch) + +Box threads + +Z'. Pi, etc. + +Width at root of box threads + +G, ei.etc. + +Length of i.d. machined for internal threading + +R,R^, etc. + +Minimum length for full depth of box threads + +S, 5i, etc. + +Length of counter bore at the starting of box threads + +r, 7i, etc. + +Angle of bevel for thread shoulder + +U, UuBtC. + +Included angles: Internal and external + +V, V,, etc. + +Internal angles, not pertaining to threaded connections + +W, Wi.etc. + +External angles, not pertaining to threaded connections + +a: + +Diamond set dimensions: External (o.d.) + +K + +Diamond set dimensions: Internal (i.d.) + +NOTE 1 All decimal dimensions indicate allowable tolerances. + +NOTE 2 The following common abreviations have sometimes been used in tables in the English version +for the sake of simplicity: + +o.d ■= outside diameter + +i.d. = inside diameter. + +IS 15481 (Part 1) : 2004 +ISO 10097-1 : 1999 + + +Key + +1 Head (not standardized) + +2 Bearing unit (not standardized) + +3 Outer core barrel + +4 Stabilizer (not standardized) + +5 Retractable core barrel + + +6 Reaming shell + +7 Core lifter + +8 Core lifter case + +9 Bit + + +Figure 1 — Wireline core barrel assembly + + +IS 15481 (Part 1> : 2004 +ISO 10097-1 : 1999 + + +^ Clear of diamonds +^ Set o.d. +c Set i.d. + + +Figure 2 — Wireline core bit + + +Table 3 — Wireline core bit (see Figure 2) + +Dimension + +WLA + +WLB + +WLN + +WLH + +A max. +min. + +46,66 +46,56 + +57,96 +57,86 + +73,91 +73,81 + +94,31 +94,21 + +B max. + +min. + +27,89 +27,76 + +37,70 +36,91 + +48,82 +48,02 + +64,69 +63,90 + +Si max. + +min. + +36,91 +36,12 + +46,43 +45,64 + +60,72 +59,93 + +78,18 +77,39 + +C min. + +57,91 + +66,04 + +65,41 + +96,22 + +D max. + +min. + +58,71 +57,91 + +66,83 +66,04 + +66,20 +65,41 + +97,01 +96,22 + +Di max. + +min. + +49,61 +48,82 + +57,55 +56,75 + +54,37 +53,58 + +83,74 +82,95 + +M max. + +min. + +42,09 +42,04 + +52,43 +52,37 + +67,51 +67,46 + +85,78 +85,70 + +N max. +min. + +40,59 +40,51 + +50,85 +50,80 + +65,99 +65.94 + +84,20 +84,12 + +Thread pitch + +6,35 + +6,35 + +6,35 + +6,35 + +P max. + +min. + +3,20 +3,12 + +3,20 +3,12 + +3,20 +3,12- + +3,20 + +3,12 + +Q max. + +min. + +42,29 +42,16 + +42,52 +42,39 + +42,55 +42,42 + +42,75 +42,62 + +R min. + +38,89 + +38,89 + +38,89 + +38,89 + +5 max. + +min. + +7,14 +6,35 + +7,14 +6,35 + +7,14 +6,35 + +7,14 +6,35 + +7 + +15° + +15° + +15° + +15° + +V' + +30° + +30° + +30° + +30° + +X max. +min. + +47,75 +47,50 + +59,69 + +59,44 + +75,44 +75,18 + +95,76 +95,38 + +Y max. +min. + +27,10 +26,85 + +36,53 +36,27 + +47,75 . +47,50 + +63,63 +63,37 + +IS 15481 (Part 1) : 2004 +ISO 10097-1 : 1999 + + +3 Set o.d. + + +Figure 3 — Wireline reaming shell + + +Table 4 - + +-Wireline reaming sliell (see Figure 3) + +Dimension + +WLA + +WLB + +WLN + +WLH + +A max. +min. + +46,66 +46,56 + +57,96 +57,86 + +73.91 +73,81 + +94,31 +94,21 + +B max. + +min. + +36,51 +36,36 + +46,04 +45,86 + +60,33 +60,12 + +77,79 +77,53 + +C max. + +min. + +162,32 +161,53 + +159,15 +158,35 + +171,85 +171,05 + +182,96 + +182,17 + +E max. + +min. + +41,96 +41,91 + +52,30 +52,25 + +67,39 +67,34 + +85,62 +85,55 + +F max. + +min. + +40,44 +40,39 + +50,72 +50,67 + +65,86 +65,81 + +84,05 +83,97 + +Thread pitch + +6,35 + +6,35 + +6,35 + +6,35 + +C max. + +min. + +3,20 +3,12 + +3.20 +3,12 + +3,20 +3,12 + +3,20 + +3,12 + +H max. +min. + +41,28 +41,15 + +41,38 + +41,25 + +41,28 + +41,15 + +41,20 +41,07 + +J min. + +38,89 + +38,89 + +38,89 + +38,89 + +K max. +min. + +7,14 +6,35 + +7,14 +6,35 + +7,14 +6,35 + +7,14 +6,35 + +L + +15° + +15° + +15° + +15° + +M max. +min. + +42,09 +42,04 + +52,43 +52,37 + +67,51 +67,46 + +85.78 +85,70 + +N max. +min. + +40,59 +40,51 + +50,85 +50,80 + +65,99 +65,94 + +84,20 +84,12 + +Thread pitch + +6,35 + +6,35 + +6,35 + +6,35 + +P max. +min. + +3,20 +3,12 + +-3,20 +3,12 + +3,20 +3,12 + +3,20 +3,12 + +Q max. + +min. + +61,01 +60,88 + +61,32 +61,19 + +67,69 +67,56 + +74,04 +73,91 + +R min. + +38,89 + +38,89 + +38,89 + +38,89 + +S max. + +min. + +7,14 +6,35 + +7.14 +6,35 + +7,14 +6,35 + +7,14 +6,35 + +T + +15° + +15° + +15° + +15° + +X max. +min. + +48,13 +47,88 + +60,07 +59,82 + +75,82 +75,57 + +96,27 +95,89 + +IS 15481 (Part 1) : 2004 +ISO 10097-1 : 1999 + + +Key + + +Gap + + +Figure 4 — Wireline core lifter + + +Table 5 — Wireline core lifter {see Figure 4) + + +Dimension + +WLA + +WLB + +WLN + +WLH + +A max. +min. + +30,23 +30,18 + +40,23 +40,18 + +52,04 +51,99 + +68,94 +68,88 + +B max. + +min. + +26,59 +26,54 + +36,02 + +35,97 + +47,12 + +47,07 + +62,87 +62,81 + +C max. +min. + +22,62 +21,83 + +25,80 +25,00 + +28,97 +28,18 + +38,50 +37,70 + +U max. +min. + +5° to 15' +4° to 45' + +5° to 1 5' i 5 to 1 5' +4° to 45' \ 4" to 45' + +S" to 1 W +4° to 45' + +V + +0° + +0" + +0» + +0° + +Vi + +30° + +30" 1 30° + +30° + +IS 15481 (Part 1) : 2004 +ISO 10097-1 : 1999 + + +5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +IS 13619: 1993 + +( Reaffirmed 1999) + + + +3n"?ft1%^ - ^^q" sftT cT^ TTTi" ^ ^rxFTT ^^ + +Indian Standard + +INDUSTRIAL STEAM AND HOT WATER + +BOILER PLANTS — MAINTAINING OF LOG + +AND SUMMARY SHEETS — + +RECOMMENDATIONS + + + +UDC 621-18 (08-3-4) + + + +@ BIS 1993 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG +NEW DELHI 110002 + +May 1993 Price Group 4 + + + +Boilers Sectional Committee, HMD 01 + + + +FOREWORD + +This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized +by the Boilers Sectional Committee had been approved by Heavy Mechanical Engineering Division +Council. + +This Indian Standard is based on BS 1374 : 1972 'Recommendations on the use of British Standard +log sheets for steam and hot water boiler plants' issued by the British Standards Institution (BSI). + + + +IS 13619 : 1993 + +Indian Standard + +INDUSTRIAL STEAM AND HOT WATER + +BOILER PLANTS — MAINTAINING OF LOG + +AND SUMMARY SHEETS — + +RECOMMENDATIONS + + + +1 SCOPE + +Provides guidance for maintaining log and +summary sheets for industrial steam and hot +water boiler. + +2 INSTRUMENTATION + +2.1 The following instruments and measuring +equipment are recomm.ended for carrying out +the measurement and noting down the rea- +dings: + +a) Means for ascertaining the quantity of +water evaporated [either the water fed +into the boiler(s) or the steam produced +by the boiler(s) may be measured] and/or +means of measuring the heat outputs; + +b) Means for ascertaining the mass of fuel +burned; + +c) Draught gauges; + +d) Temperature measuring instruments; + +e) Flue gas analysers — indicators or +recorders; + +f) Steam pressure recorders; + +g) Feed water make-up meters; + +h) Chemical apparatus for controlling the +condition of the boiler water; and + +j) Means for ascertaining the calorific value +of fuel. + +3 USE OF LOG SHEETS + +3.1 Readings + +Provisions has only been made on the log sheets +for the recording of the readings of instruments +where a spot reading has any value as a record, +thus giving the essential information with the +minimum amount of labour. Certain of the +points mentioned below are not applicable when +liquid or gaseous fuel are being used. + +3.2 Record for Boilers Operating + +Record the number of hours of operating of +each boiler. On a daily log sheet the nubers of +the boilers operating shall be recorded on the + + + +first line and any alterations recorded at the +appropriate time. This information is useful in +systematizing maintenance and in controlling +boiler water condition. + +3.3 Record for Boilers on Banks + +Record the number of boilers on bank, as well +as those operating, to enable the amount of fuel +used for banking to be kept under observation. +The mass of the fuel used for banking shall be +recorded regularly wherever possible, but fre- +quently it is only possible to make occasional +spot observations of the quantity. The space +columns can be used appropriately for this +purpose. + +3.4 Record for Steam Pressure and/or Outgoing +Water Temperature + +3.4.1 Steam Boilers + +Provision is made for recording steam pressure. +When several boilers are steaming, this reading +shall always be taken from same boiler, since +there will probably be deferences in the readings +on different gauges. Such spot readings have +very limited value, and it is recommended that +a recording pressure gauge should be installed +in the main steam line. This furnishes a full +record of the variations in pressures and direct +attention to any need for investigating an abnor- +mal fluctuation. + +3.4.2 Hot Water Boilers + +Provision is made for recording the outgoing +flow temperature. When several boilers are +operating, this reading shall always be taken at +a point in the common main as near to the +boilers as possible. + +3.5 Record for Feed Water Temperature + +3.5.1 Provision is made for recording feed water +temperature at both the economiser and boiler +inlets. Where each boiler has its own econo- +miser, it will generally be sufficient to record +the reading on one boiler every hour, dealing +with each boiler in rotation. Where there is no +economiser, the temperature of the water being + + + +1 + + + +IS 13619 : 1993 + + + +fed to the boiler should be entered in the +appropriate column. Where cold water is used, +there is no advantage in recording the +temperature hourly, but with hot water this +reading services to direct attention to any falling +off in temperature and consequent loss in +efficiency due to faults developing in the heat- +recovery equipment, such as condensate or other +return, which might otherwise be overlooked. + +3.5.2 A record of the temperature of the water +entering and leaving an econcmiser serves to +direct attention to any falling off its efficiency. + +3.6 Record for Flue Gas Temperature + +3.6.1 Provision is made for recording the tempe- +rature at the inlet and outlet of the economiser +and it is assumed that; where there is more than +one economiser, a reading shall be taken on +each in rotation. Knowledge of the temperature +of the gas leaving the boiler or entering the +economiser, when considered in conjunction +with the boiler load, directs attention to any +falling off in efficiency, as an increase in tem- +perature for given load usually indicates either +fouling of the boiler heating surface or by +passing of gases. + +3.6.2 A record of the temperature of the gases +leaving the economiser, in addition to that at +entry, discloses any falling off in economiser +efficiency by a lowering of the difference +between these two temperatures at a given load. +This may result from either fouling of econo- +miser heating surface or opening of gas by pass +where this exists. + +3.6.3 Where there is no economiser, the tem- +perature of the gas leaving the boiler shall be +recorded in appropriate column. + +3.7 Record for Steam Temperature + +3.7.1 Where super heaters are installed, the +degree of super heater is not normally under +the control of the operator. Observation of the +temperature of the steam leaving the super +heater will, however, direct attention to any +falling off, which may be due to fouling of +super heater heating surface, or to priming. As +the load of the boiler increased, if there is no +priming the temperature tends to rise; a marked +decrease generally indicates priming. + +3.7.2 Generally it is essential that the steam +temperature should be recorded every hour on +all boilers but it is recommended that this +temperature shall be taken at least once a shift +on each boiler, preferably always at the same +load, to keep the point generally uider observa- +tion. Irregularities may indicate the disability +for closer investigation. + + + +3.7.3 Where steam is not superheated, there is +no point in recording its temperature on the log + +sheet. + +3.8 Record for Evaporation or Heat Output + +3.8.1 The principle object of ascertaining the +evaporation or heat output obtained from the +boiler plant is in conjunction with the fuel +records, to keep under constant observation the +fuel cost of generating steam or heating water. +Evaporation may be ascertained by the use of +water meter or integrating steam flow meter. +When a water meter is used the quantity of +water blown down shall be deducted. The heat +output of hot water boilers can be ascertained +by the use of integrating meter. + +3.8.2 In order to obtain a clear picture showing +fluctuations, which have an important influence +on efficiency, it is necessary to employ a recor- +ding meter. + +3.9 Record for Blow Down + +The quantity of water blown down shall be +recorded as a difference in level in the guage +glass, from which the mass can be calculated. +Importance of the item is to check that only the +necessary quantity of water is blown down to +maintain the boiler water in a satisfactory +condition. + +3.10 Record for Fuel Used + +3.10.1 Solid Fuel + +The method used for determining the mass of +solid fuel fired to the boilers depends on the +arrangements made for handing fuel at each +works. If whole of the fuel supplied to the boi- +lers can be weighed directly as it enters the +works, the weigh bridge record may be accepted +as the quantity used over an extended period, +say, for a week or a month. + +3.10.1.1 Where the fuel is used for purposes +other than for firing the boilers to which these +forms relate, other methods have to be used. +Ifthecoalis handled mechanically, it may be +possible to use some form of coal meter. This +may be a direct weighing machine or a volume- +tric measuring device. Such devices are often +attached to automatic stokers, in which case +reading shall be recorded regularly and conver- +ted to a mass of fuel as required, using an +appropriate factor. It may be possible to use +a bunker as the means of measurements. For +example, if there are two bunkers, in that case +one can be used exclusively by the boiler opera- +tors during a shift while other can be utilised +for filling the fresh coal. + + + +IS 13619 : 1993 + + + +3.10.1.2 Where boilers are fired by hand the +mass of solid fuel used can generally be obtai- +ned by weighing it in barrows over a weigh +bridge as it is being wheeled into boiler house. +If it is not possible to weigh each barrow load +individually, a rectangular barrow can be used +holding, when levelled off, a known volume of +coal, a barrow load is weighed occasionally, say +once a shift, as a check, and the reading is +noted down on the log sheet. + +3.10.1.3 Alternatively, in case of hand fired +boilers, volumetric measurement on the floor of +the boiler house can be adopted. Such +measurement is provided by filling a rectangular +gauge box having a capacity of 50 kg or more, +open top and bottom, and levelling off the top +surface. However, volumetric methods are not +as accurate as direct weighing, but provide a +useful check on fuel consumption in the absence +of tacilities for weighing. It is desirable that +the mass of the contents shall be checked per- +iodically, particularly when there is change of +fuel. The quantity of fuel used, as given on +the log sheet, shall be checked by estimation +of the fuel in bunkers and store at the beginning +and end of the week, taking into account the +mass of the fuel delivered during that period. + +3.10.1.4 It is sometimes convenient to record +on the log sheet the quantity of fuel fed into the +boiler furnace each hour, but hourly recorded +consumption has no real significance because, +owing to the inevitable variations in fire thick- +ness, it is extremely difficult to measure the fuel +burned with anything approaching accuracy over +such a short period. + +3.10.2 Liquid Fuel + +Where oil meters are used, any fuel recirculated +to a point upstream of a meter shall be taken +into account in determining the quantity consu- +med. Oil flow and return temperatures shall be +measured to obtain accurately the quantity of +all consumed. + +3.10.3 Gaseous Fuel + +For gas fired boilers, the supply temperature of +the gas shall be recorded. + +3.11 Record for Cleaning of Fires + +3.11.1 Where fires are cleaned by hand, it is +useful to have a record of the times of cleaning. +This will serve as a check on the carrying out of +this operation at the most suitable times to +meet load requirements which may be useful in +explaining variations in readings, such as stream +pressure, flue gas steam temperatures, and flue +gas analysis. + + + +3.11.2 When it is not practicable to record the +mass of ashes each time the fire is cleaned, +provision shall be made for recording the total +daily or at each shift. + +3.12 Record for Draught Measurement + +The draught in the plant shall be measured by +suitable draught gauges and record be maitained. +Only under exceptional conditions the plant +can be operated efficiently without their aids. + +3.13 Record for Flue Gas Analysis + +For efficient operation it is essential to have +suitable flue gas analysis, as only under excep- +tional conditions the plant can be operated +efficiently without their aids. The flue gas ana- +lysis, shall have recording instruments, as the +picture furnished by a complete record is very +valuable. + +3.14 Records for Additional Readings + +3.14.1 Records + +Records for special items, which are not of +general application, shall be maintained at +frequent intervals. Provisions have been made +for this in the log sheets by providing the blank +columns in the log sheets. + +3.14.2 Remarks + +Comments on the quality of the fuel, any diffi- +culty in firing it or in cleaning the fires, and +any unusual occurrence during the shift or any +items of maintenance which require attention +shall be maintained by the boiler operator in +the 'Remarks' space provided in the log sheet. +Maintenance of the above records are very +important and the log sheet is the real record of +the boiler house for the day. + +3.15 Record of Outside Air Temperature + +Where the whole or part of the steam or hot +water output is utilized for space heating pur- +poses, it is often very useful in considering +plant performance to have a record of the out- +side air temperature. The record of the outside +air temperature shall be maintained at the +commencement of each shift. + +3.16 Record of Fuel + +The record of the kind of fuel used in each day, +particularly where there is changes shall be +maintained. The description shall be as com- +plete as possible to assist in the comparision of +day to day performance. + + + +IS 13619 : 1993 + + + +3.17 Record of Evaporation or Heat Output +per Unit of Fuel + +The evaporation or heat output per unit of fuel, +considered in conjunction with the type fuel +used and, in the case of steam boilers, the feed +water temperature, shall generally serve as a +useful indication of the variation in elBciency +from day to day or shift to shift. + +3.18 Record of Ashes + +Mostly in the small boiler plants, it is not prac- +ticable to sample and analyse the fuel and the +ash. Therefore, recording the mass of the ash +and clinker, attention is directed to important +changes in the amount of ashes as the percent- +age of fuel, which on investigation may be expla- +ined by a change in the quantity of the fuel or +in the variation in the operating efficiency as +indicated by an abnormal amount of combusti- +ble material in the residue. + +3.19 Record for Make-up Feed Water + +Record shall be maintained daily the quantity of +make-up water used. Where the make-up, expres- +sed as a percentage of evaporation, increases, +this may be due to wastage of hot condensate +not otherwise detected or to additional blow +down. In the case of hot water boilers, an +increase of the make-up water may be due to +blow down or may indicate leakage in the system. +This information is also necessary for the cont- +rol of feed water treatment. When a boiler is +refilled after emptying this fact shall be recorded +under 'General comments' and the quantity, if +it has passed through the meter, deducted from +the feed water total. + + + +NOTE — If the water meter records in cubic meters, +conversion to kilograms by multiplying by 1 000 is +generally sufficiently accurate. If the record is in +litres, no multiplication is necessary. + +3.20 Record for General Comments + +Provisions have been made in the log sheet for +recording 'General comments' where observa- +tions of the engineer or other oflScial responsi- +ble for the performance of the boiler plant shall +be maintained. + +3.21 Maintenance of Daily Log Sheets and +Weekly Summary Sheets + +3.21.1 Typical log sheets and weekly summary +sheets for maintaining the data have been given +in the Annexures as mentioned below: + +a) Annex A Boilerhouse daily log sheet for +steam boilers ( Form 1 ); + +b) Annex B Boilerhouse daily log sheets for +hot water boilers ( Form 2 ); + +c) Annex C Boilerhouse weekly summary +sheets for steam boilers ( Form 3 ); +and + +d) Annex D Boilerhouse weekly summary +sheets for hot water boilers ( Form 4 ). + +3.21.2 Forms 3 and 4 are the sheets upon which +the essential daily information is summarized. +In addition, provision is made for recording the +cost of fuel for kilogram of water evaporated or +per kcal of heat out put. + + + +IS 13619 : 1993 + + + +ANNEX A +[Clause 3.21.1 (&)] +BOILERHOUSE DAILY LOG SHEET + + + +STEAM BOILERS + + + +Date... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Plant... + + + + + + +STEAM + + +WATER + + +FLUE GASES + + +DRAUGHT + + +FUEL + + +AIR + + + + + + + + +I + + +2 + + +3 + + +4 + + +5 + + +6 + + +7 + + +8 + + +9 + + +10 + + +11 + + +12 + + +13 + + +14 + + +15 + + +16 + + +17 + + +18 + + +19 + + +20 + + +21 + + +22 + + +23 + + +24 + + +25 + + +26 + + +27 + + +Time + + +Boiler + +No. + + +Press. + + +Temp. + + + + +Temp, +econ. +inlet + + +Temp. + +boiler + +inlet + + +Meter + +reading + +feed + +water + + +Meter + +reading + +make-up + +water + + + + +Temp, +boiler +outlet + + +Temp. +econ. +outlet + + +CO. +or 0, + + + + +Press, +in comb, +chamber + + +Press. + +at +boiler + +outlet + + + + +Flow +meter + + +Return +meter + + +Flow +temp. + + +Return +temp. + + +Ashes + + + + +Outside +temp. + + + + + + +Remarks + + +kgf/cm» +(8; + + +»C + + +"C + + +•C + + +litres + + +litres + + +•c + + +■ -0 + + +% + + + + +mWC + + +mWC + + + + +kg. or m* +or litres + + +kg. or m« +or litres + + +-C + + +•C + + +kg + + +<^C + + + + + + + + + + +— + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +s — + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Large size sheet — 30 lines +Small size sheet — 22 lines + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +" + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Total + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +No.of +readings + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Average + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Density (20 + +or Calorific + + +SUMNUl + +/2m + + +RY + + +FOR DAY + +Feed water. Meter reading ( beginning of day ) + +Meter reading (end of day ) + +Difference + +Feed water pressure + +Feed water pH + +Make-up water kg =- + + + + +kg + +kg + +kg + +% of evaporation + +Quantity + + +Fuel used (m + + + + +value kcal/kg or kl/m> + + +*rtAH tA + + +20'C ) + + + + +Fuel 1 + + +jsed + + + + +kg + + + + +tmtiAn f%f et*a«n • + + +total + + +kg + + + + +r to nff. + + +lel + + +kg + + +Ashes : total + + + + +„ kg=... + + +% + + +of fuel + + + + + + + +Load + + +of flow + + + + + + +GENERAL COMMENTS + + + + + + + + +Retur + + +Q oil flow ( for oil fired furnace ) + + + + + + + + + + +Operators +on duty + + +First shift + + +Second shift + + +Third shift + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +J + + +_ + + + + + + + + + +IS 13619 : 1993 + + + +ANNEXE + +[C/awje3.2i.i (b) ] +BOIUERHOUSE DAILY LOG SHEET : HOT WATER BOILERS + + + +E + + +ate.. + + + + + + + + + + + + +Plant + + + + + + +WATER + + +FLUE GASES + + +DRAUGHT + + +FUEL + + +AIR + + +23 + + + + + + +1 + + +2 + + +3 + + +4 + + +5 + + +6 + + +7 + + +8 + + +9 + + +10 + + +H + + +12 + + +13 + + +14 + + +15 + + +16 + + +17 + + +18 + + +19 + + +20 + + +21 + + +22 + + +24 + + +25 + + +Time + + +Boiler +No. + + +WorkinR +Press + + +Temp. + +boiler +outlet + + +Temp, +boiler + +inlet + + +Temp. + +econ. +inlet + + +Meter +reading + + + + +Temp, +boiler +outlet + + +Temp, +econ. +outlet + + +CO, + +orO, + + + + +Press. + +in + +conip. + +chamber + + +Press, +at + +boiler +outlet + + + + +Flow +meter + + +Return +meter + + +Flow +temp. + + +Return +temp. + + +Ashes + + + + +Outside +temp. + + + + + + +Remarks + + +kgf/cmi +(g) + + +"C + + +•C + + +"C + + +kJ or + +litres + + + + +°C + + +°C + + +% + + + + +mWC + + +mWC + + + + +kg. or n?.* kg. or m* +or litres | or litres + + +•C + + +•e + + +kg + + + + +•C + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +j + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +( 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Large size sheet — 30 lines +Small size sheet — 22 lines + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Total + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +No. of +readings + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Average + + + + + + + + + + + + +• + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +SUMMA + +Fuel grade Deosity (20/20) + + +RY FOR DAY + +Total water circula +Average temperatu + + +ted + + + + + + +or Calorific value kcal/kg or kJ/m» + + +e differer + + +ce + + + + +"C + + +Fuel used ( metered ) + + + + + + + + + + +Iccal + + + + +Total heat o + + +jtput + + +Fuel used ( coitected to + + +IQ^C \ + + + + + + +kcal + + + + +Total heat per kg o + + +'fuel + + +Fuel + + +jsed - ksL + + + + +litres ^ + + +% of total + + +Ashes + + +•-total kg + + += %o + + +ffuel + + +Make-up water + + + + + + + + + + + + +Operators +on duty : + + +1st shift + + +2nd shift + + +3td shift + + +GENERAL COMM + + +ENT3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +! + + + + + + + + + + + +Week commencing. + + + +ANNEX C + +[ Clause, 3.21.1_^(c) ] + +BOILERHOUSE WEEKLY SUMMARRY SHEET : STEAM BOILERS + +Plant. + + + +Date + + +Fuel +consumed + + +Ashes +kgor% + +1 + + +Water + +evaporated + +kg + + +Evaporation +per kg or m^ +of fuel +kg + + +Make-up + +water +% of total + + +Hours steaming + + +Remarks + + + + +1 Kg +f +1 + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +. .._. + + +-■■ + + + + +- + + +.. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + +Total + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +No. of i 1 +reading i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Average + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + +i + + + + + + +Total amou + + +nt of fuel used i^^t ^.t d^ + + +«* r> ^ + + +per kg + +per litre + +=! Rs. + + +(or cubic metre. ==103 ijtres ) + + + + + + +litres ( corr + + +... ..VJ-, Mi 1V.1 + + + + +Weekly tota + + +1 fuel costs Rs + + +WpfVlv tnt-^l ^^..^"-l'"«l ^^^^ + + + + +Cost of fuel + + +for evaporating 1 000 kg of wate + + +'r...... + + + + +*i v^iii^utiv-.ai (..u?»i + + + + +Remarks on weekly records. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + +C^ + + + +ANNEX D + +[ C/ause 3.21. 1 (a)] +BOILERHOUSE WEEKLY SUMMARY SHEET : WATER BOILERS + + + +Week commencing... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Plant + + +Date + + +Fuel + +consumed + +kg + + +Ashes + +kg or + +% + + +Total + +water + +circulated + +kg + + +Average +tempera- +ture +difference + + +Total + +heat + +output + +kcal + + +Heat + +output + +per kg or + +m3of fuel + +kcal + + +Make-up + +water + +% +of total + + +Hours operating + + +Remarks + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Total + +No. of +readings + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 1 + +1 + + + + + + + + +Average + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Toial am( + + +:>unt of fuel \ + + +jsed + + + + + + + + +1 i -w-t + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +— — — . __„.. + + + +Weekly total fuel costs Rs... + +Cost of fuel per kcal + +Remarks on weekly records. + + + +•kgatRs .....per kg + +.Hires (corrected to 20OC) at Rs per litre ( or cubic metre ^103 litres > + +Weekly total chemical costs Rs + + + +C/) + + + +la + + + + + + +Standard Mark + +The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian +Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark +on products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been +produced to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system +of inspection, testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and +operated by the producer. Standard marked products are also continuously cheked by +BIS for conformity to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under +which a licence for the use of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or +producers may be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards. + + + +Bureau of Indian Standards + +BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, \986 to + +promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality +certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country. + +Copyright + +BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced +, in any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, +in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type +or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director +( Publications ), BIS. + +Revision of Indian Standards + +Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards +are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reajBSrmed when such review +indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken +up for revision. Users of Indin Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the +latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of 'BIS Handbook' and 'Standards +Monthly Additions'. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent to BIS giving the following +reference: + +Doc :No. HMD 1 ( 5315 ) + +Amendments Issued Since Publication + +Aiiiend No. Date of Issue Text Affected + + + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +Headquarters: + +Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 11002 + +Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha + +Common to all OflSces ) + + + +Regional Offices : Telephone + +Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg J 331 01 31 + +NEW DELHI 110002 \331 13 75 + +Eastern : 1/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. L P. Road, Maniktola r37 84 99, 37 85 61 + + + +f37 + +\37 + + + +CALCUTTA 700054 \37 86 26, 37 86 62 + +f53 38 43, 53 16 40 +Northern : SCO 445-446, Sector 35-C, CHANDIGARH 160036 i ^^ ^. ^. + +I 53 23 o4 + + + +Southern : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 + + + +{ + + + +235 02 16, 235 04 42 +235 15 19, 235 23 15 + + + +Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ) f632 92 95, 632 78 58 + + + +1« + + + +BOMBAY 400093 • \632 78,91, 632 78 92 + +Branch : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE. +FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD, GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR +LUCKNOW. PATNA. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. + + + +Printed at Printwell Printers , Aligarh, India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/3e88d2dea0b3b681.txt b/corpus/building/text/3e88d2dea0b3b681.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5898d6538efc0e812a5d75e119840b0bb2516633 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/3e88d2dea0b3b681.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Real-time Regulation of Detention Ponds via Feedback Control: Balancing Flood Mitigation and Water Quality + +Floods in urban areas are becoming more intense due to unplanned urbanization and more frequent due to climate change. One of the most effective strategies to alleviate the effects of flooding is the use of flood control reservoirs such as detention ponds, which attenuate flood waves by storing water and slowing the release after the storm. Detention ponds can also improve water quality by allowing the settlement of pollutants inside the reservoir. The operation of most detention ponds occurs passively, where the outflows are governed by fixed hydraulic structures such as fully open orifices and weirs. The operation of detention ponds can be enhanced with active controls: orifices can be retrofitted with controlled valves, and spillways can have controllable gates such that their control schedule can be defined in real-time with a model predictive control (MPC) approach. In this paper, we develop a distributed quasi-2D hydrologic-hydrodynamic coupled with a reservoir flood routing model and an optimization approach (MPC) to identify the opening or closing of valves and movable gates working as spillways. We adapt the optimization problem to switch from a flood-related cost function to a heuristic function that aims to increase the detention time when no inflow hydrographs are predicted within a prediction horizon. The numerical case studies show the potential results of applying the methods herein developed in a real-world watershed in Sao Paulo, Brazil. We test the performance of MPC compared to static (i.e., fixed hydraulic device opening) alternatives with valves either fully or partially opened. The results indicate that the control algorithm presented in this paper can achieve greater flood and proxy water quality performance compared to passive scenarios. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/40b11223755c06dd.txt b/corpus/building/text/40b11223755c06dd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..588d9610470af0ff5b528ddb3b6bf9a523a57338 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/40b11223755c06dd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,470 @@ +Federal Democratic +Republic of Ethiopia + +*&■ EDICT OF GOVERNMENT "«*, + +In order to promote public education and public safety, +equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule +of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is +hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is +the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that +govern them. + +ET ISO 9051 (2001) (English) : Glass in +building — Fire-resistant glazed +assemblies containing transparent or +translucent glass, for use in building + + + +ISO inside" + + + +* #** ******** * J"T + + + + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + + +<*S2££^ + + + + +^355? + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +ETHIOPIAN ES :2012 + +STANDARD + + + +First edition + + + +(Identical with ISO 9051:2001) + + + +ICS: 81 .040.20 + +Published by Ethiopian Standards Agency + +©ESA + + + + +ES ISO 9051 :2012 + + + +Foreword + +This Ethiopian Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Technical Committee for Ceramic, +terracotta building materials and glass (TC 37) and published by the Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA). + +The standard is identical with ISO 9051:2001 Glassinbuilding— Fire-resistant glazed assemblies containing transparentor +translucentglass,for use in building published by International organization for standardization(ISO). + +For the purpose of this Ethiopian Standard , the adopted text shall be modified as follows. + +• The phrase "International Standard" shall be read as "Ethiopian Standard"; and + +• A full stop (.) shall substitute comma (,) as decimal marker. + + + +9051 :20 (E) + + + +Glass in building — Fire-resistant glazed assemblies containing +transparent or translucent glass, for use in building + + + +1 Scope + +This International Standard specifies the classification and marking of transparent and translucent glass products, +which will be described in future International Standards on basic or processed glass products, in assemblies for use +in building and intended to provide some degree of fire-resistance. + +2 Normative references + +The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of +this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publica- +tions do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investi- +gate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated +references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain reg- +isters of currently valid International Standards. + +ISO 834-1 :1999, Fire-resistance tests — Elements of building construction — Part 1: General requirements + +ISO 3009, Fire resistance tests — Elements of building construction — Glazed elements + +3 Fire-resistance characteristics of glazed assemblies + +Glass is a non-combustible material and therefore will not contribute to or propagate fire. + +If affected by heat, glass may fracture by thermal shock or may soften and then not be held by the frame. Only certain +types of glazed assemblies are, therefore, recognized as fire-resisting. The ability of glazed assemblies to resist fire +depends on the type of glass product, glazing method, frame type, pane size, fixing method and the type of +construction surrounding the glazed area. + +Some transparent and translucent glazed assemblies can meet requirements for stability and integrity (RE), and in +some cases insulation (REI, where R is for resistance, E for integrity and I for insulation). + +Not only is the possibility of direct propagation of fire and smoke through openings caused by glass breakage to be +considered for fire protection precautions, it may also be necessary to take into account the heat transmitted through +the glazed assembly, which may still be intact, as such heat may cause ignition of combustible materials. + + + +©ESA + + + +ISO 9051 :20 (E) + + + +4 Classes + +As glazed assemblies perform differently in case of fire, the type shall be classified into one of the following +categories. + +a) Class RE + +Glazed assemblies of fire-resistance according to class RE under the fire conditions as defined in ISO 834-1 pro- +vide, for a given time, stability and integrity. The temperature of the unexposed side is not taken into account. + +b) Class REI + +Glazed assemblies of fire-resistance according to class REI under the fire conditions as defined in ISO 834-1 +provide, for a given time, stability, integrity and insulation. + +5 Frame, glass, glazing material and surrounding construction + +The frame, glazing material and surrounding construction shall be such that the glazed assembly as a whole +corresponds to the test report. + +Glazings of class RE could, for example, contain + +— glass blocks, + +— glass with a low coefficient of thermal expansion, or glass ceramics, + +— glass toughened by thermal or chemical treatment, + +— wired glass, + +— flat glass in small panes, or + +— laminated glass, + +in single or multiple glazings. + +Glazings of class REI could, for example, contain + +— some types of glass blocks, or + +— some types of laminated glazings in single or multiple glazings. + +6 Test requirements + +6.1 Specimens + +A specimen, for the purposes of this International Standard, is a complete glazed assembly. + +6.2 Installation + +The fixing of the specimen into the furnace opening shall be in accordance with ISO 3009. + +6.3 Procedure + +The test procedure shall be in accordance with ISO 3009, and for the temperature of the unexposed side (class REI), +see ISO 834-1 :1999, subclause 5.5.12, with at least one thermocouple for the measurement of the maximum tem- +perature on the glazing. + + + +©ESA + + + +ISO 9051 :20 (E) + + + +6.4 Criteria + +A glazed assembly for fire-resistance class RE shall meet the integrity requirements of ISO 3009 (see Table 1). + +A glazed assembly for fire-resistance class REI shall meet both the integrity requirements of ISO 3009 and the insu- +lation requirements of ISO 834-1 (see Table 1). + +7 Test report + +The test report shall state the following information: + +a) name of test laboratory; + +b) name of sponsor(s); + +c) date of tests; + +d) name(s) of manufacturer(s) and trade name(s) (if any) of the major components of the glazed assembly; + +e) details of materials, construction and conditioning of the assembly tested; + +f) description of the fixings between the assembly tested and the test frame or surround; + +g) side exposed to heat; + +h) test result as determined by the furnace time/pressure chart and temperature curves, and the time(s) at which +particular criteria in 6.4 are no longer satisfied; + +i) any other relevant observations; + +j) fire-resistance class(es) RE and/or REI and code number(s) according to Table 1 . + +Table 1 — Fire-resistance time + + + +Code number + + +Resistance time + + + + +min + + +15 + + +15 to 29 + + +30 + + +30 to 44 + + +45 + + +45 to 59 + + +60 + + +60 to 89 + + +90 + + +90 to 119 + + +120 + + +1 20 or more + + + +8 Marking + +If marking is essential, the following particulars shall be indelibly and distinctly marked on every glazed assembly, in +a position which is visible to anyone requiring the information: + +a) manufacturer's name or trademark; + +b) the number of this International Standard, i.e. ISO 9051 ; + +c) fire-resistance class RE and/or REI; + +d) code number(s) for the resistance time(s). + + + +©ESA + + + +s + + +S> + + +JS + + +s + + +3 + + +Age + + +J*. + + +•3 + + +ft + + +g + + +N + + +« + + +Si + + +J + +^ + + +s + + +« + + +£ + + +.2 s + + +4. + + +&L + + +^ + + +J? + + +S + + + + + +Organization and Objectives + +The Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA) is the national standards body of Ethiopia +established in 2010 based on regulation No. 193/20 10. ESA is established due to the +restructuring of Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia (QSAE) which was +established in 1970. + + + + + +ESA 's objectives are: + + + +♦♦♦ Develop Ethiopian standards and establish a system that enable to + +check weather goods and services are in compliance with the + +required standards, +♦ Facilitate the country's technology transfer through the use of + +standards, +♦♦♦ Develop national standards for local products and services so as to + +make them competitive in the international market. + +Ethiopian Standards + +The Ethiopian Standards are developed by national technical committees which are +composed of different stakeholders consisting of educational Institutions, research +institutes, government organizations, certification, inspection, and testing +organizations, regulatory bodies, consumer association etc. The requirements and/ +or recommendations contained in Ethiopian Standards are consensus based that +reflects the interest of the TC representatives and also of comments received from +the public and other sources. Ethiopian Standards are approved by the National +Standardization Council and are kept under continuous review after publication and +updated regularly to take account of latest scientific and technological changes. +Orders for all Ethiopian Standards, International Standard and ASTM standards, +including electronic versions, should be addressed to the Documentation and +Publication Team at the Head office and Branch (Liaisons) offices. A catalogue of +Ethiopian Standards is also available freely and can be accessed in from our +website. + +SA has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be +reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of ESA. +International Involvement + +ESA, representing Ethiopia, is a member of the International Organization for +Standardization (ISO), and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CODEX). It also +maintains close working relations with the international Electro-technical +Commission (IEC) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) .It is a +founding member of the African Regional Organization for standardization + +ARSO). + + + +More Information ? +Contact us at the following address. +The Head Office of ESA is at Addis Ababa. + +SOU- 646 06 85, Oil- 646 05 65 +Ml 011-646 08 80 +IS/ 2310 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia +E-mail: info@ethiostandards. org. +Website: www. ethiostandards. org + + + +\ + + + + +Standard Mark + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/464d8fb09f515283.txt b/corpus/building/text/464d8fb09f515283.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..135760d81956cc120fd2951d1d3d20f5d34866c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/464d8fb09f515283.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Bridging Computational Fluid Dynamics Algorithm and Physics-Informed Learning: SIMPLE-PINN for Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations + +Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have shown promise for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by directly embedding them into the loss function. Despite their notable success, existing PINNs often exhibit training instability and slow convergence when applied to strongly nonlinear fluid dynamics problems. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel PINN framework, named as SIMPLE-PINN, which incorporates velocity and pressure correction loss terms inspired by the semi-implicit pressure link equation. These correction terms, derived from the momentum and continuity residuals, are tailored for the PINN framework, ensuring velocity-pressure coupling and reinforcing the underlying physical constraints of the Navier-Stokes equations. Through this, the framework can effectively mitigate training instability and accelerate convergence to achieve accurate solution. Furthermore, a hybrid numerical-automatic differentiation strategy is employed to improve the model's generalizability in resolving flows involving complex geometries. The performance of SIMPLE-PINN is evaluated on a range of challenging benchmark cases, including strongly nonlinear flows, long-term flow prediction, and multiphysics coupling problems. The numerical results demonstrate SIMPLE-PINN's high accuracy and rapid convergence. Notably, SIMPLE-PINN achieves, for the first time, a fully data-free solution of lid-driven cavity flow at Re=20000 in just 448s, and successfully captures the onset and long-time evolution of vortex shedding in flow past a cylinder over t=0-100. These findings demonstrate SIMPLE-PINN's potential as a reliable and competitive neural solver for complex PDEs in intelligent scientific computing, with promising engineering applications in aerospace, civil engineering, and mechanical engineering. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/4aa85b64ab626b91.txt b/corpus/building/text/4aa85b64ab626b91.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..242fe664023a509ab02ae96b68a48cb66d13c3a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/4aa85b64ab626b91.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Hybrid LLM-based Intelligent Framework for Robot Task Scheduling + +This study introduces intelligent frameworks that use Large Language Models (LLMs) to improve task scheduling for construction robots. The LLM is fed with key data about the desired task, such as agent action abilities, and the desired end goal to be achieved. A well-balanced allocation strategy is developed, optimizing both time efficiency and resource utilization. Our system utilizes a Natural Language Processing interface to streamline communication with construction professionals and adapt in real-time to unexpected site conditions. We concurrently use two LLM agents, specifically generator (GPT-4) and supervisor (Gemma 3/Llama 4/Mistral 7b) LLM agents to provide a more precise task schedule. We evaluate the proposed methodology using a straightforward scenario and provide metric scores to prove the efficacy of the frameworks. Our results highlight that the implementation of LLMs is crucial in construction operational tasks including robots. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/5000db2e121826eb.txt b/corpus/building/text/5000db2e121826eb.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59d0b927ac16e72eb2743e2e5a5335ff5ab91be6 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/5000db2e121826eb.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11088 @@ +AlllOD +TT^TSt. +NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. +IDE +A1 11 00992956 +/NBS building science series +TA435 .U58 V84;1978 C.I NBS-PUB-C 1974 +Building Science Series 84 +for Reducing Transportation Noise +in and Around Buildings +U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE +National Bureau +of Standards + + +SEP +2 0 «78 +Design Guide +For Reducing Transportation Noise +in and Around Buildings +David S. Pallett +Robert Wehrii +' +Roger D. Kilmer +Thomas L. Quindry +National Bureau of Standards +Washington, D.C. 20234 +'NBS Institute for Basic Standards +^NBS Institute for Applied Technology +U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary +Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary +Jordan +J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology +NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Arinbler, Director +"^2 +Issued April 1978 + +Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data +United States. National Bureau of Standards. +Design guide +for reducing transportation noise +in and around +buildings. +(National Bureau of Standards building science series; 84) +Supt. of Docs, no.: C13.29/2:84. +1. Transportation +noise. +2. Noise +control. +I. +Pallett, +David +S. +II. +Title. +III. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. +Building science series; +84. +TA435.U58 no. 84 [TD893.6.T7] 690'.021s +[729] 76-58340 +National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 84 +Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), BIdg. Sci. Ser. 84, 176 pages (Apr. 1978) +CODEN: BSSNBV +U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE +WASHINGTON: +1978 +For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, +U.S. Government +Printing +Office +Washington, D.C. 20402 +- Price $3.50 +Stock No. 003-003-01687-0 + +iii +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS +The authors +of +this design +guide have +re- +ceived the +interest and support of many +in- +dividuals affiliated with the National Bureau +of Standards. +While the contributions of +all +these persons cannot be specified, +the au- +thors explicitly thank the following: +. +. +. William Allen, for promoting the prep- +aration of a design guide by NBS, and +for sharing with us many thoughts de- +rived from his extensive experience +in +noise control and architecture +Randall +L. Lasky, +for providing +invalu- +able +insight +into +the +communication +of acoustical concepts and information +to building designers +Daniel +R. Flynn, for supporting the de- +sign +guide concept and +for +valuable +editorial +assistance +in +revisions +of +several +drafts +of +this document +Kenneth +DeCorte +and +John +Holton, +for +their +careful +editorial +reviews +of +the manuscript. + +TABLE OF CONTENTS +Page +ABSTRACT +vi +1. +How to Use this Design Guide +1 +2. +What You Need to Know Before You Begin to Design +7 +3. +How to Select Noise Criteria +13 +4. +How to Select a Point on Your Site for Estimating Transportation System Noise +23 +5. +How to Estimate Building +Site Noise +29 +1. +Sound +Propagation and +Barriers +29 +2. +How to Estimate Highway Noise +45 +3. +How to Estimate Railway Noise +59 +4. +How to Estimate Aircraft Noise +78 +5. +Illustrative Example of How to Estimate Building Site Noise +87 +6. +How to Make An Analysis of Outdoor Activity Areas and Indoor Sound +105 +7. +Design +Alternatives +125 +APPENDIX A +SIR Data for Building Shell Members +135 +APPENDIX B +Technical +Basis +of the SIR Method +147 +APPENDIX C +Sample Worksheets +159 + +Conversion Table to SI Units +This publication uses customary English +units for the convenience +of engineers and +others who use them habitually. The table below is for the reader interested in conver- +sion to SI +units. For additional information see: +(1) NBS LC1078, Dec, 1976, "The Metric System of Measurement". +(2) +Z210.1-1976, "ASTM/IEEE Standard Metric Practice". +Quantity +To convert from +To +Multiply by +Length +inch +m (meter) +2.540 X 10-2 +X .... X +foot +m +3.048 X lO^ +mi lp +m +1 1 +1 +1 .\J\J\J /\ +1 \J +Area +In^ +6.452 X 10 +ft2 +111 +9 290 V +1 0-2 +Volume +ii-i3 +in +H COO +\y +i n-5 +\ .boy X +T u +ft3 +2 832 X +1 0-2 +gallon +3.785 X 10-3 +Temperature +° F +° C +toc = (top-32)/1.8 +T. difference +At Op +K +ATk= Atop/ 1.8 +Mass +pound +kg +4.536 X 10-1 +ounce +kg +2.835 X 10-2 +Pressure +psi +Pa +6.895 X 10^ +in H2O +Pa +2.488 X 102 +in Hg +Pa +3.386 X 10^ +mmHg +Pa +1.333 X 102 +Energy +Btu +J +1.055 X 10^ +MBtu +J +1.055 X 105 +kWh +J +3.600 X 10^ +ft +• Ibf +J +1.356 X 10° +kilocalorie +J +4.187 X 10^ +Power +Btu/h +W +2.931 X 10-1 +hp +W +7.457 X 102 +Flow +gal/min +m^/s +6.309 X 10-^ +ft^/min +m^/s +4.719 X 10-^ +Density +Ib/ft3 +kg/m^ +1.602 X 101 +lb/gal +kg/m^ +1.198 X 102 +Heat Capacity +Btu/(lb +• +° F) +J/(kg +• K) +4.187 X 10^ +Btu/(ft3' ° F) +J/(m3- K) +6.707 X 10^ + +vi +ABSTRACT +This design guide presents a unified proce- +dure +for +the +selection +of +noise +criteria +in +and around +buildings, +for the prediction +of +exterior and +interior noise +levels arising as +a +consequence +of +transportation +systems +operations, +and +for +the +evaluation +of +the +adequacy +of +building +designs +with +regard +to +environmental +noise. +Noise +criterion +levels are suggested +in terms of equivalent +sound +levels +(Leq). +Simplified +predictive +methods +enable +the +estimation +of +noise +levels +arising +as +a consequence +of +high- +way, +railway, +and +aircraft +operations. The +sound +isolation +provided +by +the +building +shell +is +estimated +by +means +of +a +new +single-figure +rating +system. +Finally, +design +manipulations +which +may +make +possible +the improvement of the acoustic conditions +in and around buildings are suggested. +Key words: Acoustics; +architectural acous- +tics; building acoustics; environmental noise; +noise; +noise +control; sound; +transportation +system +noise. + +1 +Chapter +1 +How to Use This Design Guide +Sound surrounds us everywhere—the song +of a meadowlark, +the laughter +of +children, +and +the +rustle +of autumn +leaves. +Unfortun- +ately, +the +march +of +technology +and +the +trend +toward +higher +living +densities +have +meant +that these +desired sounds +of +birds, +children, and +nature +are +often masked +by +the +roar +of +automobiles, +trucks, +locomo- +tives, +and +airplanes. The +purpose +of +this +design +guide +is +to +quantitatively +estimate +the magnitude of noise, or unwanted sound, +at +a +building +site +in +order +to choose +the +most +appropriate +building +occupancy +for +that +site, or to design features +into new or +existing +buildings +that +will +reduce +or con- +trol noise. +In the design +of new +buildings, +architects, +builders, +designers, +developers, +and +engi- +neers make +decisions which +affect +future +acoustic +conditions +in +and +around +the +buildings. When +the +decisions +are wrong, +acoustic comfort may be lost causing build- +ing occupants annoyance and +stress. Such +discomfort can often be averted by changes +in +the +building's +location +or +orientation +or +in +its construction +materials and workman- +ship. +In +dealing +with +noise +problems, +the +mate- +rial +in +this guide can be used ... to solve +simple +problems due +to +noise +from +high- +ways, +railways, +and +aircraft, +and ... +to +cast up a warning flag when a serious noise +problem +is encountered. Seeing such a red +flag, +the designer should seek +the +profes- +sional consultation +of expert acousticians. +This +noise +design +guide +was +written +by +acousticians, +architects, and +psychologists +at +the +National Bureau +of Standards work- +ing +to a +strict +timetable, +it was agreed +at +the +outset +of +the +project +that +the +guide's +methods +of +calculation +and +the +data +sup- +porting them would have to be drawn from +state-of-the-art +materials. This has had +the +disadvantage +of +a +loss +of +potential +detail +and precision, but the advantage of simpli- +fication, which +the +user +of +this guide +will +no doubt appreciate. +The guide has one +salient advantage +over +most other guides +in +that +it +is +quantitative, +offering +you +a +method +of +calculating +not +just how +transportation +noise +affects +your +building, +but how much. +Furthermore, +the +guide +is arranged +in a sequence of chapters +which +parallel +your design +sequence. The +guide +is +meant +to +accompany +you +as +a +drafting board companion +in a design voy- +age as you depart from +first concepts +that +are vague and +tentative +until you +arrive +at +a +finished +building scheme +that +is +robust, +rich +in detail, and well-reasoned—especially +insofar +as +the +analysis +of +transportation +system noise +is concerned. +The design +guide aims +to get +right +to +the +point +in +attacking your urgent +noise +prob- +lems +in +building +or +site +design. +Hence, +it +aims neither to nag you about fundamentals +of acoustics +nor overburden you +with +eso- +teric details. +If you need fundamentals, you +can +get them +from +one +of +the +many +ex- +cellent textbooks +available +(the +references +at +the end +of +this +chapter +[1-22] +include +references +to +the +literature +on +general +acoustics +[1-5], noise and +vibration +control +[6-10], +basic acoustical measurements +[11, +12], and +acoustics and +architectual +design +[13-22]); +if you want +to +penetrate +the +rele- +vant details on acoustics (and we hope you +will) +specific +references +are +listed +at +the +end +of each chapter. +What type of person should use this design +guide? We think +it can be anyone who has +a technical background and +a fundamental +knowledge of building design and construc- +tion. We +refer +to +the +guide's +user +as +a +designer, +but we +think +of +this designer as +any +architect, +builder, +building +designer, +contractor, +developer, +engineer, +landscape +architect, +or +student who +is +faced +with +a +noise +problem +in +building +or +site +design. +If +this shoe +fits, +welcome! +You're +the +de- +signer we're seeking to help. +Of +course, +as +a +designer you +have +a +re- +sponsibility, too, +that of creating a scheme. +A +building scheme +is +essential +since +this + +design +guide +is based +on +analysis; +and +it +cannot worl< without a schenne to analyze. +In designing your building +or +site scheme, +you +will +be +juggling +a +myriad +of +design +variables: +building +codes, +available +financ- +ing, +and +costs; +structural, +enclosure, +me- +chanical, +electrical, +and +communications +systems; +color, +texture, +massing, +shape, +size, and arrangement; and +not just acous- +tics, +but +also +aesthetics, +comfort, +health, +privacy, safety, and security. Many of these +other design variables relate to or interface +with +acoustics, +but some +will +be +in +con- +flict. +As +a +designer +you +must +use +judg- +ment to make tradeoffs +in achieving a happy +blend +of needed +features +in your scheme. +We, +of +course, +assist +you +only +in +noise +prediction +and +control. We +think +you +will +welcome +this assistance. +Managing +all these design +variables +is +like +herding frogs. Just as you approach one, +it +leaps away in an unexpected direction. +Still, +this +guide +is meant +to do +what +it +says +give you guidance about acoustics +as you +design. To do +so, the guide makes a num- +ber +of +assumptions +about +design, +which +will now be discussed +in +conjunction +with +the contents of the guide. +As +it progresses, design +is expressed as a +set +of +pictures +describing +a scheme. +The +scheme +is +the +conversation +piece; +that +is, +the focal +point and basis of +all communica- +tions +about +the +building +project. +The +de- +signer, +consulting +engineer—all +of +these +get +their heads +together +over +the scheme +to assess +it, evaluate +it, +revise +it, or discard +it and +start afresh. This design +guide, +too, +requires +a scheme +against which +you +are +to examine noise +conditions. +The scheme +is customarily drawn +to scale +in +plan, +elevation, +section, +perspective—as +many +two-dimensional +drawings +as +are +needed to visually explain the scheme as +it +will eventually be when built in three dimen- +sions. The acoustics design guide analyses +may +require +small +scale +drawings +in +plan +(maps and +site +plans), and +for some +proj- +ects drawings +in +section +to +illustrate, +in +a +vertical +plane, +the +path +of the sound +as +it +moves +from +its +source +across +the +terrain +(including +barriers) +to +a +building +or +other +"receiver." The +design +guide +analysis +will +require +large +scale +drawings +to show +the +general +layout and +details +of the proposed +building +sufficient +for +its +calculations +and +evaluations. +Before the scheme +is +started, design com- +munications do +not +exist +as +pictures, +but +mostly +as +words—the +conversations +of +owner +and +designer, +and +the +narrative +of +an +architectural program. This may be just +a few notes on a +restaurant placemat or a +lengthy, formal exposition of the objectives, +scope, +criteria, +desired +spaces, +features, +and +functions +of the proposed +project. An +ideal +architectural +program +would +contain +the +full +set +of +explicit +constraints +which +apply to the project. By constraint +is meant +anything which +limits +the degrees +of +free- +dom +in +the +design. +Constraints +are +not +necessarily +bad, +only +facts +of +life +for +a +designer. +In +truth, constraints are desirable +because they impose some +limit, some +re- +striction on the number of possible schemes. +Since this number +is +infinite, the constraints +can +be +a +blessing, +setting +a +boundary +on +unfettered, +hence +intolerable, +design +free- +dom. +Very few +architectural +programs approach +the +ideal +in +containing +all +constraints—in- +stead +most +constraints +are +implicitly +held +in the designer's mind +rather than explicitly +printed +in the program. +Some constraints are physical; for example, +the +configuration +of +the +site +and +its +sur- +rounding +environment, +the +characteristics +of sound, the changes of weather. For pur- +poses +of +this +design +guide, +physical +con- +straints +critical +for +acoustic +calculations +develop +from +information +which +is +to +be +obtained as directed +in the +first part of the +next chapter (Chapter +2). +Other constraints are man-made, +or +"artifi- +cial", +and +are +referred +to +here +as +rules. +Rules +include +the +provisions +of +building +codes, as +well +as standards, +requirements, +and +design +criteria. +Like +other +types +of +constraints, +rules +limit the number of possi- +bilities +in +design; +but +rules +also +serve +as +objectives, as a way of measuring a scheme +and evaluating +it. +If the +rules are truly +pre- +dictive +of +satisfactory +buildings, +then +a +scheme on +paper which complies with +the +rules should describe a future building that +will +turn out +to be satisfactory. +This design guide employs a noise criterion +as the type of +rule which +is to govern your +acoustic +design +and +evaluation. +The term +"noise criterion" +is used +to denote a noise +(sound pressure) +level +to be used as a de- +sign goal +for your building +project. Chapter +3 +tells you how +to select noise +criteria ap- +propriate +for your building and +its outdoor +activity areas. +The set of noise criteria you +select +then +serves +as +a +target +to +achieve +for your building scheme. We hope that you +will +not only be able to achieve the design + +goal specified by the criteria you select, but +even lower sound levels. +Earlier we mentioned +physical +constraints, +the +constraints +arising +from +the +physical +nature +of the +site and +from +the +physics +of +acoustic and +other +natural phenomena. As +a +designer, +you +cannot +deal, +or +interact, +with these physical constraints directly, just +as +you +do +not +initially +deal +with +a +real +building, +only +the +scheme +for +a +future +building. +Hence, you +must have +a method +for modeling, +for representing +the +site and +acoustic phenomena +in +the same language +of +words, +numbers, +and +pictures +as +you +use +for your scheme. +Chapter +5 +explains +this concept, showing how you can quanti- +tatively +estimate +the +magnitude +of +sound +coming from such transportation sources as +highways, +railways +and +aircraft, +as +it +reaches your +site or +building. +Physical +constraints +and +rules +have +been +discussed. There +is +still +a +third, and +final, +type of constraint, namely the scheme con- +straint, which +is simply a constraint arising +from a decision +that has been made about +your scheme. +If you decide that your build- +ing +is to be a school, you have constrained +it +against +becoming +a +home, +a +hospital, +or an office building. +If you decide +it +is to be +built of brick, then you have constrained +it +against +being +built +of +concrete +or +cinder +block. As more and more design decisions +are made, the range of possibilities for your +scheme +is +constantly +narrowed. The +most +general +of +these +scheme +constraints +are +usually +made +quite +early +in +the +design +process, +and +are +uppermost +in +the +archi- +tectural +program, +or +problem +statement. +Such +general +scheme +constraints +are +the +type +of +building +occupancy +(commercial, +industrial, +institutional, +or +residential, +etc.), +the +overall +capital +budget and +in +turn +the +general +size +of +the +building, +the +general +level +of quality for the building, the type of +fire +construction, +etc. +Since +these +general +constraints are important +to +acoustical +de- +sign, +they must be +stated +(as +set +forth +in +Chapter 2) +in advance +of design. +As building design proceeds, decisions de- +scend +from +the +general +to +the +particular, +and +constrain more and more the eventual +outcome. +In +fact, +design +may +be +thought +of as +a +process +of scheme +constraint +set- +ting—a process which moves from diagram- +matic +drawings +to +detailed +drawings; +and +from +abstractions +like +safety +and +security +to concrete representations of walls, +floors, +and +roofs. As +it moves along, design +relies +upon +a +variety +of +plan, +section, +elevation, +and +perspective drawings +to +represent the +scheme +in +a way +that +it +can +be +studied. +Through +the +visualization +of +the +scheme, +the +designer +educates +himself +about +the +future +building, and +is +able, even +if imper- +fectly, +to imagine what the +building +will be +like and how +it will operate when occupied. +A good +deal +of the +designer's +attention +is +drawn +to +the +building +shell, +that +skin +of +walls +and +openings, +roofs, +and +exposed +floors which +will separate the building from +its +outdoor +environment. +Design may +pro- +ceed from +the +inside +out, +considering +first +the +occupants, +their +needs and +activities; +then +the +rooms +and +spaces +suitable +for +these +activities; +then +the +building +shelkto +contain the rooms and spaces; and, +finally, +the +relationship +of +this +shell +to the +site. Or +alternatively, design may proceed from +the +outside +in, +thinking +first about the outdoor +environment, +the +forces +of +climate, +and +relationships to neighboring +buildings; then +concentrating upon +the +building +shell; and +finally upon the building's rooms, occupants, +and functions. +To +be +realistic, +the +designer +must +surely +follow both +routes, from the inside-out, and +from the outside-in. This two-way approach +is +certainly +needed +for +acoustical +design, +and +is +a concept embodied +in +this +design +guide. +Inside-out +design +commences +with +the selection +of an indoor noise criterion +in +Chapter +3, and +then aims +at +the +selection +of representative rooms +for acoustic analy- +sis +in +Chapter +6. +Outside-in +design +com- +mences with the gathering +of +physical +site +data +in +Chapter +2, +and +the +estimation +of +site +noise from +separate sources +in Chap- +ter 5. The sound from these various sources +can +be summed, and +is +that which +is +ex- +pected +to +impinge +upon +the +rooms +for +which noise +is to be predicted +in Chapter 6. +Of +course, +inside-out design +decisions +are +entangled with outside-in decisions. For ex- +ample, +in Chapter 6, you +will probably want +to +limit your analyses, since they are time- +consuming, +to +a +small +number +of +rooms, +including +only +those +critical +rooms +which +are +fairly +susceptible +to +noise and +which +are +exposed +to +the +loudest +sound +condi- +tions. +But +here +you +will +be +caught +up +in +conflict—for +if you design from +the +inside- +out and +identify +your +critical +rooms +early +on, +you +will +no +doubt +begin +immediately +to revise your scheme to fortify these rooms +rendering them no longer +critical; +likewise, +if you design from +the +outside-in, you +will +tend +to sum transportation sounds +at some +arbitrary point, or points, on your site where +you +anticipate a +critical room +to appear +in +your +scheme, +but +having +identified +the + +potentially noisy points on the +site, you +will +want +to +begin +immediately +to +ameliorate +the noise level at those points. For example, +you +might +choose +to +let +the +proposed +building +itself serve as a +barrier, turning +its +back +to +the sources +of sound, +and +locate +rooms having special needs for quiet on the +protected side +of the +building. +In +this fash- +ion, progress +in both inside-out and outside- +in +design +is +constantly +interrupted +by +re- +visions in your scheme, and by the tendency +to reverse your design direction. +Designers manage such mutually entangled +decision +chains +through +iterations +of +a +scheme +simply +by +working +first +from +the +outside-in and +then from +the +inside-out. +Moreover, +designers can generate +alterna- +tive schemes which appear promising, and +then compare the various schemes. By pro- +viding +a method +of analysis applicable +for +nearly any scheme, +this design guide +aids +in such comparisons. Time spent +in scheme +generation, +analysis, +and +comparisons +will +be +rewarded +with +increasing +insight +into +your +building's +noise +conditions and +their +solution. +Chapter 7 contains some +explicit +and much implicit advice to aid you +in gen- +erating +design +alternatives. +Designing either from the inside out or from +the outside +in, you +arrive +inevitably +at the +building +shell, +your +main +line +of +defense +against transportation +noise. +The room-by- +room +calculations +of Chapter 6 are essen- +tially +calculations +of +the +sound +isolation +afforded such rooms by that portion +of the +shell which constitutes the exterior faces of +the rooms. To make these calculations, you +will +rely upon single-figure +ratings +for +vari- +ous types +of exterior walls and +wall open- +ings, +roofs, and exposed +floors. A +special +single-figure shell +isolation +rating (SIR) sys- +tem +was +devised +for +this +purpose, +and +Chapter +6 +describes +the +procedures +for +implementing +this system. Appendix A +pre- +sents +SIRs +for +a +variety +of +building +shell +materials +and +constructions. +In summary, +this design +guide +is +intended +to aid you +in making acoustic decisions for +a +building +problem +which +confronts +you. +The +guide's +chapters +are +arranged +in +a +sequence +compatible +with +the +overall +de- +sign process for buildings. +If you are using +the guide +for the +first time or need +to +re- +fresh +your +memory +on +its +use, +you +will +want to study the general discussion which +is +contained +in +this +chapter. +Then +you +will +collect background +information +about +your project +site and make the early deci- +sions about your building scheme called for +in Chapter 2. Then, formulate noise +criteria +for +the +types +of +building +occupancies +or +room +functions +you +have +in +mind +as +de- +scribed +in Chapter 3. Then using the strate- +gies described +in Chapter 4, you +will select +a point or points on your site for estimating +sound +levels. +Chapter +5 +will +then +assist +you +in estimating the sound coming to your +site +from +highway, +railway +and +aircraft +sources. For the +first two sources. Chapter +5 +will +also show you how +to +estimate +the +attenuation +of sound +as +it crosses various +types of +barriers. +If your +site or building +is +exposed to more than one source of sound, +the +contributions +of these +various sources +can be summed as described early +in Chap- +ter 6. +By +this +time, +it +is presumed, you +will have +completed +a +schematic +design +for +your +building which can be analyzed for +its noise +transmission +properties and +interior +noise +levels by means of the strategies and meth- +ods +of Chapter +6. The analysis +is made on +a +room-by-room +basis. +If the room sound +levels +are +greater than +the noise criteria you formulated +in Chapter +3, you +will want +to +revise your scheme. +If +the noise +criteria are not met +in +just a few +rooms, +you +may +wish +to +make +detailed +scheme +adjustments +for +only +those rooms +affected. +If your scheme's noise troubles are +more +general, +however, +you +will +look +for +more extensive changes +in your scheme. +In +either case, you +will be helped by the sug- +gestions +in Chapter +7. +In this guide, +interior noise sources are not +estimated. Because of the great diversity of +sources, +including +heating, +cooling, +and +ventilating systems; +office equipment; +con- +versation; +etc., +such +estimates +would +be +cumbersome. +Instead, +interior sources +are +accounted +for by assuming they contribute +to +the sound +coming +from +exterior +trans- +portation sources. +If you want more precise +estimates, +you +should +refer +to +the +public +texts on noise and vibration control, and on +acoustics and architectural design +listed +at +the end of this chapter, (also reference [22]); +or +you +should +obtain +the +services +of +an +acoustical +consultant. +This +design +guide +has +its +main +emphasis +upon +problems +of +transportation +noise +in +the design +of new buildings, since this +is a +common +noise +problem. +It +is +also +a com- +plicated +problem +because +there +are many +unknowns +in +building schemes during +their +formative +stages. The design +problem can +be stated +thus: given an +architectural pro- +gram and a scheme +for a proposed build- + +ing, +predict +acoustical +conditions +in +the +rooms +of +ttie +building, +or +in +the +outdoor +activity areas of the building, and bring +all +spaces +to +pre-established +noise +criterion +levels. +The guide can be +helpful +in other types +of +problems as well; problems like those listed +below: +Site +Selection: +given +a +desired +building +occupancy, such as a school or apartment +building, +select +a +site +which +will +have +acoustic conditions within specified noise +criteria. +Analysis +of +a +Building +Site: +given +a +site, +analyze +its +acoustic +conditions, +or +the +conditions +to be expected +in a proposed +building of a selected type of occupancy. +Environmental +Impact +Statements: +given +a +proposed +building +scheme, +predict +the +impact +of +transportation +noise upon +the +rooms of the building. +Building Re-design: given a completed build- +ing, +improve +the +acoustic +conditions +of +its +rooms +or +outdoor +activity +areas +to +satisfy noise criteria. +In +using +the +guide +to +address such +addi- +tional +problems +as +the +ones +listed +above, +you +will +select among +the +offerings +of +its +various +chapters. +This +should +be +easy +to +do +once +you +have +familiarized +yourself +with the guide +in connection with problems +of building design. +General Acoustics +[1] +Beranek, +L. +L., Acoustics (McGraw-Hill +Book Company, +Inc., New York, New +York, +1954). +[2] +Ford, +R. +D., +Introduction +to Acoustics +(Elsevier +Publishing +Company, +Ltd., +Barking, +Essex, +England, +1970). +[3] +Kinsler, +L. +E., and +Frey, +A. +R., Funda- +mentals +of Acoustics (John Wiley and +Sons, +Inc., New York, New York, 2nd +ed., +1962). +[4] +Morse, +P. +M., +Vibration +and +Sound +(McGraw-Hill Book Company, +Inc., New +York, New York, 1948). +[5] +Smith, +B. +J., +Acoustics +(Longmans +Group +Ltd., London, England, +1971). +Noise and Vibration Control +[6] +Beranek, +L. +L., +Noise +and +Vibration +Control +(McGraw-Hill +Book Company, +Inc., New York, New York, 1971). +[7] +Harris, +C. M. +(ed.), Handbook of Noise +Control +(McGraw-Hill +Book Company, +Inc., New York, New York, 1957). +[8] +Lyon, R. +H., Lectures +in Transportation +Noise (Grozier Publishing, Cambridge, +Massachusetts, +1973). +[9] +Taylor, +R., Noise (Penguin Books +Ltd., +Harmondsworth, +Middlesex, +England, +1970). +[10] +Yerges, +L. +F., Sound, Noise and Vibra- +tion +Control +(Van +Nostrand +Reinhold +Company, New York, New York, 1969). +Basic Acoustical Measurements +[11] +Brock, +J. +T., Acoustic Noise Measure- +ments +(Bruel and +Kjaer, +Denmark, +2d +ed., +1971). +[12] +Peterson, A. P. G., and Gross, E. +E., Jr., +Handbook of Noise Measurement (Gen- +eral Radio Company, Concord, Massa- +chusetts, +7th ed., +1972). +Acoustics and Architectural Design +[13] +Beranek, +L. +L., +Music, +Acoustics +and +Architecture +(John +Wiley +and +Sons, +Inc., New York, New York, 1962). +[14] +Day, +B. +F., +Ford, +R. +D., and +Lord, +P., +(eds.). +Building +Acoustics +(Elsevier +Publishing +Company, +Ltd., +Barking, +Essex, +England, +1969). +[15] +Doelle, +L. +L., Acoustics +in Architectural +Design (Division +of Building Research, +National +Research +Council, +Ottawa, +Canada, +1965). +[16] +Doelle, +L. +L., Environmental +Acoustics +(McGraw-Hill +Book +Company, +New +York, New +York, +1972). +[17] +Egan, +M. +D., Concepts +in Architectural +Acoustics +(McGraw-Hill +Book +Com- +pany, +Inc., New York, New York, 1972). +[18] +Knudsen, +V. +O., +and +Harris, +C. +M., +Acoustical +Designing +in +Architecture +(John Wiley and Sons, +Inc., New York, +New York, 1950). +[19] +Lawrence, +A., +Architectural +Acoustics +(Elsevier +Publishing +Company, +Ltd., +Barking, Essex, England, 1970). +[20] +Parkin, +P. +H., +and Humphreys, +H. +R., +Acoustics, Noise and +Buildings (Faber +and Faber Ltd., London, England, 1958). +[21] +Rettinger, +M., +Acoustic +Design +and +Noise +Control +(Chemical +Publishing +Co., +Inc., New York, New York, 1973). +[22] +Berendt, +R. +D., Winzer, G. +E., and Bur- +roughs, +C. +B., A +Guide +to +Airborne, +Impact, and Structureborne Noise Con- +trol +in +Multifamily +Dwellings, +U.S. +De- +partment of Housing and Urban Devel- +opment +Report +No. +HUD-TS-24 +(Na- +tional +Bureau +of Standards, +Washing- +ton, D.C., September 1967). + +6 + +7 +Chapter 2 +What You Need to Know Before +You Begin to Design +Chapter +1 described the general philosophy +and structure +of this design guide and how +it +can +be +used +to +solve +building +design +problems +resulting +fronn transportation +sys- +tem noise. Here +in Chapter 2, we will specify +the +information +you +will +need +to +address +these +problems. +Much +of +the +information +you gather for transportation system +noise +analysis +will also be essential +for other de- +sign purposes. +In +addition +to +data +collection, +Chapter +2 +has a second +goal; +namely, +to +identify +the +procedure +to +estimate +the +severity +of +the +noise +problem +at your +site and +proposed +building. +If you have a dire problem beyond +the +reach +of +this +guide, +you +should +get +assistance from an expert acoustician. +If +it +appears that you have no potential problem, +desist +. +. +. your time +will be better spent +in +other +spheres. +But, +if +your +problem +lies +within +these +two +extremes, +carry +on, +this +design guide can be of help to you. +Direct +measurements +of +noise +and +the +equipment +for making these measurements +are expensive. This guide +calls +for making +estimates +of the sound +level +of transporta- +tion noise from +statistics such as counts +of +aircraft +flyovers, +highway +traffic, +and +rail- +way passbys, and does +not +require +or +rely +upon +direct measurements +of +noise +levels. +If a designer has the required measurement +equipment and the expertise +to operate the +equipment, he +is also +likely to have access +to +good +ways +of +quantitatively +estimating +and predicting acoustic conditions, and per- +haps +these +ways +are +more +detailed +than +those found +in +this guide. +You +should +realize +that +the scope +of +this +design +guide +has +been +deliberately +re- +stricted to exclude some potentially serious +noise problems. Your attention +is principally +directed +toward +consideration +of +highway, +railway (including +rail +rapid transit) and +air- +craft +noise. +However, +it +is +not +possible +to +include +detailed +consideration +of +compli- +cated highway intersections (including such +factors as stoplights or severe grades), +rail- +road +yard +operations, +or +airport +operation +noise +problems +due +to +airports +located +closer to your site than the distances +listed +in Table 2-1.* These problems are too com- +plex to be solved by this design guide. +* In order +to make +the +results more immediately +useful to American architects and designers, cus- +tomary engineering units are used rather than the +(metric) +International System +of +Units +(SI) +nor- +mally used in NBS publications. +Table 2-1. +Minimum Distances between +Airports and +Building +Sites +[1,2].* +International Airport ** +Commercial or +Military Airport +General +Airport +Aviation +Distance +Distance +Distance +Distance +Distance +Distance +to Side +to End +to Side +to End +to Side +to End +of Runway +of Runway +of Runway +of Runway +of Runway +of Runway +3000 feet +4 miles +2000 feet +2V2 miles +1000 feet +1 mile +* +// your building or site +Is within the distances of Table +2-1, you +will have noise problems beyond +the +scope of +this design guide, and you should secure +the services +of an +expert acoustician. +" Airports are classified as International, Commercial or Military, and General Aviation according +to the +effective number +of +let +aircraft operations +(takeoffs and landings) daily [NJeft]. To account tor the extra +annoyance of nighttime operations, +their number +is multiplied by seventeen when added +to +the number +of daytime operations. Hence, NJeff —17 NJnight +-|- NJday. +For International Airports, NJeff is greater than 1300. +For Commercial or Military Airports, NJeff is between 501 and 1300. +For General Aviation Airports, NJeff is less than 500. + +Similarly, +consideration +of +noise +problems +due +to +fixed +or +temporary +noise +sources +such as noisy +industrial +plants, or highway +or building construction +is beyond the scope +of this design guide because of the diverse +range of potential problems. +Two classes +of information +will be needed: +(1) +information about the +building +site and +the surrounding area and information about +the operational +characteristics +of +the +vari- +ous +transportation +systems +(information +which we have referred +to as physical con- +straints); and +(2) information about the pro- +posed +building +(information we have called +scheme constraints). +Building +site +data +consist +of +geographical +and topographical information about the site +and +the lands adjacent +to the +site. The +in- +formation should be +sufficient to prepare a +noise source map of the area +to scale, and +to cut vertical sections through +this map +in +order to show transportation noise sources +in +relationship +to +the +surrounding +terrain +(including +any +man-made +structures) +and +your proposed building. Of special +interest +are any barriers +(natural +or man-made), +in- +tervening +rows +of +buildings, +or +extensive +growths +of +vegetation +which +might +divert, +reflect, +or absorb +a +portion +of the +sound +before +it reaches your site and +building. +Usually, the noise source map can be drawn +from +city, +county, highway and other maps +which +are +inexpensive and easy +to +obtain. +The +third +(vertical) dimension +is +lacking +in +many of these maps but can be determined +from +topographical +maps +issued +by +the +Coast and Geodetic Survey. +If these maps +do +not +provide +the +information +needed, +you may have +to +run surveys +with +a hand +level +or a +transit. +But +before you +perform +these +surveys +be +sure +to +exhaust +all +ave- +nues +of +existing +information such +as: +city, +county, and regional planning commissions; +public +utility companies +for electric power, +natural gas, sewer and water, or telephone +services; city, county, and state departments +of +streets, +roads +and +highways; +irrigation +and weed +and +pest +control +districts; +port +authorities; departments of building +regula- +tion; +city, county, or state engineers or sur- +veyors; +and, +the +Bureau +of +Reclamation, +National +Park +Service, +or Army +Corps +of +Engineers. +These +agencies may +not +have +the +information you +need, +or may +not +be +able +to +release +it; +but +if +they do +have +it +and can release +it, your job will be lessened. +The main purposes of the noise source map +are to +identify the locations +of +all +potential +transportation system noise sources, and to +determine +which +areas +on +your +site +have +the lowest noise levels +resulting from these +transportation +systems. +Ideally, +the +noise +source map +might contain sound +contours +of equal noise level covering the entire +site. +This +could +aid +in +the +identification +and +selection +of +a +preferred +building +location. +But +the +development +of +such +a +contour +map +is +difficult and +is +likely +to be beyond +your +resources. Another factor +is +that +this +technique +of selecting a +preferred +building +location +requires +that +your +site +be +large +enough +to +permit +relocating +the +building. +This +is not always possible and, +thus, spe- +cial +design +strategies, +as +outlined +in +this +guide, are needed. +In +addition +to +the +geographical +and +topo- +graphical +information +discussed +above, +there +is also +a need +for +information +about +the transportation system +operational +char- +acteristics. The +specific +information +that +is +needed depends on the type +of transporta- +tion system +being +analyzed. The complete +list of required data are given +in Chapter 5, +which should be reviewed thoroughly before +you +attempt +to +acquire +the +necessary +in- +formation. +The +possible +sources +of +this +information are discussed +below. +For +information +on +highways, +you +should +contact the city or county director of traffic; +city, county or state department +of +streets, +roads and highways (or department of trans- +portation); or the +city, county, or state engi- +neer. Federal agencies such as the Depart- +ment +of +Transportation, +Federal +Highway +Administration, or Highway Research Board +may +also +be +able +to +provide +the +needed +information. +For +information +on +railways +you +should +contact +the +supervisor +of +customer +rela- +tions +for +the +railway. The +city, +county, +or +state department of transportation may also +be of some help, as well as the +city, county +or state engineer. The Association of Ameri- +can +Railroads may +be +able +to +put you +in +touch with the relevant offices or agencies. +Information +on +airports +can +be +obtained +from +the +Federal +Aviation +Administration +(FAA) +area +office +for commercial +airports, +or from +the +Military Agency +in +charge +for +military +airports. +You +might +also +contact +the FAA +District +Office, +(or +airport +opera- +tor), +or the +airport manager +to +get the +re- +quired information. +Keep +in +mind +that +transportation +systems +can +change +dramatically +with +time. +Also, +land use patterns are not fixed, but vary over +the years. +For example, the future abandon- + +ment +of +a +nearby +airport +or +railway +line +could erase a presently crucial noise prob- +lem. +Likewise, higliway noise could be alle- +viated +by +tile development +of +quieter +tires +or more +silent engines. On +the other hand, +noise +conditions +could +eventually +worsen +because of increased traffic on existing free- +ways or the construction +of new highways. +Naturally, you should try to anticipate future +changes. +In +making +your +predictions, +you +can consult the data; review the plans and +projections; and seek the assistance of de- +partments +of +streets and +roads, +highway +departments, +planning +agencies, +railway +companies, and the +like. +We +have +thus +delineated some +of +the +re- +quired physical data on the site and neigh- +boring +land, and sources +of information on +transportation system operational character- +istics. Now +let us +review the second main +class +of +needed +information; +information +about +your +proposed +building +which +is +necessary +for +interior +noise +level +calcula- +tions. We have +referred +to +this type +of +in- +formation as scheme constraints, and have +indicated that only the most general scheme +constraints must be spelled out here. +Scheme +constraints +needed +are: +the +type +of building +occupancy—be +it +commercial, +educational, +industrial, +institutional, or +resi- +dential, +etc.; +the +building +size +in +terms +of +floor area, +or +in terms +of beds +for general +hospitals, classrooms +for schools, +etc.; the +overall building budget, which together with +the proposed +building +size, +will +yield some +notion +about +building +quality; +the +general +type +of +construction, +whether +heavily +fire- +resistant +or +not, +and +the +general +type +of +construction material, whether heavy or light- +weight. Knowing +these scheme +constraints +is essential for anticipating the typical room +size, amount of exterior shell exposure, and +typical room furnishings, whether sound ab- +sorptive or not, for the room-by-room calcu- +lations +of Chapter +6. Knowing +the +general +degree of building quality and workmanship +is also needed for estimates of room sound +levels. +Finally, +the +type +of occupancy +for +the +building as a whole and +the +functions +of +special +rooms +within +the +building +are +scheme +constraints +needed +for +selecting +noise +criteria +in +Chapter +3. The +decision +about these noise criteria +is especially +criti- +cal to the people who will occupy the build- +ing, +people whom you +will want +to +satisfy +in terms of acoustic comfort. +As you come face to face with the problem +of +satisfying +these +future +occupants, +keep +in mind that +in recent times their peace and +comfort +have +been +increasingly +intruded +upon +by +loud +noises. They +are +constantly +bombarded +by +noise +from +all +kinds +of +sources — namely, +automobiles, +trucks, +trains, +airplanes, +but +also construction ma- +chinery and +industrial +equipment, +to name +just a few. Regretably, the only refuge they +may +have +from +these +disruptive +noises +is +inside +their homes and +offices. +Thus, +it +is +no wonder +that +people become +upset and +dissatisfied when +they +are +disturbed +even +there. +Of +course, +the +best +answer +would +be +to +reduce noise +at +its +source. +But +this +option +Is +frequently +not +one +over +which +the +de- +signer has +control. Therefore, +the designer +must concentrate upon minimizing the effect +of +noise +at +the +"receiver", +namely +inside +homes, +offices, +churches, +schools, +etc. To +effectively +isolate people from these noises +the designer needs to know beforehand the +characteristics +of +the +noise +source. +For +many +types +of sources +this +information +is +either not available or would be too volumi- +nous, +therefore +difficult +and +expensive +to +gather. +Construction noise and +industrial +noise are +two such +cases. +Estimation and +prediction +of the noise from these sources +is +difficult +because +there +are +many +different +equip- +ment types and +functions +to be +described. +That +these +sources +operate +intermittently +on +a +variable +time +schedule +only +further +complicates +the +problem, +and +requires +elaborate measurements +of the sound +pro- +duced. +This +is +not +the +case +for +highway, +railway +and aircraft noise. Although there obviously +are +different types +of +autos, +trucks, +trains, +and +airplanes, +in +general, +many +of +these +vehicles operate +in +the same manner, +per- +forming the same function. This allows cer- +tain +assumptions +to +be made +about how +the noise +is generated, which +in turn makes +it possible for you to predict the noise levels +produced +by each +type +of +vehicle. +This +is +the +basis +for +the +predictive +methods +de- +scribed +in Chapter 5. +We may be able +to spare you +the +trouble +of performing these complete +calculations. +We +mentioned +earlier +in +this +chapter +that +two +situations +would make +these +calcula- +tions +unnecessary +or +inappropriate. +The +first situation +is a building site having severe +noise +problems, +which +would +direct +you +toward the services of an expert noise con- +trol +engineer +or +acoustical +consultant; +the +second +situation, +the one +to +be discussed +next, +is a +building +site which +probably has +no +severe +noise +problem +whatever. +Let's +examine +this +possibility now. + +Table 2-2 +provides a +list +of minimum +dis- +tances which you can use as rules of thumb +for eliminating transportation system sound +sources as matters +of concern. The values +in Table +2-2 +are +the +distances +necessary +for the +noise generated +by +"typical" +high- +way and +railway operations +to decrease +to +an A-weighted +day-night sound +level +of 55 +dB +(these +units +are +explained +more +fully +in Chapter 3) at the exterior of the building +under +consideration. +As +is +indicated +in +Chapter +3, +this +corresponds +to +the +noise +level +in +a +typical +suburban +neighborhood, +and +is not generally regarded as excessive +noise. +In Table 2-2, the decrease +of sound +level with distance +is assumed to be a func- +tion only of geometrical spreading, or diver- +gence, and does not include decreases due +to barriers or other forms of shielding which +would +further reduce the sound +levels and +render Table 2-2 values more conservative. +The values +in Table 2-2 for airports are the +distances +required +for the noise generated +by "typical" aircraft operations to decrease +to a sound level that is "clearly acceptable." +This +is based +on +the +information +given +in +reference +[1], +which +evaluates +a +building +site +as +"clearly +acceptable" +if +the +"noise +exposure +is such that both the +indoor and +outdoor environments are +pleasant." +If your +site +or +building +is +located +at +dis- +tances +greater than +those shown +in Table +2-2, the probability +is low that noise would +exceed an A-weighted day-night sound level +of 55 +dB. +Thus, +there would +be +no +need +to +perform +the +predictive +computations +of +this design +guide. +This, +of course, +is con- +tingent upon whether or not your situation +is truly "typical." For example, these +refer- +ence distances would not apply where there +are extremely high vehicular traffic volumes +—more +than +10,000 automobiles +per +hour, +or more than 300 trucks per hour. +On +the other hand, +if your building +site +is +closer than the distances specified +in Table +2-2 to one or more of the three transporta- +tion systems noise sources, the noise levels +for your building should be determined by +the predictive methods of Chapter 5. +The use of Table 2-2 +is an informal proce- +dure, which may not be adequate +for your +needs. +Thus, a more formal procedure +for +the preliminary elimination +of +non-intrusive +noise sources from further consideration +is +outlined +in +the +following +steps. +Complete +these +steps +using +the +Preliminary Source +Evaluation Worksheet shown +in Figure 2-1. +Instructions +for the Use +of the Preliminary +Source Evaluation Worksheet +STEP +1 +INPUT DATA +You +must +first +determine +the +distances +from +all +major +highways, +railway +lines, +and +airports +to the +building +site +or pro- +posed building location. For aid +in select- +ing the most appropriate building location +on your site, refer to Chapter 4. +Distances +can +be +obtained +from +area +maps. +For +highways +and +railways, +the +distance +should +be measured +along +the +shortest +perpendicular +line from the centerline of +Table +2-2. +Distance +Criteria for Elimination +of Non-intrusive Transportation System Noise +Sources +[1]. +Noise +There +is a possibility of excessive noise due to this +Source +source +if the building site +is: +Highway +within 1000 +feet +of any major roadway +* +Railroad +within 3000 feet of any railway line +Aircraft +within the distances given below; +1. +International +Airport** +2. +Commercial +or Military +Airport** +3. +General Aviation +Airport** +Distance +Distance +Distance +Distance +Distance +Distance +to Side of +to End of +to Side of +to End of +to Side of +to End of +Runway +Runway +Runway +Runway +Runway +Runway +3V2 miles +16 miles +2V2 miles +91/2 miles +1 mile +5 miles +* A major roadway is one with +traffic of more tfian 50 autos per hour or more than 5 trucks per hour. +** See the footnotes of Table 2-1 +for definitions for the three types of airports. + +PRELIMINARY SOURCE EVALUATION WORKSHEET +1 +2 +3 +4 +Noise +Building- +Might there +If the answer +If the answer +Sourrp +1 rpp +WW LI +1 +ic nn in +^11 +lo +1 lU +III +dl +1 +io yco lur una +Distance +noise? (yes +cases, +or more of the +or no) [See +for highways, +sources, +Table 2-2] +railways, or +airports +* +Highway +#1 +feet +umit oeciion +Obtain the data +of Chapter 5 +and perform the +#2 +feet +C/Ornpuiaiions +UUUIIIcU +III OcO. +#3 +feet +2 of Chapter 5 +for each high- +#4 +feet +way with a yes +answer. +Railway +#1 +feet +Omit Section 3 +Obtain the data +of Chapter 5 +and perform the +foot +pnmni itpfinnQ +outlined +in Sec. +#3 +feet +3 of Chapter 5 +for each railway +#4 +feet +with a yes answer. +Airport +#1 +miles +Omit Section 4 +Obtain the data +of Chapter 5 +and perform the +m +i Igs +romnutation*? +outlined +in Sec. +#3 +miles +4 of Chapter 5 +for each airport +#4 +miles +with a yes answer. +* +// the answer is no for all three types of transportation system +noise source, +this design guide evalua- +tion is not necessary. +Figure 2-1. +Preliminary Source Evaluation Worksheet. +the highway or railway to the building or +site; +and, +for +airports +from +the +nearest +runway. +Also +to +accurately +estimate +the +noise +generated +by +aircraft, +you +should +determine +if +the +building +is +to +be +near +the +side of a runway or +in +line +with +the +end +of +a +runway. +Moreover, you +should +classify the +airport +in one +of three cate- +gories +[2]: +1. +International Airport or airport serv- +ing +a +greater +metropolitan +area +2. +Airport serving commercial +carriers +or +military airport +3. +General Aviation—propeller aircraft +Record +this information on the worksheet +which +provides +spaces +for +as many +as +four highways, four railways, and four air- +ports +for +your +building +site. +Distances +should be +in feet except for airport data, +which should be +in miles. +Using the distances of Table 2-2 as refer- +ences, +determine +if any +of +the sources +may +possibly +generate +excessive +noise +at +the +building +site. +To +determine +the +appropriate +distance +to +use +as +a +refer- +ence +for +the +airport +noise +estimation, +look +in Table 2-2 under the airport cate- +gory and then choose the distance corre- +sponding +to the +building +location, +to the +side +of +the +runway +or +in +line +with +the +end +of the runway. Record the +results +in +Column +2 +as +either yes +or no +answers. +Then, +depending +upon +the +answer +in +Column +2, +proceed +to +either Column +3 +(a no answer) or Column 4 (a yes answer). +If any highway +(or other type +of source) +has +a yes +answer, +the +noise +prediction +computations +should +be +performed +for +each +such +source. +STEP 2 +NOISE SOURCE EVALUATION +Now you can evaluate each of the sources +listed +in +Column +1 +of +the +worksheet. +A word +of warning +should +be +given +here. +All +of +the +reference +distances +listed +in +Table 2-2 are approximate. You must exer- + +12 +cise +some +judgment +in +deciding +which +potential +noise sources can +be +neglected +and +which +ones +can't. +Unfortunately, +this +will be +difficult +until you gain some experi- +ence +in making these decisions. +In general, +it +is +always +a good +idea +to +analyze +any +source about which you are uncertain. That +way there +will +be +little chance +of omitting +a source +which +could +generate excessive +noise +at the building +site. +Clearly, there are many noise problems that +require +the +expert advice +of an +acoustical +consultant +or +noise +control +engineer. +Although +this +guide equips +you +to +make +quantitative estimates +of noise +levels, +and +suggests design +alternatives +to +ameliorate +difficult +design +problems, +you +would +be +wise to obtain the services of a consultant +in the following circumstances: +(a) +If your building occupancy +is one that +requires +unusually +low +noise +criteria +(for +example, +a +recording +studio +or +library), and the anticipated site noise +levels are expected to be high due to +the immediate proximity of an airport, +industrial +plant, +etc. Here, your build- +ing's +construction +will +have +to +be +unusual, +incorporating +special +noise +control provisions. +(b) +If the procedures of this design guide +yield +estimates +of +interior +noise +well +in +excess +(15-20 +dB) +of +the +noise +criteria, +your +building +design +should +be changed. +It may be best to do this +with the assistance of a consultant. +(c) +If +your +building +site +falls +into +the +"clearly +unacceptable" +category +as +defined +by +Schultz and McMahon +in +"Noise +Assessment +Guidelines" +[1], +you +should +obtain +the +services +of +a +consultant to consider the +advisibility +of construction on or rejection +of the +site, +or +of +the +special +adaptations +which may +be +required. +Schultz and +McMahon +define +"clearly +unaccept- +able" as ... a noise exposure at the +site +so +severe +that +the +construction +costs to make the indoor environment +acceptable would +be +prohibitive +and +the outdoor environment would +still be +intolerable. +References: +Chapter 2 +Information +Collection +[1] +Schultz, +T. +J., +and +McMahon, +N. +M., +Noise Assessment Guidelines, +U.S. De- +partment +of Housing and Urban +Devel- +opment +Report +No. TE/NA +171 +(Bolt +Beranek and Newman, +Inc., Cambridge, +Massachusetts, August +1971). +[2] +Jensen, +P., and +Sweitzer, +G., How You +Can Soundproof Your Home, (Lexington +Publishing +Co., +Lexington, +Massachu- +setts, 1974). + +13 +Chapter 3 +How to Select Noise Criteria +From +reading +Chapter +2, +you +have +deter- +mined whether or not your +site or building +noise problem +is one which can be analyzed +by +using +this +design +guide. +This +chapter +tells how to select noise criteria,* maximum +acceptable +sound +levels +appropriate +for +your site and building occupancy, when the +origin of the sound +is due to external trans- +portation systems. +Once you have selected noise +criteria +. +. +. +your design goals +. +. +. you can proceed +to +estimate +the amount +of sound +coming +to +your +site +from +highway, +railway, +and +air- +craft sources; +reduce +this +estimate +of +the +amount of sound +to account for the effects +of dense vegetation +or other +barriers +(see +Chapter +5), and then make an +initial +noise +analysis +for your building's +interior and +its +outdoor +activity +areas. +If +the sound +levels +you estimate +(in Chapter 6) are greater than +the +noise +criteria you +have +selected, +you +will +probably want +to +pursue +implementa- +tion +of +suggested +design +alternatives +(in +Chapter 7) +to bring estimated sound +levels +to +within +selected +noise +criterion +levels. +This chapter +will +offer two approaches +to +selecting +noise +criteria ... +an +approach +using +the +simplified Table +3-1, +or an +ap- +proach using the more comprehensive Table +3-2. Before selecting +the +criteria, however, +you +should +study and +understand +the +fol- +lowing principles of sound, how +it +is meas- +ured, and how noise +criteria can be based +upon sound measurements. +The response of your future building's occu- +pants +to noise depends upon +the +physical +characteristics +of +the +noise, +the +acoustic +properties +of +the +building, +the +activity +in +which +occupants +are +engaged, +and +their +sensitivity +to +noise +along +with +a complex +• In this design guide, the word criterion denotes +a noise (sound pressure) level which you, the de- +signer, +will select as a design +target, or goal for +your building project. +The Environmental Protec- +tion Agency +uses +criteria +in +a +different +sense; +namely as standards +reflecting +available +knowl- +edge as to the health and welfare effects of such +environmental pollutants as +noise. +set +of +other +psychological, +physiological, +social, and +cultural +factors. Obviously, +it +is +essential +that +you, +the +building +designer, +make a number of simplifying assumptions +about +noise and +the human +perception +of +noise, +in +order +to +deal +with +acoustic +phe- +nomena quantitatively. Using this guide, you +will +be +able +to +predict +the +sound +condi- +tions +in +and +around +your +proposed +build- +ing, +and +you +will +have some +idea +of +the +degree +to which your building's occupants +will +be +satisfied +with +its +acoustic +environ- +ment. +Experts generally agree upon the definition +of +noise +as +unwanted +sound; +and +sound, +for our purposes, +is a propagating pressure +disturbance +in +air. Many properties +of +this +pressure +disturbance +can +be +described +quantitatively, but the most important prop- +erties +are the magnitude, +or +amplitude, +of +the +pressure +changes +about +atmospheric +pressure; the time-variation +of the pressure +changes +(frequency); +and +the +distribution +of sound energy across bands of frequency. +People can hear sound within the range +of +pressure amplitudes extending from approxi- +mately 20 +ij.Pa (Micropascals) +at the thres- +hold +of +audibility +to 20,000,000 +^^Pa +at the +threshold +of +feeling. The +lift-off noise +of +a +Saturn +rocket +is about 20,000,000.000 +^Pa, +an +even +greater +pressure +amplitude, +well +above the threshold of feeling. Because this +is an enormous range +of magnitudes, and +because +acousticians need +to observe +the +effects of small changes +at both extremes, +they +have +eschewed +a +linear +scale +and +adopted +a +logarithmic +scale +(to +the +base +ten). This scale compresses a range of one +to a billion to a range of 0 to +9. +The numbers 0 to 9 represent relative quan- +tities, and +the +quantity measured +on such +a scale +is +referred +to as a +level. +Scientists +and +engineers +usually +work +with +energy +quantities +that +would +be +proportional +to +the +square +of +the sound +pressure +rather +than +to the sound pressure +itself. This pre- +sents no +difficulty, since the logarithm +of a +squared number +is two times the logarithm + +of +the +original +number; +therefore, +instead +of a range of levels from 0 to +9, the range +runs +from +0 +to +18 +for +sound +pressure +squared. The +unit on +this scale +is called a +bel. +The +bel +has +been +divided +into +10 +smaller +units +known +as +decibels, +so +that +the +range +of +sound +pressures, +from +the +approximate threshold +of hearing +to Saturn +rocket noise, runs from 0 to 180 decibels. +Decibel +scales +thus +provide +a +convenient +way +to describe +the +large +range +of sound +pressures to which your building occupants +will be exposed. The sound pressure +level +(SPL) +is defined as: +SPL = 20Iogio— +, +Pref +where p +is the magnitude of the amplitude +of the sound pressure (measured over some +appropriate +averaging +time), and +p,^^ +is a +reference +pressure, +taken +as 20 ^Pa. The +units +of SPL are decibels, abbreviated dB. +The level near the threshold +of audibility +is +0 +dB, +and +at +the +threshold +of +feeling +is +approximately 120 dB. +The +logarithmic decibel +scale +is extremely +useful; +however, +it can be +puzzling. On +a +linear scale, +the +total sound +pressure due +to +two +identical +noise +sources +would +be +twice +that +of one +of the sources operating +alone. However on a logarithmic scale, the +total +sound +pressure +level +resulting +from +two +identical +noise sources +is 3 dB higher +than +the +level +produced +by +either +source +alone. +(If you double a number, +its logarithm +will always increase by 0.3; hence, 0.3 bels, +or 3 decibels). +Also, +if two sound sources +whose +levels +differ +by +more +than +10 dB +are added together, the +resultant +level +will +be +less than +0.5 dB +higher than +the +level +produced +by +the +greater source +operating +alone. +The above +paragraphs +have +concentrated +upon sound +magnitude, +or +amplitude; +but +as mentioned +earlier, +subjective responses +to +noise +are +also +based +upon +frequency. +The +frequency +range +of +hearing +extends +from approximately 20 hertz to 20,000 hertz. +The +unit +hertz, +abbreviated +Hz, +has +been +adopted +to +avoid +possible +confusion +be- +tween the previously used term "cycles per +second" and +other +"cycles" +of machinery +or natural phenomena. The 20 to 20,000 Hz +range +is referred +to as the audio region as +distinguished from the infrasonic range (20 +Hz +and +below) +and +the +ultrasonic +range +(20,000 Hz and above). +The perceived loudness of a sound depends +primarily upon sound pressure, but +is also +influenced +by +frequency. +Likewise, +one's +subjective +response +of +pitch +is +highly de- +pendent upon frequency, but +is also some- +what affected by sound pressure. Moreover, +sounds +subjectively characterized +as +"low +pitched" have energy content principally +in +the low frequency range, and vice versa. +People +are most +sensitive +to sounds +in +the mid-band +or +high +frequencies. +People +are +less +annoyed +or +distracted +by sound +frequencies +in the lower frequency ranges. +To compensate for this, sound +levels to be +used +for +noise +criteria +are +customarily +weighted, +as shown +in +Figure +3-1, +to de- +emphasize the importance of low frequency +sound while emphasizing mid-band and high +frequency sound. ++ +5 +0 +— +5 +CO +m +-10 +m +o +S +-15 +1 +UJ +_20 +O +S +-25 +OC +Ul +S +-30 +H< +^ +-35 +-40 +-45 +-50 +Ill +1 +1 +20 +50 +100 +200 +500 +1000 2000 +5000 10,000 +FREQUENCY-Hz +Figure 3-1. +Frequency Response Curve +for A-weighting +[1, 2, 3]. +There +are +various +weightings +or +"scales," +but +in +this +design +guide, we +will consider +only the one termed the "A-weighting" scale +(to distinguish +it from others, +e.g., +B, +C, +D, +etc.). +It has the advantage of standardization +both nationally +[1] and internationally +[2, 3] +and +is the most commonly accepted weight- +ing scale. Special filters are built into sound +level meters so that they measure and +indi- +cate A-weighted sound +levels. +Figure 3-2 +illustrates the A-weighted +levels +of sounds encountered +in daily +life +[4]. The +range of A-weighted SPLs found +in building +spaces varies from approximately 20 dB for +studios +for sound +recording +to 90 dB +for + +boiler +rooms. +Clearly, +these +two +types +of +building room occupancies are highly spe- +cialized, and the range of SPLs for ordinary +occupancies extends from approximately 35 +to 60 dB. +DECIBELS +50 HP Siren +(100') +Jet Takeoff +{200') +140 +I +130 +I +120 +I +Cut Off Saw +Pneumatic Peen Hammer +Riveting Machine +HQ +Casting Shal +o +T T 7 t +in +in o +in +CO +CO +CO +CO +o ^ +Q +o +m +7 t 7 +mom +CO +o o +(5 +up +in 2omooin +m +om +m m +in +lA o +o +m +12 +i{> m +w +CO +CO +C>J +CO +CNJ +CO +~ +T T T 1 +^ +^ +00 +CO +CO +CO +CO +C\J +CM +7 T 7 +7 7 +t +I' I +I +C\J +CD +CO +00 +Tt +C\J O +OJ +7 7^77 +CO +>- +O +j;^ +o +00 Q +CO * +m o o o +17 7 7 +in o o o +CO +m +lo +m o +T 7 +o om +m o m m +7 T T T +m o m m +eg +CO +CO +CO +m m m +LO +7 +"T 7 7 +o m m +lA +C\J +CO +c> +o m o +1 +1 +^ +mom +o +in +LO +CO +CO +CO +^ +CO +CO ^ +t 7 +Ln mn +^ o ^ +o +C +O) +o m o +in ^ +CD +m g m o o +CO +CO +CO +CM +CO +o m o +7 T 7 +o m o +CO +T 7 T +m o m +o m +T T 7 T 7 7 +o m m o o m + +c: +£ +5 +CD +c + +6 +.2 +° +^ +Q_ +"O +55 +3 +~ +in +_ +(0 +^ +ra +13 +t/) +5 § +-a +-o +5 +IT +CO 3 5 +IT Z I + +conversation +is +satisfactorily +intelligible. +Many of the Table 3-2 recommended +levels +are +A-weighted, +but +few +are +equivalent +sound +pressure +levels; +however, +the +provi- +sions presented here allow you +to account +approximately for this difference. Moreover, +Table 3-2 +levels +are +not accompanied +by +any recommendations as +to the acceptable +component +of +interior noise which may be +due +to +exterior sources. +If you do select from Table 3-2, be aware +of these four provisos: +(1) For most occupancies, a range of levels, +rather +than +a +single +number, +is +sug- +gested +in +Table +3-2. +This +reflects +the +variability in the needs of building clients +and occupants, as well +as the +fact that +these +levels +pertain +to +data +conven- +tionally +measured +with +sound +level +meters averaging over, +at most, several +seconds. +Since +the +typical +time +period +over which the Leq measures are aver- +aged +is appreciably longer ... +1 +to 24 +hours +. +. +. +the +levels +obtained +from +a +sound +level +meter +will +naturally +fall +in +a range +of values. +(2) The noise +criteria you select should +fall +within the recommended ranges of Table +3-2. +For +buildings +like +theatres +and +churches which +have +short-term +occu- +pancies, +Leq(1) +is +suggested +as +the +measure. +For +offices +and +commercial +buildings having an eight-hour workday +occupancy, the Leq(8) +is suggested; +for +other +nonresidential +buildings, +the +2 +4 +6 +8 +10 +20 +40 +Communicating Distance, feet +Figure 3-4. +Maximum Distances Outdoors +Over Which +Conversation +is Considered +to be +Satisfactorily +Intelligible +in Steady +Noise [4]. +Leq(24) +is suggested; +and, +for +all +resi- +dential buildings, the Ldn +is suggested. +(3) +All +of the suggested +criteria for accept- +able +interior +sound +levels +should +be +decreased +by +approximately +5 +dB +to +account for sound generated +inside the +building. +(4) Perhaps most +importantly, +the designer +must exercise judgment +to account +for +the special needs of the building +client, +occupants, and occupancy +with +regard +to the relevant noise sources and noise +criteria. +Obviously, Table 3-1 +is simpler than Table +3-2, +but +circumstances +may +dictate +that +Table 3-2 be used. +In order to develop the +ability to judge which option +is appropriate, +you may wish to consider whether the two +approaches +actually +lead +to widely dispar- +ate +values. +Note +that +a value +of 45 dB +for +indoor +rooms, +as +suggested +by +the +EPA, +falls +within +the suggested +range +for many +building +occupancies; +and, +that +interior +A-weighted +noise +levels +due +to +external +sources +in +the range 40-42 dB +will +usually +be acceptable. +For example, +a mid-range +total +noise +level +of 40 dB +for assembly +halls +is +consistent +with +the suggestions +of Table +3-2. There- +fore, 35 dB +is the corresponding suggested +noise +criterion +level +for +indoor +noises +of +external +origin. +Consistent +with +(2) +above, +the +appropriate +metric +for assembly +halls +is +Leq(1). +This +suggested +noise +criterion +(Leq(1) ^ 35 dB) should +next be adjusted +to the +client's special +requirements +if they +appear +to be +unusual. +Finally, most +of the +Table 3-2 noise +criteria for assembly +halls +recommend +a +range +of +approximately +10 +dB. Thus, your +Leq(1) +noise +criterion +level +should be chosen from the range 30 dB to +40 dB, depending upon your judgment and +the +client's special +requirements. +In +selecting +design +criteria +for +outdoor +areas, +the +information +in +Figure +3-4 +is +a +useful supplement to Table 3-1. This figure +indicates +that +the +recommended +value +of +55 dB +will +permit +a +relaxed +conversation, +with 99% +sentence +intelligibility, +at +a +dis- +tance of up to about four feet. +This +figure can be +used +to +develop +other +criteria +for outdoor +activity +areas. +For +ex- +ample, +if you believe that relaxed conversa- +tions with 99% sentence +intelligibility must +be possible at distances up to 20 feet, then +the appropriate criterion would be an equiv- +alent level +of 30 dB, clearly an unusual and +stringent criterion for outdoor activity areas. + +[1] standard Specifications for Sound Level +IVleters, +S1.4-1971 +(American +National +Standards +Institute, New York, 1971). +[2] Precision +Sound +Level +Meters, +lEC +Publication +179 +(International +Electro- +technical Commission, Geneva, Switzer- +land, 1965). +[3] Recommendations +for +Sound +Level +Meters, +lEC +Publication +123 +(Inter- +national +Electrotechnical +Commission, +Geneva, Switzerland, 1961). +[4] Anon., Information on levels of environ- +mental noise requisite to protect public +health +and +welfare +with +an +adequate +margin +of +safety, +EPA +Report +No. +550/9-74-004 (U.S. Environmental Pro- +tection +Agency, +Washington, +D.C., +March 1974). +[5] Stevens, +K. +N., and +Pietrasanta, +A. C, +Procedures +for estimating +noise expo- +sure and resulting community reactions +from +air base operations, WADC Tech- +nical +Note 57-10, +(Wright-Air Develop- +ment +Center, +Wright-Patterson +Air +Force Base, Ohio, +1957). +[6] Burck, +W., +Grutzmacher, +M., +Meister, +F. +J., +Muller, +E. +A., +and +Matschat, +K., +Fluglarm, +Gutachten +erstattet +im +Auf- +trag des Bundesministers +fur Gesund- +heitswesen +(Aircraft +Noise: +Expert +Recommendations +Submitted +under +Commission from +the German +Federal +Ministry +for +Public +Health), +Gottingen, +1965. +[7] Bruckmayer, +F., and +Lang, +J., Storung +der +Bevolkerung +durch +Verkehrslarm +(Disturbance of the Population by Traf- +fic +Noise) +Oesterreichische +Ingenieur- +Zeitschrift, +8, 302-306; +9, 338-344; and +10, 376-385 (1967). +[8] Bruckmayer, +F., and +Lang, +J., Storung +durch Verkehrslarm +in Unterrichstraume +(Disturbance +Due +to +Traffic +Noise +in +Schoolrooms), +Oesterreichische +Inge- +nieur-Zeitschrift, +11 +(3), 73-77 (1968). +[9] Schallschutz: +Begriffe +(Noise +Control: +Definitions), TGL 10 687, Blatt +1 +(Draft), +Deutsche +Bauinformation, +East +Berlin, +November 1970. +[10] Mittelung zeitlich schwankender Schall- +pegel +(Aquivalenter +Dauerschallpegal) +(Evaluation of Fluctuating Sound Levels: +The +Equivalent +Continuous +Sound +Level), +DIN +54 +641, +(Draft), +Deutsche +Normen, +Beuth-Vertrieb GmbH, +Berlin +30, +April +1971. +[11] Ingemansson, +S., +and +Ljunggren, +S., +Bullerproblem +vid +trafikleder. +Report +R20 +(Statens +institut +for +byggnadsfor- +skning, +Stockholm, Sweden, +1970). +[12] Ljunggren, +S., A design guide for road +traffic noise. Document D (The National +Swedish Institute for Building Research, +Stockholm, Sweden, 1972). +[13] Rice, +C. +G., +Sullivan, +B. M„ +Charles, +J. +G., and Gordon, +C. +G., A laboratory +study +of nuisance due +to +traffic +noise +in a speech environment, +J. Sound and +Vib. 37 +(1), 87-96 (1974). +[14] Knudsen, +E. +O., +and +Harris, +C. +M., +Acoustical +Designing +in +Architecture +(John Wiley and Sons, +Inc., New York, +N.Y., 1950). +[15] Beranek, +L., Reynolds, J. +L., and Wilson, +K. +E., +Apparatus +and +procedures +for +predicting +ventilation +system +noise, +J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25 +(2) 313 (1953). +[16] Beranek, +L., +Revised +criteria +for +noise +in buildings. Noise Control 3 +(1) +(1957). +[17] Lawrence, +A., +Acoustics +in +buildings, +Australian +Building +Science +Series +1, +70 (1962). +[18] Kosten, C. W., and van Os., G. +J., Com- +munity +Reaction +Criteria +for +External +Noises, +National +Physical +Laboratory +Symposium +No. +12, +(National +Physical +Laboratory, London 1962). +[19] ASHRAE: +Guide and Data +Book, +Sys- +tems and Equipment, +p. 379 (American +Society +of +Heating, +Refrigerating +and +Air Conditioning +Engineers, New York, +N.Y., 1967). +[20] Denisov, +E. +I., +New +health +norms +on +noise", +Institut Gigiyeny Truda +i +Prof- +zabolevaniy AMN +SSSR, +Moscow, +14 +(5) 47 +(1970). +[21] Kryter, +L., The Effects of Noise on Man, +p. 459, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. +1970). +[22] Noises +in Tokyo, +Report on +the Tokyo +Conference +on +Environmental +Protec- +tion, November 8-11, 1971. +[23] Sanitary +norms +for +permissible +noise +in +living +quarters and +public +buildings +and +in +residential +construction +areas. +Main +Sanitary-Epidemiological +Admin- +istration, USSR, 1971. +[24] Beranek, +L., +Noise and +Vibration Con- +trol, +p. +585 +(McGraw-Hill +Book +Com- +pany, +Inc., New +York, +N.Y. +1971). +[25] Doelle, +L., Environmental +Acoustics, +p. +186 (McGraw-Hill Book Company +Inc., +New York, N.Y. 1972). +[26] Woods, R. +I., Noise Control +in Mechani- +cal Services, Published jointly by Sound +Attenuators +Ltd. +and Sound +Research +Laboratories +Ltd., +1972. +[27] Rettinger, +M., +Acoustic +Design +and +Noise +Control, +p. +158 +(Chemical +Pub- +lishing Co., +Inc., New York, +N.Y. +1971). + +[28] Sweden National Board +of Urban Plan- +ing, Samhallspiannering och +Vagtrafik- +buller, Stockholm +(1971). +[29] Schweizerischer Ingenieur—und +Archi- +tekten—Verein, Empfehlung fuer Schall- +schutz im Wohnungsbau, SIA +No. +181, +Zuerich, +(1970). +[30] The +Czech +Ministry +of +Health; +Richt- +iinien +fuer +Gesundheitsschutz +gegen +unguenstige Wirkung von +Laerm; +Vor- +schriften der Hygiene, Band 28 +(1967), +Prague: Staatsverlag fuer Medizinische +Literatur 1967. +[31] Der Bundesminister des innen, Inventar +der +in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland +geltenden +oder +geplanten +Rechts-und +Verwaltungsvorschriften +ueber +die +Laermbekaempfung, +Bonn, +April +30, +1973. + +Chapter 4 +How to Select a Point on Your Site +for Estimating Transportation +System Noise +In Chapter 3 you selected one or more noise +criterion +levels +for your proposed +building +occupancy. +In Chapter +5, you +will +calculate +the sound +level at your site due to highway, +railway, +and +aircraft +noise +sources. +It +is +these +sound +levels +that +will +be +used +in +Chapter +6 +to +determine +the +total +exterior +sound +level +in your outdoor +activity +areas, +and +the +interior sound +level +in your +build- +ing's +rooms. +Also +in +Chapter +6, +you +will +compare the predicted sound +levels +to the +noise +criterion +levels +that you +selected, +to +determine whether or not your outdoor activi- +ity areas and +building's rooms +will +be +too +noisy. +Since sound +is attenuated as +it propagates +away from +its source, the sound +levels +will +vary from one geographical point to another +over your site; and, indeed, each of the com- +putations +in Chapter 5 +is for the sound +level +at one particular point. Since each of these +computations takes time, you will want some +strategy +for +keeping +the +number +of +cal- +culations at a minimum. Such strategies are +elusive since the construction +of your pro- +posed +building +and +its +site +development +may change +the +acoustical +conditions +on +the site. Moreover, there are a large number +of variables which +will +affect your selection +of a +site location +for estimating transporta- +tion system +generated sound +levels. Thus, +we can +offer no one +specific algorithm +for +keeping the number +of Chapter 5 +calcula- +tions at a minimum. However, we will +in this +chapter +give +you +some +crude +strategies +which +should +be +of +assistance +in +keeping +the number of calculations reasonable. +To +take advantage +of these +strategies +for +limiting +the +number +of +required +calcula- +tions, +you +should +already +be +somewhat +familiar with the contents of Chapters 5 and +6. For example, you should know that there +are +three +major +stages +in +predicting +the +noise +from +transportation +system +sources +for each +activity area or room +in your pro- +posed +building. +In Chapter 5 you +will com- +plete +the +first +stage +by +determining +the +sound level at some selected point due to a +single +transportation system +noise +source, +be +it +a +highway, +railway +or +airport. +This +sound +level +is estimated by performing the +calculations necessary +to +fill +out one +or +at +most two worksheets for each source. +The +result of completion +of each worksheet +is the sound +level at one particular point on +your site due to a single transportation sys- +tem +noise +source. +If +there +is +more +than +one +transportation +system noise source affecting your site, you +must proceed +to the second stage, and +fill +out the additional worksheet(s) as required. +If for example, your site +is affected by three +highways +(one +of which +has +a sound +bar- +rier), +a +railway, and +an +airport, you would +end +up +with +seven +completed +worksheets +when you finish the +instructions +of Chapter +5. +Again, +it +is emphasized +that +the sound +levels predicted using these worksheets will +be for one particular point on the site. +In +the +tliird +stage, +the +sound +level +at +a +single +site +location +for any combination +of +the different types +of transportation system +noise cited above will be determined. Hence- +forth, we will use the terms "site point" and +"receiver" +to +refer to the +location on your +site for which design guide calculations are +to be made. This site point could be an arbi- +trary location you have selected, or +it could +be a proposed outdoor activity area as ex- +plained +in the +first part of Chapter 6, or the +interior of some selected room +in your build- +ing as explained later on in Chapter 6. +Note that Chapter 6 also offers some strate- +gies; namely, strategies for selecting repre- +sentative rooms so as to minimize the num- +ber +of +Chapter +6 +room-by-room +calcula- +tions. The gist of these strategies +is, when- +ever +possible, +to +select +trial +rooms which +have +potentially +troublesome, +or +critical, +sound +conditions. +These +are +strategies +which, +ideally, +should +dovetail +with +strate- +gies for selecting a point or points on your +site +for Chapter 5 +computations. + +24 +Given +the +complexities +involved, +you +can +now see that the selection +of +trial +site loca- +tions +for +Chapter +5 +calculations +will +be +based +upon +both +(a) +an +early +familiarity +with +your +site +so +as +to +anticipate +where +critically high or low sound levels will +likely +occur, and +(b) an advanced +understanding +of your proposed +building so as +to +antici- +pate which of its rooms require quiet acous- +tic conditions, and which are less sensitive +to noise +. +. +. you could then +plan +to locate +noise-sensitive +rooms +at +quiet +site +loca- +tions, and rooms that are +less +sensitive +to +noise +at noisy +site +locations. +To explore the matter further, +let's discuss +two typical +building design problems. +First, +let's consider the design +of an +eight-room +dwelling +on +a +relatively +small +site, +say +a +residential +lot 75 +ft wide and +120 +ft deep. +RAILROAD +REAR LOT LINE +POSSIBLE BUILDING +SETBACK LINES +I +I +FRONT LOT LINE +75 +FT. +Figure 4-1. +Dwelling Design Problem Site. +subjected +to +noise +from +a +railway +500 +ft +from the +lot's rear property +line (see Figure +4-1). On such +a +site +there +is +little +choice +in +the +dwelling's +location, +especially +if +building setback distances are required +for +the +lot. However, even +if setbacks are +not +required and the dwelling could be aligned +with the front lot line to keep +it as far away +from +the +railway +as +possible, +little +benefit +would be achieved; because the sound level +at the front of the +lot would be only one or +two decibels lower than at the +rear. This +is +in accordance with +the +rule +of thumb +that +the +equivalent +sound +level +decreases +by +approximately +4 +to +6 +decibels +for +every +doubling +of +distance +from +a +source. What +does +this mean? +It means +that as you +get +farther and +farther from +the +railway, +small +changes +in +distance +do +not +change +the +sound +level +appreciably. +If the sound +level +has been determined +at +the +rear +property +line +500 +ft +from +the +railway, +the +sound +level at 1,000 +ft from the railway +is approxi- +mately 4 +to 6 decibels +less. To +realize an +additional +attenuation +of +4 +to +6 +decibels, +the distance must be increased +to 2,000 +ft; +then +4,000 +ft, +8,000 +ft, +and +16,000 +ft, +etc., +for +each +additional +4 +to +6 +decibels +of +attenuation. +For +this design +problem, the +best +strategy +is simply to calculate the sound level at the +centroid +of +the +area +bounded +by +setback +lines; +or, +if there +are +no +setback +require- +ments, at the centroid of the site +itself. Then +you may assume +that +this +sound +level +is +approximately correct for any outdoor activ- +ity +areas +on +your +site, +or +for +any +of +the +exterior rooms +in your proposed building. +A good +approximation +of +the +noise +levels +throughout +a +site, +based +on +the +distance +from the noise source, can be estimated by +calculations +for just a few +locations. +If the +distances +from +the +source +to +the +chosen +location +are +selected so +that they vary by +less than ±15 +percent, +then +generally +the +calculations +already +performed +for +one +distance +will +suffice. +Within +these +limits, +the +sound +level +will +not +vary +by +more +than ±1 +decibel among +locations. +For ex- +ample, +if +your +chosen +location +is +500 +ft +from the noise source and a sound +level +of +60 +decibels +has +been +determined +at +that +location +for a given source, a +location 435 +ft from +the source +will have a sound +level +of approximately 61 decibels and a location +575 +ft from +the +source +will +have +a sound +level of approximately 59 decibels. Barriers, +of course, +will +alter these sound +levels +in +the manner discussed +in Chapter +5, so +this +part +of the +calculation must +still +be made. +Unless the noise source +is very close to the + +site, +or unless +the +site +is +very +large com- +pared to +its distance from the source, quite +possibly +only +a +single sound +level +estima- +tion +will +be necessary—one corresponding +to the center of the +site. +Now, +let's consider a more complex +prob- +lem +involving +the design +of an +eight-room +elementary +school +for +a +large, +level +site +near a major roadway as +in +Figure 4-2. +The roadway +is +partially shielded +from +the +site by a 10 ft-high and 800 ft-long, concrete +wail +that +is located +160 +ft from the center- +line +of +the +highway. +This +wall +acts +as +a +sound +barrier and +reduces +the +noise from +the highway +to varying degrees +at different +locations +on +the +site. +The +site +is +large +enough +(2,000 +ft long +by +1,000 +ft wide) +to +allow some freedom +in +the +location +of the +school. +The +school +is +to +be +a +one-story +building +containing eight classrooms, each +of which +is 30 +ft wide by 30 +ft long by 9 +ft high. For +simplification, +we +will +assume +that +these +are to be the only rooms, aside from +corri- +dors, +in +the +school. The +building scheme, +shown +in +Figure +4-2, +provides +four rooms +on each +side +of +a double-loaded +corridor. +Since +this, +or any +other +probable +building +scheme, +is +small +in +floor +area +relative +to +the +site +area, +there +are many +alternatives +for locating +the school on the +site. +What strategy should be used to choose one +or more points on the +site for +trial +calcula- +tions? +The +northern +portion +of +the +site, +farthest +from +the +highway, +will +probably +be +a +quiet +area +of +the +site. +Still, +part +of +the southern +portion +of the +site +is shielded +by the concrete wall, which could effectively +shield +a +one-story +building +from +the +auto- +mobile +and +truck +noise +on +this +highway. +Thus, +let's +consider two +points +. +. +. +point +(a) +near +the +concrete +wall +and +point +(b) +near +the +northern +boundary +of +the +site, +as shown +in +Figure 4-2. +The sound +level +at +point +(a), +close +to +the +concrete +wall, +depends +on +the +distance +between +this +point +and +the +centerline +of +the +highway, +and +on +the amount +of +noise +reduction +provided +by +the +concrete +wall. +If we neglect the effect of the concrete wall, +the sound +level +at point +(a), +call +it +L, would +be +affected +by +the +distance +attenuation +of +the sound as +it propagates from +the +high- +way to this point 280 +ft away. But the sound +level +at point +(a) +is +less than L because +of +the +shielding +effect +provided by +the +wall. +The amount +of +noise +reduction +is +a +func- +tion +of +the +wall's +effective +height +relative +to the highway and +the school, and also a +function of the length of the wall +relative to +the +length +of +the +roadway, +hence +relative +to +the +"included +angle," +as shown +in +Fig- +ure 4-2. +The effect of these factors, which +are +discussed +in +detail +in +Chapter +5, +can + +be most simply +stated +as +. +. +. +the +higher +the wall and +the +larger the +included +angle +(long +wall), +the more +noise +reduction +pro- +vided. Thus, point (a) was chosen as near to +the wall as possible +(to maximize the effec- +tive +wall +height), +and +midway +along +the +wall's +length +(to +maximize +the +included +angle). +For the geometry shown +in +Figure +4-2, a noise reduction due +to the shielding +effect +of +about +5 +decibels +could +be +ex- +pected. The sound +level +at point +(a) +is thus +(L — 5) decibels. +The sound +level +at +point +(b), +close +to +the +northern boundary of the site, also depends +on the distance between +this +point and the +centerline +of +the +highway, +and +on +the +amount of noise +reduction +provided by the +concrete +wall. +Point +(b) +is chosen midway +along +the +wall +(to +maximize +the +included +angle) and at a distance of 1000 +ft from the +centerline of the highway. Again neglecting +the +effect +of +the +concrete +wall, +the sound +level +at point (b) +is equal to the sound +level +at +point +(a) +(L +for no concrete +wall) minus +a +correction +to account +for +the +additional +distance attenuation between points +(a) and +(b). +This +additional +distance +attenuation, +which +follows +the +rule +of thumb +that +the +equivalent sound level decreases by approx- +imately 4 to 6 decibles for every doubling of +distance away from the source, amounts +to +about +8 +decibels +for +this +case. +Thus, +the +sound +level +at +point +(b), +neglecting +the +effect of the concrete wall, +is approximately +(L — 8) decibels. +The shielding effect of the wall +at point (b) +is less pronounced than at point (a) because +both +the +effective +wall +height and +the +in- +cluded angle are decreased. For the geom- +etry shown +in Figure 4-2, a noise reduction +due to the shielding effect of only +1 +decibel +could be expected. The sound +level +at point +(b) +is thus (L — 8 — +1), or (L — 9) decibels, +which +is approximately 4 decibels less than +the sound +level +at +point +(a). +Hence, +point +(b) should be chosen as the quietest +point +to +locate +the +school +and +to +estimate +the +transportation system noise. +Actually, since +most of the reduction +in sound level at point +(b) +is due +to distance +attenuation +(8 +deci- +bels), any point along the northern boundary +of the +site +(1000 +ft from +the +centerline +of +the highway) has a sound +level +of approxi- +mately +(L — +8) +decibels. Since +the +calcu- +lated noise reduction +of +1 +decibel provided +by the concrete wall at point (b) +is insignifi- +cant you may choose any +point along +the +northern boundary. +Either +of these two +building +design +prob- +lems +could +be +further complicated +by +the +presence of two, three, or more transporta- +tion system noise sources. +In +this case, the +selection +of a +point +for estimating +the +site +noise +level +can +be +very +difficult. The +best +strategy, for such a case with several noise +sources, +is +to +pick +a +point +as +far away +from +the +noisiest source +as +possible; +but +if this +is not possible or +if you suspect +air- +craft +noise +to +be +a +problem, +select +the +centroid +of the +site +for +initial +calculations. +You may want to consider other alternative +building +locations using +intuition +in the se- +lection of points for estimating sound levels. +Until you +develop +this +intuition, +you +can +use the following simple +site-related guide- +lines. +Site-Related Guidelines +No +siting options +. +. +. +Choose the centroid of the building +if the +noise +sources +are +far away; +but +if +the +noise sources are close-by choose points +where +critical +building rooms +are +to be +located. +Siting options available: +Single source (no barrier) ... +Choose +a +point as +far away as possible +from +the source +if +it +will result +in a +de- +crease +in sound +level; +i.e., +the +distance +between +the source and your proposed +building +is +at +least doubled by moving +farther away. +If +the source +is +far away +from your site, +or +if aircraft +is +the noise +source, the choice of a site point is non- +critical. +Single source (with barrier) +. +. +. +If possible, choose a point which satisfies +the guidelines above +for a single source +with no barrier and is located as close as +possible +to the barrier and midway along +its length. +This point benefits from both +distance +attenuation +and +barrier +noise +reduction. +If the selection of such a point +is not +feasible, +choose +an +intermediate +point +for which +a +trade-off between +dis- +tance attenuation and barrier noise reduc- +tion may be made. +Multiple Sources +. +. +. +Choose +a point as +far away as possible +from +the +noisiest source, +if +it +will +result +in +a +decrease +in +sound +level, +i.e., +the +distance +between +the +source +and +your +proposed building +is at least doubled by +moving +farther away. +If you +can't guess +which source +is noisiest or +if +all sources +are +equally +noisy, +choose +the +centroid +of your +site +as +the +point +for estimating +the transportation system noise. + +Now +that we +have +discussed +site-related +guidelines, +let +us +now +turn +to +building- +related +guidelines. +These +guidelines +refer +to +positioning +the +building +at +a +point +on +your site that you have chosen. +If we +refer +to the previous example of the construction +of a +school, +the +overall dimensions +of +the +building scheme +are +small +relative +to +the +size +of +the +site, +and +in +comparison +with +the probable distance between the building +and +the +highway. +It +is +doubtful +that +the +sound +levels +will +vary much from one end +of the building to the other; and thus, there +is no need +to calculate the sound levels for +various points along the +building. +Now let's consider the case of a large build- +ing located close to a highway as +in Figure +4-3. The distance from +the highway +to the +far end +of the building +is twice as long as +the distance +to +the near end +of +the +build- +ing +(200 +ft as compared +to +100 +ft). +Thus, +you can expect the sound +level +to vary by +4 +to 6 decibels from one end +of the +build- +ing +to the other. The best strategy for such +a case +is +to +calculate +the sound +level +for +each +point +of +interest, +be +it +an +outdoor +activity +area +or one +of +the +rooms +of +the +building. +Again, +as +with +site-related +guidelines, +you +must use +intuition +in +selecting +the number +of +points +for +estimating +the +sound +level. +Until you develop this +intuition, you can use +the following simple +building-related +guide- +lines. +Building-Related Guidelines +Building +is +small +and +is +located +far +from +the source +. +. +. +Choose +a +point +corresponding +to +the +centroid +of +the +building and +follow +the +appropriate +site-related +guidelines +listed +previously. Using only one point +for your +calculations is valid +if the two ends of the +building are +within +±15 +percent +of +the +distance +from +the +source +to +the +build- +ing +. +. +. +Building +is large and +is located close to the +source +. +. +. +Choose +several +points +corresponding +to +the location of outdoor activity areas and +rooms +of interest. You can +limit the +total +number of points using the rule +of thumb +that the sound level will only vary by ±1 +decibel +for locations +within ±15 percent +of +the +distance +from +the +source +to +the +point +of +calculation +. +. +. +Figure +4-3. +Building +Located +Close +to +a +Highway. + + +Chapter +5 +How to Estimate Building +Site Noise +Section +1 +Sound +Propagation and +Barriers +When dealing with sound and +its effects on +the occupants +of +your +proposed +building, +three components need +to +be +considered: +the +source +of +the +sound, +the +path +along +which the sound travels, and the receiver or +individual +who +hears +the +sound. +Various +effects of sound on the receiver have been +discussed +in Chapter 3. +In +this section the +sources of sound and how sound propagates +from +the +source +to +the +receiver +are +de- +scribed. +Sound can be generated by the vibration +of +a solid body +in contact with the +air; forces +acting directly on the +air, such as a fan; or +by +the +violent +motion +of +the +air +itself +as +from +a +jet. +Consider +for +example, +what +happens when +the sheet metal +panels +of a +truck +hood +are +set +into +vibration +by +the +truck's +engine. The +vibrating +panels move +in and out. As they move outward, they push +against the +air nearest them; as they move +inward +they +produce +a +partial +vacuum, +or +rarefaction, +in the nearby +air. The alternate +compression and expansion +of the air adja- +cent +to +the +panels +results +in +small +local +fluctuations +in +the +atmospheric +pressure. +These +fluctuations +in +turn cause a +portion +of the +air farther away from the panel also +to fluctuate +in +pressure. This +local +disturb- +ance +is thus propagated through the +air as +sound waves that reach our ears. The same +general +principles +apply +to +other +mecha- +nisms of sound generation in that small local +fluctuations +in the atmospheric pressure are +created and propagated through +the +air as +sound waves. +The +sound +waves +that +are +generated +by +these two mechanisms are known as elastic +waves, which are characterized by the fact +that a disturbance +initiated +at one +point +is +propagated to other points +in a predictable +manner determined by the physical proper- +ties +of +the +medium +of +propagation. +The +sound heard by a receiver depends upon the +type +of sound +wave, +the medium +(usually +air), +the +type +of wave +divergence +taking +place, and the excess attenuation. +Two common +types +of +sound +waves +are +spherical sound waves and cylindrical sound +waves. +Spherical sound waves +are +usually +generated by a source whose overall dimen- +sions +are +small compared +with +the +wave- +length of the sound produced. This type +of +sound source +is +called +a point source. +In +contrast, +cylindrical sound waves are gen- +erated by a source whose radial dimensions +are +small +compared +to +the wavelength +of +the sound +produced, +but +axial +dimensions +are +infinite or extremely large. +This type of +sound source +is called +a +line source*. +Wave +divergence +refers +to +the +spreading +out +of the sound wave from +a source +into +the surrounding atmosphere. The +effect +of +this +spreading +is +to +decrease +the +sound +level +at +the +receiver +as +he moves +farther +away from the source. Wave divergence +is +different for point and +line sources—for an +idealized point source, the sound +level +de- +creases by 6 dB +for each doubling +of +dis- +tance away from +the +source; +for an +ideal- +ized line source, the sound +level decreases +by +3 +dB +for +each +doubling +of +distance +away +from +the +source. +These +values +of +wave divergence are for ideal sources which +radiate sound +uniformly +into +a homogene- +ous loss-free atmosphere, free of barriers. +Excess +attenuation +is +the added +decrease +of sound level beyond that caused by simple +* +It should be pointed out that since +this design +guide +uses +the +Leq +mertic, +which +is based +on +averaging +the +variations +of the sound +level over +some specified +time period +to +obtain +an +equiv- +alent sound level, +to make a +distinction between +point and +line sources +is not +quite +accurate. +If +a point source such as an auto +or +trucl< moves +past +a +stationary +receiver, +the +instantaneous +sound level +will +first increase as +the source +ap- +proaches, reach +a maximum, and then decrease +as +the +source +moves +away. +In +using +the +Leq +metric, +this time varying sound level +is averaged +to give constant equivalent sound +level +of equal +energy. +Thus, +the +net +effect +is +to +approximate +the moving point source as +a +stationary, +infinite +line source generating a sound level equal to Leq +at the receiver. This fact is mentioned only for the +sake +of technical accuracy. +It has no +effect on +how you will pedorm the calculations in later sec- +tions because +it has been +implicitly incorporated +into +the +transportation system +noise models. + +wave +divergence, and +includes +attenuation +by absorption +in the +air; attenuation by en- +vironmental +conditions +(rain, +sleet, +snow +or fog); attenuation by grass, shrubbery and +trees; +attenuation +and +fluctuation +due +to +wind +and +temperature +gradients, +atmos- +pheric +turbulence +and +the +characteristics +of the ground; and, attenuation due +to bar- +riers or other types +of shielding +[1]. Thus, +by +including +excess +attenuation +you +can +correct the +ideal, +loss-free case to account +for +atmospheric +and +environmental +ele- +ments that reduce sound +levels. +In +this design +guide, the sound +level +gen- +erated by each type of transportation system +noise +source +will +be +predicted +assuming +"typical" values of attenuation due +to wave +divergence +and +environmental +conditions. +Then +account +will +be +taken +for +additional +attenuation +effects of any +barriers, rows +of +intervening +buildings +or +heavy +vegetation. +The +remainder +of +this +section +contains a +general +discussion +of +sound +barriers +and +how to predict the attenuation they provide. +Also, the barrier effect of buildings and the +attenuation due to vegetation are discussed. +These shielding effects are essential for pre- +dicting +highway and +railway +noise +in Sec- +tions 5.2 and 5.3 of this chapter. +Barriers +A +sound +barrier +can +be +any +obstruction +which shields, or partially shields, the sound +source from the receiver. The effect of this +shielding +is to reduce the level of the sound +heard by a receiver by an amount dependent +upon, among other things, the location and +configuration +of the +obstruction. Based on +this definition, walls, earth berms, the sides +of +depressed +highways +or +railways, +the +edges +of elevated +highways +and +railways, +and any other obstruction +of sufficient size +can act as sound barriers. Examples of these +types +of +shielding +are +shown +in +Figures +5.1-1 through 5.1-4. +The +attenuation +provided +by +a +barrier de- +pends upon how much +of +the +total sound +energy +is blocked from the +receiver. +Obvi- +ously, +if some of the sound energy can pass +by the barrier, +its effectiveness +is lessened. +There are basically four paths which sound +can follow from the source, past (or through) +the barrier, to the receiver [2]. +These paths, +discussed +in +the +next few +paragraphs, +are +shown +in Figure 5.1-5. +The +direct +path +refers +to +the +sound +that +passes over +or around +the +barrier without +being +affected +i.e., +there +is no +diffraction. +r +W +Figure 5.1-1. +Shielding by a Wall.n +c +Figure +5.1-3. +Shielding +by +a +Depressed +Highway +or Railway. +Figure 5.1-2. +Shielding by an Earth Berm. +Figure +5.1-4. +Shielding +by +an +Elevated +Highway or Railway. +SHADOW ZONE +Figure 5.1-5. +Paths along which sound en- +ergy +can +travel +from +the +source +to +the +receiver +[2]. +Also shown +is +the shadow +zone and +the +angle +of +diffraction +asso- +ciated +with +the +source-barrier-receiver +geometry. + +31 +For this path, the barrier does not block the +line-of-sight +between +the +source +and +re- +ceiver and +therefore +provides +little +or +no +attenuation. The direct path can be affected +only by increasing the height of the barrier +so that the line-of-sight between the source +and receiver +is blocked. +Sound energy that passes just over the top +edge +of +the +barrier +is +bent down +into +the +apparent shadow +zone, +which +is +the +area +visually shielded from the source as shown +in +Figure +5.1-5. This path +is the +diffracted +path, analogous to the optical +diffraction of +light. The sound waves +that +are +diffracted +are attenuated, and the larger the angle +of +diffraction (defined in Figure 5.1-5), the more +the sound wave +is attenuated +in this shadow +zone. The amount +of sound energy +reach- +ing +the +receiver +via the +diffraction +path +is +dependent upon the +barrier height and +the +location of the source and receiver +relative +to the barrier. +If either the source or receiver +is placed close to the +barrier, +the angle of +diffraction and hence the attenuation +is +in- +creased. The amount +of attenuation due +to +diffraction +of the sound wave +is dependent +on the shape of the barrier. +In general, most +theories of diffraction that have been devel- +oped for predicting barrier attenuation treat +only +infinitely +long +walls +with +a +thickness +much +less +then +the +wavelength +of +the +dif- +fracted sound +(rigid-screen +barriers). Theo- +retical and +experimental +investigations +[3] +have shown +that the attenuation by wedge- +shaped or wide barriers +is somewhat +differ- +ent from that predicted by +rigid-screen the- +ories. +However, +predicting +the +attenuation +by these other barrier shapes +is difficult and +only +a +small +improvement +in +the accuracy +can be achieved. Hence, +this design guide +applies the theory developed for an infinitely +long rigid-screen +for +all +barrier shapes and +sizes. +Another +path +is +one +directly +through +the +barrier. Sound traveling this path +is reduced +by an amount related to the so-called trans- +mission loss of the barrier, a measure of the +reduction +in +level +of the sound +that passes +through +the +barrier. +The transmission +loss +depends most importantly upon +the weight +per unit area of the barrier—the heavier the +barrier the less sound transmitted. As a gen- +eral rule, +if the surface weight density, which +is +the +weight +density +(Ib/ff) +multiplied +by +the +barrier thickness +(ft), +is greater than 4 +lb/ft ', the transmission of sound through the +barrier +will +be +negligible +relative +to +the +sound energy diffracted over or around the +barrier +[4]. +Figure 5.1-6. +Two cases where +reflected waves +effectively reduce +barrier attenuation. + +The +last path shown +in +Figure 5.1-5 +is the +reflected +path. +Reflected sound +is +usually +of concern only to a +receiver on +the same +side of the barrier as the sound source. Two +special cases where +reflected sound waves +may be important are shown +in Figure 5.1-6. +In +both +cases, +part +of +the +sound +energy +radiated +by the source +is +reflected from +a +nearby surface and then propagated +to the +receiver. +Depending +upon +the +location +of +the +reflecting +surface +and +barrier +relative +to +the source and +receiver, +the +barrier +at- +tenuation may effectively be reduced to zero +(i.e., +the sound +level +at the receiver +is the +same with or without the +barrier). +It should +be noted +that +in most +practical +cases, +the +reflected +noise does not +play an +important +role +in the treatment +of barriers +[5]. +If you +encounter +a +serious +situation +of +reflected +noise, +you +may +need +the +services +of +an +acoustical consultant. +If the barrier provides a substantial amount +of attenuation, the sound diffracted over or +around +the +barrier +into +the +shadow zone +usually represents the most important path +between +the +source +and +receiver. +Hence, +estimating the amount of attenuation due to +diffraction +is +the +primary +calculation +in- +volved +in determining +barrier attenuation +in +Sections 5.2 and 5.3. However, there are two +other considerations +in determining +barrier +attenuation. These are the overall length +of +the barrier relative to the source length, and +the +presence +of +holes +or openings +in +the +barrier. A +short +barrier +permits +sound +to +propagate +around +its +ends, +and +a +barrier +with holes permits sound +to be transmitted +directly through the barrier. +Line Source +Receiver +Figure +5.1-7. +Paths +for Sound +Energy +to +Travel Around the Ends of a Barrier. +For sources, such as highways and railways, +which are conceptually represented as +line +sources, the length of the barrier +is particu- +larly important. For example in Figure 5.1-7, +the +noise +diffracted +over +the +top +of +the +barrier +is +reduced; +however, +the +sound +propagating +from +the +part of +the +roadway +extending +beyond +the ends +of +the +barrier +is not affected by the +barrier. +As a +result, +the +actual +reduction +of sound +due +to +the +barrier +is +less +than +that +predicted +for +the +diffraction +of the sound wave. +To be effec- +tive, +barriers must not only break the +line- +of-sight between the receiver and the nearest +section +of +roadway, +but +also +between +the +receiver and sections +far up and down the +roadway. To decide when predicted barrier +attenuation must be adjusted to account for +sound coming around +its ends, +refer to the +barrier "included angle," denoted +"a", and +defined +in +Figure +5.1-8. +If +the +included +angle, "a", +is greater than 170°, the barrier +can be considered infinitely long. This means +that +the +attenuation +depends +only +upon +sound diffraction across the top of the bar- +rier. +But +if the included angle, +"a", +is 170° +or +less, +the +barrier +length +is +considered +finite, +and adjustments +must +be +made +to +account for sound coming around the ends +of +the +barrier. +These +adjustments +are +in- +cluded +in the predictive procedures of Sec- +tions 5.2 and 5.3. +—-Line Source — — — +Receiver +Figure +5.1-8. +Barrier Geometry Showing +the +Included +Angle, +a. +Holes +or +openings +substantially +increase +the +sound transmission +of +a +barrier, +thus +reducing +its effectiveness. +This +is best illus- +trated by the data shown +in Table 5.1-1. +If, +for example, +a +barrier has openings which +amount to ten percent +of +its +total +area, +its +overall +attenuation +would +not +be +greater +than an A-weighted sound level difference of +4 +dB, +considering +attenuation due +to +both +transmission and +diffraction. +For a +barrier +with openings greater than +ten +percent +of +its +area, +the +attenuation +will +probably +be +negligible. +Maximum +Percent +of +Barrier +Transmission +Area that +is Open +Loss Possible, dB +50% +0 +10% +4 +5% +7 +1% +14 +0.5% +17 +0.1% +24 +Table 5.1-1. +Transmission Loss for Barriers +with Holes [2]. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/536f077c46478dde.txt b/corpus/building/text/536f077c46478dde.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d3c8c2c232dfa042e2062777134b54d31eb16c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/536f077c46478dde.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Generation of Uncertainty-Aware High-Level Spatial Concepts in Factorized 3D Scene Graphs via Graph Neural Networks + +Enabling robots to autonomously discover high-level spatial concepts (e.g., rooms and walls) from primitive geometric observations (e.g., planar surfaces) within 3D Scene Graphs is essential for robust indoor navigation and mapping. These graphs provide a hierarchical metric-semantic representation in which such concepts are organized. To further enhance graph-SLAM performance, Factorized 3D Scene Graphs incorporate these concepts as optimization factors that constrain relative geometry and enforce global consistency. However, both stages of this process remain largely manual: concepts are typically derived using hand-crafted, concept-specific heuristics, while factors and their covariances are likewise manually designed. This reliance on manual specification limits generalization across diverse environments and scalability to new concept classes. This paper presents a novel learning-based method that infers spatial concepts online from observed vertical planes and introduces them as optimizable factors within a SLAM backend, eliminating the need to handcraft concept generation, factor design, and covariance specification. We evaluate our approach in simulated environments with complex layouts, improving room detection by 20.7% and trajectory estimation by 19.2%, and further validate it on real construction sites, where room detection improves by 5.3% and map matching accuracy by 3.8%. Results confirm that learned factors can improve their handcrafted counterparts in SLAM systems and serve as a foundation for extending this approach to new spatial concepts. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/5602ff2b1443ba18.txt b/corpus/building/text/5602ff2b1443ba18.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8506bd4ae57962e3de12c81a5779d6fab33c3fae --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/5602ff2b1443ba18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,37414 @@ +1 BY AUTHORITY + +2 ORDINANCE NO, 15^2^ COUNCIL BILL NO. ) + +3 SERIES OF 2008 COMMITTEE OF REFERENCE: + +4 Blueprint Denver + +Safety + +5 A BILL + +6 For an ordinance relating to Chapter 10 (Buildings and Building + +7 Regulations), Denver Revised Municipal Code, modifying Section 10-16 + +8 (Building and fire code adopted). +9 + +10 BE IT ENACTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF DENVER: + +1 1 Section 1. Section 10-16 (dealing with the adoption of the building and fire codes), of + +12 Chapter 10 (Building and Building Regulations), DRMC shall be amended by deleting the + +13 language stricken and adding the language underlined below to read and be read as follows: + +14 Sec. 10-16 The International Building Code f IBC"), International Energy Conservation Code + +15 ("lECC"), the International Fire Code ("IFC"), the International Fuel Gas Code ("IFGC"), the + +16 International Mechanical Code ("IMC"), the International Plumbing Code ("IPC"), and the + +17 International Residential Code ("IRC"), alt series of 2QQZ 2006 and all amendments thereto and + +18 tThe aAdministration of the Denver Building Code, all as filed May 21, 200 4 March 13, 2008 in + +19 City Clerk File Number 04 421 08-256 are hereby adopted collectively as the Denver Building + +20 and Fire Code. + +2 1 COMMITTEE APPROVAL DATE; 9/1 8/2007. + + + +22 MAYOR-COUNCIL DATE: 3/11/2008. ^ .0^^ Jl£. + +23 PA^SED^BYtHE COUNCIL ^7^^ ^^M^ "^^^f + + + +2008 + + + +24 wK^:^^^-^"- -yi,^- ^ ' ' i ■ PRESIDENT + +25 - APPROVED: ^ £M^-'''--- ry*^^.£kC^ L _, ■■-■- .., -I^^YOR ^fa^tl W^ 2008 + +26 ATTEST: ' '^'-^ IZ / "---': /^-^ -- ' - CLERK AND RECORDER, + +27 ' 7f " " EX-OFFICIO CLERK OF THE + +28 '- CITY AND COUNTY OF DENVER + +29 NOTICE PUBLISHED IN THE DAILY JOURNAL MO^K ZA 2008; m^ZT. 2^^, 2008 + +30 PREPARED BY: Timothy J. Carrier, Assistant City Attorney 3/1 1/2008 + +3! Pursuant to section 13-12, D.R.M.C., this proposed ordinance has been reviewed by the office of + +32 the City Attorney. We find no irregylarity as to form, and have no legal objection to the proposed + +33 ordinance. The proposed ordinance is not submitted to the City Council for approval pursuant to + +34 §3.2.6 of the Charter. + +35 . ■- ■■ ; ■ ^ /■ .^ - .. + +36 David R. Fine, City Attorney " .• ' .'\: + +37 BY: >— --^ .-- - -- ''-^- < . \:^xr-y~-- City Attorney Date t^ H~^j - cK^ + +Building and Fire Code Ordinance ' ' - '■ + + + +AMENDMENTS + +TO THE + +BUILDING CODE + +FOR THE + +CITY AND COUNTY OF DENVER + + + +1^ + + + +DENVER + +THF UI.F IrAir.VA ChTt + + + +ACKNOWLEDGEMENT + +The review of the International Codes developed by the International Code Council (ICC) was performed in response to +concerns expressed on behalf of the construction and development industries, businesses, design professionals, +educational institutions, local government, affordable housing and most of all the citizens of Denver. + +The ICC Codes and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Codes are written to meet the needs of a variety of +jurisdictions and need to be fine-tuned to address the specific needs of the City and County of Denver. + +As a result, the Building Code Revision Committee (BCRC), a group of highly qualified individuals who have +demonstrated knowledge and competence in the design and construction of buildings and structures developed these +amendments. These individuals participated in the testing of building components and systems, the investigation of fires +and explosions and in the enforcement of regulations pertaining to life- safety issues from fires, explosions and other +hazards encountered in buildings and structures. This committee went through this process to recommend the adoption of +the 2006 Series of I- Codes. + +The committee members have produced a comprehensive set of effective amendments that directly affect safety to life +within the City and County of Denver. As a result, these Amendments to the 2006 International Building Code and +International Fire Code were adopted. + +We wish to acknowledge the members of Denver's City Council, the Mayor's Office, City Attorney's Office, Fire +Department, Building and Construction Sen/ices of Community Planning and Development, the Building Code Revision +Committee, its subcommittees and the organizations they represented for the time, dedication and professionalism devoted +to the development of this document. + + + +MEMBERS OF CITY COUNCIL + + + +Rick Garcia + + +District 1 + + +Jeanne Faatz + + +District 2 + + +Paul Lopez + + +Districts + + +Peggy Lehmann + + +District 4 + + +Marcia Johnson + + +Districts + + +Charlie Brown + + +District 6 + + +Chris Nevitt + + +District? + + +C aria Madison + + +Districts + + +Judy Montero + + +District 9 + + +Jeanne Robb + + +District 10 + + +Michael B. Hancock + + +District 11 + + +Carol Boigon + + +At Large + + +DougLinkhart + + +At Large + + + +COMMITTEE MEMBERS + +BUILDING CODE REVISION COMMITTEE + +Steve Rondinelli, A.I.A., Chair American Institute of Architects + +John Fairbaim Denver Board of Realtors + +Patrick Hilleary Builders Owners and Managers Association + +Rich Haas A ssociated G eneral C ontractor + +Ed Neuberg Commission for People with Disabilities + +Bob Koelbel Home Builders Association + +Jeffrey Sawarynski, P.E. Mechanical Engineers + +Wally Prebis, P.E. Structural Engineers Association of Colorado + +Henry Solano Pipe Fitters, Local 208 + +Neal Hall Colorado Building & Trades Council, AFL-CIO + +Mark Guerrero Denver Public Schools + +Joseph Gonzales, Division Chief Fire Prevention Bureau + +Peter Bemelen, P.E. CPD - Building Official + +Valentina Guer^ca CPD - BCRC Secretary + +FIRE CODE REVISION COMMITTEE + +Masoud Sabounchi, P.E., C.B.O., Chair Advanced Consulting Engineers + +Randy Adrian Metro Denver Building Owners and Managers Association + +William H. Campbell, A.I.A. University of Denver + +David Clark, P.E. Fire Prevention Bureau + +G reg Forge M aguire Properties + +George Hadji, P.E. Hadji and Associates, Electrical and Mechanical Engineers +Marvin Heath Central Fire Protection, Colorado Professional Fire Sprinkler Association + +M ary Hoddinott, P.E . D enver W ater D epartment + +Gary Jensen, P.E. Hensel Phelps Construction, Association of General Contractors + +Ed Kocman, P.E. Denver Building Department + +Shane Mettler, A.I.A. J. G. Johnson Architects, American Institute of Architects +Gerald Mollendor Lewis Maintenance, Hazardous Materials Mitigation/Remediation Association + +Darwin Neiman, Ph.D. Hazmat Section, Denver Fire Department + +Ed Neuberg Commission for People with Disabilities +Mike Turzanski Cushman and Wakefield of Colorado, Building Operators Association + +Larry Vair, P.E. Denver Pubhc Schools + +Eric Wilhelm, P.E. FM Global + +Mimi Saylor Staff Assistant, Fire Department + +Joseph Gonzales Division Chief, Fire Department + +Tim Carrier, Esq. City Attorney's Office + +An expression of sincere thanks is extended to the above individuals who have contributed assistance and counsel in the development +of Denver's Building and Fire Codes. The committee members gave time away from their responsibilities and livelihood to serve as +volunteers in this effort. The net result is a major contribution toward preserving our well-being and property by providing a safe +environment for the welfare of the people who live, work and visit the City and County of Denver. In particular, we also wish to +thank Diane Barrett of the Mayor's Office for her assistance and guidance. + + + +John W. Hickenlooper + +Mayor + +City & County of Denver + + + +Peter Park Nick Nuanes + +Manager Chief + +Community Planning and Development Denver Fire Department + + + +AMnJ. LaCabe, Jr. + +Manager of Safety +Denver Department of Safety + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +FOR THE + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS + + + +TO THE + + + +IISTTERNATIONAL CODES + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + +CHAPTER 1 2 + +ADMINISTRATION 2 + +SECTION 101 2 + +PURPOSE AND SCOPE 2 + +SECTION 102 3 + +ORGANIZATION OF BUILDING PERMITTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES 3 + +SECTION 103 3 + +GENERAL POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE AGENCY 3 + +SECTION 104 4 + +SERVICE 4 + +SECTION 105 4 + +APPLICATION TO EXISTING BUILDINGS 4 + +SECTION 106 5 + +UNSAFE BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES 5 + +SECTION 107 6 + +UNSAFE UTILITY 6 + +SECTION 108 8 + +NOTICE AND ABATEMENT OF UNSAFE BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES OR UTILITIES 8 + +SECTION 109 9 + +USED MATERIALS 9 + +SECTION 110 9 + +ALTERNATE MATERIALS, DESIGN AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT 9 + +SECTION 111 10 + +PROHIBITIONS, VIOLATIONS, PENALTIES AND REMEDIES 10 + +SECTION 112 11 + +BOARD OF APPEALS 11 + +SECTION 113 14 + +APPEALS 14 + +SECTION 114 15 + +APPEALS FROM DECISIONS OF THE BOARD 15 + +SECTION 115 15 + +VALIDITY OF BUILDING CODE 15 + +SECTION 116 15 + +LIABILITY 15 + +SECTION 120 16 + +LICENSING, CERTIFICATION, REGISTRATION 16 + +SECTION 121 16 + +AUTHORITY 16 + +SECTION 122 16 + +LICENSES OR REGISTRATION 16 + +SECTION 123 17 + +CLASSIFICATION OF LICENSES AND REGISTRATION 17 + +SECTION 124 21 + +LICENSE FEES 21 + +SECTION 125 21 + +LICENSE RENEWAL 21 + +SECTION 126 21 + +REISSUANCE OF LICENSE 21 + +SECTION 127 21 + +LICENSEE AND REGISTRANT RESPONSIBILITY 21 + +SECTION 128 22 + +LICENSE AND REGISTRATION CHANGES 22 + +SECTION 129 22 + +SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF LICENSE 22 + +SECTION 130 23 + +CERTIFICATES 23 + +SECTION 131 24 + +CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFICATION 24 + +SECTION 132 25 + + + +ITABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +CLASSIFICATION OFJOURNEYMAN AND OPERATOR CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFICATION + + +25 + + +SECTION 133 + + +27 + + +APPRENTICES AND TRAINEES + + +27 + + +SECTION 134 + + +28 + + +CERTIFICATE FEES + + +28 + + +SECTION 135 + + +28 + + +CERTIFICATE RENEWAL + + +28 + + +SECTION 136 + + +28 + + +REISSUANCE + + +28 + + +SECTION 137 + + +28 + + +CERTIFICATE HOLDER RESPONSIBILITY + + +28 + + +SECTION 138 + + +29 + + +SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATE + + +29 + + +SECTION 139 + + +30 + + +EXAMINATION STANDARDS AND REVIEW + + +30 + + +SECTION 150 + + +31 + + +PERMITS, PLANS, INSPECTIONS, CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY + + +31 + + +SECTION 151 + + +33 + + +PERMITS + + +33 + + +SECTION 152 + + +35 + + +PERMIT FEES + + +35 + + +SECTION 153 + + +37 + + +DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS + + +37 + + +SECTION 154 + + +38 + + +PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS + + +38 + + +SECTION 155 + + +40 + + +INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS + + +40 + + +SECTION 156 + + +41 + + +FIELD SURVEYS + + +41 + + +SECTION 157 + + +42 + + +INSPECTIONS + + +42 + + +SECTION 158 + + +44 + + +SPECIAL INSPECTIONS + + +44 + + +SECTION 159 + + +44 + + +FINAL INSPECTION APPROVAL/CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE + + +44 + + +SECTION 160 + + +44 + + +CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY + + +44 + + +SECTION 161 + + +46 + + +ADDRESS + + +46 + + +SECTION 162 + + +46 + + +PERMITS FOR TEMPORARY BUILDINGS + + +46 + + +SECTION 163 + + +46 + + +FOUNDATION PERMITS + + +46 + + +SECTION 164 + + +47 + + +PHASED CONSTRUCTION PERMITS + + +47 + + +SECTION 165 + + +47 + + +TABLES AND FEES + + +47 + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE + + + + +CHAPTER 1 + + +49 + + +ADMINISTRATION + + +49 + + +SECTION 101 + + +49 + + +GENERAL + + +49 + + +CHAPTER 2 + + +49 + + +DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS + + +49 + + +SECTION 201 + + +49 + + +GENERAL + + +49 + + +SECTION 202 + + +49 + + +DEFINITIONS + + +49 + + +CHAPTERS + + +52 + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION 52 + +SECTION 303 52 + +ASSEMBLY GROUPA 52 + +SECTION 305 52 + +EDUCATIONAL GROUP E 52 + +SECTION 308 53 + +INSTITUTIONAL GROUP I 53 + +SECTION 310 53 + +RESIDENTIAL GROUP R 53 + +SECTION 312 54 + +UTILITY AND MISCELLANEOUS GROUP U 54 + +CHAPTER 4 54 + +SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY 54 + +SECTION 402 54 + +COVERED MALL BUILDINGS 54 + +SECTION 403 54 + +HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS 54 + +SECTION 405 55 + +UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS 55 + +SECTION 406 55 + +MOTOR-VEHICLE-RELATED OCCUPANCIES 55 + +SECTION 411 55 + +SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDINGS 55 + +SECTION 421 55 + +LIVE/WORK UNITS 55 + +CHAPTER 5 57 + +GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS 57 + +SECTION 507 57 + +UNLIMITED AREA BUILDINGS 57 + +SECTION 508 57 + +MIXED USE AND OCCUPANCIES 57 + +CHAPTER 7 58 + +FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION 58 + +SECTION 704 58 + +EXTERIOR WALLS 58 + +SECTION 707 59 + +SHAFT ENCLOSURES 59 + +SECTION 716 59 + +DUCTS AND AIR TRANSFER OPENINGS 59 + +CHAPTER 9 60 + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 60 + +CHAPTER 10 60 + +MEANS OF EGRESS 60 + +SECTION 1004 60 + +OCCUPANT LOAD 60 + +SECTION 1005 60 + +EGRESS WIDTH 60 + +SECTION 1007 61 + +ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS 61 + +SECTION 1008 62 + +DOORS GATES AND TURNSTILES 62 + +SECTION 1009 62 + +STAIRWAYS 62 + +SECTION 1011 63 + +EXIT SIGNS 63 + +SECTION 1014 63 + +EXIT ACCESS 63 + +SECTION 1020 64 + +VERTICAL EXIT CLOSURES 64 + +SECTION 1025 64 + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +ASSEMBLY 64 + +CHAPTER 11 65 + +ACCESSIBILITY 65 + +SECTION 1101 65 + +GENERAL 65 + +CHAPTER 15 66 + +ROOF ASSEMBLIES AND ROOFTOP STRUCTURES 66 + +SECTION 1503 66 + +WEATHER PROTECTION 66 + +SECTION 1507 66 + +REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOF COVERINGS 66 + +SECTION 1510 67 + +REROOFING 67 + +CHAPTER 16 68 + +STRUCTURAL DESIGN 68 + +SECTION 1607 68 + +LIVE LOADS 68 + +SECTION 1608 72 + +SNOW LOADS 72 + +SECTION 1609 72 + +WIND LOADS 72 + +SECTION 1613 72 + +EARTHQUAKE LOADS 72 + +CHAPTER 17 73 + +STRUCTURAL TESTS AND SPECIAL INSPECTIONS 73 + +SECTION 1704 73 + +SPECIAL INSPECTIONS 73 + +CHAPTER 18 73 + +SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS 73 + +SECTION 1805 73 + +FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS 73 + +SECTION 1810 74 + +CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATIONS 74 + +CHAPTER 27 74 + +ELECTRICAL 74 + +SECTION 2700 74 + +GENERAL - DENVER 74 + +CHAPTER 29 74 + +PLUMBING SYSTEMS 74 + +[P] SECTION 2902 74 + +MINIMUM PLUMBING FACILITIES 74 + +CHAPTER 30 75 + +ELEVATORSAND CONVEYING SYSTEMS 75 + +SECTION 3001 75 + +GENERAL 75 + +SECTION 3002 75 + +HOISTWAY ENCLOSURES 75 + +[F] SECTION 3003 75 + +EMERGENCY OPERATIONS 75 + +SECTION 3004 75 + +HOISTWAY VENTING 75 + +SECTION 3005 76 + +CONVEYING SYSTEMS 76 + +SECTION 3007 76 + +ELEVATOR RECALL FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS WITH PRESSURIZED HOISTWAY S 76 + +SECTION 3008 76 + +ELEVATOR, ESCALATOR AND MOVING SIDEWALK ACCIDENT REPORTING 76 + +CHAPTER 31 77 + +SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION 77 + +SECTION 3105 77 + +- iv - + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +AWNINGS AND CANOPIES 77 + +[CDH] SECTION 3110 77 + +MANUFACTURED OR FACTORY-BUILT STRUCTURES 77 + +CHAPTER 32 78 + +ENCROACHMENTS INTO THE PUBLIC RIGHT-OF-WAY 78 + +[PW] SECTION 3202 78 + +ENCROACHMENTS 78 + +CHAPTER 33 79 + +SAFEGUARDS DURING CONSTRUCTION 79 + +SECTION 3301 79 + +GENERAL 79 + +SECTION 3302 79 + +CONSTRUCTION SAFEGUARDS 79 + +SECTION 3303 79 + +DEMOLITION 79 + +SECTION 3306 80 + +PROTECTION OF PEDESTRIANS 80 + +SECTION 3307 80 + +PROTECTION OF ADJOINING PROPERTY 80 + +SECTION 3308 81 + +TEMPORARY USE OF STREETS, ALLEY S AND PUBLIC PROPERTY 81 + +SECTION 3313 81 + +MOVING AND RELOCATION OF STRUCTURES 81 + +CHAPTER 34 82 + +EXISTING STRUCTURES 82 + +[EB] SECTION 3401 82 + +GENERAL 82 + +[EB] SECTION 3406 82 + +CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY 82 + +SECTION 3410 82 + +COMPLIANCE ALTERNATIVES 82 + +CHAPTER 61 83 + +REHABILITATION OF EXISTING BUILDING 83 + +SECTION 6101 83 + +GENERAL 83 + +SECTION 6102 83 + +COMMITTEE 83 + +SECTION 6103 84 + +COMMITTEE ACTIVITIES 84 + +\SECTION 610 84 + +APPLICATION AND FEE 84 + +SECTION 6105 84 + +APPLICATION REVIEW PROCEDURE 84 + +SECTION 6106 85 + +DECISION OF THE COMMITTEE 85 + +APPENDICES 86 + +APPENDIX ADOPTION STATUS 86 + +IBC APPENDICES 86 + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION 86 + +APPENDIX H 86 + +SIGNS 86 + +[Z] SECTION HlOl 86 + +GENERAL 86 + +[Z] SECTION H102 87 + +DEFINITIONS 87 + +APPENDIX I 88 + +PATIO COVERS 88 + +SECTION 1104 88 + +STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS 88 + +APPENDIX K 88 + +- V- + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +CONSTRUCTION IN DESIGNATED SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION ZONES 88 + +SECTION K 101 88 + +GENERAL 88 + +SECTION K 102 88 + +GENERAL PROVISIONS 88 + +SECTION K 103 88 + +HAZARDOUS GASES GENERATED BY LANDFILLS 88 + +APPENDIX L 90 + +ACCESS CONTROL 90 + +SECTION LlOl 90 + +INTRODUCTION 90 + +SECTION L102 91 + +DEFINITIONS 91 + +SECTION L103 93 + +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 93 + +SECTION L104 95 + +ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMSWITH MAGNETIC LOCKS 95 + +SECTION L105 96 + +DELAYED EGRESS SYSTEMS 96 + +SECTION L106 97 + +SECURING AN ELEVATOR LOBBY WITH AN ACCESS CONTROL SY STEM 97 + +SECTION L107 98 + +SECURING EXIT ENCLOSURE (STAIR TOWER) DOORS 98 + +SECTION L108 101 + +CONTRACTOR LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCESS CONTROL SY STEMS 101 + +SECTION L109 102 + +ACCESS CONTROL SY STEM PERMIT REQUIREMENTS 102 + +SECTION LllO 105 + +ACCESS CONTROL SY STEM PERMIT INSPECTION PROCESS 105 + +SECTION Llll 105 + +ACCESS CONTROL SY STEM TESTING AND MAINTENANCE 105 + +SECTION L113 106 + +ACCESS CONTROL - SAMPLE DRAWINGS 106 + +APPENDIX M 113 + +COLORADO TITLE 9 ARTICLE 5 - STANDARDS FOR ACCESSIBILE HOUSING 113 + +9-5-lOl.DEFINITIONS. 113 + +9-5-102. DISABILITIES COVERED - PURPOSE. 114 + +9-5-103. APPLICABILITY OF STANDARDS - ENFORCEMENT. 114 + +9-5-104. RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENFORCING STANDARDS. 115 + +9-5-105. EXEMPTIONS FOR CERTAIN PRIVATELY FUNDED PROJECTS. 115 + +9-5-106. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN. 116 + +APPENDIX N 116 + +CONSTRUCTION OF AIRPORT BUILDING SAND STRUCTURES 116 + +SECTION NlOl 116 + +GENERAL 116 + +SECTION N102 116 + +DEFINITIONS 116 + +SECTION N103 117 + +TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION 117 + +SECTION N104 117 + +OCCUPANCY 117 + +SECTION N105 118 + +MEANS OF EGRESS 118 + +SECTION N106 119 + +AIRPORT RAMP DRAINAGE 119 + +SECTION N107 119 + +AIRPORT SMOKE CONTROL AND DETECTION 119 + +SECTION N108 120 + +AIRPORT LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS 120 + +SECTION N109 122 + +- vi - + + + +ITABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +AIRPORT MECHANICAL + + +122 + + +SECTION NllO + + +122 + + +AIRPORT ELECTRICAL + + +122 + + +SECTION Nlll + + +123 + + +SUBSURFACE TUNNELS + + +123 + + +SECTION N112 + + +123 + + +LIQUID FUEL LINES + + +123 + + +SECTION N113 + + +123 + + +STANDARDS + + +123 + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + + +CHAPTER 1 + + +127 + + +ADMINISTRATION + + +127 + + +SECTION 101 + + +127 + + +GENERAL + + +127 + + +SECTION 102 + + +128 + + +APPLICABILITY + + +128 + + +SECTION 103 + + +128 + + +DEPARTMENT OF FIRE PREVENTION + + +128 + + +SECTION 104 + + +128 + + +GENERAL AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES + + +128 + + +SECTION 105 + + +131 + + +PERMITS + + +131 + + +SECTION 106 + + +142 + + +INSPECTIONS + + +142 + + +SECTION 107 + + +143 + + +MAINTENANCE + + +143 + + +SECTION 108 + + +144 + + +BOARD OF APPEALS + + +144 + + +SECTION 109 + + +144 + + +VIOLATIONS + + +144 + + +SECTION 110 + + +145 + + +UNSAFE BUILDINGS + + +145 + + +SECTION 112 + + +145 + + +LICENSES + + +145 + + +SECTION 113 + + +146 + + +PUBLIC FIRE EDUCATION + + +146 + + +SECTION 114 + + +146 + + +EMERGENCY PLANS AND PROCEDURES + + +146 + + +SECTION 115 + + +146 + + +FIRE ALARM MONITORING - PERMITS AND LICENSES + + +146 + + +CHAPTER 2 + + +148 + + +DEFINITIONS + + +148 + + +SECTION 202 + + +148 + + +GENERAL DEFINITIONS + + +148 + + +CHAPTER 3 + + +149 + + +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + + +149 + + +SECTION 301 + + +149 + + +GENERAL + + +149 + + +SECTION 304 + + +149 + + +COMBUSTIBLE WASTE MATERIAL + + +149 + + +SECTION 308 + + +149 + + +OPEN FLAMES + + +149 + + +SECTION 309 + + +150 + + +POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS + + +150 + + +SECTION 315 + + +151 + + +MISCELLANEOUS COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS STORAGE + + +151 + + +CHAPTER 4 + + +151 + + +EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS + + +151 + + +SECTION 401 + + +151 + + + +VII + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +GENERAL 151 + +SECTION 402 152 + +DEFINITIONS 152 + +SECTION 403 152 + +PUBLIC ASSEMBLAGES AND EVENTS 152 + +SECTION 404 152 + +FIRE SAFETY AND EVACUATION PLANS 152 + +SECTION 405 153 + +EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILLS 153 + +CHAPTER 5 154 + +FIRE SERVICE FEATURES 154 + +SECTION 502 154 + +DEFINITIONS 154 + +SECTION 503 154 + +FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS 154 + +SECTION 504 155 + +ACCESS TO BUILDING OPENINGS AND ROOFS 155 + +SECTION 507 156 + +HAZARDS TO FIRE FIGHTERS 156 + +SECTION 508 156 + +FIRE PROTECTION WATER SUPPLIES 156 + +SECTION 509 157 + +FIRE COMMAND CENTER 157 + +SECTION 510 158 + +FIRE DEPARTMENT ACCESS TO EQUIPMENT 158 + +CHAPTER 6 159 + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS 159 + +SECTION 603 159 + +FUEL-FIRED APPLIANCES 159 + +SECTION 604 159 + +EMERGENCY AND STANDBY POWER SY STEMS 159 + +SECTION 606 161 + +MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION 161 + +SECTION 608 161 + +STATIONARY STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS 161 + +CHAPTER 7 162 + +FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION 162 + +SECTION 704 162 + +FLOOR OPENINGS AND SHAFTS 162 + +CHAPTERS 162 + +INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS 162 + +SECTION 806 162 + +DECORATIVE VEGETATION IN NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS 162 + +CHAPTER 9 164 + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 164 + +SECTION 903 164 + +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SY STEMS 164 + +SECTION 904 165 + +ALTERNATIVE AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SY STEMS 165 + +SECTION 905 165 + +STAND PIPE SYSTEMS 165 + +SECTION 906 166 + +PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 166 + +SECTION 907 166 + +FIRE ALARM AND DETECTION SY STEMS 166 + +SECTION 909 185 + +SMOKE CONTROL SY STEMS 185 + +SECTION 910 201 + +SMOKE AND HEAT VENTS 201 + +SECTION 913 201 + +- viii - + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +FIRE PUMPS 201 + +SECTION 915 202 + +RADIO ENHANCEMENT SYSTEM 202 + +CHAPTER 10 203 + +MEANS OE EGRESS 203 + +SECTION 1027 203 + +MEANS OF EGRESS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS 203 + +CHAPTER 11 203 + +AVIATION FACILITIES 203 + +SECTION 1106 203 + +AIRCRAFT FUELING 203 + +SECTION 1107 203 + +HELISTOPS AND HELIPORTS 203 + +CHAPTER 14 204 + +FIRE SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION 204 + +SECTION 1401 204 + +GENERAL 204 + +SECTION 1413 204 + +STANDPIPES 204 + +SECTION 1418 204 + +ASBESTOS OPERATIONS 204 + +CHAPTER 15 205 + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES 205 + +SECTION 1501 205 + +GENERAL 205 + +SECTION 1504 205 + +SPRAY FINISHING 205 + +SECTION 1505 205 + +DIPPING OPERATIONS 205 + +SECTION 1510 205 + +FLOOR SURFACING AND FINISHING OPERATIONS 205 + +CHAPTER 16 206 + +FRUIT AND CROP RIPENING 206 + +SECTION 1603 206 + +ETHYLENE GAS 206 + +CHAPTER 17 206 + +FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING 206 + +SECTION 1701 206 + +GENERAL 206 + +SECTION 1703 206 + +FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 206 + +CHAPTER 19 207 + +LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING FACILITIES 207 + +SECTION 1904 207 + +FIRE PROTECTION 207 + +SECTION 1909 207 + +EXTERIOR STORAGE OF FINISHED LUMBER PRODUCTS 207 + +CHAPTER 20 207 + +MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC COATING S 207 + +SECTION 2005 207 + +PROCESS STRUCTURES 207 + +CHAPTER 21 208 + +INDUSTRIAL OVENS 208 + +SECTION 2103 208 + +LOCATION 208 + +CHAPTER 22 208 + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES 208 + +SECTION 2204 208 + +DISPENSING OPERATIONS 208 + +SECTION 2205 208 + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 208 + +SECTION 2211 209 + +REPAIR GARAGES 209 + +CHAPTER 23 209 + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE 209 + +SECTION 2301 209 + +GENERAL 209 + +SECTION 2306 209 + +GENERAL FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY FEATURES 209 + +SECTION 2308 211 + +RACK STORAGE 211 + +SECTION 2310 211 + +SPECIALTY STORAGE 211 + +SECTION 2311 211 + +EXISTING BUILDINGS 211 + +SECTION 2312 213 + +STORAGE RACK INSTALLATION 213 + +CHAPTER 24 213 + +TENTS, CANOPIES AND OTHER MEMBRANE STRUCTURES 213 + +SECTION 2403 213 + +TEMPORARY TENTS, CANOPIES AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES 213 + +SECTION 2404 213 + +TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT TENTS, CANOPIES AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES 213 + +CHAPTER 25 214 + +TIRE REBUILDING AND TIRE STORAGE 214 + +SECTION 2505 214 + +OUTDOOR STORAGE 214 + +SECTION 2508 214 + +FIRE PROTECTION 214 + +CHAPTER 26 214 + +WELDING AND OTHER HOT WORK 214 + +SECTION 2601 214 + +GENERAL 214 + +SECTION 2605 214 + +GAS WELDING AND CUTTING 214 + +CHAPTER 27 215 + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS- GENERAL PROVISIONS 215 + +SECTION 2701 215 + +GENERAL 215 + +SECTION 2702 215 + +DEFINITIONS 215 + +SECTION 2703 216 + +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 216 + +SECTION 2704 216 + +STORAGE 216 + +SECTION 2705 217 + +USE, DISPENSING AND HANDLING 217 + +CHAPTER 33 217 + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS 217 + +SECTION 3301 217 + +GENERAL 217 + +SECTION 3306 218 + +SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION 218 + +CHAPTER 34 218 + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS 218 + +SECTION 3401 218 + +GENERAL 218 + +SECTION 3404 218 + +STORAGE 218 + +SECTION 3406 218 + +- X - + + + +ITABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +SPECIAL OPERATIONS + + +218 + + +CHAPTER 36 + + +219 + + +FLAMMABLE SOLIDS + + +219 + + +SECTION 3602 + + +219 + + +DEFINITIONS + + +219 + + +CHAPTER 37 + + +219 + + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS + + +219 + + +SECTION 3703 + + +219 + + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS + + +219 + + +CHAPTER 38 + + +219 + + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES + + +219 + + +SECTION 3803 + + +219 + + +INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENT + + +219 + + +SECTION 3804 + + +219 + + +LOCATION OF CONTAINERS + + +219 + + +SECTION 3809 + + +220 + + +STORAGE OF PORTABLE LP GAS CONTAINERS AWAITING USE OR RESALE + + +220 + + +CHAPTER 40 + + +220 + + +OXIDIZERS + + +220 + + +SECTION 4003 + + +220 + + +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + + +220 + + +CHAPTER 45 + + +221 + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + +221 + + +APPENDICES + + +222 + + +APPENDIX ADOPTION STATUS + + +222 + + +IFC APPENDICES + + +222 + + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION + + +222 + + +APPENDIX B + + +223 + + +FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS + + +223 + + +SECTIONS 104 + + +223 + + +FIRE-FLOW CALCULATION AREA + + +223 + + +SECTIONS 105 + + +223 + + +FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR SUILDINGS + + +223 + + +APPENDIX C + + +223 + + +FIRE HYDRANT LOCATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION + + +223 + + +SECTION C106 + + +223 + + +WATER MAINS SERVING FIRE HYDRANTS + + +223 + + +APPENDIX E + + +224 + + +HAZARD CATEGORIES + + +224 + + +APPENDIX F + + +224 + + +HAZARD RANKING + + +224 + + +APPENDIX G + + +224 + + +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS-WEIGHT AND VOLUME EQUIVALENTS + + +224 + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE + + + + +CHAPTER 1 + + +227 + + +ADMINISTRATION + + +227 + + +SECTION RlOl + + +227 + + +TITLE, SCOPE AND PURPOSE + + +227 + + +CHAPTER 3 + + +227 + + +BUILDING PLANNING + + +227 + + +SECTION R301 + + +227 + + +DESIGN CRITERIA + + +227 + + +SECTION R305 + + +228 + + +CEILING HEIGHT + + +228 + + +[CRS] SECTION R322 + + +228 + + +ACCESSISILITY + + +228 + + +CHAPTER 4 + + +228 + + +FOUNDATIONS + + +228 + + +SECTION R401 + + +228 + + + +XI + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +GENERAL 228 + +CHAPTER 9 229 + +ROOF ASSEMBLIES 229 + +SECTION R903 229 + +WEATHER PROTECTION 229 + +SECTION R905 229 + +REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOF COVERINGS 229 + +CHAPTER 11 230 + +ENERGY EFFICIENCY 230 + +SECTION NllOl 230 + +GENERAL 230 + +CHAPTER 26 230 + +GENERAL PLUMBING REQUIREMENTS 230 + +SECTION P2602 230 + +INDIVIDUAL WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL 230 + +SECTION P2604 231 + +TRENCHING AND BACKFILLING 231 + +IRC APPENDICES 231 + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION 231 + +APPENDIX E 231 + +MANUFACTURED HOUSING USED AS DWELLING S 231 + +SECTION AElOl 231 + +SCOPE 231 + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL MECHANICAL CODE + +CHAPTER 1 235 + +ADMINISTRATION 235 + +SECTION 101 235 + +GENERAL 235 + +CHAPTER 4 235 + +VENTILATION 235 + +SECTION 403 235 + +REQUIRED OUTDOOR VENTILATION AIR 235 + +SECTION 404 235 + +ENCLOSED PARKING GARAGES 235 + +CHAPTER 5 235 + +EXHAUST SYSTEMS 235 + +SECTION 507 235 + +COMMERCIAL KITCHEN HOODS 235 + +SECTION 513 235 + +SMOKE CONTROL SY STEMS 235 + +IMC APPENDICES 235 + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION 235 + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE + +CHAPTER 1 239 + +ADMINISTRATION 239 + +SECTION 101 239 + +GENERAL 239 + +CHAPTER 3 239 + +GENERAL REGULATIONS 239 + +SECTION 301 239 + +GENERAL 239 + +SECTION 306 239 + +TRENCHING, EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL 239 + +SECTION 307 239 + +STRUCTURAL SAFETY 239 + +CHAPTER 4 240 + +FIXTURE, FAUCETS AND FIXTURE FITTING S 240 + +- xii - + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +SECTION 401 240 + +GENERAL 240 + +SECTION 403 240 + +MINIMUM PLUMBING FACILITIES 240 + +SECTION 413 240 + +FOOD WASTE GRINDER UNITS 240 + +CHAPTER 6 240 + +WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION 240 + +SECTION 603 240 + +WATER SERVICE 240 + +SECTION 608 241 + +PROTECTION OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY 241 + +CHAPTER 7 241 + +SANITARY DRAINAGE 241 + +SECTION 703 241 + +BUILDING SEWER 241 + +SECTION 708 241 + +CLEANOUTS 241 + +SECTION 712 241 + +SUMPS AND EJECTORS 241 + +CHAPTERS 242 + +INDIRECT/SPECIAL WASTE 242 + +SECTION 803 242 + +SPECIAL WASTES 242 + +SECTION 805 242 + +FOOD WASTE 242 + +CHAPTER 9 242 + +VENTS 242 + +SECTION 904 242 + +VENT TERMINALS 242 + +SECTION 905 242 + +VENT CONNECTIONS AND GRADES 242 + +CHAPTER 10 243 + +TRAPS, INTERCEPTORS AND SEPARATORS 243 + +SECTION 1003 243 + +INTERCEPTORS AND SEPARATORS 243 + +SECTION 1005 243 + +ABANDONED INTERCEPTORS 243 + +CHAPTER 11 243 + +STORM DRAINAGE 243 + +SECTION 1101 243 + +GENERAL 243 + +SECTION 1106 243 + +SIZE OF CONDUCTORS, LEADERS AND STORM DRAINS 243 + +IPC APPENDICES 243 + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION 243 + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL FUEL & GAS CODE + +CHAPTER 1 247 + +ADMINISTRATION 247 + +SECTION 101 (IFGC) 247 + +GENERAL 247 + +CHAPTER 4 247 + +GAS PIPING INSTALLATIONS 247 + +SECTION 403 (IFGC) 247 + +PIPING MATERIALS 247 + +SECTION 404 (IFGC) 247 + +PIPING SYSTEM INSTALLATION 247 + +SECTION 406 (IFGC) 247 + +INSPECTION, TESTING AND PURGING 247 + +- xiii - + + + +[TABLE OF CONTENTS + +CHAPTER 5 248 + +CHIMNEY S AND VENTS 248 + +SECTION 505 (IFGC) 248 + +DIRECT VENT, INTEGRAL VENT, MECHANICAL VENT AND VENTILATION /EXHAUST HOOD VENTING 248 + +CHAPTER 6 248 + +SPECIFIC APPLIANCES 248 + +SECTION 602 (IFGC) 248 + +DECORATIVE APPLIANCES FOR INSTALLATION IN FIREPLACES 248 + +SECTION 609 (IFGC) 248 + +FLOOR FURNACES 248 + +SECTION 621 (IFGC) 248 + +UNVENTED ROOM HEATERS 248 + +SECTION 623 (IFGC) 248 + +COOKING APPLIANCES 248 + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY +CONSERVATION CODE + +CHAPTER 1 251 + +ADMINISTRATION 251 + +SECTION 101 251 + +GENERAL 251 + +CHAPTER 4 251 + +RESIDENTIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY 251 + +SECTION 401.2 251 + +CHAPTER 5 251 + +lECC COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY 251 + +SECTION 501 251 + +GENERAL 251 + + + +- XIV - + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE + +ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 + +DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +CHAPTER 1 +ADMINISTRATION + +SECTION 101 +PURPOSE AND SCOPE + +101.1 Title. The title of this Ordinance shall be, and this Ordinance shall be cited, the Building Code of the City and +County of Denver, and referred to hereinafter as the Code. + +101.2 Purpose. The purpose of this Code is to provide minimum standards to safeguard life, health, property and public +welfare by regulating and controlling the design, construction, quality of materials, use, occupancy, location and +maintenance of all buildings and structures within the City and County of Denver (hereinafter "City"), and certain +equipment specifically regulated herein. + +101.3 Scope. The provisions of this Code shall apply to and govern the following: + +101.3.1 New BuildingS; Structures and Utilities. The Code shall regulate the construction, addition, alteration, +repair, occupancy, use and maintenance of any building, structure or utility hereafter erected within the City, except as +set forth in subsection 101.3.3 below. + +101.3.2 Existing BuildingS; Structures or Utilities. The Code shall regulate the alteration, addition, repair, +demolition, removal, moving, change of occupancy and maintenance of any existing building, structure or utility +heretofore erected within the City. + +101.3.3 BuildingS; Structures and Utilities not Regulated by this Code. The Code shall not regulate the following +work. + +1. Work located primarily in the public way unless specifically provided for by this Code. + +2. Public utility towers, poles and mechanical equipment used for the production, generation or distribution of +the utility product or service through the facilities owned and operated by the utility company to the point of +customer service. + +3. RTD Light Rail construction on RTD right-of-way. Traction power substations, signal/communication relay +cases and housing, associated conduit and wiring for the operation of the light rail lines and the construction +of the station platforms. + +Refer to Section 150.1.1 for additional exempt work. + +101.3.4 Most Restrictive. Where in any specific case the requirements of different sections of this Code vary, the +most restrictive shall govern. Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the +specific requirement shall be applicable. Where there is a conflict between the provisions of this Code and any other +legally adopted city ordinance, tiie most restrictive shall govern. + +101.3.5 Transition Rules. This Code and implementation of all its provisions and policies shall become effective as +follows: + +101.3.5.1 Effective date. The effective date of the new Code shall be four months after the date of the adopting +ordinance to the International Building Code, International Fuel Gas Code, International Energy Conservation +Code, International Plumbing Code, International Residential Code and the International Mechanical Code; +including amendments. + +Amendments to the National Electric Code: the date of the adopting ordinance. + +101.3.5.2 Continued use of the 2004 Denver Building Code. The option of the use of the 2004 Denver Building +Code or the new Code shall be allowed for any projects that will be submitted to the Agency after the adopting +ordinance and before the effective date of this Code. + +Major projects in the design stage during the drafting of the new Code that will be submitted to the Agency after +the effective date of this Code may be reviewed under the 2004 Denver Building Code. Provided that the owner +or the owner's agent submits a letter of commitment to the Agency stating: + +1. Election to proceed under the 2004 Denver Building Code or this Code; + +-2- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +2 . A ddress of the construction proj ect; + +3. Description, number of stories, floor area, occupancy, etc., of the building; + +4. D ate of beginning design drawings; + +5 . D ate of submitting construction drawings to the A gency . + +6. That the construction of the project will start within 6 months and be completed within 24 months of the +effective date of this Code if the option is to use the 2004 Denver Building Code. + +A letter of commitment must be submitted by the effective date of this Code. + +101.3.5.3 Type approved. "Type approved" structures approved by the Agency prior to the effective date of the +new Code are valid for permitting until 6 months after the effective date of the new Code. + +SECTION 102 + +ORGANIZATION OF BUILDING PERMITTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES + +102.1 Creation of administering agency. The administrative agency (hereinafter "Agency") responsible for +administering and enforcing the Code shall be established under the Manager of Community Planning and Development. + +102.2 Building Official. The Manager of Community Planning and Development shall appoint the Building Official. +The Building Official is hereby authorized and directed to interpret and enforce all provisions of this Code. + +102.3 Employees. In accordance with prescribed procedures, the Building Official shall authorize or appoint engineers, +technicians, inspectors or other employees to perform duties and exercise powers delegated to the Building Official by +this Code. + +102.4 Authorization and Identification. Each employee of the Agency shall be provided with an identification card +bearing information required by the Building Official. This card shall be carried by the person identified, and shall be +displayed when necessary to identify the person properly to perform official duties. + +SECTION 103 + +GENERAL POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE AGENCY + +103.1 Powers and Duties. This Agency shall administer and enforce this Code and all other ordinances, which are or may +be assigned to the Agency for enforcement and administration. The Agency is vested with the duties of enforcing and +administering this Code, and the power necessary for such enforcement. + +103.2 Interpretations; Rules and Regulations. The Building Official shall have the full power to render interpretations +of this Code and to adopt and enforce Rules and Regulations supplemental to this Code, as may be deemed necessary in +order to clarify the application of Code provisions. Such interpretations and Rules and Regulations shall be in conformity +with the intent and purpose of this Code. Rules and Regulations shall be adopted and recorded in accordance with the +provisions of the Revised Municipal Code. The Board of Appeals may review any appeal of an Agency interpretation +subject to Section 113 Appeals. + +103.3 Modifications Under Special Circumstances. Whenever there are practical difficulties involved in carrying out +the provisions of this Code, the Building Official may grant modifications for individual cases, provided the Building +Official shall first notify the owner of the building, structure or utility and then find that a special individual reason makes +the strict letter of the code impractical and that the modification is in conformity with the intent and purpose of this Code +and that such modification does not lessen any fire protection requirements or any degree of structural integrity. The +details of any action granting modifications shall be sent to the owner and entered in the permit files of the Agency. + +103.4 Authority to Inspect. The Agency shall have the authority to inspect or cause to be inspected all buildings, +structures or utilities for compliance with this Code. + +103.5 Investigations and Surveys. Incidental to any of these duties and powers, but without limitation of the same, the +Agency may conduct investigations or sun/eys to determine compliance or noncompliance with the provisions of this +Code; and further may investigate or cause to be investigated all accidents pertaining to buildings, structures or utilities. + +103.6 Right of Entry. Whenever an authorized representative of the Agency has reasonable cause to believe that there +exists in any building or upon any premises any condition or Code violation which makes such building or premises an + +-3- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +eminent hazard, the representative of the Agency may enter such building or premises and take such action as is necessary +to abate such hazard. + +Whenever it is necessary to make inspections, investigations or sun/eys to enforce any of the provisions of this Code and +permission is not obtainable, the Agency may request a court to issue a warrant to inspect or perform any duty imposed +upon the Agency by this Code. Permission is not obtainable when: + +1 . The Agency' s representative has presented to the occupant of an occupied building or premises proper credentials +and been refused entry. + +2. The Agency's representative has made a reasonable effort to locate the owner or other persons having charge or +control of an unoccupied premises and has been unable to locate such person or has been refused entry by such +person. + +103.7 Orders. Whenever work is or has been performed contrary to the provisions of this Code, or whenever conditions +exist which are in violation of this Code or any of the several codes or ordinances enforced or administered by this +Agency, the Agency may: + +1. Order any work stopped until authorized by the Agency to proceed. The owner, once notified of the order, shall +not allow any further work upon the subject property until authorized by the Agency. + +2. Order the work being performed or that has been performed to be completed or corrected so that the resulting +work is in accordance with the requirements of this Code or other codes or ordinances enforced or administered +by the Agency. + +3. Order the use or occupancy of a building, structure or equipment discontinued and the structure, or portion +thereof, vacated by notice served on any person causing such use to be continued. Such person shall discontinue +the use within the time prescribed by the Building Official. + +Any such order shall be by written notice served on the owner of the property upon which work was or is being performed +or where the condition exists, or any person engaged in the work, causing the work to be performed or having a permit to +perform the work. + +It shall be unlawful to disobey any written lawful order issued by the Agency. + +A copy of any order issued by the Agency shall, when the original order has not been served on the owner, be served upon +the owner of the property affected by the order. + +The Board of Appeals may review any appeal of an Agency order subject to Section 121. + +SECTION 104 +SERVICE + +Service of any order may be by personal service, as specified in the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure, or by certified +mail, return receipt requested, and service shall be deemed complete upon delivery. + +SECTION 105 + +APPLICATION TO EXISTING BUILDINGS + +105.1 Additions; Alterations or Repairs. Additions, alterations or repairs may be made to any building or structure +without requiring the existing building or structure to comply with all the requirements of this Code, provided that the +addition, alteration or repair conforms to that required for a new building or structure, except as otherwise provided for in +this Code. The Building Official shall use the 1997 edition of the Uniform Code for Building Conservation, and the 2006 +International Existing Building Code, as guides for granting modifications to the Code for such additions, alterations or +repairs. + +105.2 When Additions, Alterations or Repairs are Not Allowed. Additions, alterations or repairs shall not be made to +an existing building or structure which will cause the existing building or structure to be in violation of any of the +provisions of this Code, unless otherwise provided for in this Code. Any addition, alteration or repair shall not cause an +existing building or structure to become unsafe. + +-4- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +105.3 Materials. Non- structural alterations and repairs may be made with the same materials as the existing building or +structure, provided they do not adversely effect any structural member, or the fire- resistive rating of any part of the +building or structure. + +Exception: + +The installation or replacement of glass shall be as required for new installations. + +105.4 Existing Occupancy. + +1. Buildings in existence at the time of the adoption of the Code may have their existing use or occupancy +continued, if such use or occupancy was legal at the time of the adoption of this Code, provided that such +continued use is not dangerous to life. + +2. Any change in the use or occupancy of any existing building or structure shall comply with the provisions of the +Code. + +105.5 Maintenance. All buildings, structures or utilities, both existing and new, and all parts thereof, shall be maintained +in a safe and sanitary condition. All devices, utilities or safeguards which are required by this Code, or which were +required under any previous Code or Ordinance, shall be maintained in good working condition. The owner or legally +responsible person shall maintain such buildings, structures or utilities. To determine compliance with this subsection, the +Agency may cause any building, structure or utility to be reinspected. + +105.6 Moved and Temporary Buildings or Structures. Buildings or structures moved into the City shall comply with +the provisions of this Code for new buildings or structures. Temporary structures, such as reviewing stands, and other +miscellaneous structures, sheds, canopies or fences used in conjunction with special events or construction work may be +erected by special permit from the Agency for a limited period of time as specified in Section 162. Temporary buildings +or structures need not comply with the type of construction or fire- resistive requirements except where specifically +required by this Code. Tents shall be permitted as specified in the Fire Code. Temporary buildings or structures shall be +completely removed upon the expiration of the time limit stated on the permit. + +105.7 Rehabilitation of Older Buildings. Chapter 61 of this Code may be applied to rehabilitation of older buildings. + +SECTION 106 + +UNSAFE BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES + +106.1 General. Structures, buildings or equipment that are or hereafter become unsafe, insanitary or deficient because of +inadequate means of egress facilities, or which constitute a fire hazard, or otherwise dangerous to human life or public +welfare due to damage, vandalism, dilapidation or abandonment, or that involve illegal or improper occupancy, or +inadequate maintenance or use inferior materials shall be deemed unsafe. + +106.1.1 Additional Conditions. In addition, if any of the following conditions occur, the building or structure shall +be deemed unsafe. + +1 . Those buildings or structures in which a wall or other vertical structural member lists, leans or buckles to such +an extent that a plumb line passing through the center of gravity falls outside of the middle third of the base. + +2. Those buildings or structures that show damage or deterioration to: + +A . Any structural or load- bearing member to the extent that the member does not have sufficient strength to +resist all applicable loads specified in Chapter 16. + +B . Nonbearing exterior walls or enclosures to such an extent that they will not resist the wind pressure or +lateral forces specified in Chapter 16. + +C. Any exposed exterior member to the extent that the member provides inadequate protection from the +elements to the occupants of the building or structure. + +3. Those buildings or structures in which the loads upon the walls, floors, roofs or any other necessary structural +member exceed the maximum design limits specified in Chapter 16. + +4. Those buildings or structures having floors or areas with inadequate means of egress. + + + +-5- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +5. Those building or structures having parts attached in such a manner that they may fall and cause injury to the +public or property. + +6. Uncompleted buildings or structures when the permit has been canceled. + +7. Open pits, open wells and open excavations of all types when such are determined to be hazardous by the +Agency. + +8. Trenches or ditches not properly shored or cribbed. + +9. Vacant buildings which are not secure and to which entry may be made through opened or unlocked doors, +windows or other openings. + +10. Those buildings or structures which are uninhabitable, including but not limited to buildings or structures, +with any one of the following conditions: + +A . Where building envelope damage or deterioration has caused the interior of the structure to be open to the +elements. + +B. Where vandalism or deterioration has caused the plumbing system, electrical system or heating system to +be no longer functional. + +C. Where vandalism or deterioration has caused the internal floor structure or stairways to be incapable of +supporting the weight of normal occupancy. + +11. Any dilapidated building of whatever kind which is unused by the owner, or uninhabited because of +deterioration or decay, which condition constitutes a fire hazard or subjects adjoining property to danger of +damage by deterioration of structural building elements, storm effect, soil erosion or rodent infestation, or +which becomes a place frequented by trespassers and transients seeking a temporary hideout or shelter. + +SECTION 107 +UNSAFE UTILITY + +107.1 General. An unsafe utility is one which constitutes a fire hazard or a hazard to life, health, property or public +welfare by reason of use, construction, installation, obsolescence, damage, deterioration, quality of materials, +abandonment or inadequate maintenance. However, without limitation of the foregoing, any utility in which any one or +more of the following conditions exist shall constitute an unsafe utility: + +107.2 Gas-Fired; Oil-Fired; Solid Fuel-Fired Devices. Gas- fired, oil-fired or solid- fuel-fired appliances, devices or +apparatus, which have any of the following, defects: + +1 . B roken or cracked heat exchangers. + +2. Defective or deteriorated vents, venting or flues which permit leakage of flue products. + +3. Defective or improperly installed fuel supply piping. + +4. Insufficient air supply for the combustion of fuel. + +5. Inadequate ventilation of the heating equipment room. + +6. Defective, improperly installed or maladjusted controls and appurtenances. + +7. Defective or improperiy installed heating equipment. + +8. Equipment locations which constitute a fire or explosion hazard. + +9. When a negative air pressure condition exists in a heating equipment room or area. + +10. Excessive corrosion of combustion chambers where the original thickness of the metal is reduced 50% or more. + +11. Warped or distorted combustion chambers or furnace boiler firing doors which permit leakage of combustion +products. + +12. A listed appliance or appurtenance that is altered or modified. + +13 . Excessive scaling, corrosion, cracks in seams, tube or shell of boilers. + +-6- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +14. Defective valves, gauges or cocks of boilers. + +15. Grooving or pitting of boilers. + +16. Boilers with improperly installed or maladjusted controls and appurtenances. + +17. Any unlisted appliance or appurtenance installed without approval of the Agency. + +18. Appliances not provided with required safety controls. + +107.3 Elevators and Similar Conveyances. Elevators, escalators, dumbwaiters, moving walks or similar conveyances or +apparatus which have any of the following defects: + +1 . Hoisting, counterweight or governor ropes or cables with frayed or broken strands. + +2. Operation in a hoistway used to store material other than elevator equipment. This shall also apply to elevator +machine rooms, machinery spaces and pits where materials other tiian elevator equipment are maintained or +stored. + +3. Operation in a hoistway that is in danger as a result of dust or other highly combustible material on the +mechanism or in the hoistway, penthouse or pit. + +4. Brake mechanism not functioning properly or safely. + +5. Those not safety tested in accordance with the requirements of this Code, or where required safety devices have +been disconnected or discontinued. + +6. Those safety or operational devices provided in the elevator cab which are not functioning properly or safely. + +7. Where hoistway entrance protection does not meet the requirements of this Code. + +107.4 Electrical Systems. Electrical systems, appliances, devices or apparatus which have any of the following defects: + +1. Bare wiring. + +2. Poor electrical connections. + +3. Overloaded circuits, feeders or services. + +4. Equipment not properly grounded. + +5. D isconnecting means not provided at the appliance. + +6. Over- fused circuits. + +7. Misuse of cord wiring. + +8. W iring not properly supported. + +9. Nonapproved wiring exposed to extreme heat, moisture, gases or other harmful vapors or liquids. + +107.5 Refrigeration Systems. Refrigeration systems which have any of the following defects: + +1. Inadequate ventilation. + +2. Inadequate venting of pressure relief valves. + +3. Unauthorized fuel-fired equipment located in the same room designated for the refrigeration equipment. + +4. Improperly installed cooling towers by reason of location, type, fan, water condition, controls, roof or floor +overload. + +5. Faulty controls. + +107.6 Plumbing Systems. Plumbing systems or devices which have any of the following defects: + +1. Supply water not meeting the standards of potability as required by the Colorado State Department of Public +Health. + +2. Water systems subjected to the hazards of backflow or back-siphonage, which might create pollution to the +potable water supply; i.e., hose bibbs shall have anti-siphon devices. + +3. Inadequate piping not supplying sufficient water to the various appliances. + +-7- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +4. Clogged sewers or drains. + +5 . Inadequate or missing trap seals. + +6. Inadequate venting. + +7. Leaking water, sewage or sewer gas within a building or structure. + +8. Trenches or ditches not properly shored or cribbed. + +SECTION 108 + +NOTICE AND ABATEMENT OF UNSAFE BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES OR UTILITIES + +108.1 General If, after inspection by the Agency, the building, structure or utility is determined to be unsafe, it shall be +abated by repair, replacement, removal or demolition upon notice by the Agency. If the building or structure has common +property line walls, then the Agency shall notify the adjacent building owners that their building may be unsafe and may +require repair or reinforcement. + +108.2 Unsafe Building or Structure. In the case of an unsafe building or structure, the Agency may order such building +or structure, or any buildings or structures placed in jeopardy by the unsafe building or structure, vacated immediately. +The unsafe buildings or structures shall be posted in accordance with the provisions of Section 108.7. + +108.3 Unsafe Utility. + +1. In the case of an unsafe utility, the Agency shall affix an approved warning tag on the unit declared to be unsafe. +The Agency shall order the unsafe utility disconnected or its use discontinued until the nuisance created thereby is +abated. In addition, the Agency may order any building, structure or utility which is placed in jeopardy by the +unsafe utility to be vacated and/or disconnected, and these shall not be reoccupied or reconnected until declared +safe by the Agency. + +2. It shall be unlawful for anyone to mark any unsafe utility, as herein defined, with any type markings or tags +declaring them to be unsafe, except as authorized by the Agency. + +108.4 Demolition or Securing by the City. If the owner and/or occupant of an unsafe building, structure or utility fails +to perform the repairs, rehabilitation, securing or removal required by an order within the time specified in the order or +any extension of time to comply with said order, the City may, as set forth in Section 108.5, cause the demolition or +securing of the unsafe building or structure. + +108.5 Emergency Demolition or Securing. In the event an emergency should occur wherein the continued use or +existence of a building, structure or utility may constitute an immediate hazard to life, health, property or public welfare, +the Agency may order and/or cause the building, structure or utility to be demolished, removed, disconnected, secured or +barricaded at once by any means available to the Agency. When feasible, the Agency shall attempt to give notice, by any +means, to the owner of the building, structure or utility prior to taking any action. Cost and expense of demolition, +removal, securing or barricading, if borne by the City, shall be recovered as provided for in Section 108. + +108.6 Emergency Barricades. If any building, structure or utility is declared a hazard to life or safety of persons using a +public way, the public way shall be provided with barricades to prevent public use. The barricades shall be erected on +order from the Agency. Recovery of cost and expense, if borne by the City, shall be made as provided for in Section +108.9. + +108.7 Posting of Signs. When necessary to protect life, property, health and public welfare, the Agency may post signs +which shall prohibit entry into an unsafe building or structure. However, with permission of the Agency, it shall be lawful +to enter the unsafe building or structure for the purpose of effecting any required repairs, rehabilitation or demolition; or +by members of the Fire Department. The signs shall be provided and attached to the building or structure by the Agency +and shall read, in addition to other information, "UNSAFE DO NOT ENTER". See Section 111 for Prohibitions and +Violations. + +108.8 Procedure for Demolition or Securing by City. Upon the failure of the owner or legally responsible person of a +building or structure to make any building or structure safe after the issuance of an order, the Agency: + +1 . May obtain competitive bids for the securing or demolition of the building or structure. + + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +2. May, upon receipt of bids, issue a notice of intent to raze or secure the building or structure which shall include +the estimated cost of demolition or securing plus a fee not to exceed 25% of the cost of demolition or securing, +with a minimum of $100 to cover administrative and other costs. Such notice shall be served personally or by +registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, upon the owners of all recorded interests in the property at +least 10 days prior to the demolition or securing. + +3. If sen/ice cannot be obtained upon any or all parties with record interests as provided in subsection 2 above, may +post the notice upon the property for 10 days and mail notices to the last known address of each party having a +record interest. + +4. Ten days after completion of service under subsection 2 or 3 above may proceed with demolition or securing. + +5. Upon completion of the demolition or securing, shall mail a notice of the final cost of demolition or securing and +of the intent to file a lien against the property to owners of a recorded interest in the property. + +108.9 City's Lien. In the event the owner fails to pay the costs as set forth in the notice sent under Section 108.8.5 within +15 days of such notice, the amount shall constitute a lien against the real property upon which the building or structure +was or is situated. The Agency shall thereafter pay the cost and expense of demolition, removal, securing and/or +barricading, from any appropriation made available for that purpose, and shall certify a statement thereof to the Manager +of Revenue, who shall assess and charge the same against the property involved and collect the same due, together with +interest at the rate established by the law for delinquent real property taxes + +1. The lien created thereby shall be superior and prior to other liens, regardless of date, except liens for general and +specific taxes. + +2. For purposes of this Code, cost and expense shall include the demolition, removal, securing, barricading and +administrative costs incurred therewith. + +108.10 Right to Appeal. The Board of Appeals may review an Agency decision under Section 108 upon appeal pursuant +to Section 113. + +SECTION 109 +USED MATERIALS + +Used materials may be used in the construction of any building, structure or utility only with prior approval of the +Agency. + +SECTION 110 + +ALTERNATE MATERIALS, DESIGN AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT + +110.1 GeneraL The provisions of this Code are not intended to prevent the installation of any material or to prohibit any +design or method of construction not specifically prescribed by this code, provided that any such alternate has been +approved. An alternate material, design or method of construction shall be approved where tiie Building Official finds +that the proposed design is satisfactory and is for the purpose intended, at least the equivalent of that prescribed in this +Code. + +110.2 Application and Fee. An application for approval of an alternate material, design and/or method of construction or +equipment shall be filed with the Agency. Information shall be that required by the Agency and this Code. Applications +for alternate materials shall be accompanied by a fee of $200.00, payable to the Manager of Revenue, City and County of +Denver, and shall be paid in the office of the Agency. No fee shall be required for alternate design and/or method of +construction or equipment processed in conjunction with plan review fees applicable in accordance with Table No. 152.1 +"Fee Schedule Building Permit Fees". + +110.3 Review and Renewal. Each approved material, method or equipment shall be subject to a review and renewal of +the approval every 3 years. The fee for each review shall be $75.00 per hour. + +110.4 Agenq^ Decision. The Agency shall notify the applicant in writing of its decision about the application for any +such alternate methods, materials or equipment. No application shall be approved unless the Agency finds that the +proposed design is satisfactory and that the alternate is, for the purpose intended, at least the equivalent of that prescribed +in this Code. + +-9- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +110.5 Requirements and Tests. + +1. When a construction material, assembly, fixture, device, utility or other article different from that provided for in +this Code is proposed for use, the plans, specifications, details, test data, samples and literature shall be furnished +to the Agency for review from approved sources. + +2. Whenever there is insufficient evidence of compliance with the provisions of this code, or evidence that a material +or method does not conform to the requirements of this code, or in order to substantiate claims for alternative +materials or methods, the Building Official shall have the authority to require tests as evidence of compliance to +be made at no expense to the jurisdiction. Test methods shall be as specified in this code or by other recognized +standards. In the absence of recognized and accepted test methods, the Building Official shall approve the testing +procedures. Tests shall be performed by an approved agency. Reports of such tests shall be retained by the +Building Official for the period required for retention of public records. + +110.6 Approved Testing Laboratories. At the discretion of the Agency, new methods and materials may be acceptable +if tested by a recognized testing laboratory or agency. The testing laboratory or agency must be one approved by the +Agency and it shall provide listing, labeling and follow-up inspection services. A copy of the Agency approval report or +the test report shall be submitted to the Agency for approval. + +110.7 Right to Appeal. The Board of Appeals may review an Agency decision upon appeal, subject to Section 113. + +SECTION 111 + +PROHIBITIONS, VIOLATIONS, PENALTIES AND REMEDIES + +111.1 Prohibitions. It shall be unlawful for anyone to do or cause to be done any act or allow a condition to exist that +violates or is contrary to the provisions of the Code, any other code, ordinance or rule and regulation promulgated +thereunder which is enforced and administered by the Agency, and without limitation to the foregoing: + +1. Alternate Methods, Materials or Equipment. It shall be unlawful for anyone to use any method, material or +equipment as an alternate to the methods, materials or equipment permitted by this Code without first obtaining +approval in the manner herein provided. + +2. Licensing; Certificate and Registration. It shall be unlawful for any person to perform any work on any +building or utility without first obtaining a license, certificate or registration in accordance with the requirements +of this Code, except that the owner of a building, where authorized under Section 150 of this Code, who obtains a +permit for the work being performed, need not be licensed, certified or registered. + +3. Licensing, Certificate and Registration Holder Responsibility. It shall be unlawful for any license, certificate +or registration holder to violate any of the responsibilities enumerated in Chapter 1 of this Code. + +4. Permits. It shall be unlawful for any person to perform or cause to perform any work on any building, structure +or utility without first obtaining a permit for such work from the Agency in accordance with Sections 150 through +165 of this Code. + +5. Certificate of Occupancy. It shall be unlawful for anyone to occupy a new building or structure or change the +occupancy of any building or structure without first having obtained a Certificate of Occupancy from the Agency +as required by the provisions of this Code. A Certificate of Occupancy will not be required for remodeling or +additions, unless there is a change of occupancy. + +6. Unsafe Building; Structure or UtiUty. It shall be unlawful for any person to maintain or permit to be maintained +any building, structure or utility which is unsafe as defined in this Code. These provisions shall apply to buildings, +structures or utilities that are new, existing, under construction, altered or demolished. + +7. Enter, Occupy or Inhabit an Unsafe Building or Structure. It shall be unlawful to enter, occupy or inhabit any +unsafe building or structure posted in accordance with the provisions of Section 108.7. + +8. Removal of Danger Sign(s). It shall be unlawful to remove or deface a sign required by Section 108.7, without +specific approval from the Agency. + +9. False Information. It shall be unlawful to furnish the Agency any false information in any application for a +license, certificate or permit required by this Code or during the course of an investigation conducted by the +Agency to enforce this Code. + +-10- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +10. Operate or Maintain Unsafe Utility. It shall be unlawful for any person to operate or maintain an unsafe utility +or reconnect the power or fuel supply to any utility declared by the Agency as being unsafe, and to which a City +red tag has been attached as provided for in Section 108.3.1 of this Code. The owner and occupant of any +building or structure containing an unsafe utility to which a City red tag has been attached, who has notice that the +utility has been declared unsafe and so tagged by the Agency, shall not permit said utility to be operated and shall +take whatever steps are necessary to insure that the utility is not operated. + +Exception: + +A properly Licensed Contractor with a permit may remove a City red tag for purposes of repair of the +equipment. However, in the case of elevators, it shall be unlawful to allow any person to occupy tie elevator +except a licensed contractor and his employees during said repairs. Permission shall be obtained from the +Agency prior to removal of the City red tag. + +11. Removal of City Warning or City Danger Tag. It shall be unlawful for any person to remove a City red tag +attached to any utility as provided for in Section 108.3.1 of the Code. + +12. Conspiraq^. It shall be illegal for any person to act with another for the purpose of evading requirements of this +Building Code. + +111.2 Violation. Whenever, by the provisions of this Code, any act is prohibited, or whenever any regulation, dimension +or limitation is imposed on the erection, alteration, maintenance or occupancy of any building, structure or utility, each +failure to comply with provisions of this Code shall constitute a violation. Each day on which a violation exists shall +constitute a separate offense and a separate violation. + +111.3 Penalties. Whenever, in any Section of this Code, or any Section of a Rule or Regulation promulgated thereunder, +the performance of any act is required, prohibited or declared to be unlawful, and no definite fine or penalty is provided +for a violation thereof, any person convicted of a violation of any Section shall, for each offense, be fined, imprisoned or +both fined and imprisoned within the limits established by Section 1-13 of the Denver Revised Municipal Code. The +suspension or revocation of any license, certificate, permit or other privileges conferred by the City shall not be regarded +as a penalty for the purpose of this Code. + +111.4 Remedies. In the event any building, structure or utility is erected, constructed, reconstructed, altered, repaired, +converted, demolished, moved, maintained or used in violation of this Code, the City or any proper person may institute +an appropriate action or proceedings to prevent the unlawful erection, construction, reconstruction, alteration, repair, +conversion, maintenance or occupancy, and to restrain, correct or abate such violation, or to prevent the occupancy of said +building, structure or land. The imposition of any penalty thereunder shall not preclude the City or any proper person +from instituting any appropriate action or proceeding to require compliance with the provisions of this Code, and with +administrative orders and determination made thereunder. + +SECTION 112 +BOARD OF APPEALS + +112.1 Creation. There is hereby created a Board of Appeals (the "Board"), which shall consist of 5 members and 3 +alternates appointed by the Mayor. The Board shall be comprised of the following persons: + +1 . One professional engineer registered in the state of Colorado. + +2. One architect licensed in the state of Colorado. + +3. One person who is the holder of a City Building Contractor Class A , B or C license. + +4. Two citizen members who are not associated with the building industry. + +Two alternates shall be a professional engineer registered in Colorado and an architect licensed in Colorado, respectively. +A third alternate shall be a citizen not associated with the building industry. Alternates may appear at all meetings and +shall be allowed to vote even if not filling a temporary vacancy. + +112.2 Secretary. There shall be a Secretary of the Board, furnished by the Agency. The Secretary shall be the custodian +of the records, shall conduct official correspondence of the Board and generally be responsible for clerical work of the +Board. The Secretary shall be present at all meetings and shall present all relevant information regarding appeals to the + +-11 - + +AMENDMENTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +Board, including the application and other information submitted by the Applicant prior to the hearing. The Secretary +shall notify all interested parties regarding matters of the Board. + +112.3 Fire Department Representative. The Chief of the Fire Prevention and Investigation Division, or his authorized +representative, shall be an ex-officio member to the Board without voting power. Terms of office and remuneration shall +not be applicable to this member. + +112.4 Terms. As of the effective date of this Ordinance, the members of the Board of Appeals as constituted under the +Amendments to the Building Code for the City and County of Denver, as adopted by Ordnance number 263, Series of +1999 shall continue to serve for the unexpired portion of their terms. The Mayor shall appoint Board members and +alternates as necessary to fill expiring terms and such terms shall be for 3 calendar years. No member of the Board shall +serve more than 3 consecutive full terms or a total of more than 9 consecutive calendar years. Any vacancy that occurs in +the Board shall be filled by the Mayor for the unexpired term of that Board member. Board members may be removed +only for cause upon written charges. + +112.5 Procedures - Meetings - Quorum. + +1. Regular Meetings. Regular meetings shall be held once each month, or as often as may be required by the +Agency. At the first regular meeting of each calendar year, the Board shall elect a Chairman and a V ice- +Chairman. The Chairman of the Board shall require that all members of the Board be polled during voting at the +meeting. Three members of the Board shall constitute a quorum. + +2. Special Meetings. Special meetings may be held at the call of the Chairman and at such times as the Board shall +determine. The Board, the Agency or an appellant may request a special meeting. Any special meeting held at +the request of an appellant shall be paid for by the appellant in the amount of $150.00. Three members of the +Board shall constitute a quorum at special meetings. + +3. Business Meetings. Business meetings of the Board may be called by the Chairman of the Board. + +4. Public Notice. Public notice shall be given of all meetings and all meetings shall be open to the public except +executive sessions or business meetings. + +5. Notice. Due notice of all meetings shall be given by the Secretary to all parties in interest, including the Agency. +The Agency shall be permitted to intervene, for and on behalf of the City, in all public meetings. + +6. Oath/Subpoena. The Chairman may administer oaths, accept affirmations and compel the attendance of +witnesses. A failure or refusal to appear in response to a subpoena issued by the Board shall constitute a violation +of this Code. + +7. Agency/Interested Party. At any public meeting a representative of the Agency and Fire Department and any +other interested party may appear in person, by agent or by attorney, offer evidence and testimony and +cross-examine witnesses. All evidence and testimony shall be presented publicly. The Board may take judicial +notice of facts to the same extent and in the same manner as courts of record and may consider relevant facts +within the personal knowledge of any member of the Board that are stated into the record by such member. + +8. Recording. All meetings before the Board shall be recorded either by electronic means or by a Certified Court +Reporter. + +112.6 Powers and Duties of the Board. + +1. Rules and Procedures. The Board shall adopt rules and procedures governing all proceedings before it +consistent with the provisions set forth herein. The rules and regulations shall include proper procedures and time +periods for applying to the Board, contents of the application and time allotted for each case. + +2. Powers. Subject to the limitations enumerated herein, the Board shall have and may exercise the following +powers: + +A. Administrative Review. To hear and decide appeals where it is alleged there is error in any order, +requirement, decision or determination made by the Agency in the enforcement of this Code. + +B. Variances. To hear, grant or deny requests for a variance from the terms of the Code or from an order or +decision of the Agency upon finding that the following conditions exist: + +i. That the applicant properly applied for a variance under Section 113. + +-12- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +ii. That owing to Exceptional and extraordinaiy circumstances, there are practical difficulties or +unnecessary hardship involved in carrying out the strict letter of the Code. + +iii. That the variance will not weaken the general purposes of the Code. + +iv. That the variance will be in harmony with the spirit and purposes of the Code. + +V. That the variance will not adversely affect the public health and safety. + +vi. That the variance will not adversely affect the structural integrity of the building. + +vii. That the variance will not adversely affect the fire safety of the building. + +C . Alternate Methods and Materials. To hear and decide appeals from the Agency denial of an application for +alternate materials and methods of construction and equipment under Section 110 herein, after the applicant +has obtained an approval or certified test results from an approved testing agency. All relevant information +and documentation shall be submitted to the Board prior to the hearing. The decision of the Agency shall not +be overturned unless the Board shall find that the following conditions exist: + +i. That the applicant properly applied under the terms of Section 110. + +ii. That the proposed design is satisfactory and that the alternate is, for the purpose intended, the equivalent +of that prescribed in this Code. + +iii. That the proposed alternate will not weaken the general purposes of this Code. + +iv. That the proposed alternate will be in harmony with the spirit and purposes of this Code. + +V. That the proposed alternate will not adversely affect the public health and safety. + +vi. That the proposed alternate will not adversely affect the structural integrity of the building. + +vii. That the proposed alternate will not adversely affect the fire safety of the building. + +viii.That a written request for an extension of a temporary certificate of occupancy was filed at least 30 days +prior to the expiration of any temporary certification of occupancy when applicable. + +D. Stay of Enforcement. The Board shall have the power to stay the enforcement of any order issued by the +Agency unless the Building Official certifies that a stay of the order or denial would, in the opinion of the +Building Official based on facts stated in the request for a variance, cause imminent peril to life or property. +A stay shall not constitute a variance, shall be personal to the applicant and not transferable, and shall be +subject to the terms and conditions imposed by the Board. + +3. Additional Powers. The Board shall have and exercise the powers hereinafter set forth in connection with +Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code. In the exercise of its powers, the Board may reverse or affirm, wholly +or partly, or may modify the order, requirement, decision or determination as ought to be made, and, to that end, +shall have all the powers of the officer or department from whom the appeal is taken. Notwithstanding the above +and any other part of this Section 112, the Board shall not have these powers with respect to Articles I, IV, V, and +VIII of Chapter 10. + +A. Administrative Review. To hear and decide appeals where it is alleged there is error in any order, +requirement, decision or determination made by an administrative official in the enforcement of Chapter 10 of +the Revised Municipal Code. + +B. Variations. To authorize, upon appeal in specific cases, such variations from the terms of Chapter 10 of the +Revised Municipal Code, subject to terms and conditions fixed by the Board, as will not be contrary to the +public interest where, owing to Exceptional and extraordinary circumstances, literal enforcement of the +provisions of Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code would result in unnecessary hardship. Every +variation authorized hereunder shall not be personal to the applicant therefore, but shall not be transferable +and shall run with the land. No variation shall be authorized hereunder unless the Board shall find that all of +the following conditions exist: + +i. That the use proposed by the applicant is a permitted use in the zoning district applicable to the subject +land. + + + +-13- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +ii. That literal enforcement of Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code would preclude a reasonable +development of the land of the applicant for the use proposed. + +iii. That the development of the land proposed by the applicant would not be such as to defeat the purpose of +Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code. + +iv. That the development proposed by the applicant is the minimum development which would be needed to +secure for the applicant from the land a reasonable return in sen/ice, use or income. + +V. That the development proposed by the applicant would not result in damage to neighboring properties or +public lands. + +4. Decision of the Board. In the exercise of the powers described above, the Board may reverse or affirm, wholly +or in part, or may modify the order, requirements, decision or determination appealed from; may impose +conditions or requirements as deemed necessary; and may make such order, decision or determination as ought to +be made and has the right to hold cases in abeyance until proper information needed by the Board is supplied. +Decisions shall be filed with the Agency as a matter of public record. + +112.7 Procedure and Notice. Upon written receipt of a request for a variance, notice of the request shall be sent to the +Fire Department, the City Attorney and the owner of the real estate affected by the request for a variance. No variance +shall be granted until 15 days after the required notifications are mailed. + +112.8 Limitations of Powers. + +1. The Board shall issue a written decision, based on evidence presented at the public meeting, setting forth the +necessary findings of fact and the final decision of the Board. A copy of this decision shall be mailed by the +Secretary to all interested parties who received notice under subsection 112.7, including the Agency. The Board +may order that a copy of the decision be recorded in the office of the Denver Clerk and Recorder. + +2. The concurring vote of 3 members of the Board, or a majority of those present and voting, whichever is greater, +shall be necessary to decide any matter upon which the Board is required to pass under this section of this Code. + +3. The Board of Appeals shall have no authority to review administrative decisions or grant variances to the +provisions of Chapters 1 of this Code except where specifically provided by the following Sections: Section 103.6 +Orders; Section 108 Notice and Abatement of Unsafe Buildings, Structures or Utilities; Section 110 Alternate +Materials and Methods of Construction and Equipment; Section 122.3 Application and Fee; Section 160 +Certificate of Occupancy; and Section 162 Permits for Temporary Building. + +4. Any determination or order of the Agency shall be presumed to be correct until evidence is introduced that would +support a contraiy determination. + +5. Findings of Fact. Every decision of the Board shall be based upon findings of fact and every finding of fact shall +be supported in the record of its proceedings. The enumerated conditions required to existing on any matter upon +which the Board is authorized to pass under Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code or to effect any variations in +Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code shall be construed as limitations on the power of the Board to act. A +mere finding or recitation of the enumerated conditions unaccompanied by findings of specific facts shall not be +deemed findings of fact and shall not be deemed compliance with Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code. + +6. Powers Construed. Nothing contained in this article shall be construed to empower the Board to change the terms +of Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code or to effect changes in any map incorporated therein. The powers of +the Board shall be so construed that the intent of Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code and the maps +incorporated therein are enforced. + +112.9 Compensation. Each member of the Board shall receive $70.00 per meeting attended regardless of number or type +of cases heard. + +SECTION 113 +APPEALS + +113.1 Method of Application Fee. Prior to action by the Board, an application shall be filed with the Agency on a form +providing the necessary information required by the Board. An appeal shall not be considered unless filed with the +Agency at least 15 days prior to the meeting. Upon filing the application, a fee of $70.00 shall be paid to the City. All + +-14- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +checks shall be made payable to the Manager of Revenue, and shall be paid in the office of the Agency. This fee is not +refundable. + +113.2 Grievance. Any person or city agency aggrieved by a decision of the Agency; any person or city agency claiming +practical difficulties or unnecessary hardships in complying with the strict letter of the Code or Chapter 10 of the Revised +Municipal Code; or where it is alleged there is error in any order, requirement, decision or determination made by the +Agency, may, within 30 days of the date of notice of such decision or order, appeal the decision or order of the Agency by +filing an application with the Board. + +Exception: + +Appeals of notices issued under Section 108.8, where such notice is personally sen/ed or delivered by overnight +mail, shall be made within 10 days of the delivery of such notice or the refusal to accept such notice. + +113.3 Unsafe Condition. Whenever the owner or legally responsible person of an alleged unsafe building, structure or +utility or other condition does not agree with the order from the Agency as to the correction to be made, the owner shall +have the right to appeal to the Board within 30 days from the date of said order. In the appeal, the owner shall state how +the owner proposes to make the building, structure, utility or other condition safe and, if required by the Board, the owner +shall submit detailed engineering analysis or recommendations, accompanied by plans and specifications prepared by a +Colorado licensed Architect or Colorado registered Professional Engineer, as prescribed in this Building Code. The +Board may require substantiating data concerning the removal or other remedial steps to be taken to render the building, +structure, utility or other condition safe. + +113.4 Hazard. In any matter in which an order or notice relating to an unsafe building or structure is appealed, the +Agency may certify to the Board that the building or structure could become an imminent hazard, in which case the Board +shall schedule a meeting within 3 work days to hear said appeal. + +SECTION 114 + +APPEALS FROM DECISIONS OF THE BOARD + +114.1 Procedure. Any person aggrieved by the City, or any officer. Agency or division of the City may have a decision +of the Board reviewed in the manner provided by the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure. The Board shall not be required +to return the original papers acted upon by it, but shall return copies thereof. The returned copies shall concisely set forth +other pertinent facts and material to the decision appealed from and shall be verified. + +114.2 Effect of Appeal. The issuance of a writ on a petition hereunder shall not stay proceedings upon the decision +appealed from; but tiie court, on application after notice to tiie Board and on due cause shown, may grant a restraining +order. + +114.3 Transcript Costs. Whenever a transcript is demanded by the person taking the appeal, or when a transcript is +furnished by the Board pursuant to court order, the cost of preparing the transcript of proceedings shall be borne by the +appellant, in tiie amount of at least $200.00. + +SECTION 115 + +VALIDITY OF BUILDING CODE + +If any Section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of tiie Code is, for any reason, held to be unconstitutional, such +decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of the Code. + +SECTION 116 +LIABILITY + +The Building Official, or authorized employee or representative charged with the enforcement of this Code, acting in good +faith and without malice in the discharge of his duties, shall not thereby render themself personally liable for any damage +that may accrue to persons or property as a result of any act or by reason of any act or omission in the discharge of his +duties. Any suit brought against the Building Official or employee because of such act or omission performed by them in +the enforcement of any provision of the Codes or the Charter, or other pertinent laws or ordinances implemented through + +-15- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +the enforcement of this Code or enforced by the Agency, shall be defended in accordance with Section 108 of Chapter 24, +Article 10, C.R.S. + +This Code shall not be construed to relieve from or lessen the responsibility of any person owning, operating or +controlling any building or structure for any damages to persons or property caused by defects, nor shall the Agency or +City be held as assuming any such liability by reason of the inspections authorized by this Code or any certificates of +compliance or occupancy issued under this Code. + +Sections 117 through 119 are reserved. + +SECTION 120 + +LICENSING, CERTIFICATION, REGISTRATION + +This Chapter provides for the licensing of all persons, the certification of supervisory personnel, registration and other +types of certifications. For Fire Department license requirements for fire protection and fire alarm see the Administrative +Section 112.2 of the International Fire Code Amendments (IFCA) + +SECTION 121 +AUTHORITY + +121.1 Licenses. The Agency is vested with the authority to establish licensing procedures, to qualify applicants for +licenses and to issue, revoke, renew and suspend licenses. + +121.2 Certificates. The Agency is vested with the authority to establish certification procedures, prequalify applicants +and issue, revoke, renew and suspend certificates. + +SECTION 122 + +LICENSES OR REGISTRATION + +122.1 Definitions. + +1. A license is authority granted by the City to a person, agency or political entity to perform the work authorized by +the license. + +2. A registration is authority granted by the City to an electrical contractor registered by the State of Colorado to +perform the work authorized by said registration. + +122.2 Licenses or Registration Required. Licenses shall be required for all types of work described in this Chapter. +Plumbing contractors shall be licensed by the Agency and shall have a master plumber license issued by the State of +Colorado as the licensee or a full time employee of the contractor shall be registered as a master plumber. Electrical +contractors registered by the State of Colorado shall also register with the Agency. Electrical registrants are required to +comply with all the requirements of this Code. + +Exceptions: + +1. Public utility companies will not be required to obtain licenses when engaged in the installation, operation +and maintenance of their equipment used for the production, generation or distribution of the utility, product +or service through the facilities owned or operated by the utility company to the point of customer service. + +2. Work performed by a home owner of a single family dwelling buildings, townhouses and U Occupancies +when work is performed under a permit authorized by Section 151.2.3. + +3. Upon prior approval by the Agency, a licensed Building Contractor Class A, B or C, and a homeowner, when +constructing single family buildings may have unlicensed subcontractors working under the licensed +contractor's or homeowner's building permit. This does not apply to Utility or Roofing Contractor. + +122.3 Application. Every applicant for a license shall fill out a form provided by the Agency. The name of the certified +supervisor shall appear on the license application. The applicant shall be notified of the action taken on the license +application by the Agency. If the license is approved, the applicant shall procure this license within 90 days after +notification. Failure of the applicant to procure the license shall require the filing of a new application with fee. If the + +-16- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +application for license is disapproved by the Agency, the applicant may appeal to the Board of Appeals in the manner +provided for in this Building Code. + +122.4 Certified Supervisor Required. Where required each licensee shall be required to have in his employ a supervisor +who holds a Supen/isor Certificate of Qualification for that particular license. A plumbing contractor, shall be required to +have in his employ a holder of a State of Colorado Master Plumbers License as the required supervisor. The license shall +be valid only as long as the named supen/isor remains in the employ of the licensee in an active, full-time capacity. +"Active, full-time capacity" shall mean that the supervisor shall be available at the local office of the company, at home or +at the job site within a reasonable period of time. The supervisor shall take an active role in supervising and reviewing all +work performed and materials used by the company in the process of construction. If the supervisor should leave the +employ of the licensee, the licensee shall notify the Agency within 3 working days after the termination. Failure of the +licensee to notify the Agency shall be cause for suspension or revocation of the license. The licensee shall be required to +obtain a certified supervisor within 30 working days after the date the supervisor leaves the employ of the licensee. If a +supervisor is not obtained within the 30- working- day period, the license shall be deemed suspended until the supervisor is +obtained and the Agency notified. + +1. Individual. If the licensee is an individual, the licencee also may qualify as the Supervisor for that license, after +examination. + + + +2. Not Required. Electrical registration shall not require a certified supervisor. + + + +SECTION 123 + +CLASSIFICATION OF LICENSES AND REGISTRATION + +123.1 General There shall be various classes of licenses and an electrical registration and the holder thereof shall be +authorized to perform the following: + +1. Building Contractor Class A (General Contractor ICC Classification). To erect, add to, alter, demolish or repair +any building or structure. All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Class A +Construction Supervisor Certificate. + +2. Building Contractor Class B (Building Contractor ICC Classification). To erect, add to, alter or repair any +building or structure of the following construction types: + +A . Types I or II limited in height to less than a high rise and in area to that allowed for a Type III building. + +B. Type III, IV orV buildings. + +The demolition of any one and two-dwelling unit buildings or one-story building or structure is permitted. The +contractor may install nonbearing partitions, do interior finish work, or replace windows from the interior side in +any type of building or structure. All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of Class A or B +Construction Supervisor Certificate. + +3. Building Contractor Class C (Residential Contractor ICC Classification). To erect, add to, alter or repair one +and two family dwellings U Occupancy buildings and attached single unit dwellings (townhouses). The +demolition of any one and two-dwelling unit building or U Occupancy building or structure is permitted. All +work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of Class A, B or C Construction Supervisor +Certificate. + +4. Building Specialty Contractor Class D. To perform building construction work which is covered by the Code, +but is not assigned to any other license listed in this section. All work shall be performed under the supervision of +the holder of the particular Class D Supervisor's Certificate. Those building construction activities shall be +approved separately and shall include but not be limited to the following: + +Antennas. Antennas attached to buildings or freestanding. This includes antenna towers. Not allowed to +alter any structural members of a building. + +Building insulation. + +Concrete and foundations. Combined excavating, shoring, piles, caissons and drilled shafts and cast-in- +place concrete. + + + +-17- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +Concrete reinforcing steel placers. Placement of reinforcing bars, pre- or post- tensioning steel, bar supports +and welded wire fabric for reinforced concrete construction. + +Curtain walls. Installation of curtain walls and storefronts. + +Custom size replacement windows. Work limited to townhouses, one and two family dwelling unit +buildings not requiring any structural alterations. + +Fence structures. + +Fire doors. + +Fireproofing. Application of fireproof ing materials. + +Inside tap and backflow preventor. + +Lathing; plastering and dry wall. Installation of all latiiing, plastering and dry wall including the installation +of nonbearing partitions, stiacco or exterior texturing of buildings or stiiictures and suspended ceiling systems. + +Masonry. Laying and forming all types of masonry. + +Material handling equipment. + +Non-Structural Residential Remodel. The specifications for this type are two years of field experience in +framing, drywall, and finish work. This is for single- family, duplex or town home properties for residential +basement finish, and kitchen and bath remodels only. This is for Non-Bearing and Non- Structural work only. + +Open deck. Including supporting foundation and attachment to buildings. Does not allow construction of +shade devices or roof structures. Work to be done only on one and two family dwellings. + +Outdoor stage erection: Erection of outdoor stages, mobile stages, platforms or reviewing stands. + +Overhead doors. + +Pneumatic tubes. + +Power-operated door installers. + +Pre-cast concrete building units. The erection of precast concrete stinctiaral units. + +Prefabricated patioS; carports, canopies and awnings. + +Racks for high piled storage. + +Raised access floor. + +Retaining walls. + +Roof covering and waterproofing. Installation of commercial and residential roof coverings, including +valleys, gutters, downspouts and waterproofing. + +Scaffold erection. + +Security bars, grills and grates. + +Siding. + +Sign Erection (Non-Electrical). The specifications for this type are Two years of field experience in installing +wall and ground signs not exceeding 200 square feet or exceeding 10 feet in height. + +Structural metals. The fabrication and erection of structiaral metal members for all buildings or structures. + +Swimming pools. Installation of swimming pools required by this Code. + +Temporary prefabricated mobile buildings. Setting up temporary buildings. + +Tenant finish (Commercial). Interior nonbearing and nonstructural work only. Four (4) years of field +experience as a supen/isor or general contractor in commercial tenant finish work. + +Tile; marble; sandstone; granite; terrazzO; chemical broadcast and troweled floor finish systems. Install +and remove from existing construction. + +-18- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +Trash chute. Factory assembled with all joints welded and installed in accordance with manufacturer's +installation instructions and approved by Agency. + +Wheelchair and Stair Lift. Installation of wheelchair lift, maximum lift of 4 feet, and stair lift installation in +1 (one) and 2 (two) family dwellings include townhomes. A separate electrical permit will be required in +addition to the IR construciton permit for instllation. + +Wood Framing. The fabrication and erection of wood framing for all types of buildings. + +5. Access Control System Contractor. Access Control System Contractor to install, add to, alter or repair control +units, electric door hardware, wiring and raceways electrically interconnected to control and regulate ingress and +egress. Voltages shall not exceed 48 volts or the system shall be power limited as defined by the National Electric +Code. Complete conduit or raceway systems shall not be installed by the holder of this license. All work shall be +performed under the supervision of the holder of an Access Control Supervisor's Certificate. A certified +supervisor shall be present at all work sites at all times that work is being performed. + +6. Boilermaker Contractor. To install, assemble or repair steam and hot water boilers, all pressure and +nonpressure vessels, precipitators, breeching, metal stacks, plates and casings. All work shall be performed under +the supervision of the holder of a Boilermaker Supervisor Certificate. + +7. Demolition Contractor Class A. To demolish any building, structure, utility or portion thereof. All work shall +be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Class A Demolition Supervisor Certificate. + +8. DemoUtion Contractor Class B. To demolish any building not more than 30 feet in height. All work shall be +performed under the supervision of the holder of a Class A or B Demolition Supervisor Certificate. + +9. Electrical Registration. Performs all work authorized by the Registration issued by the State of Colorado. + +10. Electrical Signal Contractor. To install, add to, alter or repair electrical wiring and equipment for fire alarm, fire +detection, emergency voice communication systems, electrical signaling and control wiring. Voltages shall not +exceed 48 volts or the system shall be power limited as defined by the National Electrical Code. The holder of this +license shall not install complete conduit or raceway systems. All work shall be performed under the supervision of +the holder of an Electrical Signal Supervisor Certificate. + +11. Elevator Contractor. To install, add to, alter or repair elevators, escalators, moving sidewalks, moving ramps, +dumbwaiters, stage lifts, manlifts and amusement devices which employ ropes, cables, pulleys or platforms. In +addition, this license shall include electrical work from the elevator controls to elevator equipment. This work does +not include termination to any fire alarm system. All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of +an Elevator Supervisor Certificate. + +12. ]F]Fire Protection Contractor Class A. To install, add to, alter or repair fire-extinguishing systems of all types. +All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Class A Fire Protection Supervisor Certificate. + +13. [FJEire Protection Contractor Class B. To install, add to, alter or repair automatic fire sprinkler and standpipe +systems of all types. All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Class A or Fire Protection +Supervisor Certificate. + +14. [FJEire Protection Contractor Class C. To install, add to, alter or repair approved nonwater, factory engineered +extinguishing systems. All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Class A or C Fire +Protection Supervisor Certificate. + +15. Gas Service Contractor. To install, add to, alter or repair the following equipment, which utilizes gas or liquid +fuel: + +A . G as and liquid fuel piping. + +B . G as and liquid fuel controls. + +C. Commercial cooking equipment. + +D. Afterburners. + +E. Ranges. + +F. Dryers. + + + +-19- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +G. Conversion burners. + +H. Venting of domestic water heaters, dryers and incinerators. + +I . W ater heaters not exceeding 1 00 M B tu input. + +J . Low voltage wiring which does not exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in a conduit or raceway. + +All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Gas Service Supervisor Certificate or a +Heating and Ventilating Class A Supervisor Certificate + +16. Heating and Ventilating Contractor Class A. To install, add to, alter or repair warm air heating, venting, +ventilation, evaporative cooling, exhaust systems and their appurtenances, ductwork, dust collection systems, +domestic and commercial range hoods, water heaters not exceeding 100 Mbtu input, gas piping; burners, controls +and venting, trash and laundry chutes; exterior sheet metal, duct insulation, low voltage wiring which does not +exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in a conduit or raceway and maximum of 10 tons of refrigeration when it is +utilized for comfort cooling and the refrigerating system is self-contained. This refrigeration shall not include +systems with precharged lines or separate air-cooled condenser or chilled water systems. All work shall be +performed under the supervision of the holder of a Class A Heating and Ventilating Supervisor Certificate. + +17. Heating and Ventilating Contractor Class B. To install, add to, alter or repair, in one or two-family dwellings, +townhomes or U Occupancies only, warm air heating systems and their appurtenances, ductwork, ventilation, +evaporative cooling, duct insulation, exterior sheet metal, gas piping; burners, venting and controls, water heaters +not exceeding 100 Mbtu input and low voltage wiring which does not exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in a +conduit or raceway. All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Class A or B Heating +and Ventilating Supervisor Certificate. + +18. Hot Water Contractor. To install, add to, alter or repair, in one or two-family dwellings, townhomes or Group +U Occupancy only, hot water heating systems and their appurtenances, solar water heating, water heaters, gas +piping and controls, pipe insulation and low voltage wiring which does not exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in +a conduit or raceway. All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Steam and Hot Water +or Hot Water Supervisor Certificate. + +19. Moving Contractor. Moving of all types of buildings or structures. All work shall be performed under the +supervision of the holder of a Moving Supervisor Certificate. + +20. Plumbing Contractor Class A. To install, add to, alter or repair sanitary plumbing, potable water supply piping +and appliances connected thereto, storm sewer, gas piping, water heaters, gas ranges, domestic gas incinerators, +swimming pool and spa piping, solar plumbing utilized for potable water, and all medical gas and vacuum +systems in health care facilities. All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of a State of +Colorado Master Plumbers License. + +21. Refrigeration Contractor Class A. To install, add to, alter or repair refrigeration systems and appurtenant +cooling towers, pipe insulation and low voltage wiring which does not exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in a +conduit or raceway. A permit or license is not required for the installation of self-contained window type air +conditioners. All work shall be performed under the supervision of a Class A Refrigeration Supervisor +Certificate. + +22. Refrigeration Contractor Class B. To install, add to, alter or repair, in Group one and two family dwellings, +townhouses and Group U Occupancies, refrigeration systems consisting of self-contained refrigeration systems of +5 tons or less, the installation of precharged systems utilizing Group 1 Refrigerants and gas- fired absorption +chillers. All work shall be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Class A or B Refrigeration +Supervisor Certificate. + +23. Sign Contractor. To, install, erect or maintain all types of signs unless exempt by Section 150. All work shall +be performed under the supervision of the holder of a Sign Supervisor Certificate. + +24. Steam and Hot Water Contractor. To install, add to, alter or repair steam and hot water heating systems, solar +water heating; process piping and related appurtenances; piping used for the transmission of chemicals, gases, air +and other products; all items regulated by tiie Mechanical and Plumbing Code for boilers, pressure vessels, steam +and water heating systems and process piping; low- static gas- fired unit heaters; industrial ovens; burners; +controls; piping and controls utilizing gas, liquid or solid fuel; water heaters; pipe insulation and low-voltage + +-20- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +wiring which does not exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in a conduit or raceway. All work shall be performed +under the supervision of the holder of a Steam and Hot Water Supervisor Certificate. + +25. Water Service Contractor. To install or repair service lines and appurtenances from the corporation cock on the +main up to and including: + +A . The first valve downstream of the meter, for an inside meter setting; or + +B . The first valve inside the structure, for an outside meter setting. + +This license shall not permit the installation of the water meter All work shall be performed by or under the +supervision of the holder of a Water Service Supervisor Certificate or a State of Colorado Master Plumbers +License. + +SECTION 124 +LICENSE FEES + +124.1 Annual Fees Required. An annual license fee of $80.00 shall be paid to the Agency. + +124.2 License Fee Refund. License fees shall not be refundable. + +SECTION 125 +LICENSE RENEWAL + +All licenses are subject to annual renewal. + +SECTION 126 +REISSUANCE OF LICENSE + +The Agency shall have the authority to reissue a license without the filing of a new application, provided that the +reissuance is accomplished within one year after the license has expired. + +SECTION 127 + +LICENSEE AND REGISTRANT RESPONSIBILITY + +127.1 Licensee Responsibility. Licensees shall be responsible for performing all work in conformity with the provisions +of the Code, including, but not limited to, the following items: + +1. To report in writing to the Agency, within 3 working days, any accident occurring on any construction which +results in injury or damage to the building, structure or utility, and any accident occurring during demolition. + +2. To provide minimum safety measures and equipment to protect workmen and the public. + +3. To present the license card when requested by the Agency. + +4. To employ a full-time qualified supervisor certified in accordance with the requirements of this Code. + +5. To employ qualified journeymen certified in accordance with the requirements of this Code. + +6. To obtain a permit when required prior to commencing work. + +7. To faithfully construct, without departure from drawings and specifications filed and approved by the Agency and +permit issued for same, unless changes are approved by the Agency. + +8. To complete all work authorized by the permit issued under the authority of this Code, unless acceptable cause is +indicated to the Agency. + +9. To obtain inspection services where required by this Code. + +10. To pay any fee assessed under authority of this Code. + +11. To obey all orders or notices issued under the authority of this Code. + +-21 - +AMENDMENTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +12. To provide all vehicles used in the operation of the business with the identification in letters a minimum of 2 +inches in height and a color contrasting to the background. The identification shall include the following +information: + +A. Name of company. + +B. Business address. + +C . B usiness telephone. + +13. To provide toilet facilities prior to and during construction or demolition. + +14. To maintain with the Agency a current mailing address. Any Order, Notice, Summons and Complaint or other +Agency communication, whether delivered by personal service or by certified, registered or first class mail sent to +that address, shall constitute service. + +127.2 Registrant Responsibility. Registered electrical contractors shall comply with all provisions of Section 127.1 +above and in addition shall comply with all provisions of the Colorado State Electrical Board. + +127.3 Demolition and moving liability insurance. Any person, firm or corporation demolishing or moving any +building, structure or utility shall provide insurance to cover bodily injury and property damage to the public or public +property. A copy of the certificate of liability insurance shall be provided to the Agency. This insurance shall contain a +noncancellation clause and be valid at all times during demolition or moving operations. + +Exception: + +Homeowners for the demolition of Group R3 or U Occupancies when approved by the Agency. +127.3.1 Insurance amounts. The minimum amount of insurance to be provided shall be as follows: +CONTRACTOR INSURANCE COVERAGE + +Class A Wrecking $500,000.00 + +Class B Wrecking $300,000.00 + +House Moving $300,000.00 + +Additional insurance coverage may be required by the Office of Risk Management for contractors utilizing explosives +in their demolition operations. + +SECTION 128 + +LICENSE AND REGISTRATION CHANGES + +128.1 Change of Name. The change of name by a licensee or registrant shall be reported to the Agency within 15 days +after making the change, on a form provided by the Agency. A $15.00 application fee shall be required. + +128.2 Change of Address. A change of address of a licensee or registrant shall be reported to the Agency within 15 days +after making the change. + +128.3 New Licenses Required. A new license or registration shall be obtained within 30 days after the creation of a new +legal entity, even through one or more of the members, officers or directors have a license or are registered. + +128.4 Dissolution. The dissolution of a corporation, partnership or other legal entity, which has been licensed or +registered, terminates the license or registration and no person may operate under that license or registration. + +SECTION 129 + +SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF LICENSE + +129.1 Authority. The Building Official may suspend or revoke a license when the licensee commits one or more of the +following acts or omissions: + +1. Fails to comply with any of the licensee responsibilities as outlined in this Code. + +2. Conspires with any person to permit a license to be used by another person. + +-22- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +3. Acts in any capacity with persons to evade the provisions of this Code. + +4. Willfully violates or disregards any of the provisions of this Code. + +5. Intentionally fails to perform in accordance with any written contract to perform work, which is regulated by this +Code. + +6. Creates, as a result of work performed, an unsafe condition as defined in Chapter 1 of this Code. + +7. Intentionally or fraudulently misrepresents the condition of any structure or utility, or the requirements of this +Building Code. + +8. Repeatedly violates the provisions of this Code or repeatedly fails to obey orders in a timely fashion. + +129.2 Procedure. When any of the acts or omissions enumerated herein is committed by a license holder and the +Building Official deems that the license shall be suspended or revoked, the action shall be as follows: + +1. Notification. The Agency shall send written notice to the license holder, by certified mail or by personal service, +identifying the acts of omission and indicating that the license will be suspended or revoked. The written notice +shall advise the license holder that a "Request for Hearing" may be initiated as outlined in item 2. + +2. Request for Hearing. Upon receipt of the notice, the License holder may request a hearing to show cause why +the License should not be suspended or revoked. This request shall be in writing to the Building Official within 7 +days after receipt of the notice. + +3. Time of Hearing. If a hearing is requested by the License holder, the Manager shall notify the License holder of +the time, date and place of the hearing. Suspension or revocation of the license shall be stayed until after the +hearing. In the event the License holder fails to appear, the license may be suspended by the Manager. + +4. Attendance. The License holder, the Agency and other interested parties may be in attendance at the hearing. +Upon completion of the hearing, the Manager shall take all evidence available as a result of the Agency's +investigation and all evidence presented at the hearing under advisement, and shall give written notice of the +findings and ruling to the License holder by certified mail or personal service. + +5. Suspension or Revocation. Unless the license is being suspended or revoked under the emergency provisions of +Section 129.3, the suspension or revocation shall take effect: + +A . Seven (7) days after receipt by the Licensee of the notification unless a hearing is requested. + +B. Upon the return by the U.S. Postal Service of the notification as undeliverable or refused at the address +maintained by the licensee with the Agency. + +C. If a hearing has been requested by the licensee which resulted in the affirming of the Building Official's +decision to suspend or revoke the licensee's license, upon receipt by the Agency of the Manager's decision. + +129.3 Emergency Suspension or Revocation. If the Building Official finds that cause exists for emergency suspension +or revocation of a license and that continued work under the license could be hazardous to life or property, he may enter +an order for the immediate suspension or revocation of the license, pending further investigation. The licensee may, +within 7 days of receiving notice of the suspension, request a hearing before the Manager and such hearing shall be +granted within 24 hours. The suspension or revocation is not stayed while the hearing is pending. + +129.4 Time of Suspension or Revocation. Time of suspension may be up to one year. Time of revocation may be from +one year to five years. + +129.5 Delegation of Authority. The Manager may appoint a hearing officer to conduct the hearing. Final decision shall +be rendered by the Manager. + +129.6 Right to Appeal. Any final decision by the Manager may be reviewed in the manner provided by the Colorado +Rules of Civil Procedure. See Section 114. + +SECTION 130 +CERTIFICATES + + + +-23- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +130.1 Definition. A Certificate of Qualification is authority to perform certain skills and is issued by the Agency on the +successful completion of an examination. This certificate is not transferable. The term "Certificate" means Certificate of +Qualification. + +130.2 Reciprocal Certificate. The Agency may issue a certificate when the applicant has passed an examination +equivalent, as determined by the Agency, to the examination given by the Agency for a Supervisor Certificate of +Qualification and the applicant has submitted for Agency approval a completed BID application with supporting +documents and required fees. + +130.3 Certificate Application. Every applicant for a Certificate shall be required to complete a form provided by the +Agency. + +130.4 Examinations. All applicants for a Certificate shall have a written examination except for those who apply for a +Construction D Supervisor Certificate, in which case they shall be examined for experience and training by a standard +procedure established by the Agency. If an applicant who has successfully passed the examination given by the Agency +fails to procure this Certificate within 180 days after notification, the Certificate shall be declared to be null and void and +a new application and fee shall be filed. + +130.5 Certified Supervisors. + +1. Every supervisor required for a particular license shall be examined by the Agency, and if qualified, shall be +issued a Supervisor Certificate of Qualification. The Certificate holder shall be entitled to perform and supervise +the work in the particular skill for which he is qualified and certified. This Certificate is personal to that holder +and shall not be construed to be a license. + +2. The Certificate holder shall actively supervise the workmen of the licensee by whom he is employed in +accordance with Section 122.4. + +130.6 Certified Journeymen and Operators. + +1. Every Journeyman and Operator required by this Code shall be examined by the Agency and, if qualified, shall be +issued a Journeyman or Operator Certificate of Qualification. The Certificate holder shall be entitled to perform +and supervise the work in the particular skill for which he is qualified and certified. This certificate is personal to +that holder and shall not be construed to be a license. + +2. The Certificate holder shall actively supervise the workmen of the licensee by whom he is employed in +accordance with Section 132. + +SECTION 131 + +CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFICATION + +A Supervisor Certificate for the particular work to be performed shall permit the holder to be a Supervisor under the +licenses listed in Table No. 131. + + + +-24- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +TABLE NO. 131 +CLASSIFICATION OF SUPERVISOR + + + +Contractor License + + +Supervisor Certificate Required + + +Building Class A + + +Construction Class A + + +Building Class B + + +Construction Class A or B + + +Building Class C + + +Construction Class A, B or C + + +Building Class D + + +Construction Class D + + +Access Control System + + +Access Control System + + +Boilermaker + + +Boilermaker + + +Demolition Class A + + +Demolition Class A + + +Demolition Class B + + +Demolition Class B + + +Electrical Registration + + +NOT REQUIRED + + +Electrical Signal + + +Electrical Signal + + +Elevator + + +Elevator + + +Fire Protection Class A + + +Fire Protection Class A + + +Fire Protection Class B + + +Fire Protection Class A or B + + +Fire Protection Class C + + +Fire Protection Class A or C + + +Gas Service + + +Gas Service or Heating and Ventilating Class A orB + + +Heating & Ventilating Class A + + +Heating & Ventilating Class A + + +Heating & Ventilating Class B + + +Heating & Ventilating Class A orB + + +Hot Water + + +Hot Water or Steam and Hot Water + + +Moving + + +Moving + + +Plumbing Class A + + +State of Colorado Master Plumber's License + + +Refrigeration Class A + + +Refrigeration Class A + + +Refrigeration Class B + + +Refrigeration Class A or B + + +Sign + + +Sign + + +Steam and Hot Water + + +Steam and Hot Water + + +Water Service + + +Water Service or State of Colorado Master Plumber's License + + + +SECTION 132 + +CLASSIFICATION OF J OURNEYMAN AND OPERATOR CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFICATION + +132.1 GeneraL Unless otherwise provided for in this Section or in this Building Code, all journeymen and operators +required to be certified shall perform that work permitted under the provisions of licenses for a particular type of work. +The work permitted by the certification shall be performed in the employ of the licensee as hereinafter set forth. + +132.2 Journeyman Certificate of Qualification. A Journeyman Certificate of Qualification shall be required in the +following trades and shall entitle the individual to work only in the trade for which he is certified under a Certified +Supervisor: + +1. Journeyman Boilermaker Certificate. Permits the installation and erection of steam and hot water boilers, +pressure vessels, precipitators, incinerators, breeching, chimneys, plate and casings. The holder of this Certificate +may perform this work only in the employ of a Boilermaker Contractor. + +2. Journeyman Electrical Signal Certificate. Permits the installation of electrical wiring and equipment for fire +alarm, fire detection, emergency voice communication system, and electrical signaling and control wiring. +Voltages shall not exceed 48 volts or the system shall be power limited as defined in the National Electrical Code. + + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +Complete conduit or raceway systems shall not be installed by the holder of this Certificate. The holder of this +Certificate shall perform this work only in the employ of an Electrical Signal Contractor. + +3. J ourneyman G as Service Certificate. Permits the installation of the following equipment utilizing gas or liquid +fuel: + +A. Gas and liquid fuel piping. The low-voltage wiring permitted by this Certificate shall apply to gas or liquid +fuel-fired appliances only. The holder of this Certificate may perform this work only when in the employ of a +Gas Service Contractor or a Heating and Ventilating Contractor Class A or B. + +B . G as and liquid fuel controls. + +C. Commercial cooking equipment. + +D. Afterburners. + +E. Ranges. + +F. Dryers. + +G. Conversion burners. + +H. Venting of domestic water heaters, dryers and incinerators. + +I . W ater heaters not exceeding 1 00 B tu input. + +J. Low- voltage wiring which does not exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in a conduit or raceway. + +4. Journeyman Heating and Ventilating Certificate. Permits the installation of warm air heating, ductwork, +ventilation and evaporative cooling, exterior sheet metal, water heaters not exceeding 100 Mbtu input, gas piping, +burners, venting and controls, exhaust systems and appurtenances thereof, and low-voltage wiring which does not +exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in a conduit or raceway. The holder of this Certificate may perform this work +only in the employ of a Heating and Ventilating Contractor Class A or B. + +5. Journeyman Refrigeration Certificate. Permits the installation of refrigeration systems and appurtenant +cooling towers, pipe insulation and low-voltage wiring which does not exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in a +conduit or raceway. The holder of this Certificate may perform this work only in the employ of a Refrigeration +Contractor Class A or B . + +6. Journeyman Steam Fitter Certificate. Permits the installation of steam and hot water heating systems; solar +water heating; process and industrial piping and related appurtenances; piping used for the transmission of +chemicals, gases, air, milk and other products transmitted through piping; and all items regulated by the +Mechanical and Plumbing Code for boilers, pressure vessels, steam and water heating systems and process piping; +low- static gas- fired unit heaters; industrial ovens; burners, piping and controls utilizing gas; low- voltage wiring +which does not exceed 48 volts and is not enclosed in a conduit or raceway; commercial cooking equipment- +commercial incinerators; and afterburners. The holder of this Certificate may perform this work only in the +employ of a Steam and Hot Water Contractor or a Hot Water Contractor. + +132.3 Stationary Engineer and Operator Certificates. It shall be unlawful to operate any of the following equipment +without the personal attendance of a properly Certified Stationaiy Engineer or a properly Certified Operator: + +1. Any steam boiler and appurtenances thereto, steam pumps, steam turbines, and steam engines where the steam +pressure is in excess of 15 psi working pressure and where the equipment produces a total of 10 boiler horsepower +or more at Denver altitude. + +2. Water heating systems when the water temperature exceeds 250 degrees F. in the system. + +3. Refrigeration systems having manual or semiautomatic control with charges of 1500 lbs. or more of Safety Group +A 1 or B 1 refrigerants as outlined in the Mechanical Code. + +4. Built-up grouping of multiple refrigeration units where the refrigeration system charge is 1500 lbs. or more of +Safety Group A 1 or B 1 refrigerants as outlined in the Mechanical Code. + +5. Refrigeration systems utilizing refrigerant other than Safety Group A 1 or B 1 as defined in the Mechanical Code and +which contains a charge of 200 lbs. or more. NOTE: As used in this Section, "semiautomatic" shall mean plants or + +-26- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +systems which are provided with automatic safety controls by manual load proportioning controls requiring other +than seasonal adjustments. + +Exception: + +Personal attendance shall not be required for refrigeration units, which are categorized in items 3 and 4 that: + +1. Have fully automatic safety controls which will shut down the unit when any one of the following conditions +are detected: + +A . Excessive pressure in condenser. + +B . Excessive amperage draw. + +C . Improper voltage balance. + +D . Minimum temperature protection in evaporator. + +2. Are located in a mechanical room that is in compliance with IMC Chapter 11. + +3. Have immediate auto-dial notification to an approved constantly attended location. + +4. Have annual testing and calibration of all operating and safety controls as required by the manufacturers' +specifications. Records shall be maintained and available for inspection by this Agency and the Fire +Department. + +5. Have refrigerant vapor detectors that have local audible or visible alarm located inside and outside of the +refrigeration equipment room. + +6. Have all safety controls that have individual manual reset to be reset only by a Certified Stationary Engineer, +Refrigeration Operator or Refrigeration Journeyman/Supervisor. The control limits shall be as required by the +manufacturers specifications for the specific refrigeration unit. + +132.4 Stationary Engineer Certificate. Permits the holder to take charge of and operate all steam boilers and +appurtenances hereto, steam pumps, steam turbines, steam engines and mechanical refrigeration systems. + +132.5 Boiler Operator Certificate, Class A. Permits the holder to take charge of and operate all steam boilers and +appurtenances, steam pumps, steam turbines and steam engines. + +132.6 Boiler Operator Certificate, Class B. Permits the holder to take charge of and operate all steam boilers and +appurtenances, steam pumps, steam turbines and steam engines containing a steam pressure between 15 and 100 psi and +where the equipment produces a total of between 10 and 100 horsepower at Denver altitude. + +132.7 Refrigeration Operator Certificate. Permits the holder to take charge of and operate mechanical refrigeration +systems. + +132.8 Hoist Operator Certificate. It shall be unlawful to operate a construction hoist powered by steam, electricity or +other power when such hoist sen/es buildings or structures under construction or demolition exceeding 25 feet in height +unless said hoist is operated by a properly Certified Hoist Operator. This Section shall not be construed to include +elevators as regulated and defined in this Code. + +Exception: + +Single drum material hoists not more than 25 feet in height and not carrying personnel do not require a Hoist +Operator Certificate Holder. + +SECTION 133 + +APPRENTICES AND TRAINEES + +133.1 General. This Section shall govern the crafts listed in this Chapter where a Journeyman Certificate holder is +required. + +133.2 Requirements. Apprentices and trainees shall not be required to possess a Certificate, but shall be permitted to +work as prescribed in other Sections of this Chapter. + +133.3 Definition. + +-27- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +1. An "apprentice" shall mean any person who has entered into an apprentice agreement which provides for +participation in a program of training through employment and education in related and supplementary subjects. + +2. A "trainee" shall mean any person working at the trade under the direct supen/ision of a certified Journeyman or +Supervisor. + +133.4 Work. An apprentice or trainee may perform any work which is distinctive to a specific craft, but only under the +direction and supervision of a Certified Supervisor or Journeyman of the craft, during working hours. Persons working on +tasks not distinctive to any specific craft shall not be classed as an apprentice. + +133.5 Employment of Apprentices. Contractors may employ apprentices or trainees for the licensed crafts or trades. +The ratio of apprentices and trainees to Journeyman or Master Electrician employed shall not exceed one apprentice or +trainee to one Journeyman or Master Electrician. The ratio of plumbing apprentices or trainees shall be 3 apprentices or +trainees to one Master Plumber or Journeyman. + +133.6 Employer. All apprentices or trainees shall be in the employ of the licensed crafts where Journeymen Certificate +holders are required. + +SECTION 134 +CERTIFICATE FEES + +134.1 Fees. Certificates of Qualification fees shall be paid every 3 years to the Agency in the amount as follows: + +Supervisor Certificate $60.00 + +Journeyman Certificate $40.00 + +Engineer Certificate $40.00 + +Operator Certificate $40.00 + +Exception: + +The certificate fees for employees of the City shall be waived when performing work for the City or when +employed by the Agency. + +134.2 Certificate Fee Refund. Certificate fees are not refundable. + +SECTION 135 +CERTIFICATE RENEWAL + +135.1 Renewal and Expiration. Certificates shall be renewed every 3 years and expire on the date specified on the +Certificate. No work shall commence or continue after the date of expiration. + +SECTION 136 +REISSUANCE + +136.1 General. The Agency shall have the authority to renew a Certificate, provided that the renewal is accomplished +within the limits set forth herein. + +1. The Certificate may be reissued without a new application, provided that such reissuance is accomplished within +one year after the Certificate has expired. + +2. If the Certificate holder reapplies within 3 years of the date of expiration, a new Certificate examination shall not +be required. + +3. If the Certificate holder applies more than 3 years after expiration, a new Certificate examination shall be +required. + +SECTION 137 + +CERTIFICATE HOLDER RESPONSIBILITY + +-28- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +137.1 General. All Certificate holders shall be responsible to insure that the work performed by the licensee is in +accordance with the requirements of this Code, without limitation, and to: + +1 . Have in possession at all times a Certificate. + +2 . Present a C ertif icate when requested by the A gency . + +3. Faithfully construct without departure from or disregard of approved drawings and specifications. + +4. Obey any order issued under authority of this Code. + +5. Pay any fee assessed under the authority of this Code. + +6. Obsen/e the safety requirements of this Code. + +7. Actively supervise and oversee all work performed by or for the licensee by whom he is employed. + +8. Be responsible for all permits being issued prior to the beginning of work. + +9. Maintain a current local mailing address and accept all mail so addressed. + +10. Out of state Certificate holders shall maintain a current local mailing address on file with Contractor Licensing +and accept all mail so addressed for the duration of the job. + +11. Notify the Agency within 3 days whenever he leaves the employ of licensee. + +12. Provide minimum safety measures and equipment to protect workmen and the public. + +13. Faithfully construct, without departure from drawings and specifications filed and approved by the Agency and +permit issued for same, unless changes are approved by the Agency. + +14. Complete all work authorized by the permit issued under the authority of the Agency, unless the cause of +incomplete work is determined by the Agency to be not the fault of the Certificate holder. + +15. Obtain inspection services where required by the Agency. + +SECTION 138 + +SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF CERTIFICATE + +138.1 Authority. The Building Official may suspend or revoke a Certificate for any one or more of the following acts or +omissions: + +1. Incompetence. + +2 . M isuse of the C ertif icate. + +3. Failure to comply with any of the Certificate holder responsibilities outlined in Section 137. + +4. Knowingly conspire with a person to permit a license to be used by another person. + +5. Act as agent, partner, associate or in any capacity with persons to evade the provisions of this Code. + +6. Intentionally or fraudulently misrepresent the condition of any structure or utility or the requirements of this +Code. + +7. Create, as a result of work performed, an unsafe condition as defined in Chapter 1 of this Code. + +8. Intentionally or fraudulently misrepresent the condition of any structure or utility or the requirements of this +Code. + +9. Repeatedly or willfully violate the provisions of this Code or repeatedly fail to obey orders in a timely fashion. + +138.2 Procedures. When a Certificate holder commits any acts or omissions enumerated above and the Building Official +deems that the Certificate shall be suspended or revoked, the action shall be as follows: + +1. Notification. The Agency shall send written notice to the certificate holder, by certified mail or by personal +service, identifying the acts of omission and indicating that the certificate will be suspended or revoked. The +written notice shall advise the certificate holder that a "Request for Hearing" may be initiated as outlined in item +2. + +-29- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +2. Request for Hearing. Upon receipt of the notice, the Certificate holder may request a hearing to show cause why +a certificate should not be suspended or revoked. This request shall be in writing to the Manager within 7 days +after receipt of the notice. + +3. Time of Hearing. If a hearing is requested by the Certificate holder, the Manager shall notify the Certificate +holder of the time, date and place of the hearing. Suspension or revocation of the certificate shall be stayed until +after the hearing. In the event the Certificate holder fails to appear, the Certificate may be suspended by the +Manager. + +4. Attendance. The Certificate holder, the Agency and other interested parties may be in attendance at the hearing. +Upon completion of the hearing, the Manager shall take all evidence available as a result of the Agency's +investigation and all evidence presented at the hearing under advisement, and shall give written notice of the +findings and ruling to the Certificate holder by certified mail or personal service. + +5. Suspension or Revocation. Unless the certificate is being suspended or revoked under the emergency provisions +of Section 138.3, the suspension or revocation shall take effect: + +A . Seven days after receipt by the certificate holder of the notification unless a hearing is requested. + +B. Upon the return by the US Postal Service of the notification as undeliverable or refused at the address +maintained by the certificate holder with the Agency. + +C. If a hearing has been requested by the certificate holder which resulted in the affirming of the Building +Official's decision to suspend or revoke the certificate holder's certificate, upon receipt by the Agency of the +Manager's decision. + +138.3 Emergency Suspension or Revocation. If the Building Official finds that cause exists for the emergency +suspension or revocation of a certificate and that continued work under the certificate could be hazardous to life or +property, the Manager may enter an order for the immediate suspension of the certificate, pending further investigation. +The certificate holder may, within 7 days of receiving notice of the suspension or revocation, request a hearing before the +Manager and such hearing shall be granted within 24 hours. The suspension or revocation is not stayed while the hearing +is pending. + +138.4 Time of Suspension or Revocation. Time of suspension may be up to one year. Time of revocation may be from +one year to five years. + +138.5 Delegation of Authority. The Manager may appoint a Hearing Officer to conduct the hearing. The final decision +shall be rendered by the Manager. + +138.6 Right to Appeal. Any final decision by the Manager may be reviewed in the manner provided by the Colorado +Rules of Civil Procedure. See Section 114. + +SECTION 139 + +EXAMINATION STANDARDS AND REVIEW + +139.1 Examination Standards. The Agency shall develop standards for the examination of applicants for Certificates. +The standards shall be consistent with the purpose of this Code, which is to provide for the public health, safety and +welfare to the extent that those persons examined are to be found qualified in terms of their skills. Building Code +knowledge, practical experience and knowledge of pertinent laws to perform the construction work for which they may be +certified. + +1. The Agency shall examine applicants in the following areas: + +A . A pplicable areas of the C ode. + +B. Technical knowledge. + +C. Skills. + +2. The Agency shall establish minimum standards for education and experience of the applicants. + +139.2 Citizen Review Board. The Agency may establish an examination standards Citizen Review Board to review and +monitor the examination testing criteria. The Citizen Review Board members shall be representatives of the various +segments of the construction industry, which are pertinent to the specific certification examinations. + +-30- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +139.3 Annual Review. The Standards shall be reviewed annually or more frequently if necessary to maintain the +standards current with changes in the Code and building construction practices. + +Sections 140 through 149 are reserved. + +SECTION 150 + +PERMITS, PLANS, INSPECTIONS, CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY + +150.1 Permits required. No person, business, corporation, agency or public, private or governmental institution shall +erect, construct, enlarge, remodel, alter, repair, move, improve, remove, convert, demolish or change the occupancy of any +building, structure or utility, or perform any other work regulated by this Code, or cause the same to be performed, in the +City, without first having obtained a permit from the Agency for the specific work to be performed. This permit shall be +displayed or available on the job site at all times. + +150.1.1 Pedestrian protection. The erection of covered walkway and railings for the protection of pedestrians +around a construction, demolition or moving site. + +150.2 Exempted Work. The following construction is exempt from the permit requirements of this Code. Exemption +from this Code shall not be deemed to grant authorization for any work to be done in any manner that violates the +provisions of this Code or any other laws or ordinances of this jurisdiction. Wastewater Management, Zoning +Administration and Fire Department permits may be required. + +1. One-story detached accessory buildings or structures used as tool and storage sheds, playhouses and similar uses, +provided that the projected roof area does not exceed 120 square feet (11 m^) and a maximLim height of 8 feet + +2. Fences of ary type not over 4 feet (1220 mon) hi^ Posthole-dug fences ijp to 8 feet (2440 rnon) hi^ such as chain +link, cedar pine, redwood and wrou^t iron + +3. Oil demcks. + +4. Nonfixed and movable fixtures, cases, racks, counters and partitions not over 5 feet 9 inches (1750 mn^ hi^ + +5. Retaining walls w^ch are not over 4 feet ( 1220 mn^ in hei^t measurBl from the bottom of the footing to the top of +the wall, unless supporting a surdiarge or impounding Class I, II or III- A liquids. + +6. Water tanks sipxDrtBd dirBCtly vapon grade wtere the c^^adty does not exceed 5,000 gallons ( 18,930 L) and the ratio +of hei^t to diameter or width does not exceed 2 to 1. + +7. Sidewalks and drivewcys less than 30 inches (760mn^ above grade and not over ar^ basement or story below and +are not part of an accessible route. Uncovered decks less than 30 inches above grade and accessory to one and two +family dwellings and townhomes. + +8. Painting, p^Dering, tiling, floor coverings, countertops, carpeting, caHnets, curtains, dr^Des and similar decoration +items except those items regulated by Ch^Dter 8, IBC. + +9. Tenporary motion pcture, television and theater stage sets or scenesy . + +10. Window awnings sipported by an exterior wall of one and two family dwellings and townhomes and Groip U +Ocopandes wtei proj ecting not more than 54 inches (1370 mn^ over privately owned property. + +11. Prefabricated swimnlng pools accessory to one and two fanlly dwellings and U Occipandes in w^ch the pool +walls are entirely above the acj acent grade and wten utilities are provided + +12. Public utility: Construction, repair or maintenance of public utility equipment and facilities used in the +distribution of their utility. This exenption includes buildings w^ose primary function is to house utility +distribution or signal control equipment and not intended for human occipancy. RTD: Traction power +substations, signal/communication relcy stations and houses and associated conduit and wiring for the operation +of the light rail lines, the installation of the light rail tracks and associated passenger platforms on RTD ri^t-of- +way. + +13. State and federal governments, their agencies or subdivisions, or contractors constructing improvements for said +state and federal governments, their agencies or subdivisions, wten constmcting improvements to be used for and +maintained entirely and strictly for the operation of said governments. + + + +-31 - +AMENDMENTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +14. Replacement of glass not in hazardous locations (see IBC Section 2406.2). + +15. Site development work including grading, water detention/retention ponds and soil erosion contix)l. The Wastewater +Division will require permits for this type of work. + +16. Denver Public Schools (D.P.S.): Construction, remodeling or repair of any plumbing or electrical system, except for +fire alarm and detection systems, in any portion of a building in which instruction is or will be given by any D.P.S. +school as long as such work is permiti:ed and inspected by the State Examining Board of Plumbers or tie State +Electiical Board. + +17. All plumbing fixture replacement or repair. + +18. Tents, 200 sq. ft. or less and freestanding canopies 400 sq. ft. (37 m^) or less, open on 3 or moiB sides. + +19. Membrane structures, including tents and canopes of ar^ size, erected for a period of less than 180 dBys. + +20 . Nordllimnated signs of the following types: +a Cloth signs mountBd directly on a wall. + +b. Wall signs not exceeding 200 sq. ft ( 19 rri ) in area + +c. Grc)und signs not exceeding 150 sq. ft (14 ni ) in area, or not exceeding 6 feet in height to tiie top of the sign. + +d. Arcade signs not exceeding 25 sq. ft (2.3 m^) in area on each side. + +21. Replacement of awning fabrics. + +22. Replacement of windows with no structural alterations and no change in size of opening in one and two family +dwellings and townhomes. When structure is a designated structure for presentation or is located in a district for +presentation pursuant to Chapter 30, Denver Revised Municipal Code, a building permit and approval from the +Landmark Preservation Commission shall be required. + +23. Swings and other playground equipment + +150.2.1 Mechanical. No Permit Required For: + +All general repairs and replacements of like units unless the work involves disconnection and reconnection of any of the +following: + +1 . Natural gas line (except replacement of gas valve with like unit). + +2 . Flue vent from fuel-fire appliance. + +3. Refrigerant line. + +4. Steam line or hot water line. + +5. Safety contiX)ls on high pressure boilers. + +No mechanical permit shall be required for bath fan installation in existing one and two family dwellings and +townhouses, however, electrical and construction permits shall be required. + +150.2.2 Electrical. No Permit Required For: + +1 . All general replacements of existing electrical appliances and/or apparatus with like units, or general repairs that +do not involve altering or changing the electrical system. + +2. G eneral Repairs that do not involve altering or changing the electrical system. + +3. Reconnection of furnaces and air conditioning units in one and two family dwellings and townhouses. + +4. No permit shall be required from Building Permitting and Inspection Services for non- required fire alarm +systems in one and two family dwellings and townhouses, however, permits for non- required fire alarm systems +in one and two family dwellings and townhouses shall be issued and inspected by the fire department + +Exceptions: + +1. Permits are required for any work on emergency engine- generator sets, emergency transfer switches, +emergency system feeders and circuits, and emergency system overcurrent devices. + + + +-32- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +2. Permits are required for any work on fire alarm systems, fire detection systems or automatic fire- +extinguishing systems. + +3. Permits are required for any work on sen/ice entrance equipment. +150.2.3 Plumbing. No Permit Required For: + +1. Single- family homes, duplexes, townhouses - general repairs that do not alter existing systems, including +replacement of like units such as bathroom/kitchen sinks, garbage disposals and water closets. + +2. Commercial buildings - replacement of sinks, garbage disposals and water closets with like units; faucet and +trap replacement or repair. Permit required for all other plumbing work in commercial buildings. + +SECTION 151 +PERMITS + +151.1 Application. + +1. The owner or the owner's agent shall apply for a permit on forms furnished by the Agency. The applicant should +exercise care in completing the necessary information, especially addresses, as permits are nontransferable, unless +the address change is approved by the Plan Review Section of the Agency. + +Exception: + +The Agency may correct minor errors in the address if the change can be made on all copies of the permit and +initialed by the inspector. + +2. The contractor's signature is not required on the permit application when the construction documents are +submitted to the Agency for review. + +151.2 Issuance of Permits. The Agency shall issue permits to perform the work shown on submitted documents and as +specified on the permit when the following conditions are met: + +1. All phases of the project conform to the requirements of this Code, Department of Public Works, Zoning +Permitting & Inspection, Environmental Health Inspection Division and Fire Department; and + +2. The permit form is signed by one of the following before the permit is issued: + +A . A contractor that is licensed under Chapter 1 of this Code; + +B. An owner applying for a permit under Subsection 151.2.3; or + +C. An owner or owner's agent applying for permits under Subsection 151.2.4. + +3. When the applicant is a natural person who owns and occupies a single- family dwelling, a unit of a duplex, a +Group U Occupancy or a dwelling unit in a townhouse building, a homeowner's permit may be issued to the +applicant for additions, alterations and repairs to that unit. When applicant in the above noted category desires to +construct a single family dwelling or an accessory use Group U Occupancy for his ownership and occupancy, a +homeowner's permit may be issued to the applicant for the construction of tiie dwelling. Such homeowner permit +to construct a single family dwelling may be issued once in a five year period to the applicant or family member. + +All work shall be done under the supervision of the applicant of the homeowners permit and the applicant shall be +ultimately responsible for the work. + +Any work done under a homeowner's permit, including demolition of a dwelling or Group U occupancy structure, +shall be done by the owner personally unless otherwise approved by the Agency. + +Exceptions: + +A . A permit shall not be issued to the owner of a townhome unit for structural alteration. + +B. The applicant for a permit to perform electrical, heating, cooling or plumbing work shall pass an examination +related to the work being performed and shall personally perform the work, unless approved by the Agency. +Upon verification of their State issued electrical or plumbing license, the applicant will not be required to take +the homeowner's examination. A helper may assist the homeowner in taking the examination and performing +the work. The helper may not repeatedly act in this capacity for other homeowners' permits. + + + +-33- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +C. A permit for minor work involving the volunteer sen/ices of persons working through a recognized volunteer +organization, or of other qualified individuals, may be issued to the applicant of a single- family dwelling, +duplex or miscellaneous building. A request for permit shall be in writing and shall be issued only when +approved by the Building Official. + +4. When the applicant is the owner or owner's agent of a Group R-1, R-2, R-3 or R-4 occupancy building for the +purpose of installing battery-operated smoke detectors. + +5. Any work to the exterior or common elements of a townhouse or condominium apartment building must be +approved by the Homeowner's Association and the permit issued to a licensed contractor. + +6. The applicant is an owner or owner's agent to establish a new certificate of occupancy when no construction work +is to be done. + +7. Payment of the Systems Development Fee established by the Gateway Regional Metropolitan District and +imposed on all land within such District. + +8. Evidence of the payment of fees established by the Gateway Village General Improvement District and imposed +on all land within such District. + +9. Evidence of payment of any impact fees applicable pursuant to Article III of Chapter 50 of the Denver Revised +Municipal Code for properties within the Gateway impact fee area. + +151.3 Non-transferable. Permits shall be non- transferable. + +Exception: + +Permits for improper address issued to the same contractor may be transferred. A processing fee of $25.00 per +permit will be charged. Requests for transferable permits must be made within 30 days of issuance of the original +permit. + +151.3.1 Cancellation of tiie permit by contractor. The contractor may cancel the permit by notifying the Building +Inspection Division. The owner shall appoint a new contractor to complete the work and provide a written statement +regarding the change of contractor. The new contractor shall obtain a new permit for the work to be completed. An +administrative fee of $100 will be charged. Additional administration, plan review and inspection fees may be +charged to recover the cost incurred by the Agency. + +151.3.2 Replacement of Contractor Set. A set of Agency approved, stamped drawings are required to be posted at +the job site. If Contractor Set is misplaced the following are required to obtain a copy of the Agency's stamped +Record Set of drawings: + +1 . A release from the architect / engineer of record. + +2. A copy of the original permit. + +3. An administrative fee of $50 will be charged. + +Once plans have been retrieved by the Agency, they will be released to the contractor for copying at the contractor's +expense. Failure to return the Agency's drawings may result in the suspension of the contractor's license. + +151.4 Validity. The issuance of a permit or the approval of drawings and specifications shall not be construed to be a +permit for, nor an approval of, any violation or deviation from the provisions of this Code or other ordinances, laws, rules +or regulations. The Agency shall take any action it deems necessary to ensure that all work performed meets all +requirements of this Code. + +151.5 Suspension-Cancellation-New Permits. + +1 . The A gency may cancel a permit when: + +A . Work is not commenced within 60 days from the date of issuance unless this time is extended by the Agency. + +B. Work is suspended or abandoned for a period of 60 days after work is commenced unless this time is +extended by the Agency. + +C. No request for inspection has been made for a period of 60 days unless this time is extended by the Agency. + +2. A demolition or moving permit may be canceled by the A gency when: + +-34- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +A . Work is not commenced within 30 days after tlie date of issuance. + +B . Work is suspended or abandoned for a period of 10 days after work is commenced unless otlierwise approved +by the Agency. + +3. A new permit may be issued to replace an expired permit, provided that no changes have been made in the +original drawings and specifications for the work, when: + +A . The holder of a canceled permit demonstrates that the suspension or abandonment of work was occasioned by +circumstances beyond his control and that it would be an injustice to require a new fee; or + +B . Payment of a fee equal to V2 the current permit fee, provided that the application is made within one year after +cancellation. + +4. The Agency may suspend or cancel any permit or may stop the work for any of the following reasons: + +A. Whenever there is a violation of any provisions of this Code or any City ordinance which the Agency is +empowered to enforce. + +B. When the owner or permit holder has failed to comply with the requirements of the Department of Public +Works, Zoning Administration, Public Health Inspection Division and the Fire Department. + +C. Whenever the continuance of any work becomes dangerous to life or property. + +151.6 Notice. Notice of the suspension or cancellation for reasons stated in Subsection 151.5 shall be in writing and shall +be served upon the holder of the permit, the owner or the person in charge of the work. If the original notice is not served +on the owner, a copy of the notice shall be sent to the owner. It shall be unlawful to proceed with any work once the +notice is sen/ed. + +SECTION 152 +PERMIT FEES + +152.1 Permit Fees. The fee for each permit shall be as set forth in Table No. 152.1. The determination of value or +valuation under any of the provisions of this Code shall be made by the Building Official. The value to be used in +computing the building permit and building plan review fees shall be the total value of all construction work for which the +permit is issued, as well as all finish work, roofing, electrical, plumbing, heating, air conditioning, elevators, fire- +extinguishing systems and any other permanent equipment. Permit fees provide for the customary inspections only. + +In order to encourage energy consen/ation, water consen/ation and reduction of air pollution, the Building Official is +authorized to waive or reduce the permit fees for the installation of equipment or appliances which meet the standards for +achieving conservation of energy or water or which may reduce air pollution. Such waivers shall be in writing and shall +be for a specific period of time. + +When the "valuation" is in question, the Building Official shall use the latest "Building Valuation Data" table as published +in the ICC "Building Safety" publication. + + + +-35- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +TABLE NO. 152.1 +FEE SCHEDULE - BUILDING PERMIT FEES + + + +VALUATION OF WORK + + +PERMIT FEE + + +PLAN +REVIEW % + + +$1.00 to $500.00 + + +$20.00 + + +0% + + +$501.00 to $2,000.00 + + +$35.00 + + +0% + + +$2,001.00 to $25,000.00 + + +$35.00 for the first $2,000.00 plus $8.00 for each +additional $1,000.00 or fraction thereof, to and +including $25,000.00 + + +50%' + + +$25,001.00 to $50,000.00 + + +$220.00 for the first $25,000.00 plus $8.00 for each +additional $1,000.00 or fraction thereof, to and +including $50,000.00 + + +50%^ + + +$50,001.00 to $100,000.00 + + +$420.00 for the first $50,000.00 plus $7.00 for each +additional $1,000.00 or frBCtion thereof, to and +including $100,000.00 + + +50%^ + + +$100,001.00 to $500,000.00 + + +$770.00 for the first $100,000 plus $5.60 for each +additional $1,000.00 or fraction thereof, to and +including $500,000.00 + + +50%^ + + +$500,001.00 to +$1,000,000.00 + + +$3,010.00 for the first $500,000.00 plus $4.75 for +each additional $1,000.00 or fraction thereof to and +including $1,000,000.00 + + +50%^ + + +$1,000,001.00 and over + + +$5,385.00 for the first $1,000,000.00 plus $3.65 for +each additional $1,000.00 or fraction thereof. + + +50%^ + + +' Walk-through and type ^proved plans will be charged at the ratB of 10%, with a Hlnimum of +$50.00 per ^pnaved plans. + + + + +OTHER FEES + + +Building Moving + + +Per Each Address + + +$100.00/hour + + +1. Inspections outside of normal business hours (minimum charge of 2 +hours). + + +$100.00/hour + + +2. Reinspection fees assessed under provisions of Section 157.7 (minimum +charge 1 hour) + + +$ 75.00/hour + + +3. Inspections required by the Agency for which no fee is specifically +indicated. + + +$ 50.00/hour + + +4. Additional plan review fee for review of modifications to approved plans + + +$ 75.00/hour + + +^ The Agency mE^ charge the hourly cost incurrHi by the inspection or plan review if gr^alEr than +the hourly ratB above. + + + +152.2 Plan Review Fees. When submittal documents are required by Section 153.1, a plan review fee shall be paid at the +time of submitting the submittal documents for plan review. Said plan review fee shall be the percentage of the building +permit fee as shown in Table No. 152.1. Where plans are essentially incomplete and not in accordance with Sections 153, +154 or 155 or changes are made which require additional plan review, an additional fee shall be charged at the rate shown +in Table No. 152.1. The plan review fees specified in tiiis Section are separate fees from the permit fees specified in +Section 152.1 and are in addition to the permit fees + +152.3 Type Approval. When construction documents have been approved for a typical structure and duplicate structures +are to be constructed on the same site by the same contractor, a plan review fee shall be paid at the rate of 10% of permit +fee in Table No. 152.1. See footnote 1 in Table No. 152.1. + +152.4 Expiration of Plan Review. If no permit is issued within 180 days following the date of application, the +application shall expire and plans and other data submitted for review may thereafter be returned to the applicant or +destroyed by the Building Official. The Building Official may extend the time for action by the applicant for a period not +exceeding 180 days upon a written request showing that circumstances beyond the applicant's control have prevented +action from being taken. Additional extensions may be granted by the Building Official upon written request. In order to + + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +renew action on an application after expiration, the applicant shall submit a new application with the plans and pay a new +plan review fee. + +152.5 Allowed Inspections. Permit fees provide for the customary inspections only. + +152.6 Late Fees. When work for which a permit is required by this Code is started without a permit, the permit fees +stated in Table No. 152.1 shall be doubled with a minimum of $50, based on the work performed without a permit. The +payment of this late fee shall not relieve any person from fully complying with the requirements of this Code in the +execution of the work or from other penalties for performing work without a permit. + +Exception: + +For items of work performed on an emergency basis, as determined by the Agency, to maintain an existing +service or utility when the maintenance is necessary to protect health, life or safety, the penalties stated herein +shall not apply if application for a permit is made within 3 normal working days after commencement of the +emergency work. + +152.7 Permit Fees for Denver Agencies. Enterprise Fund agencies of the City and County of Denver which are not +subsidized by the General Fund shall pay permit fees for all construction and repair work for which building permits are +required. General Fund agencies and Enterprise Fund agencies subsidized by the General Fund shall pay permit fees for +new construction projects only. + +152.8 Additional Fees. A supplementary permit shall be obtained for any additional valuation not included in the +original permit. The fee shall be the difference between the fee paid and the fee that would have been required had the +original permit included the entire valuation. + +152.9 Additional Plan Review Fees for Rejected Drawings. When drawings are rejected, an additional fee shall be +charged in accordance with Table No. 152.1. When submittal documents are incomplete or changed so as to require +additional plan review or when the project involves deferred submittal items as defined in Section 154.1.3.A, an additional +plan review fee shall be charged at the same rate shown in Table No. 152.1. + +152.10 Refunds. No refund will be granted for any permit fee paid to the Agency. + +Exception: + +Fees for duplicate or out-of-City permits may be refunded. A processing fee of $25.00 per permit will be charged +and that amount will be deducted from the refund. Request for refund must be made in writing within 60 days of +the date of the permit. + +152.11 Investigation for Work Without a Permit. Whenever any work for which a permit is required by this Code has +been commenced without first obtaining a permit, a special investigation shall be made before a permit may be issued for +the work. + +152.12 Investigation Fee. An investigation fee shall be collected when work has begun without a permit. The +investigation fee shall be equal to the amount of the permit fee required by this Code. The minimum investigation fee +shall be the same as the minimum fee set forth in Table No. 152.1. The payment of such investigation fee shall not +exempt any person from compliance with all other provisions of this Code nor from any penalty or fees prescribed by law. + +SECTION 153 + +DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS + +153.1 General. Drawings and specifications shall be required for review and approval by the Agency prior to the +issuance of a permit, except as set forth in Subsection 153.6. + +153.2 New Construction, Additions, Alterations or Repairs. Application for a permit shall be accompanied by the +following: + +1. Drawings including the information required in Section 155. + +2. Copies of an engineering report containing studies and test results concerning the hazards present on the building, +demolition or moving site when such site is within an area designated as a Special Construction Zone under +Article VII, Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code . Each report shall contain adequate information as a +result of tests to allow identification of the hazards present and recommendations as to methods of minimizing the + +-37- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +hazards during construction and methods for controlling the identified hazards likely to be present after +construction. The Public Health Inspection Division and the Fire Department shall approve all reports required by +this Subsection before any permit is issued. Construction shall comply with Appendix K. + +3. When required by the Agency, additional drawings shall be submitted for approval. + +153.3 Approval. Drawings and specifications complying with the provisions of this Code and approved by the Agency +shall bear the Agency stamp of approval. When corrections are required, the Agency may require that the drawings and +specifications be revised and resubmitted for approval prior to the issuance of a permit. + +153.4 Distribution. One set of approved drawings and specifications shall be returned to the Applicant and shall be kept +on the job site until project is completed. One set of approved drawings and specifications shall remain in the office of the +Agency. + +153.5 Disposal. Upon completion of the work and the final inspections by the Agency, the Agency copy of the approved +drawings and specifications may be disposed of after 6 years have elapsed from the date of issuance of the permit. If no +permit is issued, plans and specifications may be disposed of after 180 days from the date of application. + +153.6 Not Required. Drawings, specifications and an engineering report need not be submitted for the construction, +demolition or moving of minor buildings, additions, structures or utilities; or for minor alterations and repairs to existing +buildings, structures or utilities when the Agency is satisfied that the strength, safety, sanitation and fire resistance are +adequately described on the permit application, or when it is satisfied that such construction, alterations, repair, +demolition or moving will not substantially increase the hazard present in a Special Construction Zone. + +153.7 Utility Companies. With the approval of the Agency, the design of buildings, structures or utilities for the +authorized Public Utilities may vary from these Building Code requirements. + +SECTION 154 + +PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS + +154.1 Limitations. Any person may submit drawings and specifications with an application for a building permit, subject +to the following limitations: + +1. Architect and/or engineer required. Construction documents for all buildings, structures, additions, alterations +or repairs shall bear the seal and signature of the design professional responsible for each design phase except as +provided in Subsection 7. + +Exception: + +Sprinkler system shop drawings may bear the seal and signature of a NICET Level III or higher certified +individual. + +2. Seal and Signature + +A . The authorized seal shall be a crimp type, a rubber stamp type, or computer generated type. A seal must be +applied to either the final reproducible or final reproduction of all of the following. + +1 . Each sheet of drawings produced by or under the direct supervision of the design professional. + +2. The cover, title page and table of contents of specifications bound in book form. + +3. Each sheet of subsequent issues of revisions, addenda clarifications or oliier modifications. + +4. Title page of details bound in book form. + +5. Title or signature page of all engineering reports. + +B . The signature (manual or electronic) of the registrant and date of signature shall be affixed to the document. If +a manual signature is used, the signature of the registrant and date of signature shall appear through the seal. + +1. Manual Signature. A manual signature is the handwritten name of a person applied to a document that +identifies the person, sen/es as a means of authentication of the contents of the document, provides +responsibility for the creation of the document and provides for accountability for the contents of the +document. + +-38- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +2. Electronic Signature. An electronic signature is a digital authentication process attached to or logically +associated with an electronic document and shall cany the same weight, authority, and effects as a manual +signature. The electronic signature, which can be generated by using either public key infrastructure or +signature dynamics technology, must be as follows. + +(i) Unique to the person using it. + +(ii) Capable of verification. + +(iii) Under the sole control of the person using it. + +(iv) Linked to a document in such a manner that the electronic signature is invalidated if any data in the +document are changed. + +The use of an electronic signature must be pre-approved by the Agency. + +3. Registered Design Professional in Responsible Charge. When it is required that documents be prepared by an +architect or engineer, the Agency may require the owner to engage and designate on the building permit +application an architect or engineer who shall act as the Registered Design Professional in Responsible Charge. If +the circumstances require, the owner may designate a substitute registered design professional in responsible +charge who shall perform all of the duties required of the original registered design professional in responsible +charge. The Agency shall be notified in writing by the owner if the registered design professional in responsible +charge is changed or is unable to continue to perform the duties. The registered design professional in responsible +charge shall be responsible for reviewing and coordinating all submittal documents prepared by others, including +deferred submittal items, for compatibility with the design of the building. + +A . Deferred Submittals. For the purposes of this Section, deferred submittals are defined as those portions of the +design which are not submitted at the time of the application and which are to be submitted to the Agency +within a specified period. Deferral of any submittal items shall have prior approval of the Building Official. +The registered design professional in responsible charge shall list the deferred submittals on the plans and +shall submit the deferred submittal documents for review by the Agency. Submittal documents for deferred +submittal items shall be submitted to the design professional in responsible charge who shall review them and +forward them to the Agency with a notation indicating that the deferred submittal documents have been +reviewed and that they have been found to be in general conformance with the design of the buildings. The +deferred submittal items shall not be installed until their design and submittal documents have been approved +by the Agency. + +B. Inspection and Observation Program. When special inspection is required by Section 1704, the registered +design professional in responsible charge shall prepare an inspection program which shall be submitted in the +Agency for approval prior to issuance of the building permit. The inspection program shall designate the +portions of the work that require special inspection and tiie name or names of the individuals or firms who are +to perform the special inspections, and indicate the duties of the special inspectors. The special inspector +shall be employed by the owner, the registered design professional in responsible charge, or an agent of the +owner, but not the contractor or any other person responsible for the work. When structural obsen/ation is +required by Section 158.2, the inspection program shall name the individuals or firms who are to perform +structural observation and describe the stages of construction at which structural observation is to occur. The +inspection program shall include samples of inspection reports and provide time limits for submission of +reports. + +4. Consultant Drawings. Consultant drawings and specifications prepared by architectural or engineering +subdisciplines shall be so designated by their name, address and phone number and shall bear the seal and +signature of the responsible architect or engineer for the subdiscipline. + +5. Statement. When a design professional signs and seals a document, a statement shall also be included setting +forth the aspects of the project for which the design professional is responsible (i.e., civil, structural, mechanical). +If there is no statement, it is presumed that the design professional has assumed responsibility for the entire +document. + +6. Reproducible Drawings. The design professional's seal and signature shall not be placed on reproducible +drawings that are used for multiple copies or on reproducible drawings that are transferred away from the design +professional's possession and supen/ision. + +-39- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +7. Architect or Engineer not Required. An architect or engineer is not required to prepare drawings and +specifications for the following buildings, structures, additions, alterations or repairs: + +A . One and two-family dwellings or miscellaneous buildings. + +B. Group R-2 Occupancies and townhouse buildings when the floor area of the building does not exceed 5,000 +square feet and the building is not more than one story without basement or cellar. + +C. Garages, industrial buildings, warehouses, stores, mercantile buildings or office buildings where the floor area +of the building does not exceed 5,000 square feet and the building is not more than one story, without a +basement, cellar or excavated subfloor area. + +D. Nonstructural alterations, including alterations to utilities, approved by the Agency, which are to any building +or structure, provided that the alterations do not affect the stability of the building or the health and safety of +the occupants. + +E. If after review of the drawings and specifications, the Agency determines that the proposed building or +structure is inadequately designed, the Agency may require that the drawings and specifications bear the seal +of an architect and engineer who will be responsible for the design phases of the building or structure. + +SECTION 155 + +INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS + +155.1 Information Required. Drawings and specifications shall be complete and of sufficient clarity to indicate the +entire work proposed and to show in detail that the building, structure or utility conforms to the provisions of this Building +Code and relevant laws, ordinances, rules and regulations. Each set of drawings and specifications shall contain at least +the following: Architectural, Structural, Mechanical, Electrical Drawings, Specifications and Analysis: + +1. The exact address, legal description and location of the work performed. + +2. The name and address of the owner. + +3. Name and address of the person or firm responsible for the preparation of the drawings and specifications. The +seal and signature of the architect and or engineer responsible for the preparation of the drawings and +specifications when required by Section 154. + +4. A plot plan showing the location of the proposed construction and the location of every adjacent existing building +on the property, roads, walks, utilities and other site improvements, all property lines, streets, alleys, easements +and other public areas. A plot plan is not required for interior alterations and repairs. The proposed construction +shall not project beyond property lines except as provided for in Chapter 32. + +5. A completed "Building Profile Form." The form shall be provided by the Agency. + +6. Two complete sets of construction documents showing the construction of architectural, structural, mechanical +and electrical arrangements. + +7. One copy of specifications or notes that clearly describe the type, quality and finish of materials and the method +of assembly, erection and installation of equipment to be installed with proper reference to accepted standards. + +8. Architectural drawings and specifications as follows: + +A . Plans showing the arrangement of each floor, elevations, sections and details to show the construction of all +architectural features, including the location and type of fire- rated construction. + +B. The gross area in square feet of (1) buildings or portions of buildings in which new construction or +remodeling work is intended; and (2) different occupancy groups. + +C. A complete Code Analysis, including the building occupancy groups, the type of construction, and a +comparison of actual floor areas and number of stories to those allowed under the provisions of this Code on +the front sheet of drawings. + +D . The construction documents shall show in sufficient detail the location, construction, size and character of all +portions of the means of egress in compliance with the provisions of this code. In other than occupancies in + + + +-40- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +Groups R-2, R-3, as applicable in Section 101.2, and I-l, the construction documents shall designate the +number of occupants to be accommodated on every floor, and in all rooms and spaces. + +9. Structural drawings, specifications and analysis as follows: + +A . Design criteria indicating all lateral loads and allowable stresses in all structural materials. + +B. Foundation, floor and roof plans indicating (1) location of concentrated loads and varying live loads; (2) roof +areas used to impound water; and (3) pressurized shafts required for Chapter 9. + +C. Elevations, sections and details showing all structural requirements. + +D. Foundation design criteria shall be submitted when requested by the Agency for all new construction in +accordance with a soils investigation report signed and sealed by an engineer responsible for the preparation of +the report. + +10. Mechanical drawings, specifications and analysis as follows: + +A . Single line drawings, including typical isometric, of plumbing, heating, air treatment systems and gas piping +layout. + +B. Btu rating of gas units, method of combustion and ventilation air supply, type and horsepower of +refrigeration, and gas meter locations. + +C. Heating, cooling, ventilating, plumbing and fire protection details, and fire or smoke damper locations. + +D. Plans and details showing (1) the location of impounded water; and (2) shafts used for pressurization as +required by Chapter 9. + +E. Construction documents for buildings more than two stories in height shall indicate where penetrations will +be made for mechanical systems, and the materials and methods for maintaining required structural safety, +fire- resistance rating and fireblocking. + +11. Electrical drawings, specifications and analysis as follows: + +A. One-line diagram showing sizes of sen/ice and feeder conductors, sizes of service and feeder overcurrent +devices, all major components of service and distribution system, ratings of equipment, and grounding details. + +B . Load study and analysis to justify sizes of system components. + +C . Short-circuit study and analysis to justify short-circuit withstand ratings of all system components. + +D. Panelboard circuit schedules including loads per each circuit, total bus load per phase, AIC rating and NEC +demand calculations. + +12. A field survey under Section 156 shall be required for all additions and new construction. + +13. A complete elevator and dumbwaiter layout, if applicable. +155.2 Additional Information When Requested. + +1. Reports from an independent testing agency, which substantiates requirements of this Code regarding structural or +fire- resistive requirements. + +2. Engineering design calculations. + +3. Other information deemed necessary to determine compliance with the requirements of this Code. + +SECTION 156 +FIELD SURVEYS + +156.1 General. A Land Sun/ey Plat or an Improvement Sun/ey Plat shall be conducted by a land surveyor registered by +the State of Colorado for the construction of a new building or structure, an addition to an existing building or structure or +a change of occupancy for an existing building or structure which shall include, but not be limited to the following +information: + +1 . Scale drawing of the boundaries of the land parcel with all dimensions to establish those boundaries. + +-41 - +AMENDMENTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +2. All recorded and apparent rights-of-way and easements. + +3. Improvements locations shall be shown in scale with a minimum of 2 dimensions to the nearest property line to +locate all improvements. + +156.2 Access for Agency. The contractor or property owner shall provide unobstructed access for the Agency to the +required comer stakes or markers. + +SECTION 157 +INSPECTIONS + +157.1 General. All work for which a permit is required shall be subject to inspection by the Agency and all such work +shall remain accessible and exposed for inspection until approved by the Agency. In addition, certain types of +construction shall have continuous inspection as specified in Section 158. Approval as a result of an inspection shall not +be construed to be an approval of a violation of the provisions of this Code or of other City ordinances. Inspections +presuming to give authority to violate or cancel the provisions of this Code or of other ordinances shall not be valid. It +shall be the duty of the permit applicant to cause the work to remain accessible and exposed for inspection. Neither the +Agency nor the City shall be liable for expense entailed in the removal or replacement of any material required to allow +inspection. A sun/ey of the lot may be required by the Agency to verify that the structure is located in accordance with +the approved plans. + +157.2 Inspection Record Card. Work requiring a permit shall not be commenced until the permit holder or his agent has +posted or otherwise made available an inspection record card so as to allow the Agency to conveniently make the required +entries regarding inspection of the work. This card shall be maintained by the permit holder until final approval has been +granted by the Agency. + +157.3 Inspection Requests. It shall be the duty of the person doing the work authorized by a permit to notify the Agency +when such work is ready for inspection. The Agency may require that every request for inspection be filed at least one +working day before such inspection is desired and such request may be in writing or by telephone. It shall be the duty of +the person requesting any inspections required by this Code to provide access to and means for inspection of such work. +It shall be the duty of the Agency to conduct the inspections in a timely manner. + +157.4 Approval Required. Approval by the Agency shall be required at progressive stages of the construction of the +building or structure and the installation of the mechanical, plumbing and electrical systems. The Agency shall make the +requested inspections and shall either approve that the completed portion of the construction is satisfactory or shall notify +the permit holder or his agent that the same fails to comply with tiiis Code. Any portion which does not comply shall be +corrected and such work shall not be covered or concealed until approved by the Agency. + +There shall be a final inspection and approval of all completed construction before the building, structure or portion +thereof shall be ready for occupancy and use. + +157.5 Required Inspections. The following inspections shall be required and shall be made by the Agency after proper +notification. Other inspections may be required. See Sections 157.6 and 158. + +1. Foundation Inspection. + +A. Footings. Inspections shall be conducted prior to pouring concrete. The footing excavation form work and +any reinforcing steel must be in place. Any clay soil pipe encountered must be replaced with schedule 40 +PVC, ABS/DWV or cast iron pipe by a licensed plumber, under a separate permit. All such work shall be +approved by the Agency prior to the footing inspection. + +B. Walls. Concrete walls shall have the form work and reinforcing steel inspected prior to the concrete +placement. Approved treated wood walls shall be inspected as required by AF&PA Technical Report 7-87. + +C. Waterproofing/Dampproofing Inspection. To be conducted after the waterproofing/dampproofing system or +materials are completely in place and exposed for inspection. + +D . Fxterior wall insulation and drain tile when required. + +2. Concrete slab or under-floor inspection. To be made after all in-slab or under- floor building service +equipment, conduit, piping accessories and other ancillary equipment items are in place, but before any concrete +is placed or floor sheatiiing installed, including the subfloor. + + + +-42- + +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +3. Frame Inspection. To be conducted on the completed frame construction with all fire blocking and bracing in +place. All framing must be exposed to view. Roof and wall sheathing or panel must be complete with windows +in place. All rough installations or electrical, plumbing and mechanical systems shall have prior approval by the +Agency. + +4. Insulation Inspection. To be conducted after the installation of the insulation is completed. + +5. Air Infiltration Barrier Inspection. To be conducted after the air infiltration barrier system is in place and +complete. + +6. Gypsum Board or Lath and Plaster Inspection. To be conducted after all gypsum board or lath, interior and +exterior, is in place but before gypsum board joints and fasteners are taped and finished or before plastering is +applied. + +Exception: + +The attachment and taping of gypsum board to partition walls that are not part of a fire- resistance rated +assembly or a shear wall assembly for construction in occupancies A, B, E, F, M, U and S. + +7. Final Inspection. To be conducted after construction is completed (all sub- permits must have final approval and +sign- off) and the building or space is ready for occupancy. + +157.6 Other Inspections. The engineer or architect responsible for the structural design work shall include in the +construction documents the following: + +1 . Special inspections required by Section 1 58. + +2. Other structural inspections required by the engineer or architect in responsible charge of the structural design +work. + +In addition to the inspections specified, the Building Official may make or require other inspections of any construction +work to ascertain compliance with the provisions of this Code and other laws, which are enforced by the Agency. Other +inspections, outside of business hours, requested by the owner, design professional or contractor shall be requested no +later than 12 noon of the day the inspection is needed. See Table No. 152.1 for fees. + +157.7 Reinspections. A reinspection fee may be assessed for each inspection or reinspection when the inspected work is +not complete or when corrections called for have not been made. This Subsection is not to be interpreted as requiring +reinspection fees the first time a job is rejected for failure to comply with the requirements of this Code, but as controlling +the practice of calling for inspections before the job is ready for inspection or reinspection. Reinspection fees may be +assessed for failure to properly post the permit card on the work site, for failure to have approved plans readily available +to the inspector, for failure to provide access on the date for which inspection is requested, or for deviating from plans +requiring the approval of the Agency. To obtain a reinspection, the applicant shall file an application therefore in writing +upon a form furnished for that purpose and pay the reinspection fee of a minimum of one hour in accordance with Table +No. 152.1. Where reinspection fees have been assessed, no additional inspection of the work will be performed until the +required fees have been paid. + +157.8 BoilerS; Incinerators, Crematories and Pressure Vessel Annual Inspection. + +Annual boiler inspections will be made by the State of Colorado. + +157.9 Vertical and Horizontal Transportation Annual Inspection. The following units shall be inspected by the +Agency and City-Licensed Elevator Contractors: passenger or passenger service elevators, combination passenger and +freight elevators, freight and freight service elevators, escalators, moving walks, dumbwaiters, sidewalk elevators, stage +lifts, orchestra lifts and manlifts. + +A. Required Inspections. The owner, agent or lessee shall, at his expense, cause the elevator to be thoroughly +inspected by an Elevator Contractor licensed by the City. + +B. Certificate of Inspection. If, after inspection by the Agency, the equipment is found to be in safe condition, the +Agency shall issue a certificate of inspection stating that the equipment is ready for use and indicating the +maximum load permitted. Certificates of inspection shall be maintained in the building for which they are issued, +by the owner, agent or lessee in a manner easily accessible for checking by the Agency or other interested +persons. Valid elevator certificates of inspection shall be mounted in a tamper- proof frame in the elevator for + + + +-43- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +which they were issued or a metal plaque indicating where the certificate of inspection is located within the +building may be mounted in the car in lieu of the current certificate of inspection. + +C . Equipment Tag. The owner or operating agent shall cause the equipment to be tagged with an appropriate metal tag +so as to indicate the contractor's name, date, type of test and work performed. Multiple test dates shall be prohibited. + +D . The annual inspection fee for vertical transportation units shall be as specified in Table No. 157.9. + +E. Inspections required by ASME A17.1 to be performed every six (6) months shall be changed to ANNUAL (12 +month) inspections. + +TABLE NO. 157.9 + +ANNUAL INSPECTION FEES + +(VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION) + + + +TYPE OF INSPECTION + + +FEE + + +Elevators + + +$150.00 (each Unit) + + +For each additional landing over 3 + + +10.00 + + +Escalators * + + +300.00 (each Unit) + + +Moving Walks** + + +300.00 (each Unit) + + +Dumbwaiters + + +150.00 (each Unit) + + +Stage Lifts + + +150.00 (each Unit) + + +Orchesti:^a Lifts + + +150.00 (each Unit) + + +Man Lifts + + +150.00 (each Unit) + + +Platform Lifts + + +150.00 (each Unit) + + + +* This shall mean each unit, floor to floor, in either direction. +** This shall mean each unit, in either direction. + +Inspections outside of normal business hours shall be charged per Table No. 152.1 in addition to the fees of Table +No. 157.9. + +SECTION 158 +SPECIAL INSPECTIONS + +158.1 See Section 1704, IBC - Special Inspections + +158.2 Structural Observation. When required by the Agency, the owner shall employ an engineer to make visits to the +site to obsen/e general compliance with the approved structural plans specifications and change orders. The engineer +shall submit a final report in writing to the Agency stating that site visits have been made and that any deficiencies noted +have been corrected. Reference IBC Section 1709 - Structural Observations. + +SECTION 159 + +FINAL INSPECTION APPROVAL/CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE + +A final inspection approval card will be issued by the Agency upon the completion and approval of the work covered by +the permit. A certificate of compliance will be issued by the Agency, when a Certificate of Occupancy is not required, +upon the request of the General Building Contractor when the inspection card issued by the Agency is returned indicating +that all final inspections by the Agency have been made. There shall be a processing fee of $5.00 for each certificate +issued. + +SECTION 160 + +CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY + +160.1 Required. All new buildings or structures except miscellaneous buildings or structures shall not be used or +occupied until a Certificate of Occupancy is issued by tiie Agency. No building or portion tiiereof shall be used or +occupied for an occupancy otiier tiian tiie one designated on tiie certificate until a new Certificate of Occupancy is issued +by tiie Agency. Issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy shall not be constined as an approval of a violation of tiie +provisions of this code or of other ordinances of the City and County of Denver. + + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +160.2 Requirements Prior to Issuance. A Certificate of Occupancy shall be issued to the owner after approval by the +Agency and the following: + +1 . Construction Engineers Division, Wastewater Management and Zoning Administration. + +2. Public Health Inspection Division and the Fire Department when specifically requested by either department in +writing at the time of application. + +3. Public Health Inspection Division, Fire Department and the Department of Public Works showing compliance +with all provisions of this Building Code applicable to buildings or structures located in a Special Construction +Zone designated pursuant to Article 647 of the Revised Municipal Code. + +160.3 Issuance of Certificate. When all the conditions of this Chapter have been fulfilled, the Agency shall issue a +Certificate of Occupancy indicating: + +1 . The use and occupancy for which the certificate is issued. + +2 . A pproval by the A gency . + +160.4 Duplicate Certificate of Occupancy. Upon payment of $5.00 to the Agency, a duplicate Certificate of Occupancy +may be secured by the owner, architect, engineer, contractor, permit holder or tenant. + +160.5 Temporary Certificate of Occupancy. The Agency may issue a temporary Certificate of Occupancy to the owner +where unusual construction difficulties have delayed the completion of the construction work covered by the Building +Permit. The certificate may be issued provided that no substantial hazard will result from the occupancy and subject to +the following items being provided to the Agency: + +1. A written request by the owner or the owner's agent, itemizing the uncompleted work and justifying the T.C.O. +This list shall not waive, reduce or diminish any Code requirements required by the Building Permit. + +2. The process fee shall be $200.00 unless approved by the Building Official. + +3. Approval from the following City Agencies: + +A . Construction Engineering Division. + +B . W astewater M anagement D ivision. + +C . Environmental Health Inspection D ivision. + +D. Fire Department. + +E. Zoning Permitting & Inspection. + +This temporary Certificate of Occupancy may be granted for a period up to 12 months. The temporary Certificate of +Occupancy may be extended with the approval of the Building Official. After the expiration date of the temporary +Certificate of Occupancy, the building or structure shall require a permanent Certificate of Occupancy in accordance witii +other provisions of this Chapter. + +Additional inspections required for the T.C.O. shall be charged as indicated in Table No. 152.1 and shall be paid before +the permanent Certificate of Occupancy is issued. + +160.6 Change of Use or Occupancy. Changes in the character or occupancy of all buildings or structures shall not be +made except as specified in Chapter 34, IBC. A new Certificate of Occupancy is required for all such changes. + +160.7 Cancellation of Certificate of Occupancy. A Certificate of Occupancy may be canceled when: + +1 . Whenever the Certificate is issued in error or on the basis of incorrect information supplied. + +2. The owner has failed to comply with the requirements of the Agency after appropriate notice and reasonable time +to correct. + +3. The continued occupancy of the structure is dangerous to the public health, safety or welfare. + +160.8 Right to Appeal. The Board of Appeals may review any appeal of the Agency's suspension or denial of +Certificate of Occupancy under Section 113. One extension of a temporary Certificate of Occupancy may be sought from +the Board of Appeals subject to Section 113. + + + +-45- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +SECTION 161 +ADDRESS + +161.1 On Job Site. The construction permit holder shall post, at the front of the job site in a conspicuous place, a sign +indicating the following: + +1. The address number and street, avenue, court, parkway or other, as assigned by the Office of the City Engineer. + +2. The name of the firm, address, business phone number and emergency phone number of the permit holder. + +3. The building permit number. + +161.2 Permanent Address. The owner or occupant of every building shall display the permanent address of each +building in a permanent visible location with numbers made of durable materials and of a size to be visible and legible +from the street fronting the property + +SECTION 162 + +PERMITS FOR TEMPORARY BUILDINGS + +162.1 Permit Issuance. A permit for a temporary building may be issued by the Agency if the applicant can substantiate +a definite need for the temporary building. The permit may be granted for a period up to 36 months and may be renewed +upon reapplication and approval by the Agency. The request for a permit shall be in writing, detailing the reason for the +request. The approval shall be based on the need, extent of time, use and/or type of unit installed. A renewal permit fee +equal to the original permit fee will be required. + +Exception: + +Temporary buildings for use by licensed contractors at the construction or demolition sites shall not require a +Building Permit. + +162.2 Right of Appeal. An extension of a permit for a temporary building may be sought from the Board of Appeals +subject to Section 113. + +162.3 Fee. A building permit fee shall be established by Table No. 152.1 for the valuation of the temporary building +installation which shall consist of (1) the rental cost or the prorated cost of the temporary buildings based on a ten-year +life, for the period of the permit, and (2) the cost of the installation and removal of the temporary building + +SECTION 163 +FOUNDATION PERMITS + +163.1 General. A foundation permit for all buildings and structures except one- and two-unit dwellings and +miscellaneous structures may be issued to a contractor who holds a license qualifying him as a general contractor for the +entire project, prior to the issuance of the construction permit for the building, provided that: + +1. The total valuation of the project, excluding utilities, exceeds $200,000 or as approved by the Agency. + +2. Drawings of the proposed superstructure containing sufficient detail relating to the design of the foundation or +substructure are submitted to the Agency. Structural calculations shall be submitted to validate the gravity and +lateral load design of footings, caissons and all other foundation permit elements. + +3. Approvals required by the appropriate City agencies are obtained prior to issuance of the permit. + +4. For purposes of the Section, the term "Project" shall mean one building only with a valuation in conformance +with subsection 152.1. + +163.2 Fee. The plan review fee and the permit fee charged at the time of issuance of the foundation permit shall be based +on the total valuation of the construction for both the substructure and the superstructure, plus an additional 25%. See +Table No. 152.1. + +163.3 Deviations. Any deviation from the approval foundation permit drawings shall be cause for the cancellation of the +permit. However, if changes are substantiated by engineering calculations and revised drawings, the deviations may be +approved by the Agency. + +-46- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +163.4 Responsibility. The contractor shall assume full responsibility for the installation of all utilities in the substructure. +Any changes in design or construction to meet the requirements of this Code for the combined substructure shall be the +sole responsibility of the contractor. A permit issued under this Section shall not be construed as approval for any portion +of the structure not covered by the foundation permit. + +163.5 Not Applicable. Foundation permits are not applicable to phased construction. + +SECTION 164 + +PHASED CONSTRUCTION PERMITS + +164.1 General. The Department may issue permits for the construction of a portion or phase of a building, structure or +utility prior to the submission of the complete drawings and specifications, provided that: + +1. The minimum total valuation of the building, structure or utility is more than $1,000,000. + +2. Prior to the submitting the first phase of the project the applicant submits a Phased Construction Proposal (the +"Proposal") to the Agency outlining the schedule for the phased construction. The Proposal must provide a title +for, and describe the building system(s) to be reviewed in each of the phased submittal packages. The proposal +shall state the valuation for each phase and should contain an estimated submittal date for each of the phases. + +3. The valuation of the portion of the work, including utilities, is restated with each phased application. + +4. Drawings for each phase shall, on each sheet, include the title for the phase chosen in the Proposal and the term +"Phased Construction". + +5. The approval of appropriate City agencies has been obtained prior to issuing such phased permit. + +164.2 Fees. Plan review fees and permit fees for the initial phases shall be assessed at 150% the amount of those +specified in Table No. 152.1. Plan review fees and permit fees for the final phase shall be assessed at 100% the amount of +those specified in Table No. 152.1. The total plan review fee shall not be less than that based upon the total valuation of +the construction for all phases of the project plus an additional 25%. A permit issued under this Section shall not be +construed as approval for any portion of the structure not covered by the permit. + +SECTION 165 +TABLES AND FEES + +165.1 Permit Fees. The fee specified in Table No. 152.1 shall be assessed for all permits except as otherwise provided +for in this Chapter. + +165.2 Other Fees. Annual and semiannual fees shall be as specified in Table No. 157.8 and Table No. 157.9. Inspections +outside of normal business hours shall be charged in accordance with Table No. 152.1. + + + +-47- +AME NOME NTS TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE 2006 DENVER BUILDING CODE + + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 EDITION +OF THE INTERNATIONAL BUILDING + +CODE + +AND APPENDICES AS PUBLISHED BY +INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC) + + + +The content of the sections in this Code that begin with a letter or letters designations are maintained by +other City or State entities. + + + +[F] + + +Denotes Fire + + +[PW] + + +Public Works + + +[EB] + + +Existing Building + + +[CDH] + + +Colorado Division of Housing + + +[IFCA] + + +International Fire Code Amendments + + +[Z] + + +Zoning + + + +-47- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +CHAPTER 1 +ADMINISTRATION + +SECTION 101 +GENERAL + +Section 101.1 Title is amended by inserting "City and County of Denver" for the name of the +jurisdiction. + +Section 101.4.1 Electrical is amended by deleting this section in its entirety. + +Section 101.4.5 Property Maintenance is amended by deleting this section in its entirety. + +Sections 103 through 115 are amended by deleting these sections in their entirety. The Administration +of the Denver Building Code shall govern. + + + +CHAPTER 2 +DEFINmONS AND ABBREVIATIONS + +SECTION 201 +GENERAL + +Section 201 is amended by replacing Section 201.4 in its entirety with the following: + +201.4 G eneral. For purposes of this Building Code, certain words, phrases and terms shall be given the defined meaning. +Words, phrases and terms not defined in this Code shall be given their usual and customary meanings. Webster's Third +New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, shall be considered as providing ordinarily accepted +meanings. The word "shall" is mandatory and not permissive; the word "may" is permissive and not mandatory. Other +terms and abbreviations used only with specialized application are defined in the Chapter in which they are used. +Definitions are amended or added, and where conflicts occur these definitions shall govern. + +SECTION 202 +DEFINITIONS + +Section 202 is amended by adding the following definitions: + +ABANDON. The desertion of a building, structure or utility. Abandon shall also apply when the building, structure or +utility is left to the effects of vandalism, dilapidation and deterioration, thereby creating a fire hazard, unsafe condition or +public nuisance. + +ADEQUATE. Determined to be acceptable to the Agency. + +ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY . The Building Official. + +ADULT DAY CARE. Adult day care is a program designed to meet the needs of adults with functional impairments +through an individual plan of care. It is a structured, comprehensive program that provides a variety of health, social and +related support services by persons who are not their relatives or legal guardians, in a protective setting during any part of +a day but less than 24 hours. See Section 308.5.1 (Occupancy 1-4). + +ADULT DAY CARE CENTER. Adult day care center is any building or portion thereof that provides an adult day care +program for 5 or more clients over the age of 16 years. See Section 308.5.1 (Occupancy 1-4). + +ADULT DAY CARE HOME. A private residence in a single-unit dwelling or a dwelling unit in a multiple- unit +dwelling providing less than 24 hours a day care for four 4 or fewer clients over the age of 16 years. See Section 310.1 +(Occupancy R-3). + +-49- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +AMBULATORY. A physical or mental condition under which a person is capable of judgment and appropriate action +for self-preservation under emergency conditions. + +ARCHITECT. An architect licensed by the State of Colorado. + +ASSISTED CARE FACILITIES. See Personal Care Facilities. See Section 308.2 (Occupancy I-l) and Section 310.1 +(Occupancies R-3 and R-4). + +BOARD. The Board of Appeals. + +CHILD CARE CENTER. A facility which provides a comprehensive care service for the child when the parent or +guardian is employed or otherwise engaged and unavailable to care for the child. The facility is maintained for tie whole +or part of a day but for less than 24-hour care of 5 or more children from the ages of 6 weeks through 16 years, and not +related to the owner, operator or manager thereof, whether such facility is operated with or without compensation for such +care, and with or without compensation for stated educational purposes. The term includes facilities commonly known as +a "day care center," "day nurseries," "nursery school," "kindergarten," "preschool," "play groups," "school age +programs," "centers for the developmentally disabled children," "day treatment centers," "extended day programs" and +"summer playground programs." See Sections 305.2 (Occupancy F), 308.3.1 (Occupancy 1-2) and 308.5.2 (Occupancy I- +4). + +Child Care Centers shall not include: + +1. Child Care Homes + +2. The Pre- kindergarten and Kindergarten programs which are maintained in connection with a public, private or +parochial school system of at least 6 grades, providing an educational program for the 2 years preceding entrance +to the first grade. + +CHILD CARE HOME. A child care home shall be classified as an R Occupancy, Division 2 or 3. A private residence +in a single-unit dwelling or a dwelling unit in a multiple- unit dwelling providing care and education for periods of less +than 24 hours a day for 12 or fewer children under the age of 17. + +CONSTRUCTION. The act of using labor and materials used for erection, demolition or removal of a building, +structure, utility, appliance or device. + +DEMOLITION. The destruction and removal of a building, structure or utility. + +DETERIORATION. The effect upon buildings, structures, utilities, equipment and materials through corrosion, decay, +wear and tear due to use or abuse, obsolescence, effects of the elements, fire damage, disaster, flood, earthquake, lack of +maintenance, vandalism or any other cause, including fatigue due to overstressing and disintegration of component parts +and the separation of materials and structural parts. + +ENGINEER. An Fngineer registered by the State of Colorado as a Professional Fngineer. + +EVACUATION CAPABILITY . The ability of the occupants, residents and staff as a group either to evacuate a building +or to relocate from the point of occupancy to a point of safety. Following are the levels of evacuation capability: + +1. Prompt. Fvacuation capability equivalent to the capability of the general population to evacuate a facility. +Fvacuation drill time shall be 3 minutes or less. + +2. Slow. Fvacuation capability of a group to move to a point of safety in a timely manner, with some of the residents +requiring assistance from the staff. Fvacuation drill time shall be over 3 minutes, but not in excess of 13 minutes. + +3. Impractical. A group that, even with staff assistance, cannot reliably move to a point of safety in a timely +manner. Fvacuation drill time is more than 13 minutes. + +FIRE DEPARTMENT. The Fire Department of the City and County of Denver. + +HOME OCCUPATION. Limited commercial use of a portion of a dwelling unit, single unit dwelling or multiple unit +dwelling as permitted by the Department of Zoning Administration in accordance with Revised Municipal Code Section +58-89. "Home occupations allowed". + +INDEPENDENT LIVING . The ability of a resident to provide for and maintain the basic functions of everyday living +and to recognize and respond to an emergency for self-preservation. + + + +-50- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +[IFCA] LOWEST LEVEL OF FIRE DEPARTMENT VEHICLE ACCESS. The lowest level of Fire Department +vehicle access shall be measured from the lowest elevation of any required Fire Department access road located no more +than 30 ft. from any exterior wall of the building. + +Exceptions: + +1. Where the access road is permitted to be farther than 30 ft. to any exterior wall of the building, the lowest +level of Fire Department vehicle access shall be measured from the lowest elevation of any required Fire +Department access road located no more than 50 ft. from any exterior wall of the building. + +2. If any topography, waterway, non- negotiable grades or other similar conditions exist that preclude required +Fire Department vehicular access, the Fire Code official is authorized to require additional fire protection +systems as required by Chapter 9. + +MAINTENANCE. The normal upkeep of property or equipment to keep it in an existing state, such as minor repairs to +keep equipment operational. This definition shall not invalidate the requirement for a permit when so determined by the +Agency as beyond the scope of maintenance. + +NONAMBULATORY . A physical or mental condition under which a person is not capable of judgment and appropriate +action for self-preservation under emergency conditions. + +NURSING HOME. A facility that is operating in connection with a hospital or where nursing care and medical services +are prescribed by or performed under the general direction or persons licensed to practice medicine or surgery by the State +of Colorado or for the accommodation of convalescents or other persons who are not actually ill and not in need of +hospital care and related services. The term "nursing home" is restricted to facilities designed to provide skilled nursing +care and related medical services for a period of not less than 24 hours per day. + +OCCUPIED ROOF. The roof of a building or structure used for purposes other than maintenance, repair or servicing of +the building equipment. + +PERSONAL CARE. Protective care of residents who do not require chronic or convalescent medical or nursing care. +Personal care involves responsibility for the safety of the resident while inside the building. Personal care may include +daily awareness by the management of the resident's functioning and whereabouts, making and reminding a resident of +appointments, the ability and readiness for intervention in the event of a resident experiencing a crisis, supervision in the +areas of nutrition and medication, and actual provision of transient medical care. + +PERSONAL CARE FACILITY. See Personal Care Service, Section 310.2. + +PUBLIC UTILITY. An authorized or franchised firm given the right to perform services necessary under the +authorization or franchise. + +RECOGNIZED VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATION. A nonprofit organization, recognized by the Internal Revenue +Service as a charitable or religious organization. + +SCHOOL: PUBLIC; PRIVATE OR CHARTER. An institution which provides instruction or education at elementary, +secondary and high school learning levels. + +SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM. An engineered mechanical and electrical system designed to provide a tenable +environment for the evacuation or relocation of occupants and control the development and movement of smoke. + +STRUCTURE. An assembly of materials forming a construction for a specific use including, among others, buildings, +stadiums, tents, reviewing stands, platforms, stagings, observation towers, radio and television towers, water tanks, +swimming and wading pools, retaining walls, open sheds, coal bins, shelters, fences and display signs. This definition +shall not include utilities. + +TENANT. A person occupying a building or portion thereof and separated from other tenants by walls, floors and +ceilings. The tenant shall have a lease to occupy tie specified space from the owner. + +USABLE SPACE. Space that may be used. This definition does not apply when usable or potential usable space is +sealed off so that access to the area is not provided. + +UTILITIES. For the purpose of this Code, utilities shall be defined, without limitation to include the following: + +Refrigeration systems and their appurtenances; electrical systems and all appurtenances, such as motors, etc.; heating +and ventilation systems and appurtenances; elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators and similar conveyances; fire + +-51 - +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +protection systems and apparatus; air conditioning or air treatment systems, including ductwork; exhaust or +ventilating systems, including ductwork; plumbing and sanitary systems and all appurtenances; signal and annunciator +systems; gas, oil and solid fuel- fired appliances, piping, controls, burners and their appurtenances; evaporative +cooling, antennae, wells and equipment; water heaters; gas lights; swimming pool piping; gasoline pumps; and L.P.G. +liquid fuel and gasoline tanks and piping. + +VALUE OR VALUATION. The building replacement value for permit purposes including labor, profit, overhead, +materials, base building equipment and appliances. + +The determination of value or valuation shall be made or directed to be made by the Agency. + +WORK. All construction or repair excluding decoration or maintenance of existing utilities or appliances. + +WRECKING. See Demolition. + + + +CHAPTERS +USE AND OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION + +SECTION 303 +ASSEMBLY GROUP A + +Section 303.2 is added: + +303.2 Fire Command Room In Group A Occupancies With An Occupant Load Of 1000 Or More. A fire command +room complying with IFCA Section 503 shall be provided in a location approved by the fire department. + +SECTION 305 +EDUCATIONAL GROUP E + +Section 305.3 is added: + +305.3 Conversion of Existing Buildings to Small Day Care Centers. An existing building may be converted to a small +day care center without complying with all the requirements for a change of use under Section 305, provided the +following provisions are met: + +Drawings and specifications need not bear the seal of an architect or engineer. However, after the review of the drawings +and specifications, the Agency may require that the drawings and specifications bear the seal of an architect and engineer +who will be responsible for the design phases of the conversion. + +Any building additions or new facilities installed or erected, as part of the conversion shall comply with present Building +Code provisions. + +The number of occupants, excluding staff, shall not exceed 20 and shall be permitted on the first story only. + +Exceptions: + +1. Basements having floor levels located within 4 feet (1219 mm), measured vertically, from adjacent ground +level at the level of exit discharge, provided the basement has exterior exit doors at that level. + +2. Any floor level with an exterior door leading directly to the outside where the floor level is within: + +a. Two feet vertically of directly surrounding grade shall be allowed for children 2 72 years or younger. + +b. Five feet vertically of directly surrounding grade shall be allowed for children more than 2 V2 and less +than 5 years of age. + +c. Eight feet vertically of directly surrounding grade shall be allowed for children over 5 years of age and +ambulatory adults. + +3. Egress from the floor level to grade may be by stairs or ramps. + +-52- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +4. A floor level occupied for day care activities shall have 2 exits. Two exits may include one exit directly to +grade or as provided in item #3 above with a second exit as an interior stair or ramp. Egress through a +window shall not be accepted as an exit. + +5. There shall be no dead-end corridors. + +6. Gas- fired heating appliances must comply with the International Mechanical Code. + +7. Existing partitions, walls and ceilings may be approved if the existing surface is of a fire-resistive material +consisting of lath and plaster or gypsum board of at least V2 inch thickness. + +8. Section 907.2.3 shall apply to all conversions. Residential type multiple single-station smoke detectors may +be installed with field inspector approval. System type smoke detectors will require drawings signed and +sealed by an electrical engineer. + +9. Requirements of other City and State agencies must be complied with. When a conflict occurs between +regulations of different agencies, the most restrictive will govern. + +SECTION 308 +INSTITUTIONAL GROUP I + +Sections 308.5.3 is added: + +Section 308.5.3 Conversion of Existing Buildings to Small Day Care Centers. See Section 305.3. + +SECTION 310 +RESIDENTIAL GROUP R + +Section 310.1 R-2 Residential Occupancies has been amended by adding "Live/Work" units to the list +of occupancies. + +310.3 Special Provisions for Residential Personal Care Facility. A Personal Care Facility may occupy Group I-l, +Group R-3, or Group R-4 occupancies with the following provisions: + +1 . Type of ccupancies + +A. Group R-3 Home Occupancy: less tiian 3 occupants + +B. Group R-3 Personal Care Facility: from 3-5 occupants +Group R-4 Personal Care Facility: from 6 to 16 occupants +Group I-l Personal Care Facility: more than 16 occupants + +Note: Above occupant load does not include the care provider. + +2. Plans and permit shall indicate the maximum occupant load and for Personal Care Facilities indicate the +evacuation capability classification. + +3. Plans for the renovation of an existing building or the construction of a new building shall bear the seal and +signature of the Architect or Engineer responsible for the design phases of the building. See Section 153. + +4. Personal Care Facility Provider shall: + +A. Develop a Facility Personal Care Plan, which specifically establishes the services to be provided to the +residents (forms provided by the Agency). + +B. Establish an Evacuation Capability by using the "Facility and Resident Characteristics for Establishing +Evacuation Capability" chart. The actual evacuation capability will be verified by the Fire Department after +the building is occupied. + + + +-53- + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +SECTION 312 + +UTILITY AND MISCELLANEOUS GROUP U + +Section 312.2 is added: + +312.2 Fences and Retaining Walls. + +312.2.1 General This Section shall apply to all fences or walls in excess of 4 feet in height, all retaining walls in +excess of 3 feet in height. For exempted work refer to Section 150.2, item #2 and ^. + +312.2.2 Design. All fences, walls and retaining walls shall be designed in accordance with IBC Section 1806 & 1609. + +[F]312.2.3 Prohibition. The following prohibitions shall apply to all fences, walls or retaining walls, regardless of +height: + +1. The use of barbed wire or any other sharp- pointed material as a fencing material or on top of fences or +retaining walls is prohibited per IFCA 507.4. + +2. The use of electrically charged fences or on top of fences or retaining walls is prohibited per IFCA 507.4. + + + +CHAPTER 4 +SPECIAL DETAILED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON USE AND OCCUPANCY + +SECTION 402 + +COVERED MALL BUILDINGS + +[F] Section 402.14.1 is added: + +402.14.1 Fire Command Room In Covered Mall Buildings. A fire command room complying with IFCA Section +509.3 shall be provided in a location approved by the fire department for covered mall buidlings exceeding 50,000 +square feet in total floor area. + +SECTION 403 +HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS + +[F] 403.5 Automatic Fire Detection is amended by replacing reference to IFCA. + +[F] 403.6 Emergency Voice/Alarm Communication Systems is amended by replacing reference to IFCA. + +[F] 403.7 Fire Department Communications System is amended by replacing it in its entirety with the +following: + +[F] 403.7 Fire Department Communications System. A fire department communication system shall be provided in +accordance with IFCA . + +[F] 403.10.1 Fuel Supply is amended by adding the following: + +[F] 403.10.1. Fuel Supply. An on-premises fuel supply, sufficient for not less than 8 hours full-demand operation of +the system, shall be provided. + +403.12 Stairway Door Operation is deleted in its entirety and locking of stairway doors are addressed +by Appendix L Access Control Systems. + +Section 403.15 Accessible Means Of Egress And Area Of Refuge Required is added to include the +following: + +403.15 Accessible Means Of Egress And Area Of Refuge Required. Accessible means of egress shall comply with this +section. Only one accessible means of egress is required in high-rise buildings possessing hoist way pressurization +conforming to the provisions of IBC A Section 909.21.4.2. + +-54- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Section 403.15.1 Group A, B, E and M Occupancies. In Group A, B, E and M occupancies, an elevator complying +with Section 1007.4 and an area of refuge/elevator lobby providing direct access to the elevator shall serve as the +accessible means of egress. The area of refuge shall be sized in accordance with Section 1007.6.1. Each area of refuge +shall be separated from the remainder of the story by a smoke barrier complying with Section 709. + +Section 403.15.2 Group Rl, R2 and II Occupancies. In Group Rl, R2, and II occupancies, an elevator complying +with Section 1007.4, with a fire-resistive corridor providing direct access to the elevator from all dwelling units or +sleeping units shall serve as the only required accessible means of egress. An enclosed elevator lobby is not required. + +403.16 Area of Refuge/Elevator Lobby Pressurization. The area of refuge/elevator lobby shall be pressurized by the +transfer of air from the pressurized hoist way through the leakage at the elevator doors. + +SECTION 405 +UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS + +Section 405.1 is amended by tlie addition of Exception 6. +Exception: + +6. High Rise buildings shall comply with Section 403. + +SECTION 406 + +MOTOR-VEHICLE-RELATED OCCUPANCIES + +[PW] 406.2.10 is added: + +406.2.10 Motor Vehicle Exiting from Parking Facilities. Where ramps are provided for motor vehicles to exit from +a parking facility or from a private drive onto the public right of way, the ramps shall be sloped at 0.5% minimum to +2% maximum for a distance at least 20 feet inside of the building or property line. Vertical curves shall be used at all +grade breaks. + +Exception: + +When alternate slopes are approved by the "Transportation, Engineering and Planning Division" of Public +Works. + +SECTION 411 + +SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDINGS + +[F] Section 411.6.1 Fire Command Room for Special Amusement Buildings is added. + +411.6.1 Fire Command Room for Special Amusement Buildings. A fire command room complying with IFCA +509.4 shall be provided in a location approved by the Fire Department. + +SECTION 421 +LIVE/WORK UNITS + +Section 421 Live/Work Units lias been added. + +421.1 General A live/work unit is a dwelling unit or sleeping unit in which a significant portion of the space includes a +non- residential use, which is operated, by the dwelling unit or sleeping unit occupant and shall comply with Section 421. + +Exception: + +Dwelling units or sleeping units which conform to the provisions of Section 59-89 of the Revised Municipal Code +for the City and County of Denver shall be classified as a Home Occupancy, not a live/work unit. + +421.1.1 Limitations. The following shall apply to all live/work areas: + +1 . The live/work unit is permitted to be a maximum of 3,000 square feet. + +-55- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +2. The non- residential area is permitted to be a maKimum of 50% of the area of each live/work unit; such +area shall be further limited to maximum occupant load of 49 persons, as determined by dividing the floor +area under consideration by the occupant- per- unit- area factor assigned to the occupancy set forth in Table +1004.1.1. + +3. The non- residential area function shall be limited to the first or main floor only of the live/work unit. + +4. Aggregate amount of flammable and combustible liquids within each live/work unit shall not exceed 10 +gallons. All flammable and combustible liquids shall be stored in liquid storage cabinets in accordance +with IFC Section 3404.3.2, the amount in use shall not exceed 1 gallon. + +5. Aggregate amount of flammable gas including LPG within each live/work unit shall not exceed 1-one +pound cylinder in use with 1-one pound cylinder in storage. + +6. Outside storage of any flammable and combustible liquids and flammable gases is prohibited. + +421.2 Occupancies. Live/work units shall be classified as a Group R-2 occupancy. Separation requirements found in +Section 508.3 shall not apply within the live/unit when it is in compliance with Section 421. Commercial activities shall +be limited to the following: + +Group B occupancies + +Group M occupancies, except motor fuel- dispensing facilities + +Group F occupancy custom manufacturing establishments primarily engaged in the on-site production of goods by +hand manufacturing which involve only the use of hand tools or mechanical equipment not exceeding two (2) +horsepower per piece of equipment not to exceed a total of six horsepower; or a single kiln not exceeding eight (8) +kilowatts or the equivalent in a gas fired fixture. + +Spray finishing operations shall be limited to those allowed by International Fire Code Section 1504.9. + +The aggregate of area of non- residential storage in the live/work unit shall be limited to 10% of the space dedicated to +non- residential activities. + +421.3 Fire-resistance-rated construction. The fire- resistance rating required by Sections 708 and 711.3 between units +shall be a minimum of 1-hour construction. + +421.4 Vertical openings. Floor opening between floor levels of a live/work unit is permitted without enclosure. + +421.5 Fire protection. The live/work unit shall be provided with a fire sprinkler system designed and installed in +accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, as applicable, throughout the building. + +An approved automatic fire detection system shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of this code and NFPA72 +throughout the non- residential area. Fire alarm system shall be monitored by Class 1 Central Station per IFC 907. +Residential portions shall be equipped single-or multiple- station smoke alarms shall be installed in all of the following +locations: + +1. In sleeping areas + +2. In every room in the path of the means of egress from the sleeping area to the door leading from the sleeping unit. + +3. In each story within the sleeping unit, including basements. For sleeping units with split-levels and without an +intervening door between the adjacent levels, a smoke alarm installed on the upper level shall suffice for the +adjacent lower level provided that the lower level is less than one full story below the upper level. + +4. Power source shall be in accordance to IFC 907.2.10.2. + +5. Interconnection of smoke detectors shall be in accordance to IFC 907.2.10.3 + +Notification appliances shall be installed throughout the live/work area in accordance with the provisions of this +code and NFPA72 throughout. + +Devices, combinations of devices, appliances and equipment shall comply with Section 907.1.2. + +421.6 Means of egress. Except as modified by this section, the provisions for Group R-2 occupancies in Chapter 10 shall +apply to the entire live/work unit. + +-56- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +421.6.1 Means of egress doors serving the non- residential function area shall provide a floor or landing on each side +of the door. Such floor or landing shall be at the same elevation on each side of the door. + +421.6.2 Emergency escape and rescue openings shall be provided in the residential area in accordance with the +provisions Section 1026. Section 1036.1, Exception No. 1 is not applicable to live/work units. + +421.7 Accessibility. The applicable requirements of Chapter 11 shall apply to each area within the live/work unit. + +421.8 Ventilation. The applicable requirements of the amended International Mechanical Code shall apply to each area +within the live/work unit for the function within that space. + +421.9 Structural. Floor loading for the areas within a live/work unit shall be designed to conform to Table 1607.1 based +on the function within the space. + +421.10 Electrical. The applicable requirements of Chapter 27 shall apply to each area within the live/work unit 421.11 +Plumbing. The applicable requirements of the amended International Plumbing Code shall apply to each area within the +live/work unit for the function within that space. The non- residential use portion of the live/work unit is not considered to +be a Group R occupancy for the purpose of applying the provisions of amended IBC Section 2902.9. + + + +CHAPTERS +GENERAL BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS + +SECTION 507 + +UNLIMITED AREA BUILDINGS + +Section 507.12 is added: + +[EB] 507.12 Existing Buildings. Any building constructed prior to March 26, 1994 and meeting the requirements of one +of the categories in Table 507.12 is allowed to retain its existing area, provided the existing area does not exceed the +allowable area of the code under which it was last certified for occupancy, including all applicable Modifications Under +Special Circumstances and retrofit ordinances. Building additions shall satisfy the current code and Table 507.12. + + + + + +TABLE 507 +EXISTING BUILDING UNLIMIl + + +.12 + +rED AREA ADDITIONS + + + + +Category + + +Occupancy Group + + +Maximum +No. of Stories + + +Type of +Construction + + +Auto Sprinkler +Throughout + + +Minimum + +Open + +Space* + + +1 +2 + + +B, F, M, S +F2, S-2 + + +1 +1 + + +ALL +11, III-A + + +YES +NR + + +20' +40' + + +NOTE: + + +NR= NOT REQUIRED + +* = ENTIRELY SURROUNDED AND ADJOINED BY PUBLIC WAYS OR YARDS NOT LESS +THAN DISTANCE INDICATED, ADDITIONAL OPEN SPACE MAY BE REQUIRED EO R +EIRE DEPARTMENT ACCESS, SEE FIRECODE. + + + +SECTION 508 + +MIXED USE AND OCCUPANCIES + +Section 508.3.1 Accessory Occupancies lias been amended by adding Exception 4. +Exception: + +1. Live/work units in accordance with Section IBCA 421 are not considered separate occupancies. + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +CHAPTER? +FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION + +SECTION 704 +EXTERIOR WALLS + +Section 704.2 Projections is amended in its entirety. + +704.2 Projections. Cornices, eave overhangs, exterior balconies and similar cantilevered or wall hung projections +extending beyond the floor area shall conform to the requirements of this section and Section 1406. Exterior egress +balconies and exterior exit stairways shall also comply with Sections 1014.5 and 1023.1, respectively. The distance from +exterior edges of projections to the closest interior lot line or to an imaginary line between two buildings on the property +shall not be less than four feet (1220 mm). + +704.2.1 Type I and II construction. Projections from walls of Type I or II construction shall be of noncombustible +materials or combustible materials as allowed by Sections 1406.3 and 1406.4. + +704.2.2 Type III, IV or V construction. Projections from walls of Type III, IV or V construction shall be of any +approved material. + +704.2.3 Combustible projections. Combustible projections located where the distance from the exterior edges of +projection to the closest interior lot line or to an imaginary line between two buildings on the property is less than 6 +feet (1830 mm) shall be of at least 1-hour fire- resistance- rated construction. Type IV construction, fire-retardant- +treated wood or as required by Section 1406.3. + +Exceptions: + +Type V construction shall be allowed for R-3 occupancies. + +In buildings required by this Section to have fire resistance rated roof assemblies, vent openings in the bottom +membrane of fire- resistance rated roof overhangs are permitted when buildings are protected by an automatic +sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. + +704.2.4 Noncombustible projections. Noncombustible projections shall not be required to have a fire- resistance- +rating. + +Section 704.8 Allowable Area of Openings. + +Section 704.8.1 Automatic Sprinkler System is amended by adding the following sentence to the end of the + +paragraph. + +704.8.1 Automatic Sprinkler System is applicable to openings with or without windows, duct and air transfer +openings. + +Section 704.12 Opening Protection. + +704.12 Opening Protection is amended by replacing the Exception in its entirety with the following: + +Exception: + +Where opening protection is provided by ceiling sprinkler heads spaced at 6 ft. on center and placed between 6 to + +12 inches from the wall, area of exterior openings described in Table 704.8 shall not exceed 50% where the fire +separation distance is greater than 5 and is less than 15 ft. Buildings shall be equipped throughout with an +automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. The sprinkler system shall be designed to +distribute at least 3 gpm per linear foot of wall opening. The sprinkler system serving the floor shall be designed +to provide adequate water supply to either a hydraulically calculated remote floor area in accordance with NFPA + +13 or to all of the exposure protection heads on any one level of the building, whichever demand is greater. + +Section 704.14 Ducts and transfer openings. +704.14 Ducts and Air Transfer Openings is amended by adding Exception 2. +Exception: + +2. The building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +-58- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +SECTION 707 +SHAFT ENCLOSURES + +707.2 Shaft Enclosure Required, Exception 2, item 2.1 is amended by replacing the last sentence in its +entirety with the following: + +For escalator openings this application is limited to openings that do not connect more than four stories for other than +Group B and M occupancies. For stairway openings, this application is limited to openings that do not connect more +than three stories for buildings without smoke control capabilities. For buildings with smoke control capabilities this +application is limited to openings that do not connect more than four stories. The smoke control capabilities shall +comply with Section 909. In addition, smoke detectors shall be located adjacent to the floor side of the openings. The +smoke control system for the openings shall be subject to field testing. + +707.4 Fire Resistance Rating is amended by adding the following Exception: + +Exception: + +Shaft enclosures for piping, ducts and vents may be of one hour fire- rated construction in buildings of four stories +or more and of Construction Types of IIA, IIB, IIIA, VA. + +707.5 Continuity is amended by adding the following Exception: + +Exception: + +Shaft enclosures for piping, ducts and vents in Construction Types of IIB, IIIB and VB may be supported on non +fire- rated assemblies. + +Section 707.14 Elevator, Dumbwaiter and Other Hoist ways. + +707.14.1 Elevator Lobby is amended by replacing Exception 6 with the following: + +Exception: + +6. Enclosed elevator lobbies are not required in non high-rise buildings where the elevator is pressurized in +accordance with IBCA Section 707.14.2.1. Elevator lobbies in highrise buildings shall comply with IBCA +Section 403.15 and 403.16. + +Section 707.14.2 Enclosed Elevator Lobby Pressurization Alternative is amended by replacing the title +of the section with the following: + +707.14.2 Enclosed Elevator Lobby Pressurization Alternative For Non-Highrise Building. Where elevator +hoistway pressurization is provided in lieu of required enclosed elevator lobbies, the pressurization system shall +comply with this section. + +Section 707.14.2.1 Pressurization Requirements is amended in its entirety. + +707.14.2.1 Pressurization for Non High Rise Buildings. Elevator hoist ways shall be pressurized to maintain a +minimum positive pressure of 0.05 inches of water column with respect to the adjacent spaces on all floors with +the HVAC system off. The supply air intake shall be from an outside, uncontaminated source located a minimum +distance of ten (10) feet from any air exhaust system or outlet. + +SECTION 716 + +DUCTS AND AIR TRANSFER OPENINGS + +716.5.3 Shaft Enclosures Exceptions is amended by deleting exception 1.3 and exception 4 to comply +with IFCA Section 909. + + + +-59- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +CHAPTERS +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + +Other Amendments to this chapter are located in Chapter 9 of the Amendments of the International Fire Code. + +Section 909.20 Smokeproof Enclosures + +Where required by Section 1020.1.7, a smokeproof vertical exit enclosure shall be constructed in accordance with this +section. A smokeproof vertical exit enclosure shall consist of an enclosed interior exit stair that conforms to Section +1020.1 with either a natural ventilated outside balcony or pressurized in accordance with DBC Section 909.21. Where +access to the roof is required by the IFC, such access shall be from the smokeproof enclosure where a smokeproof +enclosures is required. + +Section 909.20.1 is deleted in its entirety. + +909.20.2 Construction. Smokeproof vertical exit enclosures shall be separated from the remainder of the the +building by not less than a 2- hour fire- resistance- rated fire barrier without openings other than the required means of +egress doors. The open exterior balcony shall be constructed in accordance with the fire- resistance- rating +requirements for floor construction. + +909.20.2.1 Door Closers. Doors in a smokeproof enclosure shall be self closing or shall be automatic - closing +by actuation of a smoke detector installed at the floor-side entrance to the smokeproof enclosure. The actuation of +the smoke detector on any door shall activate the closing devices on all doors in the smokeproof enclosure at all +levels. Smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with Section 907.10. + +909.20.4 Mechanical Ventilation Alternative. This section and its subsections are deleted in their +entirety. + +909.20.5 Stair Pressurization Alternative. Stairway pressurization shall comply with IFCA Section +909.21.4. + +909.20.6 Ventilation Equipment. This section and its subsection are deleted in their entirety. + + + +CHAPTER 10 +MEANS OF EGRESS + +SECTION 1004 +OCCUPANT LOAD + +Section 1004.1.1 Areas without fixed seating Exception is amended by replacing tine exception: + +Exception: + +Where approved by the building and fire code officials, the actual number of occupants for whom each occupied +space, floor or building is designed, although less than those determined by calculation, shall be permitted to be used +in the determination of the design occupant load. + +SECTION 1005 +EGRESS WIDTH + +Amend Table 1005.1 as follows: + + + +-60- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +TABLE 1005.1 +EGRESS WIDTH PER OCCUPANT SERVED + + + + + +WITHOUT SPRINKLER SYSTEM + + +WITH SPRINKLER SYSTEM' + + +Occupancy + + +Stairways (inches +per occupant) + + +Other egress + +components + +(inches per + +occupant) + + +Stairways (inches +per occupant) + + +Other egress + +components + +(inches per + +occupant) + + +Occupancies other +than those listed +below + + +0.3 + + +0.2 + + +0.25 + + +0.175 + + +Hazardous: H-1, H- +2, H-3andH-4 + + +0.7 + + +0.4 + + +0.3 + + +0.3 + + +Institutional: 1-2 + + +n/a + + +n/a + + +0.3 + + +0.2 + + +Assembly with +Occupant Loads +Greater than 400 + + +0.3 + + +0.2 + + +0.3 + + +0.2 + + + +For SI: 1 inch =25.4 mm + +n/a = Not Applicable + +a. Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.1.2. + +SECTION 1007 + +ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS + +Section 1007.1 Accessible means of egress required. + +1007.1 Accessible means of egress required is amended by adding exception 4. + +Exception: + +4. Buildings required to comply with Section 403 of the International Building Code shall be provided with +accessible means of egress in accordance with IBCA Section 403.15. + +Section 1007.6 Area of refuge is amended by moving the reference to horizontal exits and smoke +barriers from the last sentence of the first paragraph to one of two exceptions. + +1007.6 Area of refuge. Every area of refuge shall be accessible from the space it serves by an accessible means of egress. +The maximum travel distance from any accessible space to an area of refuge shall not exceed the travel distance permitted +for the occupancy in accordance witii Section 1016.1. Every required area of refuge shall have direct access to an +enclosed stairway complying with Section 1007.3 and 1020.1 or an elevator complying Section 1007.4. Where an +elevator lobby is used as an area of refuge, the shaft and lobby shall comply with IBCA Section 1020.1.7. Areas of refuge +for high rise buildings shall comply with Section 403.15 and 403.16. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Elevators in an area of refuge formed by a horizontal exit or smoke barrier. + +2. In buildings not required to comply with Section 403 or 405, elevator lobby areas of refuge shall be enclosed +by smoke barriers in accordance with IFCA Section 909.5. Openings in the elevator shaft enclosure other +than those directly serving an area of refuge, shall be protected from the intrusion of smoke in accordance +with IFCA Section 909.5.2. Loss of power to, or the actuation of, any fire detection or suppression device on +any level shall cause the closure of all automatic opening protectives in the enclosures of all areas of refuge +and the elevator shafts sen/ing them, except the shaft enclosure doors at the floor level designated for recall in +accordance with Section 3003.2. + +Replace Section 1007.6.3 as follows: + +1007.6.3 Two-way communication. A two-way communication means between the area of refuge and an approved +location in the building readily accessible to authorized and emergency personnel shall be provided (see IFCA Section +509). The means shall be monitored for integrity and annunciated per NFPA 72 (see 2007 NFPA 72 Section 4.4.7; +the two-way communcation means shall not be considered "supplementary"). + +The two-way communcation means shall comply with the following requirements: + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +1. The user interface in tlie area of refuge must be accessible and usable by people with disabilities. Clearance, +location, protrusion, labeling, signage and operability of the user interface shall comply with ANSI A 117.1 + +2. A push button to activate the two-way communication means shall be provided in the area of refuge. The button +shall be visible and permanently identified as "HELP" on or adjacent to the button. + +3. Tactile and Braille operating instructions shall be incorporated with or adjacent to the "HELP" button. When the +button is pushed, the emergency two-way communication means shall initiate a call for help at an approved +location within the building. A visual indication shall be provided on or adjacent to the "HELP" button, and an +audible signal shall be provided to acknowledge successful initiation. The visual indication shall remain activated +at least until two-way voice communication is established, and shall be deactivated by the time two-way voice +communcation is terminated. + +4. The two-way communication means shall not be transmitted to an automated answering system. The call for help +shall be answered by authorized personnel. When the approved location is not continuously staffed by authorized +personnel who can take appropriate action, the call shall also be directed, automatically, within 30 seconds, to a +listed central supervising station where authorized personnel will make an appropriate response, or to 911 if the +building does not have a monitored fire alarm system. + +5. The two-way communcation means shall automatically provide to authorized personnel an indication that +assistance is required, and information that identifies the building location of the actuated user interface. + +6. Audible and visual indications which are activated by authorized personnel shall be provided to acknowledge +two-way communication has been established. The visual indicator shall be located on or adjacent to the "HELP" +button. After the call acknowledgement signals are sent, two-way voice communication shall be established +without any intentional delay or required intervention by a person in the area of refuge. The visual indication +shall be deactivated only when the two-way voice communication is terminated. + +7. The means of two-way communication shall enable emergency personnel within the building to establish two- +way voice communication to each refuge area individually. The means shall override communication outside the +building. Once established, two-way voice communication with emergency personnel shall be discontinued only +when emergency personnel terminate the call. + +8. The two-way communication means shall be connected to a source of, or automatically transferred to an alternate +(standby, emergency, etc.) source of power capable of providing for the visual and audible indicators in the area +of refuge, and the means of voice communication for at least four hours when the normal power supply fails. + +SECTION 1008 + +DOORS GATES AND TURNSTILES + +Section 1008.1.3.4 is Access-controlled egress doors. Access-controlled egress doors are addressed +by Appendix L, Access Control Systems. + +Section 1008.1.8.6 Delayed egress locks is deleted in its entirety and are addressed by Appendix L, +Access Control Systems. + +Section 1008.1.8.7 Stairway doors is deleted in its entirety and addressed by Appendix L, Access +Control Systems. + +SECTION 1009 +STAIRWAYS + +Section 1009.11 Stairway to roof + +1009.11.1 Roof access is amended by deleting the exception. + +Add Section 1009.12 as follows: + +Section 1009.12 Roof hatches in buildings four or more stories above grade. All required interior stair enclosures that +extend to the roof in any building four or more stories above grade, shall have, at the highest point of the stair enclosure, a +roof hatch per IFCA Section 504.4. + +-62- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Exception: + +Roof hatches are not required on pressurized stair enclosures and on stair enclosures complying with IBCA +Section 1009.11.1. + +SECTION 1011 +EXIT SIGNS + +Replace Section 1011.2 Illumination as follows: + +1011.2 Illumination. Exit signs shall be internally illuminated. +Exception: + +Tactile signs required by Section 1011.3 need not be provided with illumination. +Add Section 1011.4.1 as follows: + +1011.4.1 Graphics. One of the following lettering / field combinations shall be used: + +1 . W hite luminous on green luminous field. + +2. G reen luminous on white luminous field. + +3. White light emitting diodes on green field. + +4. G reen light emitting diodes on white field. +Add Section 1011.4.2 as follows: + +1011.4.2 Exit sign illumination. Exit signs shall be electrically illuminated to an intensity level of 5.0 foot candles. +Non-LED signs shall be illuminated by a minimum of two electric lamps. + +Add Section 1011.4.3 as follows: + +1011.4.3 Power source. Exit signs shall be illuminated at all times. To ensure continued illumination for a +duration of not less than 90 minutes in case of primaiy power loss, the sign illumination means shall be connected +to an emergency power system provided from storage batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator. The +installation of the emergency power system shall be in accordance with IFC Section 604 as amended. + +Delete Section 1011.5. + +SECTION 1014 +EXIT ACCESS + +Section 1014 Common path of egress travel. + +1014.3 Common path of egress travel is amended by adding to 903.3.1.2 (NFPA 13R) system to exception 4. + +Exception: + +4. The length of common path of egress travel in a group R-2 occupancy shall not be more than 125 feet, provided +the building is protected with an approved sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or +903.3.1.2. + +Section 1014.4.1 Aisles in group B and M is deleted in its entirety and replaced by the following: + +1014.4.1 Aisles in groups B, F, M and S. In Group B, F, M and S occupancies, the minimum clear aisle width shall +be determined by Section 1005.1 for the occupant load served, but shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm). + +Exceptions: + +1. Non public aisles serving less than 50 people and not required to be handicap accessible shall not be less than +28 inches (711 mm) in width. + +2. High-piled combustible storage areas shall comply with the applicable provisions of Chapter 23 of the Fire +Code. + +-63- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +SECTION 1020 + +VERTICAL EXIT CLOSURES + +Section 1020.1.7 Smoke proof enclosures is amended by adding a reference to IFCA Section 909.20.: + +1020.1.7 Smokeproof enclosures. In buildings required to comply with Section 403 or 405, each of the exits of a +buildng that serve stories where the floor surface is located more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the lowest level of +fire department vehicle access or more than 30 feet (9144 mm) below the level of exit discharge serving such floor +levels shall be a smokeproof enclosure or pressurized stairway in accordance with IFCA Section 909.20. + +Delete Section 1020.1.7.2. + +SECTION 1025 +ASSEMBLY + +[F] Section 1025.12 Seat stability has been replaced in its entirety as follows: + +1025.12 Seat stability. In places of assembly, the seats shall be securely fastened to the floor. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Seats are not required to be fastened to the floor in places of assembly or portions thereof: + +• with 100 or fewer seats, and + +• with an actual net area per occupant greater than or equal to 7 sq. ft, and + +• without ramped or tiered floors for seating. + +2. Seats are not required to be fastened to the floor in places of assembly or portions thereof: + +• with 100 or fewer seats, and + +• with an actual net area per occupant greater than or equal to 7 sq. ft, and + +• with ramped or tiered floors for seating, and + +• where plans showing seating, tiers and aisles were submitted to, reviewed and permitted by the Fire Code +Official. + +3. Seats are not required to be fastened to the floor in places of assembly or portions thereof: + +• with more than 100 and fewer than 200 seats, and + +• with an actual net area per occupant greater tiian or equal to 7 sq. ft, and + +• without ramped or tiered floors for seating, and + +• with seats fastened together in groups of five or more. + +4. Seats are not required to be fastened to the floor in places of assembly or portions thereof: + +• with seating at tables, and + +• with an actual net area per occupant greater than or equal to 15 sq. ft, and + +• without ramped or tiered floors for seating. + +5. Groups of seats are not required to be fastened to the floor in places of assembly or portions thereof: + +• with 14 or fewer seats per group, and + +• with an actual net area per occupant greater than or equal to 7 sq. ft, and + +• without ramped or tiered floors for seating, and + +• groups are separated from other seating by railings, guards, partial height walls or similar barriers. + +6. Seats intended for musicians or other performers and separated by railings, guards, partial height walls or similar +barriers shall not be required to be fastened to the floor. + +7. In special events permitted by Section 105.6 of the Fire Code, loose seats, folding chairs or similar seating +facilities that are not fixed to the floor shall be securely fastened together in groups of five or more. + + + +-64- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +CHAPTER 11 +ACCESSIBILITY + +SECTION 1101 +GENERAL + +Section 1101.1 Scope is amended by adding the following sentence: + +1101.1 Scope. In addition to the requirements of this chapter, the provisions of Title 9, Article 5, Colorado Revised +Statutes , as amended, Standards for Accessible Housing, shall be enforced by this Code. Title 9, Article 5, C.R.S. as +amended is reproduced in Appendix M of this Code for reference. + +Section 1101.3 Notice and Warning is added, reading as follows: + +1101.3 Notice and Warning. Although the Code enforces the provisions of Title 9, Article 5, C.R.S., as amended, as set +out in Section 1101.1 above, the Code has not been certified or otherwise conformed by the U.S. Government or State of +Colorado to the requirements or the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") the Rehabilitation Act, the HUD Fair +Housing Act or any other State of Colorado accessibihty laws, including but not limited to the Colorado Anti- +Discrimination Act ("CADA"). + +Therefore, compliance with the Code does not assure compliance with Titles II or III of the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, +the HUD Fair Housing Act or any other Federal or State laws, except as provided in Section 1101.1 above, or any +regulations or guidelines enacted or promulgated with respect to such laws. The City and County of Denver is not +responsible for enforcement of the ADA, Rehabilitation Act, HUD Fair Housing Act or such other Federal or State laws, +except as provided in Section 1101.1 above. + +Building plans submitted under this Code will be reviewed and inspected for compliance with the Code and will not be +reviewed or inspected for compliance with the requirements of the ADA, Rehabilitation Act, HUD Fair Housing Act or +other Federal or State laws, except as provided in Section 1101.1 above. Therefore, it is the sole responsibility of the +developer or building owner to have their plans or facilities independently evaluated by knowledgeable professionals in +order to comply with the applicable requirements of the above- listed laws. + +Any modification to a building will require a building permit. + +Section 1107.6.2.1 is amended by revising the first paragraph creating categories for "For Sale" and +"For Rent" Type A Units: The Exceptions following the first paragraph are to remain as stated. Table +1107.6.2.1 is added. + +1107.6.2.1.1 Type A units. In Group R-2 occupancies. Type A "For Sale" projects containing more than 20 dwelling +units or sleeping units, at least 2 percent but not less than one of the units shall be a Type A unit. Type A "For Rent" +dwelling units or sleeping units in Group R-2 occupancies shall be in accordance with Table 1107.6.2.1. All units on a site +shall be considered to determine the total number of units and the required number of Type A units. Type A units shall be +dispersed among the various classes of units. + +TABLE 1107.6.2.1 +REQUIRED TYPE A "FOR RENT " DWELLING UNITS + + + +Total Number of Dwelling Units +on Site + + +Required Number of Type A +Dwelling Units + + +0- 10 + + +None + + +11-20 + + +1 + + +21-40 + + +2 + + +41-60 + + +3 + + +61-80 + + +4 + + +81 - 100 + + +5 + + +For every 20 units or fractional part thereof, over 100 + + +1 additional + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONALBUILDING CODE + + + +CHAPTER 15 +ROOF ASSEMBLIES AND ROOFTOP STRUCTURES + +SECTION 1503 +WEATHER PROTECTION + +Section 1503.2 Flashing +Section 1503.2.2 is added + +1503.2.2 Flashing for Single-ply roof systems. All flashing installations for single- ply roofing systems shall be +installed per manufacturers' latest recommendations and details for the system. + +Section 1503.2.3 is added + +1503.2.3 Mechanical equipment on roof. Mechanical equipment placed, replaced and reset on roofing shall be +supported on 8-inch curbs or legs, which shall be flashed to tiie roofing and made watertight. + +Section 1503.4 Roof drainage + +1503.4.2 Drain Installation for Single-Ply System is added. + +1503.4.2 Drain Installation for Single-Ply System. Drains for single-ply roof systems shall be installed per the +latest manufacturers' details and recommendations. + +Section 1503.6 Vertical Projections is added. + +1503.6 Vertical Projections. All projections through the roof surface shall be properly flashed to prevent moisture entry. + +1. Pipe penetrations shall be completed with a standard roof jack, flashed per manufacturer- recommended details or +fold flashed. Pitch pans are prohibited. + +2. Pitch pans may be used to flash multiple penetrations with prior approval. Pourable sealer or sheet metal caps +shall be used to seal pitch pans. + +3. Mechanical penetrations may penetrate through properly sized flashing extended 8 inches above the finished +roofing deck with a storm collar. + +SECTION 1507 + +REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOF COVERINGS + +Section 1507.2 Asphalt Shingles + +Section 1507.2.8 Asphalt Shingles is amended by adding exception. +Exception: + +An accepted self-adhering polymer modified bitumer sheet can substitute for a double underlayment installation. + +Section 1507.2.9.2 Valleys is amended by adding item 4. + +4. Metal liners shall not be installed in closed valleys. + +Section 1507.3 Clay and Concrete Tile + +Section 1507.3.10 Inspection of Tile Roofs is added. + +1507.3.10 Inspection of Tile Roofs. Mid-roof inspections shall be requested when no more than 30% of the roofing +is completed. + +Section 1507.6 Mineral Surfaced Roofing + +Section 1507.6.2 is amended by replacing it in its entirety with the following: + +1507.6.2 Deck Slope. Mineral surfaced rolled roofing (90 lbs.) shall not be applied on roof slopes below two units +vertical in twelve units horizontal. + +Exception: + +-66- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Detached garages, patios and carports open on three sides may have a slope of one unit vertical in twelve units +horizontal. + +Section 1507.10 Built-up roofs + +Section 1507.10.3 Flashing for Interior Roof Drains is added. + +1507.10.3 Flashing for Interior Roof Drains. Flashing for interior roof drains shall be one of the following: + +A minimum of 2 x 2 feet, 4- pound lead sheet or lead- copper coated sheet, set on completed felts in flashing +cement. + +The metal shall be turned a minimum of V2 inch into a drain sump and plied with 2 plies of type 4 felt or modified +bitumen membrane of sufficient dimension to extend a minimum of 6 inches past metal sheet. + +A 2-component drain system. The membrane flashing shall be polyvinylchloride sheet measuring 22 inches in +length and factory attached to the underside of the strainer flange. The membrane flashing shall be applied on top +of the completed felt and shall extend a minimum of 6 inches from the outside diameter of the drain throat, shall +be set into hot asphalt or approved sealants and plied in with 2 plies of type 4 felt. + +Drain details for single- ply systems shall be per manufacturers' specifications. + +Section 1507.10.4 Flashing - New Built-Up Roof Covering is added. + +Section 1507.10.4 Flashing - New Built-Up Roof Covering. Flashing shall be installed on all vertical walls and +curbs in accordance with the manufacturers' specifications or as follows: + +1. All flashing surfaces shall be primed. + +2. All flashing shall extend at least 8 inches, but not more than 12 inches, up all vertical surfaces and at least 4 +inches out from base of cant or at intervals specified by manufacturer. + +3. The top edges of the flashing shall be fastened at 3- inch inten/als and sealed with plastic cement. + +4. All vertical walls and projections shall be counter- flashed with a 2-piece metal system installed watertight. + +5. Nailer strips shall be provided on vertical walls, drips in edge and curbs which will not accept conventional +nailing. + +Section 1507.10.5 Stucco is added. + +Section 1507.10.5 Stucco. Stucco on walls extending above the roof shall terminate a minimum of 2 inches above +the finished roofing of a flat roof and 2 inches above shingle, shake and tile roofs. + +Section 1507.10.6 Drainage testing is added. + +Section 1507.10.6 Drainage testing. Positive drainage shall be required. Approval drainage test shall pass when "no- +standing" water remains on the roof after 72 hours with an average temperature of 70 degrees. + +SECTION 1510 +REROOFING + +Section 1510 Reroofing of Built-Up Roofs is added. + +Section 1510.7 Reroofing of Built-Up Roofs. Pre- roofing inspection shall be made by this Agency for all +commercial built-up and single ply systems to verify that the existing roof meets the following conditions: + +The existing roof deck is structurally sound. + +The roof drains and roof drainage are sufficient to prevent the ponding of water + +The existing roofing is secured to the existing roof deck. + +The existing insulation is not wet (a 3"^ party moistuiB scan rm/ be required). + +The fire-retandant classification of the roof shall be maintained + + + +-67- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +CHAPTER 16 +STRUCTURAL DESIGN + +SECTION 1607 +LIVE LOADS + +Section 1607 shall be used in its entirety except as amended below: + +1607.14 Fire Truck Loading. Where fire department access requires travel over or loading of a structure by fire +department vehicles, the structure shall be analyzed for the three load cases for each of the two vehicle types indicated +below. Structural members shall be designed for the most severe case. The fire vehicle geometries are shown in Figures +1607.14(1) and (2). + +Platforai Truck - Figure 1607.14 (1) + +Basic Load Case: + +The front axle load shall be 22,800 pounds (11,400 pounds per tire) with a tire contact area of 12 in. x 13 in. The load +on each rear axle shall be 27,000 pounds (13,500 pounds per tire) with a tire contact area of 14 in. x 16 in. Impact and +longitudinal forces imparted by the vehicle loads shall be in accordance with the latest edition of AASHTO standards. + +Static Load Case A: + +A load of 38,500 pounds on one outrigger. The contact area of each outrigger is 24 in. x 24 in. The load is to be +located so as to produce the maximum stress in the member(s) being analyzed when applied according to the +geometry of Figure 1607.14. (1). + +Static Load Case B: + +A load of 30,000 pounds on each of two adjacent outriggers (total load is 60,000 pounds). The contact area of each +outrigger is 24 in. x 24 in. The load is to be located so as to produce the maximum stress in the member(s) being +analyzed when applied according to the geometry of Figure 1607.14. (1). + +Ladder Truck - Figure 1607.14 (2) + +Basic Load Case: + +The front axle load shall be 22,800 pounds (11,400 pounds per tire) with a tire contact area of 12 in. x 13 in. The load +on the rear axle shall be 31,000 pounds (15,500 pounds per tire) with a tire contact area of 14 in. x 16 in. Impact and +longitudinal forces imparted by the vehicle loads shall be in accordance with the latest edition of AASHTO standards. + +Static Load Case A: + +A load of 29,000 pounds on one outrigger. The contact area of each outrigger is 24 in. x 24 in. The load is to be +located so as to produce the maximum stress in the member(s) being analyzed when applied according to the +geometry of Figure 1607.14.(2). + +Static Load Case B: + +A load of 20,000 pounds on each of two adjacent outriggers (total load is 40,000 pounds). The contact area of each +outrigger is 24 in. x 24 in. The load is to be located so as to produce the maximum stress in the member(s) being +analyzed when applied according to the geometry of Figure 1607.14.(2) + +The Fire Prevention and Investigation Division shall determine the area around any building or structure for which fire +access and, therefore, the provisions of this section are required. + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +THIS REGION INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK + + + +-69- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +DENVER FIRE DEPARTMENT - FIRE TRUCK GEOMETRY + + + + + +4- 4'6"._w + + + +8ft + + + +Tire contact area, front +12"xl3"(TYP.of2) + + + +Tire contact area, rear +14" X 16"(TYP of 4) + + + +19'2' + + + + +Each outrigger has a 24" x +24" pad (TY P. of 4). + + + +FIGURE 1607.14 (1) - PLATFORM TRUCK + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +DENVER FIRE DEPARTMENT - FIRE TRUCK GEOMETRY + + + + + +8 ft + + + +Tire contact area, front +12"xl3"(TYP.of2) + + + +Tire contact area, rear +14" X 16"(TYP of 2) + + + +19'2' + + + + +Each outrigger has a 24" x +24" pad (TY P. of 4). + + + +FIGURE 1607.14 (2) - LADDER TRUCK + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +SECTION 1608 +SNOW LOADS + +Section 1608 Snow Loads shall be used in its entirety except as amended below: + +1608.1 General Design snow loads shall be determined using whichever of the following criteria produces the largest +stress in the member(s) being designed. + +1608.1.1 Criteria 1. Design snow loads, including drifting and unbalanced snow loads, shall be determined in +accordance with Section 7 of ASCE 1, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. + +1608.1.2 Criteria 2. Neglecting drifting, unbalanced loadings, and snow load importance factors, a uniformly applied +roof snow load (pf orp) shall be: + +A uniformly ^plied load on the entire exposed ar^a of 30 pounds per square foot for all structures in the +occupancy Categories III and IV of Table 1604.5. + +A uniformly ^plied load on the entire exposed ar^a of 25 pounds per square foot for all other structures. + +Roofs used for paridng of passenger vehicles shall be designed for a total non-reducible uniform load of 55 psf. +This load need not be combined with other snow loads or other live loads ^plied to the rcof . + +1608.2 Ground Snow Loads. Ground snow load for use with the procedures of ASCE 7 shall be 25 pounds per square +foot. + +1608.3 Snow Load Importance Factor. The values for the snow load importance factor I, in Table 7-4 of ASCE 7 shall +be amended as follows: + +Category III 1.2 + +Category IV 1.4 + +1608.4 Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load need not be considered. + +1608.5 Additional Criteria. Snow loads are not to be considered as reducible live loads. + +SECTION 1609 +WIND LOADS + +Section 1609 Wind Loads shall be used in its entirety except as amended below: + +1609.1.1.2 Reduction for air density. In calculating velocity pressures using Eq. 6-15 in ASCE 7, the numerical +constant, 0.00256, may be reduced to account for air density. Any reduction shall comply with ASCE 7, Section +C6.5.10, but in no case shall the reduction in the numerical constant exceed fifteen percent. + +1609.3 Basic wind speed. The basic wind speed, to be used in the provisions of ASCE 7, shall be 90 miles per hour (Vss, +three second gust) for all areas in the Qty and County of Denver located east of a line defined as the centedine of Federal +Boulevani For areas located west of the centedine of Federal Boulevand, the basic wind speed (Vss, three second gust) +shall be interpolated between the contours as defined in the report titled "Colorado Front Range Gust Map" dated +February 28, 2006, in which the 90 mph contour is located along the centerline of Federal Boulevard, the 100 mph +contour is located along the centerline of Sheridan Boulevard, and the 110 mph contour is located along the centerline of +Kipling Boulevard. The centerlines of Federal Boulevard, Sheridan Boulevard, and Kipling Boulevard, are assumed to be +projected to the north and south boundaries of the City and County of Denver.^ + +SECTION 1613 +EARTHQUAKE LOADS + +Section 1613 Earthquake Loads, shall be used in its entirety except as amended below: + +1613.5.2 Site C lass Definition. Based on the site class properties, the site shall be classified as either Site Class A, B, +C, D, E, or F in accordance with Table 1613.5.2. Ai^ assignment of site class NOT based on soil shear wave +velocity, measured for the top 100 feet of the soil profile, shall conply with the following limitations: + +-72- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +No site shall be assigned as Site Class A, B, or C when bedrock has an overburden depth greater than 15 feet, as +measured from the top of bedrock to the finished grade. + +No site shall be assigned as Site Class A or B when bedrock has an overburden depth less than or equal to 15 feet, as +measured from the top of bedrock to the finished grade. + +When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the site class. Site Class D shall be used +unless the building official or geotechnical data determines that Site Class E or F soil is likely to be present at the site. + +1613.5.6.3 Seismic Design Category, Minimum. All buildings and structures in the City and County of Denver +shall satisfy the requirements of seismic design category B, as a minimum. + + + +CHAPTER 17 +STRUCTURAL TESTS AND SPECIAL INSPECTIONS + +SECTION 1704 +SPECIAL INSPECTIONS + +Section 1704.1 General and Section 1704.1.1 Statement of special inspections are amended by +replacing the reference to Section 109 to Administration of the Denver Building Code and +Administrative Section 154.1, item 3B. + + + +CHAPTER 18 +SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS + +SECTION 1805 + +FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS + +Section 1805 Footings and Foundations shall be used in its entirety except as amended below: + +Section 1805.2.1 Frost Protection. The following sentence is added. The frost line for the City and County of +Denver is to be 36 inches (915 mm) below the finished grade. + +Section 1805.4.1 Design. Footings shall be so designed that the allowable bearing capacity of the soil is not +exceeded, and differential settlement is minimized. + +Footing in areas with expansive soils shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of Section 1805.8. + +Section 1805.5 Foundation Walls shall read as follows: Concrete and masonry foundation walls shall be designed in +accordance with Chapter 19 or 21. Foundation walls that are laterally supported at the top and bottom and within the +parameters of Tables 1805.5(1) through 1805.5(4), are permitted to be designed and constructed in accordance with +Sections 1805.5.1 through 1805.5.5 except that the maximum bar spacing shall not exceed 24 inches (610 mm). + +Section 1805.5.3 Alternative Foundation Wall Reinforcement shall read as follows: In lieu of the reinforcement +provisions in Table 1805.5(2), 1805.5(3), or 1805.5(4), alternative reinforcing bar sizes and spacings having an +equivalent cross- sectional area of reinforcement per linear foot (mm) of wall is permitted to be used, provided the +spacing of reinforcement does not exceed 24 inches (610 mm) and reinforcing bar sizes do not exceed No. 11. + + + +-73- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +SECTION 1810 + +CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATIONS + +Section 1810 Cast-in-place Concrete Pile Foundations sliall be used in its entirety except as amended +below: + +Section 1810.3.2 Dimensions. The length shall not exceed 30 times the average diameter. + +Exception: + +The length of the pile is permitted to exceed 30 times the diameter, provided that the design and installation of the +pile foundation are under the direct supervision of a registered design professional knowledgeable in the field of +soil mechanics in compliance with the approved construction documents. + + + +CHAPTER 27 +ELECTRICAL + +SECTION 2700 +GENERAL - DENVER + +Sections 2700.1 and 2700.2 are added. + +Section 2700.1 Electrical Code References. All references in this Code to the "ICC Electrical Code" are changed to the +"Electrical Code as adopted ty the State of Colorado". + +Section 2700.2 Service Masts. Where a mast is required to maintain the overhead conductor height required by the +Electrical Code, the mast shall be a minimum of 2 inch Rigid Metal Conduit or 2 inch Intermediate Metal Conduit. All +masts over 48 inches in height shall be appropriately guyed to counter stresses from the service drop. + + + +CHAPTER 29 +PLUMBING SYSTEMS + +[P]SECTI0N 2902 + +MINIMUM PLUMBING FACILITIES + +Section 2902.1 is amended by replacing it in its entirety with the following: + +Section 2902. 1 M inimum Number of Fixtures. Plumbing fixtures shall be pro^dded for the type of occipaocy and in the +rdnimum nun±)er shown in Table 2902.1. Type of oocipancies not shown in Table 2902.1 shall be considered +individually by the Code Official. The nuniDer of occupants shall be debemined by the International Building Code, +Table 1001. 1.2. Occupancy classification shall be detemined in accondance with the International Building Code. + +Sections 2902.7, 2902.8, 2902.9, ancJ 2902.10 are acJcJecJ: + +[EH] Section 2902.7 Access. There shall be no access through a toilet room to any portion of a building. Access to toilet +rooms shall not be through food preparation areas, except for toilet room facilities provided exclusively for the use of +employees in the food preparation area. + +[EH] Section 2902.8 Toilet room accessories. A minimum of one hand-drying facility shall be provided in each toilet +room where lavatories are provided. + +[EH] Section 2902.9 Location of service sinks. Except for Group R occupancies, sen/ice sinks are required on each +floor where toilet facilities are required. Service sinks shall not be installed in toilet rooms. + +-74- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Section 2902.10 Restaurants + +1. The number of occupants for a drive-in restaurant or drive-in theater shall be considered as equal to twice the +number parking stalls. + +2. Employee toilet facilities are not to be included in the above restaurant requirements. + + + +CHAPTER 30 +ELEVATORS AND CONVEYING SYSTEMS + +SECTION 3001 +GENERAL + +Section 3001.2 Referenced standards is amended by adding the following: + +ASME A 17.1 A-2004 addenda and A 17. IS Supplement Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators +ASME 18.1-2003 Safety standanl for Platform Lifts and Stairway Chairlifts +ASME A 110.4 later addition Personnel Hoists + +SECTION 3002 +HOISTWAY ENCLOSURES + +Section 3002.3 is amended by adding the following sentence to the end of the paragraph: + +All exit stairs and areas of refuge shall be graphically located on a sign adjacent to the elevator call buttons. Sign shall + +comply with ICC A117.1. + +[F] SECTION 3003 +EMERGENCY OPERATIONS + +[F] Section 3003.1 Standby Power. The title of [F] Section 3003.1 is amended by changing the title to "Emergency +Power" and any reference to standby power in the subsections of 3003.1 to emergency power to coordinate with IFCA +Section 604.2.19. + +Section 3003.1.3.1 is added: + +3003.1.3.1 Two or More Elevators in High Rise Building: + +Sufficient emergency power shall be provided to simultaneously operate two elevators for each group of elevators +controlled by a common operating system. Additional emergency power shall be provided for the elevator car +that has been designated to accommodate an ambulance stretcher as described in Section 3002.4 if this car is not +included in one of the groups above. + +Exception: + +Sufficient emergency power shall be provided for only one elevator for each group of elevators controlled by +a common operating system that serve only open parking levels of the High Rise building. + +SECTION 3004 +HOISTWAYVENTING + +Section 3004.1 is amended by adding exceptions 3, 4 and 5 and specify where permanent open vents +are permitted. + +Exceptions: + +3. Hoistway in High Rise buildings shall comply with the High Rise provisions of IBC/IFC Chapter 9. + +4. Residential elevators need not to be vented. + +-75- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +5. Stand alone open parking garages. +Permanent open vents shall be permitted in the following hoistways: + +1 . Hoistways in unheated buildings + +2. Unheated outside hoistways + +3. Hoistways that do not extend to the roof of an atrium + +Section 3004.1.1 Vent Operation is added: + +Section 3004.1.1 Vent Operation: All hoistway vents shall be closed, motorized vents (electrically) and shall open +automatically by activation of the elevator hoistway smoke detector and/or a power failure. Refer to the IFC amendments +in the Fire alarm System Section for further clarification regarding control and sequencing. + +SECTION 3005 +CONVEYING SYSTEMS + +Section 3005.1 General is amended by adding an exception. +Exception: + +Material handling conveyors and conveying systems are not regulated by this Code. + +SECTION 3007 + +ELEVATOR RECALL FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS WITH PRESSURIZED HOISTWAYS + +Section 3007 Elevator Recall for High Rise Buildings with Pressurized Hoistways is added: + +3007 Elevator Recall for high-rise buildings with pressurized hoist ways. In addition to the requirements of A 17.1, +Fire Fighters' service, elevator operation within highrise buildings with pressurized hoist ways shall be as follows: + +The elevator doors shall automatically open when the car reaches the approved level. After a period of one minute, +elevators shall automatically close their doors. The doors shall be responsive by pressing the designated return floor call +button in the elevator lobby or by pressing the door open button in the interior of the elevator cab. Elevators shall remain +at that level until manual overrides by the key-operated switch required by ASM E 17.1. + +Only the hall call buttons at the designated return level, the level the car(s) have returned to, shall function as door open +buttons. All doors shall open simultaneously when operating under normal building power. When operating under +emergency power, only the cars selected for emergency operation shall open their doors simultaneously. + +During Phase 1 operation, the door recycle shall be 60 seconds. + +Once the car is placed on Phase II, the fire department has control of the elevator; it shall operate per ASME A 17.2 rule +2113.C, Normal Phase II Operation. + +SECTION 3008 + +ELEVATOR, ESCALATOR AND MOVING SIDEWALK ACCIDENT REPORTING + +3008.1 Definitions. For the purpose of this section, "accident" means a malfunction of an escalator or moving sidewalk +that results in an injury to a person or persons or that results in damage to the affected equipment, other than merely +cosmetic damage. For the purposes of this section, "injury" means an injury to a person that results in treatment by a +doctor or other medical professional. + +3008.2 Time to report. Any accident involving an elevator, escalator or moving sidewalk that results in injury shall be +reported to the Agency within 24 hours after the accident by the owner or managing agent of the property in or on which +said equipment is located. Any accident that does not involve injury shall be reported to the Agency witiiin 48 hours. A +written report by the owner or agent shall be filed with the Agency within 72 hours. + +3008.3 After accident operation. When an escalator or moving sidewalk accident causes an injury, the equipment shall +not be operated until such operation is approved by the Agency. A representative of the Agency shall make an on-site +visit to examine the equipment within 24 hours of the initial report to the Agency. + +-76- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +3008.4 Removal. No portion of equipment involved in an accident that is reported under Section 3008.2 shall be +removed from the premises until approval for such removal has been granted by the Agency. + + + +CHAPTER 31 +SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION + +SECTION 3105 + +AWNINGS AND CANOPIES + +Section 3105.5 Canopy Special Provisions is added: +Section 3105.5 Canopy Special Provisions. + +A . A canopy may be entirely supported by the building to which it is attached. + +B . Separation between different types of construction shall not be required. + +C. Canopies shall comply with Fire Department access requirements. The minimum height of canopies at locations +not requiring Fire Department access shall be 8 feet. + +D. Canopies in the public right-of-way shall comply with Section 3202. + +E. Canopies shall not obstruct required exits. + +F. For the purposes of this code, a porte-cochere may be considered a canopy. +Section 3110 is added: + +[CDH] SECTION 3110 + +MANUFACTURED OR FACTORY-BUILT STRUCTURES + +Section 3110.1 Definitions. + +1. Manufactured or Factory-built Structures shall mean factory- assembled structures which are completely finished +to include all utilities and are transported to a site of permanent installation. This shall include mobile homes, +factory-built housing and non- residential structures as defined by state and federal regulations. + +2. Federal Act shall mean the National Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974, 42 +USCA, Sections 5401 to 5426, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. + +3. Colorado Housing Act shall mean the Colorado Housing Act of 1980 as amended. Title 24, Article 32, Part 7 of +the Colorado Revised Statutes. + +Section 3110.2 Factory Approval of Manufactured Structures. + +1. Housing manufactured in or out of state under the Federal Act are inspected and approved by a HUD -authorized +Product Primary Inspection Agency (IPIA). The manufacturer shall permanently attach a HUD label (seal) to the +exterior of the home on the tail light end of each transportable section. Each manufactured home shall bear a data +compliance sheet (plate) permanently affixed to the interior of the home near the electrical panel in a visible +location. The data compliance sheet (plate) shall show structural zone and snow and wind loads for which the +home has been designed, thus determining whether the home does or does not meet the Colorado requirements of +the Federal Act. + +2. Manufactured structures not constructed to the Federal Act shall be constructed in compliance with the Colorado +Housing Act or the Colorado Factory Build Nonresidential Structures Act. The Colorado Division of Housing +shall be the inspection agency and shall require a permanent Colorado approval label (seal) with a factory-built +(FB) certification number attached to each unit. + +3. Other factory-built structures are not allowed. Prefabricated systems for residential or nonresidential use shall +comply with the other sections of this Chapter. For example: + +-77- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +i. Stressed skin panels assembled at the site for roof, floor and walls. + +ii. Shell type units. + +Section 3110.3 Permits Required. The installation of factory- built structures shall comply with all provisions of the +Building Code except the plans for the MHU are not required when either of the following items are provided to the +Department: + +A . A data compliance sheet for HUD -approved manufactured housing units. + +B . A copy of the Colorado approval label (seal) with a legible factory-built certification number. + +Section 3110.4 Seal. A Colorado Division of Housing approval label (seal) must be permanently affixed to each factory- +built structure. + +Section 3110.5 Inspection and Notice. The Federal Act and the Colorado Housing Act preempt the Building Code in +relation to factory-built structures; therefore the Agency does not inspect them. However, the Agency shall inspect the +foundation, installation of utilities and installation of the factory- built structures to the foundation. + +1. The following notices shall be given to all persons applying for any permit relating to manufactured homes and +factory- built structures from any agency of tiie City: + +a. "In accordance with Federal and Colorado law, this manufactured structure has not been inspected by the City +and County of Denver and may or may not meet the requirements of the Denver Building Code. + +b. "It shall be the obligation of the permit applicant to forward this notice to the owner of the manufactured +home or factory built structure." + +2. The notice set forth in Subsection A above shall be permanently installed in a visible location by the permit +applicant adjacent to the date plate required by the Federal Act or in the furnace closet on factory-built structures. + + + +CHAPTER 32 +ENCROACHMENTS INTO THE PUBLIC RIGHT-OF-WAY + +[PW] SECTION 3202 +ENCROACHMENTS + +Section 3202.2 is deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following: + +Section 3202.2 Encroachments. All encroachments shall comply with the Denver Revised Municipal Code, Chapter 49, +Rules & Regulations of the Department of Public Works, and all departmental published standards. + +Exception: + +1. Existing doors and windows of historic buildings whether individually designated or contributing buildings in +a Historic District or in buidings 50 years or older. New entrance / exit doors constructing in historic facades +may encroach up to 3' into the street frontage of the right of way when a recessed opening is not in character +witii the existing fagade. + +2. In new construction, doors and windows shall not open or project into the public right of way. +Section 3202.3 is reserved. + +Section 3202.4 Temporary Encroachments is amended to replace the first sentence with the following: + +Section 3202.4 Temporary Encroachments. Where allowed by the local authority having jurisdiction, vestibules and +storm enclosures shall not be erected for a period of time exceeding 7 months in any one year and shall not encroach more +than 3 feet (914 mm) nor more than one- fourth of the width of the sidewalk beyond the street lot line, unless otherwise +permitted by the Department of Public Works. + + + +-78- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +CHAPTER 33 +SAFEGUARDS DURING CONSTRUCTION + +Section 3303 is amended by replacing it in its entirety with the following: + +SECTION 3301 +GENERAL + +Section 3301.1 shall be deleted and replaced with the following: + +Section 3301.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern safety during construction, demolition and moving and +the protection of adjacent public and private properties. + +Section 3301.3 shall be added: + +Section 3301.1 Demolition and Moving Standard. Unless provided for in other portions of this Building Code, the +following additional standard shall be utilized in relation to the work covered in this chapter, American National Standard +Institute publication, "Demolition Safety Requirements A 10.6- 1990". + +SECTION 3302 +CONSTRUCTION SAFEGUARDS + +[PW] Section 3302.2 shall be amended by the addition of the following sentence: + +All adjacent streets, alleys and other public ways and places shall be kept free and clear of all rubbish, refuse and loose +material resulting from the moving, demolition or demolition removal operations. + +[EH] Section 3302.2.1 Dust shall be added. + +Section 3302.2.1 Dust. All dust resulting from demolition operations shall be settled with water and approved by the +Agency. + +SECTION 3303 +DEMOLITION + +Section 3303.1.1 shall be added: + +Section 3303.1.1 Registered Design Professionals' Reports. If the building to be demolished shares a common wall +with an adjacent building, the owner of the building to be demolished shall provide a registered design professional's +report assessing the effect the removal of the adjacent building will have on the structural capacity and stability of the +remaining buildings. Should the registered design professional's report indicate adverse effects on the adjacent +buildings, a demolition permit will not be issued until the stability of the buildings is resolved. Except as approved by +the Agency, buildings four (4) or more stories in height shall require a registered design professional's report to be +filed with the Agency as part of the application for a demolition permit being issued. The registered design +professional's report shall contain, but is not limited to, information as to: + +1 . Type of construction + +2. Method of demolition + +3. A structural survey made to determine the condition of the structure + +4. Determination of the possibility of unplanned collapse of any portion of the building or structure + +5. Street, sidewalk or other public way closures + +6. M ethod of protecting the public + +7. Pertinent data and analysis pertaining to adj acent structures + +The Agency may request additional registered design professionals' reports for other demolition operations when +deemed necessary. + +-79- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Section 3303.1.2 Shoring and Bracing of Damaged Structures shall be added: + +3303.2.1 Shoring and Bracing of Damaged Structures. When persons are required to work within a structure to be +demolished which has been damaged by fire, flood, explosion or other cause, the structure shall be braced or shored +for safety. + +Section 3303.1.3 Asbestos shall be added: + +[EH] 3303.1.3 Asbestos. Buildings, or portions of buildings, being demolished containing friable asbestos shall +conform to the provisions of the National Emission Standard for Asbestos and all other federal and state regulations. +A demolition permit shall not be issued until a copy of the notice is submitted to the Agency. + +Section 3303.4 Vacant Lot shall be deleted and replaced by the following: + +3303.4 Vacant Lot. Where a structure has been demolished or removed, the vacated lot shall be filled and maintained to +the existing grade. Upon completion of the removal of a building, structure or utility, by demolition the ground shall be +left in a clean, smooth condition. Holes, basements or cellars shall be filled with an inorganic material; provided, +however, that the top one foot of fill shall be clean earth. The filling of such excavations shall not be required when a +building permit has been issued for a new building on the site and construction is to be started within 60 days after +completion of the demolition or moving operations. The holder of the building permit shall provide a temporary barricade +protecting the excavation on all sides as specified for safety by the Agency. The temporary barricade may remain in +position for a time not exceeding 3 days, after which a solid barricade or fence shall be provided or the excavation filled. + +Section 3303.6 shall be amended by adding the following sentence: + +All sen/ice utility connections shall be shut off, capped or otherwise controlled outside the building line, or area of +demolition prior to beginning demolition work. + +Section 3303.6.1 Relocation of Utilities shall be added: + +3303.6.1 Relocation of Utilities. Any power, water or other utilities required to be maintained during demolition +shall be temporarily relocated and protected. + +Section 3303.6.2 Dangerous Utilities shall be added: + +3303.6.2 Dangerous Utilities. A determination shall be made by the contractor if any type of hazardous chemicals, +gases, explosives, flammable materials or similarly dangerous substances have been used in any pipes, tanks or other +equipment on the property. When the presence of any such substance is apparent or suspected, testing and purging +shall be performed by the demolition contractor and the hazard eliminated prior to demolition operations. + +Section 3303.7 Machine and Explosive Demolition shall be added: + +3303.7 Machine and Explosives Demolition. Machine demolition shall be subject to approval by the Agency. + +Contractors utilizing explosives in their demolition operation shall be specifically approved by the Building Official. For +storage and transportation of explosives, see the Fire Code for the City and County of Denver. + +SECTION 3306 + +PROTECTION OF PEDESTRIANS + +Section 3306.1.1 Safety Watchman shall be added: + +3306.1.1 Safety Watchman. A second person, in addition to the equipment operator shall be present on the job site +to act as a safety watchman to prevent the entry of unauthorized persons. On demolition sites, when approved by the +Agency, the safety watchman may be used in lieu of site protection required by Section 3306.1. + +SECTION 3307 + +PROTECTION OF ADJ OINING PROPERTY + +Section 3307.1 shall be deleted and replaced with the following: + +3307.1 Protection required. Adjacent public and private property shall be protected from damage during construction, +excavation, remodeling, demolition, and building relocation work. Protection is the responsibility of the person +performing the construction, excavation, remodeling, demolition or building relocation work. Protection shall be provided + +-80- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +for footings, foundations party walls, chimneys, skylights, roofs, fences and landscaping. Provisions shall be made to +control water runoff and erosion during construction, excavation, remodeling, demolition or relocation activities. + +Section 3307.1.1 Notification. The person making or causing an excavation, demolition or relocation to be made +shall provide written notice to the owners of adjacent properties, by certified mail with a return receipt, by personal +notification or other means calculated to ensure the adjacent owners have actual notice, advising them that the +excavation demolition or relocation is to be made providing contact information for the person doing the excavation, +demolition or relocation and shall protect adjacent properties as required by Section 3307.1. Said notification shall be +delivered not less than 10 days prior to the scheduled starting date of the excavation, demolition and/or relocation. + +Written evidence of notification of adjacent owners or a written, signed statement as to why actual notice could not be +given, must be given to the Building Official ten (10) working days before an excavation, demolition or relocation +permit is issued. + +Section 3307.2 Repair of Damage to Public Property shall be added: + +3307.2 Repair of Damage to Public Property. As a condition of obtaining a permit to wreck or move any building, +structure or utility, the permittee assumes liability for any damage to public property occasioned by such moving, +demolition or removal operations. The permittee agrees to repair any damage to public property, including any public +sidewalks, occasioned by such moving, demolition or removal operations. Failure to make such repairs within 30 days +shall be grounds for the revocation of the contractor's license. + +Section 3307.3 shall be added: + +3307.3 Work Abutting the Public Way. Prior to the issuance of a permit by the Agency for the construction, demolition +or relocation of any building involving excavation extending within one foot of the angle of repose or a slope of one to +one under any public sidewalk, street, alley or other public property, the owner of the property or proposed building shall +submit to the Manager of Public Works an indemnity bond in tie amount determined by tiie Manager in a form approved +by the City Attorney. + +SECTION 3308 + +TEMPORARY USE OF STREETS, ALLEYS AND PUBLIC PROPERTY + +Section 3308.3 shall be added: + +[PW] 3308.3 Transportation Approval. Trucks and other equipment used by the contractor shall not interfere with or +block either vehicular or pedestrian traffic, except when approved by the Department of Public Works. Where it becomes +necessary to transport units of a wrecked building, structure or utility upon and through the public streets, alleys or other +public ways and places, permission to do so shall be obtained from the Department of Public Works. + +Section 3313 shall be added. + +SECTION 3313 + +MOVING AND RELOCATION OF STRUCTURES + +Section 3313.1 Scope. Buildings, structures or utilities which are moved from one location to another, within or from the +City, shall conform to all requirements of this Building Code. These buildings, structures or utilities shall be inspected +and approved by the Agency prior to moving. + +[PW] Section 3313.2 Transportation Approval. Moving of structures on the public way by the contractor shall not +interfere with or block either vehicular or pedestrian traffic, except when approved by the Department of Public Works. +Where it becomes necessary to transport units of a wrecked building, structure or utility upon and through the public +streets, alleys or other public ways and places, permission to do so shall be obtained from the Department of Public +Works. As required by Public Works the Contractor shall submit to the Manager of Public Works an indemnity bond in +the amount determined by the Manager in a form approved by the City Attorney. + +[PW] Section 3313.3 Moving on the Public Way. Moving on the public right of way shall follow Public Works +regulations. + +Section 3313.4 Storage of Moved Buildings. Buildings, structures or utilities shall not be stored on any property for +more than 72 hours, unless approved by the Agency. + +-81 - +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Section 3313.5 Vacated lot. Reference Section 3303.4. + + + +CHAPTER 34 +EXISTING STRUCTURES + +[EB] SECTION 3401 +GENERAL + +Section 3401.1 is replaced in its entirety with the following: + +3401.1 Scope. The provisions of this Chapter and Section 1027 of the Fire Code shall control the alteration, repair, +addition and change of occupancy of existing structures. + +Exception: + +Existing bleachers, grandstands and folding and telescopic seating shall comply with ICC 300-02. + +The phrases "change of occupancy" and "change of use" are interchangeable. + +Section 3404.3 is replaced in its entirety with the following: + +Section 3404.3. The fire escape shall be designed to support a live load of 100 pounds per square foot (4788 Pa) and shall +be constructed of noncombustible materials. + +[EB] SECTION 3406 +CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY + +Section 3406.3 is amended by adding the following paragraph: + +Stairways constructed prior to the adoption of the 2004 Denver Building Code using the provision of prior Denver +Building Codes allowing " A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 13 feet (3963 mm) between floor +levels or landings" may continue to utilize this provision and shall not be required to meet present code for the rise +between floor levels or landings. + +SECTION 3410 + +COMPLIANCE ALTERNATIVES + +Section 3410 Compliance Alternatives shall be used in its entirety except as amended below: + +Section 3410.2 Applicability. For the design and analysis of structural systems and elements, all buildings and structures +designed under building codes in force prior to September 1976, in which there is work involving additions, alterations, or +changes of occupancy, shall be made to conform to any one of the following, in its entirety: + +The requirements of this section or the provisions of Sections 3403 through 3407. + +The requirements of the 1997 Uniform Code for Building Conservation. + +The requirements of the 2006 International Existing Building Code. + +For the design and analysis of structural systems and elements, all buildings and structures designed under building codes +in force subsequent to September 1976, in which there is work involving additions, alterations, or changes of occupancy, +shall be made to conform to the requirements of the 2006 International Existing Building Code. + +The provisions in Sections 3410.2.1 through 3410.2.5 shall apply to existing occupancies that shall continue to be, or are +proposed to be, in Groups A, B, E, F, M, R, S, and U. These provisions shall not apply to buildings with occupancies in +Groups H or I. + +Section 3410.4.1 Structural Analysis. The owner shall have a structural analysis of the existing building made to +determine the adequacy of structural systems for the proposed alteration, addition or change of occupancy. The + +-82- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +existing building shall be capable of supporting the minimum load requirements of Chapter 16. For seismic loads, +FEMA 273, ASCE 31, or FEMA 356, may be used in lieu of Chapter 16 requirements. + + + +CHAPTER 61 +REHABILITATION OF EXISTING BUILDING + +SECTION 6101 +GENERAL + +Section 6101.1 Scope. This Chapter applies to the rehabilitation of all existing buildings, structures and utilities of any +occupancy classification, except Group H Occupancy, which is at least 30 years old. This Chapter shall supersede all the +requirements of this Code that are in conflict with the provisions of this Chapter, except the requirements of Chapter 1 +relating to unsafe buildings, structures or utilities. + +Section 6101.2 Intent. The intent of this Chapter of the Code is to allow for cost-effective and efficient renovation of +existing buildings that are at least 30 years old which may not meet the strict letter of present building and fire codes, but +that still meet basic life-safety standards. + +Section 6101.3 Declaration. It is hereby declared, as a matter of public policy, that the rehabilitation, preservation and +restoration of older buildings, located within the City and County of Denver, are a public necessity and are required in the +interest of the general welfare of the people. Special consideration shall be given to buildings that are structures for +preservation or contributing structures in Districts for Preservation. + +Section 6101.4 Exception for the Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. Buildings, structures and utilities conforming +with Section 6101.1 of this Code may be granted an Exception from the requirements of this Code, concerning the repair, +rehabilitation or change of use or occupancy of such building, structure or utility. No Exception shall be granted unless +the following conditions exist: + +1. The building, structure or utility is at least 30 years old; and + +2. The building, structure or utility is structurally sound and the proposed repair, rehabilitation or change of use or +occupancy will substantially improve the use, safety and welfare of the occupants. The Committee or Building +Official, in making this decision, may request an engineer's or architect's report to determine the condition of the +building, structure or utility. + +SECTION 6102 +COMMITTEE + +Section 6102.1 Creation. There is hereby created the Committee composed of 9 members who shall be appointed by the +Mayor for terms of 2 years. The terms shall be staggered to allow for continuity. The Board members may petition to be +considered for additional terms. + +Section 6102.2 Composition. The Committee membership shall consist of at least one representative of the following +fields: + +1 . Architect with broad based experience in the field of architecture. + +2. Contractor possessing a Building Contractor Class A or Class B license for the City and County of Denver. + +3. Fire Protection engineer or degreed code consultant. + +4. Preservationist, a person with expertise in historic preservation of buildings and structures. + +5. Person with expertise in real estate, real estate development or real estate financing. + +6. Person with expertise in accessible design or construction to represent the Commission of People with Disabilities of +the City and County of Denver. + +-83- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Section 6102.2.1 Registered Professional Engineer. A registered professional engineer, with expertise in lateral +stability of structures and expertise in unreinforced masonry buildings, shall be appointed to the committee to advise +the committee on those subjects. This engineer shall be a non- voting member unless appointed as a voting member by +the Mayor. + +Section 6102.2.2 City Representation. The Building Official of this Agency and the Chief of the Fire Prevention +and Investigation Division or their designees shall be ex- officio members of the Committee, but shall have no voting +power. A liaison to the Mayor's Office shall be established. + +Section 6102.3 Removal. The Mayor may remove any member of the Committee for cause, or when recommended by +the chair. Cause may include, but is not limited to, absence from more than 3 meetings in a row. + +Section 6102.4 Vacancy. The Mayor may fill any vacancy for the remaining time of the term. + +SECTION 6103 +COMMITTEE ACTIVITIES + +Section 6103.1 Support. The Agency shall provide the Committee with a coordinator and secretary. The coordinator +may be, but need not be, the Building Official of the Building Agency or his designee. + +Section 6103.2 Meetings. There shall be at least one meeting per month unless there is no work for the Committee to +conduct. A simple majority of the Committee shall be necessary to conduct business. Guidelines shall be established to +govern the activities of the Committee. The Committee may hold meetings to inspect the physical condition of subject +buildings. All meetings of the Committee shall be open to the public. At the meeting, the Committee and the applicant +are encouraged to discuss the application, the requested variances and possible options and changes to the application in +order to meet necessary health and safety requirements in a manner that is acceptable to all parties. + +Section 6103.3 Compliance. The Committee shall make a recommendation as to any variances requested by the +applicant and forward it to the Building Official. The Building Official shall grant the recommended variances within 2 +weeks after receipt of the Committee's recommendation unless the Building Official determines, by clear and convincing +evidence, that the variance would cause imminent peril to life or property. Such a determination must be made in writing +and forwarded to the applicant and the Committee. The Chief of the Fire Prevention and Investigation Division shall +provide written comments concerning the variance to the Building Official. The Building Official shall consider any such +comments when making such determination and make them part of the record. Failure to comply with present codes shall +not, in and of itself, constitute clear and convincing evidence of imminent peril to life or property. + +Policy Recommendations: The Board may recommend policies to the Building Official for his review and approval. + +Section 6103.5 Compensation. Each member of the Committee, except those that are city employees, shall be all +volunteer and are not compensated. + +\SECTION 6104 +APPLICATION AND FEE + +Section 6104.1 Application Form. Prior to any action by the Committee, an application for a variance shall be filed with +the Agency on a form approved by the Committee. + +Section 6104.2 Application Fee. A nonrefundable fee of $150.00 shall accompany the application. Checks shall be made +payable to the Manager of Revenue. + +SECTION 6105 + +APPLICATION REVIEW PROCEDURE + +Section 6105.1 Submittal of Application. Application for a variance shall be submitted to the Building Official of the +Agency by the last Wednesday of each month. The Agency shall review the application with the applicant before the first +Wednesday of the next month. If the issues for a variance cannot be resolved by the first Wednesday of the month, the +application shall be directed to the Rehabilitation Committee for its review and recommendation at their next meeting. + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Section 6105.1 Stay of Enforcement. The application for a variance shall stay enforcement of any outstanding order or +denial unless the Building Official certifies tiiat a stay of the order or denial would cause imminent peril to life or +property. + +SECTION 6106 + +DECISION OF THE COMMITTEE + +Section 6106.1 Acceptance. The decision on the application for variance shall be sent to the applicant and to the +committee. Decisions shall be filed with the Clerk & Recorder as a matter of public record. + +Section 6106.2 Denial by Committee. A denial of a variance by the Building Official based on a Committee +recommendation for denial may be appealed to the Board of Appeals under Section 113. + +Section 6106.3 Denial by the Building Official. A denial of a variance by the Building Official contrary to the +recommendation of the Committee because of clear and convincing evidence that the variance would cause imminent +peril to life and property may be appealed to the Manager of Community Planning and Development. Upon an appeal, the +Manager of Community Planning and Development shall decide whether the Building Official has clear and convincing +evidence of imminent peril to life or property with which to deny the variance. If the Manager of Community Planning +and Development determines that the Building Official has met the burden of proof, the Building Official's denial of the +variance shall be upheld. + +Section 6106.4 Denial by Chief of Fire Prevention. A denial of a variance by the Chief of Fire Prevention and +Investigation Division, contrary to the recommendation of the Committee, may be appealed to the Manager of Safety. + +Section 6106.5 Period of Variance. Variance approved for the rehabilitation of existing buildings, structures and utilities +pursuant to this Chapter, based on the original application, shall be valid for a period of 2 years from the date of approval, +after which period tiie variance shall lapse and become void unless a building permit has been issued within said period +and is not thereafter cancelled. + + + +-85- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +APPENDICES +APPENDIX ADOPTION STATUS + +IBC APPENDICES + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION + +All Chapters and Sections of this Appendix are adopted as part of this Code except for those that are +deleted in this summary. Those that are amended or added shall also be adopted as part of this Code. + + + +APPENDIX + + +TITLE + + +STATUS + + +A + + +Employee Qualifications + + +Delete + + +B + + +Board Of Appeals + + +Delete + + +C + + +Group U - Agricultural Buildings + + +Delete + + +D + + +Fire Districts + + +Delete + + +E + + +Supplementary Accessibility Requirements + + +Adopt/As +Guideline + + +F + + +Rodent Proofing + + +Adopt + + +G + + +Flood Resistant Construction + + +Delete + + +H + + +Signs + + +Adopt As +Amended + + +I + + +Patio Covers + + +Adopt As +Amended + + +J + + +Grading + + +Adopt As +Guideline + + +K + + +Construction In Designated Special Construction Zones + + +Added + + +L + + +Access Control + + +Added + + +M + + +Colorado Title 9 Article 5 - Standards For Accessibile Housing + + +Added + + +N + + +Construction Of Airport Buildings And Structures + + +Added + + + +APPENDIX H +SIGNS + +[Z]SECTION HlOl +GENERAL + +[Z] Section HlOl.l General is amended by adding the following sentence: + +Please also see sign regulations contained in the Zoning Sign Code. Where there is a differeace or conflict betweea the +reqiiremeats in this Appendix and the Zoning Sign Code, the most restrictive shall govern + +[Z] Section H101.2 Signs Exempt From Permits is amended by adding the following to Exemptions 2 +and 4: + +2. Temporary signs announcing the sale or rent of property. The Zoning Sign Code Section 59-537 (a)(7) allows +these signs to be erected without a permit with the following limitations: 1 sign per property; not more than 5 +square feet in area per face; not more than 6 feet above grade; shall not be illuminated or animated. + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +4. Projecting signs not exceeding 2.5 square feet (0.23 m^). The Zoning Sign Code Sections 59- 537(c)(3) 7. & +Section 59- 554(d) allows projecting signs only in the B-5, B-7 & B-8-A Zone Districts. They must be reviewed +and ^pro^;^ed ty the Planning Office. + +[Z] SECTION H102 +DEFINITIONS + +[Z] Section H102.1 General is amended by adding the following: + +DISPLAY SURFACE / DISPLAY FACE. The area made available by the sign structure for the purpose of displaying +the message. Zoning Sign Code Section 59-2 (92). + +GROUND SIGN. A sign supported by one or more uprights, poles or braces extending from the ground or an object in or +on the ground but not attached to any part of any building. Zoning Sign Code Section 59-2 (133). + +POLE SIGN. See Ground Sign. Zoning Sign Code defines a Pole Sign as a Ground Sign per Section 59-2 (133). + +PORTABLE SIGN. A sign that is not permanently affixed to building, structure or the ground. Zoning Sign Code +Section 59-2 (207) + +NOTE: City Council passed Ord. No. 852-92 on 11/27/92 which added the following language to Section 59-537 (a) +(6) of the Zoning Sign Code: All portable signs regardless of location are specifically not allowed. + +PROJECTING SIGN. A sign or graphic, other than a wall sign, that is attached to and projects from the wall, soffit, or +eave of a building, is not in the same plane as the wall, soffit, or eave to which it is attached, and identifies a use within +that building. Zoning Sign Code Section 59-2 (215) + +ROOF SIGN. Reference Zoning Sign Code Section 59-2 (246) Roof Sign: A sign attached to the roof of a building +which sign projects above the highest point of the roof of the building or the roof of that portion of the building to which it +is attached. + +SIGN. Reference Zoning Sign Code Section 59-2 (269) Sign: A sign is any object or device or part thereof situated +outdoors or indoors which is used to advertise or identify an object, person, institution, organization, business, product, +service, event or location by any means including words, letters, figures, designs, symbols, fixtures, colors, motion +illumination or projected images. Signs do not include the following: + +1. Flags of nations, or an organization of nations, states and cities, fraternal, religious and civic organizations; + +2. Merchandise, pictures or models of products or services incorporated in a window display; + +3. Time and temperature devices not related to a product; + +4. National, state, religious, fraternal, professional and civic symbols or crests; + +5. Works of art which in no way identify a product. + +SIGN STRUCTURE. Reference Zoning Sign Code Section 59-2 (281) Structure: Anything which is constructed or +erected and the use of which requires more or less permanent location on ground or attachment to something having +permanent location on ground, not, however, including wheels; an edifice or a building of any kind; any production or +piece of work, artificially built up or composed of parts and joined together in some definite manner. + +WALL SIGN. Reference Zoning Sign Code Section 59-2 (317) Wall Sign: A sign attached to, painted on or erected +against a wall, fascia, parapet wall or pitched roof of a building or structure, and no part of which sign projects above the +highest point of the roof and whose display surface is parallel to and extends not more than twenty- four (24) inches from +the wall to which it is attached and extends not more than eight (8) inches from the fascia to which it is attached or, if +attached to a pitched roof, the bottom of its display surface does not extend more than six (6) inches vertically from the +roof surface and the top of its display surface does not extend more than forty-eight (48) inches horizontally from the roof +surface. + +BILLBOARD. See Outdoor General Advertising Device. + +ILLUMINATED SIGN. Illuminated Sign: A sign lighted by or exposed to artificial lighting either by lights on the sign +or directed towards the sign. Zoning Sign Code Section 59-2 (145) + +NOTE: Illuminated Signs are not allowed to flash, blink or fluctuate. + +-87- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +OUTDOOR GENERAL ADVERTISING DEVICE (BILLBOARD). A Ground Sign relating to products, services or +uses not on the same zone lot. Zoning Sign Code Section 59-2 (185) + + + +APPENDIX I +PATIO COVERS + +SECTION 1104 +STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS + +Appendix I Section 1104.2 is amended by replacing it in its entirety with the following: + +Section 1104.2 Footings. A patio cover may be supported on a concrete slab on grade without footings, provided that the +slab is not less than 4 inches thick with thickened edges 12 inches below grade, and further provided that the columns do +not support live and dead loads in excess of 2,000 pounds per column. + + + +APPENDIX K +CONSTRUCTION IN DESIGNATED SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION ZONES + +SECTION KlOl +GENERAL + +Section KlOl Scope. All construction, alteration, repairs, demolition or moving in areas designated under Article VII, +Chapter 10 of the Revised Municipal Code as Special Construction Zones shall conform to the provisions of this Chapter. + +SECTION K102 +GENERAL PROVISIONS + +Section K 102.1 Permits. No permits for construction, alteration, repairs, demolition or moving in a designated Special +Construction Zone shall be issued without being in compliance with all recommendations contained in the engineer's +report if required by Section 155. + +Section K 102.2 Engineers reports. If the applicant is required to prepare an engineer's report pursuant to Section 155, +the Department may require such additional information and recommendations as it deems necessary and may require +such additional measures as are necessary to minimize potential hazards during construction and control hazards from the +completed structure. + +Section K 102.3 Inspections. All construction and excavation sites shall be subject to inspection by the Department, Fire +Department and the Department of Health and Hospitals, and results of tests or monitoring required by this Chapter shall +be available at the site for inspection. + +Section K 102.4 Work Stoppage. In the event of a material violation with the requirements of this Chapter, the +Department may stop all construction activity until it is satisfied that the violation has been corrected. + +SECTION K103 + +HAZARDOUS GASES GENERATED BY LANDFILLS + +Section K103.1 New construction. Except as provided in Section 153.6 of this Building Code, all new buildings, +structures and utilities to be constructed in a Special Construction Zone, which is so designated because of the presence of +hazardous gases generated by landfills, shall be designed by an engineer registered in the state of Colorado to control and + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +protect against accumulation of over 1.0% by volume of flammable gas in the building, structure or utility. The following +precautions shall be taken during and after construction activity: + +1. A flammable gas indicator shall be utilized at all times during trenching, excavating, drilling or when working +within 10 feet of an open excavation. + +2. When trenching, excavating or drilling deeper than 2 feet into the soil or fill, or in the presence of detectable +concentrations of 1.0% by volume of flammable gas, the operating equipment shall be provided with spark proof +exhausts. + +3. A dry chemical fire extinguisher, approved by the Fire Department, shall be provided on all equipment used in the +landfill. + +4. Personnel within or near an open trench or drill hole deeper than 2 feet into the soil or fill shall be fully clothed, +wear shoes with nonmetallic soles and wear a hard hat and safety goggles or glasses. + +5. Exhaust blowers shall be used in instances where trenches may show a build-up of flammable gas of 1.0% by +volume or less than 19.5% by volume of oxygen. + +6. Smoking and/or an open flame shall not be permitted in any area within 100 feet of the excavation. + +7. Personnel shall be kept upwind of any open trench unless the trench and the downwind atmosphere are +continuously monitored. + +8. Before personnel are permitted to enter an open trench, the trench shall be monitored for flammable gas and at +least a 19.5%-by-volume oxygen sufficiency. When in the excavation, each work party shall be working no more +than 5 feet from a continuously operating flammable gas and oxygen monitor. + +9. The applicant shall employ an inspector whose duty it shall be to effect continuous compliance with the foregoing +precautions. The inspector shall be a qualified person approved by the Department or shall be an engineer +registered with the state of Colorado or a person in the employ of, or subject to, the direct supen/ision and control +of such an engineer. Said inspector shall submit a written report of his inspection to the applicant and to the +Department at 10-day inten/als during active construction stating that all new construction is in compliance with +these regulations, and that all testing and monitoring has been and is being done as required by the Code. + +10. After construction is completed, hazardous gas monitoring devices approved by the Fire Department shall be +installed in the completed building or structure in such number and in such places within the building or structure +as may be required by the Fire Department. + +Section K 103.2 Alteration or Repair of Existing Building; Structures or Utilities. Except as provided in Section +153.6 and K 103.3, no alterations or repairs to any existing building, structure or utility shall be made unless the following +precautions are taken: + +1. Within 5 days prior to applying for a permit under Chapter 1 of the Building Code to alter or repair an existing +building, structure or utility, the work site shall be tested for the presence of flammable gas by an engineer registered +in the state of Colorado. + +2. The applicant shall be exempt from all other requirements of this Section K 103.2 if: + +1. Test results show that there is less than 2.0% of the Lower Explosive Limit (L.E.L.) of hazardous gas, then +the permit for the work shall be issued; and + +2. Upon completion of the work, the applicant shall install hazardous gas monitoring devices approved by the +Fire Department in such number and in such places within the building or structure as may be required by the +Fire Department. + +3. If the test results show that there is 2% or more of the Lower Explosive Limit (L.E.L.) of hazardous gas, then the +applicant shall take all of the precautions pursuant to Section K 103.1 as if the construction were new construction. + +Section K 103.3 Exemption. Whether or not he is an applicant for a permit, the owner of real property within a Special +Construction Zone may apply to the Building Agency for a certificate of exemption from the provisions of Article 647 of +the Revised Municipal Code and Section K 103 of the Building Code. To obtain such exemption, said owner shall have +his property tested by an engineer registered in the state of Colorado and tests shall meet the following requirements: + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +1 . A test for the presence of flammable gas shall be performed at a time when there is frost on his property to a depth +of at least 6 inches in the soil, again at a time when there is no frost in the soil, and again within 5 days of the date +when an exemption certificate is applied for. + +2. The test holes shall be placed along each major boundary line of the real property for which the exemption is +sought in such number and at such locations as the engineer deems proper. + +3. If the test results show that there is less than 2.0% of the lower explosive limit (L.E.L.) of flammable gas, and if +such test results are satisfactory to the Department, then the Department shall issue a certificate stating that the +real property described in the certificate is exempt from the provisions of Article 647 of the Revised Municipal +Code and Section K 103 of the Building Code. + +4. As a condition of receiving an exemption certificate from the Department, the owner shall acquire and install in +all existing and future buildings and structures devices approved by the Fire Department to monitor for the +presence of hazardous gas in such number and in such places within tiie building or structure as may be required +by the Fire Department. + +5. Upon a finding that flammable gas is present in amounts greater than 2% of the lower explosive limit on any +property where an exemption certificate has been issued, the Department shall revoke the exemption certificate. +Further, upon a finding tiiat the monitoring devices on any property for which an exemption certificate has been +issued are inoperative, the Department may suspend or revoke the exemption certificate. + + + +APPENDIX L +ACCESS CONTROL + +SECTION LlOl +INTRODUCTION + +L 101.1 Background. Since 1990 various written policies have been implemented and applied to establish requirements +and guidelines for the assessment and permitting of access control systems. Initially, policies were written to address the +needs that had developed for securing the elevator lobby and stair enclosures in high rise buildings. As the use of these +systems increased, and as they became more complex, it was necessary to develop a more comprehensive policy to +address these systems that were being used in ever increasing applications. The development of an expanded policy was +also driven by the failure of the model building code to respond to the increasing security needs in buildings. The model +building code did not provide a reasonable balance between life safety concerns and security needs. Further, these systems +were found to have a detrimental effect on exiting, fire department access and accessibility as well as reducing the +effectiveness of other life-safety features in buildings. In order to address this need for a more comprehensive policy, an +Access Control Committee was established to develop the required document. The committee was composed of both +private and public sector members. On April 18, 1995 the Building Inspection Division began to apply the initial policy +developed by this committee. The policy was published as Policy Number 32-B068. Since being implemented, the +original policy was continuously applied and used as the basis for the review and acceptance of access control systems. In +the year 2000, the Access Control Committee was re-established and began to meet to develop an updated and expanded +version of the 1995 policy. This committee developed an updated policy but that new version was not implemented +pending the adoption of the IBC (International Building Code) as the Building Code for the City & County of Denver. + +The DBC includes a number of provisions that relate to access control systems that are similar to some of the systems and +requirements of the new version of the access control policy. However, these provisions are not as comprehensive as those +contained in this policy. In order to codify the policy and to provide a more consolidated and organized approach to access +control it was decided to develop a separate appendix in the building code for access control systems. The newest version +of the access control policy was used as the basis for this appendix. The provisions of the International Building Code that +address issues related to access control systems are deleted in the Denver Amendments to the IBC and reference is made +to this appendix for the appropriate corresponding requirements + +L 101.2 Purpose and intent. The purpose of this appendix is to combine all of the various DBC requirements and +previous policy requirements for access control systems into one document. The appendix is intended to provide + +-90- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +consistency in the design, review, installation and inspection of access control systems and components by providing +standards and guidelines for these systems. It is anticipated that redundant design efforts and administrative modification +requests can be avoided by providing safe alternative solutions to some commonly reoccurring security applications where +the use of access control systems would create conflicts with other requirements of the DBC. Although the appendix +contains specific solutions for a number of common applications it is not intended to limit the use of this policy to only +those situations. This appendix can be used to help devise appropriate solutions to other unique situations that require the +use of access control systems that may also be incompatible with requirements of the DBC. The provisions of the DBC in +Section 103.3 relating to modifications under special circumstances can be used when other solutions provide an +equivalent alternative to the provisions of the DBC. The standards and guidelines of this appendix are designed to assist in +the development of specialized access control systems that are necessary to respond to unique security needs. + +L 101.3 Prevailing poliq^. All access control policies previously applied by Community Planning and Development are +null and void and superceded by this appendix. These policies include but are not limited to the following policies: + +Policy P-25 Securing of Stair Doors Into Exit Enclosures - Dated 09/04/1999 + +Policy P-26 Securing of Elevator Lobbies - Dated 02/05/1993 + +Policy P-47 Interim Policy - Electric Door Hardware Applications for Exit Doors - Dated 09/21/1992 + +Policy 32-B068 Access Control - Dated 04/18/1995 + +The provisions of this policy are not intended to be applied to existing access control systems that were permitted and +legally installed in accordance with the provisions of the DBC and any Access Control Policy in effect at the time the +permit was issued. + +L 101.4 Modified IBC provisions. The following IBC sections have been modified and are superceded by the provisions +of this appendix: + +Section 403.12 Stairway door operation. + +Section 1008.1.3.4 Access- controlled egress doors. + +Section 1008.1.8.6 Delayed egress locks. + +Section 1008.1.8.7 Stairway doors. + +SECTION L102 +DEFINITIONS + +L 102.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the purposes of this appendix, have the meaning shown +herein. + +ADBC. Administration of the Denver Building Code. Contains the amendments that have been adopted for the +administration of the Denver Building Code. Adopted with the Denver Building Code Amendments. + +ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM. A group of devices including control unit(s), electric hardware, wiring and raceways +electrically interconnected to control and regulate ingress and egress. + +ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM CONTRACTOR. A contractor licensed to install, add to, alter or repair control units, +electric hardware, wiring and raceways electrically interconnected to control and regulate ingress and egress. Voltages +shall not exceed 48 volts or the system shall be power-limited as defined by the NEC. All work shall be performed under +the supervision of the holder of an Access Control System Supen/isors Certificate. + +ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM UNIT. The component(s) of an access control system that provide system logic and +control (e.g., reader electronic panels, stand-alone keypads, telephone entry controllers, burglar alarm system units with +access control capability, intercom controllers and door entry buzzers or buttons.) + +APPROVED. Approved as to materials and types of construction, as determined by the Building Official following +investigation and tests conducted by him, or by reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized authorities, technical +or scientific organizations. + +CABINET. An enclosure with a hinged or screw lid used primarily to provide a degree of protection against incidental +contact. + +-91 - +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +CONTACT SENSE EXIT DEVICE. Door mounted hardware designed to electrically sense the touch or immediate +presence of an occupant moving to open the door. Depends upon the "touch" sensor to initiate a door unlock as opposed +to more traditional door hardware that depends upon mechanical movement of the hardware to unlock the door. + +CPD. Community Planning & Development (formerly the Building Inspection Division). + +DBC. Denver Building Code. The International Codes as currently adopted including the provisions found in the City +and County of Denver Amendments to the Denver Building Code and the Adminstration of the Denver Building Code. + +DBC A. The Denver Building Code Amendments. Also includes the provisions of the Administration of the Denver +Building Code. + +DEC. Denver Fire Code. The IFC as currently adopted including the City and County of Denver amendments. + +DIRECTLY UNLOCK. To directly interrupt power to the locking device, independent of the operation, functionality or +programming of access control system units. + +ELECTRIC BOLT. Dead- bolt type of lock that is electrically operated and is dependent upon power to either project or +withdraw the bolt. + +ELECTRIC HARDWARE. Any door hardware or accessory product that is used in a circuit as a conductor, load, +power supply or switch. + +ELECTRIC STRIKE. Lock strike that is modified to release the latch bolt with the application or removal of electric +power. + +ELECTRIC LOCK. Any locking or latching door hardware that relies on electrical energy for its operation. + +ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR. Colorado State licensed electrical contractor. + +ELECTRICAL SIGNAL CONTRACTOR. A contractor licensed to install, add to, alter or repair electrical wiring and +equipment for fire alarm, fire detection, emergency voice communication systems, electrical signaling and control wiring. +Voltages shall not exceed 48 volts or the system shall be power- limited as defined by the NEC. All work shall be +performed under the supervision of the holder of an Electrical Signal Supervisor Certificate. + +ELECTRICALLY MODIFIED LOCKSET. A standard builder's hardware lockset that has been modified to operate +electrically without compromising mechanical free egress. + +ELECTRICALLY OPERATED EXIT DEVICE. An exit device that has been modified to operate electrically without +compromising mechanical free egress. + +ELECTRIC LOCKS- MASTER SWITCH. An electrical switch configured to immediately and simultaneously unlock +all connected door locks (typically, but not limited to delayed egress doors, secured elevator lobby doors and stair tower +doors). The switch shall be located in the building's Fire Command Center or other approved location. The switch shall +be a two-position, toggle switch labeled "ELECTRIC LOCKS" with its positions labeled "LOCKED" and +"UNLOCKED". When located in a non-secure area, a two-position, key operated switch may be used when a matching +key is located in the building's Key Lock Box + +FAIL-SAFE LOCK. A lock that unlocks automatically upon loss of power. + +FAIL-SECURE LOCK. A lock that remains locked during loss of power. + +FIRE ASSEMBLY. An assembly of fire doors, fire windows or fire damper, including all required hardware, anchorage, +frames and sills. + +FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM. A building that is fully smoke detectored, or smoke detection where required by the +DBC Section 1807, Smoke Control in High Rise Buildings. + +FPB. Fire Prevention and Investigation Division, of the Denver Fire Department. + +LABEL. Fire doors shall have a label or other identification showing the fire protection rating. Such label shall be +approved and shall be permanently affixed. The label shall be applied at the factory where fabrication and assembly are +performed. Inspection shall be made by an approved inspection agency during fabrication and assembly. + +LISTED and LISTING . Terms referring to equipment and materials which are shown in a list published by an approved +testing agency, qualified and equipped for experimental testing and maintaining an adequate periodic inspection of current +productions and whose listing states that the equipment complies with recognized safety standards. + +-92- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +MAGNETIC LOCK. Lock that relies on magnetic power to lock the door, typically mating a door mounted door-plate +to a frame mounted lock housing. + +MANUAL UNLOCKING SWITCH. A permanently wired, manually operated, raised, push-type switch with integrated +time delay which immediately and directly unlocks a door. + +MECHANICAL FREE EGRESS. Door hardware that mechanically unlocks and unlatches the door, from the inside +(egress side) with a single motion without the use of a key, card or any special knowledge or effort. + +MOTION DETECTOR. A device that is listed by an approved testing laboratory as a request to exit sensor. + +NEC. National Electric Code. + +POWER TRANSFER. Hinge, pivot or door cord that provides routing for the wire to pass from the frame into the door. + +SHEAR-TYPE MAGNETIC LOCK. A magnetic lock that relies on a shear pin, post, concave/convex machining or +other similar projections to enhance the latching strength of the lock. + +SECTION L103 + +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +L 103.1 General Requirements. All access control system applications shall comply with all of the requirements +contained in Section LI 03 unless other specific provisions of Appendix L modify these requirements. + +L 103.1.1 Mechanical Free Egress. All doors shall have mechanical free egress at all times unless otherwise +approved by CPD. + +L 103.1.2 Fire-Rated Doors. Required fired- rated doors shall remain latched at all times that the door is in a closed +position. + +L 103.1.3 Modifying Doors and Door Frames. Re-machining fire- rated doors or frames may void the fire label. Re- +machining shall comply with the manufacturer's specified procedures. + +L 103.1.4 Key Lock Boxes. Provision for ingress by way of an approved key box (e.g., "Knox Box") for entry by +emergency personnel should be provided and shall be located in a FPB -approved location. + +L 103.1.5 Fail Safe Wiring. When electric locks are held locked by the application of electric power, the wiring +between the power supply and lock shall be installed in a "fail-safe" arrangement. All portions of the circuit shall be +configured in a way that parallel conductors in a common cable or raceway shall have conductors of opposite polarity +in the same cable or raceway. This arrangement assures that the lock releases if wires break or if parallel conductors +are shorted. + + + +-93- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Magnetic +Lock + + + +Exit +Motion +Sensor + + + +Exit +Device + +witli ^ +Integral +Switch + + + +Manual + +Unlocking + +Switch + + + +yi + + + +Access + +Control + +Unit + + + +Lock +Power +Source + + + +Fire +%±. Alarm +^ Inteface + + + +Power +Transfer +Device + + + +FIGURE 103.1.5 + +L 103.1.6 Access Control System Power. Access control system power supplies shall comply with all of the +following requirements: + +"Plug-in" Class II power supplies along with their serving outlets shall be enclosed in a protective cabinet. + +All power supplies oliierliian "plug-in" Class II power supplies shall be hardwired to primaiy power. + +When the manufacturer's nameplate primary power requirement exceeds 180 volt- amps, the power supply shall be +served by a dedicated branch circuit. If power requirement is less than 180 VA, then an existing power outlet may be +converted to a junction box serving the power supply. + +Fine Print Note (FPN): This section is not intended to preclude the use of emerging technologies such as Power Over Ethernet "POE" +solutions. It is the intent that power supplies be appropriately listed and that they be reasonably protected against unintentional disconnect. A +reasonable accommodation for POE solutions may be for the POE hardware to be located in a secure wiring closet. + +L 103.1.7 Hardware Requirements. All access control system applications shall utilize hardware that complies with +all of the requirements contained in Section L103.1.7 unless specifically excepted by other provisions of Appendix L. + +L 103.1.7.1 Listing. All access control system units shall be listed for liieir intended use by an approved agency, +such as UL or ETL, or as otherwise approved by CPD. + +L 103.1.7.2 Electrical Compatibility. All components of the operating system shall be matched electrically in all +ratings (i.e. voltage and current). + +L 103.1.7.3 Electric Strikes. Doors or frames may be equipped with electric strikes that do not affect mechanical +free egress. Electric strikes used on fire- rated doors shall be fail-secure and shall bear the appropriate fire listing. + +L 103.1.7.4 Electrified Locksets. Approved and listed electrically modified locksets (mortise, cylindrical or unit +type) that do not affect mechanical free egress are permitted. + +L 103.1.7.5 Electrically Operated Panic Hardware. Approved and listed electrically operated panic hardware +(rim, mortise, and concealed or vertical rod type) is permitted. The exit device shall bear appropriate fire rating +when used on fire- rated doors. + +L 103.1.7.6 Electric Bolts. Electric bolts, either flush or surface mounted, shall not be installed, altered or +repaired. + +L 103.1.7.7 Shear-Type Magnetic Locks. Shear-type magnetic locks shall not be installed, altered or repaired. + +L 103.1.7.8 Non-Binding Hardware. Hardware shall be non-binding in design and function. + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +SECTION L104 + +ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS WITH MAGNETIC LOCKS + +Section L 104.1. Access Control Systems with Magnetic Locks. Doors in all occupancies except H occupancies are +permitted to be equipped with magnetic locks that prevent mechanical free egress when the magnetic locking system +complies with all of the provisions of Section L104. Magnetic locks that are part of a delayed egress system shall comply +with the provisions of Section L105.. Magnetic locks that are used to secure an elevator lobby shall comply with all of the +requirements of Section L106. + +L 104.1.1 Fire alarm interface. Activation of the building fire alarm system, automatic sprinkler system or fire +detection system, if provided, shall directly unlock the doors, and the doors shall remain unlocked until the system has +been reset. + +L 104.1.2 Loss of power. Loss of power to that part of the access control system which locks the doors shall +automatically unlock the doors. + +L 104.1.3 Magnetic lock power transfer. Power transfer from the door to the frame shall be listed and approved. + +L 104.1.4 Other locking devices. When magnetic locks are installed on a door, no other locking device shall be used +on the door that prevents free egress. + +L 104.1.5 Door release hardware. The door shall unlock from the egress side using a combination of any two of the + +following means: + +Door mounted release device. May be either of the following: + +Panic hardware release. Panic hardware may be used to unlock a magnetic lock, provided it is equipped with +an internally mounted switch. Operation of the panic device shall simultaneously directly unlock the +magnetic lock and allow the door to open with one motion. The switch shall have a proven operable life, as +part of the exit device, equal to the listing requirements for the device (typically 250,000 cycles). + +Contact sense exit device release. This device shall directly unlock the magnetic lock. + +Manual unlocking device. A manual, press to operate button may be used to unlock a magnetic lock when all +the following conditions are met: + +Be located in compliance with the requirements of ICC/ANSI A 117. 1-2003 section308. + +Be located within five feet of either edge of the egress side of the door opening. + +The operable portion of the device shall have a minimum dimension of one inch (1"). + +Be clearly identified by a sign that reads "EXIT" (or similar language) in minimum y^' high letters on a +contrasting background. + +Directly unlock the magnetic lock. + +Remain unlocked for a minimum of 30 seconds. + +Motion Detector Release. The detector shall be arranged to detect an occupant approaching the doors from the +egress side within a six-foot radius of the centerline of the door opening (refer to Figure 104.1 for coverage +patterns) and upon detection, shall directly unlock the magnetic lock and shall keep it unlocked for a minimum of +5 seconds. Loss of operating power to the detector shall directly unlock the magnetic lock. + + + +-95- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +COVERAGE PATTERNS + + + +Figure 2a: Motion Detector + +Coverage, Single Door + + + +/ + + + +\ + + + +Direction of Egress + + + +Figure 2b: Motion Detector + +Coverage, Double Door + + + + +Direction of Egress + +I + + + +FIGURE 104.1 + + + +SECTION L105 + +DELAYED EGRESS SYSTEMS + +L 105.1 Delayed Egress Locks. Approved, listed, delayed egress locks shall be permitted to be installed on doors sen/ing +any occupancy except Group A, E and H occupancies in buildings that are equipped throughout with an automatic +sprinkler system in accordance with IBC Section 903.3.1.1 or an approved automatic smoke or heat detection system +installed in accordance with DBG A Section 907 as amended, provided that the doors unlock in accordance with Items 1 +through 7 below. A building occupant shall not be required to pass through more than one door equipped with a delayed +egress lock before entering an exit. + +The doors unlock upon actuation of the automatic sprinkler system or automatic fire detection system. + +The doors unlock upon loss of power controlling the lock or lock mechanism. + +The doors unlock when the Electric Locks, Master Switch is in the unlocked position. + +A release device shall initiate an irreversible process that shall unlock the door within a delay period of not more than +15 seconds. The maximum required force and time to activate the release device shall not exceed 15 pounds (67 N) +for 1 second. Initiation of the irreversible process shall activate an audible signal in the vicinity of the door. Once the +door is unlocked by the application of force to the releasing device, relocking shall be by manual means only, at the +door. + +Exception: + +Where approved, a delay period of not more than 30 seconds is permitted. + +A sign shall be provided on the door located above and within 12 inches (305 mm) of the release device reading: +PUSH UNTIL ALARM SOUNDS. DOOR GAN BE OPENED IN 15 (30) SEGONDS. + + + +Emergency lighting shall be provided at the door. + +The components for the delayed egress lock shall be listed as a complete assembly, +may not be field assembled to build a delayed egress locking assembly. + + + +Individual, listed components + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +SECTION L106 + +SECURING AN ELEVATOR LOBBY WITH AN ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM + +L 106.1 Secured Elevator Lobby. When all of the provisions of Section L106.1 have been satisfied, elevator lobbies may +be secured to prevent access from the elevator lobby into a tenant space. + +L 106.1.1 Use of Secured Elevator Lobbies. Secured elevator lobbies are intended to provide a transitional area +where building occupants can await the arrival of an elevator car or depart from an elevator car. It is not intended to +be an area where building occupants can work. A secured elevator lobby cannot contain other spaces that are +considered normally occupied such as restrooms, reception areas or waiting areas. + +L 106.1.2 Exit Path Blockage. Securing of the lobby cannot result in the blockage of exit paths from normally +occupied areas. A secured lobby cannot interrupt the exit path circulation. + +L 106.1.3 Dead-End Corridors. Securing of the lobby cannot result in dead-end exit corridors with lengths that +exceed the provisions of IBC Section 1017. + +L 106.1.4 Restroom Facility Access. Securing of the lobby cannot result in elimination of access to required +restroom facilities from normally occupied areas. Each individual tenant shall have access at all times to required +toilet facilities. + +L 106.1.5 Electric Load-Center Access. Securing of the lobby cannot eliminate the access required by the NEC to +electrical overload protection or disconnect equipment. Each tenant shall have the access required by the NEC. + +L 106.1.6 Delayed Egress. Delayed egress hardware is permitted under this section. + +L 106.1.7 Exit Stairway Access. Elevator lobbies shall have at least one means of egress complying with Chapter 10 +and other provisions within this code. + +Exception: + +An elevator lobby may be secured provided all of the following conditions are met: + +Fire System Requirements. The building shall be equipped with either a fire alarm system and be fully +detectored or be fully sprinkled and have manual fire alarm boxes (pull stations) installed throughout the +building or be equipped with the life-safety features prescribed under IBC Section 403. + +Electric Locks. All doors connecting the secured lobby with normally occupied areas or with corridors +leading to the exit stair enclosure can only be secured with a fail-safe electric lock. The lock shall unlock +when the fire alarm is activated. + +Emergency Communications. One of the following emergency communication devices shall be provided in +the lobby: + +A manual fire alarm box shall be installed in a clearly visible location within the elevator lobby and +mounted at a height to comply with the Reach Ranges provisions of ICC/ANSI A 117.1 (2003) Section +308. The location shall be subject to approval by the FPB. A manual fire alarm box installed under these +requirements shall transmit to a Class I Central Station. + +An emergency telephone or other approved two-way communication device shall be installed in the +elevator lobby, and mounted in compliance with the Reach Ranges provisions of ICC/ANSI A 117.1 +(2003) Section 308. The location shall be approved by the FPB. The system/device shall transmit to a +commercial monitoring service or continuously staffed monitoring service within the building as +approved by CPD and the FPB. Upon activation, the communications device shall automatically transmit +a location identification message to the monitoring service. A sign shall be provided at the +communication device that states that this is an emergency phone and lists the building address and the +floor number of the elevator lobby. + +Licfhtincf Requirements. The elevator lobby shall be illuminated per IBC Section 1006 (Means of Egress +Illumination). + + + +-97- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Compatibility With Accessibility Requirements . All doors into the elevator lobby area from normally +occupied areas shall have accessible hardware compatible with the requirements of ICC/ANSI A 117.1 (2003) +Sections 308 and 404.2.6 on each side of the door. + +Areas of Evacuation Assistance (Refuge Areas). When an elevator lobby is used as an Area of Evacuation +Assistance, all of the following additional, conditions shall be met: + +Electric Lock Requirements. Electric locks shall be designed so that when they are released, the door will +remain latched. The lock shall also be connected to the Electric Locks - Master Switch. + +Door and Door Hardware Requirements . All doors opening into elevator lobby refuge areas shall be 20- +minute fire- protection rated assemblies as required by DBC Section 403.9.1. All hardware necessary to +maintain the fire rating of the door shall be listed and approved fire door hardware. All hardware +installed on the rated door and frame assembly shall be compatible with the manner in which the door was +manufactured and shall not reduce the fire rating of the assembly. Field or other modification of rated +doors and frames is prohibited unless approved in writing by the agency which labeled the fire- rated +assembly. + +Securing Doors Leading Into the Elevator Lobby . Doors leading into the lobby refuge area from +normally occupied areas shall be readily openable from the normally occupied side without the use of a +key or special knowledge or effort. + +Refuge Area Subdivision. A refuge area, which includes the elevator lobby and the corridors that connect +the lobby to the exit stair enclosures, shall remain as one open area without restriction of movement +within the refuge area. + +SECTION L107 + +SECURING EXIT ENCLOSURE (STAIR TOWER) DOORS + +Section L 107.1 Securing Exit Enclosure Doors. Doors opening into exit enclosures can be secured under certain +conditions provided all of the applicable requirements of Section L 107.1 are satisfied. + +Section L 107.1.1 Exit Enclosure Door General Hardware Requirements. All doors into exit enclosure shall have +hardware that complies with the provisions of Section LI 07. 1.1 + +Section L 107.1.1.1 Fire Rating and Latching Requirements of Door Hardware. All doors into exit enclosures +shall be fire- rated assemblies, as required by IBC Section 1020. In order to maintain the fire rating of the door +assembly, all hardware installed on enclosure doors shall meet the following criteria: + +Latching Requirements. The door shall remain latched at all times that the door is in a closed position as +required by IBC Section 715.4.7.1. Electric locks or strikes that unlatch the door upon activation of the fire +alarm system or loss of power are unacceptable. + +Hardware Requirements. All hardware shall be listed for use on fire-rated door assemblies. The hardware +shall be listed for an hourly rating equal to or greater than the rating of the door assembly. Any field or other +modification of rated doors and frames is prohibited unless approved in writing by that agency that labels the +door and frame assembly. Doors that are modified to accommodate hardware without the approval of the +labeling agency are not approved and shall be replaced with properly labeled doors manufactured to +accommodate the hardware. + +L 701.1.1.2 Door Hardware Requirements to Provide Accessibility. All new hardware on doors into exit +enclosures shall be compatible with the requirements of ICC/ANSI 117.1 (2003) Sections 308 and 404.2.6. All +hardware that was installed after August 1, 1983, shall comply with ICC/ANSI 117.1 (2003) Sections 308 and +404.2.6. + +L 107.1.2 Requirements for Access ControL All doors into exit enclosures shall be capable of being opened from +both sides without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort unless otherwise permitted by the provisions of +Section L107.1. + +L 107.1.3 Exit Enclosure Doors at the Exit Discharge Level. Doors providing the path of egress out of the +enclosure at the discharge level cannot be locked from the exit enclosure side at any time. + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Exception: + +Magnetic locks and Delayed Egress Locks are permitted when used in accordance with this appendix. + +Exterior exit enclosure doors at the exit discharge level can be locked to prevent access into the exit enclosure from +the exterior side. Interior exit enclosure doors at the exit discharge level that are not intended for exit discharge from +the exit enclosure shall comply with all of the provisions of Section L 107. 1.4. + +L 107.1.4 Access Doors Into Exit Enclosures at Levels Other Than the Exit Discharge Level. Doors that are a +part of the path of egress into exit enclosures cannot be locked to prevent or restrict access into the exit enclosure at +any time. Doors shall be operable without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort. The door shall be +capable of being opened with one operation only. The following types of locking devices are prohibited on the exit +side of doors into enclosures: + +Key operated mechanical locks. Mechanical locks requiring a key, combination or other special knowledge to +open the door. + +Combination of mechanical and electrical locks. Combinations of mechanical door hardware and/or electric +locks which require more than one operation to open the door. + +Electric locks. Electric locking devices which are unlocked by use of a key, card reader, key pad, pressure +sensitive mat, push button switch or other similar method. + +Electric strikes. Fail-safe electric strikes are prohibited on doors into exit enclosures. The latch point on these +doors must be maintained and a fail-safe electric strike does not maintain the latch point when power is lost to the +strike. Fail- secure electric strikes that are not listed for use on a fire rated door assembly are also prohibited on +doors into exit enclosures. Except as allowed by Section L 107.1.3.2.2. + +After hours locks. Locking devices that are activated after normal business hours or during other timed periods +and restrict access into the exit enclosure. + +Exceptions: + +Magnetic locks and Delayed Egress locks are permitted when used in accordance with this appendix. + +Parking G arage. In a parking garage that is not intended for use by the general public (or in other garages, when +approved by CPD & FPB), doors used in a means of egress that also sen/e lobbies, corridors or common areas +may be locked provided all of the following conditions are met: + +Parking Garage, Lobby, Corridor, Common Area Use. The parking garage, lobby, corridor or common area +that is accessed by the door may not be accessible to the general public. + +Fire System Requirements. The building shall be equipped with a fire alarm system with manual fire pull +stations and notification appliances installed throughout the building. Manual pull stations and notification +appliances shall be provided adjacent to each secured, parking garage door. If the building is provided with +an automatic sprinkler system or a fire detection system then activation of either of these systems or the fire +alarm system shall unlock the doors and the doors shall remain unlocked until the system has been reset. + +Electric Lock Requirements. The electric lock must be fail-safe and unlock upon fire alarm activation or loss +of normal building power. The lock may not be connected to an emergency power source that would keep the +lock energized when normal building power is lost. + +Signage. A sign shall be provided on the garage side of each door to be locked that reads: DOOR IS +LOCKED, UNLOCKS UPON FIRE ALARM. The sign shall be in letters 1 inch (25 mm) high on a +contrasting background. + +Lighting. The area at the door shall be illuminated per IBC Section 1006 (Means of Egress Illumination). + +L 107.1.5 Doors That Provide Access Out of Exit Enclosures at Non-Discharge Levels. If the locking system +complies with all of the specific provisions of Section L107.1.5 and the general provisions of Section L107.1 then the +doors that provide access out of exit enclosures on levels that are not intended for exit discharge may be secured from +the exit enclosure side. + +L 107.1.5.1 High Rise Buildings. In a high rise building, if all of the provisions of this section are satisfied then +the enclosure doors can be locked to prevent access out of enclosure on all levels except the exit discharge levels. + + + +-99- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +L 107.1.5.1.1 New Door Locks Which Prevent Access Out of Exit Enclosures. All new lock installations +in high rise buildings, which prevent access out of an exit enclosure, shall satisfy the following requirements: + +Electric Locks. All new locks shall be electrically modified locksets which shall simultaneously unlock, +but not unlatch, upon a fire alarm or a power loss or activation of Electric Locks - Master Switch. The +electrically modified lockset shall be wired to all three of these monitor/power/control points. Each of +these three conditions shall unlock but not unlatch the stairway doors. These locks shall not be connected +to an emergency power source that would keep the door locked upon loss of normal building power. + +Mechanical Locks. Conventional keyed, combination or other mechanical locks are not allowed in new +lock installations + +Fifth Floor Rule. Where doors are locked for more than five consecutive floors, a telephone or other +approved two-way communication system shall be provided. The travel distance between each phone or +communication system shall not exceed five floors as required by IBC Section 403. 12. L + +Phone/Communications System. An emergency telephone or other approved two-way communication +device shall be installed in the stair landing, and mounted at a height to comply with the requirements of +ICC/ANSI 117.1 (2003) Section 308. The location shall be approved by the CPD. The system/device +shall transmit to a commercial monitoring sen/ice or continuously staffed monitoring sen/ice within the +building as approved by CPD . Upon activation, the communications device shall automatically transmit a +location identification message to the monitoring service. + +Signage. All locked exit enclosure doors shall have the applicable signage required by Section +L107.1. 5.1.1 and IBC Section 1020.1.6 and comply with ICC/ANSI 117.1 (2003) Sections 703 and 704. +Signage shall be provided as follows: + +All doors that are locked for more than 5 consecutive floors shall have a sign that reads: THIS +DOOR IS LOCKED. EMERGENCY PHONES ARE LOCATED ON FLOORS AND . + +All doors that are locked for 5 consecutive floors or less shall have a sign that reads: THIS DOOR IS + +LOCKED. FOR THE NEXT UNLOCKED DOOR GO DOWN TO FLOOR OR UP TO + +FLOOR . + +All emergency phones in exit enclosures shall have a sign that reads: EMERGENCY PHONE. The sign +shall also provide the address of the building and describe the floor and stair location of the phone. + +L 107.1.5.1.2 Existing Door Locks Which Prevent Access Out of Exit Enclosures. Existing locking +systems in high-rise buildings that prevent access out of exit enclosures shall satisfy all of the following +criteria in order to remain in service: + +Existing Lock Definition. An existing lock is a lock that was legally installed with a building permit prior +to September 21, 1990, the effective date of Policy P-25 "Securing of Stair Doors into Exit Enclosures". +The lock shall also comply with all of the requirements of the building code in effect at the time it was +installed. + +Master Keys. Locks must be key operable. Four sets of master keys to operate the locks shall be +available for Fire Department use in a location approved by the FPB. + +Fifth Floor Rule. Doors shall not be locked for more than five consecutive floors with keyed mechanical +locks. Where keyed locks are in place for more than five consecutive floors, at least one shall be replaced +by an electric lock such that the keyed locks do not occur for more than five consecutive levels. The +electric locks shall comply with all high rise building requirements as required by Section L 107. 1.5. 1.1. + +Existing Mechanical Combination Locks. Existing mechanical combination locks shall be removed and +replaced with complying electric locks. + +Existing Electric Locks. Existing electric locks on the enclosure side may remain in service if they +comply with all of the requirements listed in Section LI 07.1. + +L 107.1.5.2 Non-High Rise Buildings. In non-high rise buildings, if all of the provisions of Section +L107.1.5.2 are satisfied then the enclosure doors can be locked to prevent access out of the enclosure on all +levels except the discharge levels or other levels required to have access from the enclosure by the provisions +of Section L107.1.5.2.2. + +-100- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +L 107.1.5.2.1 Non-High Rise Buildings Less Than Five Stories. Doors into exit enclosures can be +locked with any type of mechanical lock or listed electrical lock from the enclosure side to prevent access +out of the enclosure if all of the following conditions are satisfied: + +The locking hardware does not prevent mechanical free egress into the enclosure at exit doors. + +The door is not a part of the egress path from the enclosure at a discharge level. + +The door locking hardware complies with all of the requirements of Section L 107.1.1.1. + +If listed electric strikes are used as part of the locking system the strike shall be a fail- secure strike. + +The provisions of this section can be applied to locking applications in both new and existing +buildings. + +L 107.1.5.2.2 Non-High Rise Buildings Greater Than Four Stories. Exit enclosure doors can be locked +to prevent access out of the enclosure in non-high rise buildings more than four stories in height if the +locking system complies with all of the general provisions of Section L 107.1 and the specific provisions +for high rise buildings in Section L 107. 1.5.1. + +SECTION L108 + +CONTRACTOR LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS + +Section L 108.1 Contractor Licensing Requirements for Access Control System Work. A licensed access control +contractor is required to obtain the permit necessary to install access control systems and components, including but not +limited to, delayed egress systems, telephone entry systems, electric door strikes, magnetic locking hardware, electrified +locksets, electrically operated panic hardware, card readers, controllers and other access control equipment. The access +control contractor may perform all of the work related to the installation of the access control system except for the work +restricted by the provisions of Section L108.1.2. The restricted work shall be performed by a contractor that is licensed to +perform the work. + +L 108.1.1 Access Control System Contractor License. The access control system contractor license is authorized +and classified by the provisions of DBC. All of the applicable requirements of Section 122 shall be satisfied in order +to obtain the access control system contractor license. The access control contractor may perform all work directly +related to the access control system except as limited by this section. The following types of related work can be +performed by the access control contractor: + +The installation of all access control system components including but not limited to control panels, magnetic +locking hardware, electrified locksets, electric strikes, electrically operated panic hardware, card readers and +power supplies that are not hardwired to the building's electrical power distribution system can be performed. The +work necessary to connect the access control system to a hard- wired power supply is allowed to be performed. + +The installation of all associated interconnecting wiring between access control system components necessary for +operation of the system except electrical circuits that are powered with more than 48- Volt- AC/DC can be +performed. + +The installation of raceways and conduits that only contain wiring for the interconnection of the various access +control components can be performed. + +The modification of doors and door frames required to install the various access control components can be +performed if the modification does not void the listing and labeling of a fire rated door and/or door frame. The +work necessary for the replacement of existing doors and/or doorframes in existing openings is also allowed to be +performed. + +An electrical contractor or an electrical signal contractor cannot perform the work that requires an access control +system contractor unless allowed by other provisions of this appendix. The modification of doors and door frames +can be performed by a properly licensed building contractor (Class A or B) or by one of the Class D building +specialty contractors licensed to install or perform work on doors. + +L 108.1.2 Requirements for Work Not Performed by Access Control Systems Contractor. Work related to the +installation of the access control system that cannot be performed by the access control system contractor shall be +performed by a contractor that is licensed by the classification provisions of DBC to perform the work. The following + + + +-101 - +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +types of work related to the installation of access control systems cannot be performed by the access control +contractor and shall be performed by an appropriately licensed contractor as required by Section L108.1.2: + +The wiring and modifications necessary to connect the access control systems to the fire alarm system. This work +shall be performed by an electrical signal contractor or an electrical registration contractor (Section 123.1, =ff9). + +The wiring and modifications necessary to connect the access control system to elevator control system. This +work shall be performed by a licensed elevator contractor. + +Any work on electrical circuits that are powered by more than 48 Volt- AC/DC including the hard- wiring of power +supplies for the access control system to the building's power system. This work shall be performed by an +electrical registration contractor. + +The installation of conduits or raceways that are intended to contain wiring for any of the following types of +circuits is not allowed: + +Circuits that carry more than 48 Volts AC/DC. This work shall be performed by an electrical registration +contractor. + +Circuits that are a part of the building's fire alarm system. This work shall be performed by an electrical +signal contractor or an electrical registration contractor. + +Circuits that are a part of an elevator control system. This work shall be performed by an elevator contractor. + +The construction of new walls and the installation of new doors and/or door frames in new openings. This work +shall be performed by a Class A building contractor, Class B building contractor or by one of the Class D building +specialty contractors licensed to perform the work. + +The work necessary to modify fire rated doors and door frames that is required to be performed by the doors +manufacture or other approved door fabrication shop approved by the agency that provides the listing for the door +and door frames. + +SECTION L109 + +ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM PERMIT REQUIREMENTS + +Section L 109.1 Access Control System Permit. In order perform work on an access control system an access control +permit shall be obtained prior to the start of work on the system. All of the provisions of Section L 109.1 shall be satisfied +prior to the issuance of an access control system permit. + +L 109.1.1 Purpose and Background. A specific permit application form was developed for the installation of access +control systems. This application form was designated as a Type 3B Permit. The SB Permit allows the installation of +access control systems and electric door locks in existing buildings, additions and new buildings. The 3B Permit +application is intended to provide a unique permit for access control system work and to simplify the permitting +process for access control systems. Previously, multiple permit applications had to be submitted for the installation of +access control systems. The 3B permit allows all of the following types of permits and their corresponding access +control system related work to be combined into one application (all permit types may not be required for each access +control system application): + +Type IC Permit - Work performed for the installation of doors or approved modifications to doors and door jambs. + +Type 3A Permit - Work performed for the interconnection of the access control system with the fire alarm and fire +detection system. + +Type 3 Permit - Work performed for the installation of the access control system or component that require circuits +that cany more than 48 Volts AC/DC. + +L 109.1.2 Work Requiring an Access Control Permit. An access control system permit is required when a new +access control system or electric locking systems are being installed or an existing system or electric lock is being +modified in any new or existing building. An access control permit is also required when the access control system is +installed outside of a building and anyone of the following conditions occur: + +The exterior access control system limits or affects the occupants of the building in their ability to reach the public +right-of way or a required safe dispersal area as required by IBC Section 1024.6. + + + +-102- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +The exterior access control system limits or restricts the use of the accessible route into the building. + +The exterior access control system is interfaced and connected with a building's fire alarm system. + +The exterior access control system is interfaced and connected to a building's elevator system. + +L 109.1.3 Scope of Work Covered by a Type 3B Permit. As indicated in Section L109.1.1 the Type 3B permit is +intended to allow all of the work to be performed, on a single permit, that is directly related to the access control +system and that must be completed by the following licensed contractors as required by Section L 108. 1.1 and Section +108.1.2: + +Access Control System Contractor + +Electrical Signal Contractor + +Electrical Registration Contractor + +Building Contractor Class A or B + +Building Specialty Contractor Class D (related to the installation of new door and door frames and the approved +modification of fire rated and labeled door and door frames). + +Although the name and license number of the elevator contractor is required to be provided on the Type 3B permit, +the work related to the elevator system is not covered by the Type 3B permit. A separate Type 6 elevator permit shall +be obtained by a licensed elevator contractor in conjunction with the Type SB permit when the access control system +interfaces with the elevator system. + +L 109.1.4 Issuance of a Type 3B Permit. A Type 3B permit can only be issued to a properly licensed access control +system contractor. + +Exception: + +The Type 3B permit can be issued to a properly registered electrical registration contractor if the access +control system does not require any of the following types of work or cause any of the following conditions to +occur: + +Limits or restricts mechanical free egress. + +Requires work to install or modify fire rated door and/or door frames. + +Requires work to replace doors and/or door frames. + +CPD will provide a permit inspection record card to the contractor upon issuance of the permit. The Type #3B +permit contractor is responsible for obtaining the required signatures on this card for all work requiring +inspection and approval by CPD. + +L 109.1.5 Type 3B Permit Application Requirements. All of the submittal requirements of Section L 109.1.5 shall +be satisfied prior to acceptance of the Type 3B permit application by CPD. + +L 109.1.5.1 Application Procedures. The applicant for the Type 3B permit shall be the contractor that will be +performing the access control work or their authorized representative. The applicant is responsible for completing +the permit application on the form provided by CPD. A complete description of work is to be provided with the +application. The names and license numbers of the other contractors that will be performing work under the Type +3B permit shall be provided on the permit application. If the access control system interfaces and connects with +the building's elevator system the name and license number of the elevator contractor shall be provided on the +permit application for the Type 3B permit. + +The permit application along with all the other submittal items required by Section L 109. 1.5 shall be presented for +acceptance in the manner and at the location established by CPD . + +L 109.1.5.2 Plan Submittal Requirements. Two sets of drawings showing the entire scope of the work to be +performed shall be submitted with the Type 3B permit application. + +L 109.1.5.2.1 Responsible Designer. The drawings shall be prepared under the direction and control of one +of the following: + + + +-103- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +A licensed access control system contractor. The contractor shall indicate their review and acceptance of +responsibility for the system's design by providing an original signature and the date of signature along +witii their contractor license number on each drawing sheet. + +A licensed access control system supervisor. The supervisor shall indicate their review and acceptance of +responsibility for the system's design by providing an original signature and the date of signature along +witii their contractor license number on each drawing sheet. + +A Colorado licensed design professional. The design professional shall indicate that they are the person +responsible for the design of the system by placing their State of Colorado design professional seal on +each drawing. The seal shall be original or computer generated and be signed with an original signature +and the date of signature shall be indicated. + +The name, mailing address and phone number of the person accepting responsibility for the drawings and +system design shall be indicated on the plans submitted with the permit application. + +L 109.1.5.2.2 Drawing Content. The plans being submitted shall provide all of the following information: + +The address of the building shall be included on the drawings along with a description of the location of +the work. + +The plans shall clearly indicate all doors that have mechanical free egress. If mechanical free egress is not +being provided, as allowed by the provisions of this appendix, the plans shall clearly indicate the doors +that do not provide mechanical free egress. + +Floor plans, drawn to scale, showing the device locations and door swings in plan view(s). The location +of all equipment involved shall be shown on the plan view(s). The location of exit signs and the path of +egress shall be shown. The floor plans shall provide sufficient information so that the affect of the access +control system on the exiting scheme from the floor can be fully evaluated. + +A door and hardware schedule that specifies the type and size of each door and the hardware type and +function being provided on each door. + +A narrative shall be provided that describes in detail the sequence of operations for the system. + +When the installation of the system requires the penetration of fire rated assemblies, details and/or +specifications shall be provided that indicate how the fire rating of the assembly will be maintained at the +penetration in accordance with Chapter 7 of the DBC. + +A one-line diagram of the system design shall be provided. The diagram shall include the source of +power, battery backup if provided, and interconnection with burglar alarm or fire alarm or elevator +control systems if provided. All devices in the design shall be shown on the one- line diagram. When the +source of power is provided by a plug- in power supply such device shall be clearly noted on the diagram. + +Point-to-point wiring details of all connections, including all interconnections to other building systems +shall be shown. Other building systems include but are not limited to the power distribution system, the +fire alarm system and the elevator control system. + +Manufacturers specification sheets for all devices that are part of the scope of work shall be provided. +Specification information shall include the approved testing agency's file number for each device. One +complete set of specification sheets should be attached to each set of plans. + +Sample access control drawings are included in this Appendix that can be used as examples of how to present +the required information on the submittal drawings. + +L 109.1.5.3 Other Submittal Requirements. When fire rated door and or door frames are shop modified to +accommodate the access control system installation, documentation shall be submitted with the permit application +that indicates the modifications performed and the name of the shop that performed the modifications to the door +or door frame. All modifications to fire rated door and door frame assemblies shall be performed by a shop that is +approved by the listing and labeling agency as an approved fabricator. + +L 109.1.5.4 Valuation of Work. The applicant shall provide a statement for the valuation of the work to be +performed under the access control system permit. The valuation of work shall be provided on a form provided by +CPD. The valuation of work shall include the contractor's profit, cost of materials, labor and overhead. + + + +-104- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +L 109.1.5.5 Plan Review Fee. Once the Type 3B permit application is reviewed and determined to be complete +the applicant shall be required to pay the plan review fee required by the DBC. + +L 109.1.6 Plans Review. Upon payment of the plans review fee the Type 3B permit application will be placed in the +tracking system for the plans review process. The applicant will be given an application tracking number. Once the +plans review has been performed the applicant will be notified if the application is approved or denied. If the +application is denied the applicant will be provided with a written list of comments that describe the reasons for the +denial of the application. Upon resolution of the plans review comments the application will be approved. The permit +will be issued upon payment of the building permit fee and any additional plan review fee or other fee required by the +DBC. + +SECTION LllO + +ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM PERMIT INSPECTION PROCESS + +L 110.1 Access Control System Permit Inspection Process. All access control system work shall be inspected and +accepted by CPD prior to starting the operation of the system. All of the requirements of Section 110.1 shall be satisfied +prior to the final acceptance of the access control system work by CPD inspections. + +L 110.1.1 Required Inspections. The access control system contractor shall be responsible for requesting and +obtaining a CPD inspector's approval on all required inspections. A separate rough-in inspection and a separate final +inspection shall be performed for all of the following work: + +Access control system work. + +High voltage electrical work. + +Fire alarm system work. + +Flevator system work. + +The final inspection for the access control system will not be performed until the final inspection has been approved +for all of the other related work. The access control system shall be ready for inspection prior to requesting the final +access control system inspection. + +L 110.1.2 CPD Inspector Responsibility. The following CPD inspectors shall be responsible for performing the +rough-in and final inspections on the access control system work: + +A CPD electrical inspector shall perform all of the inspections required for high voltage electrical work. + +A CPD electrical inspector shall perform all of the inspections required for fire alarm system work. + +A CPD elevator inspector shall perform all inspections required for the elevator system work. + +A CPD public safety inspector shall perform the inspections on all of the work being performed under the +Type 3B permit that is not inspected by another CPD inspection group. + +L 110.1.2.1 Inspection Related Duties. It will be the responsibility of the CPD public safety inspector to perform +the following inspection related duties: + +Verify that labeling has been provided on all modified fire- rated doors and frames. + +Performing testing of the access control system. If testing is required to be performed by an electrical or +elevator inspector, the public safety inspector shall coordinate with the other inspectors to assure that the +overall systems function as designed. + +Coordinate with the FPB when Fire Department related issues occur during the installation of the access +control system. + +Assure that the inspections record card has been signed and approved by all of the inspection groups that have +been required to inspect work on the access control system being installed. + +Finalize the Type SB permit once they complete the final inspection process. + +SECTION Llll + +ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM TESTING AND MAINTENANCE + +-105- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +L 111.1 Access Control System Testing. This appendix does not require mandatory access control system testing. +However, it is strongly recommended that the building owner implement a periodic testing program to assure that the +system and its component parts continue to operate as designed. It is further recommended that a licensed and qualified +access control system contractor be retained to test and perform maintenance on the system at a maximum inten/al of +twelve (12) months. + +L 111.2 Access Control System Maintenance. All access control systems shall be maintained to remain in compliance +with this appendix and the specific operational requirements of the system that was originally permitted. Failure to +maintain the system in compliance with the requirements of this appendix and the originally approved system design +requirements and conditions shall be cause to require the operation of the system to be suspended or removed. When the +access control system interfaces with the buildings fire alarm and/or elevator control systems and these systems are not +maintained in a fully operational condition, the operation of the access control system may be required to be suspended +until these related systems are fully operational. + +SECTION L113 + +ACCESS CONTROL - SAMPLE DRAWINGS + +L 113.1 Sample Drawings. The sample drawings included in this section are intended to provide general guidance and +assistance in the preparation of submittal drawings that are required to be submitted by Section 109.1 with the 3B Permit +application. All of the information shown on these sample drawings shall be incorporated into the drawings that are to be +used to construct the system. Additional information may be required to be shown on the drawings being submitted when +unusual conditions occur or when unique systems are being installed. The following sample drawings are included: + +DRAWING ACl - TITLE SHEET - Figure 113.1 (a) + +DRAWING AC2 - SEQUENCE OF OPERATION - Figure 113.1 (b) + +DRAWING AC3 - FLOOR PLAN AND DOOR SCHEDULE - Figure 113.1 (c) + +DRAWING AC4- POINT-TO-POINT DIAGRAM - Figure 113.1 (d) + +DRAWING ACS - ONE LINE DIAGRAM - Figure 113.1 (e) + +DRAWING AC6 - ELEVATION VIEW OF DOORS - Figure 113.1 (f) + + + +-106- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (A) - DRAWING ACl - TITLE SHEET + + + +ACCESS CDNTRDL SYSTEM +FDR + +XYZ CDRPDRATIDN + +1234 5TH ST, +DENVER CD 80XXX + +□CCUPANCYi E2 + +SYSTEM DESIGNED BYi + +ACHE CCWTRDL SYSTEMS + +678? MAIN ST. + +DENVER, CD SOXXX + +303 123-4567 + +ACCESS CDNTRDL CQNTRACTDR LICENSE 14 + + + + + + +PRDJECT SCDPE + + + + +DDDR 1 + +t^ADD MAGNETIC LOCK TO MAIN ENTRY. + +|>-ADD CARD REAEER TD MAIN ENTRY, + +t REPLACE THE EXIT HARDWARE ON MAIN ENTRY. + +|>AISD EXIT SENSOR TE MAIN ENTRY, + +t-ADD EXIT BUTTON TC MAIN ENTRY, + +DDDR 101 +^repll^ce existing hardware with electic +hardware: dn dfeice dodr. + +B-ADIl CARD READER TD OFFICE DDDR, + +B-CDNTRnL EQUIPMENT SHALL BE LCCATEE +INSIDE THE ELECTRICAL RUDH, + + +BYi + + + + + + +PRINTED NW1E + + + + + + +DATE + +SlBNflTURE + +INCLUDING SHEETS ACl THRDUGH AC6 + + +ACME + + +H«HE Cam-RDL STSTEMS + + +"^^ )CYZ CDRPDRATIDN + +/iCCESS CDNTRDL SVSTtM + +1E34 5TM ST, + +SHreR ca uuxKK + +1 reiXi OO* *S6-5S» + + + + +Mil ACl + + + + +SCALE + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +IkTE + + +lY + + +1 1 + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (A) + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (B) - DRAWING AC2 - SEQUENCE OF OPERATION + + + +SEQUENCE DF DPERATIDN + +MAIN ENTRY DDDR 1 INGRESS (MAGNETIC LDCK) + +Door 1 Is iQca'ted at the west entry of the fad Ltty anol is used by the general pubVtc. +Door 1 shall lae electronically locKeol after hours. After hours door 1 nay Joe accessed +by a valid carol read. + +Passing a ca.rci, validated for entry^ through the card reader will cause the Magnetic lock to release +the door allcvtlnc It to be opered. A validated carol v«lll cause relay Kl ta pwnentartly energize irhlch +will deactivate the fiagnetic locks. The positive side a¥ the nagnetic lochs power Is wired In series +with the narnaUy closed contacts of relay Kl. + +MAIN ENTRY DDDR 1 EGRESS + +When e-nerglzed < iankedi , the nagnet I c locik wi II be depnergi zed by "the exit sensoj" upon approaching thie doQr. +In the event of a malfunction, the nagnetic lock nay be releases! with the 'DDDR UNLDCK' buttor provisled. +In the event of a Fire Alarm or loss of po*er, the ti&gnetic lock vtlll be deen^rglzed, +Free egess sha II b? na t nta I ned at all 1 1 nes, + + + +nrricE dddr loi ingress (electric hardware) + +Door 101 Is an entry into the electrical roon. Door 101 shall be locked at all tines, requirrng a v&lldate +access control carol or c loulldtng naster key to enter, + +Passing a card, validated for entry, through the curd reader will cause the electric lockset to release +allowing the lever hanolle to be turned, A validated card reoo( wilt cause reloy K£ to enerolae mhlch wlU +releose the electric ltKkse~t. The electric lockset wl U be wired In series iKith the norrtftlly open contacts +of relay KE. When K£ is energized, the contacts will close, whichwiU apply power to the lockset releasine + +It nonentarl ly. Door nod i f 1 cat I ons for irBtcllatlon of the electric lockset shall (oe opproved by a listing + +agency, + + + +DFFICE DDDR 101 EGRESS + +Soor 101 shall kts equipped with a storproon fijnctinn electric tockset. +When handle is turned, the spring latch retracts, Free egress shall be +nalntalned at all tinps + + + +ACME + + + +*CHE CnNTRDL STSTEMJ + +£76? HhVIN ST. + +WnVEK, en BCUCKX + +3M IE3-4367 + + + +XYZ CDRPDRATIDN + +ACCESS CONTRnL SYSTEM + +ie34 WH ST. +BDIVai CD taXKA +TEL& CMHJ 4H-7e90 + + + +Il«f AC2 + + + +SEOUENEE 7 DPOUTIM + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (B) + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (C) - DRAWING AC3 - FLOOR PLAN AND DOOR SCHEDULE + + + +CD + + + +^t> + + + +□ + + + +n + + + +DFFICE + + + +n + + + +ELECTRICAL +RDDM + +PM. « I + + + +(& + + + +fU + + + +© + + + +N + +A + + + + + + + +LEGEND + + +k 1 + + +- CARD READER + + +m + + +- MftGNETIC LOCK + + +bd + + +- ELECTRIC LOCK + + + + +:> + + +-EXIT SENSDR + + +D + + +- tXIT EUTTDN + + + +hqdr + + +SCHEDULE + + + + +DR # DDDR SIZE EnOR TYPE + + +ERA ME TYPE + + +FIRE HATING + + +» mi K* vine UBU.BU >ctal + + +HOLLW dUIHINUM +aUS fTIREFDOa + +WLLIM HCTM. + + +1 mm + + + +ACME + + + +MPC CCMTRDL STSTEMS + +£769 HAIN IT. + +lEMVER, CD BDXyX + +303 ia3-4367 + + + +XYZ CDRPDRATIDN + +ACCESS CDNTRQL SYSTEM + +1H4 51\t SI, +lEHVER CO eiDHX + + + +Dwct AC3 + + + +sc/iLE> 1/y ^ r + + + +HUlPfEhn LDCATION Fli][H>LMt + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (C) + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (D) - DRAWING AC4- POINT-TO-POINT DIAGRAM + + + +^ IS/? CL2 C7 + + + +Jj± + + + +4 + + + +t + + + +le/S CLS (B» + + + +FACP +INTERFACE + + + +PQKR + + + +SUPPLY PI + +ES + +(CCTIW jH + + + +Bl[ + + + +DFriCE +DDDR 101 +ELECTRIC +HARDWARE + + + +LDAD CENTER + + + +power supply shall be +harduire:i3 into panel a + +BREftKEK « Sj 20A + +CONNECT IDN BY OTHERS +LQAE LESS THAN i MP @ + + + +IID + + + +Mag Lock Pwr + + + +7^ + + + +<-> + + + +^EXAMPLE: +18/E CL2 (75 + +UJ 55 LJ * + +^ I- r uj +S u "^ 5 + + + +<+> !:+5 + + + +MAG + + + +y + + + +(+> + + + +y + + + +(+> + + + +DQDR UNLOCK + +BUT TQM + + + +C+> + + + +EXIT +SENSOR + + + +NORMALLY CLQSED + +SWITCH + + + +19/3 CLS + +,lS/5 CLE ( + + + + + + + +,/ + + + +16/5 CL2 f4) + + + + + + +■""* ACCESS CIHTiaL PANEL + + + +« + +^ + +jt ^ E "f^- + +-"^[T] + + + + + + + +'l'l'l'i'fl'l'l T I'l'l "li l T I T + + + +Sensai" Pmir + + + +1S/& CL2 SHlELEEn ( 1> + + + +Ix"' + + + +ie/6 [X2 SM.D (S) + + + +b^ + + + +c + + + +MftlH ENTRY +DOUR 1 + +RE/^DER + + + +□FFICE +mUR LOl + +READER + + + +NORMALLY CLOSED +SWITCH + + + +MAIN ENTRY DDGR 1 + + + +ACME + + + +6TS9 HAIN ST. + +DENVER^ CO eD)CKX + +IDS l?:i-4S£7 + + + +XYZ CGRPDRATIDN + +ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM + +ie3* 9TH ST. + +nfNirEn en gana +lELD C3Cn> 436-7990 + + + +3m. + + + +IWBt AC4 + + + +PODfT ni PaiHT DIAQRW + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (D) + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (E) - DRAWING ACS - ONE LINE DIAGRAM + + + +riDDR 1 + +MAGNETIC + +LOCK + + + +MAG + + + +EXIT +SENSDR + + + +DGGR UNLGCK +BUTTON + + + +DODR 10 1 +ELECTRIC +HARDWARE + + + +ACCESS +CDNTRDLLER + + + +EDDR 1 + +CARE +REAI3ER + + + +IX. + + + +DEOR 101 + +CARD + +READER + + + +tX + + + +PnWER +SUPPLY + + + +12VDC + + + +FIRE + +ALARM + +CnNTRDL + +PANEL + + + +POWER + +LOAD + +CENTER + +PANEL +A + +BREAKER »6 +eO AMP + + + +ACME + + + +ACHE CDNTRO. StSTEHS + +£7ef HAEH £T. + +DEMVER, CO SOXXX + +K3 ]33>4Si7 + + + +XrZ CCRPDRATinN + +ACCESS CDNTBCIL SYSTEM + + + +TELB (303) *56-TeW + + + +WG* AC 5 + + + +DHL LINE ]1I««AH + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (E) + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +FIGURE 113.1 (F) - DRAWING AC6 - ELEVATION VIEW OF DOORS + + + +TO CONTFaLLTR j^ caHlRUVLER + + + +in CaNTHDLLEH + + + + +EKIT butt™ + + + +MAIN ENTRY +DDDR 1 + + + +nrricE LonR + +DDDR 101 + + + +ACME + + + +M3E CDHriai. SYSTEMS + +C7B9 MAIN ST. + +DEWER. CC HUCOC + +X3 i53-43GT + + + +XYZ CQRPDRATIDN +ACCESS CONTROL SrSTEM + +1234 3TTI IT. +DHVEfl CO BOnU +lat C3D0J 4»-?SWI + + + +iv» ACS + + + +scaii a/y - L' + + + +mDR ELEVitriras + + + +FIGURE 113.1 + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +APPENDIX M +COLORADO TITLE 9 ARTICLE 5 - STANDARDS FOR ACCESSIBILE HOUSING + +Colorado Statute Title 9, Article 5 is reproduced in this appendix for reference. + +ARTICLE 5 +STANDARDS FOR ACCESSIBLE HOUSING + +Colorado Statutes: TITLE 9 SAFETY - INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL: BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT: +ARTICLE 5 STANDARDS FOR ACCESSIBLE HOUSING + +9-5-lOl.Definitions. + + + +As used in this article, unless the context otherwise requires: + +(1) "Accessibility point" means a unit of value exchanged for different levels of accessible dwelling types to satisfy +the requirements for dwelling accessibility contained in this article. + +(2) "Accessible route" means an interior or exterior circulation path that complies with the provisions contained in +"ANSIA117.1-1998". + +(3) "ANSI A 117. 1-1998" means the 1998 version of the "American National Standard for Buildings and Facilities +Providing Accessibility and Usability for Physically Handicapped People", promulgated by the American national +standards institute. + +(4) "Detached residence" means a one- or two-family residence that is separated from adjacent dwellings by an +unobstructed physical space. A one- or two- family residence that is separated from an adjacent dwelling by a +physical space of less than three feet shall not be considered a detached residence. + +(5) "Ground story level" means the lowest story in a dwelling unit containing habitable rooms or areas with an +accessible entrance located on an accessible route that contains living, sleeping, cooking, bathing, and toilet +facilities. For the purposes of this article, a basement shall not be considered the ground story level if the finished +basement floor is located more than four feet below the exterior finished grade determined at any point along the +exposed periphery of the dwelling unit. + +(6) "Project" means the total number of parcels and buildings in a development planned or constructed by the same +developer, builder, or entity on one site or contiguous sites, and also includes all parcels and structures that are +parts of the same planned development application or agreement. The separation of contiguous individual +buildings, units, lots, tracts, or parcels of land by a property line or by a public or private road shall not create a +separate project. + +(7) "Property" means the site, parcels of land, plats, lots, tracts, individual dwelling units, existing and proposed +structures, and the built environment. + +(8) "Residential dwelling unit" means any portion of a building that contains living facilities, including a room or +rooms in a facility that have shared cooking, bathing, toilet, or laundry facilities such as dormitories, shelters, +assisted living facilities, and boarding homes. "Residential dwelling unit" also means facilities that include +provisions for sleeping, cooking, bathing, and toilet facilities for one or more persons and are used for extended +stays, such as time-shares and extended-stay motels. "Residential dwelling unit" does not mean a guest room in a +motel or hotel. + +(9) "Technically infeasible", in reference to a proposed alteration to a building or facility, means that the proposed +alteration is not implemented because: + +(a) An existing structural condition or conditions make such alteration labor- or cost- prohibitive; + +(b) The building or facility is in strict compliance with minimum accessibility requirements for new construction +and, due to existing physical or site constraints, such alteration would negatively impact such compliance. + +(10) "Type A dwelling unit" means a dwelling unitdesigned in accordance with the provisions of ANSI A117. 1-1998, +section 1002. + +-113- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +(11) "Type A multistory dwelling unit" means a multiple story dwelling unit with a ground story level designed in +accordance with the provisions of ANSI A117. 1-1998, section 1002, and, if provided, accessible laundry facilities +on the ground story level. + +(12) "Type B dwelling unit" means a dwelling unit with a ground floor level designed in accordance with the +prx)visionsof ANSI A117.1-1998, section 1003. + +(13) "Type B multistory dwelling unit" means a multiple- story dwelling unit with a ground story level that is designed +in accordance with the provisions of ANSI A 117. 1-1998, section 1003, and, if provided, accessible laundry +facilities on the ground story level. + +(14) "Type B visitable ground floor" means a multiple- story dwelling unit with an accessible entrance and toilet +facility designed in accordance with the provisions of ANSI A117. 1-1998, section 1003. + +(15) "Undue hardship" means a substantial and unusual hardship that is the direct result of unique physical site +conditions such as topography or geology, or that is the direct result of other unique or special conditions +encountered on a property, but that are not typically encountered in the jurisdiction in which such property is +located. Constraints, complications, or difficulties that may arise by complying with these statutory standards for +accessibility but that do not constitute an undue hardship shall not serve to justify the granting of an exception or +variance. + +9-5-102. Disabilities covered - purpose. + +(1) This article is intended to provide accessibility standards for residential projects designed to serve persons with +nonambulatory disabilities, semiambulatory disabilities, sight disabilities, hearing disabilities, disabilities of +incoordination, and aging. + +(2) Design criteria. Design criteria shall comply with the 1998 version of the "American National Standard for +Buildings and Facilities Providing Accessibility and Usability for Physically Handicapped People", promulgated +by the American national standard institute, commonly cited as "ANSI A117. 1-1998". + +9-5-103. Applicability of standards - enforcement. + +(1) The standards and specifications set forth in this article shall apply to all buildings and facilities used for housing +that are constructed in whole or in part by the use of state, county, or municipal funds or the funds of any political +subdivision of the state or that are constructed with private funds. All such buildings and facilities to be +constructed from plans on which architectural drawings are started after July 1, 1975, from any one of these funds +or any combination thereof shall conform to each of the standards and specifications prescribed in this article. The +governmental unit responsible for the enforcement of this article shall grant exceptions to or modify any particular +standard or specification when it is determined that it is impractical and would create an undue hardship. Any +such exception or modification of the provisions of this article shall be made in writing as a matter of public +record. These standards and specifications shall be adhered to in those buildings and facilities that are constructed +or proposed on or after April 29, 2003. This article shall apply to permanent buildings. + +(2) The jurisdiction with responsibility for enforcement of this article pursuant to section 9-5-104 shall designate a +board of appeals to hear and resolve appeals of orders, decisions, or determinations made by the enforcing agency +regarding the application and interpretation of this article. + +(3) Any building or facility that would have been subject to the provisions of this article but was under construction +prior to July 1, 1976, shall comply with the following: + +(a) If the walls or defining boundaries of an element or space are altered, then the altered element or space shall +comply with the applicable provisions of section 9-5-105, unless such alteration is technically infeasible. If +full compliance with this article is technically infeasible, compliance shall be implemented up to the point of +technical infeasibility. No alteration shall be undertaken that negatively impacts accessibility of a building or +facility pursuant to ANSI A 117.1-1998. This paragraph (a) shall not be construed to require the moving of +any existing walls not otherwise planned to be moved. + +(b) Any additions to a building or facility shall be treated as new construction for the purposes of enforcement of +this article. + +(4) The general assembly finds and declares that the standards and specifications set forth in this article are of +statewide concern. Nothing in this article shall prohibit any municipality or other governmental subdivision from + + + +-114- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +making and enforcing standards and specifications tliat are more stringent, and thus provide greater accessibility, +than those set forth in this article. + +9-5-104. Responsibility forenforeing standards. + +(1) The responsibility for enforcement of this article is as follows: + +(a) For factory-built residential structures as defined in section 24-32-3302 (10), C.R.S., the division of housing +created in section 24-32-704, C.R.S.; + +(b) In a political subdivision that does not have a local building code, the division of housing created in section +24-32-704, C.R.S.; + +(c) For all other housing or in a political subdivision that has adopted a building code, by the building +department, or its equivalent, of the political subdivision having jurisdiction. + +9-5-105. Exemptions for certain privately funded projects. + +(1) Accessible dwelling units shall be provided as required in this article; except that this article does not apply to +privately funded projects for the construction of a detached residence or residences or to other types of residential +property containing less than seven residential units. + +For the purpose of determining the number of accessibility points required pursuant to subsection (2) of this section, +the accessible dwelling unit types shall have the following point values: + +Accessibility point + +A ccessible dwelling unit type value per dwelling unit + +Type A dwelling unit 6 + +Type A multistory dwelling unit 5 + +Type B dwelling unit 4 + +Type multistory dwelling unit 3 + +Type B visitable ground floor 1 + +(2) Residential projects. + +(a) A project shall be assigned accessibility points based on the number of units contained within the project as +follows: + + + +Number of units within the Accessibility points + + +project + +0-6 + + +required + + + + +7-14 + + + + +6 + + +15-28 + + + + +12 + + +29-42 + + + + +18 + + +43-57 + + + + +24 + + +58-71 + + + + +30 + + +72-85 + + + + +36 + + +86-99 + + + + +42 + + +100-114 + + + + +48 + + +115-128 + + + + +54 + + +129-142 + + + + +60 + + +143-157 + + + + +66 + + +158-171 + + + + +72 + + +172-185 + + + + +78 + + +186-199 +etc. + + +84 +-1-6 additional points +every 14 units or +fraction thereof + + + +-115- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +(b) A project shall include enough accessible dwelling units to achieve at least the specified number of +accessibility points required pursuant to paragraph (a) of this subsection (2). A project may use any +combination of accessible dwelling unit types to comply with this section. + +9-5-106. Implementation plan. + +The builder of any project regulated by this article shall create an implementation plan that guarantees the timely and +evenly phased delivery of the required number of accessible units. Such plan shall clearly specify the number and type of +units required and the order in which they are to be completed. Such implementation plan shall be subject to approval by +the entity with enforcement authority in such project's jurisdiction. The implementation plan shall not be approved if more +than thirty percent of the project is intended to be completed without providing a portion of accessible units required by +section 9-5-105; except that, if an undue hardship can be demonstrated, or other guarantees provided are deemed +sufficient, the jurisdiction having responsibility for enforcement may grant exceptions to this requirement. The +implementation plan shall be approved by the governmental unit responsible for enforcement before a building permit is +issued. + + + +APPENDIX N +CONSTRUCTION OF AIRPORT BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES + +SECTION NlOl +GENERAL + +Section N 101.1 General. The provisions of this Ch^tEr ^ply to the special problems that are eaoountered in the +construction and fire protection of airpDrt buildings and related structures. Due to the exposure of these structures by +normal airport operations and the large number of people v\^o mEy occupy some of the buildings, special requiremeats are +required to assure public safety and welfare. + +Section N101.2 Federal Agencies. The facilities, buildings, structures or portions thereof owned, occupied and managed +by an agency of the federal government may not be subject to the provisions of this Code. + +SECTION N102 +DEFINITIONS + +AIRCRAFT LOADING WALKWAY - An elevated device through which passengers move between a point in a +passenger terminal building and an aircraft. Included in this category are walkways that may be essentially fixed and +permanently placed, and walkways (jetways) that are essentially mobile in nature and fold, telescope or pivot from a fixed +point at the airport terminal building or at a fixed walkway. + +AIRPORT RAMP - Any outdoor area, including aprons and hard-stands, on which aircraft may be positioned, sorted, +serviced or maintained, irrespective of the nature of the surface of the area. + +CONCOURSE - A fully enclosed portion of the terminal building used for passenger handling and aircraft flight service +functions with provisions for parking aircraft on one or more sides. + +FREIGHT TERMINAL BUILDING (Air Cargo Buildings) - A structure used for the processing and/or storage of +incoming or outgoing freight and other necessary functions in connection with air freight operations. + +PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING - A structure used for air passenger enplaning or deplaning, including ticket +sales, flight information, baggage handling and other necessary functions in connection with air transport operations. +Passenger terminal buildings shall include any concourse or satellite buildings used for passenger handling or aircraft +flight service functions. Passenger walkways, aircraft loading walkways and "mobile lounges" are excluded. + +PASSENGER WALKWAY - A fully enclosed grade or ramp level walkway that is used for the enplaning or deplaning +of passengers. + + + +-116- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +SATELLITE PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING - A structure which may be adjacent to but separated from the +main passenger terminal building, accessible above ground or through subway passages, and used to provide flight service +operations (i.e., passenger check-in, waiting rooms, floor sen/ice, enplaning or deplaning). + +SECTION N103 + +TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION + +Section N 103.1 Passenger Terminal Buildings. Passenger terminal buildings shall be Type I or II as required for the +areas allowed by Section 503. Section 507 "Unlimited Area" shall not apply to Passenger Terminal Buildings. + +Exception: + +The concourse or part of the concourse of a passenger terminal building may be enclosed by unprotected, +noncombustible construction (i.e., walls and roof) provided the following conditions exist: + +1 . There is no occupied level above the concourse level or part of the concourse level being considered. + +2. The maximum height of the building is less than 55 feet. This height does not include ramp or Federal +Aviation Agency control towers. + +3. The passenger terminal building is sprinklered. + +The structures for elevated interior walkways, people movers or interconnecting crossovers within this area of +unprotected, noncombustible construction shall have the same fire rating as the base building. + +Section N 103.2 Freight Terminal Buildings. Freight terminal buildings shall be of noncombustible construction. + +Section N103.3 Aircraft Loading Walkways (Jetways). Movable jetways and fixed walkways shall meet the +requirements of NAPA 417 (Aircraft Loading Walkways). No hazardous storage or operations such as fuel supply lines, +fuel storage tanks, vehicular storage or fueling may occur under or near the aircraft loading walkway. + +Exit doors between walkways and the passenger terminal shall swing into the passenger terminal. Doors held open shall +have automatic closing devices. All other doors shall have self-closing devices and be equipped with panic hardware on +the aircraft side. + +Sprinkler protection is not required in the interior or exterior of movable or fixed walkways. + +Section N 103.4 Passenger Walkways on Grade Level Construction shall be at least one- hour noncombustible +construction. + +Doors and windows shall be ¥4- hour fire- rated assemblies. Glazing area of windows shall not exceed 25% of the wall +area. All gate doors shall swing outward and have a self-closing device. + +Entrance doors between walkways and the passenger terminal shall swing into the passenger terminal and be equipped +with panic hardware on the walkway side. + +Section N103.5 Otiier Structures. All other buildings or structures may be of any type of construction allowed for the +occupancy group by this Code. + +SECTION N104 +OCCUPANCY + +Section N104.1 Occupancy Group. The primary occupancy of the passenger terminal shall be a Group M Occupancy +with the special provisions specified in this Chapter. Every building or portion thereof shall be classified by the use or the +character of its occupancy according to the provisions of Chapters 3 and 4. + +Section N104.2 Limitation of Occupancy. Any occupancy considered "extra-hazardous" (as defined in NFPA 13, +Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems) shall be prohibited in an airport terminal building. + +Section N 104.3 Occupant Load Factors and Occupancy Groups. + + + +-117- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +TABLE N104.3 +OCCUPANT LOAD FACTORS AND OCCUPANCY GROUPS + + +USE + + +OCCUPANCY +GROUP + + +OCCUPANT LOAD + +FACTOR + +Sq. Ft/Occupant + + +1. Hold Rooms + +a. Open Areas + +b. Seating Areas + + +M +M + + +30 +15 or fixed seat count + + +2. Passenger Circulation Space includes ticket +area, check- in and baggage claim area + + +M + + +100 + + +3. Office + + +B + + +See Table 1003.2.2.2 + + +4. Retail + + +M + + +See Table 1003.2.2.2 + + +5. Drinking and D ining Establishments + +a. Occupant Load less tiian 50 + +b. ccupant L oad greater than 50 Stand +up service without Seating Sit down +service + + +B + +A2 + + +See Table 1003.2.2.2 +See Table 1003.2.2.2 + + +6. Baggage Storage/Handling + +a. A reas with vehicular access + +b. A reas without vehicular access + + +SI +SI + + +300 gross + + +7. Transit Stations + + + + +As required by NFPA 130 + + + +SECTION N105 +MEANS OF EGRESS + +Section N 105.1 Building Means of Egress. Building means of egress shall comply with Chapter 10, unless specifically +provided for in this Chapter. + +Section N105.2 Emergency Exits. If emergency exits discharge directly onto an airport ramp or sen/ice area, the doors +shall be clearly marked "Emergency Exit Only" in letters at least 2 inches high with contrasting colors in addition to exit +signs as required by Section 1003.2.10 or as approved by the Department and the Fire Department. + +Section N105.3 Delay Panic Hardware. All emergency exits from a passenger terminal building that discharge onto an +airport ramp or sen/ice area shall be equipped with delay panic hardware. The locking device shall release without +unlatching when activated by 2 alarm devices or by a loss of electrical power. + +Section N 105.4 Numbering. Emergency exit doors shall be numbered on both sides, 3 inches high minimum on the +inside and 5 inches high minimum on the outside with contrasting colors. + +Section N105.5 Control Tower. There shall be 2 exits from any control tower floor which exceeds 1,500 sq. ft. in area or +where 2 or more adjacent floors have an occupant load of more than 15. Scissor stairs are allowed with the following +provisions: + +1 . That the wall between the 2 separate stairs shall be 2-hour fire- rated minimum and with no penetrations allowed. + +2. Both stairs shall be mechanically pressurized on alarm to maintain a minimum positive pressure of 0.1 5- inch +water column relative to atmospheric pressure with all doors closed. Activation of the mechanical equipment +shall be through the Fire Alarm System which shall be provided per Code: + +1 . Provide a smoke detector in front of each stair door on the corridor ceiling of each floor. + +2 . Provide a smoke detector on the ceiling adj acent to the elevator lobby . + +3. For air conditioning systems or pressure air supply serving more than one story, provide a smoke detector in +the return air duct or plenum on each floor. The activation of any detector shall cause the return air to exhaust +completely from the building without any recirculation through tie building. + +3. Power for the mechanical equipment and the fire alarm system smoke control shall be provided through the +required emergency power section of the building electrical supply. + +4. Stair shafts shall be provided with emergency lighting from the emergency power supply described in paragraph +3. In addition, battery backup supply shall be provided for these fixtures. + +Section N105.6 Exterior Doors. Exterior doors shall include doors opening onto roadways on grade or elevated which +provide public access/egress to passenger terminals, provided that: + + + +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +1 . The roadways have sidewalks, width based on occupant load, that lead to a dispersal area at grade. + +2. Covered roadways are sprinklered and have at least one side open. +Section N105.7 Security Grilles and Doors. See Section 402.11. + +SECTION N106 + +AIRPORT RAMP DRAINAGE + +Section N 106.1 Scope. The requirements specified herein provide standards for the design of the water drainage system +of an aircraft fueling ramp to control the flow of fuel which may be spilled on a ramp and to minimize the resultant +possible danger therefrom. Such a drainage system is intended to limit spread of the fuel spill to aircraft loading +walkways, terminal structures or passenger loading walkways that might result in liquid or vapors reaching a source of +ignition or in the accumulation of dangerous or toxic vapors. + +Section N 106.2 Definitions. "Aircraft Fueling Ramp" is defined as any outdoor area at an airport, including aprons and +hand stands, on which aircraft are normally fueled or defueled. + +Section N106.3 Aircraft Fueling Ramp Slope and Drain Design. Aircraft fueling ramps shall slope away from terminal +buildings, passenger loading walkways, aircraft hangars and other structures (excluding aircraft loading walkways), with a +minimum grade of 1% (1:100) for the first 50 feet (15.2 m). Beyond this distance, the slope to drainage inlets may be +reduced to a minimum of 0.5% (1:200). Drainage inlets, where provided, shall be a minimum of 50 feet (15.2 m) from +such structures. + +Proximity of ramp drainage inlets and fueling hydrants to aircraft loading walkways shall not be restricted. + +Section N 106.4 Vapor Penetration Protection. Below- grade areas or blind spaces in airport terminal buildings shall be +protected against flammable fuel or vapor penetration or shall be mechanically ventilated to provide at least 4 complete air +changes per hour. + +SECTION N107 + +AIRPORT SMOKE CONTROL AND DETECTION + +Section N107.1 General. The smoke control systems shall be connected to the smoke detection and/or the automatic +sprinkler systems, and shall automatically operate when either system is actuated. The smoke control system shall also be +capable of manual operation from the Fire Command Center. During those hours when the building air conditioning +systems are not operating, the smoke detection system shall activate the smoke control system. All smoke control +equipment for both tenant space and terminal buildings shall be in place and operational before any part of the passenger +terminal buildings is occupied. The level of protection of the fire detection system for unoccupied tenant space shall be +subject to the approval of the Department and Fire Department. For any space or corridor which exceeds 20 feet in length +connected to an atrium or passenger terminal area which has separate smoke control zones, provide supply air to the space +or corridor at the farthest location from the point of connection to the atrium or passenger terminal area. + +Exceptions: + +1. Ramp service and nonpublic ramp level tenant areas of concourse buildings need not be provided with a +smoke control system. + +2. Unenclosed bag handling tenant areas of concourse or terminal buildings need not be provided with a smoke +control system. + +Section N107.2 When Required. A mechanically operated air-handling system shall be installed in the main passenger +terminal building which will restrict the smoke to the general area of fire origin and maintain the exiting system in a +condition that is safe for exiting. The system shall be designed so that exhausted smoke cannot contaminate the outside +air intake of any system. + +Section N107.3 High Rise Buildings. See Section 403. + +Section N107.4 Atriums. See Section 404. + +Section N107.5 Passenger Terminal Buildings. + +-119- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +1. The smoke control equipment for the main passenger terminal building may be separate from that serving tenant +spaces. + +2. The passenger terminal buildings systems shall have a product of combustion detector located in the supply air +system after the air filters which will stop the supply fan upon detection. In addition, a product of combustion +detector shall be provided in the return or the exhaust air stream to activate the smoke control system. + +3. The passenger terminal buildings' public circulation area smoke removal systems shall provide at least 4 air +changes per hour, and shall be located to preclude accumulation of smoke in any part of the public circulation +areas zoned not to exceed 52,000 square feet on a single floor and must coincide with required fire sprinkler +zones. Within that sprinkler zone there may be one or more air moving systems but no single smoke control zone +shall be larger than the sprinkler zone. The smoke removal system shall also be capable of manual operation from +the F.D. Operations Center. + +4. The tenant space shall be part of a smoke control zone, not to exceed 52,000 square feet on a single floor. Tenant +spaces that are within 2 adjacent smoke control zones may be connected to either of the adjacent smoke control +systems. + +5. The smoke control exhaust system for tenant spaces shall be sized to provide a minimum of 4 air changes per +hour or 20,000 cfm from each smoke control zone, whichever is greater. + +6. For tenant spaces adjoining the concourse or terminal exceeding 7,500 square feet, a separate smoke control zone +shall be provided. + +Section N107.6 Smoke Detection. Smoke detection shall be provided as follows: + +1. There shall be an average of one detector per 2,500 square feet for areas with roof/ceilings over 25 feet above an +occupied floor. + +Exception: + +1. Thermal detectors or cross-zone beam detectors may be used in lieu of smoke detectors where approved by the +Department and Fire Department. + +2. Detector zones may not exceed 20,000 square feet and no detector zone shall serve more than one smoke control +zone. + +3. A detector in a smoke control zone shall actuate all the adjacent zone smoke control equipment to pressurize those +adjacent zones with 100% outside air while the affected smoke control zone goes into exhaust. All other smoke +control zones shall remain in normal operation. + +Section N107.7 Specific Requirements. The mechanically operated supply and return exhaust systems servicing smoke +control zones shall be arranged to exhaust at the indicated rates when activated by the smoke detection and/or sprinkler +systems; all adjoining areas or smoke control zones shall be arranged to supply 100% outside air to prevent smoke +migration to the unaffected areas. + +In addition to other smoke zone area requirements, passenger holding areas shall be treated as tenant spaces if separate +systems are used; otherwise, they shall be treated as part of the concourse/passenger terminal public circulation space and +horizontal smoke control zones shall be limited to 52,000 square feet maximum. + +Section N107.8 Control Tower. Smoke control in the control tower shall be as follows: + +1 . Exhaust the occupied level where the fire alarm is activated at 6 air changes per hour. + +2. Maintain normal HVAC operations on all other adjacent occupied levels. + +3. Provide stairway pressurization and other requirements per Code. +Section N107.9 Acceptance Testing. See amended Section 910.5. + +SECTION N108 + +AIRPORT LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS + + + +-120- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Section N 108.1 Fire Sprinkler System. Terminal/concourse buildings shall be fully sprinklered in accordance with +NFPA 13, Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems. Design criteria for terminal buildings shall be in accordance +with ordinary Hazard Group 2 for retail and service areas and light hazard for office and passenger areas. + +Section N 108. 1.1 Otiier Locations. Other locations for sprinklers shall include: + +Sprinklers shall be installed at 6-foot on center each side of draft stops required at the interface of a main terminal +building and a concourse building. + +Kiosks or similar structures that are covered or have roofs and are located within the passenger terminal building or the +concourse shall be protected by an approved automatic fire suppression system. + +Exception: + +No automatic fire suppression system is required if the kiosk is: + +1 . Noncombustible construction and less than 4 feet wide in any dimension; or + +2. Portable vendor carts with a maximum size of 4 feet x 8 feet spaced at more than 10 feet between carts. + +Section N 108.2 Standpipe Systems. All terminal structures and control towers shall have standpipes in compliance with +this Code. + +Section N 108.3 Manual Pull Stations. Manual pull station zones must be provided at the required exits and shall be +annunciated separately. There shall be 200 feet maximum between pull stations. + +Section N 108.4 Fire Detection Systems. Detectors shall be located in all nonpublic areas that are not sprinklered and +shall be annunciated separately. A remote status indicating light shall be located in the terminal or concourse building +above each entry of an enclosed tenant area greater than 2,500 square feet as approved by the Department and Fire +Department. Concealed detectors shall also be annunciated immediately outside the concealed space. + +Smoke detectors shall be installed in all occupied levels for smoke control as required by 430.8. + +Area smoke detectors shall be cross-zoned or addressable type with verifiable function. + +Section N108.5 Emergency Communication Systems. Both one-way and 2-way systems shall be installed in all +passenger terminal buildings in public areas at required exits. Building Fngineering Office, Airport Operations Office, +each mechanical room, emergency generator room, fire pump room, main switch gear rooms and each elevator cab which +serves 4 or more stories as allowed by the Fire Department; telephone jack locations shall be approved by the Fire +Department. + +Section N108.6 Fire Command Center. The F.C.C. shall be provided in a space in each building as required by other +Sections of this Code and approved by the Department and the Fire Department. + +Section N 108.7 Fire Extinguishers. Hand fire extinguishers shall be provided throughout an airport terminal building in +accordance with the requirements outlined by the Fire Code for the City and County of Denver. + +Section N 108.8 Security Systems. Security systems shall be separate from fire alarm systems. + +Exception: + +Delay panic hardware systems as required in Section 430.5.3 may be part of the fire alarm system. + +Section N108.9 Zones. Zones for smoke control, sprinklers, detectors, etc., shall be coordinated to have the same zones +or multiples thereof, not to exceed the maximum area required by other provisions of this Code. + +Section N 108. 10 Interface Openings. An interface shall exist between a passenger terminal concourse and connecting +concourses, hotel or office occupancy. Where occupancy separations are not required, openings may be provided at the +interface with the following conditions: + +1. The size of the opening shall be limited to provide effective smoke control which will restrict the migration of +smoke across the interface. See Section 430.8.8. + +2. A noncombustible draft curtain shall be provided at the interface. + +3. Automatic fire sprinklers shall be located on both sides of the draft curtain, spaced at 6 feet on center. + +N108.il Main Passenger Terminal Building Elevators and Stairs. Pressurized stairs, elevators and exit passageways +are required unless otherwise approved by the Department and Fire Department. + +-121 - +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +Exception: + +Elevators and enclosed stairways from the transitway station. + +Elevator refuge areas are not required at the transitway station and on levels having adequate exterior doors per Section +N105.6. + +SECTION N109 +AIRPORT MECHANICAL + +Section N109.1 General. Mechanical requirements shall comply with applicable sections of this Code and referenced +National Standards. + +Exception: + +Air exhaust openings for air conditioning or ventilating equipment, serving ramp level tenant spaces, shall be +permitted where the ramp surrounds the building. Such openings shall be located a minimum of 7 feet above the +ramp. + +SECTION NllO +AIRPORT ELECTRICAL + +Section NllO.l General Design, installation and materials shall conform to the requirement of NFPA 70, National +Electrical Code and this Code. + +Exceptions: + +1. Runways, taxi ways, ramps and all electrical systems required for their operations which are under FA A +jurisdiction. + +2. Airplane parking light conduit runs and junction boxes which are fed from building power systems and may +be within 1-inch minimum of ramp surface covered with FAA approved sealer. + +All electrical materials and equipment shall be of a type tested and listed by an approved laboratory, shall bear its label, +and shall be approved for the purpose for which the materials and equipment are to be used. + +Section N110.2 Grounding. See the National Electrical Code. + +Section N110.3 Emergency Power. Emergency power systems, emergency generator and/or battery backup shall +provide power to the following equipment: + +1 . M echanical equipment for smoke control . + +2. Emergency egress and exit lighting. + +3. Emergency elevator power. + +4. Fire alarm and detection systems. + +5. Fire pump/jockey pump. + +6. Emergency communication systems. + +7. Delay panic hardware. + +Section N110.4 Exit Signs. Exit signs with illuminated letters at least 6 inches in height shall be provided at each +required exit doorway and elsewhere as required to clearly indicate the direction of egress. The letters shall be white on a +green field and illuminated. Battery-operated exit signs with a minimum of 172 hours of 100% output can be connected to +a reliable power source. + +Section NllO.4.1 Exit Illumination. Exit illumination shall be connected to an emergency power system. Exit ways +shall be illuminated to an intensity of one foot-candle at floor level during all times. Battery-operated exit illumination +with a minimum of 172 hours of 100% output can be connected to a reliable normal power source. + +Section N110.5 Raceways. All wiring for power, lighting, signal, control, computer communications and telephone shall +be installed in raceways. Cable tray systems shall be allowed for electrical systems not exceeding 50 volts between any +conductors. Installation shall comply with the National Electrical Code. + +Section N 110.6 Hazardous Areas - Class 1, Division II. + +-122- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +1. Hazardous wiring methods shall apply within a 15-foot radius of fuel connection (fuel pit or aircraft). All +measurements are referenced from the surface of ramp and the 18- inch vertical measurement shall not apply. + +2. Electrical room access off of the apron area is acceptable unless within 15 feet of fueling connections. Electrical +equipment within 15 feet of a fuel connection shall comply with National Electrical Code Class 1, Division II +methods. + +SECTION Nlll +SUBSURFACE TUNNELS + +Section Nlll.l General. All subsurface tunnels shall comply with the provisions of this section; + +Section N111.2 Sprinklers. Utility Tunnels (Ordinary Group I) and Train tunnel Sen/ice Tunnels (Ordinary Group II) +shall be sprinklered throughout the transit way and shall be sprinklered at the transit stations as approved by the +Department and Fire Department. + +Section N111.3 Smoke Removal System. A smoke removal system shall be provided. + +Section Nl 11.4 Life Safety System. All life safety systems shall be on an emergency generator. + +Section N111.5 Exits. A walkway with a minimum 74-inch width (2 exit path widths of 22 inches each plus 12 inches +wall clearance and an 18-inch platform edge clearance) shall be provided within all people-mover transit tunnels. + +Exit doors into adjacent protected tunnels shall be provided at a maximum spacing of 200 feet and shall be monitored by +the airport operations center. + +Exception: + +The walkway width and exit door spacing may be modified based upon an exit study submitted by the Design +Professional and approved by the Department and Fire Department. + +Section N111.6 Separation. A minimum 2-hour separation shall be provided between tunnels. + +Section Nlll. 7 Transit Station Separation. The transitway shall be separated from the transit station by a minimum +two-hour fire- resistance- rated noncombustible walls with iy2-hour fire- protection- rated doors. Windows within these +walls shall be approved 1 V2- hour fire- protection- rated windows. + +Exception: + +Fire-protection-rated window openings of y4-hour may be used when the window assembly is protected with +approved directional sprinkler heads 6'0" o.c. both sides of glass. + +Section N111.8 Transit Systems Construction Guide. Fixed Guideway Transit Systems NFPA 130 shall be used as a +construction guide unless specifically covered by this Code. + +Section N111.9 Transitway Tunnel. The transitway tunnel shall be used exclusively for the movement of passengers +between stations. + +SECTION N112 +LIQUID FUEL LINES + +Section N 112.1 Liquid Fuel Lines Penetrating Buildings or Structures. Liquid fuel lines that pass through or over any +building or structure shall be double- walled and monitored for leakage. Liquid fuel lines that pass through buildings shall +have control valves at the outside of the building penetration and shall be automatically closed upon detection of a break +or leak. + +SECTION N113 +STANDARDS + +Section N113.1 GeneraL Unless provided for in other portions of this Building Code, the following Standards shall +apply: + +ORGANIZATION TITLE OF PUBLICATION + +-123- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +NFPA Aircraft Fueling Ramp Drainage, Pamphlet 415 - 1997 + +Construction and Protection of Airport Terminal Buildings, Pamphlet 416 - 1987 + +Construction and Protection of Aircraft Loading Walkways, Pamphlet 417 - 1985 + +Fixed Guideway Transit Systems, Pamphlet 130 -1988 + +Standard on Aircraft Hangers, Pamphlet 409 - 1995 + + + +-124- +DE NVE R AME NDME NTS TO THE 2006 INTE RNATIONALBUILDING C ODE + + + +DENV +EDITI + + + + +E 2006 +AL FIRE + + + +NCIL + + + +2008 AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 1 +ADMINISTRATION + +SECTION 101 +GENERAL + +Replace Sections 101.1, 101.2 and 101.3 as follows: + +101.1 Title. The title of this code is and may be cited and referred to as the Fire Code, the Denver Fire Code, or the Fire +Code of the City and County of Denver. It may be referred to herein as "this code" or "the code/' in both upper and lower +case. The terms "Denver" and "City" are understood to mean the City and County of Denver. + +101.2 Scope. This code establishes regulations affecting or relating to structures, processes, premises, and safeguards +including, but not limited to: + +1. Inspection of permanent and temporary buildings, processes, equipment, systems, and other fire- and safety- +related situations, at intervals established by the fire code official but not to exceed once every 12 months. + +2. Investigation of fires, explosions, hazardous materials incidents, and other related emergency events; the fire +department shall be responsible for fire/explosion cause determination and subsequent investigation; + +3. Recovery of City costs related to emergency response incidents, including the mitigation of hazardous materials +incidents; + +4. Storage, use, processing, handling, production and transportation of hazardous materials; + +5. Storage, use, processing, handling, production and transportation of flammable and combustible gases, liquids, +and solids; + +6. Interior finish, decorations, furnishings, and other combustibles that contribute to fire spread, fire load, and smoke +production in all occupancies; + +7. Hazards from interior fires in trash, excessive storage of combustibles, production of chemical material, and other +materials that pose an exposure hazard to adjacent property in all occupancies including single family residences; + +8. Hazards from outside fires in vegetation, trash, storage, vehicles, combustible and flammable materials, building +debris, and other materials; + +9. Regulation and control including assignment of standby personnel, of special events including, but not limited to, +assemblage of people, exhibits, trade shows, amusement parks, haunted houses, outdoor events, livestock events, +large sporting events, and other similar special temporary and permanent occupancies; + +10. Existing occupancies and conditions, + +11. Maintenance and testing of all fire- and life-safety systems; + +12. Access and water supply requirements for Fire Department operations; + +13. Review of design plans and construction documents including drawings, calculations and specifications for the +design and construction of new buildings, and alterations, additions and repairs of existing buildings; + +14. Review of design plans and construction documents including drawings, calculations and specifications for the +installation, alteration, addition and repair of life- and fire- safety systems, equipment, features, components, +devices and apparatus including but not limited to fire protection systems. Fire Department access, water supply, +flammable and combustible materials, storage, production and use of hazardous materials, commercial processes. + +15. Fire and life safety education of fire brigades, employees, responsible parties, and the general public including the +review and approval of emergency procedures for all occupancies and evaluation of fire drills; + +16. Control of emergency operations and scenes; + +17. Conditions affecting firefighter safety. + +18. Licensing certification of firms/designers/installers/inspectors/testers of life safety systems equipment referenced +in this code and standards and property managers, etc., responsible for the safety of others. + +-127- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +The provisions of this code shall supplement any and all laws relating to fire- and life- safety and shall apply equally to all +of the following without restriction: persons, firms, corporations, the government of the United States of America, the +government of the State of Colorado, the government of the City and County of Denver, and all agencies, subdivisions, +and departments thereof. The provisions of this Code shall apply to existing conditions as well as to conditions arising +after the adoption of the Code. + +101.2.1 Appendices. Provisions in the appendices shall apply. + +101.3 Intent. The purpose of this code is to establish the minimum requirements, consistent with nationally recognized +good practice, for providing a reasonable level of occupant and pedestrian fire- and life-safety and property protection +from the hazards of fire, explosion, production, use, and handling of dangerous and hazardous materials, substances, and +devices, or dangerous conditions in new and existing buildings, structures, and premises, and to provide safety to +firefighters and emergency responders during emergency operations. + +SECTION 102 +APPLICABILITY + +Replace Sections 102.6 and 102.7 as follows: + +102.6 Referenced codes and standards. Additional details regarding processes, methods, specifications, equipment +testing and maintenance, or other pertinent criteria contained in these standards and codes listed in Chapter 45 of this +Code shall be considered a part of tiiis Code. Volumes 1 through 15 of the National Fire Codes are standards to this code. +Additionally, all references to the "International Electrical Code, and "ICC Electrical Code," shall be changed to "NFPA +70, National Electrical Code (NEC)." + +102.7 Subjects not regulated by this code. Where no applicable codes, standards, or requirements are set forth in this +Code or contained within other laws, codes, regulations, ordinances, or bylaws adopted by tiie City and County of Denver +Fire Department, compliance with the applicable codes and standards of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) +or other nationally recognized and approved standards shall be deemed as prima facie evidence of compliance with the +intent of this code. Nothing herein shall derogate from the authority of the City and County of Denver Fire Department to +determine compliance with codes or standards for those activities or installations within the Denver Fire Department's +jurisdiction or responsibility. + +SECTION 103 + +DEPARTMENT OF FIRE PREVENTION + +Add Sections 103.1.1 and 103.1.2 as follows: + +103.1.1 Division of Fire Prevention and Investigation Division. The Fire Prevention and Investigation Division is +established within the Fire Department of the City and County of Denver's Department of Safety under the direction +of the Division Chief of Fire Prevention and Fire Investigation. This position is and may be referred to as the "Fire +Code Official," "Fire Official," and "Fire Marshal," in both upper and lower case. This code shall be administrated +and enforced by the Fire Code Official. + +103.1.2 Rules and Regulations. The Fire Official shall have the full power to adopt, in reference to this Code, any +rules, restrictions, or measures that may be advisable. + +Replace Section 103.3 as follows: + +103.3 Deputies. In accordance with the prescribed procedures of the City and County of Denver's Department of Safety +and with the concurrence of the Chief, the Fire Code Official shall have the authority to appoint a Deputy Fire Code +Official, Chief Fire Protection Engineer, Fire Protection Engineers, other related technical officers, fire inspectors, fire +investigators, and employees. Their duties shall be those outlined by the Fire Code Official. + +SECTION 104 + +GENERAL AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES + +Replace Section 104.1 as follows: + +104.1 General The Fire Prevention and Investigation Division is authorized to inspect land, buildings, structures, +utilities, installations, equipment, devices, illegal processes, and materials for fire, explosion, and other emergency + +-128- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +hazards and to investigate and ascertain tlie causes of fires, explosions, releases of hazardous materials, false alarms, any +unsafe conditions that relate to the protection of the public and/or property and other emergencies. The Division shall +have the authority to investigate fire protection and other life safety systems that are disabled or not functioning. The +Division shall also have the authority on behalf of the Department of Safety to control the use, location, and transportation +of flammable or combustible liquids or acids (in a chemical or physical state) or hazardous materials; the issuance of +permits; the issuance of notices, orders, or Denver County Court summonses for the correction or immediate abatement of +hazardous situations; the enforcement of this code and otiier laws, ordinances, rules, and regulations, which are within the +perspective of this Code and standards set forth in Chapter 45 + +Replace Section 104.3 as follows: + +104.3 Right of entry. Whenever it is necessaiy to make an inspection to enforce the provisions of this code, or whenever +the fire code official has reasonable suspicion to believe there exists in a building or upon any premises, any vehicle, or +any vessel, any conditions or violations of this code that make the premises, vehicle, or vessel unsafe, dangerous, or +hazardous, the fire code official shall have the authority to enter the building, vehicle, or vessel to conduct an inspection +and, if necessary, an investigation, taking photographs of unsafe, dangerous, or hazardous conditions or for investigative +or fire investigation purposes or the pursuance of any other emergency, or to perform the duties upon the Fire Code +Official by this code. If such building, premises, or vehicle is occupied, the Fire Code Official shall present credentials to +the occupant and request entry. If such building, premises, or vehicle is unoccupied, the fire code official shall first make +a reasonable effort to locate the owner or other person having charge or control of the building or premises and request +entry. If entry is refused, the fire code official has recourse to every remedy provided by law to secure entry. + +Add Sections 104.3.2 and 104.3.3 as follows: + +104.3.2 Interference with enforcement. Persons shall not interfere or cause conditions that would interfere with the +fire code official carrying out any duties or functions prescribed by this code. + +104.3.3 Power to protect property. The fire code official shall have power to cause the removal of any property +when necessary to preserve such property from fire, explosion, or other emergency; to prevent the spreading of fire; +or to protect adjoining property. No person shall be entitled to remove any property in the possession of the fire code +official saved from any fire until proof of ownership thereof is furnished. + +Add Section 104.4.1 as follows: + +104.4.1 Impersonation. Persons shall not use a badge, uniform, or other credentials to impersonate a fire code +official - prevention, engineering or investigation. + +Add Section 104.6.2.1 as follows: + +104.6.2.1 Frequency of inspections. Fire safety inspections for tiie specific property /operation shall be required +at intervals established by the fire code official but not to exceed once every 12 months. + +Replace Section 104.6.3 as follows: + +104.6.3 Fire record. The Fire Department shall keep a record of all fires, explosions, and other emergencies +occurring within its jurisdiction and of facts concerning the same, including reports (including investigation reports), +photographs, videos, and statistics as to the extent of such fires and the damage or injury caused thereby, together with +other information as required by the fire code official. All records shall be maintained for no less than seven (7) years. + +Add Section 104.6.3.1 as follows: + +104.6.3.1 Fire loss information. It shall be the responsibility of any person suffering a fire, explosion, building +collapse, or other emergency resulting in injury(s) to persons and/or property loss within the City and County of +Denver to report the incident and to provide the Division in writing with the dollar value of the resulting loss. If +insured, the person may provide the name and address of the insurance company, in which case the insurance +company shall supply the final loss figures to the Division. + +Amend second sentence of Section 104.7.2 Technical assistance to read as follows: + +The opinion and report shall be prepared by a professional engineer licensed by the state of Colorado and acceptable +to the fire code official. The opinion and report shall analyze the fire safety properties of the design, operation or use +of the building or premises and the facilities and appurtenances situated tiiereon, to recommend necessary changes. +Whenever the technical opinion and report is required for existing technology, processes, life safety system(s), + +-129- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +products, facilities, materials, and uses attending the design, operation or use of a building or premises, the opinion +and report shall evaluate compliance of all components/equipment to listing and code requirements. + +Add Section 104.7.2.1 as follows: + +104.7.2.1 Final determination. The fire code official shall make the final determination as to whether the +provisions of this code have been met. + +Add Sections 104.8.1 and 104.8.2 as follows: + +104.8.1 Application for modification. The fire code official is authorized to modify any of the provisions of this +code upon application in writing by the owner where there are practical difficulties in carrying out the provisions of +the Code, provided the intent of the code shall be complied with, public safety secured, and substantial justice done. + +104.8.2 Compliance with code. Buildings with equivalency, alternative, or modification approved by the building +code official and fire code official shall be considered conforming to the code. + +Add Sections 104.9.1 and 104.9.2 as follows: + +104.9.1 Fire protection features. Each application for an alternate fire protection feature shall be filed with the fire +code official and shall be accomplished by such evidence, letters, statements, test results, or other supporting +information as required to justify the request. The fire code official shall keep a record of actions on such +applications, and a signed copy of the Fire code official's decision shall be provided for the applicant. + +104.9.2 Building Code. Whenever the alternate material or method involves matters regulated by the Fire Code and +Building Code, approvals are also subject to approval of the building code official. + +Replace Sections 104.10 and 104.10.1 as follows: + +104.10 Fire investigations. The Division is authorized to investigate without delay the cause, origin, and circumstances +of each and every fire or explosion or intent to commit such an act occurring within the City and County of Denver +involving the loss of life or injury to a person or destruction or damage to property and, if it appears to the fire +investigators that such fire or explosion is of suspicious origin, the investigators are authorized to take immediate charge +of all physical evidence relating to the intent or cause of the fire and are authorized to pursue the investigation to its +conclusion. + +104.10.1 Release of hazardous materials. The fire code official is authorized to investigate the cause, origin, and +circumstances of unauthorized releases of hazardous materials. The fire code official is authorized to recover from +the responsible party(s) all costs incurred by the City for mitigation, rendering the release harmless to people or +property, including personnel and equipment, securing the incident scene, removal of materials released and cleanup. + +Add Sections 104.10.2, 104.10.3, and 104.10.4 as follows: + +104.10.2 Authorization of Denver Police Department. The Denver Police Department is authorized to assist the +Fire Department in any investigation when requested to do so by the Manager of Safety, the Fire Chief, or the fire +code official. + +104.10.3 Limiting access. The Fire Department shall have the authority to limit access to buildings, property, +vehicles, vessels, or other similar conveyances by any vehicle, vessel, or person during an investigation. + +104.10.4 Interference with enforcement. Persons shall not interfere, nor cause conditions that would interfere with, +the fire investigator carrying out any duties or functions, including arrest of suspects, prescribed by this Code. + +Add Section 104.11.1.1 as follows: + +104.11.1.1 Scene barrier. The incident commander in charge of an emergency scene shall have the authority to +establish barriers to control access in the vicinity of such emergency and to place, or cause to be placed, ropes, +guards, barricades, or other obstructions across any public or private street or alley, to delineate an emergency +scene barrier(s). No person, except as authorized by the incident commander in charge of the emergency, shall be +permitted to cross barriers established in accordance with Sections 104.11.1 and 104.11.1.1. Whenever the +emergency incident involves private property, the owner of said property shall be responsible for all costs related +to placement, rental and use of barricades. + +Add Section 104.11.3.1 as follows: + + + +-130- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +104.11.3.1 Resetting or silencing of alarms. No person shall reset or silence a system unless by direction of the +fire chief , fire code official or fire department official in charge of the incident. + +Add Sections 104.11.4 and 104.11.5 as follows: + +104.11.4 Emergenq^ power to demolish buildings. When a fire is in progress, the fire code official, or the officer in +charge of the fire, may order any building that is in close proximity to such fire to be torn down, blown up, or +otherwise disposed of for the purpose of checking the conflagration. The property owner shall be responsible for all +costs related to all operations. + +104.11.5 Cost recovery. The property owner shall be responsible for all costs related to placement, rental and use of +barricades. + +SECTION 105 +PERMITS + +Replace Section 105.1 as follows: + +105.1 General. The Fire code official shall be authorized to establish and issue permits, certificates, notices, approvals, +or orders pertaining to fire and hazard control and fire and explosion hazards wherever indicated by this Code. A permit +issued under the provisions of this Code shall continue until revoked or for such a period of time designated therein at the +time of issuance. Such permit shall not be transferable, and any change in use, occupancy, operation, or ownership shall +require a new permit. Permits for activities requiring evidence of financial responsibility by the jurisdiction shall not be +issued unless proof of required financial responsibility is furnished. Any attempt to misrepresent or otherwise deliberately +or knowingly design; install; service; maintain; operate; sell; represent for sale; falsify records, reports, or applications; or +act in any related activity in violation of the requirements prescribed by this Code shall be a violation of this Code. Such +violations shall be cause for immediate suspension or revocation of any related licenses, certificates, or permits issued by +the Fire code official. In addition, any such violation shall be subject to any other criminal or civil penalties as available +by the laws of this jurisdiction. An inspection is required prior to the issuance of a permit. Any person who engages in +any business, operation, or occupation, or uses any premises, after the permit issued therefore has been suspended or +revoked pursuant to the provisions of this Code, and before such suspended permit has been reinstated or a new permit has +been issued, shall be in violation of this Code. + +Add Section 105.1.4 as follows: + +105.1.4 Other required permits. The requirements for permits from other City agencies shall not waive the +requirement for permits required by this Code. Where a permit is required by other City agencies, such permit shall +be obtained prior to or simultaneous with the issuance of a permit required by this Code. + +Replace Section 105.6 as follows: + +105.6 Required permits. The fire code official is authorized to issue permits for the operations set forth in Sections +105.6.1 through 105.6.147: + +105.6.1 Abandoned buildings. A permit is required for abandoned buildings. (See IFC Section 311.) + +105.6.2 Aerosol products. A permit is required to manufacture, store or handle an aggregate quantity of Level 1, +Level 2 or Level 3 aerosol products in excess of 300 pounds (136 kg) net weight. + +105.6.3 Air compressor. A permit is required for building smoke management and fire protection systems - +certificate of fitness in accordance with ASME Code. + +105.6.4 Aircraft hangar. A permit is required per bay or square footage per NFPA 409. + +105.6.5 Aircraft refueling vehicles. A permit is required for each aircraft refueling vehicle. + +105.6.6 Amusement buildings. A permit is required to operate a special amusement building. + +105.6.7 Appliances fueled by waste petroleum products. A permit is required to operate appliances fueled by +waste petroleum products. + +105.6.8 Asbestos removal. A permit is required for the removal of asbestos (for each building or portion thereof). + +105.6.9 Asphalt kettles (other than roofing operations). A permit is required to transport and operate an asphalt +kettle. + +-131 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +105.6.10 Automobile wrecking yard. A permit is required for the operation of an automobile wrecking yard. + +105.6.11 Aviation facilities. A permit is required to use a Group H or Group S occupancy for aircraft servicing or +repair and aircraft fuel servicing vehicles. Additional permits required by other sections of this code include, but are +not limited to, hot work, hazardous materials, and flammable or combustible products. + +105.6.12 Battery charging. A permit is required to charge batteries on or off powered-industrial trucks and similar +equipment having an electrolyte capacity in excess of 10 gallons. + +105.6.13 Battery systems. A permit is required for stationary storage battery systems having an electrolyte capacity +in excess of 10 gallons. + +105.6.14 Blank cartridges. A permit is required prior to the purchase of blank pyrotechnic cartridges. No dealer +shall sell blank cartridges except upon presentation of an authorized permit. + +105.6.15 Bonfires / Rubbish fires. A permit is required for bonfires and rubbish fires. + +105.6.16 Bowling alley refinishing. A permit is required to refinish bowling alleys. + +105.6.17 Building emergency communication system. A permit is required to test the emergency communication +system. + +105.6.18 Building fire alarm system. A permit is required to test the fire alarm system. + +105.6.19 Building fire protection system. A permit is required to test the fire protection system. + +105.6.20 Building fire standpipe system. A permit is required to test the fire standpipe system. + +105.6.21 Building property manager certification. A permit is required to obtain training and certification for +building property managers. + +105.6.22 Burning in public places/Open burning. A permit is required for the kindling or maintaining of an open +fire or a fire on any public street, alley, road, or other public or private ground. Instructions and stipulations of the +permit shall be adhered to. + +Exception: + +Recreational fires when a fire ban has not been instituted. + +105.6.23 Candles and open flames in assembly areas. A permit is required to use open flames or candles in +connection with assembly areas, dining areas of restaurants or drinking establishments. + +105.6.24 Canopies. A permit is required to erect a canopy having an area as follows: + +105.6.24.1 Canopies having an area in excess of 300 square feet but less than 500 square feet. + +105.6.24.2 Canopies having an areas in excess of 500 square feet. + +105.6.25 Carnivals and fairs. A permit is required to conduct a carnival or fair. The event coordinator shall be +responsible for obtaining a permit which can be issued for a single event or annually; vendors shall be responsible for +individual permits for booths. + +105.6.26 Cellular/wireless signal repeater sites. A permit is required to install and maintain cellular/wireless signal +repeater sites. + +105.6.27 Cellulose nitrate film. A permit is required to store, handle, use, or display cellulose nitrate film. + +105.6.28 Certification - Construction fire safety officer. Includes point- of- contact relative to permits. + +105.6.29 Chemical tanks/cryogenic towers. A permit is required for use of chemical tanks/cryogenic towers. + +105.6.29.1 Installation/modification of chemical tanks/cryogenic towers. + +105.6.29.2 Removal/Abandonment of chemical tanks/cryogenic towers. + +105.6.30 ChiU roaster. A permit is required to operate a chili roaster as follows: + +105.6.30.1 An LPG fuel permit - 300 lb. maximum + +105.6.30.2 Setbacks must be approved. + + + +-132- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +105.6.31 Combustible fibers. A permit is required for tlie storage and handling of combustible fibers in quantities +greater than 100 cubic feet (2.8 m^). + +Exception: + +A permit is not required for agricultural storage. + +105.6.32 Combustible material storage. A permit is required to store in any building or upon any premises in +excess of 2,500 cubic feet (71 m^) gross volume of ooniustible enpty pacMng cases, boxes, bands or similar +containeis, rubber tires, rubber, coik or similar combustible matmal. + +105.6.33 Commercial rubbish. A permit is required to operate a rubbish or recycling handling facility. + +105.6.34 Compressed gases (not LPG). The minimum quantities of compressed gas requiring permit shall be as set +forth in Table 105.6.34. + +TABLE 105.6.34 +PERMIT AMOUNTS FOR COMPRESSED GASES + + + +Type of Gas + + +Amount +(cubic feet at NT P) + + +Corrosive, Irritant, Sensitizer + + +200 + + +Flammable (except cryogenic fluids and Liquefied petroleum gases) + + +200 + + +Highly toxic + + +Any Amount + + +Inert and simple asphyxiant + + +6000 + + +Oxidizing (including oxygen) + + +504 + + +Pyrophoric + + +Any Amount + + +Radioactive + + +Any Amount + + +Toxic + + +Any Amount + + +Unstable (Reactive) + + +Any Amount + + +Other health hazard + + +650 + + + +For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.02832m^ + +105.6.35 C ompressed natural gas (C NG ). A permit is required to install, modify, or remove a compressed natural +gas tank + +105.6.36 C overed mall buildings. A permit is required for: + +1. The placement of retail fixtures and displays, concession equipment, displays of highly combustible goods +and similar items in the mall. + +2. The display of liquid- or gas-fired equipment in the mall. + +3. The use of open- flame or flame- producing equipment in the mall. + +105.6.37 Cryogenic fluids. A permit is required to produce, store, transport on site, handle or dispense cryogenic +fluids in excess of the amounts listed in Table 105.6.37. + +TABLE 105.6.37 +PERMIT AMOUNTS FOR CRYOGENIC FLUIDS + + + +Type of Cryogenic Fluid + + +Inside Building +(gallons) + + +Outside Building +(gallons) + + +Flammable + + +More than 1 + + +60 + + +Inert + + +60 + + +500 + + +Oxidizing (includes oxygen) + + +10 + + +50 + + +Physical or health hazard not +indicated above + + +Any Amount + + +Any Amount + + + +105.6.38 Cutting and welding. A permit is required to conduct cutting or welding operations within the jurisdiction. + +105.6.39 Demolition by explosives. A permit is required for the use of any explosive device for demolition +operations. + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +105.6.40 Dry cleaning plants. A permit is required to engage in tlie business of dry cleaning or to change to a more +hazardous cleaning solvent used in existing dry cleaning equipment. + +105.6.41 Dust-producing operations. A permit is required for all dust-producing operations. This permit does not +include woodworking. + +105.6.42 Emergency/standby electrical generator and fire pump - fuel tank system. A permit is required for fuel +tank systems per tank— integral day tank, remote day tank and main tank. Generators utilizing natural gas are required +to have a permit for the natural gas connection. + +105.6.43 Equipment testing. A permit is required to test equipment as follows: + +105.6.43.1 Fire alarm systems. Smoke detector, horn/strobe, etc. Annual permit does not include overtime +costs. + +105.6.43.2 Fire protection systems. Sprinkler head, flow switch, etc. Annual permit does not include overtime +costs. + +105.6.43.3 Smoke management systems. Annual permit does not include overtime costs. + +105.6.43.4 Standpipe systems. Annual permit does not include overtime costs. + +105.6.44 Exhibits and trade shows. A permit is required to operate exhibits and trade shows. + +105.6.45 Explosives/blasting agents. A permit is required for the manufacture, storage, handling, sale or use of any +quantity of explosives, explosive materials, fireworks or pyrotechnic special effects within the scope of Chapter 33. + +Exception: + +Storage in Group R-3 occupancies of smokeless propellant, black powder and small arms primers for personal +use, not for resale and in accordance with Section 3306. + +105.6.46 Failure to obtain a permit. A temporary permit is required when a required permit has not been obtained. +The fee for this temporary permit shall be double the cost of the required permit. + +105.6.47 File search. A fee is required for the following file searches: + +105.6.47.1 Fire Prevention/Hazardous materials + +105.6.47.2 Amendment packet + +105.6.47.3 Fire investigation records including videotapes + +105.6.47.4 Property records + +105.6.47.5 Inspection and permit records + +105.6.48 Fire alarm signal delay equipment. A permit is required to install and maintain fire alarm signal delay +equipment integrated with the FA C P. + +105.6.49 Fire department fire alarm radio transmitter (wireless Denver Fire Department radio box). A permit +is required to install and maintain fire department fire alarm radio equipment for monitoring fire and burglar alarms. + +105.6.50 Fire hydrants and valves. A permit is required to maintain a private fire hydrant system. This applies to +existing systems only. New private fire hydrant systems are prohibited. + +105.6.51 Fire protection system maintenance. A permit is required to perform maintenance on a private fire +hydrant system. + +105.6.52 Fire pumps and related equipment. A permit is required to inspect and test fire pumps and related +equipment. + +105.6.53 Fire watch. A permit is required whenever a fire watch is mandated. + +105.6.54 Fireworks /pyrotechnics. A permit is required for all professional pyrotechnic programs. + +105.6.55 Flammable or combustible liquids. A permit is required: + + + +-134- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1. To use or operate a pipeline for the transportation within facilities of flammable or combustible liquids. This +requirement shall not apply to the off-site transportation in pipelines regulated by the Department of +Transportation (DOTn) nor does it apply to piping systems. + +2. To store, handle or use Class I liquids in excess of 30 gallons (114 L) in a building or in excess of 60 gallons +(228.6 L) outside of a building, except that a permit is not required for the following: + +2.1. The storage or use of Class I liquids in the fuel tank of a motor vehicle, aircraft, motorboat, mobile power +plant or mobile heating plant, unless such storage, in the opinion of the code official, would cause an +unsafe condition. + +2.2. The storage or use of paints, oils, varnishes or similar flammable mixtures when such liquids are stored +for maintenance, painting or similar purposes for a period of not more than 30 days. + +3. To store, handle or use Class II or IIIA liquids in excess of 60 gallons (228.6 L) in a building or in excess of +120 gallons (457.1 L) outside a building, except for fuel oil used in connection with oil-burning equipment. + +3.1 To store, handle or use Class IIIB liquids in excess of 1,000 gallons in a building or outside a building. + +4. To remove Class I or Class II liquids from an underground storage tank used for fueling motor vehicles by +any means other than the approved, stationary on-site pumps normally used for dispensing purposes. + +5. To operate tank vehicles, equipment, tans, plants, terminals, wells, fuel- dispensing stations, refineries, +distilleries and similar facilities where flammable and combustible liquids are produced, processed, +transported, stored, dispensed or used. + +6. To place temporarily out of service (for more than 90 days) an underground, protected above-ground or +above-ground flammable or combustible liquid tank. + +7. To change the type of contents stored in a flammable or combustible liquid tank to a material which poses a +greater hazard than that for which the tank was designed and constructed. + +8. To manufacture, process, blend or refine flammable or combustible liquids. + +9. To engage in the dispensing of liquid fuels into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles at commercial, industrial, +governmental or manufacturing establishments. + +10. To utilize a site for the dispensing of liquid fuels from tank vehicles into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles at +commercial, industrial, governmental or manufacturing establishments. + +11. A site plan shall be submitted showing the following: distances from all buildings, property lines, utility +poles, power lines, railroad tracks, etc. A Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement (HMIS) may be required +upon request. + +105.56 Floor cleaning. A permit is required for floor cleaning operations using 3A combustible liquids. + +105.56.1 Single address/ one time + +105.56.2 Annual/same building + +105.56.3 Annual/multiple sites + +105.6.57 Floor finishing. A permit is required for floor finishing or surfacing operations exceeding 350 square feet +(33 m^) using Class I or Class II liquids. + +105.6.58 Fruit and crop ripening. A permit is required to operate a fruit- or crop-ripening facility or conduct a +fruit- ripening process using ethylene gas. + +105.6.59 Fumigation/thermal insecticidal fogging. A permit is required to operate a business of fumigation or +thermal insecticidal fogging and to maintain a room, vault or chamber in which a toxic or flammable fumigant is used. + +105.6.60 G arages. A permit is required for operation of a motor vehicel repair garage. This permit does not include +other permits required by this code. + +105.6.61 Halogenated agent systems/extinguishers. A permit is required to install and maintain a halogenated +extinguishing agent system or portable fire extinguishers. + +105.6.62 Halogenated hydrocarbons. A permit is required for the storage or use of halogenated hydrocarbons. + +-135- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +105.6.63 Hazardous materials. A permit is required to store, transport on site, dispense, use or handle hazardous +materials in excess of the amounts listed in Table 105.6.63. + +TABLE 105.6.63 + +PERMIT AMOUNTS FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS + + + +TYPE OF MATERIAL + + +AMOUNT + + +Carcinogens +Liquids +Sohds + + +1 gallon +10 pounds + + +Combustible liquids + + +See Section 105.6.55 + + +Corrosive materials +Gases +Liquids +Solids + + +See Section 105.6.34 +55 gallons +550 pounds + + +Explosive materials + + +Any Amount + + +Flammable materials +Gases +Liquids +Solids +Cryogenics + + +See Section 105.6.34 +See Section 105.6.55 +100 pounds +See Section 105.6.37 + + +Highly toxic materials +Gases +Liquids +Solids + + +See Section 105.6.34 +Any Amount +Any Amount + + +Irritants + +Liquids +Solids + + +55 gallons +550 pounds + + +Other Health Hazards +Liquids +Solids + + +55 gallons +550 pounds + + +Oxidizing materials + +Gases + +Liquids + +Class 4 +Class 3 +Class 2 +Class 1 + +Solids + +Class 4 +Class 3 +Class 2 +Class 1 + +Cryogenics + + +See Section 105.6.34 + +Any Amount +1 gallon^ +10 gallons +55 gallons + +Any Amount + +10 pounds? + +100 pounds + +500 pounds + +See Section 105.6.37 + + +Organic peroxides + +Liquids + +Class I +Class II +Class III +Class IV +Class V + +Solids + +Class I + +Class II + +Class III + +Class IV + + +Any Amount +Any Amount + +1 gallon + +2 gallons + +No Permit Required + +Any Amount +Any Amount +10 pounds +20 pounds + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +TYPE OF MATERIAL + + +AMOUNT + + +Class V + + +No Permit Required + + +Pyrophoric materials +Gases +Liquids +Solids + + +See Section 105.6.34 +Any Amount +Any Amount + + +Radioactive materials +Not sealed +Sealed + + +1 microcurie +1 millicurie + + +Sensitizers + +Liquids +Solids + + +55 gallons +550 pounds + + +Toxic materials +Gases +Liquids +Solids + + +See Section 105.6.34 +Any Amount +Any Amount + + +Unstable (reactive) materials + +Liquids + +Class 4 +Class 3 +Class 2 +Class 1 + +Solids + +Class 4 +Class 3 +Class 2 +Class 1 + + +Any Amount +Any Amount +1 gallon +10 gallons + +Any Amount +Any Amount +10 pounds +100 pounds + + +Water- reactive materials +Liquids + +Class 3 +Class 2 +Class 1 +Solids + +Class 3 +Class 2 +Class 1 + + +Any Amount +5 gallons +10 gallons + +Any Amount +50 pounds +100 pounds + + +Biohazard + + +Any Amount + + + +For SI: 1 gallon=3.785L, 1 pound=0.454 kg. + +a. 20 gallons when Table 2703.1.1(1) Note k applies and hazard identification signs in accordance with Section 2703.5 are +provided for quantities of 20 gallons or less. + +b. 200 pounds when Table 2703.1.1(1) Note k applies and hazard identification signs in accordance with Section 2703.5 are +provided for quantities of 200 pounds or less. + +105.6.64 Hazardous materials inventory statement plan review. A permit is required for r^ew and comment of +anyHMIS. + +105.6.64.1 HMIS - with less than 10 entries. + +105.6.64.2 HMIS - with 10 or more entries. + +105.6.65 Hazardous production materials. A pemiit is required to store, handle or use hazardous production +materials. + +105.6.66 Hazardous waste generator. A permit is required for any operation that generates hazardous waste. + +105.6.67 Heliports and helistops. A permit is required for the operation of any heliport or helistop. + +105.6.68 High-piled storage. A permit is required to use a building or portion thereof as a high-piled storage area +exceeding 500 square feet (46 m^). + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +105.6.69 Holiday decorations in public assembly occupancies. A permit is required to use any holiday decorations +- natural vegetation, crepe paper, etc. in any public assembly occupancy. + +105.6.70 Hot work operations. A permit is required for hot work including, but not limited to: + +1 . Public exhibitions and demonstrations where hot work is conducted. + +2 . Use of portable hot work equipment inside a structure. + +3. Fixed- site hot work equipment such as welding booths. + +4. Hot work conducted within a hazardous fire area. + +5. Application of roof coverings with the use of an open- flame device. + +105.6.71 Hypergolic materials. A permit is required to store or use any amount of hypergolic materials. + +105.6.72 Industrial trucks. A permit is required for all industrial trucks in accordance with NFPA 505. + +105.6.73 Insecticides/pesticides/fumigants. A permit is required to apply, sell and manufacture insecticides, +pesticides or fumigants. + +105.6.73.1 One location/one time + +105.6.73.2 Annual/multiple locations + +105.6.74 Interim permit. An interim permit may be issued allowing work under restrictions or conditions while +awaiting submittal of installation documents. + +105.6.75 Interior fire alarm system maintenance. A permit is required to maintain fire alarm equipment. + +105.6.76 Laboratories. A permit is required to operate a laboratory that stores or uses hazardous materials or +flammable substances. + +105.6.77 Limited fueling and other fuel transport operations. A permit is required for each vehicle approved for +limited fueling and fuel transport operations. + +105.6.78 Liquefied chlorine. A permit is required to store, use, sell and transport liquefied chlorine. + +105.6.79 Liquefied- or gas- fueled vehicles or equipment in assembly buildings. A permit is required to display, +operate or demonstrate liquid- or gas- fueled vehicles or equipment in assembly buildings. + +105.6.80 LPG . A permit is required for: + +105.6.80.1 Annual filling or exchange - tank or cage (Amount of gas calculated and assessed separately.) + +105.6.80.2 Install; modify or remove any container or system + +105.6.80.3 Operate/maintain any container or system + +105.6.80.4 Limited operations/construction sites + +105.6.80.5 Roofing operation + +105.6.80.6 Operation of cargo tankers that transport LP gas. + +105.6.81 Lubricating oils. A permit is required to transport, store, sell or use over 100 gallons of lubricating oils. + +105.6.82 Lumber yards. A permit is required for the storage or processing of lumber exceeding 100,000 board feet +(8,333 ft^) (236 rri). + +105.6.83 Magnesium. A permit is required to melt, cast, heat treat or grind more than 10 pounds (4.54 kg) of +magnesium. + +106.6.83.1 Matches. A permit is required for bulk storage of matches. + +105.6.83.2 Medical gas systems. A permit is required for each medical gas system. + +105.6.84 Motor fuel storage systems. A permit is required for certification to install, test, alter, repair or remove +equipment. + +105.6.85 Motorcycle vehicle repair shops. A permit is required to operate a motorcycle vehicle repair shop. + +-138- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +105.6.86 Nitrous oxide-piped systems. A permit is required to install and maintain a nitrous oxide- piped system. + +105.6.87 Occupant load increase. A permit is required to increase the occupant load of an assembly occupancy. +The maximum increase shall be 10% when egress, seating, etc. remain in compliance with this code. This permit +shall be for one event only. + +105.6.88 Open flame. A permit is required for any open flame equipment. + +105.6.89 Open flames and torches. A permit is required to remove paint with a torch; or to use a torch or open- +flame device in a hazardous fire area. + +105.6.90 Open flame on aircraft servicing ramp. An annual permit is required to use any open flame equipment on +an aircraft fuel service ramp. + +105.6.91 Organic coatings. A permit is required for any organic- coating manufacturing operation producing more +than one gallon (4L) of an organic coating in one day. + +105.6.92 Ovens (industrial baking or drying). A permit is required for operation of industrial ovens regulated by +Chapter 21. + +105.6.93 Ozone generator. A permit is required to install and operate an ozone generator. + +105.6.94 Pallet storage. A permit is required for indoor or outdoor pallet storage exceeding 2,000 square feet. + +105.6.95 Parade floats. A permit is required for any parade float ground or airborne. + +105.6.96 Places of assembly. A permit is required to operate a place of assembly. + +105.6.96.1 Occupant load > 150 but < 299 + +105.6.96.2 Occupant load 300 - 2500 + +105.6.96.3 Occupant load >2500 + +105.6.97 Plan review. A permit is required for plan review. + +105.6.97.1 Development plan review - assessed in half- hour increments + +105.6.97.2 Pre-plan submittal consultation - assessed in half- hour increments + +105.6.97.3 HMIS; HMMP and hazardous materials generation + +105.6.97.4 Expedited plan review - assessed in half- hour increments + +105.6.97.5 Subsequent plan submittals - 3"^ and subsequent submittals + +105.6.98 Plastic foam products (flammable). A permit is required to store and use over 1,000 lbs. + +105.6.99 Powder coating (See Spray booth; spraying and dipping). + +105.6.100 Pressure vessels. A permit is required to install and use a pressure vessel. + +105.6.101 Private fire hydrants. See Fire hydrants and valves. + +105.6.102 Pyrophoric materials. A permit is required to store or use pyrophoric materials. + +105.6.103 Pyrotechnic special effects material. A permit is required for use and handling of pyrotechnic special +effects material. + +105.6.104 Pyrotechnic event. A permit is required for all pyrotechnic events + +105.6.104.1 After-hours inspection + +105.6.104.2 Use of fog machine + +105.6.104.3 Indoor/Outdoor pyrotechnic event. + +105.6.104.4 Use of propane effects. + +105.6.104.5 Pyrotechnic inspector during event. (Paid by promoter as after- hours inspection) + +105.6.105 Pyrotechnician. A permit/certificate of fitness is required for all pyrotechnicians. + + + +-139- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +105.6.106 Pyroxylin plastics. A permit is required for storage or handling of more than 25 pounds (11 kg) of +cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) plastics and for the assembly or manufacture of articles involving pyroxylin plastics. + +105.6.107 Radioactive material. A permit is required to store, use or handle radioactive material. + +105.6.108 Recycling facilities. A permit is required to operate a recycling facility. + +105.6.109 Refrigeration equipment. A permit is required to operate a mechanical refrigeration unit or system +regulated by Chapter 6. + +105.6.110 Repair garages and motor fuel-dispensing facilities. A permit is required for operation of repair garages +and automotive, marine and fleet motor fuel- dispensing facilities. + +105.6.111 Reviewing stands/grandstands. A permit is required to erect and use reviewing stands or grandstands. + +105.6.112 Salvage yard. A permit is required to operate a salvage yard, not including other permits required by this +code. + +105.6.113 Service station. A permit is required for operation of repair garages and automotive, marine and fleet +motor fuel- dispensing facilities. Fuel calculated and assessed separately. + +105.6.114 Service station - Fleet/Private service. A permit is required for operation of fleet or private service +stations. Fuel calculated and assessed separately. + +105.6.115 Special conditional permit. A permit is required for special conditions, such as concealed spaces, vacated +areas, abandoned tanks, etc. + +105.6.116 Special events. A permit is required for special events. + +105.6.116.1 Places of assembly - any hazardous material or process at temporary events + +105.6.116.2 Places of assembly - refueling operations at temporary events in assembly occupancies + +105.6.116.3 Places of assembly - storage, use and handling of flammable/combustible liquids at temporary +events + +105.6.116.3 Event within existing facility + +105.6.116.4 Plan submittal less than 14 days prior to event + +105.6.116.5 Outdoor with six ormore fuel-fired cooking/heating units + +105.6.117 Special extinguishing system. A permit is required to install and maintain a special extinguishing system. + +105.6.118 Special fire alarm system. A permit is required to install and maintain a special fire alarm system. + +105.6.119 Special spray application projects. A permit is required for applying flammable or combustible finishes +to the interior of a structure. + +105.6.120 Spray booth / powder coating. A permit is required to install and use a spray booth or powder coating +booth. + +105.6.121 Spraying or dipping. A permit is required to conduct a spraying or dipping operation utilizing flammable +or combustible liquids or tie application of combustible powders regulated by Chapter 15. + +105.6.121.1 One time/one location + +105.6.121.2 Annual/various locations + +105.6.121.3 Spraying of water-based finishes + +105.6.121.4 Per booth + +105.6.122 Storage containers. + +105.6.122.1 Temporary - less than 180 days + +105.6.122.2 Permanent - 180 days or longer + + + +-140- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +105.6.123 Storage of scrap tires and tire by-products. A permit is required to establish, conduct or maintain +storage of scrap tires and tire byproducts that exceeds 2,500 cubic feet (71 m^) of total volume of scr^ tires and for +indoor storage of tires and tire byprcducts. + +105.6.124 Storage tanks. + +105.6.124.1 Flammable/combustible dispensing system - install, repair, alter, upgrade (per tank) + +105.6.124.2 Flammable/combustible - remove or abandon in place (annual fee/per tank) + +105.6.125 Stored electrical energy emergency/standby power systems. A permit is required to install or operate +stored electrical energy emergency /standby power systems. + +105.6.126 Sulphur/sulphur chloride. A permit is required to store, sell or use sulphur or sulphur chloride. + +105.6.127 Supervising station/central station. A permit is required to receive fire alarm signals from a protected +property. + +105.6.128 Tanks (Change of content). A permit is required to change the contents of a chemical or fuel storage +tank. + +105.6.129 Temporary fire standpipe. A permit is required to install and maintain a temporary fire standpipe. + +105.6.130 Temporary generator. A permit is required to use a temporary generator. + +105.6.131 Temporary heating appliance. A permit is required to install or use a temporary heating appliance. + +105.6.132 Temporary membrane structures. A permit is required to operate an air-supported temporary membrane +structure or a tent having an area in excess of 200 square feet ( 19 m^ ) or in excess of 4D0 square feet (37 nS ). + +105.6.133 Tents or air-supported structures. A permit is required for tents or air-supported structures. + +105.6.133.1 An area in excess of 150 sq. ft. but < 700 sq. ft. + +105.6.133.2 An area in excess of 700 sq. ft. + +105.6.134 Tire rebuilding/recapping plants. A permit is required for the operation and maintenance of a tire +rebuilding or recapping plant. + +105.6.135 Tire storage. A permit is required for tire storage exceeding 2500 cubic ft. in any one control area. + +105.6.136 Trailer. A permit is required for trailers used for office functions. + +105.6.136.1 Temporary - less than 180 days + +105.6.136.2 Permanent - 180 days or longer + +105.6.137 Training fees. A permit is required for Fire Department training. + +105.6.137.1 Hi- rise building evacuation exercise + +105.6.137.2 Low-rise building evacuation exercise + +105.6.137.3 Building management/facility manager emergency procedures certification training (per person) + +105.6.137.4 Fire extinguisher training (2 hours - does not include extinguisher; limited to 5 persons) + +105.6.137.5 Floor warden training (limited to 5 persons) + +105.6.137.6 Hazardous materials closure plan + +105.6.137.7 Hazardous materials waste generation plan + +105.6.137.8 Hazardous materials inventory statement training (2 hours; limited to 5 persons) + +105.6.137.9 Hazardous materials management plan (2 hours; limited to 5 persons) + +105.6.137.10 Hazardous materials release mitigation training (2 hours; limited to 10 persons) + +105.6.137.11 Safety and evacuation training (2 hours; limited to 10 persons) + +105.6.137.12 Fire safety public education presentation + +-141 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +105.6.138 Underground hazardous material storage tanks. A permit is required to install and maintain an +underground hazardous material storage tank (per tank). + +105.6.139 Underground spaces. A permit is required to inspect and certify underground spaces. + +105.6.140 Varnishes. A permit is required to store ore use more than 100 gallons of varnish. + +105.6.141 Waste material handling plant. A permit is require to operate waste material handling plants, wrecking +yards, junk yards and waste material- handling facilities. + +105.6.142 Waste oil heaters. A permit is required to install or operate a waste oil heater. + +105.6.143 Waste receptacles. A permit is required to install and maintain waste receptacles with a capacity greater +than 20 cubic feet. + +105.6.144 Waxes. A permit is required to store, sell or use more than 400 lbs. of wax. + +105.6.145 Wood products. A permit is required to store more than 200 cubic ft. of wood products. + +105.6.146 Wooden packing boxes, cases and barrels (empty). A permit is required to store more than 2,000 cubic +ft. + +105.6.147 Woodworking operations. A permit is required to install and operate a woodworking operation. + +SECTION 106 +INSPECTIONS + +Add Sections as follows: + +106.2.1 Dangerous or hazardous conditions or material. The fire code official shall have the authority to order +any person(s) to remove or remedy such dangerous or hazardous condition or material as set forth in this code. Any +person(s) failing to comply with such order shall be in violation of this code. + +106.2.2 Right of entry. The fire code official shall be authorized to inspect any building or premises for dangerous +or hazardous conditions or materials as set forth in this code. Before entering, the fire code official shall obtain the +consent of the occupant thereof or obtain a court warrant authorizing entry for the purpose of inspection except in +those instances where an emergency exists. + +106.2.3 Emergency. As used in 106.2.2, "emergency" means circumstances that the fire code official knows, or has +reason to believe, exist and can constitute immediate danger to life and property. + +106.2.4 Authorized Personnel. Uniformed fire inspectors, fire investigators, and fire protection engineers shall be +authorized to enter and inspect buildings, structures, vessels, vehicles, and premises as herein set forth. They shall be +identified by credentials issued by the Department of Safety. + +106.2.4.1 Impersonation. Persons shall not use a badge, uniform, or other credentials to impersonate the fire +code official. + +106.2.5 Hazardous Conditions. Where conditions exist and are deemed hazardous to life and property by the fire +code official, the fire code official shall have the authority to summarily abate such hazardous conditions that are in +violation of this code. + +106.2.6 Plans and Specification. The fire code official shall have the authority to require plans and specifications to +ensure compliance with applicable codes and standards. The plans and specifications shall bear the stamp of a +professional engineer. + +106.2.7 Inspection of construction and installation. The fire code official shall be notified by the person +performing the work when the installation is ready for a required inspection or for fire protection or other life safety +systems acceptance tests. All installations shall be complete prior to requesting an inspection or test. All components +of a life safety system shall be installed prior to testing— no exceptions. + +106.2.7.1 Work in violation. When any construction or installation work is being performed in violation of the +plans and specifications approved by the fire code official, a written notice shall be issued to the responsible party +to stop work on that portion of the work that is in violation. The notice shall state the nature of the violation, and +no work shall be continued on that portion until the violation has been corrected. + +-142- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +106.2.8 Stop work or evacuation. The fire code official shall have the authority to order an operation or use stopped +and the immediate evacuation of any occupied building, area of a building, or other property when such building, area +of a building, or other property has hazardous conditions that present imminent danger. + +106.2.8.1 Non-complying work. Whenever any work is being done contrary to provisions of this code, the fire +code official is hereby authorized to order such work stopped. Such work should immediately stop until +authorized by the fire code official to proceed. + +106.2.9 Standby personnel. When, in the opinion of the fire code official, it is essential for public safety in a tent, +canopy or membrane structure used as a place of assembly or any other use where people congregate, or any building, +premises or property where people congregate, because of the number of persons, or the nature of the performance, +exhibition, display, contest or activity, or when potentially hazardous conditions exist, or an occupant load varies due +to large crowd movement from one building to another building or one area of a building to another area of the +building, or there is a reduction in a life safety feature, or there is an impairment to a fire protection feature, the +owner, agency or lessee shall employ and compensate through approved Department of Safety channels at a rate +established by the Manger of Safety one or more firefighters of the City and County of Denver, as required by the fire +code official. Such firefighter(s) shall be subject to the fire code official's orders at all times when so employed and +shall be in uniform and remain on duty during the times such places are open to the public or when such activity is +being conducted or, in the case of residential occupancies, whenever occupied. + +106.2.9.1 Owner's responsibility. The owner, agent, or lessee shall employ standby fire personnel in an +adequate number determined by the fire code official based on the potential hazard or reduction in a fire +protection system or other life safety feature as described in Section 106.2.9, as required and approved, to be on +duty. Such standby fire personnel or fire watch personnel shall be subject to the fire code official's orders at all +times and shall be identifiable and remain actively on duty during the times such places are open to the public, +when such activity is being conducted, or in residential buildings, whenever occupied. + +106.2.10 Records. The Fire Prevention and Investigation Division shall retain for not less than seven years a record +of each inspection made showing the findings and disposition of each inspection made. + +106.2.11 Townhouses and condominiums. Portable fire extinguishers shall be mounted on the exterior at each level +stairway(s) or one (2A lOBC) within each residential unit. When mounted on the exterior, the property +management/homeowner's association (HO A) shall be responsible for the care, maintenance and recharging, and use +of the fire extinguisher, including inspection. The homeowner shall submit a report to the property management +(HO A) on an annual basis. Portable fire extinguishers shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with NFPA +10. The smoke detector(s) within the residential units shall be tested and maintained in accordance with NFPA 72. +The homeowner shall submit a report to the property management/HOA on an annual basis of each test and battery +replacement. The property management/HOA shall maintain a log of the inspection/test reports submitted to that +office and Denver Fire Department Inspection personnel will review that log prior to conducting the inspection. If +this information is not available, an inspection shall be made to determine that this equipment is in compliance with +this code. + +Add Section 106.5 as follows: + +106.5 Fees. The Manager of Safety is authorized to adopt an inspection fee schedule necessary to cover administrative +costs of inspections and record- keeping under this code. + +SECTION 107 +MAINTENANCE + +Add Sections 107.7 and 107.8 as follows: + +107.7 Standby Personnel. The fire code official shall have the authority to require standby fire personnel or an approved +fire watch when potentially hazardous conditions or a reduction in a fire protection system or other life safety feature exist +due to the type of performance, display, exhibit, occupancy, contest, or activity; an impairment to a fire protection or other +life safety system; or the number of persons present. + + + +-143- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +107.8 Owner's responsibility. The owner, agent, or lessee shall employ standby fire personnel in an adequate number +determined by the fire code official based on the potential hazard or reduction in a fire protection system or other life +safety feature as described in Section 107.7, as required and approved, to be on duty. Such standby fire personnel or fire +watch personnel shall be subject to the fire code official's orders at all times and shall be identifiable and remain actively +on duty during the times such places are open to the public, when such activity is being conducted, or in residential +buildings, whenever occupied. + +SECTION 108 +BOARD OF APPEALS + +Replace Section 108.1 as follows: + +108.1 Board of appeals established. In order to hear and decide appeals of orders, decisions, or determinations made by +the Fire code official relative to the application and interpretation of this Code, the Manager of Safety can hear the appeal +alone or appoint a board of appeals consisting of members who are qualified by experience and training to make decisions +pertinent to hazards of fire, explosions, hazardous conditions, flammable and combustible liquids and gases, the use, +storage and production of hazardous materials, or fire protection and other life safety systems and features. + +108.1.1 Application. Prior to any action by the Manager of Safety, an application in writing shall be filed in the +office of the Manager within thirty (30) days after receiving the oixler, decision, or determination made by the fire +code official on a form provided by the Manager providing the necessary information required. A copy of such +application shall be furnished to the fire code official by the applicant. A fee of $100, in the form a check made +payable to the Denver Manager of Revenue, must accompany the application. + +108.1.2 Meetings and records. The Manager of Safety/Board of Appeals shall keep records of its proceedings +showing the vote of each member on every question and the final decision. + +108.1.3 Appeal from decision of the Manager of Safety. Any person aggrieved by a decision of the Manager of +Safety may have judicial review of such decision as provided by law. A petition for review shall be filed in the court +having jurisdiction within thirty (30) days after receiving the decision of the Manager of Safety. + +SECTION 109 +VIOLATIONS + +Add Sections 109.2.2.1 through 1009.2.2.4 as follows: + +109.2.2.1 Failure to comply. It shall be unlawful to violate any provisions of this code, or to fail to cany out an +order made pursuant to this code or violate any condition attached to a permit, approval, or certificate, or to erect, +install, alter, repair or do work in violation of approved construction documents, or without the appropriate +license, permit or directive of the fire official. Violations shall be punishable as prescribed in Section 1-1 3(a) of +the Denver Revised Municipal Code. + +109.2.2.2 Time limits. Failure to comply with the time limits of an abatement notice or after a corrective order or +notice of violation is issued by the fire code official shall result in each day that such violation continues being +regarded as a new and separate violation and a new and separate offense. + +109.2.2.3 Not owner-occupied. If the building or other premises is not owner occupied, under lease or otherwise, +and the order or notice of violation requires additions or changes in the building or premises that would +immediately become real estate and be the property of the owner of the building or premises, such orders or +notices shall be complied with by the owner. + +109.2.2.4 Citation. The fire code official is authorized to issue a citation to persons operating or maintaining an +occupancy, premises, vessel, vehicle or other property subject to this code who allow a hazard to exist or fail to +take immediate action to abate a hazard on such occupancy, premises, vessel, vehicle, or other property when +ordered or notified to do so. + +Replace Section 109.3 as follows: + +109.3 Violation penalties. See Section 109.2.2.1 Failure to comply. + + + +-144- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +SECTION 110 +UNSAFE BUILDINGS + +Replace Section 110.1.1 as follows: + +110.1.1 Unsafe conditions. Structures or existing equipment that are or hereafter become unsafe or deficient because +of inadequate means of egress, or which constitute a fire hazard such as storage of explosives, excessive amounts of +combustible or flammable materials, vegetation deemed an exposure hazard, manufacture of controlled substances, +unstable material, hazardous materials, etc., or are otherwise dangerous to human life or to the public welfare, or +which involve illegal or improper occupancy or inadequate maintenance, shall be deemed an unsafe condition. A +vacant structure that is not secured against unauthorized entry shall be deemed unsafe. A structure, including +residences, that constitutes a fire hazard and an exposure hazard in the event of fire or explosion shall be deemed +unsafe. The fire code official is authorized to take action to mitigate an unsafe condition, rendering the operation +harmless to people or property. The property owner shall be responsible for all costs related to all actions. + +Add Section 110.1.2.1 as follows: + +110.1.2.1 Unsafe heating or electrical equipment and structural hazards. When the fire code official deems +any chimney, smokestack, stove, oven, incinerator, furnace, or other heating device, electrical fixture, or any +appurtenance thereto, or anything regulated under a nationally recognized standard in or upon any building, +structure, or premises not specifically mentioned in this code, to be unsafe or defective so as to create a hazard, +the fire code official is authorized to serve upon the owner or the person having control of the property a written +notice to remove or repair or alter as necessary. The fire code official is authorized to affix a condemnation tag +prohibiting the use thereof, or until such repairs or alterations are made. + +110.1.2.2 Unsafe operations. When the fire code official deems any operation, interior or exterior, to be unsafe +so as to create a hazard, the fire code official is authorized to sen/e upon the owner, contractor, or the person +having control of the property, a written notice to remove or repair or alter as necessary. The fire code official is +authorized to affix a condemnation tag prohibiting the use thereof, or until such repairs or alterations are made. In +the event that the unsafe operation resulted in an emergency response, legal action and cost recovery will be +directed to the responsible party. + +Add Section 112 as follows: + +SECTION 112 +LICENSES + +112.1 General. A license is authority granted to the person to whom it is issued to perform the work authorized by the +license. + +112.2 Licenses required. Denver Fire Department licenses shall be required for the design, installation, modification, +inspection, and testing of all Life Safety Systems and equipment. All fitters/technicians shall be licensed to design, +install, add to, modify, and perform all types of inspections, testing, maintenance, and repair of factory- engineered +equipment. All persons required to have a permit, license or certificates shall have a current— for calendar year— permit, +license or certificate. + +112.2.1 Fire sprinkler and standpipe systems. + +112.2.2 Fire pumps. + +112.2.3 Kitchen hood extinguishing systems. + +112.2.4 Dry chemical extinguishing systems. + +112.2.5 Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems. + +112.2.6 Special extinguishing systems. + +112.2.7 Fire alarm systems. + +112.2.8 Fire detection systems. + +112.2.9 Emergency communication systems. + +-145- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +112.2.10 Electrical signaling and central wiring. + +112.2.11 Department of safety radio enhancement systems. + +112.2.12 Smoke control systems. + +112.2.13 Firefighter's emergency elevator recall systems. + +112.2.14 Foam extinguishing systems. + +112.2.15 Portable fire extinguishers. + +112.2.16 Refrigerant safety / alarm systems. + +112.2.17 Ammonia safety / alarm systems. + +112.2.18 Carbon monoxide safety / alarm warning systems. + +112.2.19 Clean agent fire extinguishing systems. +Add Section 113 as follows: + +SECTION 113 + +PUBLIC FIRE EDUCATION + +113.1 General. The fire code official shall have the authority to develop and implement a public fire safety education +program as deemed necessary for the general welfare with respect to the fire hazards within the jurisdiction. + +113.2 Educational programs and messages. The fire code official shall have the authority to ensure that duly authorized +public fire safety educational programs or public fire safety messages are disseminated to the general public. + +113.2.1 Juvenile firesetters intervention program. Juveniles suspected of firesetting— curious or malicious— +shall be required to participate in the Denver Fire Department Juvenile Firesetters Intervention Program. + +Add Section 114 as follows: + +SECTION 114 + +EMERGENCY PLANS AND PROCEDURES + +114.1 General. Where required, emergency plans, staff training, and emergency evacuation drills are required for all +occupants. + +114.2. Plan requirements. Fmergency plans and emergency evacuation drills shall be developed in accordance with the +Denver Fire Department Fire Prevention and Investigation Division's guidelines, NFPA 1600, Standard on +Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Community Programs, and Chapter 4, Emergency Planning and +Preparedness, of this code. + +114.3 Review. Emergency plans shall be submitted annually to the Division for review. + +114.4 Maintenance. Emergency plans shall be reviewed and updated annually. Revised plans shall be submitted for +review and updates shall be provided whenever changes are made in the occupancy or physical arrangement of the +building or fire protection systems or features. The owner or manager shall provide floor plans to the Denver Fire +Department Fire Prevention and Investigation Division in a manner approved by the fire code official. The person +developing/updating the emergency plans shall be certified by the Denver Fire Department. See IFCA Section 403.3. + +Add Section 115 as follows: + +SECTION 115 + +FIRE ALARM MONITORING - PERMITS AND LICENSES + +115.1 General The provisions of this section apply to the installation, operation of, and scope of monitoring. + + + +-146- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +115.2 Central alarm station / Supervising station. These facilities, licensed by the Denver Fire Department, monitor +remote fire alarm signaling systems when personnel licensed by the Denver Fire Department are in attendance at all times +to take such action as required for the notification of the Denver Fire Department. + +115.3 Permits. Permits shall be obtained annually for central alarm station / supen/ising stations and the operators who +take such action as required for notification of tiie Denver Fire Department. All central alarm station / supervising +stations and operators shall have current— for current calendar year— permits and licenses. + +115.4 Definitions. + +CENTRAL ALARM STATION/SUPERVISING STATION. A facility that receives fire alarm signals and at which +personnel are in attendance at all times to respond to these signals. A supervising station that is licensed for central +station service. + +CLASS I FIRE ALARM MONITORING. The monitoring of a fire alarm system by a licensed central station that is +required by Denver's Building and Fire Codes. + +CLASS II FIRE ALARM MONITORING. The monitoring of a fire alarm system by a licensed central station that is +not required by Denver's Building and Fire Codes. + +OPERATOR. A competent person employed by a central alarm station and licensed by the Denver Fire Department to +take such action as required for notification of the Denver Fire Department. + +RUNNER. A qualified person who responds to the location where a reported fire alarm system ahs been activated for the +purpose of silencing, restoring, or confirming that the system is restored to a normal condition. + +115.5 License required. + +115.5.1 Central alarm station/supervising station. No person or public agency shall monitor fire alarm systems in +the City and County of Denver without first obtaining a license to operate a Class I or Class II central alarm +station/supervising station. + +115.5.2 Operator. No person shall be employed as an operator in a central alarm station/supervising station that +monitors fire alarm systems in the City and County of Denver unless licensed as an apprentice operator or operator by +the Denver Fire Department. + +115.5.2.1 Class I operator. A Denver Fire Department Class I Operator license shall authorize the holder to act +as an operator in any central alarm station/supervising station. + +115.5.2.2 Class II operator. A Denver Fire Department Class II Operator license shall authorize the holder to act +as an operator in any Class II central alarm station/supervising station. + +115.5.2.3 Apprentice operator. A Denver Fire Department Apprentice Operator license shall authorize the +holder to act as an operator only under the constant supervision of a licensed operator. + +115.5.3 Runner. A Denver Fire Department central alarm station/supervising station Runner license shall authorize +the holder to act as a runner for any Class I or Class II central alarm station/supervising station. + +115.6 Runner service. The central alarm station/supervising station shall provide runner service to all Class I alarms. +Maximum response time from receipt of alarm to arrival of runner service shall not exceed 45 minutes. + + + +-147- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 2 +DEFINITIONS + +SECTION 202 +GENERAL DEFINITIONS + +Add the following to definitions: + +ALTITUDE. Altitude is the measure of elevation typically relative to sea level. The generally recognized altitude of +Denver, CO is 5,280 ft. Altitude has a direct impact on design considerations for life safety and property protection +including but not limited to the physical properties of flammable and combustible liquids. See Section 3401.5.1. + +BIOHAZARD. See Section 2702.1. + +CARCINOGEN. See Section 2702.1. + +CENTRAL ALARM STATION/SUPERVISING STATION. Section 115.4. + +CLASS I FIRE ALARM MONITORING. See Section 115.4. + +CLASS II FIRE ALARM MONITORING. See Section 115.4. + +EMERGENCY shall mean one or more of the following: + +Fire, regardless of size or type + +Explosion + +Building, structure, or utility failure + +Rescue operations involving humans or animals, including people trapped in elevators due to power failure or +mechanical malfunctions + +Failure of or damage to fire protection or life safety systems + +Exposure to a hazard(s) + +Panic + +Hazardous material leak or spill + +Overcrowding of any building or premises + +Rescue operations involving humans or animals injured or trapped in buildings, trenches, scaffolding, grandstands, +etc. + +Any other hazard or situation involving or endangering life or property. + +LOWEST LEVEL OF FIRE DEPARTMENT VEHICLE ACCESS. See Section 502.1. + +NON-METALLIC RUBBISH CONTAINERS. See Section 304.3.2.1. + +OPERATOR. See Section 115.4. + +OTHER HEALTH HAZARD MATERIAL. See Section 2702.1. + +PROPERTY. See Section 402.1. + +RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. See Section 2702.1. + +RELEASE/UNAUTHORIZED DISCHARGE. See Section 2702.1. + +RUNNER. See Section 115.4. + +SENSITIZER. See Section 2702.1. + + + +-148- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTERS +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + +SECTION 301 +GENERAL + +Replace Section 301.2 as follows: + +301.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in IFCA Section 105.6 for the activities or uses regulated by IFC +Section 303-Asphalt Kettles; IFC Section 304- Combustible Waste Material; IFC Section 306-Motion Picture Projection +Rooms and Film; IFC Section 307-Open Burning and Recreational Fires; IFCA Section 308-Open Flames; Section 309- +Powered Industrial Trucks and Equipment; Section 311-Vacant Premises; Section 314-Indoor Displays; and 315- +Miscellaneous Combustible Materials Storage. + +SECTION 304 + +COMBUSTIBLE WASTE MATERIAL + +Add Section 304.2.1 as follows: + +304.2.1 Required storage conditions. Combustible rubbish kept or accumulated within or adjacent to buildings, +structures or residential dwelling units shall be in containers complying with this code, or in rooms or vaults +constructed of non- combustible materials. + +Exception: + +Storage, accumulation, use and handling of combustible rubbish and waste, newspapers, magazines, etc. not +in excess of 10 cubic feet aggregate. + +Add Sections 304.3.2.1, 304.3.4, 304.3.5 and 304.3.5.1 as follows: + +304.3.2.1 Non- metallic rubbish containers. Non- metallic rubbish containers exceeding 40 gallons capacity +shall be manufactured of materials having a peak rate of heat release not exceeding 300 KN/m v\^en tEstBd in +acoonfenoe with nationally recognized standands. Such containeis shall be pennanently labeled indicating +c^}acity and peak ratB of heat release. + +304.3.4 Removal. Combustible rubbish stored in containers outside of noncombustible vaults or rooms shall be +removed from buildings at least once each working day. + +304.3.5 Waste material handling operations. Occupancies exclusively performing commercial rubbish handling or +recycling shall maintain rubbish or product to be processed or recycled as follows: + +1. In approved vaults + +2. In covered metal or metal- lined receptacles or bins, or + +3. Completely baled and stacked in an orderly manner in an approved location. + +304.3.5.1 Permits. A permit shall be required as set forth in Section 105.6 for a Waste Material Handling Plant. + +SECTION 308 +OPEN FLAMES + +Replace Section 308.3.1 as follows: + +308.3.1 Open-flame devices. No gas-fired grills, charcoal grills, or other similar devices used for cooking, heating, +or any other purpose, shall be used or kindled on any balcony or under any overhanging portion or within 10 feet (3m) +of any structure. + +Exceptions: + +1. One- and two-family dwellings. + +-149- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +2. LP-gas burners having an LP-gas container with a water capacity not greater than 2.5 pounds [nominal 1 +pound (0.454kg) LP-gas capacity]. Two extra 1 pound LP-gas containers may be stored on the balcony. + +3. Listed natural gas appliances shall be permitted on balconies when installed in accordance with the +International Fuel Gas Code and supplied by the building's natural gas system. + +4. Listed electric ranges, grills, or similar electrical apparatus shall be permitted. +Delete Section 308.3.1.1. + +SECTION 309 + +POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS + +Replace Section 309.2 as follows: + +309.2 Battery charging operations. Battery- charging operations shall be located in areas designated for such purpose. +Where on- board chargers are used, charging shall be accomplished at locations designated for such purpose. + +309.2.1 Battery chargers. Battery chargers shall be of an approved type. Combustible storage shall be kept a +minimum of 3 feet (915 mm) from battery chargers. + +309.2.2 Battery-charging areas. Battery- charging areas shall be kept free of extraneous combustible materials. +Battery charging shall not be conducted in areas accessible to the public. + +309.2.2.1 Aggregate electrolyte capacity. For purposes of this section, and section 309.3, "aggregate electrolyte +capacity" shall mean the total amount of electrolyte within one building. There shall be no maximum aggregate +electrolyte capacity for any building, but when aggregate electrolyte capacity exceeds certain quantities, fire +protection, construction and ventilation shall be required in accordance with this section. + +309.2.2.2 Battery-charging area fire protection. Where aggregate electrolyte capacity exceeds 100 gallons, +battery- charging areas shall be protected with an automatic sprinkler system per IFC Section 903.3.1.1. + +Exception: + +Automatic sprinklers shall not be required where the amount of electrolyte per battery- charging area is +100 gallons or less and the battery- charging areas are separated by a minimum of 75 feet. + +309.2.2.3 Battery-charging area construction. Where aggregate electrolyte capacity exceeds 100 gallons, +battery charging areas shall be separated from the other portions of the building with a one-hour fire barrier +constructed in accordance with International Building Code Chapter 7. + +Exceptions: + +1. One- hour fire barriers shall not be required where the amount of electrolyte per battery- charging area +is 100 gallons or less and the battery- charging areas are separated by a minimum of 75 feet. + +2. In buildings that are protected throughout with an automatic sprinkler system per IFC Section +903.3.1.1., one- hour fire barriers shall not be required where the amount of electrolyte per battery +charging area is 200 gallons or less and the battery- charging areas are separated by a minimum of 75 +feet. + +309.2.2.4 Smoking prohibited. Smoking shall be prohibited in battery- charging areas. "No Smoking" signs shall +be provided in the charging area in accordance with Section 310.3. + +309.2.2.5 Neutralization. An approved method and materials capable of neutralizing a spill from the largest +battery to a pH between 7.0 and 9.0 shall be provided. + +309.2.2.6 Spill control. Each rack or tray of batteries shall be provided with a liquid- tight 4-inch minimum spill +control barrier which extends at least one-inch beyond the battery rack in all directions. Alternative methods of +spill control are subject to approval by the fire code official. + +Exceptions: + +1. Spill control shall not be required where the amount of electrolyte per battery- charging area is 100 +gallons or less and the battery- charging areas are separated by a minimum of 75 feet. + +-150- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +2. In buildings that are protected throughout with an automatic sprinkler system per IFC Section +903.3.1.1., spill control shall not be required where the amount of electrolyte per battery charging +area is 200 gallons or less and the battery- charging areas are separated by a minimum of 75 feet. + +Replace Section 309.3 as follows: + +309.3 Ventilation. Where aggregate electrolyte capacity exceeds 100 gallons, continuous ventilation shall be provided at +a rate of not less than 1 cu-ft/min/sq. ft. of designated battery- charging area. + +Exceptions: + +1. Ventilation systems shall not be required where the amount of electrolyte per area is 100 gallons or less and +the battery- charging areas are separated by a minimum of 75 feet. + +2. In buildings that are protected throughout with an automatic sprinkler system per IFC A Section 903.3.1.1, +ventilation systems shall not be required where the amount of electrolyte per battery charging area is 200 +gallons or less and the battery- charging areas are separated by a minimum of 75 feet. + +SECTION 315 + +MISCELLANEOUS COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS STORAGE + +Add new Section 315.3.3 as follows: + +315.3.3 Outside storage of combustible material. Combustible material shall be piled with due regard to stability of +piles and in no case higher than twenty (20) feet. When the area used for outside storage exceeds fifty (50) feet, but is +less than one hundred fifty (150) feet, in any dimension, aisles of not less than eight (8) feet clear width shall be +provided between piles. When the area used for outside storage exceeds one hundred fifty (150) feet in any +dimension, a driveway between and around piles shall be at least fifteen (15) feet in width and maintained free of +rubbish, equipment or other articles or materials. Driveways shall be so spaced that a maximum grid system unit of +fifty (50) feet by one hundred fifty (150) feet is produced. + + + +CHAPTER 4 +EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS + +SECTION 401 +GENERAL + +Delete the exception to Section 401.1 - Scope. + +Replace Section 401.3 as follows: + +401.3 Emergenq^ forces notification. In the event an emergency, including but not limited to, unwanted fire, hazardous +materials discharge, medical incident, or environmental calamity including utility malfunction, occurs on a property, the +owner, occupant, or any other person in responsible charge of the property or portion thereof, including their tenants and +employees, shall immediately report the emergency to 911. Building employees and tenants shall implement the +appropriate emergency plans and procedures. No person shall, by any means, require or otherwise purposely cause any +delay in the reporting of an emergency. + +Add Section 401.3.4 as follows: + +401.3.4 Evidence of emergency. Upon discovery of evidence of an unwanted fire, hazardous materials discharge, +medical incident, or environmental calamity, even though it appears to have been extinguished or otherwise stabilized, +the owner, occupant, or any other person in responsible charge of the property or portion thereof, including their +tenants and employees shall immediately notify tie Fire Department of the evidence including what is known of the +location and circumstances. Such evidence shall not be disturbed, thus presen/ing data for the Fire Department to +conduct an investigation. + +Add Section 401.6 as follows: + +-151 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +401.6 False alarm. No person shall deliberately or maliciously report a fire or unauthorized discharge of hazardous +materials when that person knows that no fire or discharge exists. The person responsible for the false alarm shall +reimburse the City for the total cost of responding to the false alarm. + +Add Section 401.7 as follows: + +401.7 Misleading information. It shall be unlawful for a person to willfully make any false, fraudulent, misleading, or +unfounded report or statement or to willfully misrepresent any fact with the intention of misleading any Fire Department +personnel or interfering with Fire Department operations. + +SECTION 402 +DEFINITIONS + +Add 'PROPERTY' definition to Section 402.1 as follows: + +PROPERTY. As used in this chapter, shall include private and public land in the undeveloped and developed state +including the buildings, structures, paving and all other immobile improvements; natural features such as trees, shrubbery +and similar botanical growth; and vehicles, vessels, equipment, materials and similar movable items located on them. + +SECTION 403 + +PUBLIC ASSEMBLAGES AND EVENTS + +Replace Section 403.2.1 as follows: + +403.2.1 Contents. The public safety plan, where required by Section 403.2, shall address: + +Emergency vehicle ingress and egress + +Fire hydrant locations + +Local fire protection (suppression and alarm) + +Emergency medical services + +Public assembly areas + +The directing of both attendees and vehicles (including the parking of vehicles) + +Vendor and food concession distribution + +The need for the presence of law enforcement + +Emergency procedures and employee training + +Fire and emergency medical services personnel at the event + +All other conditions possibly hazardous to life, property or public welfare in the occupancy + +Add Section 403.3 as follows: + +403.3 Facility manager certification. All personnel responsible for facility maintenance, fire safety emergency +procedures, evacuation plans, evacuation drills, employee training and response procedures, hazard communication, +resident training, tenant identification, emergency response team formulation and training, hazardous materials +management plans, hazardous materials inventory statement, etc. shall complete a Denver Fire Department training course +and shall have a current certification by the Denver Fire Department. + +SECTION 404 + +FIRE SAFETY AND EVACUATION PLANS + +Replace Section 404.3 as follows: + +404.3 Contents. Fire safety and evacuation plan contents shall be in accordance with Sections 404.3.1, 404.3.2, and +Denver Fire Department policy on Emergency Procedures and Emergency Evacuation. + +-152- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Replace Section 404.3.1, Item 1 as follows: + +1. Emergency egress or escape routes and whether evacuation of the building is to be complete or, where approved, +by selected floors or areas only. Specifically address people with special needs. + +Replace Section 404.3.2, Item 2 as follows: + +2. The life safety strategy and procedures for notifying, relocating or evacuating occupants including those with +disabilities. Provide a description of the building's life safety systems including fire alarm, fire sprinkler +(including special suppression, standpipes, fire pumps, etc.), smoke control, elevator recall, areas of refuge, +emergency power, etc. + +SECTION 405 + +EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILLS + +Replace Section 405.1 as follows: + +405.1 General. Emergency evacuation drills complying with the provisions of this section shall be conducted as +specified in Table 405.2 or when required by the fire code official. Drills shall be designed in cooperation with the local +authorities. Complete evacuation from the building of all persons required to participate is required. It shall be unlawful to +refuse to participate or to interfere with Fire Department personnel conducting an emergency evacuation drill. + +Replace Table 405.2 as follows: + + + +FIRE AND EVA( + + +TABLE 405.2 +CUATION DRILL FREQUENCY AND PARTICIPATION + + +GROUP OR +OCCUPANCY + + +FREQUENCY + + +PARTICIPATION + + +Covered Mall Building*'" + + +Annually + + +Employees + + +High Rise* + + +Annually + + +All occupants + + +A'' + + +Quarterly + + +Employees + + +B" + + +Annually + + +All occupants + + +E + + +Monthly' + + +All occupants + + +H + + +Annually on each shift + + +All occupants + + +Md + + +Quarterly on each shift + + +All occupants + + +1-2, 1-3, 1-4 + + +Quarterly on each shift + + +Employees + + +M* + + +Semiannually on each shift + + +Employees + + +R-1 + + +Quarterly on each shift + + +Employees + + +R-2'' + + +Four annually + + +All occupants + + +R-4 + + +Quarterly on each shift + + +Employees'* + + + +a. R-1, R-2, R-4, I-l, 1-2, 1-3, and 1-4 use Frequency and Participation listsd with those occupancies in Table 405.2; use High Rise Frequency and +Participation for all other occupancies in High Rise buildings. + +b. As listed in Section 404.2. + +c. The frequency shall be allowed to be modified in accordance with Section 408.3.2. + +d. Fire and evacuation drills in residential care assisted living facilites shall include complete evacuation of the premises in accordance with Section +408.10.5. Where occupants receive habilitation or rehabilitation training, fire prevention and fire safety practices shall be included as part of the +training program. + +Add Section 405.10 as follows: + +405l1O Extent of EvacuatiGn. Rib and evacuation drills shall include the conplete evacuation from the building of +all persons required to partidpate. It shall be a violation of this code to refuse to partidpatB or to intEifere with the +Fire Department peisonnd conducting a fire and evacuation drill. + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTERS +FIRE SERVICE FEATURES + +SECTION 502 +DEFINITIONS + +Amend Section 502.1 by adding the definition as follows: + +LOWEST LEVEL OF FIRE DEPARTMENT VEHICLE ACCESS. The lowest level of Fire Department vehicle +access shall be measured from the lowest elevation of any required Fire Department access road located no more than 30 +feet from any exterior wall of the building. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Where the access road is permitted to be farther than 30 feet from any exterior wall of the building, the lowest +level of fire department vehicle access shall be measured from the lowest elevation of any required Fire +Department access road located no more than 50 feet from any exterior wall of the building. + +2. If any topography, waterway, non- negotiable grades or other similar conditions exist that preclude required +Fire Department vehicular access, the fire code official is authorized to require additional fire protection +systems as required by IFC Chapter 9. + +SECTION 503 + +FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS + +Replace Section 503.1.1, Exception #1 as follows: + +1. Where a building is equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system installed in +accordance with IFC Sections 903.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the 150 feet dimension may be increased to 250 feet. +Access into interior courtyards shall be provided from two remote locations and access points shall be +comprised of breezeways not less than 6 feet wide and having a height not less than the first story of the +building. Location shall be approved by fire code official. + +Replace Section 503.2.1 as follows: + +503.2.1 Dimensions. The fire apparatus access road shall have an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 13 +feet, 6 inches. Fire apparatus access roads shall have an unobstructed width per Table 503.2. 1-A, except for approved +security gates in accordance with IFC Section 503.6. + + + +-154- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +TABLE 503.2.1-A +FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS + + +Type of Right of Way + + +Minimum Clear +Width + + +Private or public streets serving single- family +detached buildings or townhomes with alleys + + +16 feet + + +Private or public streets serving single- family +detached buildings or townhomes, without +alleys but with driveways that reach the street + + +16 feet + + +Private or public streets serving single- family +detached buildings or townhomes, without +alleys OR driveways that reach the street + + +18 feet + + +Multi- family buildings, two stories or less, 15 +units maximum per building; buildings with +interior corridor(s) and a fire standpipe +system complying with City ordinance + + +20 feet + + +Multi- family buildings, three or more stories, +16 or more units + + +25 feet + + +Non- residential + + +25 feet + + +Cul de sac + + +90 feet in diameter + + +Hammerhead turnaround + + +20feetwideby90 +feet long + + + +Replace Section 503.2.3 as follows: + +503.2.3 Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire +apparatus and shall be surfaced so as to provide all-weather driving capabilities. Permanent fire access surfaces shall +be asphalt, concrete, or an approved surface capable of supporting imposed loads of fire apparatus. Temporary fire +access surfaces during construction may consist of a gravel road base or asphalt or other approved surface. See IBC, +Chapter 16 for Fire Department apparatus loading. + +Replace Section 503.2.4 as follows: + +503.2.4 Turning radius. The required turning radius of a fire apparatus access road shall be 25 feet inside and 50 +feet outside. + +Replace Section 503.2.7 as follows: + +503.2.7 Grade. The grade of the fire apparatus access road shall not exceed 5%. Maximum cross-slope shall be +0.04ft/ft slope from lip to crown. + +Add Sections 503.6.1 and 503.6.2 as follows: + +503.6.1 Width. Security gates across a fire apparatus access road shall be a minimum 16 feet wide. + +503.6.2 Approved means of emergenq^ operation. Security gates across a fire apparatus access road shall be +openable by one of the following means: + +1. Key box containing keys to gain necessary access, installed in an approved location. (See IFC Section 506.1) + +2. An approved lock. (See Section 506.1.1) + +3. A chain of 74 inch maximum non- case hardened steel. + +4. Emergency operation approved by fire code official. + +SECTION 504 + +ACCESS TO BUILDING OPENINGS AND ROOFS + +Replace Section 504.1 as follows: + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +504.1 Require d access. Exterior doors and openings required by this code or the IBC, Section 903.2.10, shall be +maintained readily accessible for emergency access by the Fire Department. An approved access walkway (5 feet +minimum width) leading from fire apparatus access roads to exterior openings shall be provided. + +Exception: + +A lesser width may be provided when approved by the fire code official. +Add Sections 504.1.1 and 504.1.2 as follows: + +504.1.1 Secured gate width. Secured gates and barricades shall be a minimum of 3 feet wide. + +504.1.2 Approved means of securing. Secured gates and barricades shall be openable by one of the following +means: + +1. Key box containing keys to gain necessary access, installed in an approved location. (See IFC Section 506.1) + +2 . An approved lock. ( See IFC Section 506.1 . 1 ) + +3. A chain of 74 inch maximum non-case hardened steel. + +4. Means of securing approved by fire code official. + +Add Section 504.4 as follows: + +504.4 Roof hatches on buildings four or more stories above grade. All required interior stair enclosures that extend to +the roof in any building four or more stories above grade, shall have, at the highest point of the stair enclosure, an +approved roof hatch openable to the exterior. The hatch shall be a minimum of 16 square feet (1.5 m^) in area with a +rdnirmmdimeaision of 2 feet (610 mm). + +Exception: + +Roof hatches are not required on pressurized stair enclosures and on stair enclosures complying with IBCA +Section 1009.11.1. + +SECTION 507 + +HAZARDS TO FIRE FIGHTERS + +Add Section 507.4 as follows: + +507.4 Prohibitions. The following prohibitions shall apply to all fences, walls or retaining walls, regardless of height: + +1. The use of barbed wire or any other sharp-pointed material as a fencing material or on top of fences or retaining +walls is prohibited except when specifically approved by the Fire Department. + +2. The use of electrically charged fences or on top of fences or retaining walls is prohibited, except when specifically +approved by the Fire Department. + +SECTION 508 + +FIRE PROTECTION WATER SUPPLIES + +Replace Section 508.2 as follows: + +508.2 Type of water supply. A water supply shall be connected to a reliable public water works system. All buildings +classified by the IBC, Section 403 as a high-rise shall be provided with at least two (2) approved independent water +supplies from a reliable public water works system. + +Delete Section 508.2.1 + +Replace Section 508.2.2 as follows: + +508.2.2 Water tanks. New water tanks for fire protection shall be prohibited. + +Exceptions: + +1. Water tanks for fire protection may be used for NFPA 13D sprinkler systems for existing buildings when all +of the following criteria are met: + +-156- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +a. W hen approved by D enver W ater and D enver Fire D epaitment. + +b. The building is two stories and less. + +c. Total building area is less than 2000 ftl + +d When l^draulic calculations demonstratB that the existing domestic water supply cannot support the +system sprinkler demand per NFPA 13D. + +e. Occupants are able to evacuate independently in case of an emergency. + +f . Tanks for fire protection shall be installed in accondance with manufacturer. + +2. Existing water tanks for fire protection that were previously ^proved ty the Fire Department These +tanks shall be inspected, tested and maintained in accondance with NFPA 25. + +Replace Section 508.3 as follows: + +508.3 Fire flow. Fire flow requirements shall be as determined in IFC Appendix B. Fach new or existing fire hydrant as +required per Appendix C shall be capable of providing not less than 1500 GPM at 20 PSI residual pressure. + +Replace Section 508.5.1 as follows: + +508.5.1 Where required. Fire hydrants shall be located in accordance with IFC Appendix C. + +Replace Section 508.5.3 as follows: + +508.5.3 Private fire service mains and water tanks. Private fire service mains and water tanks are not permitted +except for existing systems previously approved by the Fire Department and as allowed in IFC A Section 508.2.2. +Fxisting private service mains and water tanks shall be periodically inspected, tested and maintained in accordance +with NFPA 25 at the following intervals: + +1. Private fire hydrants (all types): Inspection annually and after each operation; flow test and maintenance +annually. + +2. Fire service main piping: Inspection of exposed, annually; flow test every five years. + +3. Fire service main piping strainers: Inspection and maintenance after each use. + +Replace Section 508.5.5 as follows: + +508.5.5 Clear space around hydrants. A five- foot clear space around the circumference of fire hydrants shall be +maintained except as otherwise required or approved. + +SECTION 509 + +FIRE COMMAND CENTER + +Replace Section 509.1 as follows: + +509.1 Fire Command Center (FCC). All buildings classified by IBC Section 403 as a high-rise, shall be provided with +an FCC in accordance with this section. The FCC shall be used for no other purpose unless approved by tiie Fire +Department. Scale drawings of the FCC showing the location of all equipment and features, in plan and elevation views, +shall be submitted for approval prior to installation. + +509.1.1 Fire command center construction. The FCC shall be contained in a room separated from the remainder of +the building by 1-hour fire resistive construction. The FCC shall be a minimum of 96sf (9 sq m) with a minimum +dimension of 8 ft. (2.438m). The FCC shall be ventilated and equipped with a smoke detector and high- temperature +sprinklers. FCC lighting and power outiets and all equipment shall be connected to an approved emergency power +supply. No piping, ducts or equipment foreign to required fire operations shall be permitted to enter, pass tiirough or +be installed within the FCC. + +509.1.2 Fire command center location. Unless otherwise approved by the Fire Department: + +1. The FCC shall be located on the ground floor. + +2. The FCC entrance shall be directiy accessible and in immediate proximity to tiie main building entrance. + +509.1.3 Fire command center equipment. The FCC shall contain the following: + +-157- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1. Emergency voice/alarm communication system unit per IFCA Section 907.2.12.2. + +2. Fire Department communication system per IFCA Section 907.2.12.3. + +3. Fire detection and alarm control unit and annunciator per IFCA Sections 907.1.2.2 and 907.2.12.4. + +4. Elevator status/Control panel per IFCA Section 907.2.12.15.1. + +5. Firefighter's smoke control panel per IFCA Section 907.2.24.5 + +6. Manual controls for simultaneously unlocking stairway and refuge area doors per IBCA Appendix L. + +7. Emergency generator panel per IFCA Section 907.2.12.7. + +8. Telephone with controlled access to a public telephone network. + +9. Fire pump remote status panel per IFCA Section 907.2.12.8. + +10. Building as-built construction plans indicating typical floor and roof plans, detailing the building core, means +of egress, fire protection system drawings, fire fighting equipment. Fire Department access, interior generator +and utility shut-off locations. These drawings shall be protected from damage and immediately accessible to +the Fire Department, and a storage rack to support these drawing shall be provided. + +11. Building site plan with; "North" orientation, local street intersection, fire hydrants. Fire Department +connections, building entries, exterior generator and fuel locations and exterior utility shut-off locations. + +12. Work table 3' x 5' and chair. + +13. Public address system equipment, where specifically required by other sections of this code. + +14. A key vault approved by the Fire Department to house keys to access mechanical and electrical equipment. + +15. Two-way communication required by IBC Section 1007.6.3; Appendix L, Section L 106.1.7, Exception 3; and +IBC Section 3001.2. + +16. Multi-level lighting control. Separately switched lamps or dimming control is acceptable. Dimming of +fluorescent fixtures shall be by EMI/RFI shielded devices. + +Add Section 509.2 as follows: + +509.2 Fire command room. A fire command room is required in covered mall buildings, special amusement building, +and all Group A occupancies with a room with an occupant load of 1,000 or more. The fire command room shall be of 1- +hour fire resistive construction. It shall be a minimum of 24ft^ (2.23rri) vvith anirdrmradear drnension of 3ft (SO.Scn^ +in front of the control equipment The fire command room shall contain the following equipment, v\taB required: + +1. Emergency voic^alami communication system + +2. Smoke control panel, v\^ere pro^dded + +3. Generator status panel, v\taB pro^dded + +4. Fire punp status panel, v\tere provided + +SECTION 510 + +FIRE DEPARTMENT ACCESS TO EQUIPMENT + +Add Section 510.2 as follows: + +510.2 Access to fire pumps. Access to fire pumps in new buildings constructed after adoption of the 2006 IFC shall be +located at grade level with direct access to outside or located one level below grade. Pump rooms that are located one +level below grade shall be placed such that there are no intervening rooms between the stairway door serving that level +and the pump room. Door sen/ing the pump room shall be within 25 ft of the stairway door. The stairway that serves the +lower level shall exit directly to outside. Where a dedicated stairway is provided to access the pump room and mechanical +rooms, stairway width shall not be less than 36 inches. + + + +-158- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 6 +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + +SECTION 603 +FUEL-FIRED APPLIANCES + +Replace Sections 603.4 and 603.4.1 with the following: + +603.4 Portable unvented heaters. Portable unvented fuel-fired heating equipment is prohibited within the City and +County of Denver. + +Replace Section 603.8.1 as follows: + +603.8.1 Residential incinerators. Residential incinerators are prohibited within the City and County of Denver. + +SECTION 604 + +EMERGENCY AND STANDBY POWER SYSTEMS + +Replace Section 604.1 in its entirety as follows: + +604.1 Installation. Emergency and standby power systems required by this code or the IBC shall be installed in +accordance with this code, NFPA 110 and NFPA 111. Existing installations shall be maintained in accordance with the +original approval. + +604.1.1 Stationary generators. Stationary emergency and standby power generators shall be installed in accordance +with NFPA 37, NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code). NFPA 110 and NFPA 111 and listed per UL 2200. Emergency +power systems shall be as defined in NFPA 70, Article 700 [NFPA 37 Type 10]. Standby power systems required by +this or other adopted codes and standards of the local authorities having jurisdiction shall be as defined in NFPA 70, +Article 701 [NFPA 37 Type 60]. Other standby power systems shall be as defined in NFPA 70, Article 702. + +604.1.1.1 Fuel supply. Fuel systems for internal combustion prime movers of emergency and required standby +power systems shall be an on-site diesel fuel supply. Optional standby power systems may be fueled from any +approved source excluding Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Fuel storage and handling shall comply with this +code. + +604.1.2 Stored energy emergenq^ or standby power systems. Stored energy emergency and standby power systems +shall be installed in accordance with IFC Section 608 and NFPA 111. + +Replace Section 604.2.1 as follows: + +604.2.1 Group A occupancies. Emergency power shall be provided for emergency voice/alarm communication +systems in Group A occupancies in accordance with IFCA Section 907.2.1.1.2. + +Replace Section 604.2.2 as follows: + +604.2.2 Smoke control systems. Emergency power shall be provided for smoke control systems in accordance with +IFC Section 909.11. + +Replace Section 604.2.3 as follows: + +604.2.3 Exit signs. Emergency power shall be provided for exit signs in accordance with IBCA Section 1011.4.3. + +Replace Section 604.2.6 as follows: + +604.2.6 Accessible means of egress platform lifts. Emergency power in accordance with this section or ASME +A 18.1 shall be provided for platform lifts that are part of an accessible means of egress in accordance with IFC +Section 1007.5. + +604.2.6.1 Accessible means of egress two-way communication. Emergency power shall be provided for the +two-way communication system that is part of an accessible means of egress in accordance with IFCA Section +1007.6.3. + +Replace Section 604.2.14 as follows: + +-159- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +602.2.14 Covered mall buildings. Covered mall buildings exceeding 50,000 square feet (4,645 m^) shall be puvided with +emagency power systems v\hich are c^Dalle of opessting the emes:gency voioo^dami oonrmnicalion systerq, tlie smoke +rontrol systHnforfoirac|aoentzonesperIFCA, Section 909.6, tlie fire purrp and one aajessaMedevabor. + +Replace Section 604.2.15 as follows: + +604.2.15 High-rise buildings. Emergency power, light and emergency systems in high-rise buildings shall comply with +the requirements of IFCA Sections 604.2.15.1 through 604.2.15.3. + +604.2.15.1 Emergenq^ power. An emergency power system shall be provided. Where the emergency system is a +generator set inside a building, the generator shall be located in a separate room enclosed with 2-hour fire barriers or +horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with the International Building Code, or both. System supen/ision +with manual start and transfer features shall be provided at the fire command center. A generator set shall be located +at grade level, or one level below grade, and the filling connection shall be located outside of the building. + +604.2.15.1.1 Fuel supply. An on- premises fuel supply, sufficient for not less than 8-hour full-demand +operation of tiie system, shall be provided. + +604.2.15.1.2 Capacity. The emergency system shall have a capacity and rating tiiat supplies all required +equipment simultaneously. + +Exception: + +Elevator operation on emergency power shall comply with IFCA Section 604.2.15.1.3. + +604.2.15.1.3 Connected facilities. Electrical power and lighting for the fire command center and all life +safety systems equipment, elevators specified in IBC Sections 403.8 and 403.9, emergency egress lighting, +exit signs, equipment installed to maintain fire protection systems at no less than 40°F (4°C), radio +enhancement systems, electrically powered fire pumps, fuel transfer pumps for fire pump(s) and generator +set(s), shall be capable of being powered by tiie emergency generator set simultaneously. Sufficient +emergency power shall be provided to simultaneously operate two elevators for each group of elevators +controlled by a common operation system. Additional emergency power shall be provided for the elevator car +that has been designated to accommodate an ambulance stretcher as described in IBC A Section 3002.4 if this +car is not included in one of the groups above and be transferable to any elevator. + +Exception: + +Sufficient emergency power shall be provided for only one elevator for each group of elevators +controlled by a common operating system that serve only open parking levels of the high-rise +building. + +604.2.15.2 Separate circuits and luminaires. Separate lighting circuits and luminaires shall be required to +provide sufficient light with an intensity of not less than 1 foot- candle (11 lux) measured at floor level in all +means of egress corridors, stairways, smokeproof enclosures, elevator cars and lobbies, and other areas which are +clearly a part of tiie escape route. + +604.2.15.2.1 Other circuits. Circuits supplying lighting for the fire command center and mechanical equipment +rooms shall be transferable to the emergency source. + +604.2.15.3 Emergency systems. Exit signs, exit illumination as required by IFC Chapter 10, and elevator car +lighting are classified as emergency systems and shall operate within 10 seconds of failure of the normal power +supply and shall be capable of being transferred to the emergency source. + +604.2.15.4 Fire pumps. An emergency power source shall be provided for electric motor driven fire pumps in +accoMance witii NFPA 70 Article 700 and installed per NFPA 20 and NFPA 70, Article 695. + +Replace Section 604.2.16 as follows: + +604.2.16 Underground buildings. Emergency power systems in underground buildings covered in IBC Chapter 4 +shall comply witii IFC Sections 604.2.16.1 and 604.2.16.2. + +604.2.16.1 Emergency power. An emergency power system complying with NFPA 70 shall be provided for +emergency power loads as specified in Section 604.2.16.1.1. + +604.2.16.1.1 Emergency power loads. The following loads are classified as emergency power loads: + +-160- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1 . Emergency voice/alarm communication systems + +2. Fire alarm systems + +3. Automatic fire detection systems + +4. Elevator car lighting + +5. Means of egress lighting and exit sign illumination as required by Chapter 10 + +6. Smoke control system + +7. Ventilation and automatic fire detection equipment for smokeproof enclosures + +8. Fire pumps + +9. Elevators in accordance with IBC Section 3003 + +Add Section 604.2.19.5 as follows: + +604.2.19.5 Two or more elevators in a high-rise building. Sufficient emergency power shall be provided to +simultaneously operate two elevators for each group of elevators controlled by a common operating system. +Additional emergency power shall be provided for the elevator car that has been designated to accommodate an +ambulance stretcher as described in IBC Section 3002.4 if this car is not included in one of the groups above. + +Exception: + +Sufficient emergency power shall be provided for only one elevator for each group of elevators controlled +by a common operating system that serves only open parking levels of the high-rise building. + +SECTION 606 + +MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION + +Replace Section 606.8 with the following: + +606.8 Refrigerant detector. Machinery rooms shall contain a refrigerant detector with an audible and visual alarm. The +detector, or a sampling tube that draws air to the detector, shall be located in an area where refrigerant from a leak will +concentrate. The alarm shall be actuated at a value not greater than the corresponding TLV-TWA values shown in the +International Mechanical Code for the refrigerant classification. Detectors and alarms shall be placed in approved +locations. Alarm notification devices shall be located on the interior and exterior of the machinery room. Refrigerant leak +alarms shall be interconnected with the base building fire alarm system. The refrigerant alarm device shall be distinctly +annunciated as a separate alarm zone at the building annunciator panel. + +SECTION 608 + +STATIONARY STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS + +Replace Section 608.5 as follows: + +608.5 Spill control and neutralization. An approved method and materials for the control and neutralization of a spill of +electrolyte shall be provided in areas containing lead- acid, nickel- cadmium or other types of batteries with free- flowing +liquid electrolyte. Each rack of batteries or groups of racks shall be provided witii a liquid- tight 4-inch (101.6mm) +minimum spill-control barrier which extends at least 1-inch (25.4 mm) beyond the battery rack in all directions. For the +purposes of this paragraph, a "spill" is defined as any unintentional release of electrolyte. + +Exception: + +VRLA, lithium-ion or other types of sealed batteries with immobilized electrolyte shall not require spill control. + + + +-161 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER? +FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION + +SECTION 704 + +FLOOR OPENINGS AND SHAFTS + +Replace Section 704.1 as follows: + +704.1 Enclosure. Existing interior vertical shafts, including but not limited to stairways, elevator hoistways, service and +utility shafts, shall be enclosed and protected with assemblies and features specified in the building and fire codes, +including applicable Modifications Under Special Circumstances and retrofit ordinances, under which the building or +structure in which it is located was last certified for occupancy. Protection features and required fire- resistance ratings of +existing enclosures shall be maintained. + +New shaft enclosures shall comply with the International Building Code and IBCA except laundry and refuse chutes shall +also comply with NFPA 82. + +Delete Table 704.1. + + + +CHAPTERS +IISTTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS + +SECTION 806 + +DECORATIVE VEGETATION IN NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS + +Replace 806.1.1, Exception 1 as follows: + +1. Trees located in areas protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with +IFC Sections 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 shall not be prohibited in Group M. + +Add Section 806.6 as follows: + +806.6 Natural combustible vegetation. Natural combustible vegetation is prohibited in A, E, 1-3, R-1, R-2 dormitory, +and R-4 occupancies. + +Exception: + +Limited quantities of natural combustible vegetation shall be permitted in these occupancies where the fire code +official determines that adequate safeguards are provided based on the quantity and nature of the natural +combustible vegetation. Flame resistance or flame retardance shall be demonstrated by each individual natural +combustible vegetation item in an approved manner. The use of unlisted electrical wiring and lighting on natural +combustible vegetation shall be prohibited + +Replace Section 807.4.3.2 as follows: + +807.4.3.2 Classroom artwork and teaching material. Artwork and teaching material attached directly to the school +classroom walls shall be in accordance with the following provisions: + +Classroom walls may be used to attach student artwork, other artwork, and teaching materials not to exceed fifty +(50) percent of the area of each wall when the school is not protected throughout by an automatic fire sprinkler +system and eighty (80) percent of the area of each wall when the school is protected throughout by an automatic +fire sprinkler system. The area of each wall is defined as being the height from the floor to the ceiling multiplied +by the length of the wall, excluding door and window openings. Artwork and teaching materials shall not be +attached to any wall within eighteen (18) inches of the exit access door. Doors and windows, including +window/view panels of interior exit access doors, shall not be covered. The use of crepe paper that is not listed as +flame resistant is prohibited. + +-162- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Exceptions: + +1. Building interior finish materials (e.g., metal lockers). + +2. Artwork or teaching materials that are listed as non- combustible. + +3. Artwork or teaching materials that are contained within non- combustible containers or coverings +(e.g., metal and glass display cases). + +Add Section 807.4.3.3 as follows: + +807.4.3.3 Exit corridor artwork and teaching materials. Artwork and teaching material attached directly to the +school exit corridor walls shall be in accordance with the following provisions: + +Exit corridor walls may be used to attach student artwork, other artwork, and teaching materials not to exceed +thirty (30) percent of the area of each corridor wall when the school is not protected throughout by an automatic +fire sprinkler system and sixty (60) percent when the school is protected throughout by an automatic fire sprinkler +system. The area of each corridor wall is defined as being the height from the floor to the ceiling multiplied by +the length of each wall, excluding door and window openings. Artwork and teaching materials shall not be +attached to any wall within eighteen (18) inches of the exit access door. Doors and windows, including +window/view panels of interior exit access doors, shall not be covered. The use of crepe paper that is not listed as +flame resistant is prohibited. + +Exceptions: + +1 . B uilding interior finish materials (e.g., metal lockers) . + +2 . A rtwork or teaching materials that are listed as non-combustible. + +3. Artwork or teaching materials that are contained within non-combustible containers or coverings +(e.g., metal and glass display cases). + +Add Section 807.4.3.4 as follows: + +807.4.3.4 Ceiling artwork and teaching materials. Artwork and teaching materials suspended from classroom and +exit corridor ceilings shall be in accordance with the following provisions: + +1. The total area of materials suspended from ceilings shall be deducted from the percent of wall space for +classrooms and for exit or access corridors that artwork and teaching materials can be attached to in accordance +with IFCA Sections 807.4.3.2 and 807.4.3.3. + +2. Wires or cords used to suspend student artwork and teaching materials from the ceiling cannot be strung from +comer to comer and cannot be stmng parallel to any wall more than six (6) inches from the walls. + +3. Display of student artwork and teaching materials on wires or cords perpendicular to exit corridor walls +stmng from corridor wall to corridor wall shall not form a continuous combustible curtain. There shall be a +minimum clearance of seven (7) feet from the floor to the lowest portion of the display. + +4. Display of student artwork and teaching materials shall not impair visibility or distract attention from the exit +sign. + +5. No material shall be attached to light fixtures; thermal or smoke detectors; exit signs; fire sprinkler piping, +valves, or sprinkler heads, etc. The ceiling stmcture must be capable of supporting the student artwork and/or +teaching materials. + +6. The display of student artwork or teaching materials shall not obstmct or compromise in any manner the fire +sprinkler or fire detection system. + + + +-163- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTERS +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + +SECTION 903 + +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS + +Add Exception to Section 903.1.1 as follows: +Exception: + +Chapter 21 Section 21.20 in 2007 NFPA 13 shall be deleted. +Add Section 903.2.7.1 as follows: + +903.2.7.1 Balconies. Sprinkler protection shall be provided for all balconies and ground floor patios of dwelling +units of all construction types. Sidewall sprinklers that are used to protect such areas shall be located such that +their deflectors are within 1 inch (25 mm) to 6 inches (152 mm) below the structural members, and a maximum +distance of 14 inches (356 mm) below the deck, or as listed by the sprinkler manufacturer. + +Exception: + +Sprinklers are not required for noncombustible balconies where the balcony is not supplied by fuel gas +and one of the following is met: + +1. The roof or other overhead structure does not cover more than 50% of the entire balcony area; or, + +2. The balcony has openings on two or more sides. The area of such openings must be at least 20 +percent of the total perimeter wall area of the balcony. The aggregate length of the openings shall +constitute a minimum of 40 percent of the perimeter of the balcony. + +Add Section 903.2.7.2 as follows: + +903.2.7.2 Townhouses. When two or more contiguous residential dwelling units constructed as townhouses, +including those permitted under the International Residential Code, are protected by a single, monitored sprinkler +system, that system shall be configured so flow is annunciated separately at the fire alarm control panel for each +dwelling unit and each protected common area. + +Amend Section 903.2.8.1 by adding Items #4 and #5 as follows: + +4. Repair garages with a spray booth and/or a mixing area greater than 16 square feet utilizing flammable +finishes. + +Exception: + +It is not necessary to install sprinklers throughout the entire building when replacing a previously- +approved, existing booth. + +5. Repair garages using open flame or welding of any type where the garage floor area exceeds 3,000 square +feet. + +Amend Section 903.3.1.1 by adding the following after the last sentence: + +Exception: + +Provisions of Section 903.3.1.1.1 shall not apply for new construction of elevator hoistways and machine +rooms or spaces. New or retrofit elevators installed in existing buildings shall comply with Department +policy. Where required by NFPA 13, hoistways and machine rooms/spaces shall be protected by 286 degree +F sprinklers. Coverage shall be designed for Ordinaiy Hazard Group One. Sprinklers shall be supplied from +a separate, independent branch line with a readily accessible indicating shut-off valve located outside the +hoistway or room. Valves shall carry identification signs. Where machine room- less (MRL) elevator +equipment is installed in an elevator hoistway, sprinkler protection shall be provided at the top of the shaft in +all instances. + +Amend Section 903.3.1.2 by adding the following after the last sentence: + +-164- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Exception: + +Where machine room-less (MRL) elevator equipment is installed in an elevator hoistway, sprinkler protection +shall be provided at the top of the hoistway. Sprinklers shall be 286 degree F. Coverage shall be designed for +Ordinary Hazard Group One. Sprinklers shall be supplied from a separate, independent branch line with a +readily accessible indicating shut-off valve located outside the hoistway. Valves shall carry identification +signs. + +Replace Section 903.3.5.1 as follows: + +903.3.5.1 Domestic service. Domestic service for water supply to automatic fire sprinklers for fire suppression +shall be prohibited. + +Exceptions: + +1. Water supply for new NFPA 13D sprinkler systems. Refer to IFCA Section 508.2.2 for water tanks. + +2. UL-300 listed fire suppression system in buildings that are not required by IFC Section 903 to be +equipped with automatic sprinklers. + +Delete Section 903.3.5.1.1 + +Delete Section 903.3.5.1.2 + +Replace Section 903.3.7 as follows: + +903.3.7 Fire department connections. The location of fire department connections shall be field approved by the +fire code official prior to installation. + +Replace Section 903.4.2 as follows: + +903.4.2 Alarms. Approved audible/visible devices (24 VDC supervised) shall be connected to every automatic +sprinkler system. Such sprinkler water flow alarm devices shall be activated by water flow equivalent to the flow of a +single sprinkler of the smallest orifice size installed in the system. Alarm devices shall be provided on the exterior of +the building at least 10 feet above grade and within 25 feet of and visible from the fire department connections. +Where a fire alarm system is installed, actuation of the automatic sprinkler system shall actuate the building fire +alarm system. + +SECTION 904 + +ALTERNATIVE AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS + +Replace Section 904.3.5 as follows: + +904.3.5 Monitoring. Where a building fire alarm system is installed, automatic fire- extinguishing systems shall be +monitored by the building fire alarm system in accordance with IFCA Section 907. + +904.3.5.1 Releasing panel. Alternative automatic fire- extinguishing systems shall be installed in accordance with +IFCA Section 907.14.1. + +SECTION 905 +STANDPIPE SYSTEMS + +Replace Section 905.1 as follows: + +905.1 General. Standpipe systems shall be provided in new buildings and structures in accordance with this section. Fire +hose threads used in connection with standpipe systems shall be approved and shall be compatible with Denver Fire +Department hose threads - 2. 5- inch hose thread is national standard; 1.5- inch hose thread is a special 11.5 threads per +inch. The location of Fire Department hose connections shall be approved by the fire code official. Standpipe valve +outlets, including ancillary equipment (PRVs, drains, etc.) shall not reduce the required width of stairway. + +905.1.1 Standpipe hose outlets. Each outlet shall have a cap and chain. Outlets shall be at least 36 inches and not +more than 52 inches above finished floor. The valves shall have no less than 3 inches clearance around control valve +and outlet cabinet shall not impede attachment of hose. + +-165- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Replace Section 905.2 as follows: + +905.2 Installation standard. Standpipe systems shall be installed in accordance witli this section and NFPA 14. When +water pressure at a standpipe outlet exceeds 175 psi residual at 250 gpm flow, a pressure- reducing valve shall be provided. +The required pressure- reducing valves shall be located at the hose valve outlet. The pressure- reducing valves shall not be +located on the standpipe riser. Only field- adjustable valves that have a nested spring design utilizing two custom springs +allowing low torque field adjustment of the pressure- reducing functions shall be allowed. The valve shall have five (5) +field-adjustable valve settings (A-E) on a color-coded indication label. Pin-in hex security screws shall be installed to +secure tiie hand wheel and a high- impact plastic shield covering the pressure- reducing adjustment mechanism. A pin- in +hex bit shall be supplied with each valve. The pressure adjustment mechanism shall be actuated using an aluminum +adjustment rod provided with each valve and actuated by rotating in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. +Pressure gauge taps shall be provided on inlet and discharge sides of each valve. A reflective decal shall be installed on +the high-impact plastic shield with arrows and words indicating the direction to increase or decrease pressure. If special +tools are required to make field adjustments, a minimum of four (4) such tools shall be provided at locations approved by +the Fire Department. + +Replace Exceptions in Section 905.3.1 as follows: + +1. Class I standpipes are allowed in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in +accordance with IFC Sections 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 subject to the provisions of IFCA Section 913. + +2. Class I automatic dry standpipes are allowed in single use or mixed- use open parking garages in accordance +with IFCA Section 913.6(2) where the highest floor is located not more than seventy-five (75) feet above the +lowest level of Fire Department vehicle access. In a mixed- use parking garage, the standpipe system serving +the open parking garage shall be integrated with the fire protection system serving the other occupancies, and +not be a stand-alone system. Hose connections shall be located as required for Class II standpipes in +accordance with IFC Section 905.5. + +3. Class I manual dry standpipes are allowed in single use open parking garages where the highest floor is less +than 55 feet from the lowest level of Fire Department vehicle access. Hose connections shall be located as +required for Class II standpipes in accordance with IFC Section 905.5. This provision is applicable to open +parking garages with one level of underground enclosed parking garage. + +4. Class I standpipes are allowed in basements equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system. + +5. Intentionally deleted. + +Delete Section 905.3.4.1 Hose and cabinet. + +Delete Section 905.5.3 Class II system 1-inch hose. + +SECTION 906 + +PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS + +Amend Section 906.1 by deleting Exception to Item #1. + +Add Section 906.2.1 as follows: + +906.2.1 Verification of service collars. Every portable fire extinguisher, regardless of type, shall have a verification of +sen/ice collar in accordance with NFPA 10 Section 7.3.3.2. Only collars available at the Denver Fire Department are +allowed. Collars shall not be cut. + +Add Section 906.3.1 as follows: + +906.3.1 Distribution in R-1 and R-2 occupancies. In R-1 and R-2 occupanices with entrances to dwelling units +opening to outside, the maximum travel distance to a fire extinguisher from any point in the occupancy shall be +placed no more than 75 feet. Alternatively, fire extinguishers may be placed inside each dwelling unit when +approved by the Fire Department. + +SECTION 907 + +FIRE ALARM AND DETECTION SYSTEMS + +-166- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Replace Section 907.1 as follows: + +907.1 General requirements. This section covers tlie application, installation, performance and maintenance of fire alarm +systems and their components. Fire alarm systems, automatic fire detectors, emergency voice/alarm communication +systems and notification devices shall be designed, installed and maintained in accordance with NFPA 72. Installation +system wiring shall also be in accordance with NFPA 70 {National Electrical Code) and NFPA 72 {National Fire Alarm +Code). + +907.1.1 Construction documents. Construction documents for fire alarm systems shall be submitted for permit +application as a deferred submittal per IBCA Section 154. Document review and approval is required prior to issuance +of a permit for system installation. Two sets of scaled, engineered installation shop drawings shall be submitted. +Documents shall be of sufficient clarity and detail to fully describe the scope of work. Handwritten notes and +comments on reproduced drawings are not acceptable. Documents shall include, but are not limited to, the following +as applicable: + +1. Completed permit application with exact address, location of work, name and address of responsible design +agency and original seal and signature of the design professional. + +2. Building occupancy classification and occupant load for each occupancy classification. + +3. Manufacturers' specification sheets for all equipment and devices. + +4. Code reference used as a basis of design, including any administrative modifications or Board of Appeals +decisions. + +5. Identification of system as code-required, non- required code- compliant or user-defined. + +6. V oice message content and language(s) for voice evacuation systems. + +7. Complete sequence of operation including: + +a. Elevator recall + +b. Smoke control + +c. HV AC system shutdown + +d. Alarm conditions + +e. Trouble and supervisory conditions + +f. Emergency voice/alarm communication system + +g. Two-way firefighter's voice communication system in accordance with IFCA Section 907.2.12.3. + +h. Special systems, e.g., dry/pre- action sprinkler systems, clean agent suppression systems, kitchen hoods, +laundry and trash chutes, etc. + +8. Identification of air-handling units with airflow exceeding 2,000 cfm (.94cu m/s) and 15,000 cfm (7.08cu +m/s). + +9. Identification of air- handling units used for smoke control. + +10. Voltage-drop calculations using either the device- by- device method or where the entire load is lumped at the +end of the circuit. The calculations shall use the listed RMS current draw at 20.4volts for new systems. The +voltage on a circuit shall not drop below 16 volts at the last appliance. The "R" values used for conductors +shall be per NFPA 70 (NEC) for uncoated copper conductors. Voltage-drop calculations for additional +devices on existing system shall be done in the same manner with the same values, as the original calculations +for the system. + +11. Battery calculations for control panels and power supplies. Calculation to include 20% de- rating. + +12. Scale drawings of each area where work on the fire alarm is to be performed, including north arrow, building +address and local street intersections. The drawings shall show location of all equipment and devices, +including existing devices and end-of-line resistors, room identification by number and function (as +applicable), attic and ceiling details for areas with automatic detection. + +13. Mounting heights of wall mounted devices. + +-167- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +14. Symbol list with quantities of each device. Symbols shall comply with NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety +Symbols. + +15. Power supply connection details. System single line riser showing all devices. + +16. A separate single line drawing of the pre- amps, amplifiers, interconnecting wiring, and methods used to +provide sun/ivability of the voice communication system. + +17. Fire alarm circuit identification, in accordance with NFPA 72, including wire color code. + +18. Interconnection wiring. + +19. Central station designation. + +20. Full-scale drawings of annunciators, zone maps and firefighter's smoke control panels. + +21. Reflected ceiling plan, where full smoke detection is provided. + +22. Conduit- fill calculations +Exceptions: + +1. A permit may be issued for fire alarm "conduit only rough-in" without approved plans. A "conduit only +rough-in" permit may be issued to a contractor with either an electrical or electrical signal contractor's +license. This permit shall not authorize installation of any system devices. The "conduit only rough-in" +permit applies to device back boxes and conduit stubs. The contractor shall be responsible for any +changes required by the Department plan review. + +2. Fire alarm "walk-thru" permits may be issued in accordance with the following: + +a) Circumstances in which permits may be requested: + +1. New devices or appliances connected to existing fire alarm systems in other than Group H and I + +occupancies. Installation shall be limited to a maximum of twelve notification appliances (audible +and/or visible) and/or six initiating devices. Initiating devices connected to access control +systems, or installed in battery rooms, are not permitted for "walk- thru." + +2. Transferring existing monitoring companies to a new provider and new dialer. + +3. Emergency fire alarm panel replacement for existing system. The panel shall be compatible and + +functional to the panel being replaced. + +b) Limitations: + +1. Hours: Monday through Friday from 7:30 to 11:30 a.m. (except for holidays). + +2. Maximum number of permits reviewed or issued shall be limited to three per day per contractor. + +c) Two sets of shop drawings shall be provided. The shop drawings submission shall include the +following as applicable: + +1. Completed permit application. + +2. Building code occupancy classification. + +3. Manufacturers' specification sheets and equipment listing sheets for new equipment and devices. + +4. Installation codes and standards used. + +5. Type of system and reason system is provided (required, non- required). + +6. Sequence of operation. + +7. Identification of duct detectors in air-handling units exceeding 2,000 cfm (.94cu m/s) (not +required in VAV boxes less than 2000cfm (.94cu m/s) each, but aggregate air flow exceeding +2000cfm (.94cu m/s) boxes served by central fan system). + +8. Voltage drop calculations and battery calculations. + +9. Description of annunciation assignments (complete zone schedule). + + + +-168- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +10. Shop drawings, drawn to scale, including a drawing for each building level involved, with a north +arrow for compass orientation and depicting all control and annunciation panels and peripheral +devices. Shop drawings shall bear the seal and signature of a Professional Engineer licensed by +the State of Colorado or NICET Level III. + +11. Plan for upgrading existing annunciator panel, if applicable. + +12. Mine diagram showing scope of work and identifying new devices + +13. Site address, identification of each room's usage, and areas having automatic detection. + +14. Provide building details (i.e., attics, ceiling cavities, etc.). + +15. Mounting heights for manual fire alarm boxes and strobes. + +16. Primary power supply connection details and symbol list. + +907.1.2 Equipment. Systems and their components shall be listed and approved for the purpose for which they are +installed. Installation locations of all control panels and annunciators are subject to field approval by the Fire +Department. Keys for all equipment required to be accessible to the Fire Department shall be maintained in an +approved location per IFC Section 506. All components shall be compatible with the system in which installed. + +907.1.2.1 Connections to other systems. A fire alarm system shall not be used for any purpose other than fire +warning or as specifically approved (e.g. pool alarm, access control release per IBCA, elevator recall and shunt +trip, and emergency alarms perlFCA Section 907.2.5.1). + +907.1.2.2 Control units, annunciator panels and access keys. All fire alarm control units and annunciator +panels shall be UL 864 listed or equivalent. Locations should be within 10' (3.048m) of the main building +entrance, unless specifically approved for an alternate location, and are subject to field approval prior to +installation. Installation shall comply with NFPA 72. Access keys to locked fire alarm equipment shall be +maintained in an approved location. Fire alarm control units shall not be equipped with a key or special numeric +code to access system reset and silence functions. Access to the reset and silence operator interface shall be +secured behind a locked door. Field modification of control units or annunciators is not permitted. System zone +and device disable functions shall not be accessible without a maintenance-level access code. Alarm signals shall +be protected from unauthorized deactivation. This applies to disconnection of the panel alarm transmission to the +monitoring station and the alarm output circuit(s) to notification appliances. Deactivation shall only be allowed +by Fire Department personnel or authorized entities responsible for system testing and maintenance. Any system +deactivation shall be reported to the monitoring station and the Fire Department. Facilities whose systems are +estimated to be deactivated for 10 hours or more shall be provided with a fire watch. + +Exception: + +In existing buildings undergoing a panel replacement, remote annunciators with silence and reset +functions may be provided when approved by the Fire Department. These units shall not be equipped with +"enable/disable" switches and shall be contained behind a transparent, lockable cover. + +907.1.3 Central station connection. All fire alarm systems required by this code or by special agreement shall be +monitored by an approved Class I central station (as defined in tiie Denver Municipal Code) licensed by the Denver +Fire Department. Multiple central station connections from one building are not permitted. Alternatively, Fire +Department radio boxes may be installed at locations approved by the Fire Department. These boxes shall typically +be installed at locations of high- hazard, high occupancy that require immediacy of response due to limitations in the +occupants' capabilities for self-preservation. Under no circumstances shall a radio box be removed from a protected +premise without written approval of the Fire Department. + +907.1.4 Multiple systems in a single building. Only one system shall be installed per building. Multiple points of +silence and reset are prohibited on a single system. + +Exceptions: + +1 . When permitted by the Fire Code official, portions of a building separated by fire walls without openings +and identified with separate legitimate addresses are allowed to be considered separate buildings. When +protected by an automatic sprinkler system, each portion of the building so considered shall be protected +by a separate independent sprinkler system or a portion of a single sprinkler system dedicated to the +separated portion of the building. + +-169- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +2. Multiple points of silence and reset as allowed by Section 907.1.2.2. + +907.1.5 Problematic systems. Fire alarm and detection systems that generate two (2) or more unintentional false +alarms within twenty-four (24) hours, three (3) or more within thirty (30) days, or ten (10) or more within one year +shall be immediately repaired or replaced as necessary. A fine will be imposed for any unintentional false alarms +exceeding ten within one year. A permit must be obtained for all work. + +907.1.6 Systems out of service. Systems undergoing maintenance or modification shall not have any portion of the +system out of sen/ice for more than ten hours. During maintenance or modification, all manual pull stations and +notification appliances shall remain operational. Fire watch must be provided to all areas of the building where +maintenance or modification will place any portion of the system out of service. Tenant finish operations shall be in +accordance with Building and Fire Department policy. + +Replace Section 907.2.1.1 as follows: + +907.2.1.1 Group A occupancies with an occupant load of 1,000 or more. + +907.2.1.1.1 Activation of the fire alarm in Group A occupancies with an occupant load of 1,000 or more per +space, or an occupant load of 300 or more per space and with a cumulative Group A occupant load of 1000 or +more, shall immediately initiate an approved prerecorded message announcement using an approved +emergency voice/alarm communication system in accordance with IFCA Section 907.2.12.2 as applicable. In +very high noise areas, such as theaters, night clubs, ballrooms and dance halls, the system shall be designed to +reduce or eliminate the background noise upon alarm initiation. + +Exception to remain. + +907.2.1.1.2 Emergency power. Emergency voice/alarm communication system shall be provided with an +approved emergency power source in accordance with NFPA 72. + +907.2.1.1.3. Annunciation. If required by other sections of this code, point-lit graphic annunciation shall be +provided. + +907.2.1.1.4. Illumination of means of egress. Illumination levels shall comply with IFC Section 1006.2 and +be interfaced to the fire alarm control unit as required. + +Delete Section 907.2.1.2. + +Replace Section 907.2.2 Exceptions as follows: + +1. Manual fire alarm boxes are not required where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic +sprinkler system and the alarm notification appliances will activate upon sprinkler water flow. At least +one manual pull box shall be installed at an approved location. + +2. Buildings more than four stories in height constructed prior to the adoption of this code. + +Replace Section 907.2.3 as follows: + +907.2.3 Group E. Group E occupancies shall be provided with an approved manual fire alarm and automatic +detection system throughout the occupancy. See also IFC Section 907.2.1. + +Exceptions: + +1 . If less than 50 occupants, the system is not required to be monitored by a central station. + +2. A manual fire alarm system is not required if 20 or less occupants and 120v AC single- or multiple- +station residential smoke detectors with battery back-up, wired to an un-switched source is provided. + +3. In mixed occupancies where the E occupancy is accessory to the A occupancy, a manual fire alarm system +is not required in the A occupancy except as identified in IFC Section 907.2.1. Any exit paths for the E +occupancy through the A occupancy shall be provided with automatic fire detection. + +4. Manual fire alarm boxes are not required throughout the building where all the following apply: + +a. Interior corridors are protected by smoke detectors. + +b. System central station monitoring is provided. + +c. Manual boxes are provided in locations supen/ised by staff. + + + +-170- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +5. Manual fire alarm boxes shall not be required in Group E occupancies where the building is equipped +throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system. Notification appliances shall activate on +sprinkler water flow and a manual pull station shall be provided in locations supervised by staff (e.g., +teachers' lounge, custodial office, boiler room, auditorium, or cafeteria). + +Add Section 907.2.5.1 as follows: + +907.2.5.1 Emergency alarms. Where emergency alarms are required by IPC Section 908 and a fire alarm or +sprinkler alarm system is provided, emergency alarm initiating devices and notification appliances shall be +connected to the fire alarm or sprinkler alarm system and transmit an alarm signal to the monitoring station, where +provided. The emergency alarm devices serving this area shall be distinctly annunciated as a separate zone at the +building annunciator panel and provide a local alarm to notify occupants. Where emergency alarms are required +and a fire alarm system is not provided, manual alarm initiating devices shall be installed in an approved location +adjacent to each exit door from the area and local audible/visible appliances shall be provided to notify occupants +in accordance with IPC Chapter 27. + +Replace Section 907.2.6 as follows: + +907.2.6 Group I. A manual fire alarm system shall be installed in Group I occupancies. Group I occupancies shall be +provided with an emergency voice/alarm communication system per IFCA Section 907.2.12.2, where partial +evacuation is provided. + +Exceptions: + +1. Manual fire alarm boxes in patient sleeping areas of Group I-l and 1-2 occupancies shall not be required +at exits if located at all nurses' control stations or other constantly attended staff locations, provided such +stations are visible and continuously accessible and that travel distances required in IPC Section 907.4.1 +are not exceeded. + +2. Visible alarm- signaling devices are allowed to substitute for audible devices in patient use areas. + +3. A pre-signal system may be installed if approved by the Fire Department. Twenty-four hour personnel +supervision is required at approved locations. Chimes may be installed in lieu of audible notification +appliances. A Denver Fire Department permit is required for pre-signal or alarm verification equipment. + +4. Automatic fire detectors are not required in sprinklered areas less than 24 sq. ft. (2.23sq m). + +Replace Section 907.2.6.1 as follows: + +907.2.6.1 Group I-l. Corridors, habitable spaces, sleeping rooms, and waiting areas that are open to corridors +shall be equipped with an automatic smoke detection system. Smoke detectors shall be located on the ceiling or +wall outside of each separate sleeping area in the vicinity of bedrooms, and in each room used for sleeping +purposes. + +Amend Section 907.2.6.2 by adding the following: + +Patient room smoke detectors. Automatic detection shall be provided in patient rooms. Actuation of patient +room system smoke-detectors shall cause a visible display on the corridor side of the rooms in which the detector +is located and shall cause an audible and visible alarm at the respective nurse's station. Actuation of patient room +smoke detectors shall not activate the building visible and audible fire alarm appliances. + +Delete 907.6.2 Exceptions 1 and 2. + +Add Sections 907.2.6.3.4 and 907.2.6.3.5 as follows: + +907.2.6.3.4 Zoning and annunciation. Alarm, supervisory and trouble signals shall be annunciated at the +annunciation panel and be transmitted to the central station. Alarm signals shall indicate the type of alarm +and the zone of origin, in accordance with NFPA 72. Separate zones shall be provided for individual fire +protection systems, buildings, building levels, cell complexes and sections of floors constructed as smoke +compartments. + +907.2.6.3.5 Monitoring. The fire alarm system shall be monitored by an approved central station service or +by transmission of a local alarm which will give audible and visible signals at an approved constantly +attended location. + +-171 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Replace 907.2.8.2 as follows: + +907.2.8.2 Automatic fire alarm system. An automatic fire alarm system shall be provided in all common areas +and interior corridors. + +Exception to remain. + +Replace Section 907.2.8.3 as follows: + +907.2.8.3 Smoke alarms. Smoke alarms shall be provided as required in IFC Section 907.2.10. Such devices shall +not be connected to the fire alarm system unless for supervision only. + +Add Section 907.2.8.4 as follows: + +907.2.8.4 Visible notification appliances. Group R-1 sleeping units shall be provided with visible notification +activated by an integral in- room smoke alarm. Visible notification appliances shall also be provided which are +activated by the building fire alarm and/or automatic sprinkler system. The minimum number of sleeping units to +be provided with visible notification appliances shall be in accordance with IFC Table 907.10.1.3. + +Add Section 907.2.9.1 as follows: + +907.2.9.1 Visible notification appliances. Where a fire alarm and/or automatic sprinkler system is installed in R2 +occupancies, visible notification appliances shall be provided within type " A" dwelling units and/or sleeping +units as follows: + +1. Single and multiple- station smoke alarms (120 Vac) shall have integrated visible notification appliances +for occupant notification within each dwelling unit or sleeping unit. + +2. Visible notification appliances activated by the building fire alarm system shall be provided in dwelling +units and sleeping units. These visible notification appliances shall be located in the living rooms, +sleeping rooms, kitchens and toilet rooms to provide coverage as required by NFPA 72. + +Amend Section 907.2.10.1.2 by deleting references to "1-1" in the first and third lines. + +Add Section 907.2.10.1.2.1 as follows: + +907.2.10.1.2.1 Visible notification appliances in R3 and R4 occupancies. Sleeping rooms shall be +provided with visible notification activated by an integral in- room smoke alarm. Visible notification +appliances shall also be provided which shall be activated by the building fire alarm and/or sprinkler +system, where provided. + +Amend Section 907.2.10.1.3 by changing "single- or multiple-station smoke alarms" to "system smoke +detectors with listed audible notification capability." Exception is deleted. + +Delete Section 907.2.10.2 Exception. + +Amend Section 907.2.12 by inserting, "and manual" after the word "automatic" in the 4^ line. + +Replace 907.2.12.1 as follows: + +907.2.12.1 Automatic fire detection. Smoke detectors shall be provided in accordance with this section. Smoke +detectors shall be connected to an automatic fire alarm system. The activation of any detector required by this +section shall operate the emergency voice/alarm communication system and shall place into operation all +equipment necessary to prevent the re- circulation of smoke in accordance with IFC Section 909. Smoke detectors +shall be located as follows: + +1. In each mechanical equipment, electrical, transformer, telephone equipment or similar room, elevator +machine rooms and in all elevator lobbies. + +2. In the main return air and exhaust air plenum of each air-handling system having a capacity greater than +2,000cfm (0.9mVs) in accoKlanoe witii IntEmational Mechanical Code (IMC) Section 606.2.1. Where +multiple air-handing systEms share common supply or retum air ducts or plenums with a combined +c^}acity greater than 2,000cfm (0.9cu nVs), smoke detBctois shall be pnavided in accordance with IMC +Seztion 606.2.2. Such detBctois shall be locatBd in a serviceable area downstream of the last duct inlet +Duct type smoke detBctois shall cause a supervisory signal, not an alann signal, at the building +annunciator panel. Detectors shall be listed for tiie air velocity in which they are installed. + +-172- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Exception: . + +Smoke detectors are not required for automatic shut- off of evaporative coolers or units that +supply un- tempered 100% outside air. + +3. In the outlet of fans used for pressurization of stairways, hoistways and refuge areas. Activation of these +smoke detectors shall cause a supervisory signal, not an alarm signal at the building annunciator panel. +Detectors shall be listed for the air velocity in which they are installed. + +4. At each connection to a vertical duct or riser serving two or more stories from a return air duct or plenum +on an air- handling system. In Group R-1 and R-2 occupancies a listed smoke detector is allowed to be +used in each return air riser carrying not more than 5,000 cfm (2.4mVs) and serving not moiB than 10 air +inlet openings. These detectors are not required at return openings located in a corridor that is protected +by full corridor or full floor area detectiorL + +5.. In all interior corridors serving as a means of egress for GriDup R-1, R-2 and R-4 occupancies, with an +occupant load of 10 or more. + +6.. Not less than one foot but no more than thr^e feet on the occupied side of each door that enters an ar^a of +evacuation assistance, elevator lobby and exit stairwc^ v\^ch does not dirBctly exit from an ar^a of +evacuation assistance, for occupancies other than R- 1, R-2 and R-4. + +7. At unenclosed openings, where shaft enclosures are not requirBl in acconjance with Exception 2, 7 or 1 1 +to Section 707.2 of the IBC or IBCA. Detectors shall be located at the perimeter of the opening, on each +level, not less than 4ft (1.219n^ and not more than 8ft (2.4384n^ from the edge of the opening. +Detectors at the highest level shall be installed to provide coverage 30ft (9.144n^ beyond the perimeter +of the proj ecbed opening. (For atriums as defined by this code, see IFCA Section 907.2. 13.) + +8. At vertical openings for non-rn^uirBd stairwells/escalators in Groijp B and M occupancies. Smoke +detectors shall be installed acjacent to the floor side of each opening v\^ere the area of the floor opening +between stories does not exceed twice the horizontal projected area of the escalator or stairwcy and a +smoke management system is provided in accordance with IFC Section 909. + +9. At the top of stairwells and in elevator hoistweys. These devices shall initiate an alann condition and +illuminate the respective indicator at the gr^iiic annunciator. They shall not initiate occupant notification +or the smoke control sequence. + +907.2.12.1.1 Large assembly areas (occupant load of 1000 or more). Smoke detection shall be provided as + +follows: + +1. Electrical equipment rooms. + +2. Detector zones may not exceed 22,500 sq. ft (2090.318sq m) and no detector zone shall serve more +than one smoke control zone. + +Where ceiling heights are 25 ft (7.62m) or greater, air sampling-type smoke detection systems or approved +beam detection shall be provided in lieu of ceiling spot smoke detection. + +Replace 907.2.12.2 as follows: + +907.2.12.2 Emergency voice/alarm communication system. Emergency voice/alarm communications systems +shall be connected to a UL 864 listed fire alarm system and located in an area constructed in accordance with the +International Building Code as amended. Components shall be listed under UL product category code designation +UOXX or UUMW. The operation of any manual fire alarm box, automatic fire detector or water flow device shall +automatically sound an alert tone followed by voice instructions giving approved information and directions for a +general or staged evacuation to the following areas as a minimum: + +1 . Elevators (selective activation from the fire command center only) + +2. The fire floor; the floors immediately above and below the flre floor; and the level where the flre command +center is located. + + + +3. Exit stairways (selective activation from the flre command center only), + +4. Each assembly room of 1,000 occupants or more. + + + +-173- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +5. Areas of refuge as defined in IFC Section 1002.1. +Exceptions: + +1. In Group I-l and 1-2 occupancies, the alarm shall sound in a constantly attended area and a general +occupant notification shall be broadcast over the overhead page. + +2. In special amusement buildings only general notification is required. + +907.2.12.2.1 Manual override. A manual override for emergency voice communication shall be provided on a +selective and all-call basis for all paging zones. + +907.2.12.2.2 Live voice messages. The emergency voice/alarm communication system shall also have the +capability to broadcast live voice messages on a selective and all-call basis to all areas indicated in IFCA +Section 907.2.12.2. + +907.2.12.2.2.1 In very high noise areas, such as theaters, nightclubs, ballrooms and dance halls, the system +shall be designed to reduce or eliminate the background noise upon alarm initiation. + +907.2.12.2.3 Standard. The emergency voice/alarm communication system shall be designed and installed +in accordance with IFCA Section 907.2.12.2 and NFPA 72. + +907.2.12.2.4 System design. The emergency voice/alarm communication system shall be designed such that +no more than 72 the speakers on a floor shall be affected by loss of any one amplifier, pre- amplifier or cable +within the floor or communication zone. Class A wiring configuration is acceptable. Communication riser shall +be installed in metallic conduit and shall comply with NFPA 70. + +Replace Section 907.2.12.3 as follows: + +907.2.12.3 Fire Department communications system. Two-way telephone communications service shall be +connected to a UL 864 listed fire alarm system. Design of the Fire Department communications system shall +consist of both of the following: + +1. Hardwired components, in accordance with IFCA Section 907.2.12.3.2, consisting of plug-in phone jacks, +permanent handsets, amplifiers and cable system for selective and "all-call' operation. Components shall be +listed under UL product category code designation UOXX, and; + +2. Radio communications using the "Department of Safety Radio Communications System" in accordance with +IFCA Section 907.2.12.3.3. + +907.2.12.3.1 Operation. Both hardwired and radio communication systems shall operate between the FCC +and the following locations: + +1 . Elevators and elevator lobbies + +2. Emergency and standby power rooms + +3. Standpipe hose connection locations +Exception: + +Phone jacks are not required at standpipe outlet locations within stair enclosures. + +4. The building engineer's office + +5. Mechanical rooms + +6. Elevator equipment rooms + +7. Fire pump rooms + +8. Areas of refuge + +9. Entries into required exit stairways + +10. Rooms containing the primary means to disconnect electrical service + +907.2.12.3.2 Hardwired systems. An approved two-way. Fire Department communication system shall be +provided for Fire Department use. Each circuit on the two-way Fire Department communication system shall +have a separate control switch on the fire alarm control panel. The vertical riser shall be installed in + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +accordance with the National Electrical Code and shall be run in a minimum two- hour rated enclosure or +listed two- hour cable. + +907.2.12.3.2.1 Handsets. Both permanently mounted and mobile telephone handsets shall be provided. + +907.2.12.3.2.1.1 Permanent handsets. Each permanently mounted handset shall initiate a signal +from the handset to the FCC. Permanently mounted telephone handsets shall be provided in the +locations listed below: + +1 . B uilding engineer' s office + +2. Each mechanical room with fans used for smoke control + +3. Emergency and standby power rooms + +4. Each fire pump room + +5. Rooms containing the primary means to disconnect electrical service + +6. Each elevator equipment room + +907.2.12.3.2.1.2 Mobile handsets. A minimum of six mobile handsets shall be provided in an approved +cabinet located in the FCC. When a mobile handset is plugged into any Fire Department communication +system jack, the jack shall eliminate feedback by disconnecting any voice communication speaker system +in the immediate area. Wiring supervision to the disconnected speaker(s) is not required to be maintained +during handset use. + +907.2.12.3.3 Radio systems. New high-rise buildings shall be equipped throughout with an approved +Department of Safety Radio Enhancement System (RES) for radio communications in accordance with this +section. The RES shall use bi-directional amplifiers with radiating ("leaky coax") cable, or a discrete +distributed antenna system or an equivalent technology. Radio communications systems shall operate on the +frequencies range of 800 MHz to 870 MHz. Amplifiers shall be powered by a dedicated uninterruptible +power source (UPS) with a minimum backup time of eight (8) hours with all amplifiers at rated output. The +UPS input circuit shall be a dedicated circuit and connected to the emergency generator, where provided. The +circuit shall be provided with a "lock-on" device. + +907.2.12.3.3.1 Definitions . + +Coverage Requirement . The radio system control channel signal level shall exceed -lOOdBm at 90% or more of the +locations measured within each grid area. Equivalently, the service area reliability shall be 90% or greater on each +floor of the structure and parking areas. + +Radio Frequency Maintenance Plan . The Radio Frequency Maintenance Plan is a document developed by the +Fire Department and distributed by the building owner for the purpose of maintaining the Department of +Safety radio system from harmful interference generated on the property or otherwise under the control of the +owner. At a minimum, it shall: + +• Prohibit the use of any electronic systems known to degrade the effectiveness of Department of Safety +radio communications. + +• Permit Department site access during reasonable business hours when necessary to assess the source of +interference to Department of Safety radio communications. + +Department of Safety Radio Enhancement System (RES) . The RES is a network of amplifiers, fiber optic +cable, coaxial cable, and radiating cable and/or discrete antennas or an equivalent technology installed on or +inside the property to enhance indoor radio communications. + +907.2.12.3.3.2 Requirements . The system shall effectively operate throughout the structure. In addition to +the areas identified in IFCA Section 907.2.12.3.1, radio communication is required throughout the parking +garage and all areas below grade. Those areas which shield radio communication will be remedied through +the use of currently acceptable technology, i.e. bi-directional amplifiers or (leaky coax) amplifier systems. +Acceptance of the completed communication system will be based upon Fire Department approval of the +acceptance test as described below. + + + +-175- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1. Acceptance Test. Measurement locations shall be uniformly distributed to the extent practical. +There shall be at least 10 sampling measurements per 2,250 sq ft. (209.025 sq m) of gross building +square footage. Adequate radio coverage shall be determined for the structure and parking areas +separately. Elevators, stairways, and enclosed areas within each grid must be included in the testing. +Execute the following steps: + +a. Create a uniform grid over each floor with 15 ft. (4.57 m) centers. + +b. At each accessible grid location, using a test receiver with sensitivity and thermal noise floor +equal to or better than the Department of Safety radio, take at least one sample measurement of +the radio system control channel. + +c. Repeat Step b for each grid point. + +d. Calculate the service area reliability: + +Service Area Reliability (%) = Ip.100% + +Tt + +Where ^ p is the total number of grid points passed (i.e., control chamd > -lOOdBn^ Tt is the total +number of grid points measured + +If the building fails to achieve the coverage requirement the building owner shall install additional +RES and conduct anew acceptance test. + +Measurements shall be taken with calibrated radio receivers by Denver Fire Department radio +technicians or technicians with ^propriate knov\^edge and training v\to are licensed by the Denver +Rib Department to install RES systems, at the City's option Test results shall be certified by a +professional engineer licensed by the state of Colorado or ty Denver Fire Department rajio +technicians. Random spot testing by Denver Fire and/or Police officials rrey take place at any time. + +2. Radio Frequenq^ Maintenance Plan. A radio frequency maintenance plan shall be developed +which prohibits use of electrical/electronic equipment which cause degradation to the RES. The radio +frequency maintenance plan shall be incorporated into the lease of every tenant. + +3. Periodic Testing of RES. Periodic testing of the RES shall be conducted as follows: + +If the radio enhancement system appears to have degraded or if the tests fail to demonstrate adequate +system performance in compliance with this standard, the owner of the building or structure is +required to restore the system to a condition consistent with the original approval criteria. If the +degradation to the system is due to building additions or renovation, the owner of the building shall +restore/extend the system to all areas of the building in a condition consistent with the original +approval criteria. Random spot testing by Denver Fire and/or Police officials may take place at any +time. + +a. Annual testing. All active components of the system, such as amplifiers, power supplies and +backup batteries, shall be tested annually. Alternatively, the RES may be continuously monitored +electronically with remote fault alarms. Amplifiers shall be tested or monitored to ensure that the +gain has not degraded from the installed value. Backup batteries and power supplies shall be +tested under load for a period of at least one hour to verify that they will property operate during +an actiaal power outage. Annual tests shall be performed in accordance witii tiie acceptance test +procedures described above and shall be conducted in all common areas, garages, stairwells, +elevators and corridors. Measurements shall be taken with calibrated radio receivers by Denver +Fire Department radio technicians or technicians with appropriate knowledge and training and +licensed by the Denver Fire Department. Test results shall be certified by a professional engineer +licensed by the state of Colorado or by Denver Fire Department radio technicians. + +b. Five-year testing. Every five (5) years, a radio coverage test in accordance witii tiie Acceptance +Test procedure described above shall be performed to ensure the system provides adequate radio +coverage. Documentation of test results shall be submitted to the Fire Department. + +4. Failure detection. RES equipment shall have failure detection circuitry which provides detection of +mechanical, electrical and power failure of the RES, as well as oscillation detection capability which + +-176- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +will reduce the amplifier output to zero in the event of system oscillation. Detection of any failure +shall result in a distinct audible notification at a constantly attended location approved by the Fire +Department. + +5. Permits. A #3A permit is required prior to installation. Repair, alteration or replacement of any RES +system or component shall require issuance of a #3A permit. Submittal and approval of shop +drawings are required to obtain a permit for RES system installations. Permits shall only be issued to +companies possessing a valid Fire Department issued certificate. + +6. Information signs. A legible sign stating "THIS BUILDING IS EQUIPPED WITH A RADIO +REPEATER SY STEM" shall be conspicuously posted in the fire command center. + +Add Section 907.2.12.4 as follows: + +907.2.12.4 Smoke control system activation. Smoke control systems shall be automatically activated by +automatic detection devices, water flow, manual pull station and manual operation from the fire command center +(FCC). After the initial alarm activation, any subsequent automatic alarm activation on another floor shall initiate +the floor exhaust sequence per IFCA Section 907.2.12.4.2. Activation by any alarm initiating device shall be as +described herein. + +Exception: + +Main sprinkler system water flow, heat or smoke detectors located in stairwells or hoistways and sprinkler +system waterflow in building service chutes or elevator hoistways. Where building shafts are protected +with automatic sprinklers for reduction in shaft construction fire rating, a separate riser shall be provided. + +907.2.12.4.1 Activation of pressurization. Activation of stairway and elevator hoistway pressurization shall +be automatic by: + +1 . A ctivation of any smoke or heat detector or water flow device. + +2. Activation of any manual fire alarm box. + +907.2.12.4.2 Smoke control exhaust. Exhaust in a smoke control zone shall be automatically activated by +any automatic fire alarm initiating device within the respective smoke control zone. + +Exception: + +Where floors are open to each other as permitted by IBC or IBC as amended, each floor shall be +considered a separate smoke control zone. + +907.2.12.4.3 Operation. Upon activation of any initiating device as described in IFCA Section 907.2.12.4.2, +the following sequence shall occur: + +1 . pen exhaust dampers on the floor in alarm. + +2. Start exhaust fans. + +3. Close exhaust dampers to all other floors. + +4. Turn off all supply and make-up air fans. + +5. Close all floor supply air dampers. + +6. Start stair and hoistway pressurization fans. + +907.2.12.4.4 Large assembly areas (occupant load of 1000 or more). Where required by IFC Section +909.21.7.1, the smoke control system shall be activated automatically by any alarm initiated from a smoke +detector, heat detector, sprinkler waterflow alarm or air sampling-type smoke detector. Operation shall +comply with the following: + +1 . pen exhaust dampers for zone in alarm + +2 . Start zone exhaust fan + +3. Close supply dampers to zone in alarm + +4. Start stair and hoistway pressurization fans + +-177- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +5. Adjacent zones go to 100% outside air + +6. All other systems maintain normal operation. +Add Section 907.2.12. 5 as follows: + +907.2.12.5 Annunciation. Point- lit graphic annunciation shall be provided in accordance with IFCA Section +907.9.1.2. + +Add Section 907.2.12.6 as follows: + +907.2.12.6 Elevator recall and shunt trip. All elevators shall be provided with Phase I and Phase II emergency +recall per IFC Section 607. System smoke detectors shall be located in elevator lobbies, hoistways and machine +rooms. Activation of these smoke detectors shall return to grade level, nonstop, all elevators serving that alarm +zone, except for the smoke detector in the elevator lobby at grade level which shall return the elevators to an +alternate level. Elevators without a landing at grade level shall be returned to the landing that is closest to grade +level or other approved level. The alternate level shall be approved by the fire code official. Elevators shall remain +at the level where they returned in accordance with Amended IBC Section 3003, until being manually overridden +by the operator key switch required by ASME A 17.1 or the elevator control panel in the FCC. Elevator power +shunt trip shall be provided for elevator shut down prior to sprinkler operation in accordance with NFPA 72. + +907.2.12.6.1 Elevator status/Control panel. An elevator status/control panel shall be provided. The elevator +status/control panel shall: + +1. Identify each elevator cab numerically and the floors it sen/es. Identify corresponding cab number in +elevator cab at permanent handset; + +2. Indicate which elevator(s) are on emergency power; + +3. Have a placard at elevator status/control panel stating how many elevators can operate under + +emergency power simultaneously; + +4. Indicate elevator car position; and + +5. Have key switches as required for selective activation of cars, if all are not provided with emergency +power for simultaneous operation. + +Add Section 907.2.12.7 as follows: + +907.2.12.7 Emergency generator panel. An emergency generator panel shall be provided. The emergency +generator panel shall show: + +1. Operating status (on-off) and malfunction indication panel as required by NFPA 110 + +2. Indication of transfer switch position (normal-emergency) + +3. Indication that generator is in automatic mode + +4. Main fuel oil storage tank low fuel level alarm. +Add Section 907.2.12.8 as follows: + +907.2.12.8 Fire pump panel. A fire pump panel shall be provided. The fire pump panel shall have: + +1. Remote operating status indication panel as required by NFPA 20. + +2. Motor/engine running/on or off. Pump running indication shall be transmitted to the fire alarm control +panel as a supervisory signal and distinctly annunciated. + +3. Low fuel level alarm for fire pump fuel tank. + +4. If pumping is required from a main fuel tank to a diesel engine a duplex pumping system shall be +provided. Emergency fuel flow controls are required in the FCC. + +Replace Section 907.2.13 as follows: + +907.2.13 Atriums connecting more than two stories. A fire detection and smoke exhaust system shall be installed +in accordance with IFCA Sections 907.2.13.1 and 907.2.13.2 in occupancies with an atrium tiiat connects more than +two stories. The system shall be activated in accordance with this section. + +-178- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +907.2.13.1 Activation. Activation of two smoke detectors in the atrium shall initiate the atrium exhaust +sequence below. In high-rise buildings, activation of a smoke detector located in areas separated from the atrium +by a smoke barrier shall operate in accordance with IFCA Section 907.2.12.4. + +907.2.13.1.1 Operation. Upon activation of initiating devices, the following sequence shall occur: + +1 . pen atrium exhaust dampers. + +2. Start exhaust fans. + +3. Close exhaust dampers on all floors. + +4. Start stair and hoistway pressurization fans, where provided. + +5. Open supply dampers to atrium. + +907.2.13.1.2 Detection. Detection shall be as follows: + +1. Area type smoke detectors, spaced in accordance with NFPA 72, shall be installed at the atrium + +ceiling where the ceiling is 30 feet (9.144m) or less from the floor of the atrium. If the ceiling is +greater than 30 feet (9.144m) from the atrium floor, beam type detectors shall be installed. A +detection system with alarm verification may be installed. The initial device in alarm shall initiate +a supervisory condition at the fire alarm panel. + +2. On the underside of projections into the atrium, spaced in accordance with NFPA 72. + +3. Around the perimeter of the atrium opening on all floors open to the atrium. The detectors shall + +be spaced not more than 30 feet (9.144 m) on center and shall be located within 15 feet (4.572 m) +of the atrium opening. + +4. In high-rise buildings, where any part of the floor is open to an atrium, smoke detectors shall be +located throughout the floor not included in the atrium area for every 2500 sq. ft. (232.258 sq m) +of occupied floor space. No smoke detector shall serve more than one smoke zone. + +5. All smoke detectors shall be accessible for maintenance and testing. +Delete Section 907.2.14. + +Amend Section 907.2.15 by adding tlie following to the end of the last sentence: + +"... .and in compliance with International Building Code Amendments Appendix L." +Amend Section 907.2.18.2 by adding the following to the end of the last sentence: + +"... where provided, or a local alarm to notify occupants. +Add Section 907.2.18.3 as follows: + +907.2.18.3 Annunciation. Point- lit graphic annunciation shall be provided per IFCA Section 907.9.1.2. +Add Section 907.2.18.4 as follows: + +907.2.18.4 Fire department communications system. A radio communication system complying with IFCA +Section 907.2.12.3.2 shall be provided. + +Add Section 907.2.19.2 as follows: + +907.2.19.2 Annunciation. Point- lit graphic annunciation shall be provided per IFCA Section 907.9.1.2. +Add Section 907.2.19.3 as follows: + +907.2.19.3 Fire Department communications system. A radio communications system complying with IFCA +Section 907.2.12.3.2 shall be provided. + +Add Section 907.2.20. 1 as follows: + +907.2.20.1 Annunciation. Point-lit graphic annunciation shall be provided per IFCA Section 907.9.1.2. +Alternatively, a "backlit" zone type annunciator may be provided where specifically approved by the Fire +Department. + +Add Sections 907.2.20.2 and 907.2.20.3 as follows: + +-179- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +907.2.20.2 Smoke detection in covered malls. For covered malls having a smoke control system per IFCA Section +909, smoke detection shall be provided as follows: + +907.2.20.2.1 Tenant space and anchor stores: + +1. On the tenant side at each opening into the mall and at each exit from the tenant space. For openings +larger than 30 lineal feet 9.144m), an additional detector shall be provided for each 30 lineal feet +(9.144m) or fraction thereof. + +2. Electrical equipment rooms. + +3. Detector zones may not exceed 22,500 square feet (2090.318 sq m) and no detector zone shall sen/e +more than one smoke control zone. + +4. Detectors in individual tenant spaces shall be spaced not to exceed 2,500 sq. ft. (232.258 sq m) per +detector. + +907.2.20.2.2 Covered mall area: A smoke detector shall be located in the supply system sen/ing the +covered mall area, after the filters, which will stop the supply fan and provide a supen/isory signal. In +addition, a smoke detector shall be provided in the return or exhaust air stream over 2,000 cfm (.94cu m/s). + +907.2.20.3 Smoke control activation. The smoke control system for covered malls shall be activated by any +alarm initiated from the smoke detection or sprinkler system, inclusive, in accordance with the sequence below. +All smoke control equipment for both tenant space and the covered mall building shall be in place and operational +before any portion of the covered mall building is occupied. The level of protection of the fire detection system +for unoccupied tenant space shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Department. + +1 . pen zone exhaust dampers. + +2. Start zone exhaust fans. + +3. Close supply dampers to zone in alarm + +4. Immediately adjacent zones go to 100% outside air. + +5. All other systems remain in normal operation. +Replace Section 907.2.23 as follows: + +907.2.23 Battery rooms. An approved automatic smoke detection system shall be installed in areas containing +stationary storage battery systems having a liquid capacity of more than 50 gallons (189L). The detection system +shall be supervised by an approved central, proprietary, or remote station service or a local alarm which will sound an +audible signal at an approved location on tiie premises outside the battery room. Where a local alarm is installed, +provide signage indicating; "BATTERY ROOM ALARM - CALL 911". In buildings with a monitored sprinkler or +fire alarm/detection system, the battery room detectors shall be connected to the building fire alarm control panel. + +Exception: + +A dedicated, detached on grade structure not to exceed 1000 square feet. +Add Section 907.2.24 as follows: + +907.2.24 Passenger terminal and concourse buildings. See IB C A Appendix N. +Delete Exceptions 1 and 2 to Section 907.3.1.1. + +Amend Section 907.3.2 by adding the following after the last sentence: + +Smoke alarms should be replaced 10 years from date of manufacture, in accordance with NFPA 72 Section 10.4.7. + +Replace Section 907.4.4 as follows: + +907.4.4 Signs. Where fire alarm systems are not monitored by a supervising station, an approved permanent sign that +reads: LOCAL ALARM ONLY, PULL AND CALL 911 shall be installed adjacent to each manual fire alami box. +Where additional digits are required to access the public telephone system, signage shall reflect the additional digits +required. + +Exception: + + + +-180- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Where the manufacturer has permanently provided this information on the manual fire alarm box. + +Replace Section 907.6 as follows: + +907.6 Wiring. Fire alarm system and communications wiring shall comply with provisions of NFPA 72 and NFPA 70 +(NEC) Article 760, requirements for fire alarm and communications systems. Wiring color code shall be consistent +throughout the entire system and permanently posted inside the fire alarm control panel. Separate colors shall be used for +each type of initiating circuit, indicating circuit and control circuit. Color-coding shall be by continuous colored +insulation or by application of 6-inch (15.24cm) long colored heat-shrink tubing at the end of each conductor at all splices, +taps and terminations. Wireless protection systems utilizing radio- frequency transmitting devices shall comply with the +special requirements for supervision of low-power wireless systems in NFPA 72. + +Amend Section 907.7 by adding the following exceptions: + +Exceptions: + +1. Smoke alarms in dwelling units and rooms used for sleeping purposes in hotel and lodging houses. Duct +detectors shall initiate a supervisory signal only. See IFCA Section 907.12. + +2. Occupant notification is not required upon activation of detectors at the top of stairwells and in elevator +hoistways. + +Replace Section 907.9 as follows: + +907.9 Zones. All fire alarm systems shall be divided into alarm zones. When two or more alarm zones are provided, +visible annunciation shall be provided at an approved location. Zones shall comply with this section unless otherwise +approved by the Fire Department. Trouble and supervisory signals shall be annunciated in accordance with this section +and NFPA 72. Annunciator panels shall comply with IFCA Section 907.9.1. Annunciation zones shall comply with the +following. + +Each building level shall be annunciated separately as follows: + +1. All manual devices. + +2. All automatic devices. No single zone shall exceed 22,500 sq ft (2090.318sq m). No detection zone shall exceed +300 ft (91.44m) in length in any direction. + +3. Each fire sprinkler water flow detection device. Sprinkler zones shall comply with NFPA 13. +Separate visible indication shall be provided for: + +1 . Main fire sprinkler flow. Individual risers per 903. + +2. Each special extinguishing system. + +3. Each non-required system. + +4. Each special detection system. + +5. Each stairway (where detection is provided). + +6. Each elevator hoistway and machine room + +7. System trouble. + +8. Sprinkler control valves (supervisory only). Maximum 20 devices per zone. + +9. Duct detectors (supervisory only). Maximum 20 devices per zone. + +10. Fire pump running (supervisory only) + +Replace Section 907.9.1 as follows: + +907.9.1 Annunciator panels. Annunciator panels shall be point-lit graphic or a directory LED point display type. +Upon initiation of an alarm, supervisory or trouble condition the panel shall record the status and "lock- in" until the +fire alarm system is reset with a dedicated reset switch located at the main fire alarm control panel. Annunciation +lights shall be red for "Alarm" and yellow for "Trouble" and "Supervisory" signals. Each signal type shall be +distinctly identified. + +-181 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +907.9.1.1 Directory annunciator. A directory annunciator shall be provided as required. Location shall be field +approved. The annunciator shall be provided with individual alarm and trouble indications per IFCA Section +907.9 for each zone. Indicators shall be of sufficient size and intensity to be visible in normal lighting. + +Building plans shall be permanently mounted adjacent to directory type annunciator panels. Plans shall be +of durable construction, easily readable in normal lighting, have a smooth plastic surface and shall clearly indicate +the building outline and boundary of each zone and have a "you are here" with North orientation arrow. The +plans shall clearly show: + +a) Building address + +b) Each stairwell uniquely identified + +c) Each elevator uniquely identified + +d) Emergency and standby power equipment locations + +e) Fuel storage locations + +f) Fire pump location + +g) Sprinkler valve locations +h) Standpipe outlet locations +i) Main electrical room + +j) Each initiating device +k) Site plan with: + +1. Adjacent streets + +2. Local fire hydrants + +3. Utility shut-off equipment + +4. Fire department connection + +1) Other features required by the fire code official. + +907.9.1.2 Point-lit graphic annunciator. A graphic annunciator shall be provided as required. Location shall be +field approved. The annunciator shall consist of building plans per IFCA Section 907.9.1.1 with the addition of +discrete indication for each alarm and supen/isory initiating device. The annunciator shall be provided with a +momentary push-button "Lamp Test." Separate indications for "Trouble" and "Supervisory" conditions shall be +provided. + +907.9.1.2.1 Where required. A point-lit graphic annunciator is required for the following; underground +buildings, high-rise buildings, buildings with a smoke control system per IFC Section 909 and where required +for a pre- action fire sprinkler or clean agent extinguishing system per IFCA Section 907.14.1.1. + +Delete Section 907.9.2. + +Replace Section 907.10 as follows: + +907.10 Alarm notification appliances. Audible and visible alarm notification shall be provided to alert occupants of the +area having a fire alarm system as well as in the means of egress serving the occupancy. The fire alarm control panel shall +incorporate an alarm silencing switch that shall only de- activate the audible notification appliances until the system is +manually reset. Alarms shall be provided per IFCA Sections 907.10.1 and 907.10.2, and as required by other sections of +this code. + +907.10.1 Visible alarms. Visible notification shall be provided in toilet rooms accessible to the disabled, in corridors, +public and common areas and in areas of assembly. In residential occupancies visible notification shall be installed in +toilet rooms, bedrooms and living rooms of units accessible to the disabled. Visible alarms shall be installed in +accordance with NFPA 72. + +Exceptions: + +-182- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1. Visible alarm signals in patient and inmate areas of Group I occupancies may be provided per IFCA +Section 907.2.6. + +2. Visible notification appliances shall not be installed in stairwells. + +3. In existing buildings with only audible alarms, visible alarms are not required to be added during the +course of any tenant finish or fire alarm system modification work. If a building owner desires to install +visible alarms, the number and location shall be at the owner's discretion. A separate circuit between the +fire alarm control panel and the visible appliances is not required. This exception does not apply if the +building is undergoing a change in use or visible alarms are required as part of the equivalent construction +to correct an exiting deficiency. + +Delete Section 907.10.1.1. + +Delete Section 907.10.1.2. + +Delete Section 907.10.1.3. + +Retain Table 907.10.1.3. + +Delete Section 907.10.1.4. + +Amend Section 907.10.2 by adding the following after the last sentence: + +In theaters, nightclubs, dance halls, ballrooms and similar areas, means shall be provided to reduce or eliminate +background noise upon activation of the fire alarm system. The fire alarm system shall produce a sound level at +least 15 dBA above the reduced average ambient sound level or 5 dBA above the maximum sound level having a +duration of at least 60 seconds whichever is greater The reduced sound level shall not require audible +notification to exceed 115 dBA. + +Replace Exception to Section 907.10.2 as follows: + +Exception: + +This audible notification is not required for systems using prerecorded or live voice message announcement. + +Amend Section 907.12 by adding the following after the last sentence: + +Spot- type smoke detectors may be used for return air system connection to vertical risers serving two or more stories +per NFPA 72. Detectors shall be listed for the maximum anticipated airflow velocity. Detectors concealed above the +ceiling shall be provided with a remote indicating light mounted on the ceiling directly below the device, in +accordance with IFCA Section 907.23. + +Delete Exception 1 to Section 907.12. + +Add Section 907.14.1 as follows: + +907.14.1 Pre-action and clean agent extinguishing systems. Pre-action and clean agent extinguishing systems shall have +a dedicated releasing panel and annunciator connected to the building fire alarm system where provided. Pre-action +systems shall be installed per NFPA 13. Clean agent systems shall comply with IFC Section 904.10. Control panels shall +be listed for releasing sen/ice. Control panel and annunciator shall be located outside the protected area in a location +approved by the Fire Code official. Areas protected by a single system shall be contiguous. Shop drawings for system +installations shall be submitted per IFCA Section 907.1.1, NFPA 13 and NFPA 2001. Cross-zoned detection systems shall +transmit a building alarm on activation of the first initiating device. Fire protection piping and initiating device, control and +annunciation drawings shall be submitted together Clean agent systems are supplemental and not permitted to substitute for +required automatic sprinkler systems unless specifically approved by the Chief. + +907.14.1.1 Annunciation. Pre-action and clean agent systems shall be provided with a local directory annunciator +zoned for manual, smoke detector, flow alarm and tamper supervisory indications. Systems with under floor and/or +above ceiling detection devices shall be provided with a point-lit graphic annunciator in accordance with IFCA +Section 907.9.1.2. Systems shall annunciate alarm and supervisory conditions at the main building fire alarm +panel. + +Add Section 907.21 as follows: + + + +-183- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +907.21 Monitoring Integrity. Conductors and connections that interconnect equipment, devices and appliances shall be +monitored for integrity, as set forth in NFPA 72. + +Add Section 907.22 as follows; + +907.22 Survivability. Where occupant relocation or partial evacuation is part of the building life- safety plan, fire alarm +system sun/ivability shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 72. Audible and visible notification appliance circuits +shall be designed and installed such that attack by fire within an evacuation zone shall not impair control and operation of +the notification appliances outside the evacuation signaling zone. + +Exception: + +Notification appliance circuits shall not be run in stairwells, except for the specific devices located in the stair +enclosure. + +Add Section 907.23 as follows: + +907.23 Remote indicating lights. A remote indicating light shall be installed for detector(s) within each room with an +entry door. The indicating light shall be located on the wall or ceiling above the door and within 12 inches (30.48cm), on +the exit corridor side. This shall include each door leading through adjoining or inten/ening rooms from an exit corridor +to that room (progressive type). Remote indicating lights shall be installed on the ceiling directly below detectors located +above ceilings. Remote indicating lights for duct detectors shall be installed in an accessible area directly below or +adjacent to the detector. Remote indicating lights shall remain lit until the fire alarm system is reset. + +Exception: + +Remote indicating lights may be deleted where a point-lit graphic annunciator is provided. +Add Section 907.24 as follows: + +907.24 Elevator recall and shutdown. Elevator recall and shunt trip shall be provided for all elevators in accordance +with IFC Section 607. Fixed temperature 190 degree F heat and smoke detectors shall be located in accordance with +NFPA 72. Where environmental or other conditions prohibit installation of smoke detectors for recall, 135 degree F fixed +temperature heat detectors shall be permitted to substitute for the required recall smoke detectors. In buildings with a fire +alarm system, these detectors shall be connected to the building fire alarm system. In buildings without a fire alarm +system, system smoke detectors and a dedicated fire alarm system control unit shall be provided that is designated as an +"elevator recall control and supervisory panel." The system shall be designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 72 +and ASME A 17.1. Where required, elevator power shunt trip shall be provided prior to sprinkler operation in accordance +with NFPA 72. Where MRL elevator equipment is installed, smoke and heat detectors shall be provided at the top of the +hoistway. Recall smoke detectors shall be installed in the control equipment space. Shunt trip heat detectors shall be +installed in the control equipment space if it is protected by sprinklers. Shunt trip circuit breakers shall be located in either +the main power distribution room or installed in the elevator machinery room/space in a NEMA 3R enclosure. + +Exception: + +For existing buildings, an administrative modification shall be submitted for approval where an existing +complying fire alarm control unit cannot be expanded within its listing to accommodate the additional devices for +recall and shunt trip. Upon approval, a dedicated "elevator recall and supervisory panel" shall be installed in +accordance with the provisions for buildings without a fire alarm system. The administrative modification shall +state the practical difficulties involved in incorporating the recall/shunt trip devices into the existing fire alarm +system. + +907.24.1 Hoistway vent operation. All hoistway vents shall be electrically closed motorized vents and shall open +automatically by any one of the following: + +1. 'The elevator hoistway smoke detector + +2. 'Elevator lobby smoke detector + +3. 'Power failure to the vent + +On activation of the hoistway vent or elevator lobby smoke detector, the elevator(s) shall be placed in the fire +recall mode. The hoistway vent and elevator lobby smoke detectors shall be connected to the control unit as +required by Section 907.24 above. A manual override shall be provided by a keyed switch located adjacent to the +fire alarm control panel. The switch shall be labeled "hoistway vent" and shall indicate an open and closed + +-184- + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +position. The hoistway vents shall return to the closed position by resetting the fire alarm control panel and placing +the "hoistway vent" switch in the closed position. + +Add Section 907.25 as follows: + +907.25 Non-required full or partial systems. Fire alarm systems and fire detection systems not required in this Code or +by special agreement are not required to be connected to a central station. Where non- required fire alarm and/or fire +detection systems are connected to a central station, the central station shall be an approved Class I central station. +Multiple central station connections from one building are not permitted. Non- required full or partial fire alarm or fire +detection systems are required to comply with NFPA 72. Annunciation shall be provided in accordance with IFCA +Section 907.9. Annunciator and control panels for non- required or partial systems shall be of an approved type and have +permanent signage indicating "Non- required System" or "Partial System." Partial fire alarm and/or fire detection systems +installed in a building having a required fire alarm system shall be annunciated separately on the building fire alarm +annunciator panel. + +907.25.1 General system design and installation requirements. Shop drawings must be submitted for approval. +Documents shall be stamped and signed by a Colorado registered engineer and shall comply with IFCA Section +907.1.1. Non- required systems installed in a building with a required fire alarm system shall have the non- required +system connected to the required fire alarm control panel. Each non-required system shall annunciate as a separate +zone at the required fire alarm control panel. Multiple fire alarm control panels are not allowed where a required +system is installed. + +Replace Section 909 as follows: + +SECTION 909 + +SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS + +909.1 Scope and purpose. This section applies to mechanical or passive smoke control systems when they are required +by other provisions of this code. The purpose of this section is to establish minimum requirements for the design, +installation and acceptance testing of smoke control systems that are intended to provide a tenable environment for the +evacuation or relocation of occupants. These provisions are not intended for the presentation of contents, the timely +restoration of operations or for assistance in fire suppression or overhaul activities. Smoke control systems regulated by +this section sen/e a different purpose than the smoke- and heat-venting provisions found in Section 910. Mechanical +smoke control systems shall not be considered exhaust systems under Chapter 5 of the International Mechanical Code. + +909.2 General design requirements. Buildings, structures or parts thereof required by this code to have a smoke control +system or systems shall have such systems designed in accordance with the applicable requirements of Section 909 and +the generally accepted and well-established principles of engineering relevant to the design. The construction documents +shall include sufficient information and detail to adequately describe the elements of the design necessaiy for the proper +implementation of the smoke control systems. These documents shall be accompanied by sufficient information and +analysis to demonstrate compliance with these provisions. + +909.2.1 Specific Requirements - Pressurization Systems. Stairway pressurization systems and hoistway +pressurization systems shall be provided for all high-rise buildings. The inclusion of these systems may be used to +offset specific requirements for other building components, as described in other Sections of the Code; however, the +use of other building components may not be used to circumvent the requirement for including these systems. + +Exception: + +Where stairway enclosures directly open into open exterior balconies. + +909.2.2 Specific Requirements - Smoke Exhaust Systems. A smoke exhaust system(s) shall be provided for all +high-rise buildings. The smoke exhaust system(s) shall be configured and controlled to exhaust the fire floor or fire +zone. This requirement shall be applicable to the Occupancy Groups as follows: A; B; E; M; Rl; R2, and II and 13. + +909.2.3 Specific Requirements - Construction Document Submittals. Construction documents for smoke control +systems shall be submitted for permit application with the construction drawings for the project per IBCA Section 154 +including the seal and signature of the design professional responsible for the coordination of the smoke control +design package. Included within this submittal shall be the following. + + + +-185- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1. Code reference used as a basis of design, including any administrative modifications or Board of Appeals +decisions. + +2. Plans identifying each smoke control zone including a listing of smoke control equipment (fans) associated +with each respective zone. A combination of vertical (section), horizontal (plan) and/or schematic views may +be necessary to clearly depict each zone. + +3. Plans shall identify location of smoke control duct inlet/discharge locations and all fire/smoke damper +locations. + +4. Detailed description of the systems interface to the emergency power system and plans detailing locations of +panels (with schedules) and associated circuits and disconnects. + +5. Plans shall identify HVAC systems operating status (i.e. on/off) during a smoke control scenario, e.g., toilet +exhaust, general HVAC, etc. + +6. Written narrative sequence of operation for the complete smoke control system. + +7. Basic fire alarm drawings shall be developed with sufficient detail to demonstrate system control/sequence. + +8. Fans sizing calculations for each zone including stairways and hoistways. + +9. Preliminary acceptance testing plan and procedure. + +909.2.4 Specific Requirements - Shop Drawing Submittals (Deferred Submittal). The deferred submittal shall be +consistent with the approved construction document submittal and reviewed by the engineer of record prior to +submission to the Denver Fire Department. Included within this submittal shall be tie following. + +1. Code reference used as a basis of design, including any Administrative Modifications or Board of Appeals +decisions. + +2. Plans identifying each smoke control zone including a listing of smoke control equipment (fans) associated +with each respective zone. A combination of vertical (section) and/or horizontal (plan) views may be +necessary to clearly depict each zone. + +3. Fire protection shop drawings. + +4. Plans identifying control equipment including wiring diagrams and tubing schematics as applicable. + +5. Manufacturers' specification sheets for all equipment and devices associated with the smoke control system +including but not limited to the following: Fire alarm system, fans, dampers, louvers, door release hardware, +automatic door opening harware, CT switches, end-switches, pressure sensors, control tubing, etc. + +6. Detailed description of the required applicable UUKL criteria and plans/procedures for complying with the +weekly self- test. Printed reports must be maintained on-site in the fire command center. + +7. Final Acceptance testing plan indicating systems testing.. Refer to Section 909.18 Acceptance Testing. + +909.3 Special inspection and test requirements. Refer to Section 909.18. + +909.4 Analysis. A rational analysis supporting the types of smoke control systems to be employed, their methods of +operation, the systems supporting them and the methods of construction to be utilized shall accompany the submitted +construction documents and shall include, but not be limited to, the items indicated in Sections 909.4.1 through 909.4.6. +Refer to Section 909.21 Alternative design approach. + +909.4.1 Stack effect. The system shall be designed such that the maximum probable normal or reverse stack effect +will not adversely interfere with the system's capabilities. In determining the maximum probable stack effect, altitude, +elevation, weather history and interior temperatures shall be used. + +909.4.2 Temperature effect of fire. Buoyancy and expansion caused by the design fire in accordance with Section +909.9 shall be analyzed. The system shall be designed such that these effects do not adversely interfere with the +system's capabilities. + +909.4.3 Wind effect. The design shall consider the adverse effects of wind. Such consideration shall be consistent +with the wind-loading provisions of IBC Chapter 16. + + + +-186- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +909.4.4 HVAC systems. The design shall consider the effects of the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning +(HVAC) systems on both smoke and fire transport. The analysis shall include all permutations of systems status. The +design shall consider the effects of the fire on the HVAC systems. + +909.4.5 Climate. The design shall consider the effects of low temperatures on systems, property and occupants. Air +inlets and exhausts shall be located so as to prevent snow or ice blockage. + +909.4.6 Duration of operation. All portions of active or passive smoke control systems shall be capable of continued +operation after detection of the fire event for a period of not less than either 20 minutes or 1.5 times the calculated +egress time, whichever is less. + +909.5 Smoke barrier construction. Smoke barriers shall comply with Section 709, and shall be constructed and sealed to +limit leakage areas exclusive of protected openings. The maximum allowable leakage area shall be the aggregate area +calculated using the following leakage area ratios: + +1. Walls: ^Z4, =0.00100 + +2. Exit enclosures: A/A^ = 0.00035 + +3. All other shafts: A/A^ = 0.00150 + +4. Floors and roofs: A/Af = 0.00050 +where: + +A = Total leakage area, square feet (m^). + +Af = Unit floor or roof area of barrier, square feet (m^ ). + +A^ =Unitwall areaof barrier, square feet (rri). + +The leakage area ratios shown do not include openings due to doors, operable windows or similar gaps. These shall be +included in calculating the total leakage area. + +909.5.1 Leakage area. The total leakage area of the barrier is the product of the smoke barrier gross area multiplied +by the allowable leakage area ratio, plus the area of other openings such as gaps and operable windows. Compliance +shall be determined by achieving the minimum air pressure difference across the barrier with the system in the smoke +control mode for mechanical smoke control systems. Passive smoke control systems tested using other approved +means such as door fan testing shall be as approved by the fire code official. + +909.5.2 Opening protection. Openings in smoke barriers shall be protected by automatic- closing devices actuated by +the required controls for the mechanical smoke control system. Door openings shall be protected by fire door +assemblies complying with Section 715.4.3. + +Exceptions: + +1. Passive smoke control systems with automatic- closing devices actuated by spot- type smoke detectors +listed for releasing sen/ice installed in accordance with Section 907.11. + +2. Fixed openings between smoke zones that are protected utilizing the airflow method. + +3. In Group 1-2, where such doors are installed across corridors, a pair of opposite- swinging doors without a +center mullion shall be installed having vision panels with fire protection- rated glazing materials in fire +protection- rated frames, the area of which shall not exceed that tested. The doors shall be close-fitting +within operational tolerances and shall not have undercuts, louvers or grilles. The doors shall have head +and jamb stops, astragals or rabbets at meeting edges and shall be automatic- closing by smoke detection +in accordance with Section 715.4.7.3. Positive- latching devices are not required. + +4. Group 1-3. + +5. Openings between smoke zones with clear ceiling heights of 14 feet (4267 mm) or greater and bank- +down capacity of greater than 20 minutes as determined by the design fire size. + +909.5.2.1 Ducts and air transfer openings. Ducts and air transfer openings are required to be protected with a +minimum Class II, 250°F (12rC) smoke damper complying with Section 716. Section 716.5.3 exceptions 1.3 and +1 .4 are not permitted for shaft enclosures. + +909.6 Pressurization method. The primary mechanical means of controlling smoke shall be by pressure differences +across smoke barriers. Maintenance of a tenaible environment is not required in the smoke control zone of fire origin. + + + +-187- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +909.6.1 Minimum pressure difference. The minimum pressure difference across a smoke barrier shall be 0.05-inch +water gage (0.0124 kPa) in fully sprinklered buildings. In buildings permitted to be other than fully sprinklered, the +smoke control system shall be designed to achieve pressure differences at least two times the maximum calculated +pressure difference produced by the design fire. + +909.6.2 Maximum pressure difference. The maximum air pressure difference across a smoke barrier shall be +determined by required door- opening or closing forces. The actual force required to open exit doors when the system +is in the smoke control mode shall be in accordance with Section 1008.1.2. Opening and closing forces for other doors +shall be determined by standard engineering methods for the resolution of forces and reactions. The calculated force +to set a side- hinged, swinging door in motion shall be determined by: + +F=Fdc +K{WAAP)l2{W-d) (Equation 9-1) + +where: +^ = Door area, square feet (m2). + +d = Distance from door handle to latch edge of door, feet (m). +F = Total door opening force, pounds (N). +Fdc = Force required to overcome closing device, pounds (N). +^ = Coefficient 5.2 (1.0). +PF = Door width, feet(m). +/IP = Design pressure difference, inches of water (Pa). + +909.7 Airflow design metiiod. When approved by the fire code official, smoke migration through openings fixed in a +permanently open position, which are located between smoke control zones by the use of the airflow method, shall be +permitted. The design airflow shall be in accordance with this section. Airflow shall be directed to limit smoke migration +from the fire zone. The geometry of openings shall be considered to prevent flow reversal from turbulent effects. + +909.7.1 Velocity. The minimum average velocity through a fixed opening shall not be less than: + +V = 217.2 [h [Tf- To)l{Tj+ 460)]^^^ (Equation 9-2) +ForSI:v = 119.9[/2(7>-rj/7>f2 + +where: + +h = Height of opening, feet (m). + +Tf = Temperature of smoke, °F (K). + +To = Temperature of ambient air, °F (K). + +V = Air velocity, feet per minute (m/minute). + +909.7.2 Prohibited conditions. This method shall not be employed where either the quantity of air or the velocity of +the airflow will adversely affect other portions of the smoke control system, unduly intensify the fire, disrupt plume +dynamics or interfere with exiting. In no case shall air flow toward the fire exceed 200 feet per minute (1.02 m/s). +Where the formula in Section 909.7.1 requires airflow to exceed this limit, the airflow method shall not be used. + +909.8 Exhaust method. When approved by the fire code official, mechanical smoke control for large enclosed volumes, +such as in atriums or malls, shall be permitted to utilize the exhaust method. Smoke control systems using the exhaust +method shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 92B . + +909.8.1 Smoke layer. The height of the lowest horizontal surface of the accumulating smoke layer shall be +maintained at least 6 feet (1829 mm) above any walking surface that forms a portion of a required egress system +within the smoke zone. + +909.9 Design fire. The design fire shall be based on a rational analysis performed by the registered design professional +and approved by the fire code official. The design fire shall be based on the analysis in accordance with Section 909.4 and +this section. + +909.9.1 Factors considered. The engineering analysis shall include the characteristics of the fuel, fuel load, effects +included by the fire and whether the fire is likely to be steady or unsteady. + +909.9.2 Separation distance. Determination of the design fire shall include consideration of the type of fuel, fuel +spacing and configuration. + +R=[Q/{12nq")f'^ (Equation 9-8) + +where: +q" = Incident radiant heat flux required for nonpiloted ignition, Btu/ft2 ■ s (W/m2). + +-188- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Q = Heat release from fire, Btu/s (kW). + +R = Separation distance from target to center of fuel package, feet (m). + +909.9.3 Heat-release assumptions. The analysis shall make use of best available data from approved sources and +shall not be based on excessively stringent limitations of combustible material. + +909.9.4 Sprinkler effectiveness assumptions. A documented engineering analysis shall be provided for conditions +that assume fire growth is halted at the time of sprinkler activation. + +909.10 Equipment. Equipment including, but not limited to, fans, ducts, automatic dampers and balance dampers, shall +be suitable for its intended use, suitable for the probable exposure temperatures that the rational analysis indicates and as +approved by the fire code official. Provide fire/smoke dampers at shaft enclosures. Section 716.5.3 exceptions 1.3 and 1.4 +are not permitted. Provide fire damper rating of no less the 250 Deg. F. For systems where the probable temperature rise +to which the damper will be exposed may be higher the 250 Deg. F the temperature shall be computed in 909.10.1. + +909.10.1 Exhaust fans. Components of exhaust fans shall be rated and certified by the manufacturer for an operating +temperature rating of no less than 250 Deg F. For systems where the probable temperature rise to which the +components will be exposed may be higher than 250 degrees F. then the temperature rise shall be computed by: + +Ts = [QJmc) + [Ta) (Equation 9-9) + +where: +c = Specific heat of smoke at smoke layer temperature, +Btu/lb°F-(kJ/kg-K). + +m = Exhaust rate, pounds per second (kg/s). +Qc = Convective heat output of fire, Btu/s (kW). +t; = Ambient temperature, °F (K). +t; = Smoke temperature, °F (K). + +Exoepticn: + +Reduced 7; as calculated based on the assurance of adequate dilution air. + +909.10.2 Ducts. Duct materials and joints shall be capable of withstanding the probable temperatures and pressures to +which they are exposed during smoke control operating conditions. Ducts shall be constructed and supported in +accordance with the International Mechanical Code. Ducts shall be leak tested to 1.5 times the maximum design +pressure in accordance with nationally accepted practices. Measured leakage shall not exceed 5 percent of design +flow. Results of such testing shall be a part of the documentation procedure. Ducts shall be supported directly from +fire- resistance- rated structural elements of the building by substantial, noncombustible supports. + +Exception: + +Flexible connections (for the purpose of vibration isolation) complying with the International Mechanical +Code, that are constructed of approved fire- resistance- rated materials. + +909.10.3 Equipment; inlets and outlets. Equipment shall be located so as to not expose uninvolved portions of the +building to an additional fire hazard. Outside air inlets shall be located so as to minimize the potential for introducing +smoke or flame into the building. Exhaust outlets shall be so located as to minimize reintroduction of smoke into the +building and to limit exposure of the building or adjacent buildings to an additional fire hazard. + +909.10.4 Automatic dampers. Automatic dampers, regardless of the purpose for which they are installed within the +smoke control system, shall be listed and conform to the requirements of approved, recognized standards. + +909.10.5 Fans. In addition to other requirements, belt-driven fans shall have 1.5 times the number of belts required +for the design duty, with the minimum number of belts being two. Fans shall be selected for stable performance based +on normal temperature and, where applicable, elevated temperature. Calculations and manufacturer's fan curves shall +be part of the documentation procedures. Fans shall be supported and restrained by noncombustible devices in +accordance with the requirements of Chapter 16. Motors driving fans shall not be operated beyond their nameplate +horsepower (kilowatts), as determined from measurement of actual current draw, and shall have a minimum service +factor of 1.15. + +909.11 Power systems. The smoke control system shall be supplied with two sources of power. Primary power shall be +from the normal building power system. Secondary power shall be from an approved emergency source complying with +the ICC Electrical Code. The emergency power source and its transfer switches shall be in a separate room from the + + + +-189- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +normal power transformers and switch gear and shall be enclosed in a room constructed of not less than 1-hour fire +barriers ventilated directly to and from the exterior. Power distribution from the two sources shall be by independent +routes. Transfer to full emergency power shall be automatic and within 10 seconds of failure of the primary power. The +systems shall comply with this code or the ICC Electrical Code. + +909.11.1 Power sources and power surges. Elements of the smoke management system relying on volatile memories +or the like shall be supplied with uninterruptible power sources of sufficient duration to span a 15- minute primary +power interruption. Elements of the smoke management system susceptible to power surges shall be suitably +protected by conditioners, suppressors or other approved means. + +909.12 Detection and control systems. Fire detection systems providing control input or output signals to mechanical +smoke control systems or elements thereof shall comply with the requirements of Section 907. Such systems shall be +equipped with a control unit complying with UL 864 and listed as smoke control equipment. Control systems for +mechanical smoke control systems shall include provisions for verification. Verification shall include positive +confirmation of actuation, testing, manual override, and, through a preprogrammed weekly test sequence, report abnormal +conditions audibly, visually and by printed report. + +909.12.1 Wiring. In addition to meeting requirements of the ICC Electrical Code, all wiring, regardless of voltage, +shall be fully enclosed within continuous raceways in mechanical rooms, electrical rooms, elevator equipment rooms +and vertical risers. Wiring shall not be painted. + +909.12.2 Activation. Smoke control systems shall be activated in accordance with Section 907. + +909.12.2.1 PressurizatioU; airflow or exhaust method. Mechanical smoke control systems using the +pressurization, airflow or exhaust method shall have completely automatic control. + +909.12.2.2 Passive method. Passive smoke control systems actuated by approved spot- type detectors listed for +releasing service shall be permitted. + +909.12.3 Automatic control. Refer to Section 907.2. + +909.13 Control air tubing. Control air tubing shall be of sufficient size to meet the required response times. Tubing shall +be flushed clean and dry prior to final connections and shall be adequately supported and protected from damage. Tubing +passing through concrete or masonry shall be sleeved and protected from abrasion and electrolytic action. + +909.13.1 Materials. Control air tubing shall be hard drawn copper. Type L, ACR in accordance with ASTM B 42, +ASTM B 43, ASTM B 68, ASTM B 88, ASTM B 251 and ASTMB280. Fittings shall be wrought copper or brass, +solder type, in accordance with ASME B 16.18 or ASME B16.22. Changes in direction shall be made with +appropriate tool bends. Brass compression- type fittings shall be used at final connection to devices; other joints shall +be brazed using a BCuP5 brazing alloy with solids above 1,100°F (593°C) and liquids below 1,500°F (816°C). +Brazing flux shall be used on copper- to- brass joints only. + +Exception: + +Nonmetallic tubing used within control panels and at the final connection to devices, provided that all of the +following conditions are met: + +1. Tubing shall be listed by an approved agency for flame and smoke characteristics. + +2. Tubing and connected devices shall be completely enclosed within galvanized or paint- grade steel +enclosure of not less than 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) (No. 22 galvanized sheet gage) thickness. Entry to +the enclosure shall be by copper tubing with a protective grommet of neoprene or Teflon or by +suitable brass compression to male- barbed adapter. + +3 Tubing shall be identified by appropriately documented coding. + +4. Tubing shall be neatly tied and supported within enclosure. Tubing bridging cabinet and door or +moveable device shall be of sufficient length to avoid tension and excessive stress. Tubing shall be +protected against abrasion. Tubing serving devices on doors shall be fastened along hinges. + +909.13.2 Isolation from other functions. Control tubing serving other than smoke control functions shall be isolated +by automatic isolation valves or shall be an independent system. + +909.13.3 Testing. Control air tubing shall be tested at three times the operating pressure for not less than 30 minutes +without any noticeable loss in gauge pressure prior to final connection to devices. + +-190- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +909.14 Marking and identification. The detection and control systems shall be clearly marked at all junctions, accesses +and terminations. + +909.15 Control diagrams. Identical control diagrams showing all devices in the system and identifying their location and +function shall be maintained current and kept on file with building management and in the fire command center in an +approved format and manner. + +909.16 Firefighter's smoke control panel. A firefighter's smoke control panel meeting the requirements of UL 864 and +listed for smoke control under UL product category guide designation UUKL shall be provided and shall include manual +control or override of automatic control for mechanical smoke control systems. Upon an alarm, the fire alarm system shall +take direct control of all smoke control system components such as fans, dampers, activation of dedicated pressure control +systems and status indication. The fire alarm system shall provide a signal to any temperature control or building +automation systems for HVAC system enable/disable control and status. Where HVAC systems are utilized for smoke +control the fire alarm system shall take direct control of those HVAC system components utilized for smoke control. +Hard- wired interlock is acceptable. The fire alarm system shall provide automatic and manual override control and status. +Terminal air distribution units may remain under their own normal building automation control. The panel shall be located +in a fire command center complying with Section 509 in high rise buildings or buildings with smoke- protected assembly +seating. In all other buildings, the firefighter's smoke control panel shall be installed in an approved location adjacent to +the fire alarm control panel. The firefighter's smoke control panel shall comply with IFCA Sections 909.16.1 through +909.16.3. + +909.16.1 Smoke control systems. The firefighter's control panel shall be provided for manual or override of +automatic control of mechanical smoke control systems. This panel shall graphically depict the individual smoke +control system fan and damper controls, their relative location within the building, stairwells, hoistways, building +pressurization and exhaust airflow, refuge area pressurization and all other smoke control zones that apply. This panel +shall clearly show the building arrangement and smoke control zones sen/ed by the systems. The graphic panel shall +be oriented to the building and include a North reference compass point. A combination of vertical (section) and/or +horizontal (plan) graphic arrangement may be necessary. The operating control and status indicators on the FSCP +shall have a maximum height from the floor of 6 feet, 6 inches and a minimum of 2 feet, inches, and may require +more than one section to accommodate height limitations. Layout, labeling and location of the fire fighters control +panel shall be reviewed and approved by Fire Department prior to fabrication. The following features shall be +incorporated and color- coded as follows: + +1 . G eneral building layout (black lines on white background) + +2. Exhaust systems - RED + +3. Pressurization systems - GREEN + +4. Garage supply and exhaust systems shall be energized manually to purge smoke (On - OFF only). System +need not be connected to emergency power. The status of smoke control equipment shall be indicated by LED +lamps and appropriate legends. Fans, major ducts and dampers within the building that are components of the +smoke control systems shall be clearly identified as to purpose (e.g. STAIR PRESSURIZATION FAN) on the +FSCP. Lettering shall be 16 point Helvetica bold; equipment identification (e.g. SPF-1) shall be 12 point +Helvetica bold. + +LED status indicators shall be provided for each component of the smoke control system as follows: + +1. Fans operating, dampers open, power on - GREEN + +2. Fans off, dampers closed - Y ELLOW + +3. Fans and dampers in automatic mode shall indicate a fault status - Y ELLOW . + +4. Duct detectors as required per Section 907.12 shall be identified - Y ELLOW. + +5. Provide lamp test with momentary contact push button(s) to illuminate all LED' s simultaneously. + +6. All status LED's shall be active all the time. + +a. Control switches are active only during alarm condition except through a secured and supen/ised bypass +method approved by the Fire Department. + + + +-191 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +909.16.2 Smoke control panel. The firefighter's control panel shall provide control capability over the complete +smoke-control system equipment within the building as follows: + +1. ON-AUTO-OFF control over each individual piece of operating smoke control equipment that can also be +controlled from other sources within the building. This includes stairway pressurization fans; smoke exhaust +fans; supply, return and exhaust fans; elevator shaft fans and other operating equipment used or intended for +smoke control purposes. + +2. OPEN-AUTO-CLOSE control over individual dampers relating to smoke control and that are also controlled +from other sources within the building. + +3. ON-OFF or OPEN-CLOSE control over smoke control and other critical equipment associated with a fire or +smoke emergency and that can only be controlled from the fire- fighter's control panel. + +Exceptions: + +1. Complex systems, where approved by the Denver Fire Department, where the controls and +indicators are combined to control and indicate all elements of a single smoke zone as a unit. + +2. Complex systems, where approved by the Denver Fire Department, where the control is +accomplished by computer interface using approved, plain English commands. + +909.16.3 Control action and priorities. The firefighter's control panel actions shall be as follows: + +L ON-OFF and OPEN-CLOSE control actions shall have the highest priority of any control point within the +building. Once issued from the firefighter's control panel, no automatic or manual control from any other +control point within the building shall contradict the control action. Where automatic means are provided to +interrupt normal, nonemergency equipment operation or produce a specific result to safeguard the building or +equipment (i.e., duct freezestats, duct smoke detectors, high- temperature cutouts, temperature- actuated +linkage and similar devices), such means shall be capable of being overridden by the fire- fighter's control +panel. The last control action as indicated by each fire- fighter's control panel switch position shall prevail. In +no case shall control actions require the smoke control system to assume more than one configuration at any +one time. + +Exception: + +Power disconnects required by the ICC Electrical Code. + +2. Only the AUTO position of each three-position fire-fighter's control panel switch shall allow automatic or +manual control action from other control points within the building. The AUTO position shall be the +NORMAL, nonemergency, building control position. Where a firefighter's control panel is in the AUTO +position, the actual status of the device (on, off, open, closed) shall continue to be indicated by the status +indicator described above. When directed by an automatic signal to assume an emergency condition, the +NORMAL position shall become the emergency condition for that device or group of devices within the zone. +In no case shall control actions require the smoke control system to assume more than one configuration at +any one time. + +909.17 System response time. Smoke control system activation shall be initiated immediately after receipt of an +appropriate automatic or manual activation command. Smoke control systems shall activate individual components (such +as dampers and fans) in the sequence necessary to prevent physical damage to the fans, dampers, ducts and other +equipment. The total response time for individual smoke control systems to achieve their desired operating mode shall not +exceed the following time periods: + +Fan operating at desired state - 75 seconds + +Damper position travel - 60 seconds + +909.18 Testing of smoke control systems. Before the Fire Department accepts the smoke control systems and prior to +initial occupancy, the smoke control systems shall be tested in their presence to confirm that the systems operate in +compliance with this Section. In addition, all smoke control systems shall be tested annually and shall be maintained to +perform its intended purpose under the code version with which it was built. + +909.18.1 Acceptance testing. The requirements of acceptance testing defined hereinafter shall be the minimum +requirements. All acceptance tests shall be witnessed by a Fire Department representative. + + + +-192- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1. Furnish a testing procedure, reviewed by the smoke control system design professional engineer, to the Fire +Department 72 hrs in advance of the acceptance tests being performed. The procedure shall define how +compliance with the Code will be demonstrated. The procedure shall also identify what instrumentation, +including artificial smoke generating equipment, will be used during the testing. + +2. Smoke control systems testing shall include the following subsystems to the extent that they affect the operation +of the smoke- control system: + +a. Fire alarm system (See NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code) + +b. Building Automation & Temperature Control System + +c. HVAC equipment + +d. Electrical equipment + +e. Power sources including Emergency or Standby power + +f. Automatic suppression systems + +g. Automatic operating doors and closers + +h. Dedicated and Non- dedicated smoke- control systems +i. Emergency elevator operation + +3. Prior to witnessed acceptance testing of the smoke control systems, the design professional engineer shall confirm +and advise the Fire Department in writing that the entire smoke control system has been installed, air balanced +and tested in accordance with its design, plans, specifications and this Code. + +4. The following shall be notified so that they may witness the acceptance testing: + +a. Design Professional Engineer-of-Record + +b. Building contractor + +c . wner' s representative + +d. D enver Fire D epartment + +e. D enver B uilding D epartment + +5. Unless otherwise approved by the Fire Department, sufficient smoke shall be generated to produce at least the +volume of the smoke zone being tested within approximately 5 minutes. All smoke- generating devices shall be +supplied by the owner or his representative and shall meet with the approval of the Fire Department. + +6. Acceptance testing shall demonstrate that the correct outputs are produced for a given input for each control +sequence specified. The following control sequences shall demonstrate complete smoke-control sequence. + +a. Normal mode + +b. A utomatic smoke- control mode for first alarm + +c. Manual override of normal and automatic smoke- control modes + +d. Return to normal + +7. After the smoke control system is activated, smoke shall not continue to migrate to other smoke zones of the +building. + +8. Smoke control systems shall demonstrate the ability to inhibit smoke from migrating across smoke zone +boundaries to other areas and containment within the active smoke zone. Smoke control system shall also +demonstrate the continual reduction of smoke concentration from within the active smoke zone. + +909.18.2 Testing requirements: Tests shall be performed in full automatic mode with the building operating under +both normal power and emergency power. Test equipment shall include; manometer (calibrated within last 12 +months), spring scale and other equipment as necessary to adequately measure and record system performance. +Communications shall be provided between the test locations and the fire command center. + +-193- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1. For a building that is not a high rise, multiple tests on more than one floor or smoke zone shall be required to +demonstrate proper operation. + +2. For high rise buildings, tests shall be conducted at a minimum of 5 locations. + +a. A floor in the lower third, a floor in the middle third and a floor in the upper third of the building. + +b. With a floor in alarm, an additional automatic alarm shall be initiated on a floor immediately above or below +the initial floor in alarm. All floors in alarm shall go to exhaust mode + +c. With a floor in alarm, a manual pull station on another floor shall be activated. Smoke control operation shall +not be affected. + +d. For atriums, more than one test may be required depending upon the atrium configuration, its relationship to +adjacent spaces and if the atrium is located in a high-rise. + +e. Activation of one smoke detector in each smoke control zone on each floor being tested + +f . A ctivation of at least one sprinkler flow switch. + +g. Activation of at least one manual pull station. + +3. For high rise buildings, pressure differentials shall be measured across stairway doors, across +elevator/lobby /refuge corridor area doors and adjoining spaces, between atriums and areas immediately adjacent +to atriums where atriums are part of a high rise building. Door opening force into stair enclosures or refuge areas +shall not exceed 30 lbs. under any conditions. + +4. Upon activation of the fire alarm system for each test, confirm that the smoke control system fans and dampers +have assumed the correct operating condition for the type of alarm initiating device and the location of the +initiating device. This shall be confirmed also at the smoke control panel in the fire command center. + +5. Manually override the operation of a sampling of fans and dampers during each test, taking care not to damage +system components. Return all override switches to their "auto" position after each test. + +909.18.3 Annual tests. Annual tests shall be performed in accordance with 909.18.3.1 and 909.18.3.2, on all smoke +control systems including those installed prior to adoption of this code. It is recognized that smoke control systems +installed prior to adoption of this Code could have parameters that are different than those described in this Section. In +those cases, smoke control tests shall be adjusted accordingly to meet the intent of this section. + +909.18.3.1 Equipment operating tests. The following equipment operating tests shall be conducted annually on +the smoke control system components: + +1. Verify the proper control and status indication of smoke control dampers (i.e., "OPEN/CLOSED") and fans +(i.e., "ON/OFF") by visual obsen/ation at each damper and fan location and at the smoke control +status/control panel in the fire command center. + +2. Verify that all smoke control dampers and fans assume the correct operating position under both normal and +fire modes and when the manual override switches at the smoke control status/control panel are placed in the +"auto" position. + +3. Verify that the manual override switches function property for smoke control dampers and fans. + +4. Items 1, 2 and 3 above may be performed by qualified service technicians who are familiar with the proper +operation of the smoke control systems and equipment. The engineer responsible for conducting the smoke +control system performance tests shall develop the test procedures to be used and review the results obtained +by the service technicians, including an actual sampling to confirm the accuracy of the test. A statement +summarizing this review shall be included in the performance test report described in section 909.18.4 that is +required to be submitted by the engineer to the Fire Department. + +5. A copy of the written test procedure and an accurate log of tests shall be maintained in the fire command +center and at either the building management office or the maintenance office. A copy of the previous test +report shall be submitted to the engineer responsible for the smoke control performance tests for the +engineer's review and approval prior to the smoke control test. Any defects, system modifications and repairs +shall be recorded in the log. Necessary corrections shall be made prior to the smoke control performance test. + + + +-194- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +909.18.3.2 Performance tests. Within 30 days after completion of annual equipment operating tests defined +above, conduct the following smoke control system performance tests. The annual smoke control systems tests +shall be conducted under the direct supen/ision of a professional engineer qualified in the testing of such smoke +control systems. + +1. Activate the smoke control systems manually for tests used to confirm minimum pressure differentials +defined in this Section. + +2. Activate the smoke control systems automatically through the fire alarm system for tests used to confirm +proper sequencing of the system components. Measure actual relative pressure differentials between areas in +alarm and adjacent areas and actual door opening forces. + +3. For high rise buildings, conduct smoke control tests, obsen/ations and measurements of all aspects of the +smoke control system at a minimum of 3 locations: a floor in the lower third, a floor in the middle third and a +floor in the upper third of the building. Smoke control tests in subsequent years shall be conducted on +previously untested floors, as may be practical so that all floors ultimately are tested. + +4. For all other buildings, conduct smoke control tests, observations and measurements of all aspects of the +smoke control system at a minimum number of locations to demonstrate proper performance as approved by +the Fire Department. Each test shall attempt to involve as many different fan systems as practical. Smoke +control tests in subsequent years shall be conducted on previously untested locations, as may be practical so +that all locations ultimately are tested over a three year period. + +5. Tests of the smoke control system shall be conducted by activation of at least one smoke detector in each +smoke control zone on each floor being tested. One test of at least one of the smoke control zones shall +include activation of one sprinkler flow switch. In addition, the smoke control tests shall include activation of +at least one manual fire alarm box. For high rise buildings, pressure differentials shall be measured across +stairway doors, between floors in alarm and floors immediately above and below floors in alarm, across +elevator/lobby /refuge corridor area doors and adjoining spaces in Group Rl, R2 or II occupancies, and +between atriums and areas immediately adjacent to atriums where atriums are part of high rise buildings. + +6. Upon activation of the fire alarm system for each test, confirm that the smoke control system fans and +dampers have assumed the correct operating condition for the type of alarm initiating device and the location +of the initiating device. This shall be confirmed also at the smoke control panel in the fire command center. + +7. Manually override the operation of a sampling of fans and dampers during each test, taking care not to +damage system components. Return all override switches to their "auto" position after each test. + +909.18.4 Test reports. Within 30 days of completing any smoke control test, submit a test report to the Fire +Department. A copy of the previous and current test reports shall be kept in the fire command center. The test report +shall be written by the professional engineer who conducted the testing. The test report shall bear the seal and +signature of the professional engineer. Any defects, modifications and repairs shall be recorded in a log kept in the +fire command center and at either the building management office or the maintenance office. The test report shall +include, but is not limited to the following: + +1. Provide a brief description of the smoke control system installed in the building being tested, and state the year +the building received its construction permit for the smoke control system. Provide a sequence of operation for +the smoke control system. + +2. Describe in general terms the equipment operating test procedures. Include a list of the equipment operating and +smoke control test deficiencies along with a schedule of the proposed corrective action. + +3. Describe detailed procedures followed during the equipment operating tests. Describe detailed procedures +followed during the smoke control tests. + +4. List test equipment used and outside air temperature and wind conditions at the time the smoke control tests were +conducted. + +5. State sequences and timing of the system operations during all smoke control tests (e.g., smoke detector activation +time, fan start times, time for dampers to assume the correct position, etc.) + +6. List the location of test measurements and the measured values for pressure differentials and door-opening forces +for each test location. + +-195- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +7. Record any operational defects and performance deficiencies with respect to the requirements of this Section, and +state recommendations for corrective action. Include a schedule to re-test each deficiency. Submit results of any +subsequent tests performed after completion of the corrective action. + +8. Engineer's assessment indicating that the smoke control system, as installed and tested, conforms to the +requirements of Section 909. + +909.18.5 System repairs and maintenance. All deficiencies noted in the annual report will be corrected within 30 +days and, if required by the engineer, the smoke control system shall be re- tested. All smoke control systems will be +maintained to perform its intended purpose under the code version with which it was built. As stated in IPC Section +107.5, correction and abatement of violations of this code shall be the responsibility of the owner. With approval of +the Denver Building Department and the Denver Fire Department smoke control systems may be remodeled to +comply with current code. + +909.19 System acceptance. Buildings, or portions thereof, required by this code to comply with this section shall not be +issued a certificate of occupancy until such time that the fire code official determines that the provisions of this section +have been fully complied with and that the fire department has received satisfactory instruction on the operation, both +automatic and manual, of the system. + +Exception: + +In buildings of phased construction, a temporary certificate of occupancy, as approved by the fire code official, +shall be allowed provided that those portions of the building to be occupied meet the requirements of this section +and that the remainder does not pose a significant hazard to the safety of the proposed occupants or adjacent +buildings. + +909.20 Smokeproof enclosures. For buildings required to comply with Section 403 or 405, a smokeproof enclosure shall +consist of an enclosed, pressurized stairway conforming to IBCA Section 1020.1and IFCA Section 909.21. + +909.20.1 Construction. Smokeproof vertical exit enclosures shall be separated from the remainder of the building by +not less than a 2- hour fire- resistance- rated fire barrier without openings other than the required means of egress doors. +The open exterior balcony shall be constructed in accordance with the fire-resistance-rating requirements for floor +construction. + +909.20.1.1 Door closers. Doors in a smokeproof enclosure shall be self-closing or shall be automatic closing by +actuation of a smoke detector installed at the floor-side entrance to the smokeproof enclosure. The actuation of the +smoke detector on any door shall activate the closing devices on all doors in the smokeproof enclosure at all +levels. Smoke detectors shall be installed in accordance with Section 907.10. + +909.20.2 Stair pressurization alternative. Stairway pressurization shall comply with Section 909.21.4 + +909.20.3 Ventilating equipment. The activation of ventilating equipment shall be as required in Section 907.2. + +909.20.3.1 Ventilation systems. Smokeproof enclosure ventilation systems shall be independent of other building +ventilation systems. The equipment and ductwork shall comply with one of the following: + +1. Equipment and ductwork shall be located exterior to the building and directly connected to the smokeproof +enclosure or connected to the smokeproof enclosure by ductwork enclosed by 2-hour fire barriers. + +2. Equipment and ductwork shall be located within the smokeproof enclosure with intake or exhaust directly +from and to the outside or through ductwork enclosed by 2- hour fire barriers. + +3. Equipment and ductwork shall be located within the building if separated from the remainder of the building, +including other mechanical equipment, by 2-hour fire barriers. + +909.20.3.2 Emergency power. Mechanical hoistway and stair shaft ventilation systems and automatic fire +detection systems shall be powered by an approved emergency power system conforming to IFC Section 403.10.1 +and Chapter 27. + +909.20.3.3 Acceptance and testing. In accordance with Section 909.18. + +909.21 Alternative design approach + +909.21.1 Scope and purpose. The alternative approach for the design of smoke control systems, which is described +in this Section, has been developed over 25 years within the City of Denver and uses a prescriptive approach for the + +-196- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +design, installation and performance verification of smoke control systems and applies to mechanical smoke control +systems. The purpose of this Section is to establish minimum requirements for the design and installation of smoke +control systems, which are intended to provide a tenable environment for the evacuation or relocation of occupants. +These provisions are not intended for the preservation of content or for assistance in fire suppression or overhaul +activities. Nothing within these requirements is intended to apply when smoke control is not otherwise required by +this Code. Smoke control systems will not be accepted as a substitute for automatic fire sprinkler system protection. + +909.21.2 Design criteria. + +909.21.2.1 Minimum pressure differential. The minimum pressure differential across stairway and hoistway +fire and smoke proof enclosures, on non-fire floors, shall be 0.05-inch water gauge (0.0124 kPa), positive from +the stairway or hoistway to the fire floor. + +909.21.2.2 Maximum door opening force. The maximum pressure difference across a fire barrier shall be +determined by the required door-opening or door-closing forces. Door opening force shall not exceed 30 pounds +applied horizontally at the latch side of the door on the door- opening device under any operating condition. +Maximum door opening force shall not exceed 15 pounds during a non-fire mode of operation. + +909.21.2.3 Resistance to smoke recirculation. Locate outdoor air intakes for pressurization systems remote +from points of discharge for smoke exhaust systems, in order to minimize the potential for recirculation of smoke +to the outdoor air intakes. The minimum separation distance shall be 10 ft. in any direction. + +909.21.2.4 Determination of the volume of a space. Certain prescriptive criteria contained within this +alternative design approach are associated with the sizing of smoke control systems. The volume of a given +building element shall be defined as the space that is contained between the finished floor slab(s) of one level and +the underside of the floor or roof element above, and the walls or partitions that form the boundaries of the space. + +909.21.2.5 Fire/Smoke damper temperature rating. The temperature rating for the fusible link in fire and +combination fire/smoke dampers, where they are applied in smoke exhaust systems, shall be no less than 250 +Deg. F. For systems where the probable temperature rise to which the damper will be exposed may be higher than +250 Deg. F the temperature shall be computed as in 909.10.1. + +909.21.3 Smoke control systems for atriums (where required by Section 404). + +909.21.3.1 Requirements. The prescriptive approach described hereinafter may be used when approved by the +Denver Fire Department. The operation of the smoke control systems shall be controlled through the fire alarm +system and shall comply with the requirements of this Section. The atrium volume shall include all spaces not +separated from the atrium by the provisions of IBC Section 404.5. + +909.21.3.2 Atriums 55 feet or less in height with a volume of 600,000 cubic feet or less. The system shall +exhaust a minimum of six air changes per hour Gravity supply or fan powered supply shall be provided within +10 feet of the lowest level of the atrium and shall be sized for 75 percent of the exhaust air rate. A maximum +velocity of 200 feet per minute shall be maintained across the net free area of the supply air openings. + +909.21.3.3 Atriums 55 feet or less in height with a volume in excess of 600,000 cubic feet. The system shall +exhaust a minimum of four air changes per hour Gravity supply or fan powered supply shall be provided within +10 feet of the lowest level of the atrium and shall be sized for 75 percent of the exhaust air rate. A maximum +velocity of 200 feet per minute shall be maintained across the net free area of the supply air openings + +909.21.3.4 Atriums in excess of 55 feet in height. The system shall exhaust a minimum of four air changes per +hour. A minimum of 50 percent of the volume of supply air shall be sized and introduced via gravity supply or fan +powered inlets within 10 feet of the lowest level of the atrium. The total volume of supply air shall be 75 percent +of the required volume of exhaust air + +909.21.3.5 Exhaust openings. Exhaust openings shall be located in the ceiling or in a smoke trap area +immediately adjacent to the ceiling at the top of the atrium. The lowest level of the exhaust openings shall be +above the top of the highest elevation of door openings into the atrium. + +909.21.4 Smoke control systems for high-rise buildings. + +909.21.4.1 Stairway pressurization systems. + +909.21.4.1.1 Requirements. Each interior enclosed exit stairway and associated exit passageway shall be +mechanically pressurized with outdoor air, via a separate, dedicated pressurization system. The operation of + +-197- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +each stairway pressurization system shall be controlled through the fire alarm system, as described in +subsequent Articles of this Section. Stairway pressurization system ductwork shall not include fire or smoke +dampers; however, isolation dampers may be included in the outdoor air intake ductwork systems, where such +dampers are controlled via hard-wired interlock, and are configured to be "fail" open from a control +standpoint. + +909.21.4.1.2 Operation. Each stairway pressurization system shall be enclosed in a two-hour fire-resistive +enclosure, from the outdoor air intake to the stairway enclosure penetration. Each fan discharge shall be +provided with a duct smoke detector that shall be annunciated as a supen/isory signal at the fire command +center (graphic panel) and illuminate a lamp adjacent to the fan status indicator on the firefighters smoke +control panel. The capability to manually override the operation of each fan shall be provided to Fire +Department personnel in the fire command center. Fans shall not shut off until manually overridden by Fire +Department personnel or until the fire alarm system is reset. + +909.21.4.1.3 Design. The air volume introduced into the stairway shall be as follows: 15 floors or less, at least +1,000 cfm per floor; 16 floors or more, at least 15,000 cfm, plus 200 cfm per floor level in excess of 15 floors +with 1.0 inch w.c. static pressure minimum at duct penetration into the stairway. Static pressure control shall +be provided for stairway pressurization fan systems. Variable frequency drives may be utilized for this +purpose. + +909.21.4.2 Hoistway pressurization systems. + +909.21.4.2.1 Requirements. Each elevator hoistway shall be mechanically pressurized with outside air, via a +separate, dedicated pressurization system. The operation of each hoistway pressurization system shall be +controlled through the fire alarm system. Elevator hoistway pressurization system ductwork shall not include +fire or smoke dampers; however, isolation dampers may be included, in the outdoor air intake ductwork +systems, where such dampers are controlled via hardwired interlock, and are configured to be "fail" open +from a control standpoint. + +909.21.4.2.2 Operation. Each pressurization system shall be enclosed in a two-hour fire resistive enclosure, +from outside air intake to the hoistway penetration. Each fan discharge shall be provided with a duct smoke +detector that shall be annunciated as a supen/isoiy signal at the fire command center graphic panel and +illuminate a lamp adjacent to the fan status indicator on the firefighters smoke control panel. Fans shall not +shut off until manually overridden by Fire Department personnel or until the fire alarm system is reset. + +909.21.4.2.3 Design. Elevator hoistway pressurization systems shall be sized for a minimum of 15,000 CFM +per bank (shaft) of elevators, plus 300 CFM per door opening per floor, with 1.0 inch water gauge static +pressure, minimum, at the duct penetration into hoistway. Static pressure control shall be provided for +hoistway pressurization fan systems. Variable frequency drives may be utilized for this purpose. Hoistway +pressurization system performance shall not interfere with the opening and closing of elevator doors. Refer to +Chapter 30 for door activation. + +909.21.4.2.4 Smoke venting to exterior. Smoke venting of pressurized elevator hoistways to the exterior of +the building shall not be required. + +909.21.4.2.5 Elevator machine rooms. Elevator machine rooms may be pressurized indirectiy via the +elevator hoistway pressurization system through the cable slots in the machine room floor. + +909.21.4.2.6 Lobby/Refuge areas. Elevator lobbies designated as refuge areas may have the elevator +lobby/refuge area pressurized using the elevator hoistway pressurization system by transferring air to the +elevator lobby /refuge area from the hoistway. Use of transfer openings protected with fire/smoke dampers +between tiie hoistway and tiie lobby/refuge area is acceptable. + +909.21.4.3 G eneral building smoke exhaust. + +909.21.4.3.1 Requirements. A general smoke exhaust system(s) shall be provided in buildings with a high- +rise classification, for the occupancies indicated. This system(s) shall be controlled via the fire alarm system, +to operate in conjunction with the other applicable smoke control systems for the building, in order to achieve +the objectives as follows: 1) To maintain a zone of negative pressure on the fire floor (or smoke zone) relative +to the other floors or smoke zones, and 2) To maintain a maximum stairway door opening force on the fire +floor. The prescriptive approach described hereinafter is not intended to preclude the use of a performance- + +-198- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +based approach, such as that defined by NFPA, for smoke control; however, the values listed hereinafter +represent the minimum level of performance that must be achieved. + +909.21.4.3.2 Configuration. The general smoke exhaust system shall include motorized combination +fire/smoke dampers or a motorized smoke and a fire damper on each floor of a multi- level building sen/ed by +the system(s). The exhaust damper(s) on the fire floor shall be commanded open, in order to exhaust that +floor, and the smoke exhaust fan commanded to the operating mode. The exhaust dampers on the non-fire +floors shall be driven to, or shall remain in, the closed position. The use of smoke dampers shall not preclude +the provision of fire dampers, where required by other Sections of this code. + +909.21.4.3.3 Design criteria. The general building smoke exhaust system(s) for each floor/smoke zone shall +be sized in accordance with the following: 1) The assumption that make-up air will be available on the fire +floor; 2) The smoke exhaust system shall be sized to remove a minimum of five air changes per hour on the +fire floor in Occupancy Groups A, B, E and M; 3) The smoke exhaust system shall be sized to remove a +minimum of fifteen air changes per hour in the typical floor corridors, the typical floor corridors/elevator +lobbies, or the typical floor elevator lobbies in Occupancy Groups Rl, R2, II and 13; 4) That appropriate +consideration be made for damper leakage on non-fire floors connected to a central riser system, when +selecting the smoke exhaust fan(s). + +909.21.4.3.4 Street level retail exception. General building pressurization and smoke exhaust systems will +not be required to sen/e individual retail areas located on the level of egress and that have at least one exit +directly to the exterior. + +909.21.4.4 Smoke control systems for parking garages within high rise structures. + +909.21.4.4.1 Requirements. Elevator lobbies designated as refuge areas on all floors within an enclosed +parking structure shall have the elevator lobby/refuge area pressurized using the elevator hoistway +pressurization system by transferring air to the elevator lobby /refuge area. Use of transfer openings protected +with fire/smoke dampers between the hoistway and the lobby /refuge area is acceptable. + +909.21.4.4.2 Open parking garages. A general building smoke control system shall not be required for +elevator lobbies that are enclosed and that sen/e an open parking garage, if direct access without stairs or +obstructions is available for people with special needs to exit from the elevator lobby to the open parking +garage level or directly to a public way. + +909.21.4.4.3 Enclosed garages. Exhaust fans associated with an enclosed parking structure shall be capable +of manual operation from the fire command center. Such exhaust fans will not require a redundant source of +electrical power, and this shall be indicated at the fire command center with the words, "Not on Emergency +Power". + +909.21.5 G eneral building smoke exhaust for large spaces. + +909.21.5.1 Requirements. Each floor area shall be a compartment and smoke control zone not to exceed +52,000 square feet on a single floor. Smoke control zones shall be separated from each other by a wall that +shall extend from the floor to the underside of the floor or roof above, except for the following: + +1 . penings into atriums. + +2. Pedestrian bridges between two buildings. + +3. Non- required stair enclosures between floors. + +4. Open escalators between multiple floors. + +909.21.5.2 Design criteria. Building construction shall be configured in order to support the performance of +the general building smoke exhaust system, in accordance with the following: + +1. Draft stops shall be provided between smoke control zones without wall separation, in order to prevent +migration of smoke throughout the building, whereby the configuration of the draft stops shall be +approved by the Building and Fire Departments. + +2. A smoke control zone in alarm shall actuate the respective general building smoke exhaust system, while +the smoke exhaust systems in the adjacent smoke control zones shall remain inactive. + + + +-199- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +3. The minimum static pressure differential shall be maintained in the adjacent non-fire zones, with respect +to the smoke control zones in alarm, where smoke control zones have wall separations. + +4. Sprinkler zones shall coincide with smoke zones. + +5. Products of combustion must be demonstrated to be contained within the zone of origin, for smoke zones +without wall separations, and the failure to restrict products of combustion to the floor or area of origin +will be considered as not complying with the requirements for the smoke control system. + +909.21.6 Smoke control systems for covered mall buildings (where required by Section 404). + +909.21.6.1 Requirements. A mechanically operated smoke control system, which shall operate to restrict smoke +to the general area of fire origin and to maintain the exiting system in a condition that is safe for exiting, shall be +installed in covered mall buildings. + +909.21.6.2 Smoke control systems for tenant space and anchor stores. + +909.21.6.2.1 Requirements. The spaces shall be compartmentalized into smoke control zones not to exceed +52,000 square feet on a single floor. Except for openings between the covered mall area and tenant spaces, +smoke control zones shall be separated from each other by wall construction having a fire resistance rating per +IBC Section 402.7.2 and 402.7.3. The walls shall extend from the floor to the underside of the floor or roof +above. + +909.21.6.2.2 Design criteria. The tenant space and anchor store smoke control exhaust system shall be sized +to exhaust a minimum of 6 air changes per hour or 20,000 cfm from each smoke control zone, whichever is +greater. + +909.21.6.3 Smoke control systems for covered mall areas. + +909.21.6.3.1 Requirements. A smoke exhaust system shall be provided to serve covered mall areas. Smoke +exhaust locations shall be configured in order to preclude accumulation of smoke in any area of the covered +mall. The smoke exhaust system shall be activated by the fire alarm system. If multiple smoke control zones +for the mall area are provided either by zone area requirements of this Section or by system design, then only +the smoke exhaust system for the zone in alarm shall be activated. Smoke exhaust systems for adjacent +covered mall zones shall not operate. + +909.21.6.3.2 Design criteria. The smoke control equipment for the covered mall areas shall be separate from +that serving tenant spaces. The covered mall area smoke removal system shall provide at least 6 air changes +per hour. + +909.21.7 Smoke control for large assembly areas. + +909.21.7.1 Requirements. A mechanically operated air- handling system, which shall restrict the smoke to the +general area of fire origin and maintain the exiting system in a condition that is safe for exiting, shall be installed +in buildings with assembly areas or similar areas where the occupant load of each area is 1,000 or greater, as +calculated per 2006 IBC Section 1004, and smoke control is required per Sections 909.21.3 (atriums) and +909.21.4 (high- rises). The spaces shall be compartmentalized into smoke control zones. Large assembly areas +shall be separated from other adjacent areas, or smoke control zones by smoke partitions. Detector zones may not +exceed 22,500 square feet and no detector zone shall serve more than one smoke control zone. + +Exceptions: + +1. Large assembly smoke zones shall be separated from adjacent zones by draft stops located +immediately adjacent to each smoke zone. The draft stops shall be at least 18 inches deep. The draft +stops shall be of non combustible or limited combustible material that will stay in place before and +during sprinkler operation. + +2. Large assembly areas smoke zones separation from adjacent smoke zones is not required for ceiling +heights 18 feet and greater. + +909.21.7.2 Design criteria. The smoke control exhaust system shall exhaust a minimum of 6 air changes per hour +or 20,000 cfm from each smoke control zone, whichever is greater. + +909.21.8 Retrofit of smoke control systems in existing high rise buildings. + + + +-200- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +909.21.8.1 Requirements. Smoke control systems shall be maintained in operational condition as required by the +code under which the system was installed. System upgrades shall generally comply with the requirements of +Section 909. Construction drawings and system sequence of operation shall be submitted for approval. The +upgraded system shall be considered the new requirement and documented as approved by the Denver Building +Department and the Denver Fire Department. Future work shall not be allowed to adversely affect the +performance of the system. + +SECTION 910 + +SMOKE AND HEAT VENTS + +Amend Table 910.3 by deleting Option 2 rows under column heading "Occupancy Group and +Commodity Classification" for both commodity classes "l-IV" and "High Hazard." + +Delete Section 910.3.1.1. Gravity vents. + +SECTION 913 +FIRE PUMPS + +Amend Section 913.1 by adding the following after the last sentence: + +Limited service controllers are not permitted. + +Add Section 913.6 as follows: + +913.6 Fire pump requirement for non-high-rise structures. Where standpipes are required by other provisions of this +code, a fire pump shall be provided. Installation of a fire pump is not required subject to the following exceptions. A +written request for approval of omission of the fire pump, substantiating compliance with this provision, shall be +submitted to the fire department. Where required, fire pump shall have a water flow rate of 500 gpm or the sprinkler +system flow demand, whichever results in a larger fire pump. The fire pump shall be capable of delivering the required +sprinkler system pressure demand. + +Exceptions: + +1. The requirement of a fire pump may be waived in all occupancies except H and I occupancies where all of the +following are met: + +a. Buildings shall be equipped throughout by an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with IFC Sections +903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 with quick response or residential sprinkler heads. + +b. City water pressure, as tested at the site, must be capable of hydraulically supporting the sprinkler system +witiiout a fire pump or augmentation by the Fire Department. + +c. Standpipes shall be installed or be existing and, when a fire pump is not provided, shall be capable of +providing water flow as follows: + +For Class I standpipe systems, the minimum flow rate for the hydraulically most remote standpipe shall +be 500 gpm, and the calculation procedure shall be in accordance with NFPA 14. The minimum flow rate +for additional standpipes shall be 250 gpm per standpipe, with the total not to exceed 1000 gpm for +buildings that are sprinklered throughout per NFPA 13 or NFPA 13R. Minimum pressure for system +design shall be as required by NFPA 14 with Fire Department pumpers augmenting the system with a +maximum flow rate of 1,000 gpm and a maximum pressure of 135 psi at each fire department connection +(FDC). + +d. Projects must have approved Fire Department access for fire- fighting apparatus to the building FDC or +connections located on the exterior face of the building. The distance from the centerline of fire +department access to the primary FDC shall not exceed 50 feet. + +e. If the building floor plate exceeds 12,500 sq. ft, two separate and remote FDCs shall be provided. One +FDC shall be within 100 ft of a fire hydrant. + +f. A graphic or a directory type annunciation panel shall be provided. Each level shall be provided with a +flow switch and shall be annunciated as a separate zone. The main flow switch shall also be annunciated + +-201 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +as a separate zone. Tamper switches may be annunciated on one zone. Valve monitoring and waterflow +alarm and trouble signals shall be distinctiy annunciated. + +2. The requirement of a fire pump may be waived in mixed- use or single- use open parking garages with +standpipes, including those with enclosed parking levels under the open garage. This exception is applicable +where tiie elevation of the highest tier/floor does not exceed 75 ft above the lowest level of Fire Department +vehicle access and the following provisions are met: + +a. The building is constructed in accordance with IBC Section 406.3. + +b. Standpipes shall be installed or be existing and, when a fire pump is not provided, shall be capable of +providing water flow as follows: + +For Class I automatic dry standpipe systems, the minimum flow rate for the hydraulically most remote +standpipe shall be 500 gpm, and the calculation procedure shall be in accordance with NFPA 14. The +minimum flow rate for additional standpipes shall be 250 gpm per standpipe, with the total not to exceed +1000 gpm. Minimum pressure for system design shall be as required by NFPA 14 with Fire Department +pumpers augmenting tiie system witii a maximum flow rate of 1,000 gpm and a maximum pressure of 135 +psi at each fire department connection (FDC). + +c. Standpipes are installed in accordance with IFCA Section 905 and NFPA 14. + +d. Projects must have approved Fire Department access for fire fighting apparatus to the building FDC +located on the exterior face of the building. The distance from the centerline of fire department access to +the primary FDC shall not exceed 50 feet. + +Add Section 915 as follows: + +SECTION 915 + +RADIO ENHANCEMENT SYSTEM + +915.1 Radio Enhancement System for underground buildings. All underground buildings shall comply with +Department of Safety Radio Enhancement Systems (RES) requirements as defined in IFCA Section 907.2.12.3.3. + +915.2 Radio Enhancement System for buildings exceeding 50,000 square feet of building area. All buildings +exceeding 50,000 total square feet of floor area shall comply with Department of Safety Radio Enhancement Systems +(RES) requirements as defined in IFCA Section 907.2.12.3.3. + +The Department of Safety radio frequency range— 800 MHz to 870 MHz— shall operate effectively throughout the +structure at a radio control channel signal level of no less than -100 dBm at 90% or more of the locations measured within +each grid area. Equivalently, the service area reliability shall be 90% or greater on each floor of the structure and parking +levels. + +Upon completion of major construction and prior to occupancy of the building, radio acceptance testing by Denver Fire +Department Technicians or technicians with appropriate knowledge and training who are licensed by the Denver Fire +Department shall be performed. + +Exception: + +Where an RES is not installed at time of construction, an empty two- inch (2") vertical metallic raceway or conduit +shall be provided near each required stairway enclosure and in each elevator lobby. Where the radio signal +coverage does not comply with provisions of Sections 915.2 and 907.2.12.3.3, the 2" empty conduits shall be used +for installation of RES. Installation of RES shall be completed prior to issuance of the Certificate of Occupancy. + + + +-202- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 10 +MEANS OF EGRESS + +All amendments to Sections 1001 through 1026 of this chapter are located in Chapter 10 of the Denver +Amendments to the International Building Code (IBCA). + +SECTION 1027 + +MEANS OF EGRESS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS + +Replace Section 1027.16.3 as follows: + +1027.16.3 Dimensions. Fire escape stairs shall meet the minimum width, riser height and tread depth as specified in +IBCA Sections 3404.4 and 105.1. + + + +CHAPTER 11 +AVIATION FACILITIES + +SECTION 1106 +AIRCRAFT FUELING + +Add Section 1106.12.1 as follows: + +1106.12.1 Auxiliary power unit (APU). Fuel servicing shall not be performed on a fixed-wing aircraft while an +onboard engine, APU or heater, is operating. + +Exception: + +In an emergency resulting from the failure of an onboard auxiliary power unit on a jet aircraft, and in the +absence of suitable ground support equipment, a jet engine mounted at the rear of the aircraft or on the wing on +the side opposite the fueling point shall be permitted to be operated during fueling or defueling to provide +power, provided that the operation follows written procedures approved by Denver International Airport and +the Denver Fire Department. + +SECTION 1107 + +HELISTOPS AND HELIPORTS + +Add Section 1107.9 as follows: + +1107.9 Helistops on roofs. In addition to other applicable portions of this Code, helistops located on roofs shall comply +with the following: + +1 . Smoking is prohibited on the roof operating area during landing and takeoff operations. + +2. Persons, other than helistop personnel, shall be restricted to designated protected or fenced waiting areas during +landing and take-off operations. + +3. Loose material such as gravel is prohibited. + +4. Openings in the roof shall not be permitted in the immediate landing area. + +5. Major repair and maintenance operations are not permitted on the helistop except in cases of emergency, and only +wilii prior notification to the department. + +6. Communication facilities shall be provided from the helistop to the department and building personnel for emergency +notification. + +7. Helistop personnel shall be trained in the use of communication and fire extinguishing equipment. + +-203- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +8. The storage of flammable liquids or highly combustible materials on the roof is prohibited. + +9. An exterior (weatherproof) manual pull station shall be provided by each exit and shall be connected to the building +alarm system. + +10. At least 100 feet of approved 1.5-inch hose equipped with an approved fog nozzle and a 2.5-inch male NST reduced +to a 1.5- inch male Denver thread shall be provided in a weatherproof cabinet adjacent to the roof standpipe. + + + +CHAPTER 14 +FIRE SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION + +SECTION 1401 +GENERAL + +1401.3 Permit Required (Addition) + +Add new subsection as follows: + +1401.3 Permit required. Permits shall be required as set forth in Section 105.6 for the activities or uses regulated by +sections 1403 - Temporary Heating Equipment, 1404.3 - Open Burning, 1404.5 - Fire Watch, 1404.6 - Cutting and +Welding, 1405.1 Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 1405.2 - Class I and Class II Liquids, 1406.1 - Storage +and Handling (Flammable Gases), 1407.1 - Storage and Handling (Explosive Materials), 1417 - Safeguarding Roofing +Operations, and 1418 - Asbestos Operations. + +SECTION 1413 +STANDPIPES + +Replace Section 1413.1 as follows: + +1413.1 Where required. Buildings four or more stories in height shall be provided with not less than one standpipe for +use during construction. Such standpipes shall be installed when the progress of construction is not more than 30 feet in +height above the lowest level of Fire Department vehicle access or where the floor level of the lowest story is located +more than 30 feet below the highest level of Fire Department vehicle access. Such standpipes shall be provided with Fire +Department hose connections at accessible locations adjacent to usable stairs. Such standpipes shall be extended as +consturction progresses to within one floor of the highest point of construction having secured decking or flooring. One +fire department connection [not less than two (2) 2.5-inch inlets with 4-inch piping] shall be provided for buildings less +than 200 feet in height. Where building exceeds 200 feet in height, two (2) separate 6- inch manual dry standpipes shall be +required. These standpipes shall be located adjacent to a usable stair with a 200 feet maximum separation between +standpipes. Each standpipe shall be connected to two (2) 2.5-inch inlet fire department connections. Each fire department +connection shall be signed indicating which standpipe it serves. The fire department connection(s) shall be provided at a +location visible from the public way, accessible to fire apparatus and approved by Fire Prevention personnel. Refer to IFC +Chapter 9. + +Add new section as follows: + +SECTION 1418 +ASBESTOS OPERATIONS + +1418.1 General. Operations involving asbestos or asbestos- containing materials in buildings and other structures +regulated by this code shall be in accordance with IFC Section 1418. + +1418.2 Notification. The fire code official shall be notified 24 hours prior to the commencement and closure of asbestos +operations. The permit applicant shall notify the building official when asbestos abatement involves the removal of +materials which were used as a feature of the building's fire resistance. + +-204- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1418.3 Signs. Approved signs shall be posted at the entrance, exit, decontamination areas and waste- disposal areas for +asbestos operations. The signs shall state asbestos abatement operations are in progress in the area, asbestos is a suspected +carcinogen and proper respiratory protection is required. Signs shall have a reflective surface and lettering shall be a +minimum of two inches (51 mm) in height. + + + +CHAPTER 15 +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + +SECTION 1501 +GENERAL + +Replace Section 1501.1, Item #4 as follows: + +4. Floor surfacing or finishing operations involving flammable finishes. +Replace Section 1501.1, Item #6 as follows: + +6. Spraying and dipping operations, including spraying noncombustible materials (water based). + +SECTION 1504 +SPRAY FINISHING + +Replace Section 1504.6.1.2.1, Item #3 as follows: + +3. Have the ventilating system maintain a concentration 25 percent below the lower flammable limit (LFL) +within the spray booth or spray room during the drying process and automatically shut off drying +apparatus in the event of a failure of the ventilating system. + +SECTION 1505 +DIPPING OPERATIONS + +Replace Section 1505.7 as follows: + +1505.7 Ventilation of flammable vapor areas. Mechanical ventilation shall be provided to maintain airborne +concentrations below 25 percent the lower flammability limit (LFL). Required ventilation systems shall be arranged such +that the failure of any ventilating fan shall automatically stop the dipping conveyor system. + +SECTION 1510 + +FLOOR SURFACING AND FINISHING OPERATIONS + +Replace Section 1510.1 as follows: + +1510.1 Scope. Floor surfacing and finishing operations using Class I or Class II liquids shall comply with IFC Sections + +1510.2 through 1510.5. + + + +-205- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 16 +FRUIT AND CROP RIPENING + +SECTION 1603 +ETHYLENE GAS + +Add Sections 1603.3 and 1603.4 as follows: + +1603.3 Storage. Containers other than those connected for use shall be stored outside of ripening process buildings or in +a special building. + +Exception: + +Storage of not more than two portable containers complying with Section 3003.1 and approved for transportation +is allowed in ripening process buildings. + +1603.4 Piping. Piping containing ethylene shall be constructed of iron. Flexible connectors and hose, when used, shall +be of an approved type. Tubing shall be of brass, copper, or stainless steel with not less than 0.049- inch (1.2 mm) +wall thickness. + +CHAPTER 17 +FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING + +SECTION 1701 +GENERAL + +Replace Section 1701.2 as follows: + +1701.2 Permits. No person shall engage in the actual operation of fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging without first +obtaining a permit. No fumigation room, vault, or chamber using toxic or flammable fumigant shall be used or +maintained without first obtaining a permit. Permits shall be required as set forth in Section 105.6. + +AcJcJ Section 1701.3 as follows: + +1701.3 License. No person shall conduct fumigation or insecticidal operations without first obtaining a license from the +City and County of Denver Department of Excise and Licenses as required by the Revised Municipal Code. + +SECTION 1703 + +FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS + +AcJcJ Sections 1703.1.1 ancJ 1703.1.2 as follows: + +1703.1.1 Usage warning signs. Where fumigants and thermal insecticidal fogging products are used, approved +warning signs bearing the "skull and crossbones" emblem with the warning "DANGER! POISON GAS! KEEP +OUT!" and notices pertaining to the type of chemicals being used shall be posted. The notices pertaining to the type +of chemicals for fumigation and thermal insecticidal fogging shall be printed in red ink on a white background. +Letters in the headlines shall be at least 2 inches (51 mm) in height and shall state the date and time of the operation, +the name and address of the person, the name of the operator in charge, and a warning stating that the occupied +premises shall be vacated at least 1 hour before the operation begins and shall not be reentered until the danger signs +have been removed by the proper authorities. + +1703.1.2 Storage warning signs. Where fumigants and thermal insecticidal fogging products are stored NFPA 704 +placard guidelines shall be followed. + +Replace Section 1703.3.1 as follows: + +1703.3.1 Warning signs. Approved warning signs indicating the danger, type of chemical involved and necessary +precautions shall be posted on all doors and entrances to the premises, including interior rooms and areas. Where + +-206- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +fumigants and thermal insecticidal fogging products are used, approved warning signs bearing the "skull and +crossbones" emblem with the warning "DANGER! POISON GAS! KEEP OUT!" shall be posted. Such notices shall +be printed in red ink on a white background. Letters in the headlines shall be at least two (2) inches (51 mm) in +height and shall state the date and time of the operation, the name and address of the person, the name of the operator +in charge, and a warning stating that the occupied premises shall be vacated at least one (1) hour before the operation +begins and shall not be reentered until the danger signs have been removed by the proper authorities. + +Add Section 1703.3.1.1 as follows: + +1703.3.1.1 Storage warning signs. Where fumigants and thermal insecticidal fogging products are stored, NFPA +704 placard guidelines shall be followed. + +CHAPTER 19 +LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING FACILITIES + +SECTION 1904 +FIRE PROTECTION + +Replace Section 1904.2 as follows: + +1904.2 Portable fire extinguishers and standpipes. Portable fire extinguishers or standpipes supplied from an approved +water system shall be provided within 50 feet (15240 mm) of travel distance to any machine producing shavings or +sawdust. Extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with IFC Section 906 for extra- high hazards. + +SECTION 1909 + +EXTERIOR STORAGE OF FINISHED LUMBER PRODUCTS + +Replace Section 1909.5 as follows: + +1909.5 Fire protection. An approved hydrant and portable fire- extinguishing equipment suitable for the fire hazard +involved shall be provided for open storage yards. Hydrant systems shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 24. +Portable fire extinguishers complying with Section 906 shall be located so that the travel distance to the nearest unit does +not exceed 75 feet (22860 mm). Portable fire extinguishers located in open storage yards shall be protected from weather +and shall be maintained per NFPA 10. Portable fire extinguishers complying with IFC Section 906 and with a minimum +rating of 4-A:40-B:C shall be provided on all vehicles operating in a lumber storage yard. + +CHAPTER 20 +MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC COATINGS + +SECTION 2005 +PROCESS STRUCTURES + +Replace Section 2005.5 as follows: + +2005.5 Ventilation. Enclosed structures involving organic coating processes in which flammable or combustible liquids +are processed or handled shall be mechanically ventilated at a continuous rate of not less than 1 cfm/ft2 [0.00508 m3/(s . +m2)] of net floor area. Exhaust systems shall be designed in accordance with the International Mechanical Code. Exhaust +system inlets shall be located in the area of origin and area of greatest concentration of contaminants. Make-up air shall +be introduced in such a manner that all portions of the room or structure are provided with uniformly distributed air +movement. + + + +-207- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 21 +INDUSTRIAL OVENS + +SECTION 2103 +LOCATION + +Add Sections 2103.5, 2103.6 and 2103.7 as follows: + +2103.5 Location. Ovens, oven heaters and related equipment shall be located with due regard to the possibility of fire +resulting from overheating or the escape of fuel gas or fuel oil and the possibility of damage to the building and injury to +persons resulting from explosion. + +1 . Ovens shall be located at or above grade. + +Exception: + +Ovens shall be permitted in basements where at least 50% of the wall area of the room in which the oven is +located is above grade. + +2. Ovens shall be located to be readily accessible for inspection and maintenance and with adequate clearances to +permit the proper functioning of explosion vents. + +2103.6 Relief (explosion) vents. Ovens which may contain flammable air-gas mixtures shall be equipped with relief +vents for freely relieving internal explosion pressures. + +2103.7 Ductwork. All ductwork shall be constructed of approved non- combustible material. Ducts shall be made tight +throughout and shall have no openings other than those required for the proper operation and maintenance of the system. +Ducts passing through combustible walls, ceilings, floors or roofs shall provide adequate insulation and clearances to +prevent surface temperatures from exceeding 160 degrees F. Exhaust ducts shall not discharge within 10 feet of doors, +windows or other air intakes in a manner that will permit re-entry of vapors into the building. + + + +CHAPTER 22 +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + +SECTION 2204 +DISPENSING OPERATIONS + +Replace Section 2204.3 as follows: + +2204.3 Unattended self-service motor fuel-dispensing facilities. Unattended public self-service motor fuel- dispensing +facilities are prohibited. + +SECTION 2205 + +OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS + +AcJcJ Section 2205.6.1 as follows: + +2205.6.1 Lettering. Warning signs shall have the word "WARNING" in letters of not less than 1.5 inches in height +and the remainder of the signs shall have letters of not less than one (1) inch in height on a background of contrasting +color (but avoiding contrasts that are invisible to colorblind people). + + + +-208- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +SECTION 2211 +REPAIR GARAGES + +Replace Section 2211.4.3 as follows: + +2211.4.3 Ventilation. Where Class I liquids or LP-gas are stored or used within a building having a basement or pit +wherein flammable vapors could accumulate, the basement or pit shall be provided with mechanical ventilation in +accordance with the International Mechanical Code, at a minimum rate of 1.5 cubic feet per minute per square foot +(cfm/ft^) [0.008 rrf/(s rrf )] to p^vent the accumulation of flammable v^dois. The fan shall be configured in such a +Wc^ that it runs continuously and the exhaust inlet is placed within 12" of the pit floor + +Add Sections 2211.4.4, 2211.4.5 and 2211.4.6 as follows: + +2211.4.4 Fire protection systems. In buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler system, pits and below-grade +work areas shall be protected. Sprinkler systems in pits and below-grade work areas shall be separately zoned and the +control valve shall be located outside the pit or below-grade work area. + +2211.4.5 Flammable vapor monitoring. Pits and below-grade work areas shall be equipped with a flammable +vapor- monitoring alarm. Alarm notification shall be local only and provided in an approved location(s). + +2211.4.6 Warning sign(s). Pits and below grade work areas shall be identified as required. Doors or openings +leading to a pit or below grade work area shall be plainly marked with the word OPEN PIT in red letters at least 6 +inches high on a white background. Such warning signs shall be placed so as to be readily discernible. + + + +CHAPTER 23 +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + +SECTION 2301 +GENERAL + +Replace Section 2301.1 Item #4 as follows: + +4. Storage of combustible paper records shall be in accordance with NFPA 13, 230 and 232. +Add Section 2301.3 Item #15 as follows: + +15. Submit Hazardous Material Inventory Statement (HMIS). + +SECTION 2306 + +GENERAL FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY FEATURES + +Replace Table 2306.2 in its entirety as follows: + + + +-209- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +TABLE 2306.2 +GENERAL FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS + + + +COMMODITY +CLASS + + +SIZE OF HIGH- +PILED +STORAGE +AREA* +(square feet) + +(see Sections + +2306.2 and + +2306.4) + + +ALL STORAGE AREAS +(See Sections 2306, 2307, and 2308) ^ + + +SOLID-PILED STORAGE, SHELF STORAGE +AND PALLETIZED STORAGE + +(See Section 2307.3) + + +Automatic +fire- +extinguishing +system + +(see Section +2306.4) + + +Building +A ccess + +(see Section +2306.6) + + +Smoke and +heat removal + +(see Section +2306.7) + + +Draft curtains + +(see Section +2306.7) + + +Maximum + +pile +dimension ' + +(feet) + + +Maximum + +pemissible + +storage height + +(feet) + + +Maximum +pile volume + +(cubic feet) + + +I-IV + + +0-500 + + +Not Required + +a + + +Not Required + +e + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +501-2,500 + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + +k + + +100 + + +40 + + +100,000 + + +2,501-12,000 + + +Yes + + +Not Required + +e + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +100 + + +40 + + +400,000 + + +12,001-20,000 + + +Yes + + +Yes + + +Yes' + + +Not Required + +k + + +100 + + +40 + + +400,000 + + +20,001-500,000 + + +Yes + + +Yes + + +Yes' + + +Not Required + + +100 + + +40 + + +400,000 + + +G reater than +500,000' + + +Yes + + +Yes + + +Yes' + + +Not Required + +k + + +100 + + +40 + + +400,000 + + +High hazard + + +0-500 + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + +k + + +50 + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +501-2,500 +Public accessible + + +Yes + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + +k + + +50 + + +30 + + +75,000 + + +501-2,500 +Nonpublic +accessible + + +Yes + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + +k + + +50 + + +30 + + +75000 + + +2,501-300,000 + + +Yes + + +Yes + + +Yes + + +Not Required + +k + + +50 + + +30 + + +75,000 + + +300,001-500,000 + + +Yes + + +Yes + + +Yes + + +Not Required + +k + + +50 + + +30 + + +75000 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8mm, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832m^ 1 square foot =0.0929ni + +a When automatic sprinklers are required for reasons other tlian those in Chapter 23, the portion of the sprinkler system protecting tiie high-piled storage area shall + +be designed and installed in accordance witii Sections 2307 and 2308. +b. For aisles, see Section 2306.9 + +c Hies shall be separated by aisled conplying with Section 2306.9 +d. For storage in excess of the height indcated, special fire protection shall be provided in accordance with note g vArni required by tiie fire code official . See also + +Chapters 28 and 34 for special limitations for aerosols and flammable and combustible liquids, respectively, +a Section 503 shall apply for fire apparatus access, +f Intentionally ddeted +g. Special fire protection provisions including, but not limited to, fire protection of exposed steel columns; increased sprinkler density; additional in rack sprinklers, + +witiiout associated reductions in ceiling sprinkler density; or additional fire department hose connections shall be provided 'v\iien required by tiie fire code official, +h. High- piled storage areas shall not exceed 500,000 square feet. A 2- hour fire Wl constructed in accordance with ^International Building Code shall be used to + +divide high-piled storage exceeding 500,000 square feet in area, +i. Intentionally deleted. + +j. Not required when storage areas are protected by eariy suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinkler systems installed in accordance with NFPA 13. +k. For requirements refer to Section 910.3.5 and NFPA 13 + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +Replace Section 2306.7 as follows: + +2306.7 Smoke and heat removal. Where smoke and heat removal is required by Table 2306.2, smoke heat vents shall be +provided in accordance with Table 910.3. Where draft curtains are required by IFC Section 903.3.1.1, they shall be +provided in accordance with IFC Section 910.3.5. + +SECTION 2308 +RACK STORAGE + +Replace Section 2308.4 as follows: + +2308.4 Column protection. Steel building columns shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 13, 230 and 232. + +SECTION 2310 +SPECIALTY STORAGE + +Replace Section 2310.1 General, as follows: + +2310.1 General. Records storage facilities used for the rack or shelf storage of combustible paper records greater than 12 +feet (3658 mm) in height shall be in accoixlance with IFC Sections 2306 and 2308 and NFPA 13, NFPA 230 and NFPA +232. Palletized storage of records shall be in accordance with IFC Section 2307. Any storage compartment exceeding +50,000 ft^ will be oonadered at least a reoDiids oeatEr and must oonply with NFPA 232 regandless of reoDiids +classificatiorL + +Add Section 2311 Existing Buildings as follows: + +SECTION 2311 +EXISTING BUILDINGS + +2311.1 Scope - Existing buildings constructed prior to October 1990. This section is applicable to high-piled or rack +storage in existing buildings as follows: + +1. Any modification to the existing commodities stored in an existing tenant space where storage height is increased +or classification of the commodities is placed in a higher category per IFC 2303. + +2. New tenant spaces in existing buildings. + +3. Existing tenant spaces with new tenants. + +4. In buildings that were built and occupied by a tenant with high-piled combustible stock prior to the adoption of +the Uniform Codes on October 1, 1990; as long as that tenant remains in operation, it will be up to the Fire +Department inspection to identify any unsafe conditions per IFC Section 110. + +2311.2 Storage of Class I commodity - as defined by NFPA 13. + +2311.2.1 Automatic sprinklers. Where an automatic sprinkler system is required by Table 2306.2, an approved +automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in accordance with IFC Section 903.3. + +Exception: + +Existing automatic sprinkler system will be accepted, provided it is certified by a licensed Colorado +professional engineer or a NICET Level III certified individual to provide a protection level equal to at least +70% design density of IFC Section 903.3. + +2311.2.2 Building access. Building access from fire apparatus access roads in accordance with IFCA Section 503 +shall be provided within 200 feet of all portions of the exterior walls of a building used for high- piled storage. + +2311.2.2.1 Access doors. Fire Department access doors shall be provided in accordance with IFC Section +2306.6.1. Access doors shall be accessible without the use of a ladder. Roll-up doors shall not be used unless +approved. + +2311.2.3 Aisles. Shall be in accordance with IFC Sections 2306.9 or 903.3.1; the most restrictive shall govern. + +-211 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +2311.2.4 Portable fire extinguishers. Shall be in accordance with IFC Section 2306.10. + +2311.3 Storage of Class II and III commodity - as defined by NFPA 13. + +2311.3.1 Automatic sprinklers. Where an automatic sprinkler system is required by IFCA Table 2306.2, an approved +automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in accordance with IFC Section 903.3.1. + +Exception: + +Existing automatic sprinkler system will be accepted, provided it is certified by a licensed Colorado +professional engineer or a NICET Level III certified individual to provide a protection level equal to at least +70% design density of IFC Section 903.3. + +2311.3.2 Building access. Building access from fire apparatus access roads in accordance with IFCA Section 503 +shall be provided within 200 feet of all portions of the exterior walls of a building used for high- piled storage. + +2311.3.2.1 Access doors. Fire Department access doors shall be provided in accordance with IFC Section +2306.6.1. Access doors shall be accessible without the use of a ladder. Roll-up doors shall not be used unless +approved. + +2311.3.3 Smoke and heat removal. Smoke and heat vents shall be provided in accordance with IFCA Section 2306.7 +with a vent area to floor area ratio of 1:200. Draft curtains shall not be required when separation between high- piled +storage and non high-piled storage is in accordance with IFC Section 2306.3 and not required per IFC Section +903.3.1. + +Exceptions: + +1. When the installation of smoke and heat vents is determined by the fire code official to be impractical, +mechanical smoke- removal systems are allowed to be provided in accordance with IFC Section 910.4. + +2. Frozen food storage classified as a Class II commodity is not required to be provided with smoke and heat +vents or mechanical smoke removal when protected by an automatic sprinkler system. + +3. Existing roof openings such as skylights may be used as smoke vents when approved by the fire code +official. + +2311.3.4 Aisles. Shall be in accordance with IFC Sections 2306.9 or 903.3.1; the most restrictive shall govern. + +2311.3.5 Portable fire extinguishers. Shall be in accordance with IFC Section 2306.10. + +2311.4 Storage of Class IV; high-hazards and plastics commodities - as defined by NFPA 13. + +2311.4.1 Automatic sprinklers. Where an automatic sprinkler system is required by Table 2306.2, an approved +automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in accordance with IFC Section 903.3. + +2311.4.2 Building access. Building access from fire apparatus access roads in accordance with IFCA Section 503 +shall be provided within 100 feet of all portions of the exterior walls of building used for high- piled storage. + +2311.4.2.1 Access doors. Fire Department access doors shall be provided in accordance with IFC Section +2306.6.1. Access doors shall be accessible without the use of a ladder. Roll-up doors shall not be used unless +approved. + +2311.4.3 Smoke and heat removal. Smoke and heat vents shall be provided in accordance with IFCA Section 2306.7 +with vent area to floor area ratio accordance with IFCA Table 910.3. Draft curtains shall not be required when +separation between high-piled storage and non high-piled storage is in accordance with IFC Section 2306.3 and not +required per IFC Section 903.3.1. + +Exception: + +When the installation of smoke and heat vents is determined by the fire code official to be impractical, +mechanical smoke- removal systems are allowed to be provided in accordance with IFC Section 910.4. + +2311.4.4 Aisles. Shall be in accordance with IFC Sections 2306.9 or 903.3.1; the most restrictive shall govern. + +2311.4.5 Portable fire extinguishers. Shall be in accordance with IFC Section 2306.10. +Add Section 2312 Storage Rack Installation as follows: + +-212- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +SECTION 2312 + +STORAGE RACK INSTALLATION + +2312 Storage rack installation. A building permit shall be required for all high-piled storage rack system installations. + +1. Drawings must be submitted to the Denver Fire Department for review prior to the issuance of a permit, showing: + +a. Scaled plans. + +b. The rack arrangement in the warehouse area with sufficient detail to allow an exiting analysis per IBC Chapter 10. + +c. A typical section view showing the height of the racks. + +d. Completed Hazards Material Inventory Statement (HMIS) and height of all commodities. + +2. Indicate the location of any required smoke and heat vents and draft curtains in relation to the rack locations. + +3. Structural analysis per IBC Chapters 16 and 22 will be required on rack systems. Installation and application shall be +in accordance with the rack manufacturers' recommendations.. + + + +CHAPTER 24 +TENTS, CANOPIES AND OTHER MEMBRANE STRUCTURES + +SECTION 2403 + +TEMPORARY TENTS,CANOPIES AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES + +Replace Section 2403.2 as follows: + +2403.2 Approval required. Tents and membrane structures having an area in excess of 200 square feet and canopies in +excess of 300 square feet shall not be erected, operated, or maintained for any purpose without first obtaining a permit and +approval from the fire code official. + +Exception: + +Tents used exclusively for recreational camping purposes. + +SECTION 2404 + +TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT TENTS, CANOPIES AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES + +Replace Section 2404.20 as follows: + +2404.20 Standby personnel. When, in the opinion of the fire code official, it is essential for public safety in a tent, +canopy, or membrane structure used as a place of assembly or any other use where people congregate, or any building +premise or property where people congregate, because of the number of persons, or the nature of the performance, +exhibition, display, contest, or activity, or when potentially hazardous conditions exist, or an occupant load varies due to +large crowd movement from one building to another building or one area of a building to another area of the building, or +there is a reduction in a life safety feature, or there is an impairment to a fire protection feature, the owner, agency, or +lessee shall employ and compensate through Department of Safety channels, at a rate established by the Manager of +Safety, one or more firefighters of the City and County of Denver, as required by the fire code official. Such firefighter(s) +shall be subject to the fire code official's orders at all times when so employed and shall be in uniform and remain on duty +during the times such places are open to the public or when such activity is being conducted or, in the case of residential +occupancies, whenever occupied. + + + +-213- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 25 +TIRE REBUILDING AND TIRE STORAGE + +SECTION 2505 +OUTDOOR STORAGE + +Amend Section 2505.4 by adding Exception as follows: + +Exception: + +Outside storage shall be limited to 5,000 square feet of tire storage. Storage in excess of 5,000 square feet (464.5 +square meters) does not meet this exception. Tire storage piles shall be located at least 10 feet from lot lines and +buildings if storage is no higher than 6 feet. Storage heights from 6 feet to 10 feet shall be no closer to lot lines +and buildings than 20 feet. + +SECTION 2508 +FIRE PROTECTION + +Add Section 2508.3 as follows: + +2508.3 Automatic sprinkler systems. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be installed in accordance with Section +903.2.8.2. + + + +CHAPTER 26 +WELDING AND OTHER HOT WORK + +SECTION 2601 +GENERAL + +Add Item #6 to Section 2601.3 as follows: + +6. Areas where uncleaned or improperly prepared drums, tanks, or other containers and equipment that have +previously contained materials tiiat could develop explosive atmospheres. + +SECTION 2605 + +GAS WELDING AND CUTTING + +Replace Section 2605.2 as follows: + +2605.2 Cylinder and container storage, handling and use. Storage, handling and use of compressed gas cylinders, +containers and tanks shall be in accordance with this section and Chapter 30. Ordinary rope slings or electromagnets shall +not be used as defined and described in Section 3005.10 of this code. + +SECTION 2608 + +ACETYLENE GENERATORS + +Replace Section 2608.1 as follows: + +2608.1 Use of acetylene generators. The use of acetylene generators shall comply with this section and NFPA 51 and +51A. + + + +-214- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 27 +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS-GENERAL PROVISIONS + +SECTION 2701 +GENERAL + +Replace 2701.1, Exception 1 as follows: + +1. The quantities of alcoholic beverages, medicines, foodstuffs, and cosmetics containing not more than 50 percent +by volume of water- miscible liquids and with the remainder of the solutions not being flammable, in mercantile +occupancies, are unlimited when packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons (5 L). + +Replace Section 2701.3 as follows: + +2701.3 Performance-based design alternative. When approved by the fire code official, buildings and facilities +where hazardous materials are stored, used or handled shall be permitted to comply with this section as an alternative to +compliance with the other requirements set forth in this chapter and Chapters 28 through 44. Written approval shall be +obtained from the fire code official prior to submitting a performance- based design. + +Replace Section 2701.5.2, Item #5 as follows: + +5. Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) identification number required. United Nations (UN) and North +America (NA) identification numbers may be provided as additional information. + +Add Section 2701.7 as follows: + +2701.7 Laboratories using chemicals. Laboratory buildings, laboratory units, and laboratory work areas in which +chemicals are handled or stored shall be in accordance with NFPA 45 and this code. + +SECTION 2702 +DEFINITIONS + +Add the following definitions to Section 2702.1: + +BIO HAZARD. An infectious agent or hazardous biological material that presents a risk or potential risk to the health +of humans, animals or the environment. The risk can be direct through infection or indirect through damage to the +environment. Biohazardous materials include certain types of recombinant DNA; organisms and viruses infectious to +humans, animals or plants (e.g. parasites, viruses, bacteria, fungi, prions, rickettsia); and biologically active agents (i.e. +toxins, allergens, venoms) that may cause disease in other living organisms or cause significant impact or the environment +or community. + +CARCINOGEN. A substance that causes the development of cancerous growths in living tissue. A chemical is +considered to be a carcinogen if: + +1. It has been evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) and found to be a carcinogen or +potential carcinogen, or + +2. It is listed as a carcinogen or potential carcinogen in the latest edition of the Annual Report on Carcinogens +published by the National Toxicology Program, or + +3. It is regulated by SHA as a carcinogen. + +OTHER HEALTH HAZARD MATERIAL. A hazardous material which affects target organs of the body, including +but not limited to, those materials which produce liver damage, kidney damage, damage to the nervous system, act on the +blood to decrease hemoglobin function, deprive the body tissue of oxygen, or affect reproductive capabilities, including +mutations (chromosomal damage) or teratogens (effects on fetuses). + +RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL. Any material or combination of materials that spontaneously emits ionizing radiation. + +RELEASE/UNAUTHORIZED DISCHARGE. Any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, +discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or +discharging of barrels, containers, and other receptacles containing any hazardous substances or pollutant or contaminant). + +-215- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +SENSITIZER. A chemical that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic +reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical. + +SECTION 2703 + +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +Replace Table 2703.1.1(1) Footnote c as follows: + +c. The quantities of alcoholic beverages in mercantile occupancies shall not be limited providing the liquids are +packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons. In mercantile occupancies the quantities of +medicines, foodstuffs and cosmetics containing not more than 50 percent by volume of water- miscible liquids +with the remainder of the solution not being flammable shall not be limited, provided that such materials are +packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons. + +Replace Table 2703.1.1(2) Footnote b as follows: + +b. In mercantile occupancies the quantities of medicines, foodstuffs and cosmetics containing not more than 50 +percent by volume of water- miscible liquids with the remainder of the solution not being flammable shall not be +limited, provided that such materials are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons. + +Replace Section 2703.4 as follows: + +2703.4 Material Safety Data Sheets. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) shall be readily available on the premises +{hard copy shall always be required) for hazardous materials regulated by this chapter. Material Safety Data Sheets shall +be located at the main entrance or a location approved by the Fire Department. When a hazardous substance is developed +in a laboratory, available information shall be documented and maintained at a Fire Department approved location. The +Denver Fire Department sen/es as the reporting agency for the City and County of Denver, the authority having +jurisdiction (AHJ). + +Add Section 2703.5.2 as follows: + +2703.5.2 Confined spaces. Tanks that contain materials that would not contain enough oxygen to support life shall +have a confined space sign at the entrance to the tank. + +SECTION 2704 +STORAGE + +Replace Section 2704.9 as follows: + +2704.9 Emergenq^ alarm. An approved manual emergency alarm system shall be provided in buildings, rooms or areas +used for storage of hazardous materials. Emergency alarm- initiating devices shall be installed in an approved location +adjacent to each interior exit or exit access door of storage buildings, rooms or areas. Activation of an emergency alarm- +initiating device shall sound a local alarm to alert occupants of an emergency situation involving hazardous materials. The +Denver Fire Department, based on the specific hazards associated with materials being stored, shall determine the type of +alarm, including the location and type of alarm- initiating devices and notification appliances. The emergency alarm for +hazardous materials shall be connected to the fire alarm system and shall be annunciated as a separate zone(s) in +accordance with IFCA Section 907.2.5.1. System components (equipment) shall be listed for the worst-case weather and +temperature ranges to which the equipment will be exposed. + +Replace Section 2704.10 as follows: + +2704.10 Supervision. Emergency alarm, detection and automatic fire- extinguishing systems required by Section 2704 +shall be supen/ised by an approved Class I central station service. + +Replace Section 2704.12 as follows: + +2704.12 Noncombustible floor. Except for surfacing, floors, walkways, ramps, structures for walkways and ramps of +storage areas shall be of noncombustible construction. + + + +-216- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +SECTION 2705 + +USE, DISPENSING AND HANDLING + +Replace Section 2705.1.2 as follows: + +2705.1.2 Noncombustible floor. Except for surfacing, floors, walkways, ramps, structures for walkways and +ramps of areas where liquid or solid hazardous materials are dispensed or used in open systems shall be of +noncombustible, liquid- tight construction. + +Replace Section 2705.2.1.1 as follows: + +2705.2.1.1 Ventilation. Where gases, liquids or solids having a hazard ranking of 3 or 4 in accordance with +NFPA 704 are dispensed or used, mechanical exhaust ventilation shall be provided to capture fumes, mists or +vapors at the point of generation. Use as a reference for capture velocity the American Association of +Industrial Hygienists (AAICH) handbook. Volume 25. + +Exception: Gases, liquids or solids which can be demonstrated not to create harmful fumes, mists or +vapors. + + + +CHAPTER 33 +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + +SECTION 3301 +GENERAL + +Delete all Exceptions to Section 3301.1. + +Delete Exceptions 1, 2, and 4 to Section 3301.1.3. + +Replace Section 3301.2.4 as follows: + +3301.2.4 Financial responsibility. Before a peardt is issued, as required by Section 3301.2, the ^plicant shall file +with the Fire Prevention and Investigation Division a suresty bond in the principal sum of $2,000,000 or a public +liaHlity insurance policy for the same amount, for the purpose of the pcyment of all damages to persons or property +which arise from, or are caused ty, the conduct of any act authorized h/ the pernit upon v\^ch ai^ judicial judgment +results. The fire code official is authorized to specify a greater or lesser amount v\^en, in his or her opnion, +conditions at the location of use indicate a greater or lesser amount is required Government entities shall be exempt +form this bond requirement + +Replace Section 3301.4 as follows: + +3301.4 Qualifications. Persons in charge of magazines, blasting, fireworks display, or pyrotechnic special effect +operations shall obtain the appropriate State of Colorado and City and County of Denver Fire Department license. For +pyrotechnic special effect operations, the license is that required for an outdoor display operator. Persons in charge of +magazines, blasting, fireworks display, or pyrotechnic special effect operations shall not be under the influence of alcohol +or drugs which impair sensory or motor skills, shall be at least 21 years of age, and shall demonstrate knowledge of all +safety precautions related to the storage, handling, or use of explosive, explosive material, or fireworks. + +Replace Section 3301.5 as follows: + +3301.5 Supervision The fire code official is authorized to require operations permitted under the provisions of Section +3301.2 to be supen/ised at any time by the fire code official in order to determine compliance with all safety and fire +regulations. The Denver Fire Department Fire Prevention pyrotechnics personnel shall be retained for fire watch and to +inspect all equipment and powder charges. The pyrotechnics firm to which the permit is issued/granted shall be +responsible for the cost of this/these personnel. + + + +-217- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +SECTION 3306 + +SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION + +Add Section 3306.4.3 as follows: + +3306.4.3 Small arms cartridges. No more than 10,000 small arms cartridges shall be stored in any Group R occupancy. + + + +CHAPTER 34 +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + +SECTION 3401 +GENERAL + +Replace Section 3401.2, Item #2 as follows: +3401.2 Nonapplicability + +2. Unlimited quantities of: + +a. Alcoholic beverages, medicines, foodstuffs and cosmetics containing not more than 50 percent by volume of +water-miscible liquids and with the remainder of the solution not being flammable, in mercantile +occupancies, when packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons (5 liters). + +b. Consumer or industrial products with a closed cup flash point at or above 200 degrees F (93C) in mercantile +occupancies when packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons (5 liters). + +Add Section 3401.5.1 as follows: + +3401.5.1 Altitude correction. Altitude has a direct impact on the physical properties of flammable and +combustible liquids and shall be accounted in the design considerations of life safety and property protection +systems. Flash point and boiling point information for flammable and combustible liquids is referenced to sea +level. In Denver, Colorado, the flash point and boiling point of flammable and combustible liquids will reduce by +8°F and may cause reclassification of flammable and combustible liquids. + +SECTION 3404 +STORAGE + +Delete Section 3404.3.8.5. + +Replace exception to Section 3404.4.3 as follows: + +Exception: + +Containers stored on approved containment pallets in accordance with Section 2704.2.3 and containers stored in +cabinets and lockers witii integral spill containment. Liquids classified as a combustible Class III-B shall not be +required to have secondaty containment. + +SECTION 3406 +SPECIAL OPERATIONS + +Replace Section 3406.2.5 as follows: + +3406.2.5 Type of tank. Tanks shall be provided with top opemings only. Dispensing by use of gravity is prohibited. +Replace Section 3406.2.5.2 as follows: + +3406.2.5.2 Tanks for gravity discharge. Dispensing by use of gravity is prohibited. + +-218- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 36 +FLAMMABLE SOLIDS + +SECTION 3602 +DEFINITIONS + +3602.1 Definitions. Replace the definition of 'FLAMMABLE SOLID' as follows: + +FLAMMABLE SOLID. A solid, other than a blasting agent or explosive, capable of causing fire through friction, +absorption or moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retain heat from manufacturing or processing, or which has an +ignition temperature below 212 degrees F (100 degrees C) or which bums so vigorously and persistently when ignited as +to create serious hazard. A chemical shall be considered a flammable solid as determined in accordance with the test +method of CPSC 16 CFR:Part 1500.44, if it ignites and bums with self- sustained flame at a rate greater than 0.1 inch +(2.5mm) per second along its major axis. Flammable solids include finely divided solid materials which, when dispersed +in air as a cloud, could be ignited and cause an explosion. + + + +CHAPTER 37 +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS + +SECTION 3703 + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS + +Replace Section 3703.1.2 as follows: + +3703.1.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area. The indoor storage or use of +highly toxic and toxic solids or liquids in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area set +forth in Table 2703.1.1(2) shall be in accordance with IFC Sections 3701 through 3703.1.5 and Chapter 27. + + + +CHAPTER 38 +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES + +SECTION 3803 + +INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENT + +Add the following to the end of Section 3803.2.1.7: + +Such containers shall not exceed a water capacity of 2.5 lbs. +Add the following to the end of Section 3803.3: + +Not allowed for permanent use if within 300 feet of a natural gas source. + +SECTION 3804 + +LOCATION OF CONTAINERS + +Add Exceptions 2 and 3 to Section 3804.2 as follows: +Exception: + + + +-219- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +1. For single- family dwellings, a maximum of 40 pounds of propane [or two (2) 20-lb. cylinders— one for +use and one spare bottle] shall be permitted on the premises. For quantity limits inside the actual +dwelling unit, see NFPA 58, Chapter 5, Section 3.4. + +2. For multi-family dwellings, one (1) 20-lb. propane cylinder is allowed to be stored in each detached +garage or storage area. + +SECTION 3809 + +STORAGE OF PORTABLE LP GAS CONTAINERS AWAITING USE OR RESALE + +Replace Section 3809.6 as follows: + +3809.6 Storage on roofs. LP-gas storage on roofs is not permitted. + + + +CHAPTER 40 +OXIDIZERS + +SECTION 4003 + +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +Replace Section 4003.1.1.3 as follows: + +4003.1.1.3 Oxidizing gases. Except for cylinders not exceeding a capacity of 250 cubic feet/ 7m3, (one in use and one in +storage) each used for maintenance purposes, patient care or operation of equipment, oxidizing gases shall not be stored or +used in Group A, B, E, I or R occupancies. Eor each individual dwelling unit in R occupancies, the maximum quantity of +an oxidizing gas shall be less than 504 cubic feet/14 m3 - which is less than the permittable amount per Section 105.6. +The aggregate quantities of gases used for maintenance purposes and operation of equipment shall not exceed the +maximum allowable quantity per control area listed in Table 2703.1.1(1). Medical gas systems and medical gas supply +cylinders shall also be in accordance with Sections 3003 and 3006. The use of an open flame or smoking within a +residential unit where compressed gas is used is prohibited. + + + +-220- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +CHAPTER 45 +REFERENCED STANDARDS + +Replace the specific NFPA Standards listed in Chapter 45 with the following: + +NFPA National Fire Protection A ssociation + +Battery March Park +Quincy, MA 02269 + +NFPA Codes and Standaixls- 2007 Edition +Volumes 1 through 15 + + + +Addition: Reference the following standard: + +National Chlorine Institute + +NFPA 70 + +Addition: Reference the following standard: + +Institute of Makers of Explosives + + + +Addition: Reference the following standards: + + + +Chlorine Manual + +6th printing- 2000 + +2005 National Electrical Code + + + +Institute of Makers of Explosives +1575 I Street N.W., Suite ^50 +Washington, D.C. 20005 + + + +Pamphlet 1 +Pamphlet 3 +Pamphlet 14 +Pamphlet 17 +Pamphlet 20 + +Pamphlet 21 +Pamphlet 22(b) + +Pamphlet 23 + +ANSI/ASHRAE +ASMEB31 + + + +Construction Guide for Storage Magazines - 2006 +Suggested Code Regulations - 2003 + +Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution of Explosive Materials - 2007 +Safety in the Transportation, Storage, Handling and Use of Explosives - 2007 +Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards in the Use of Electric Blasting +Caps - 2001 + +Destruction of Commercial Explosives + +IMF Standard for the Safe Transportation of Class C Detonators (Blasting Caps) in a Vehicle with +Certain Other Explosives (1995) + +Recommendations for the Transportation of Explosives, Division 1.5, Ammonium Nitrate, Emulsion, +Division 5.1, Combustible Liquids, Class 3, and Corrosives, Class 8 in Bulk Packaging - 2007 +15 Safety for Refrigeration Systems - 2004 +Standard for Pressure Piping + + + +Deletion: lEC International Electrical Code + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +APPENDICES +APPENDIX ADOPTION STATUS + +IFC APPENDICES + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION + +All Chapters and Sections of this Appendix are adopted as part of this Code except for those that are +deleted in this summary. Those that are amended or added shall also be adopted as part of this Code. + + + +APPENDIX + + +TITLE + + +STATUS + + +A + + +Board of Appeals + + +Delete + + +B + + +Fire- Flow Requirements for Buildings + + +Adopt As +Amended + + +C + + +Fire Hydrants Locations and Distribution + + +Adopt As +Amended + + +D + + +Fire Apparatus Access Road + + +Delete + + +E + + +Hazard Categories + + +Adopt/As +Reference + + +F + + +Hazard Categories + + +Adopt + + +G + + +Cryogenic Fluids-Weight and Volume Equivalents + + +Adopt/As +Reference + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +APPENDIX B +FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS + +SECTION B104 + +FIRE-FLOW CALCULATION AREA + +Replace Section B 104.1 as follows: + +B104.1 General The fire- flow calculation area shall be the total area of all floor levels within the exterior walls, and +under the horizontal projections of the roof of a building, except as modified in Section B 104.3. In buildings with mixed +construction types as defined in IBC, the fire-flow calculations shall follow the method described in the 2006 +International Fire Code Commentary. + +SECTION B105 + +FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS + +Replace B 105.2 with the following: + +B 105.2 Buildings other than one- and two-family dwellings. The minimum fire flow and flow duration for buildings +other than one- and two-family dwellings shall be as specified in Table B 105.1. + +Exception: + +A reduction in required fire flow of up to 50 percent, as approved, is allowed when the building is protected +throughout with an automatic fire sprinkler system installed in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the +Installation of Sprinkler System, or NFPA 13R, Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up To and +Including Four Stories in Height. The resulting fire flow shall not be less than 1,500 gallons per minute (5,678 +L/min) for the prescribed duration as specified in Table B 105.1. Any existing hydrant shall flow no less than +1,500 gpm with a minimum residual pressure of 20 psi. + +Delete Footnote a in Table B 105.1. + + + +APPENDIX C +FIRE HYDRAISrr LOCATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION + +Add Section C106 as follows: + +SECTION C106 + +WATER MAINS SERVING FIRE HYDRANTS + +Add Section C106 as follows: + +C 106.1 Water mains serving fire hydrants. Water mains supplying fire hydrants, fire protection systems, and building +fire flows shall be sized to provide fire flows for required fire hydrants. Water mains supplying fire hydrants shall be +looped as required by the Denver Water Department Operating Rules Section 8.03 unless specifically approved by the +D enver W ater D epartment. + + + +-223- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +APPENDIX E +HAZARD CATEGORIES + +Adopt Appendix E as reference. + +APPENDIX F +HAZARD RANKING + +Adopt Appendix F as code. + +APPENDIX G +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS— WEIGHT AND VOLUME EQUIVALENTS + +Adopt Appendix G as reference. + + + +-224- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE + + + +AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 + +EDITION OF THE + +INTERNATIONAL + +RESIDENTIAL CODE + +AND APPENDICES AS + +PUBLISHED BY + +INTERNATIONAL CODE + +COUNCIL (ICC) + + + +The content of the sections in this Code that begin with a letter or letters designations are +maintained by other City or State entities. + +[B] Denotes International Building Code + +[P] International Plumbing Code + +[R] International Residential Code + +[EB] Existing Building + +[CRS] Colorado Revised Statute + +[PW] Public Works /Wastewater Management + + + +-225- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE + + + +-226- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE + + + +CHAPTER 1 +ADMINISTRATION + +SECTION RlOl + +TITLE, SCOPE AND PURPOSE + +Section RlOl.l is amended by deletion and replacement with the following + +R 101.1 Title. These provisions shall be known as the Residential Code for One and Two- Family Dwellings of the City +and County of Denver, and shall be cited as such and will be referred to herein as "this Code". + +R 101.2 Scope. The provisions of the International Residential Code for One and Two-family Dwellings shall apply to the +construction, alteration, movement, enlargement, replacement, repair, equipment, use and occupancy, location, removal +and demolition of detached one and two-family dwellings and townhouses not more than three stories above grade in +height with a separate means of egress and their accessory structures. + +That section R102.4 of the Denver Amendments to the 2006 International Residential Code, adopted as part of the Denver +Building Code is hereby amended by adding and enacting subsection R 102. 4.1 to read and be read as follows: + +R 102.4.1. Chapter 33 "Safeguards During Construction" of the IBC and the Denver Amendments thereto shall apply to +all work regulated by the IRC. + +Sections R103 through R114 are amended by deleting those sections in their entirety. The +"Administration of the 2007 Denver Building Code" provisions shall govern. + + + +CHAPTERS +BUILDING PLANNING + +SECTION R301 +DESIGN CRITERIA + +Table R301.2(l)is amended as follows: + +TABLE R301.2(l) +CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHIC DESIGN CRITERIA + + + +GROUND +SNOW +LOAD + + +WIND' +SFttU +(MEH) + + +SEISMIC + +DESIGN + +CATEGOR + +Y + + +SUBJECT TO DAMAGE FROM + + +WINIER +EESIGN +TEMP + + +EE +aiEID + +lAMVEVT +WIJUFED + + +FLOOD +HAZARDS + + +AIR + +FREEZING + +INDEX + + +MEAN + +ANNUAL + +TEMP + + +Weatfaering + + +FiDstline +defitfa + + +T^nite + + +Decay + + +25psf + + +90/100 + + +B + + +Severe + + +36 + + +Slight/Mod + + +None/ Slight + + +1" + + +No + + +1978 + + +712 + + +40-45 + + + +*1. Wind Speed: See IBCA Section 1609 For Additional Information. + +Section R302.1 is amended by adding Exception 4. +Exjoeption: + +4. Where the zoning ordinance establishes a minimum ten feet clear separation distance between the exterior +walls of adjacent one and two family dwellings located on separated properties and allows one building to be +closer to actual property line than the other, the imaginary line provision of IBC Section 704.3 may be used. +The exterior wall shall not be located less than three feet to the actual property line. + +The location of the assumed imaginary line with relation to both buildings shall be such that the exterior wall, +openings, projections and penetrations meet the criteria set forth in Section R302.1 and Table 302.1. + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE + + + +SECTION R305 +CEILING HEIGHT + +[E Bisection R305.1 Exception 2 is amended by adding the following to the last sentence. + +Ceiling height in unfinished basements built prior to October 1990 shall be a minimum ceiling height of 6' 8" with a +minimum clearance of 6' 0" to any ceiling projection caused by beams, ducts or pipes. If unusual circumstances are +present, ceiling heights lower than 6' 8" are subject to the approval of the Building Official. + +[CRS] SECTION R322 +ACCESSIBILITY + +Section R322.1 is amended by adding the following sentence: + +In addition to the requirements of this section, the provisions of the Colorado Revised Statute 9-5 shall be applicable. +CRS 9-5 is reproduced in Appendix M of the Denver Amendments to the IBC. + + + +CHAPTER 4 +FOUNDATIONS + +SECTION R401 +GENERAL + +[PW] Section R401.1 is amended by adding the following sentence: + +Wastewater Management Division of Public Works regulates the requirements for excavation, grading and earthwork +construction, including fills and embankments. + +Section R401.4 is amended by deleting in its entirety and replacing with the following: + +R401.4 Soil tests. The classification of the soil at each building site shall be determined when required by the Building +Official. The Building Official may require that this determination be made by an engineer or architect licensed by the +state to practice as such. + +R401.4.1 Investigation. The classification shall be based on observation and any necessary tests of the materials +disclosed by borings or excavations made in appropriate locations. Additional studies may be necessary to evaluate +soil strength, the effect of moisture variation on soil bearing capacity, compressibility, liquefaction, and +expansiveness. + +R401.4.2 Reports. The soil classification and design bearing capacity shall be shown on the plans, unless the +foundation conforms to Table R403.1. The Building Official may require submission of a written report of the +investigation, which shall include, but need not be limited to the following information: + +1 . A plot showing the location of the test borings and/or excavations. + +2. Description and classifications of the materials encountered. + +3. Elevation of the water table, if encountered. + +4. Recommendations for foundation type and design criteria, including bearing capacity, provisions to mitigate +the effects of expansive soils, provisions to mitigate the effects of liquefaction and soil strength, and the +effects of adjacent loads. + +5. Expected total and differential settlement. + + + +-228- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE + + + +CHAPTERS +ROOF ASSEMBLIES + +SECTION R903 +WEATHER PROTECTION + +Section R903.2.2 is added. + +R903.2.2 Flashing for Single-ply roof systems. All flashing installations for single-ply roofing systems shall be +installed per manufacturer's latest recommendations and details for the system. + +Section R903.2.3 is added. + +R903.2.3 Flashing for interior roof drains. Flashing for interior roof drains shall be one of the following: + +1. A minimum of 2 x 2 feet, 4-pound lead sheet or lead-copper coated sheet, set on completed felts in flashing +cement. + +2. The metal shall be turned a minimum of Vi inch into a drain sump and plied with 2 plies of Type 4 felt or +modified bitumen membrane of sufficient dimension to extend a minimum of 6 inches past metal sheet. + +3. A 2-component drain system. The membrane flashing shall be polyvinylchloride sheet measuring 22 inches +in length and factory- attached to the underside of the strainer flange. The membrane flashing shall be applied +on top of the completed felt, shall extend a minimum of 6 inches from the outside diameter of the drain throat, +shall be set into hot asphalt or approved sealants and plied in with 2 plies of Type 4 felt. + +4. Drain details for single- ply systems shall be installed per manufacturers' specifications. + +Section R903.2.4 is added. + +R903.2.5.1 Equipment on roof. Equipment placed over roofing shall be supported by 8 inch legs or pads, which shall +not inhibit the flow of water from the roof. + +Section R903.4.5 is added. + +R903.4.5 Vertical Projections. All projections through the roof surface shall be properly flashed to prevent moisture +entry. + +1. Pipe penetrations shall be completed with a standard roof jack or manufacturer- recommended detail. + +2. Pitch pans may be used to flash multiple penetrations with prior approval. Chem-curb, pourable sealer or +sheet metal caps shall be used to seal pitch pans. + +SECTION R905 + +REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOF COVERINGS + +R905.2 ASPHALT SHINGLES +R905.2.7 is amended by adding exception. +Exception: + +An accepted self-adhering polymer modified bitumer sheet can substitute for a double underlayment installation. +R905. 2.8.2 item 3 is amended by adding the following: + +3. Metal valley liners shall not be allowed in closed valleys. +Section R905.3 is added. + +R905.3 CLAY AND CONCRETE TILE + +R905.3 Inspection of tile roofs. Mid-roof inspections shall be made to inspect battens and flashings. No more than 30% +of the roofing shall be completed when requesting the inspection. + +-229- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE + + + +R905.5 MINERAL-SURFACED ROLL ROOFING + +Section R905.5.2 is deleted and replaced by the following: + +R905.5.2 Deck Slope. Mineral surfaced rolled roofing (90 lbs.) shall not be applied on roof slopes below two units +vertical in twelve units horizontal. + +Exception: + +Detached garages, patios and carports open on three sides may have a slope of one unit vertical in twelve +units horizontal. + +R905.9BUILTUP ROOFS + +Section R905.9.4 is added. + +R905.9.4 Flashing - new built-up roof covering. Flashing shall be installed on all vertical walls and curbs in +accordance with the manufacturers' specifications and: + +1. All old wall flashing shall be removed prior to installation of new flashing. + +2. All flashings shall extend at least 8 inches, but not more than 12 inches, up all vertical surfaces and at least 4 inches +from base of cant. + +3. The top edges of the flashing shall be fastened at 3- inch inten/als and sealed with plastic cement. + +4. Fnd laps shall be at least 3 inches long, and covered with 4 inches of mesh embedded in plastic cement. + +5. All vertical walls and projections shall be counterflashed with a 2-piece metal system installed watertight. + +6. Nailer strips shall be provided on vertical walls, drips in edge and curbs which will not accept conventional nailing. + + + +CHAPTER 11 +ENERGY EFFICIENCY + +SECTION NllOl +GENERAL + +Section N1101.2 Compliance is amended by adding the following items: + +The results from a code compliant software program can be utilized to show compliance "RFScheck^^" - Residential +Enei^ Code Conpliance Software is one program currently being aooepbed This pDgram developed ty the Department +of Enei^ can be downloaded for free at http://vwvw/enerovcodes.aov/comp[iance tpols-stm + + + +CHAPTER 26 +GENERAL PLUMBING REQUIREMENTS + +SECTION P2602 + +INDIVIDUAL WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL + +Section P2602 is amended by adding: + +P2602.3 Existing buildings. Plumbing in existing buildings may have their use continued, if such use was legal at the +time of enforcement of the Plumbing Code in force at the time of construction and such use is not detrimental to the health +and safety requirements of the current use or occupancy. + +-230- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE + + + +Any change in the use or occupancy of any existing building or structure shall comply with the provisions of this Code. +Deviations may be approved by the building official if they are determined to not be detrimental to the health and safety +requirements. + +SECTION P2604 + +TRENCHING AND BACKFILLING + +Section P2604.5 Trench safety is amended by adding: + +P2604.5 Trench safety. All excavations shall follow OSHA guidelines and/or requirements of this Code. The most +restrictive rules shall apply. + +IRC APPENDICES + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION + +All Chapters and Sections of this Appendix are adopted as part of this Code except for those that are deleted in this +summary. Those that are amended or added shall also be adopted as part of this Code. + + + +APPENDIX + + +TITLE -SUBJECT + + +STATUS + + +A + + +Sizing and Capacity of Gas Piping (IFGS) + + +Informative + + +B + + +Sizing of Venting Systems Sen/ing Appliances (IFGS) + + +Informative + + +C + + +Exit Terminals of Mechanical Draft and Direct-Vent +Ventilating Systems (IFGS) + + +Informative + + +D + + +Recommended Procedures for Safety Inspection of an +Existing Appliance Installation (IFGS) + + +Informative + + +E + + +Manufactured Housing Used as Dwellings (IBC) + + +Amended + + +F + + +Radon Control Methods + + +Deleted + + +G + + +Swimming Pools, Spas and Hot Tubs + + +Amended + + +H + + +Patio Covers + + +Adopted + + +I + + +Private Sewage Disposal + + +Deleted + + +J + + +Existing Buildings and Structures + + +Deleted + + +K + + +Sound Transmission + + +Adopted + + +L + + +IRC Electrical Provisions / NEC Cross Reference + + +Cross Reference + + + +APPENDIX E +MANUFACTURED HOUSING USED AS DWELLINGS + +SECTION AElOl +SCOPE + +Appendix E is amended in its entirety. + +Manufactured housing used as dwellings shall comply with Section 3110 IBC Amendment . + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE + + + +-232- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 + +EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL + +MECHANICAL CODE + +AND APPENDICES + +AS PUBLISHED BY + +INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC) + + + +The content of the sections in this Code that begin with a letter or letters designations are maintained +by other City or State entities. + +[F] Denotes International Fire Code + +[IFCA] Denver Fire Code Amendments to the IFC + + + +-233- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL MECHANICAL CODE + + + +-234- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL MECHANICAL CODE + + + +CHAPTER 1 +ADMINISTRATION + +SECTION 101 +GENERAL + +Section 101.1 Title. Is amended by inserting "City and County of Denver" for the name of the +jurisdiction. + +Section 103 through 106, 108 and 109 are amended by deleting those sections in their entirety. The "Administration of +the 2007 Denver Building" provisions shal govern. + +CHAPTER 4 +VEISrriLATION + +SECTION 403 + +REQUIRED OUTDOOR VENTILATION AIR + +Section 403 is amended by adding Section 403.4: + +The ventilation rates indicated by Table 403.3 may be reduced for spaces with intermittent or variable occupancy in +accordance with ASHRAE 62-1999, Section 6.1.3.4. + +SECTION 404 + +ENCLOSED PARKING GARAGES + +Section 404.1 is amended by adding Section 404.1.1 as follows: + +404.1.1 Where the system is arranged to operate automatically upon detection of a concentration of carbon monoxide, +the limit shall be set at 25 parts per million (ppm). + +CHAPTER 5 +EXHAUST SYSTEMS + +SECTION 507 + +COMMERCIAL KITCHEN HOODS + +Section 507.2.1.1 Operation is deleted in its entirety. + +SECTION 513 + +SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS + +Section 513 is amended by adding the following sentence: All sections that begin with the letter [F] designation shall be +coordinated with Section 909 of the IFC and IFC A . + +IMC APPENDICES + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION + + + +Appendix A is Adopted +Appendix B is deleted. + + + +-235- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL MECHANICAL CODE + + + +-236- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL MECHANICAL CODE + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 +EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL + +PLUMBING CODE + +AND + +APPENDICES AS PUBLISHED + +BY THE +INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC) + + + +The content of the sections in this Code that begin with a letter or letters designations are maintained +by other City or State entities. + +[PW] Denotes Public Works + +[EB] Existing Buildings + +[CC] City Council + +[EH] Environmental Health + +[CPB] Colorado Plumbing Board + +[DW] Denver Water + +[FCWA] Federal Clean Water Act + + + +-237- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE + + + +2008 AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE + + + +CHAPTER 1 +ADMINISTRATION + +SECTION 101 +GENERAL + +Amend Section 101.1 Title. By inserting "City and County of Denver" for the name of the jurisdiction. + +Section 101.2.1 is amended by adding section: + +101.2.1 Swimming poolS; spas and hot tubs. + +The International Codes shall be used in the design of all swimming pools, spas and hot tubs. In those instances where +the International Codes have no reference to items specific to the design of swimming pools, spas, and hot tubs, the +2006 Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa, and Hot Tub code shall be used. + +IPC Sections 103 through 106, 108 and 109 are amended by deleting these sections in their entirety. The +"Administration of the 2007 Denver Building Code" provisions shall govern. + + + +CHAPTERS +GENERAL REGULATIONS + +SECTION 301 +GENERAL + +[EB] Section 301 is amended by adding sections: + +301.8 Existing buildings. Plumbing in existing buildings may have their use continued, if such use was legal at the time +of enforcement of the Plumbing Code in force at the time of construction and such use is not detrimental to the health or +safety requirements of current occupancy or use. + +Any change in the use or occupancy of any existing building or structure shall comply with the provisions of the IPC. +Any deviations may be approved by the Building Official if they are determined to not be detrimental to health or safety +requirements. + +SECTION 306 + +TRENCHING, EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL + +[PW] Section 306 is amended by adding section: + +306.2.4 Trench safety. All excavations shall follow guidelines as required by OSHA and/or the Administrative +Authority. The most restrictive rules shall apply. + +SECTION 307 +STRUCTURAL SAFETY + +Section 307.5 is amended to read: + +307.5 Trench location. Trenches excavated parallel to footings of building structures shall not extend below the 45- +degree bearing plane of the footing or wall unless authorized by the Administrative Authority. Where re-routing is +necessary, the person(s) and/or Contractor responsible for obtaining the permit shall be required to submit drawings for +approval. + + + +-239- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE + + + +CHAPTER 4 +FIXTURE, FAUCETS AND FIXTURE FITTINGS + +SECTION 401 +GENERAL + +[CC] Section 401.3.1 is added. + +401.3.1 Rain sensing. An approved rain sensing system shall be installed on all new automatic lawn sprinkler +systems. Said rain sensing system shall be capable of turning the lawn sprinkler system off in the event adequate rain +has fallen. + +[CC] Section 401.3.2 is added. + +401.3.2 Metering. Each individual dwelling unit shall be metered in such a way that all water used by said dwelling +unit can be recorded and billed. The maintenance and repair of said meters shall be the responsibility of the owner of +the metered property. + +SECTION 403 + +MINIMUM PLUMBING FACILITIES + +[EH] Section 403.4 is added. + +403.4 Access. There shall be no access through a toilet room to any portion of a building. Access to toilet rooms shall not +be through food preparation areas, except for toilet room facilities provided exclusively for the use of employees in the +food preparation area. + +This shall not apply to residential occupancies within the unit. + +SECTION 413 + +FOOD WASTE GRINDER UNITS + +[CPB] Section 413.2 is amended to read: + +413.2 Domestic food waste grinder outlets. Domestic food waste outlets may be 1 V2" but shall be connected to a drain +of at least 2" in diameter. + +[PW] Section 413.3 is amended by adding: + +413.3.1 Discharge into grease interceptor. All food waste disposals in commercial kitchens shall be connected to +and discharge into the grease interceptor. + +Exception: + +Vegetable preparation area disposal may discharge to either sanitary or grease waste system. + + + +CHAPTERS +WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION + +SECTION 603 +WATER SERVICE + +[DW] Section 603.1 is amended to read: + +603.1 Size of water service pipe. The water sen/ice pipe shall be sized to supply water to the structure in the quantities +and at the pressures required in this code. The minimum diameter of water sen/ice pipes shall be ¥4 inch (19 mm). The +service line shall remain the same size from tap through meter, then may be increased in size thereafter. + +-240- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE + + + +SECTION 608 + +PROTECTION OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY + +[DW, FCWA] Section 608.1 is amended by adding: + +608.1.1 Backflow devices. Backflow devices installed in water service lines shall be inspected and maintained per +Denver Water/State of Colorado Clean Water Act, and the Colorado Cross- Connection Control Manual, most recent +edition, as published by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Water Quality Control Division. + +Section 608.7 is amended by adding exception. + +608.7 Stop-and-waste valves prohibited. + +Exception: + +Combination stop and waste valves may be installed underground if an approved means of removing wastewater +from the seep hole is provided, such as a gravel bedding etc. + +Section 608.15.2 is amended by adding: + +608.15.2.1 Waste Discharge. The waste discharge from a reduced pressure device shall be discharged to an +approved location. If this discharge is by means of a pump, the pump shall be sized to handle the maximum +discharge of the device. + + + +CHAPTER 7 +SANITARY DRAINAGE + +SECTION 703 +BUILDING SEWER + +[PW] Section 703 is amended by adding the following section: + +703.6 Slope of building sewer piping. Building sewers shall be installed at uniform grade or slope. The minimum grade +of building sewers shall be in accordance with Denver Wastewater Management Standards. + +SECTION 708 +CLEANOUTS + +[PW] Section 708.3.3 is deleted and replaced with ttie following: + +708.3.3 Changes of direction. Cleanouts shall be installed at each change of direction of the building drain or +horizontal waste or soil lines greater than 135 degrees (2.36 rad.). Where more than one change of direction occurs in +a run of piping, only one cleanout shall be required for each 40 feet (12 192 mm) of developed length of the drainage +piping. + +[PW] Section 708.3.5 is deleted and replaced with the following: + +708.3.5 Building drain and building sewer junction. There shall be a cleanout at the junction of the building sewer. +An approved two-way cleanout shall be used and brought up to finished grade. Minimum size shall be 4" or as +approved by Denver Waste Water Management. + +SECTION 712 + +SUMPS AND EJECTORS + +Section 712.4 is amended by adding the following: + +712.4 Sewage pumps and sewage ejectors. In public use occupancies, dual (duplex) sewage ejectors shall be required +and shall be arranged to function independently in case of mechanical failure. All dual ejectors shall be alarmed to +provide visual and/or audible notification of failure. + +-241 - +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE + + + +Exception: + +A single ejector pump may be used in commercial application when it is used for a single use kitchen sink and/or +dishwasher and/or disposer. + + + +CHAPTERS +INDIRECT/SPECIAL WASTE + +SECTION 803 +SPECIAL WASTES + +[DW] Section 803.4 is added. + +803.4 Cooling water. Domestic water used for cooling purposes shall be consumed or recycled and shall not be wasted +to storm drain, above-ground drainage or below- ground drainage unless specifically approved by Denver Water. + +Exception: + +Diesel driven fire pump. + +SECTION 805 +FOOD WASTE + +[EH] Section 805.1 is added. + +805.1 Food waste disposers. An approved food waste disposer shall be required whenever food is to be prepared either +commercially or in area containing a refrigerator, sink and stove. + +Exception: + +A food waste disposer may be deleted for the following facilities: (1) all food is prepared off site and/or is +prepackaged; (2) all food is served with disposable plates or trays and utensils. + + + +CHAPTER 9 + +VEisrrs + +SECTION 904 +VENTTERMINALS + +Section 904.1 is deleted and replaced with the following: + +904.1 Roof extension. All open vent pipes that extend through a roof shall be terminated at least 12 inches (305 mm) +above the roof, except that where a roof is to be used for any purpose other than weather protection, the vent extensions +shall be run at least 7 feet (2134 mm) above the roof. + +SECTION 905 + +VENT CONNECTIONS AND GRADES + +Section 905.4 is amended by deleting the exception and replacing with the following: + +Exception: + +If structural conditions do not allow the vent to be taken off vertically, the vent shall be run horizontally to the +nearest wall. All fittings shall be drainage type. A cleanout shall be installed in the vent line. + +-242- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE + + + +CHAPTER 10 +TRAPS, INTERCEPTORS AND SEPARATORS + +SECTION 1003 + +INTERCEPTORS AND SEPARATORS + +[PW] Section 1003.2 is deleted and replaced with the following: + +1003.2 Approval. The size, type and location of each interceptor and of each separator shall be designed and installed in +accordance with the manufacturers' instructions and the requirements of this section based on the anticipated conditions +of use. Wastes that do not require treatment or separation shall not be discharged into any interceptor or separator. Prior +to installation of any interceptor or separator and their associated piping, plans shall be submitted to Wastewater +Management for approval. + +Section 1005 is added. + +SECTION 1005 + +ABANDONED INTERCEPTORS + +[PW] Section 1005.1 Abandoned food/oil grease interceptors and sand/oil interceptors. All food/oil/grease +interceptors and sand/oil interceptors that are to be abandoned or by- passed, shall have all piping removed, the structure +capped or plugged and the lid broken as to make it unusable. It shall be pumped clean and filled with granular material to +satisfy Denver Wastewater Management standards. + + + +CHAPTER 11 +STORM DRAINAGE + +SECTION 1101 +GENERAL + +[PW] Section 1101.1 is deleted and replaced with the following: + +1101.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the materials, design, construction and installation of storm +drainage. That portion of the storm drainage system from the building to the public storm sewer shall be as required by +D enver W astewater M anagement. + +SECTION 1106 + +SIZE OF CONDUCTORS, LEADERS AND STORM DRAINS + +Section 1106.1 is deleted and replaced with the following: + +1106.1 General. The size of the vertical conductors and leaders, building storm sewers and any horizontal branches of +such drains shall be based on 3" (7.6 mm) per hour. + +IPC APPENDICES + +STATUS OF APPENDICES ON ADOPTION + +The following Appendices are adopted: +Appendix E Sizing of Water Piping +Appendix F Structural Safety + +-243- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL PLUMBING CODE + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 + +EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL + +FUEL & GAS CODE + +AND + +APPENDICES + +AS PUBLISHED BY + +INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC) + + + +-245- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FUEL & GAS CODE + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FUEL & GAS CODE + + + +CHAPTER 1 +ADMINISTRATION + +SECTION lOl(IFGC) +GENERAL + +Section 101.1 Title. Is amended by inserting "City and County of Denver" for the name of the +jurisdiction. + +Sections IFGC 103 through 106, 108 and 109 are amended by deleting those sections in their entirety. +The "Administration of the 2007 Denver Building Code" provisions shall govern. + + + +CHAPTER 4 +GAS PIPING INSTALLATIONS + +SECTION 403 (IFGC) +PIPING MATERIALS + +Section 403.4.3 Copper and brass is deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following: + +Copper and brass pipe shall not be used. + +Section 403.5.2 Copper and brass tubing is deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following: + +Copper and brass tubing shall not be used. + +SECTION 404 (IFGC) + +PIPING SYSTEM INSTALLATION + +Section 404.1 Prohibited locations is amended by adding the following paragraph: + +Gas meters shall not be located in or under any building unless the meter is located in its own dedicated, adequately +ventilated vault. + +SECTION 406 (IFGC) + +INSPECTION, TESTING AND PURGING + +Section 406.4.1 is deleted and replaced with the following: + +406.4.1 Test pressure. The test pressure to be used shall be no less than IV2 times the proposed maximum working +pressure, but not less than 10 psig (69 kPa gauge), irrespective of design pressure. For welded piping and for piping +carrying gas at pressures exceeding 14 inches water column (3.5 kPa gauge) pressure, the test pressure shall be no less +than 60 psig (414 kPa gauge). Where the test pressure exceeds 125 psig (862 kPa gauge), the test pressure shall not exceed +a value that produces a hoop stress in the piping greater than 50 percent of the specified minimum yield strength of the +pipe. + + + +-247- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FUEL & GAS CODE + + + +CHAPTERS +CHIMNEYS AND VENTS + +SECTION 505 (IFGC) + +DIRECT VENT, INTEGRAL VENT, MECHANICAL VENT AND VENTILATION /EXHAUST HOOD VENTING + +Section 505.1.1 Commercial cooking appliances vented by exhaust hoods is amended by modifying +the second to last sentence as follows: + +Where a solenoid valve is installed in the gas piping as part of an interlock system, gas piping shall not be installed to +bypass such valve except where such a bypass is intended and sized for standing pilot light(s). If a bypass is installed to +maintain the function of standing pilot light(s), the entire interlocked solenoid and bypass assembly must be installed +external to the equipment and downstream of any emergency shut- off solenoid valve. + + + +CHAPTERS +SPECIFIC APPLIANCES + +SECTION 602 (IFGC) + +DECORATIVE APPLIANCES FOR INSTALLATION IN FIREPLACES + +Section 602 is amended by adding the following paragraph: + +602.4 Wood-burning appliances. Installation of new factory-built wood- burning appliances is restricted to certified +wood stoves as approved by the Environmental Protection Agency. Appliances must be listed by an approved testing lab. +If a wood- burning appliance is not on the EPA approved list, it cannot be installed unless it is converted to a gas log +fireplace in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 6. + +SECTION 609 (IFGC) +FLOOR FURNACES + +Section 609 Floor Furnaces is deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following. + +Floor furnaces are prohibited in Denver. + +SECTION 621 (IFGC) +UNVENTED ROOM HEATERS + +Section 621 Unvented Room Heaters is deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following. + +Unvented room heaters are prohibited in Denver. + +SECTION 623 (IFGC) +COOKING APPLIANCES + +Section 623.3 is amended by adding the following paragraph: + +623.3.1 Residential cooking appliances vented by exhaust hoods. Where residential cooking appliances are gas- fired, a +fan powered exhaust system shall be installed and must be vented to the outside. System shall be sized and installed in +accordance with manufacturer's instructions. + + + +-248- + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FUEL & GAS CODE + + + +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 + +EDITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL + +ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE + +AND APPENDICES AS PUBLISHED BY +INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC) + + + +-249- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TOTHE 2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE + + + +-250- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE + + + +CHAPTER 1 +ADMINISTRATION + +SECTION 101 +GENERAL + +Section 101.1 Title is deleted and replaced with the following: + +101.1 Title. These regulations shall be known as the Energy Code of the City and County of Denver, and shall be cited as +such. It is referred to herein as "this code". + + + +CHAPTER 4 +RESIDEISrriAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + +SECTION 401.2 + +Section 401.2 is amended by adding tlie following: + +3. The results from a code complain software program can be utilized to show compliance. "REScheck^^" - +Residential Energy Code Conpliance Software is one program currently being accepted This prc)gram was +developed by the Department of Energy can be downlo^ed for free at +http://wvwv.ene3Wccdes.gov/cornpliancetools.stm + + + +CHAPTER 5 +lECC COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + +SECTION 501 +GENERAL + +Section 501.2 is amended by adding the following: + +The results from a code compliant software can be utilized to show compliance. "COMcheck™ " - Commercial Energy +Code Compliance Software is one program currently being accepted. This program developed by the Department of +Energy can be downloaded for free at http://www.energycodes.gov/compliance_tools.stm . + +Section 505.2, 505.3, ASHRAE 90.1 Section 9.4.1, 9.4.2 Lighting controls is amended by adding the +following exception: + +Exception: + +Tenant finishes and remodels which do not require a Certificate of Occupancy. + + + +-251- +DENVER AMENDMENTS TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE + + + +A Member of the International Code Family^ + + + + + + +NTERNATIONAL + + + +INTERNATIONAL +CODE COUNCIL® I + + + +NE^GY + + + +\. + + + +ONSERVATIOISJ + + + +ODE + + + +(D + + + +,, ,»-, »r,, . ,n-J- ,f^^V^i^V^''t'>01^izJ"■ + + + + + + + + + +'*',». ■'-i|^^-*''■*^■■■' '.' '-^ """' + + + + + + + + + +- .5 . + + + + + + + + + + + + + +^^«5: + + + + + + +*^^... #.' + + + + + + +A Member of the International Code Family® + +International +Energy +Conservation +Code" + + + + +international +codecouncie^ + + + +Register your product ;ind receive +FREE update services and much more. + +Go lo www.iccsafe.org/CodesPlus today. + + + +2006 + + + +2006 International Energy Conservation Code ' + + + +First Printing: January 2006 + +Second Printing: May 2006 + +Third Printing: March 2007 + +Fourth Printing: February 2008 + + + +ISBN-13: 978-1-58001-270-6 (soft) + +ISBN-10: 1-58001-270-1 (soft) + +ISBN-13: 978-1-58001-267-6 (loose-leaf) + +ISBN-10: 1-58001-267-1 (loose-leaf) + +ISBN-13: 978-1-58001-315-4 (e-document) + +ISBN-10: 1-58001-315-5 (e-document) + + + +COPYRIGHT © 2006 + +by + +INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC. + + + +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2006 International Energy Conservation Code" is a copyrighted work owned by the International +Code Council, Inc. Without advance written permission from the copyright owner, no part of this book may be reproduced, distrib- +uted, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical or mechanical means (by way of +example and not limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system). For information on per- +mission to copy material exceeding fair use, please contact: Publications, 40:51 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL +60478-5795. Phone 1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233). + +Trademarks: "International Code Council," the International Code Council logo and the "International Energy Conservation Code" +are trademarks of the International Code Council, Inc. + + + +PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. + + + +PREFACE + + + +Introduction + +Internationally, code officials recognize the need for a modern, up-to-date energy conservation code addressing the design of +energy-efficient building envelopes and installation of energy efficient mechanical, lighting and power systems through require- +ments emphasizing performance. The International Energy Conserx'ation Code" \ in this 2006 edition, is designed to meet these +needs through model code regulations that will result in the optimal utilization of fossil fuel and nondepletable resources in all com- +munities, large and small. + +This comprehensive energy conservation code establishes minimum regulations for energy efficient buildings using prescriptive +and performance-related provisions. It is founded on broad-based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new +energy efficient designs. This 2006 edition is fully compatible with all the International Codes'" (I-Codes*) published by the Inter- +national Code Council (ICC) '* , including: the International Building Code^, ICC Electrical Code", International Existing Building +Code", International Fire Code'' , International Fuel Gas Code" , International Mechanical Code'' , ICC Performance Code" . +International Plumbing Code" , International Private Sewage Disposal Code", International Property Maintenance Code" , Inter- +national Residential Code", International Wildland-Vrhan Interface Code™ and International Zoning Code". + +The International Energ)' Conservation Code provisions provide many benefits, among which is the model code development +process that offers an international fomm for energy professionals to discuss performance and prescriptive code requirements. This +forum provides an excellent arena to debate proposed revisions. This model code also encourages international consistency in the +application of provisions. + +Development + +The first edition of the International Energy Conservation Code (1998) was based on the 1995 edition of the Model Energy Code +promulgated by the Council of American Building Officials (CABO) and included changes approved through the CABO Code +Development Procedures through 1997. CABO assigned all rights and responsibilities to the International Code Council and its +three statutory members at that time, including Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), Interna- +tional Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) and Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI). This 2006 edition +presents the code as originally issued, with changes reflected in the 2003 edition and further changes approved through the ICC +Code Development Process through 2005. A new edition such as this is promulgated every three years. + +This code is founded on principles intended to establish provisions consistent with the scope of an energy conservation code that +adequately conserves energy; provisions that do not unnecessarily increase construction costs; provisions that do not restrict the use +of new materials, products or methods of constmction; and provisions that do not give preferential treatment to particular types or +classes of materials, products or methods of construction. + +Adoption + +The International Energy Conservation Code is available for adoption and use by jurisdictions internationally. Its use within a gov- +ernmental jurisdiction is intended to be accomplished through adoption by reference in accordance with proceedings establishing +the jurisdiction's laws. At the time of adoption, jurisdictions should insert the appropriate information in provisions requiring spe- +cific local information, such as the name of the adopting jurisdiction. These locations are shown in bracketed words in small capital +letters in the code and in the sample ordinance. The sample adoption ordinance on page v addresses several key elements of a code +adoption ordinance, including the information required for insertion into the code text. + +Maintenance + +The International Energy Conservation Code is kept up to date through the review of proposed changes submitted by code enforc- +ing officials, industry representatives, design professionals and other interested parties. Proposed changes are carefully considered +through an open code development process in which all interested and affected parties may participate. + +The contents of this work are subject to change both through the Code Development Cycles and the governmental body that +enacts the code into law. For more information regarding the code development process, contact the Code and Standard Develop- +ment Department of the International Code Council. + +While the development procedure of the International Energy Conservation Code assures the highest degree of care, ICC, its +members and those participating in the development of this code do not accept any liability resulting from compliance or noncom- +pliance with the provisions because ICC and its members do not have the power or authority to police or enforce compliance with +the contents of this code. Only the governmental body that enacts the code into law has such authority. + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION COD^ iii + + + +Letter Designations in Front of Section Numbers + +In each code development cycle, proposed changes to this code are considered at the Code Development Hearing by the Interna- +tional Energy Conservation Code Development Committee, whose action constitutes a recommendation to the voting membership +for final action on the proposed change. Proposed changes to a code section whose number begins with a letter in brackets are con- +sidered by a different code development committee. For instance, proposed changes to code sections which have the letter [EB] in +front (e.g., [EB] 101.2.2.1), are considered by the International Existing Building Code Development Committee at the Code +Development Hearing. Where this designation is applicable to the entire content of a main section of the code, the designation +appears at the main section number and title and is not repeated at every subsection in that section. + +The content of sections in this code which begin with a letter designation is maintained by another code development committee +in accordance with the following: + +[B] = International Building Code Development Committee; + +[EB] = International Existing Building Code Development Committee; and + +[M] = International Mechanical Code Development Committee. + +Marginal Markings + +Solid vertical lines in the margins within the body of the code indicate a technical change from the requirements of the 2003 edition. +Deletion indicators in the form of an arrow ( -> ) are provided in the margin where an entire section, paragraph, exception or table +has been deleted or an item in a list of items or a table has been deleted. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION COD^ + + + +ORDINANCE + + + +The International Codes are designed and promulgated to be adopted by reference by ordinance. Jurisdictions wishing to adopt the +2006 International Energy Conservation Code as an enforceable regulation governing energy efficient building envelopes and +installation of energy efficient mechanical, lighting and power systems should ensure that certain factual infomiation is included in +the adopting ordinance at the time adoption is being considered by the appropriate governmental body. The following sample adop- +tion ordinance addresses several key elements of a code adoption ordinance, including the information required for insertion into +the code text. + +SAMPLE ORDINANCE FOR ADOPTION OF +THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE + +ORDINANCE NO. + + + +An ordinance of the [JURISDICTION] adopting the 2006 edition of the International Energy Conserx'ation Code, regulating and gov- +erning energy efficient building envelopes and installation of energy efficient mechanical, lighting and power systems in the + +[JURISDICTION]; providing for the issuance of permits and collection of fees therefor; repealing Ordinance No. of the + +[JURISDICTION] and all other ordinances and parts of the ordinances in conflict therewith. + +The [GOVERNING BODY] of the [JURISDICTION] does ordain as follows: + +Section l.That a certain document, three (3) copies of which are on file in the office of the [TITLE OF JURISDICTION'S KEEPER OF +RECORDS] of [NAME OF JURISDICTION], being marked and designated as the International Energy Conservation Code, 2006 edi- +tion, as published by the International Code Council, be and is hereby adopted as the Energy Conservation Code of the [JURISDIC- +TION], in the State of [STATE NAME] for regulating and governing energy efficient building envelopes and installation of energy +efficient mechanical, lighting and power systems as herein provided; providing for the issuance of permits and collection of fees +therefor; and each and all of the regulations, provisions, penalties, conditions and terms of said Energy Conservation Code on file in +the office of the [JURISDICTION] are hereby referred to, adopted, and made a part hereof, as if fully set out in this ordinance, with the +additions, insertions, deletions and changes, if any, prescribed in Section 2 of this ordinance. + +Section 2. The following sections are hereby revised: + +Section 101.1. Insert: [NAME OF JURISDICTION]. + +Section 3.That Ordinance No. of [JURISDICTION] entitled [FILL IN HERE THE COMPLETE TITLE OF THE ORDINANCE OR + +ORDINANCES IN EFFECT AT THE PRESENT TIME SO THAT THEY WILL BE REPEALED BY DEFINITE MENTION] and all other ordi- +nances or parts of ordinances in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. + +Section 4. That if any section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this ordinance is, for any reason, held to be unconstitutional, +such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this ordinance. The [GOVERNING BODY] hereby declares that +it would have passed this ordinance, and each section, subsection, clause or phrase thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or +more sections, subsections, sentences, clauses and phrases be declared unconstitutional. + +Section 5. That nothing in this ordinance or in the Energy Conservation Code hereby adopted shall be construed to affect any suit or +proceeding impending in any court, or any rights acquired, or liability incurred, or any cause or causes of action acquired or existing, +under any act or ordinance hereby repealed as cited in Section 3 of this ordinance; nor shall any just or legal right or remedy of any +character be lost, impaired or affected by this ordinance. + +Section 6. That the [JURISDICTION'S KEEPER OF RECORDS] is hereby ordered and directed to cause this ordinance to be published. +(An additional provision may be required to direct the number of times the ordinance is to be published and to specify that it is to be +in a newspaper in general circulation. Posting may also be required.) + +Section 7. That this ordinance and the rules, regulations, provisions, requirements, orders and matters established and adopted +hereby shall take effect and be in full force and effect [TIME PERIOD] from and after the date of its final passage and adoption. + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION COD^ v + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION COD^^ + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +CHAPTER 1 ADMINISTRATION 1 + +Section + +1 1 Scope and General Requirements 1 + +102 Materials, Systems and Equipment 1 + +1 03 Alternate Materials — Method of + +Construction, Design or Insulating + +Systems 2 + +104 Construction Documents 2 + +105 Inspections 3 + +106 Validity 3 + +107 Referenced Standards 3 + +CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS 5 + +Section + +201 General 5 + +202 General Definitions 5 + +CHAPTER 3 CLIMATE ZONES 9 + +Section + +301 Climate Zones 9 + +302 Design Conditions 17 + + + +CHAPTER 4 RESIDENTIAL ENERGY + +EFFICIENCY 19 + +Section + +401 General 19 + +402 Building Thermal Envelope 19 + +403 Systems 22 + +404 Simulated Performance Alternative 22 + +CHAPTER 5 COMMERCIAL ENERGY + +EFFICIENCY 29 + +Section + +501 General 29 + +502 Building Envelope Requirements 29 + +503 Building Mechanical Systems 33 + +504 Service Water Heating 46 + +505 Electrical Power and Lighting Systems 47 + +506 Total Building Performance 52 + +CHAPTER 6 REFERENCED STANDARDS 55 + +INDEX 59 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION COD^ + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION COD^ + + + +CHAPTER 1 + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +This chapter has been revised in its entirety; there will be no marginal markings. + + + +SECTION 101 +SCOPE AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +101.1 Title. This code shall be known as the International +Energy Conservation Code of [NAME OF JURISDICTION], and +shall be cited as such. It is referred to herein as "this code." + +101.2 Scope. This code applies to residential and commercial +buildings. + +101.3 Intent. This code shall regulate the design and construc- +tion of buildings for the effective use of energy. This code is +intended to provide flexibility to permit the use of innovative +approaches and techniques to achieve the effective use of +energy. This code is not intended to abridge safety, health or +environmental requirements contained in other applicable +codes or ordinances. + +101.4 Applicability. + +101.4.1 Existing buildings. Except as specified in this +chapter, this code shall not be used to require the removal, +alteration or abandonment of, nor prevent the continued use +and maintenance of, an existing building or building system +lawfully in existence at the time of adoption of this code. + +101.4.2 Historic buildings. Any building or structure that +is listed in the State or National Register of Historic Places; +designated as a historic property under local or state desig- +nation law or survey; certified as a contributing resource +with a National Register listed or locally designated historic +district; or with an opinion or certification that the property +is eligible to be listed on the National or State Registers of +Historic Places either individually or as a contributing +building to a historic district by the State Historic Preserva- +tion Officer or the Keeper of the National Register of His- +toric Places, are exempt from this code. + +101.4.3 Additions, alterations, renovations or repairs. + +Additions, alterations, renovations or repairs to an existing +building, building system or portion thereof shall conform +to the provisions of this code as they relate to new construc- +tion without requiring the unaltered portion(s) of the exist- +ing building or building system to comply with this code. +Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs shall not cre- +ate an unsafe or hazardous condition or overload existing +building systems. + +Exception: The following need not comply provided the +energy use of the building is not increased: + +1. Storm windows installed over existing fenestra- +tion. + +2. Glass only replacements in an existing sash and +frame. + +3. Existing ceiling, wall or floor cavities exposed +during construction provided that these cavities +are filled with insulation. + + + +4. Construction where the existing roof, wall or floor +cavity is not exposed. + +101.4.4 Change in occupancy. Buildings undergoing a +change in occupancy that would result in an increase in +demand for either fossil fuel or electrical energy shall com- +ply with this code. + +101.4.5 Mixed occupancy. Where a building includes both +residential and commercial occupancies, each occupancy shall +be separately considered and meet the applicable provisions of +Chapter 4 for residential and Chapter 5 for commercial. + +101.5 Compliance. Residential buildings shall meet the provi- +sions of Chapter 4. Commercial buildings shall meet the provi- +sions of Chapter 5. + +101.5.1 Compliance materials. The code official shall be +permitted to approve specific computer software, work- +sheets, compliance manuals and other similar materials that +meet the intent of this code. + +101.5.2 Low energy buildings. The following buildings, or +portions thereof, separated from the remainder of the build- +ing by building thermal envelope assemblies complying +with this code shall be exempt from the building thermal +envelope provisions of this code: + +1 . Those with a peak design rate of energy usage less +than 3.4 Btu/hft^ (10.7 W/m^) or 1.0 watt/ft^ (10.7 +wW) of floor area for space conditioning purposes. + +2. Those that do not contain conditioned space. + + + +SECTION 102 +MATERIALS, SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT + +102.1 Identification. Materials, systems and equipment shall +be identified in a manner that will allow a determination of +compliance with the applicable provisions of this code. + +102.1.1 Building thermal envelope insulation. An + +R-vahxe identification mark shall be applied by the manu- +facturer to each piece of building thermal envelope insula- +tion 12 inches (305 mm) or greater in width. Alternately, the +insulation installers shall provide a certification listing the +type, manufacturer and i?-value of insulation installed in +each element of the building thermal envelope. For blown or +sprayed insulation (fiberglass and cellulose), the initial +installed thickness, settled thickness, settled ^-value, +installed density, coverage area and number of bags +installed shall be listed on the certification. For sprayed +polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation, the installed thickness +of the areas covered and i?-value of installed thickness shall +be listed on the certification. The insulation installer shall +sign, date and post the certification in a conspicuous loca- +tion on the job site. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE* + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +102.1.1.1 Blown or sprayed roof/ceiling insulation. + +The thickness of blown in or sprayed roof/ceihng insula- +tion (fiberglass or cellulose) shall be written in inches +(mm) on markers that are installed at least one for every +300 square feet (28 m") throughout the attic space. The +markers shall be affixed to the trusses or joists and +marked with the minimum initial installed thickness with +numbers a minimum of 1 inch (25 mm) in height. Each +marker shall face the attic access opening. Spray poly- +urethane foam thickness and installed i?-value shall be +listed on certification provided by the insulation +installer. + +102.1.2 Insulation mark installation. Insulating materials +shall be installed such that the manufacturer's 7?-value mark +is readily observable upon inspection. + +102.1.3 Fenestration product rating, ^/-factors of fenes- +tration products (windows, doors and skylights) shall be +determined in accordance with NFRC 1 00 by an accredited, +independent laboratory, and labeled and certified by the +manufacturer. Products lacking such a labeled CZ-factor +shall be assigned a default (7-factor from Table 102.1.3(1) +or 102.1.3(2). The solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of +glazed fenestration products (windows, glazed doors and +skylights) shall be determined in accordance with NFRC +200 by an accredited, independent laboratory, and labeled +and certified by the manufacturer. Products lacking such a +labeled SHGC shall be assigned a default SHGC from Table +102.1.3(3). + + + +TABLE 102.1.3(1) +DEFAULT GLAZED FENESTRATION U-FACTOR + + + +FRAME TYPE + + +SINGLE +PANE + + +DOUBLE +PANE + + +SKYLIGHT + + +Single + + +Double + + +Metal + + +1.20 + + +0.80 + + +2.00 + + +1.30 + + +Metal with Thermal Break + + +1.10 + + +0.65 + + +1.90 + + +1.10 + + +Nonmetal or Metal Clad + + +0.95 + + +0.55 + + +1.75 + + +1.05 + + +Glazed Block + + +0.60 + + + +TABLE 102.1.3(2) +DEFAULT DOOR ly-FACTORS + + + + +DOOR TYPE + + +ly-FACTOR + + +Uninsulated Metal + + +1.20 + + +Insulated Metal + + +0.60 + + +Wood + + +0.50 + + +Insulated, nonmetal edge, max 45% glazing, +any glazing double pane + + +0.35 + + + + + +TABLE 102.1.3(3) +DEFAULT GLAZED FENESTRATION SHGC + + +1 SINGLE GLAZED + + +DOUBLE GLAZED + + +GLAZED BLOCK + + +Clear + + +Tinted + + +Clear + + +Tinted + + +0.8 + + +0.7 + + +0.7 + + +0.6 + + +0.6 + + + +102.2 Installation. All materials, systems and equipment shall +be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation +instructions and the International Building Code. + +102.2.1 Protection of exposed foundation insulation. + +Insulation applied to the exterior of basement walls, crawl- +space walls and the perimeter of slab-on-grade floors shall +have a rigid, opaque and weather-resistant protective cover- +ing to prevent the degradation of the insulation's thermal +perfomiance. The protective covering shall cover the +exposed exterior insulation and extend a minimum of 6 +inches (153 mm) below grade. + +102.3 Maintenance information. Maintenance instructions +shall be furnished for equipment and systems that require pre- +ventive maintenance. Required regular maintenance actions +shall be clearly stated and incorporated on a readily accessible +label. The label shall include the title or publication number for +the operation and maintenance manual for that particular +model and type of product. + + + +SECTION 103 + +ALTERNATE MATERIALS— METHOD + +OF CONSTRUCTION, DESIGN + +OR INSULATING SYSTEMS + +103.1 General. This code is not intended to prevent the use of +any material, method of construction, design or insulating sys- +tem not specifically prescribed herein, provided that such con- +struction, design or insulating system has been approved by the +code official as meeting the intent of this code. + +103.1.1 Above code programs. The code official or other +authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to deem a +national, state or local energy efficiency program to exceed +the energy efficiency required by this code. Buildings +approved in writing by such an energy efficiency program +shall be considered in compliance with this code. + + + +SECTION 104 +CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS + +104.1 General. C'onstruction documents and other supporting +data shall be submitted in one or more sets with each applica- +tion for a pennit. The code official is authorized to require nec- +essary construction documents to be prepared by a registered +design professional. + +Exception: The code official is authorized to waive the +requirements for construction documents or other support- +ing data if the code official determines they are not neces- +sary to confiiTn compliance with this code. + +104.2 Information on construction documents. Construc- +tion documents shall be drawn to scale upon suitable material. +Electronic media documents are permitted to be submitted +when approved by the code official. Construction documents +shall be of sufficient clarity to indicate the location, nature and +extent of the work proposed, and show in sufficient detail perti- +nent data and features of the building, systems and equipment +as herein governed. Details shall include, but are not limited to, +insulation materials and their /^-values; fenestration ^-factors +and SHGCs; system and equipment efficiencies, types, sizes + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +and controls; duct sealing, insulation and location; and air seal- +ing details. + + + +SECTION 105 +INSPECTIONS + +105.1 General. Construction or work for which a permit is +required shall be subject to inspection by the code official. + +105.2 Required approvals. No work shall be done on any part +of the building beyond the point indicated in each successive +inspection without first obtaining the written approval of the +code official. No construction shall be concealed without being +inspected and approved. + +105.3 Final inspection. The building shall have a final inspec- +tion and not be occupied until approved. + +105.4 Reinspection. A building shall be reinspected when +detennined necessary by the code official. + + + +SECTION 106 +VALIDITY + +106.1 General. If a portion of this code is held to be illegal or +void, such a decision shall not affect the validity of the remain- +der of this code. + + + +SECTION 107 +REFERENCED STANDARDS + +107.1 General. The standards, and portions thereof, referred to +in this code and listed in Chapter 6 shall be considered part of +the requirements of this code to the extent of such reference. + +107.2 Conflicting requirements. Where the provisions of this +code and the referenced standards conflict, the provisions of +this code shall take precedence. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +CHAPTER 2 + +DEFINITIONS + +This chapter has been revised in its entirety; there will be no marginal markings. + + + +SECTION 201 +GENERAL + +201.1 Scope. Unless stated otherwise, the following words and +terms in this code shall have the meanings indicated in this +chapter. + +201.2 Interchangeability. Words used in the present tense +include the future; words in the masculine gender include the +feminine and neuter; the singular number includes the plural +and the plural includes the singular. + +201.3 Terms defined in other codes. Terms that are not +defined in this code but are defined in the International Build- +ing Code, ICC Electrical Code, International Fire Code, Inter- +national Fuel Gas Code, International Mechanical Code, +International Plumbing Code, or the International Residential +Code shall have the meanings ascribed to them in those codes. + +201.4 Terms not defined. Temis not defined by this chapter +shall have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context +implies. + + + +SECTION 202 +GENERAL DEFINITIONS + +ABOVE GRADE WALL. A wall more than 50 percent above +grade and enclosing conditioned space. This includes +between-floor spandrels, peripheral edges of floors, roof and +basement knee walls, dormer walls, gable end walls, walls +enclosing a mansard roof, and skylight shafts. + +ACCESSIBLE. Admitting close approach as a result of not +being guarded by locked doors, elevation or other effective +means (see "Readily accessible"). + +ADDITION. An extension or increase in the conditioned +space floor area or height of a building or structure. + +ALTERATION. Any construction or renovation to an existing +structure other than repair or addition that requires a permit. +Also, a change in a mechanical system that involves an exten- +sion, addition or change to the arrangement, type or purpose of +the original installation that requires a permit. + +APPROVED. Approval by the code official as a result of +investigation and tests conducted by him or her, or by reason of +accepted principles or tests by nationally recognized organiza- +tions. + +AUTOMATIC. Self-acting, operating by its own mechanism +when actuated by some impersonal influence, as, for example, +a change in current strength, pressure, temperature or mechani- +cal configuration (see "Manual"). + +BASEMENT WALL. A wall 50 percent or more below grade +and enclosing conditioned space. + +BUILDING. Any structure used or intended for supporting or +sheltering any use or occupancy. + + + +BUILDING THERMAL ENVELOPE. The basement walls, +exterior walls, floor, roof, and any other building element that +enclose conditioned space. This boundary also includes the +boundary between conditioned space and any exempt or +unconditioned space. + +CODE OFFICIAL. The officer or other designated authority +charged with the administration and enforcement of this code, +or a duly authorized representative. + +COMMERCIAL BUILDING. For this code, all buildings +that are not included in the definition of "Residential build- +ings." + +CONDITIONED FLOOR AREA. The horizontal projection +of the floors associated with the condifioned space. + +CONDITIONED SPACE. An area or room within a building +being heated or cooled, containing uninsulated ducts, or with a +fixed opening directly into an adjacent conditioned space. + +CRAWL SPACE WALL. The opaque portion of a wall that +encloses a crawl space and is partially or totally below grade. + +CURTAIN WALL. Fenestration products used to create an +external nonload-bearing wall that is designed to separate the +exterior and interior environments. + +DUCT. A tube or conduit utilized for conveying air. The air +passages of self-contained systems are not to be construed as +air ducts. + +DUCT SYSTEM. A continuous passageway for the transmis- +sion of air that, in addition to ducts, includes duct fittings, +dampers, plenums, fans and accessory air-handling equipment +and appliances. + +DWELLING UNIT. A single unit providing complete inde- +pendent living facilities for one or more persons, including per- +manent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking and +sanitation. + +ECONOMIZER, AIR. A duct and damper arrangement and +automatic control system that allows a cooling system to sup- +ply outside air to reduce or eliminate the need for mechanical +cooling during mild or cold weather. + +ECONOMIZER, WATER. A system where the supply air of +a cooling system is cooled indirectly with water that is itself +cooled by heat or mass transfer to the environment without the +use of mechanical cooling. + +ENERGY ANALYSIS. A method for estimating the annual +energy use of the proposed design and standard reference +design based on estimates of energy use. + +ENERGY COST. The total estimated annual cost for pur- +chased energy for the building functions regulated by this code, +including applicable demand charges. + +ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION SYSTEM. Sys + +tems that employ air-to-air heat exchangers to recover energy + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +from exhaust air for the purpose of preheating, precooling, +humidifying or dehumidifying outdoor ventilation air prior to +supplying the air to a space, either directly or as part of an +HVAC system. + +ENERGY SIMULATION TOOL. An approved software +program or calculation-based methodology that projects the +annual energy use of a building. + +ENTRANCE DOOR. Fenestration products used for ingress, +egress and access in nonresidential buildings, including, but +not limited to, exterior entrances that utilize latching hardware, +automatic closers and contain over 50 percent glass specifi- +cally designed to withstand heavy use and possibly abuse. + +EXTERIOR WALL. Walls including both above grade walls +and basement walls. + +FENESTRATION. Skylights, roof windows, vertical win- +dows (fixed or moveable), opaque doors, glazed doors, glazed +block, and combination opaque/glazed doors. Fenestration +includes products with glass and non-glass glazing materials. + +HEAT TRAP. An arrangement of piping and fittings, such as +elbows, or a commercially available heat trap that prevents +thermosyphoning of hot water during standby periods. + +HEATED SLAB. Slab-on-grade construction in which the +heating elements, hydronic tubing, or hot air distribution sys- +tem is in contact with, or placed within or under the slab. + +HUMIDISTAT. A regulatory device, actuated by changes in +humidity, used for automatic control of relative humidity. + +INFILTRATION. The uncontrolled inward air leakage into a +building caused by the pressure effects of wind or the effect of +differences in the indoor and outdoor air density or both. + +INSULATING SHEATHING. An insulating board with a +core material having a minimum i?-value of R-2. + +LABELED. Devices, equipment, or materials to which have +been affixed a label, seal, symbol or other identifying mark of a +nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency or +other organization concerned with product evaluation that +maintains periodic inspection of the production of the +above-labeled items that attests to compliance with a specific +standard. + +LISTED. Equipment, appliances, assemblies or materials +included in a list published by an approved tesdng laboratory, +inspection agency or other organization concerned with prod- +uct evaluafion that maintains periodic inspection of production +of listed equipment, appliances, assemblies or material, and +whose listing states either that the equipment, appliances, +assemblies, or material meets nationally recognized standards +or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified man- +ner. + +LOW-VOLTAGE LIGHTING. Lighting equipment pow- +ered through a transformer such as a cable conductor, a rail +conductor and track lighting. + +MANUAL. Capable of being operated by personal interven- +tion (see "Automatic"). + +PROPOSED DESIGN. A description of the proposed build- +ing used to estimate annual energy use for determining compli- +ance based on total building performance. + + + +READILY ACCESSIBLE. Capable of being reached quickly +for operation, renewal or inspection without requiring those to +whom ready access is requisite to climb over or remove obsta- +cles or to resort to portable ladders or access equipment (see +"Accessible"). + +REPAIR. The reconstruction or renewal of any part of an +existing building. + +RESIDENTIAL BUILDING. For this code, mcludes R-3 +buildings, as well as R-2 and R-4 buildings three stories or less +in height above grade. + +/?- VALUE (THERMAL RESISTANCE). The inverse of the +time rate of heat flow through a body from one of its bounding +surfaces to the other surface for a unit temperature difference +between the two surfaces, under steady state conditions, per +unit area (h ■ fV • °F/Btu) [(m" • K)/W]. + +ROOF ASSEMBLY. A system designed to provide weather +protection and resistance to design loads. The system consists +of a roof covering and roof deck or a single component serving +as both the roof covering and the roof deck. A roof assembly +includes the roof covering, underlayment, roof deck, insula- +tion, vapor retarder and interior finish. + +SCREW LAMP HOLDERS. A lamp base that requires a +screw-in-type lamp, such as a compact-fluorescent, incandes- +cent, or tungsten-halogen bulb. + +SERVICE WATER HEATING. Supply of hot water for pur- +poses other than comfort heating. + +SKYLIGHT. Glass or other transparent or translucent glazing +material installed at a slope of 15 degrees (0.26 rad) or more +from vertical. Glazing material in skylights, including unit +skylights, solariums, sunrooms, roofs and sloped walls is +included in this definition. + +SLEEPING UNIT. A room or space in which people sleep, +which can also include permanent provisions for living, eating, +and either sanitation or kitchen facilities but not both. Such +rooms and spaces that are also part of a dwelling unit are not +sleeping units. + +SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT (SHGC). The ratio +of the solar heat gain entering the space through the fenestra- +tion assembly to the incident solar radiation. Solar heat gain +includes directly transmitted solar heat and absorbed solar radi- +ation which is then reradiated, conducted or convected into the +space. + +STANDARD REFERENCE DESIGN. A version of the pro- +posed design that meets the minimum requirements of this code +and is used to determine the maximum annual energy use +requirement for compliance based on total building perfor- +mance. + +STOREFRONT. A nonresidendal system of doors and win- +dows mulled as a composite fenestration structure that has been +designed to resist heavy use and possible abuse and provide a +high level of resistance to wind load and impact from wind +borne debris. Storefront systems include, but are not limited to, +exterior fenestration systems that span from the floor level or +above to the ceiling of the same story on commercial buildings. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +SUNROOM. A one-story structure attached to a dwelling with +a glazing area in excess of 40 percent of the gross area of the +structure's exterior walls and roof + +THERMAL ISOLATION. Physical and space conditioning +separation from conditioned space(s). The conditioned +space(s) shall be controlled as separate zones for heating and +cooling or conditioned by separate equipment. + +THERMOSTAT. An automatic control device used to main- +tain temperature at a fixed or adjustable set point. + +f/FACTOR (THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE). The coef- +ficient of heat transmission (air to air) through a building com- +ponent or assembly, equal to the time rate of heat flow per unit +area and unit temperature difference between the warm side +and cold side air films (Btu/h • ft" • °F) [W/(m- • K)]. + +VAPOR RETARDER. A vapor resistant material, membrane +or covering such as foil, plastic sheeting, or insulafion facing +having a permeance rating of 1 perm (5.7 x 10"" kg/Pa • s • m"^) +or less when tested in accordance with the dessicant method +using Procedure A of ASTM E 96. Vapor retarders limit the +amount of moisture vapor that passes through a material or wall +assembly. + +VENTILATION. The natural or mechanical process of sup- +plying conditioned or unconditioned air to, or removing such +air from, any space. + +VENTILATION AIR. That portion of supply air that comes +from outside (outdoors) plus any recirculated air that has been +treated to maintain the desired quality of air within a designated +space. + +ZONE. A space or group of spaces within a building with heat- +ing or cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so that +desired conditions can be maintained throughout using a single +controlling device. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +CHAPTER 3 + +CLIMATE ZONES + +This chapter has been revised in its entirety; there will be no marginal markings. + +SECTION 301 +CLIMATE ZONES + +301.1 General. Climate zones from Figure 301.1 or Table + +301.1 shall be used in determining the applicable requirements +from Chapters 4 and 5. Locations not in Table 301.1 (outside +the US) shall be assigned a climate zone based on Section +301.3. + +301.2 Warm humid counties. Warm humid counties are listed +in Table 301.2. + +301.3 International climate zones. The climate zone for any +location outside the United States shall be determined by +applying Table 301.3(1) and then Table 301.3(2). + +301.3.1 Warm humid criteria. "Warm humid" locations +shall be defined as locations where either of the following +conditions occurs: + +1. 67°F (19.4°C) or higher wet-bulb temperature for +3,000 or more hours during the warmest six consecu- +tive months of the year; + +2. 73°F (22.8°C) or higher wet-bulb temperature for +1,500 or more hours during the warmest six consecu- +tive months of the year. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +o + + + +Marine (C) + + + + +Warm-Humid +Beiow White Line + + + +All of Alaska in Zone 7 +except for the following +Boroughs in Zone 8; + +Bethel Northwest Arctic + +Dellingham Southeast Fairbanks + +Fairbanks N. Star Wade Hampton + +Nome Yukon-Koyukuk +North Slope + + + +FIGURE 301.1 +CLIMATE ZONES + + + +CLIMATE ZONES + + + +TABLE 301.1 +CLIMATE ZONES BY STATE, COUNTY AND TERRITORIES + + + +ALABAMA + + +Zone 3 Dry except + + +Dolores + + +Colquitt + + +Canyon + + +Zone 3 except + + +Zone 2 + + +Eagle + + +Cook + + +Cassia + + +Zone 2 + + +Imperial + + +Moffat + + +Decatur + + +Clearwater + + +Baldwin + + +Zone 3 Marine + + +Ouray + + +Echols + + +Elmore + + +Mobile + + +Alameda + + +Rio Blanco + + +Effingham + + +Gem + + + + +Marin + + +Saguache + + +Evans + + +Gooding + + + + +Mendocino + + +San Miguel + + +Glynn + + +Idaho + + +ALASKA + + +Monterey + + +Zone 7 + + +Grady + + +Jerome + + +Zone 7 except + + +Napa + +San Benito + + +Clear Creek + + +Jeff Davis + + +Kootenai + + +Zone 8 + + +Grand + + +Lanier + + +Latah + + +Bethel + + +San Francisco + + +Gunnison + + +Liberty + + +Lewis + + +Dellingham + + +San Luis Obispo + + +Hinsdale + + +Long + + +Lincoln + + +Fairbanks + + +San Mateo + + +Jackson + + +Lowndes + + +Minidoka + + +Nome + + +Santa Barbara + + +Lake + + +Mcintosh + + +Nez Perce + + +North Slope + + +Santa Clara + + +Mineral + + +Miller + + +Owyhee + + +North Star + + +Santa Cruz + + +Park + + +Mitchell + + +Payette + + +Northwest Arctic + + +Sonoma + + +Pitkin + + +Pierce + + +Power + + +Southeast Fairbanks + + +Ventura + + +Rio Grande + + +Seminole + + +Shoshone + + +Wade Hampton + + +Zone 4 Dry + +Amador + + +Routt + + +Tattnall + + +Twin Falls + + +Yukon-Koyukuk + + +San Juan + + +Thomas + + +Washington + + +ARIZONA + + +Calaveras +El Dorado + + +Summit + + +Toombs +Ware + + +ILLINOIS + + +Zone 3 except + + +Inyo + + +CONNECTICUT + + +Wayne + + +Zone 5 except + + +Zone 2 + + +Lake + + +Zone 5 + + +Zone 4 + + +Zone 4 + + +La Paz + + +Mariposa + + + + +Banks + + +Alexander + + +Maricopa + + +Trmity + + +Delaware + + +Catoosa + + +Bond + + +Pima + + +Tuolumne + + +Zone 4 + + +Chattooga + + +Christian + + +Pinal + + +Zone 4 Marine + + + + +Dade + + +Clay + + +Yuma + + +Del Norte + + +DIST OF + + +Dawson + + +Clinton + + +Zone 4 + + +Humboldt + + +COLUMBIA + + +Fannin + + +Crawford + + +Gila + + +Zone 5 + + +Zone 4 + + +Floyd +Franklin + + +Edwards +Effingham +Fayette +Franklin + + +Yavapai + + +Lassen + + + + +Gilmer + + +Zones + + +Modoc + + +FLORIDA + + +Gordon + + +Apache + + +Nevada + + +Zone 2 except + + +Habersham + + +Gallatin + + +Coconino + + +Plumas + + +Zone 1 + + +Hall + + +Hamilton + + +Navajo + + +Sierra + + +Broward + + +Lumpkin + + +Hardin + + + + +Siskiyou + + +Dade + + +Murray + + +Jackson + + +ARKANSAS + + +Zone 6 + + +Monroe + + +Pickens + + +Jasper + + +Zone 3 except + + +Alpine + + + + +Rabun + + +Jefferson + + +Zone 4 + + +Mono + + +GEORGIA + + +Stephens + + +Johnson + + +Baxter + + + + +Zone 3 except + + +Towns + + +Lawrence + + +Benton + + +COLORADO + + +Zone 2 + + +Union + + +Macoupin + + +Boone + + +Zone 5 except + + +Appling + + +Walker + + +Madison + + +Carroll + + +Zone 4 + + +Atkinson + + +White + + +Marion + + +Fulton + + +Baca + + +Bacon + + +Whitfield + + +Massac + + +Izard + + +Las Animas + + +Baker + + + + +Monroe + + +Madison + + +Otero + + +Berrien + + +HAWAII + + +Montgomery + + +Marion + + +Zone 6 + + +Brantley + + +Zone 1 Moist + + +Perry + + +Newton + + +Alamosa + + +Brooks + + + + +Pope + + +Searcy + + +Archuleta + + +Bryan + + +IDAHO + + +Pulaski + + +Stone + + +Chaffee + + +Camden + + +Zone 6 except + + +Randolph + + +Washington + + +Conejos + + +Charlton + + +Zone 5 + + +Richland + + + + +Costilla + + +Chatham + + +Ada + + +Saline + + +CALIFORNIA + + +Custer + + +Clinch + +(continued) + + +Benewah + + +Shelby + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE + + + +11 + + + +CLIMATE ZONES + + + +TABLE 301.1— continued +CLIMATE ZONES BY STATE, COUNTY AND TERRITORIES + + + +St Clair + +Union + +Wabash + +Washington + +Wayne + +White + +Williamson + +INDIANA + +Zone 5 except +Zone 4 + +Brown + +Clark + +Crawford + +Daviess + +Dearborn + +Dubois + +Floyd + +Gibson + +Greene + +Harrison + +Jackson + +Jefferson + +Jennings + +Knox + +Lawrence + +Martin + +Monroe + +Ohio + +Orange + +Perry + +Pike + +Posey + +Ripley + +Scott + +Spencer + +Sullivan + +Switzerland + +Vanderburgh + +Warrick + +Washington + +IOWA + +Zone 5 except +Zone 6 + +Allamakee + +Black Hawk + +Bremer + +Buchanan + +Buena Vista + +Butler + +Calhoun + +Cerro Gordo + +Cherokee + +Chickasaw + + + +Clay + +Clayton + +Delaware + +Dickinson + +Emmet + +Fayette + +Floyd + +Franklin + +Grundy + +Hamilton + +Hancock + +Hardin + +Howard + +Humboldt + +Ida + +Kossuth + +Lyon + +Mitchell + +O'Brien + +Osceola + +Palo Alto + +Plymouth + +Pocahontas + +Sac + +Sioux + +Webster + +Winnebago + +Winneshiek + +Worth + +Wright + +KANSAS +Zone 4 except +Zone 5 + +Cheyenne + +Cloud + +Decatur + +Ellis + +Gove + +Graham + +Greeley + +Hamilton + +Jewell + +Lane + +Logan + +Mitchell + +Ness + +Norton + +Osborne + +Phillips + +Rawlins + +Republic + +Rooks + +Scott + +Sheridan + + + +Sherman + + +MICHIGAN + + +Smith + +Thomas + +Trego + +Wallace + +Wichita + + +Zone 5 except +Zone 6 + +Alcona + +Alger + +Alpena + + +KENTUCKY + + +Antrim +Arenac + + +Zone 4 + + +Benzie + + + + +Charlevoix + + +LOUISIANA + + +Cheboygan + + +Zone 2 except + + +Clare + + +Zone 3 + + +Crawford + + +Bienville + + +Delta + + +Bossier + + +Dickinson + + +Caddo + + +Emmet + + +Caldwell + + +Gladwin + + +Catahoula + + +Grand Traverse + + +Claiborne + + +Huron + + +Concordia + + +Iosco + + +De Soto + + +Isabella + + +East Carroll + + +Kalkaska + + +Franklin + + +Lake + + +Grant + + +Leelanau + + +Jackson + + +Manistee + + +La Salle + + +Marquette + + +Lincoln + + +Mason + + +Madison + + +Mecosta + + +Morehouse + + +Menominee + + +Natchitoches + + +Missaukee + + +Ouachita + + +Montmorency + + +Red River + + +Newaygo + + +Richland + + +Oceana + + +Sabine + + +Ogemaw + + +Tensas + + +Osceola + + +Union + + +Oscoda + + +Vernon + + +Otsego + + +Webster + + +Presque Isle + + +West Carroll + + +Roscommon + + +Winn + + +Sanilac + + + + +Wexford + + +MAINE + + +Zone 7 + + +Zone 6 except + + +Baraga + + +Zone 7 + + +Chippewa + + +Aroostook + + +Gogebic + + + + +Houghton + + +MARYLAND + + +Iron + + +Zone 4 except + + +Keweenaw +Luce + + +Zone 5 +Garrett + + +Mackinac +Ontonagon + + +MASSACHUSETTS + + +Schoolcraft + + +Zone 5 + + +MINNESOTA + + + + +Zone 6 except + + +(continued) + + + + + +Zone 7 + +Aitkin + +Becker + +Beltrami + +Carlton + +Cass + +Clay + +Clearwater + +Cook + +Crow Wing + +Grant + +Hubbard + +Itasca + +Kanabec + +Kittson + +Koochiching + +Lake Of The Woods + +Mahnomen + +Marshall + +Mille Lacs + +Norman + +Otter Tail + +Pennington + +Pine + +Polk + +Red Lake + +Roseau + +St Louis + +Wadena + +Wilkin + +MISSISSIPPI +Zone 3 except +Zone 2 +Hancock +Harrison +Jackson +Pearl River +Stone + +MISSOURI +Zone 4 except +Zone 5 + +Adair + +Andrew + +Atchison + +Buchanan + +Caldwell + +Chariton + +Clark + +Clinton + +Daviess + +De Kalb + +Gentry + +Grundy + + + +12 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +TABLE 301.1— continued +CLIMATE ZONES BY STATE, COUNTY AND TERRITORIES + + + +CLIMATE ZONES + + + +Harrison + + +Zone 3 + + +Holt + + +Chaves + + +Knox + + +Dona Ana + + +Lewis + + +Eddy + + +Linn + + +Hidalgo + + +Livingston + + +Lea + + +Macon + + +Luna + + +Marion + + +Otero + + +Mercer + + +Zones + + +Nodaway + + +Catron + + +Pike + + +Colfax + + +Putnam + + +Harding + + +Ralls + + +Los Alamos + + +Schuyler +Scotland + + +McKinley +Mora + + +Shelby + + +Rio Arriba + + +Sullivan + + +San Juan + + +Worth + + +San Miguel + + + + +Sandoval + + +MONTANA + + +Santa Fe + + +Zone 6 + + +Taos + + + + +Torrance + + +NEBRASKA + + +NEW YORK + + +Zone 5 + + +Zone 5 except + + + + +Zone 4 + + +NEVADA + + +Bronx + + +Zone 5 except + + +Kings + + +Zone 3 + +Clark + + +Nassau +New York + + + + +Queens + + +NEW HAMPSHIRE +Zone 6 except + + +Richmond + +Suffolk + +Westchester + + +Zones + +Cheshire +Hillsborough +Rockingham +Strafford + + +Zone 6 + +Allegany +Broome +Cattaraugus +Chenango + + +NEW JERSEY + + +Clinton +Delaware + + +Zone 4 except + + +Essex + + +Zone 5 + + +Franklin + + +Bergen + + +Fulton + + +Hunterdon + + +Hamilton + + +Mercer + + +Herkimer + + +Morris + + +Jefferson + + +Passaic + + +Lewis + + +Somerset + + +Madison + + +Sussex + + +Montgomery + + +Warren + + +Oneida + + + + +Otsego + + +NEW MEXICO + + +Schoharie + + +Zone 4 except + + +Schuyler + + + + +St Lawrence + + + + +Steuben + + + +Sullivan + + +Wilkes + + +Cimarron + + +Tompkins + + +Yadkin + + +Texas + + +Ulster + + +Zone 5 + + + + +Warren + + +Alleghany + + +OREGON + + +Wyoming + + +Ashe + + +Zone 4 Marine except + + + + +Avery + + +Zone S Dry + + +NORTH CAROLINA + + +Mitchell + + +Baker + + +Zone 3 except + + +Watauga + + +Crook + + +Zone 4 + + +Yancey + + +Deschutes + + +Alamance + + + + +Gilliam + + +Alexander + + +NORTH DAKOTA + + +Grant + + +Bertie + + +Zone 7 except + + +Harney + + +Buncombe + + +Zone 6 + + +Hood River + + +Burke + + +Adams + + +Jefferson + + +Caldwell + + +Billings + + +Klamath + + +Caswell + + +Bowman + + +Lake + + +Catawba + + +Burleigh + + +Malheur + + +Chatham + + +Dickey + + +Morrow + + +Cherokee + + +Dunn + + +Sherman + + +Clay + + +Emmons + + +Umatilla + + +Cleveland + + +Golden Valley + + +Union + + +Davie + + +Grant + + +Wallowa + + +Durham + + +Hettinger + + +Wasco + + +Forsyth + + +La Moure + + +Wheeler + + +Franklin + + +Logan + + + + +Gates + + +Mcintosh + + +PENNSYLVANIA + + +Graham + + +McKenzie + + +Zone S except + + +Granville + + +Mercer + + +Zone 4 + + +Guilford + + +Morton + + +Bucks + + +Halifax + + +Oliver + + +Chester + + +Harnett + + +Ransom + + +Delaware + + +Haywood + + +Richland + + +Montgomery + + +Henderson + + +Sargent + + +Philadelphia + + +Hertford + + +Sioux + + +York + + +Iredell + + +Slope + + +Zone 6 + + +Jackson + + +Stark + + + + +Lee + + +kJldlXV + + +Cameron + + + + +Clearfield + + +Lincoln + + +OHIO + + +Flk + + +Macon + + +Zone S except + + +McKean + + +Madison + + + + + + +McDowell + + +Zone 4 + + +Potter + + +Nash + + +Adams + + +Susquehanna + + +Northampton + + +Brown + + +Tioga + + +Orange + + +Clermont +Gallia + + +Wayne + + +Person + + + + + + +Polk + + +Hamilton + + +RHODE ISLAND + + +Rockingham + + +Lawrence +Pike + + +Zones + + +Rutherford + + + + +Stokes + + +Scioto + + +SOUTH CAROLINA + + +Surry + + +Washington + + +Zone 3 + + +Swain +Transylvania + + +OKLAHOMA + + +SOUTH DAKOTA + + +Vance + + +Zone 3 Moist except + + +Zone 6 except + + +Wake + + +Zone 4 Dry + + +Zone 5 + + +Warren + + +Beaver + + +Bennett + + +(continued) + + + + + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +13 + + + +CLIMATE ZONES + + + +TABLE 301.1— continued +CLIMATE ZONES BY STATE, COUNTY AND TERRITORIES + + + +Bon Homme + + +Coke + + +Charles Mix + + +Coleman + + +Clay + + +Collingsworth + + +Douglas + + +Concho + + +Gregory + + +Cottle + + +Hutchinson + + +Crane + + +Jackson + + +Crockett + + +Mellette + + +Crosby + + +Todd + + +Culberson + + +Tripp + + +Dawson + + +Union + + +Dickens + + +Yankton + + +Ector + + + + +El Paso + + + + +Fisher + + +TENNESSEE + + + + + + +Foard + + +Zone 4 except + + +Gaines + + +Zone 3 + + +Garza + + +Chester + + +Glasscock + + +Crockett + + +Hall + + +Dyer + + +Hardeman + + +Fayette + + +Haskell + + +Hardeman + + +Hemphill + + +Hardin + + +Howard + + +Haywood + + +Hudspeth + + +Henderson + + +Irion + + +Lake + + +Jeff Davis + + +Lauderdale + + +Jones + + +Madison + + +Kent + + +McNairy + + +Kerr + + +Shelby + + +Kimble + + +Tipton + + +King + + +TEXAS + + +Knox + + +Zone 2 Moist except + + +Loving + + +Zone 2 Dry + + +Lubbock + + +Bandera + + +Lynn + + +Dimmit + + +Martin + + +Edwards + + +Mason + + +Frio + + +Mcculloch + + +Kinney + + +Menard + + +La Salle + + +Midland + + +Maverick + + +Mitchell + + +Medina + + +Motley + + +Real + + +Nolan + + +Uvalde + + +Pecos + + +Val Verde + + +Presidio + + +Webb + + +Reagan + + +Zapata + + +Reeves + + +Zavala + + +Runnels + + + + +Schleicher + + +Zone 3 Dry + + + + +Andrews + + +Scurry + + + + +Shackelford + + +Baylor + + + + +Borden + + +Sterling + + + + +Stonewall + + +Brewster + + + + +Callahan + + +Sutton + + +Childress + + +Taylor + + + +Terrell + +Terry + +Throckmorton + +Tom Green + +Upton + +Ward + +Wheeler + +Wilbarger + +Winkler + +Zone 3 Moist + +Archer + +Blanco + +Bowie + +Brown + +Burnet + +Camp + +Cass + +Clay + +Collin + +Comanche + +Cooke + +Dallas + +Delta + +Denton + +Eastland + +Elhs + +Erath + +Fannin + +Franklin + +Gillespie + +Grayson + +Gregg + +Hamilton + +Harrison + +Henderson + +Hood + +Hopkins + +Hunt + +Jack + +Johnson + +Kaufman + +Kendall + +Lamar + +Lampasas + +Llano + +Marion + +Mills + +Montague + +Morris + +Nacogdoches + +Navarro + +Palo Pinto + +Panola + +Parker + +Rains + + + +Red River + +Rockwall + +Rusk + +Sabine + +San Augustine + +San Saba + +Shelby + +Smith + +Somervell + +Stephens + +Taixant + +Titus + +Upshur + +Van Zandt + +Wichita + +Wise + +Wood + +Young + +Zone 4 + +Armstrong + +Bailey + +Briscoe + +Carson + +Castro + +Cochran + +Dallam + +Deaf Smith + +Donley + +Floyd + +Gray + +Hale + +Hansford + +Hartley + +Hockley + +Hutchinson + +Lamb + +Lipscomb + +Moore + +Ochiltree + +Oldham + +Parmer + +Potter + +Randall + +Roberts + +Sherman + +Swisher + +Yoakum + +UTAH + +Zone 5 except + +Zone 3 + +Washington +Zone 6 + +Box Elder +Cache + + + +Carbon + +Daggett + +Duchesne + +Morgan + +Rich + +Summit + +Uintah + +Wasatch + +VERMONT + +Zone 6 + +VIRGINIA +Zone 4 + +WASHINGTON +Zone 4 Marine except +Zone 5 Dry + +Adams + +Asotin + +Benton + +Chelan + +Columbia + +Douglas + +Franklm + +Garfield + +Grant + +Kittitas + +Klickitat + +Lincoln + +Skamania + +Spokane + +Walla Walla + +Whitman + +Yakima + +Zone 6 Dry + +Ferry + +Okanogan + +Pend Oreille + +Stevens + +WEST VIRGINIA + +Zone 5 except +Zone 4 + +Berkeley + +Boone + +Braxton + +Cabell + +Calhoun + +Clay + +Gilmer + +Jackson + +Jefferson + +Kanawha + + + +(continued) + + + +14 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE* + + + +CLIMATE ZONES + + + +TABLE 301.1— continued +CLIMATE ZONES BY STATE, COUNTY AND TERRITORIES + + + +Lincoln + + +Taylor + + +Logan + + +Vilas + + +Mason + + +Washburn + + +McDowell + + +WYOMING + + +Mercer + + +Zone 6 except + + +Mingo + + +Zone 5 + + +Monroe + + +Goshen + + +Morgan + + +Platte + + +Pleasants + + + + + + +Zone 7 + + +Putnam + + + + +Ritchie + + +Lincoln + + + + +Sublette + + +Roane + + + + + + +Teto + + +Tyler + + + + +Wayne + + + + +Wirt + + + + + + +TERRITORIES + + +Wood + + + + +Wyoming + + +AMERICAN + + + + +SAMOA + + +WISCONSIN + + +Zone 1 Moist + + +Zone 6 except + + + + + + +GUAM + + +Zone? + + + + +Ashland + + +Zone 1 Moist + + +Bayfield + + + + +Burnett + + +NORTHERN + + + + +MARIANAS + + +Douglas + + + + +Florence + + +Zone 1 Moist + + +Forest + + + + +Iron + + +PUERTO RICO + + +Langlade + + +Zone 1 Moist + + +Lincoln + + + + +Oneida + + +U.S. VIRGIN + + +Price + + +ISLANDS + + +Sawyer + + +Zone 1 Moist + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE" + + + +15 + + + +CLIMATE ZONES + + + +TABLE 301.2 +WARM HUMID COUNTIES AND TERRITORIES + + + +ALABAMA + +Autauga + +Baldwin + +Barbour + +Bullock + +Butler + +Choctaw + +Clarke + +Coffee + +Conecuh + +Covington + +Crenshaw + +Dale + +Dallas + +Elmore + +Escambia + +Geneva + +Henry + +Houston + +Lowndes + +Macon + +Marengo + +Mobile + +Monroe + +Montgomery + +Perry + +Pike + +Russell + +Washington + +Wilcox + +ARKANSAS + +Columbia + +Hempstead + +Lafayette + +Little River + +Miller + +Sevier + +Union + +FLORIDA + +All + +GEORGIA + +All in Zone 2 Plus + +Ben Hill +Bleckley +Bulloch +Calhoun + + + +Candler + +Chattahoochee + +Clay + +Coffee + +Crisp + +Dodge + +Dooly + +Dougherty + +Early + +Emanuel + +Houston + +Irwin + +Jenkins + +Johnson + +Laurens + +Lee + +Macon + +Marion + +Montgomery + +Peach + +Pulaski + +Quitman + +Randolph + +Schley + +Screven + +Stewart + +Sumter + +Taylor + +Telfair + +Terrell + +Tift + +Treutlen + +Turner + +Twiggs + +Webster + +Wheeler + +Wilcox + +Worth + +HAWAII + +All + +LOUISIANA +All in Zone 2 Plus + +Bienville + +Bossier + +Caddo + +Caldwell + +Catahoula + + + +Claiborne + +Concordia + +De Soto + +Franklin + +Grant + +Jackson + +La Salle + +Lincoln + +Madison + +Natchitoches + +Ouachita + +Red River + +Richland + +Sabine + +Tensas + +Union + +Vernon + +Webster + +Winn + +MISSISSIPPI +All in Zone 2 Plus + +Adams + +Amite + +Claiborne + +Copiah + +Covington + +Forrest + +Franklin + +George + +Greene + +Hinds + +Jefferson + +Jefferson Davis + +Jones + +Lamar + +Lawrence + +Lincoln + +Marion + +Perry + +Pike + +Rankin + +Simpson + +Smith + +Walthall + +Warren + +Wayne + +Wilkinson + + + +NORTH CAROLINA + + +Lamar + + +Brunswick + + +Lampasas + + +Carteret + + +Llano + + +Columbus + + +Marion + + +New Hanover + + +Mills + + +Onslow + + +Morris + + +Pender + + +Nacogdoches + + + + +Navano + + +SOUTH CAROLINA + + +Palo Pinto + + +Allendale + + +Panola + + +Bamberg + + +Parker + + +Barnwell + + +Rains + + +Beaufort + + +Red River + + +Berkeley + + +Rockwall + + +Charleston + + +Rusk + + +Colleton + + +Sabine + + +Dorchester + + +San Augustine + + +Georgetown + + +San Saba + + +Harapton + + +Shelby + + +Horry + + +Smith + + +Jasper + + +Somervell + + + + +Tarrant + + +TEXAS + + +Titus + + +All in Zone 2 Plus + + +Upshur + + +Blanco + + +Van Zandt + + +Bovvie + + +Wood + + +Brown + + + + +Burnet + + +TERRITORIES + + +Camp + + +AMERICAN + + +Cass + + +SAMOA + + +Collin + + +All + + +Comanche + + + + +Dallas + + +GUAM + + +Delta + + +All + + +Denton + + + + +Ellis + + +NORTHERN + + +Erath + + +MARIANAS + + +Franklin + + +All + + +Gillespie + + + + +Gregg + + +PUERTO RICO + + +Hamilton + + +All + + +Harrison + + +Henderson + + + + +Hood + + +U.S. VIRGIN + + +ISLANDS + + +Hopkins + + +All + + +Hunt + + + + +Johnson + + + + +Kaufman + + + + +Kendall + + + + + +16 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +CLIMATE ZONES + + + +TABLE 301.3(1) +INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE ZONE DEFINITIONS + + + +MAJOR CLIMATE TYPE DEFINITIONS + + + +Marine (C) Definition - Locations meeting all four criteria: + +1. Mean temperature of coldest month between -3°C (27°F) and 18°C (65°F) + +2. Warmest month mean < 22°C (72°F) + +3. At least four months with mean temperatures over 10°C (50°F) + +4. Dry season in summer. The month with the heaviest precipitation in the cold season has at least three times as much precipitation as the +month with the least precipitation in the rest of the year. The cold season is October through March in the Northern Hemisphere and April + +through September in the Southern Hemisphere. + + + +Dry (B) Definition - Locations meeting the following criteria: Not Marine and + +Pin < 0.44 X (TF - 19.5) [Pc„, < 2.0 x (TC + 7) in SI units] +where: + +Pin = Annual precipitation in inches (cm) +T = Annual mean temperature in °F (°C) + + + +Moist (A) Definition - Locations that are not Marine and not Dry. + + + +For SI: °C = [(°F)-32]/1.8; 1 inch = 2.54 cm. + + + +TABLE 301.3(2) +INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE ZONE DEFINITIONS + + + +ZONE +NUMBER + + +THERMAL CRITERIA + + +IP Units + + +SI Units + + +1 + + +9000 < CDD50°F + + +5000 0.5 + + +0.40 + + +0.40 + + +0.40 + + +NR + + +NR + + +NR + + +NR + + +NR + + +Skylights (3% maximum) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Glass + + +^/-Factor + + +1.60 + + +1.05 + + +0.90 + + +0.60 + + +0.60 + + +0.60 + + +0.60 + + +0.60 + + +SHGC + + +0.40 + + +0.40 + + +0.40 + + +0.40 + + +0.40 + + +0.40 + + +NR + + +NR + + +Plastic + + +L/-Factor + + +1.90 + + +1.90 + + +1.30 + + +1.30 + + +1.30 + + +0.90 + + +0.90 + + +0.60 + + +SHGC + + +0.35 + + +0.35 + + +0.35 + + +0.62 + + +0.62 + + +0.62 + + +NR + + +NR + + + +For curtain walls and storefront glazing, the maximum air +leakage rate shall be 0.3 cubic foot per minute per square +foot (cfm/ft^) (5.5 mVh x m'^) of fenestration area. For com- +mercial glazed swinging entrance doors and revolving +doors, the maximum air leakage rate shall be 1 .00 cfm/ft" +(18.3 mVh X m") of door area when tested in accordance +with ASTME 283. + +502.4.3 Sealing of the building envelope. Openings and +penetrations in the building envelope shall be sealed with +caulking materials or closed with gasketing systems com- +patible with the construction materials and location. Joints +and seams shall be sealed in the same manner or taped or +covered with a moisture vapor-permeable wrapping mate- +rial. Sealing materials spanning joints between construction +materials shall allow for expansion and contraction of the +construction materials. + +502.4.4 Outdoor air intakes and exhaust openings. Stair +and elevator shaft vents and other outdoor air intakes and +exhaust openings integral to the building envelope shall be +equipped with not less than a Class I motorized, leak- +age-rated damper with a maximum leakage rate of 4 cfm per + + + +square foot ( 6.8 L/s ■ C m') at 1.0 inch water gauge (w.g.) I +( 1 250 Pa) when tested in accordance with AMCA 500D. | + +Exception: Gravity (nonmotorized) dampers are permit- +ted to be used in buildings less than three stories in height +above grade. + +502.4.5 Loading dock weatherseals. Cargo doors and +loading dock doors shall be equipped with weatherseals to +restrict infiltration when vehicles are parked in the doorway. + +502.4.6 Vestibules. A door that separates conditioned space +from the exterior shall be protected with an enclosed vestibule, +with all doors opening into and out of the vestibule equipped +with self-closing devices. Vestibules shall be designed so that +in passing through the vestibule it is not necessary for the inte- +rior and exterior doors to open at the same time. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Buildings in Climate Zones 1 and 2 as indicated in +Figure 301.1 and Table 301.1. + +2. Doors not intended to be used as a building +entrance door, such as doors to mechanical or elec- +trical equipment rooms. + + + +32 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE* + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +3. Doors opening directly from a sleeping unit or +dwelling unit. + +4. Doors that open directly from a space less than +3,000 square feet (298 m') in area. + +5. Revolving doors. + +6. Doors used primarily to facilitate vehicular move- +ment or material handling and adjacent personnel +doors. + +502.4.7 Recessed luminaires. When installed in the build- +ing envelope, recessed luminaires shall meet one of the fol- +lowing requirements: + +1. Type IC rated, manufactured with no penetrations +between the inside of the recessed fixture and ceiling +cavity and sealed or gasketed to prevent air leakage +into the unconditioned space. + +2. Type IC or non-IC rated, installed inside a sealed box +constructed from a minimum 0.5 -inch-thick (12.7 +mm) gypsum wallboard or constructed from a pre- +formed polymeric vapor barrier, or other air-tight +assembly manufactured for this purpose, while main- +taining required clearances of not less than 0.5 inch +(12.7 mm) from combustible material and not less +than 3 inches (76 mm) from insulation material. + +3. Type IC rated, in accordance with ASTM E 283 admit- +ting no more than 2.0 cubic feet per minute (cfrn) +(0.944 L/s) of air movement from the conditioned +space to the ceiling cavity. The luminaire shall be +tested at 1 .57 psf (75 Pa) pressure difference and shall +be labeled. + +502.5 Moisture control. (Mandatory). All framed walls, +floors and ceilings not ventilated to allow moisture to escape +shall be provided with an approved vapor retarder having a +permeance rating of 1 perm (5.7 x 10 "^^ kg/Pa • s • m^) or less, +when tested in accordance with the dessicant method using +Procedure A of ASTM E 96. The vapor retarder shall be +installed on the warm-in-winter side of the insulation. + +Exceptions: + +1. Buildings located in Climate Zones 1 through 3 as +indicated in Figure 301.1 and Table 301.1. + +2. In construction where moisture or its freezing will not +damage the materials. + +3. Where other approved means to avoid condensation +in unventilated framed wall, floor, roof and ceiling +cavities are provided. + + + +SECTION 503 +BUILDING MECHANICAL SYSTEMS + +503.1 GeneraL Mechanical systems and equipment serving +the building heating, cooling or ventilating needs shall comply +with Section 503.2 (referred to as the mandatory provisions) +and either: + +1. Section 503.3 (Simple systems), or + +2. Section 503.4 (Complex systems). + + + +503,2 Provisions applicable to all mechanical systems. I +(Mandatory). I + +503.2.1 Calculation of heating and cooling loads. Design +loads shall be determined in accordance with the procedures +described in the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook. Heat- +ing and cooling loads shall be adjusted to account for load +reductions that are achieved when energy recovery systems +are utilized in the HVAC system in accordance with the +K^WKAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook. Alter- +natively, design loads shall be determined by an approved +equivalent computation procedure, using the design param- +eters specified in Chapter 3. + +503.2.2 Equipment and system sizing. Equipment and +system sizing. Heating and cooling equipment and systems +capacity shall not exceed the loads calculated in accordance +with Section 503.2. 1 . A single piece of equipment providing +both heating and cooling must satisfy this provision for one +frinction with the capacity for the other function as small as +possible, within available equipment options. + +Exceptions: + +1. Required standby equipment and systems pro- +vided with controls and devices that allow such +systems or equipment to operate automatically +only when the primary equipment is not operating. + +2. Muhiple units of the same equipment type with +combined capacities exceeding the design load +and provided with controls that have the capability +to sequence the operation of each unit based on +load. + +503.2.3 HVAC equipment performance requirements. + +Equipment shall meet the minimum efficiency requirements +of Tables 503.2.3(1), 503.2.3(2), 503.2.3(3), 503.2.3(4), +503.2.3(5), 503.2.3(6), 503.2.3(7), 503.2.3(8), 503.2.3(9), +503.2.3(10) and 503.2.3(1 1) when tested and rated in accor- +dance with the applicable test procedure. The efficiency shall +be verified through certification under an approved certifica- +tion program or, if no certification program exists, the equip- +ment efficiency ratings shall be supported by data furnished +by the manufacturer. Where multiple rating conditions or per- +formance requirements are provided, the equipment shall sat- +isfy all stated requirements. Where components, such as +indoor or outdoor coils, from different manufacturers are +used, calculations and supporting data shall be furnished by +the designer that demonstrate that the combined efficiency of +the specified components meets the requirements herein. + +Exception: Equipment listed in Table 503.2.3(7) not +designed for operation at ARI Standard test conditions of +44°F (7°C) leaving chilled water temperature and 85°F +(29°C) entering condenser water temperature shall have +a minimum full load COP and IPLV rating as shown in +Tables 503.2.3(8) through 503.2.3(10) as applicable. +The table values are only applicable over the following +full load design ranges: + +Leaving Chilled + +Water Temperature: 40 to 48°F (4 to 9°C) + +Entering Condenser + +Water Temperature: 75 to 85°F (24 to 29°C) + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +33 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +Condensing Water +Temperature Rise: + + + +5 to 15°F(A3toA8°C) + + + +Chillers designed to operate outside of these ranges are +not covered by this code. + +503.2.4 HVAC system controls. Each heating and cooling +system shall be provided with thermostatic controls as +required in Section 503.2.4.1, 503.2.4.2, 503.2.4.3, +503.2.4.4, 503.4.1, 503.4.2, 503.4.3 or 503.4.4. + +503.2.4.1 Thermostatic controls. The supply of heat- +ing and cooling energy to each zone shall be controlled +by individual thermostatic controls capable of respond- +ing to temperature within the zone. Where +humidification or dehumidification or both is provided, +at least one humidity control device shall be provided for +each humidity control system. + +Exception: Independent perimeter systems that are +designed to offset only building envelope heat losses +or gains or both serving one or more perimeter zones +also served by an interior system provided: + +1 . The perimeter system includes at least one ther- +mostatic control zone for each building expo- +sure having exterior walls facing only one +orientation (within +/- 45 degrees) (0.8 rad) for +more than 50 contiguous feet (15.2 m); and + + + +2. The perimeter system heating and cooling sup- +ply is controlled by a thermostat(s) located +within the zone(s) served by the system. + +503.2.4.1.1 Heat pump supplementary heat. Heat +pumps having supplementary electric resistance heat +shall have controls that, except during defrost, pre- +vent supplementary heat operation when the heat +pump can meet the heating load. + +503.2.4.2 Set point overlap restriction. Where used to +control both heating and cooling, zone thennostatic con- +trols shall provide a temperature range or deadband of at +least 5°F (2.8°C) within which the supply of heating and +cooling energy to the zone is capable of being shut off or +reduced to a minimum. + +Exception: Thermostats requiring manual change- +over between heating and cooling modes. + +503.2.4.3 Off-hour controls. Each zone shall be pro- +vided with thermostatic setback controls that are con- +trolled by either an automatic time clock or +programmable control system. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Zones that will be operated continuously. + +2. Zones with a full HVAC load demand not +exceeding 6,800 Btu/h (2 kW) and having a +readily accessible manual shutoff switch. + + + +EQUIPMENT TYPE + + + +Air conditioners. +Air cooled + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(1) + +UNITARY AIR CONDITIONERS AND CONDENSING UNITS, + +ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS + + + +SIZE CATEGORY + + + +< 65,000 Btu/h" + + + +Air conditioners. Water +and evaporatively cooled + + + +> 65,000 Btuh/h and + +< 135^00 Btu/h + +> 135,000 Btu/h and + +< 240,000 Btu/h + + + +SUBCATEGORY OR +RATING CONDITION + + + +MINIMUM EFFICIENCY" + + + +> 240,000 Btu/h and +< 760,000 Btu/h + + + +> 760,000 Btu/h + + + +< 65,000 Btu/h + + + +> 65,000 Btu/h and + +< 135,000 Btu/h + +> 135,000 Btu/h and + +< 240,000 Btu/h + + + +> 240,000 Btu/h + + + +Split system + + + +S ingle p a ckage + +Split system and +smgle package + +Split system and +single package + +Split system and +singl e package + +Split system and +single pa ckag e + +Split system and +single package + +Split system and +single package + +Split system and +single p ac kage + + + +Split system and +single package + + + +10.0 SEER + + + +9.7 SEER + + + +10.3 EER' + + + +9.7 EER' + + + +9.5 EER' +9.7]PLV' + +9.2 EER^ +9.4 IPLV + + + +12.1 EER + + + +11.5EER' + + + +11.0 EER' + + + +11.0 EER' +10.3 IPLV + + + +TEST PROCEDURE' + + + +ARI 210/240 + + + +ARI 340/360 + + + +ARI 210/240 + + + +ARI 340/360 + + + +For SI: 1 British themial unit per hour = 0.2931 W. + +a. Chapter 6 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, inchiding the referenced year version of the test procedure. + +b. IPLVs are only applicable to equipment with capacity modulation. + +c. Deduct 0.2 from the required EERs and IPLVs for units with a heating section other than electric resistance heat. + +d. Single-phase air-cooled air conditioners < 65,000 Btu/h are regulated by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (NAECA), SEER values are +those set by NAECA. + + + +34 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(2) + +UNITARY AND APPLIED HEAT PUMPS, ELECTRICALLY + +OPERATED, MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS + + + +EQUIPMENT TYPE + + +SIZE CATEGORY + + +SUBCATEGORY OR +RATING CONDITION + + +MINIMUM +EFFICIENCY" + + +TEST PROCEDURE' + + +Air cooled +(Cooling mode) + + +< 65,000 Btu/h'' + + +Split system + + +10.0 SEER + + + + +Single package + + +9.7 SEER + + +ARl 210/240 + + +> 65,000 Btu/h and +< 135,000 Btu/h + + +Split system and +single package + + +10.1 EER' + + +> 135,000 Btu/h and +< 240,000 Btu/h + + +Split system and +single package + + +9.3 EER' + + +ARI 340/360 + + +> 240,000 Btu/h + + +Split system and +single package + + +9.0 EER' +9.2 IPLV + + +Water source +(Cooling mode) + + +< 17,000 Btu/h + + +86°F entering water + + +11.2EER + + +ARI/ASHRAE- 13256-1 + + +> 17,000 Btu/h and +< 135,000 Btu/h + + +86°F entering water + + +12.0 EER + + +ARI/ASHRAE- 13256-1 + + +Groundwater source +(Cooling mode) + + +< 135,000 Btu/h + + +59°F entering water + + +16.2 EER + + +ARI/ASHRAE- 13256-1 + + +Ground source +(Cooling mode) + + +< 135,000 Btu/h + + +77°F entering water + + +13.4 EER + + +ARI/ASHRAE 13256-1 + + +Air cooled +(Heating mode) + + +< 65,000 Btu/h*^ +(Cooling capacity) + + +Split system + + +6.8 HSPF + + +ARI 210/240 + + +Single package + + +6.6 HSPF + + +> 65,000 Btu/h and + +< 135,000 Btu/h + +(Cooling capacity) + + +47°F db/43°F wb +outdoor air + + +3.2 COP + + +> 135,000 Btu/h +(Cooling capacity) + + +47°F db/43°F wb +outdoor air + + +3.1 COP + + +ARI 340/360 + + +Water source +(Heating mode) + + +< 135,000 Btu/h +(Cooling capacity) + + +68°F entering water + + +4.2 COP + + +ARI/ASHRAE- 13256-1 + + +Groundwater source +(Heating mode) + + +< 135,000 Btu/h +(Cooling capacity) + + +50°F entering water + + +3.6 COP + + +ARI/ASHRAE- 13256-1 + + +Ground Source +(Heating mode) + + +< 135,000 Btu/h +(Cooling capacity) + + +32°F entering water + + +3.1 COP + + +ARI/ASHRAE- 13256-1 + + + +For SI: °C = [(°F) - 32] / 1 .8, 1 British themial unit per hour = 0.293 1 W +db = dry-bulb temperature, °F; wb = wet-bulb temperature, °F + +a. Chapter 6 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure. + +b. IPLVs and Part load rating conditions are only applicable to equipment with capacity modulation. + +c. Deduct 0.2 from the required EERs and IPLVs for units with a heating section other than electric resistance heat. + +d. Single-phase air-cooled heat pumps < 65,000 Btu/h are regulated by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (NAECA), SEER and HSPF val- +ues are those set by NAECA. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE* + + + +35 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(3) + +PACKAGED TERMINAL AIR CONDITIONERS AND + +PACKAGED TERMINAL HEAT PUMPS + + + +EQUIPMENT TYPE + + +SIZE CATEGORY +(INPUT) + + +SUBCATEGORY OR + +RATING CONDITION MINIMUM EFFICIENCY" + + +TEST PROCEDURE' + + +PTAC (Cooling mode) +New construction + + +All capacities + + +95°F db outdoor air 12.5 - (0.213 • Cap/1000) EER + + + + +PTAC (Cooling mode) +Replacements'^ + + +All capacities + + +95"F db outdoor air 1 10.9 - (0.213 • Cap/1000) EER + + + + +PTHP (Cooling mode) +New construction + + +All capacities + + +95°F db outdoor air 12.3 - (0.213 • Cap/1000) EER + + +ARI 310/380 + + +PTHP (Cooling mode) +Replacements'^ + + +All capacities + + +95 °F db outdoor air | 10.8 - (0.213 • Cap/1000) EER + + +PTHP (Heating mode) +New construction + + +All capacities + + +— ; 3.2 - (0.026 ■ Cap/1000) COP + + + + +PTHP (Heating mode) +Replacements'" + + +All capacities + + +- 2.9 -(0.026 Cap/1000) COP + + + + + +For SI: °C - [(°F) - 32] / 1.8, 1 British thermal unit per hour - 0.2931 W +db = dry-bulb temperature, °F +wb = wet-bulb temperature, °F + +a. Chapter 6 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure. + +b. Cap means the rated cooling capacity of the product in Btu'h. If the unit's capacity is less than 7,000 Btu/h, use 7,000 Btu/h in the calculation. If the unit's capacity +is greater than 15,000 Btu/h, use 15,000 Btu/h in the calculation. + +c. Replacement units must be factory labeled as follows: "MANUFACTURED FOR REPLACEMENT APPLICATIONS ONLY: NOT TO BE INSTALLED IN +NEW CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS." Replacement efficiencies apply only to units with existing sleeves less than 16 inches (406 mm) high and less than 42 +inches (1067 mm) wide. + +TABLE 503.2.3(4) + +WARM AIR FURNACES AND COMBINATION WARM AIR FURNACES/AIR-CONDITIONING UNITS, + +WARM AIR DUCT FURNACES AND UNIT HEATERS, MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS + + + +EQUIPMENT TYPE + + +SIZE CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY OR +(INPUT) RATING CONDITION + + +MINIMUM +EFFICIENCY"' + + +TEST PROCEDURE' + + +Warm air fiimaces, +gas fired + + +< 225,000 Btu/h + + +— + + +78% AFUE +or + +80% E' + + +j +DOE 10 CFR Part 430 + +or ANSI Z2 1.47 + + +> 225,000 Btu/h + + +Maximum capacity" + + +80% £,*■ + + +ANSI Z2 1.47 + + +Warm air furnaces, +oil fired + + +< 225,000 Btu/h + + + + +78% AFUE +or + +80% E' + + +DOE 10 CFR Part 430 +or UL 727 + + +> 225,000 Btu/h Maximum capacity'' + + +81%£,s + + +UL 727 + + +Warm air duct furnaces, +gas fired + + +All capacities Maximum capacity'' + + +80% E, + + +ANSIZ83.8 + + +Warm air unit heaters, +gas fired + + +All capacities Maximum capacity'' ] 80% Ec + + +ANSIZ83.8 + + +Warm air unit heaters, +oil fired + + +All capacities , Maximum capacity'' i 80% E^ + + +UL731 + + + +For SI: 1 Bridsh thermal unit per hour = 0.293 1 W. + +a. Chapter 6 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure. + +b. Minimum and maximum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit's controls. + +c. Combination units not covered by the Nadonal Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (NAECA) (3-phase power or cooling capacity greater than or equal +to 65,000 Btu/h [19 kW]) shall comply with either rating. + +d. E, = Thermal efficiency. See test procedure for detailed discussion. + +e. £,■ = Combustion efficiency (100% less flue losses). See test procedure for detailed discussion. + +f Ec = Combustion efficiency. Units must also include an IID, have jackets not exceeding 0.75 percent of the input rating, and have either power venting or a flue +damper A vent damper is an acceptable alternative to a flue damper for those furnaces where combustion air is drawn from the conditioned space. + +g. E, = Thermal efficiency. Units must also include an IID, have jacket losses not exceeding 0.75 percent of the input rating, and have either power venting or a flue +damper A vent damper is an acceptable alternative to a flue damper for those furnaces where combustion air is drawn from the conditioned space. + + + +36 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(5) +BOILERS, GAS- AND OIL-FIRED, MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS + + + +EQUIPMENT TYPE* + + +SIZE CATEGORY +(INPUT) + + +SUBCATEGORY OR +RATING CONDITION + + +MINIMUM +EFFICIENCY^*" + + +TEST PROCEDURE' + + +Boilers, Gas fired + + +< 300,000 Btu/h + + +Hot water + + +80% AFUE + + +DOE 10 CFR +Part 430 + + +Steam + + +75% AFUE + + +> 300,000 Btu/h and +< 2,500,000 Btu/h + + +Minimum capacity'' + + +75% E, + + +H.I. HBS + + +>2,500,000 Btu/h^ + + +Hot water + + +80% E, + + +Steam + + +80% E, + + +Boilers, Oil fired + + +< 300,000 Btu/h + + +— + + +80% AFUE + + +DOE 10 CFR + +Part 430 + + +> 300,000 Btu/h and +< 2,500,000 Btu/h + + +Minimum capacity'' + + +78% Et + + +H.I. HBS + + +> 2,500,000 Btu/h^ + + +Hot water + + +83% E, + + +Steam + + +83% E, + + +Boilers, Oil fired +(Residual) + + +> 300,000 Btu/h and +< 2,500,000 Btu/h + + +Minimum capacity'' + + +78% E, + + +H.I. HBS + + +> 2,500,000 Btu/h^ + + +Hot water + + +83% E, + + +Steam + + +83% E, + + + +For SI: 1 British thermal unit per hour = 0.293 1 W. + +a. Chapter 6 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure. + +b. Minimum ratings as provided for and allowed by the unit's controls. + +c. E,. = Combustion efficiency (100 percent less flue losses). See reference document for detailed information. + +d. E, = Thermal efficiency. See reference document for detailed information. + +e. Alternative test procedures used at the manufacturer's option are ASME PTC-4. 1 for units greater than 5,000,000 Btu/h input, or ANSI Z2 1 . 1 3 for units greater +than or equal to 300,000 Btu/h and less than or equal to 2,500,000 Btu/h input. + +f These requirements apply to boilers with rated input of 8,000,000 Btu/h or less that are not packaged boilers, and to all packaged boilers. Minimum efficiency +requirements for boilers cover all capacities of packaged boilers. + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(6) +CONDENSING UNITS, ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS + + + +EQUIPMENT TYPE + + +SIZE CATEGORY + + +MINIMUM EFFICIENCY" TEST PROCEDURE' + + +Condensing units, +air cooled + + +> 135,000 Btu/h + + +10. 1 EER + +11.2 IPLV + + +ARI365 + + +Condensing units, +water or evaporatively cooled + + +> 135,000 Btu/h + + +13.1 EER +13.1 IPLV + + + +For SI: 1 British thermal unit per hour = 0.293 1 W. + +a. Chapter 6 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure. + +b. IPLVs are only applicable to equipment with capacity modulation. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE" + + + +37 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(7) +WATER CHILLING PACKAGES, MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS + + + +EQUIPMENT TYPE + + +SIZE CATEGORY + + +MINIMUM EFFICIENCY" + + +TEST PROCEDURE' + + +Air cooled, with condenser, +electrically operated + + +< 150 tons + + +2.80 COP +2.80 IPLV + + +ARI 550/590 + + +> 150 tons + + +2.50 COP +2.50 IPLV + + +Air cooled, without condenser, +electrically operated + + +All capacities + + +3.10 COP +3.10 IPLV + + +ARI 550/590 + + +Water cooled, electrically operated, +positive displacement (reciprocating) + + +All capacities + + +4.20 COP +4.65 IPLV + + +Water cooled, + +electrically operated, + +positive displacement + +(rotary screw and scroll) + + +< 150 tons + + +4.45 COP +4.50 IPLV + + +ARI 550/590 + + +> 150 tons and +< 300 tons + + +4.90 COP +4.95 IPLV + + +> 300 tons + + +5.50 COP +5.60 IPLV + + +Water cooled, + +electrically operated, + +centrifugal + + +< 150 tons + + +5.00 COP +5.00 IPLV + + +ARI 550/590 + + +> 150 tons and +< 300 tons + + +5.55 COP +5.55 IPLV + + +> 300 tons + + +6.10 COP +6.10 IPLV + + + + +Air cooled, absorption +single effect + + +All capacities + + +0.60 COP + + +ARI 560 + + +Water cooled, absorption +single effect + + +All capacities + + +0.70 COP + + +Absorption double effect, +indirect-fired + + +All capacities + + +1.00 COP +1.05 IPLV + + +Absorption double effect, +direct-fired + + +,,, .,. 1.00 COP +All capacities LOO IPLV + + + +For SI: 1 ton = 3.517 kW. °C = [(°F) - 32]/L8. + +a. Chapter 6 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure. + +b. The chiller equipment requirements do not apply for chillers used in low temperature applications where the design leaving fluid temperature is less than or equal +to 40°F. + + + +38 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(8) +COPs AND IPLVs FOR NONSTANDARD CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS < 150 TONS + + + +For SI: °C = [(°F) - 32]/ 1.8, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/min., 1 ton = 12,000 British thermal units per hour = 3.517 kW + +a. Lift = Entering condenser water temperature (°F) - Leaving chilled water temperature (°F). + +b. Condenser AT = Leaving condenser water temperature (°F) - Entering condenser water temperature (°F). +Kadj = 6.1507 - 0.30244(X) + 0.0062692(X)^ - 0.000045595(X) + +where: X = Condenser AT + Lift + +COPadj = Kadj X COPstd + + + +CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS < 150 TONS +COPstd = 5.4 + + +Leaving chilled + +water temperature + +(T) + + +Entering +condenser water +temperature (°F) + + +Uh" (T) + + + + + + +Condenser flow rate + + + + + + +2 gpm/ton + + +2.5 gpm/ton + + +3 gpm/ton + + +4 gpm/ton + + +5 gpm/ton + + +6 gpm/ton + + + + + + +Required COP and IPLV + + + + + + +46 + + +75 + + +29 + + +6.00 + + +6.27 + + +6.48 + + +6.80 + + +7.03 + + +7.20 + + +45 + + +75 + + +30 + + +5.92 + + +6.17 + + +6.37 + + +6.66 + + +6.87 + + +7.02 + + +44 + + +75 + + +•31 + + +5.84 + + +6.08 + + +6.26 + + +6.53 + + +6.71 + + +6.86 + + +43 + + +75 + + +32 + + +5.75 + + +5.99 + + +6.16 + + +6.40 + + +6.58 + + +6.71 + + +42 + + +75 + + +33 + + +5.67 + + +5.90 + + +6.06 + + +6.29 + + +6.45 + + +6.57 + + +41 + + +75 + + +34 + + +5.59 + + +5.82 + + +5.98 + + +6.19 + + +6.34 + + +6.44 + + +46 + + +80 + + +34 + + +5.59 + + +5.82 + + +5.98 + + +6.19 + + +6.34 + + +6.44 + + +40 + + +75 + + +35 + + +5.50 + + +5.74 + + +5.89 + + +6.10 + + +6.23 + + +6.33 + + +45 + + +80 + + +35 + + +5.50 + + +5.74 + + +5.89 + + +6.10 + + +6.23 + + +6.33 + + +44 + + +80 + + +36 + + +5.41 + + +5.66 + + +5.81 + + +6.01 + + +6.13 + + +6.22 + + +43 + + +80 + + +37 + + +5.31 + + +5.57 + + +5.73 + + +5.92 + + +6.04 + + +6.13 + + +42 + + +80 + + +38 + + +5.21 + + +5.48 + + +5.64 + + +5.84 + + +5.95 + + +6.04 + + +41 + + +80 + + +39 + + +5.09 + + +5.39 + + +5.56 + + +5.76 + + +5.87 + + +5.95 + + +46 + + +85 + + +39 + + +5.09 + + +5.39 + + +5.56 + + +5.76 + + +5.87 + + +5.95 + + +40 + + +80 + + +40 + + +4.96 + + +5.29 + + +5.47 + + +5.67 + + +5.79 + + +5.86 + + +45 + + +85 + + +40 + + +4.96 + + +5.29 + + +5.47 + + +5.67 + + +5.79 + + +5.86 + + +44 + + +85 + + +41 + + +4.83 + + +5.18 + + +5.40 + + +5.59 + + +5.71 + + +5.78 + + +43 + + +85 + + +42 + + +4.68 + + +5.07 + + +5.28 + + +5.50 + + +5.62 + + +5.70 + + +42 + + +85 + + +43 + + +4.51 + + +4.94 + + +5.17 + + +5.41 + + +5.54 + + +5.62 + + +41 + + +85 + + +44 + + +4.33 + + +4.80 + + +5.05 + + +5.31 + + +5.45 + + +5.53 + + +40 + + +85 + + +45 + + +4.13 + + +4.65 + + +4.92 + + +5.21 + + +5.35 + + +5.44 + + +Condenser AT*' + + +14.04 + + +11.23 + + +9.36 + + +7.02 + + +5.62 + + +4.68 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +39 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(9) +COPs AND IPLVs FOR NONSTANDARD CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS > 150 TONS, < 300 TONS + + + +CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS > 150 Tons, < 300 Tons +COPstd = 5.55 + + +Leaving chilled + +water +temperature (°F) + + +Entering +condenser water +temperature (°F) + + +Lift" (T) + + +Condenser flow rate + + +2 gpm/ton + + +2.5 gpm/ton + + +3 gpm/ton + + +4 gpm/ton + + +5 gpm/ton + + +6 gpm/ton + + +Required COP and IPLV + + +46 + + +75 + + +29 + + +6.17 + + +6.44 + + +6.66 + + +6.99 + + +7.23 + + +7.40 + + +45 + + +75 + + +30 + + +6.08 + + +6.34 + + +6.54 + + +6.84 + + +7.06 + + +7.22 + + +44 + + +75 + + +31 + + +6.00 + + +6.24 + + +6.43 + + +6.71 + + +6.90 + + +7.05 + + +43 + + +75 + + +32 + + +5.91 + + +6.15 + + +6.33 + + +6.58 + + +6.76 + + +6.89 + + +42 + + +75 + + +33 + + +5.83 + + +6.07 + + +6.23 + + +6.47 + + +6.63 + + +6.75 + + +41 + + +75 + + +34 + + +5.74 + + +5.98 + + +6.14 + + +6.36 + + +6.51 + + +6.62 + + +46 + + +80 + + +34 + + +5.74 + + +5.98 + + +6.14 + + +6.36 + + +6.51 + + +6.62 + + +40 + + +75 + + +35 + + +5.65 + + +5.90 + + +6.05 + + +6.26 + + +6.40 + + +6.51 + + +45 + + +80 + + +35 + + +5.65 + + +5.90 + + +6.05 + + +6.26 + + +6.40 + + +6.51 + + +44 + + +80 + + +36 + + +5.56 + + +5.81 + + +5.97 + + +6.17 + + +6.30 + + +6.40 + + +43 + + +80 + + +37 + + +5.46 + + +5.73 + + +5.89 + + +6.08 + + +6.21 + + +6.30 + + +42 + + +80 + + +38 + + +5.35 + + +5.64 + + +5.8 + + +6.00 + + +6.12 + + +6.20 + + +41 + + +80 + + +39 + + +5.23 + + +5.54 + + +5.71 + + +5.91 + + +6.03 + + +6.11 + + +46 + + +85 + + +39 + + +5.23 + + +5.54 + + +5.71 + + +5.91 + + +6.03 + + +6.11 + + +40 + + +80 + + +40 + + +5.10 + + +5.44 + + +5.62 + + +5.83 + + +5.95 + + +6.03 + + +45 + + +85 + + +40 + + +5.10 + + +5.44 + + +5.62 + + +5.83 + + +5.95 + + +6.03 + + +44 + + +85 + + +41 + + +4.96 + + +5.33 + + +5.55 + + +5.74 + + +5.86 + + +5.94 + + +43 + + +85 + + +42 + + +4.81 + + +5.21 + + +5.42 + + +5.66 + + +5.78 + + +5.86 + + +42 + + +85 + + +43 + + +4.63 + + +5.08 + + +5.31 + + +5.56 + + +5.69 + + +5.77 + + +41 + + +85 + + +44 + + +4.45 + + +4.93 + + +5.19 + + +5.46 + + +5.60 + + +5.69 + + +40 + + +85 + + +45 + + +4.24 + + +4.77 + + +5.06 + + +5.35 + + +5.50 + + +5.59 + + +Condenser AT*' + + +14.04 + + +11.23 + + +9.36 + + +7.02 + + +5.62 + + +4.68 + + + +For SI: °C = [(°F) - 32] / 1.8, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/min., 1 ton = 12,000 British thermal units per hour = 3.517 kW + +a. Lift = Entering condenser water temperature (°F) - Leaving chilled water temperature (°F). + +b. Condenser AT = Leaving condenser water temperature (°F) - Entering condenser water temperature (°F). +Kadj = 6.1507 - 0.30244(X) + 0.0062692(X)^ - 0.000045595(X) + +where: X = Condenser AT + Lift COPadj = K^dj x COP^d + + + +40 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(10) +COPs AND IPLVs FOR NONSTANDARD CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS > 300 TONS + + + + + + + +CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS > 300 Tons +COPstd = 6.1 + + + + + + + + +Leaving chilled + +water +temperature (°F) + + +Entering +condenser water +temperature (°F) + + +Lir (T) + + + + +Condenser flow rate + + + + + + +2 gpm/ton + + +2.5 gpm/ton + + +3 gpm/ton + + +4 gpm/ton + + +5 gpm/ton + + +6 gpm/ton + + +Required COP and IPLV + + +46 + + +75 + + +29 + + +6.80 + + +7.11 + + +7.35 + + +7.71 + + +7.97 + + +8.16 + + +45 + + +75 + + +30 + + +6.71 + + +6.99 + + +7.21 + + +7.55 + + +7.78 + + +7.96 + + +44 + + +75 + + +31 + + +6.61 + + +6.89 + + +7.09 + + +7.40 + + +7.61 + + +7.77 + + +43 + + +75 + + +32 + + +6.52 + + +6.79 + + +6.98 + + +7.26 + + +7.45 + + +7.60 + + +42 + + +75 + + +33 + + +6.43 + + +6.69 + + +6.87 + + +7.13 + + +7.31 + + +7.44 + + +41 + + +75 + + +34 + + +6.33 + + +6.60 + + +6.77 + + +7.02 + + +7.18 + + +7.30 + + +46 + + +80 + + +34 + + +6.33 + + +6.60 + + +6.77 + + +7.02 + + +7.18 + + +7.30 + + +40 + + +75 + + +35 + + +6.23 + + +6.50 + + +6.68 + + +6.91 + + +7.06 + + +7.17 + + +45 + + +80 + + +35 + + +6.23 + + +6.50 + + +6.68 + + +6.91 + + +7.06 + + +7.17 + + +44 + + +80 + + +36 + + +6.13 + + +6.41 + + +6.58 + + +6.81 + + +6.95 + + +7.05 + + +43 + + +80 + + +37 + + +6.02 + + +6.31 + + +6.49 + + +6.71 + + +6.85 + + +6.94 + + +42 + + +80 + + +38 + + +5.90 + + +6.21 + + +6.40 + + +6.61 + + +6.75 + + +6.84 + + +41 + + +80 + + +39 + + +5.77 + + +6.11 + + +6.30 + + +6.52 + + +6.65 + + +6.74 + + +46 + + +85 + + +39 + + +5.77 + + +6.11 + + +6.30 + + +6.52 + + +6.65 + + +6.74 + + +40 + + +80 + + +40 + + +5.63 + + +6.00 + + +6.20 + + +6.43 + + +6.56 + + +6.65 + + +45 + + +85 + + +40 + + +5.63 + + +6.00 + + +6.20 + + +6.43 + + +6.56 + + +6.65 + + +44 + + +85 + + +41 + + +5.47 + + +5.87 + + +6.10 + + +6.33 + + +6.47 + + +6.55 + + +43 + + +85 + + +42 + + +5.30 + + +5.74 + + +5.98 + + +6.24 + + +6.37 + + +6.46 + + +42 + + +85 + + +43 + + +5.11 + + +5.60 + + +5.86 + + +6.13 + + +6.28 + + +6.37 + + +41 + + +85 + + +44 + + +4.90 + + +5.44 + + +5.72 + + +6.02 + + +6.17 + + +6.27 + + +40 + + +85 + + +45 + + +4.68 + + +5.26 + + +5.58 + + +5.90 + + +6.07 + + +6.17 + + +Condenser AT*' + + +14.04 + + +11.23 + + +9.36 + + +7.02 + + +5.62 + + +4.68 + + + +For SI: °C = [(°F) - 32] / 1.8, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/min., 1 ton = 12,000 British thermal units per hour = 3.517 kW + +a. Lift = Entering condenser water temperature (°F) - Leaving chilled water temperature (°F). + +b. Condenser AT = Leaving condenser water temperature (°F) - Entering condenser water temperature (°F). +Kadj = 6.1507 - 0.030244(X) + 0.0062692(X)^ - 0.000045595(X) + +where: X = Condenser AT + Lift +COP,d, = K,d, X COP„d + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +41 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 503.2.3(11) +PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT REJECTION EQUIPMENT + + + +EQUIPMENT +TYPE + + +TOTAL SYSTEM + +HEAT REJECTION + +CAPACITY AT RATED + +CONDITIONS + + +SUBCATEGORY OR RATING PERFORMANCE + +CONDITION REQUIRED'" TEST PROCEDURE' + + +Propeller or axial + +fan cooling + +towers + + +95°F entering water +All i 85°F leaving water > 38.2 gpm/hp +75°F wb outdoor air + + +CTIATC-105 + +and +CTI STD-201 + + +Centrifugal fan +cooling towers + + +95°F entering water +All 85°F leaving water > 20.0 gpm/hp +75°F wb outdoor air + + +CTIATC-105 + +and +CTI STD-201 + + +Air cooled +condensers + + +: 125°F condensing temperature + +R-22 test fluid > 176,000 +All 1 190°F entering gas temperature Btu/'h • hp +15°Fsubcooling (69 COP) +95°F entering db + + +ARI 460 + + + +For SI: °C = [(°F) - 32] / 1.8, 1 British thermal unit per hour = 0.2931 W, 1 gallon per minute per horsepower = 0.846 L/s • kW. +wb = wet-bulb temperature, °F + +a. For purposes of this table, cooling tower perfonnance is defined as the maximum flow rating of the tower units (gpm) divided by the fan nameplate rated motor +power units (hp). + +b. For pui-poses of this table, air-cooled condenser perfomiance is defined as the heat rejected from the refrigerant units (Btu/h) divided by the fan nameplate rated +motor power units (hp). + +c. Chapter 6 contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure. + + + +503.2.4.3.1 Thermostatic setback capabilities. + +Thermostatic setback controls shall have the capabil- +ity to set back or temporarily operate the system to +maintain zone temperatures down to 55°F (13°C) or +up to 85°F (29°C). + +503.2.4.3.2 Automatic setback and shutdown +capabilities. Automatic time clock or programmable +controls shall be capable of starting and stopping the +system for seven different daily schedules per week +and retaining their programming and time setting dur- +ing a loss of power for at least 10 hours. Additionally, +the controls shall have a manual override that allows +temporary operation of the system for up to 2 hours; a +manually operated timer capable of being adjusted to +operate the system for up to 2 hours; or an occupancy +sensor. + +503.2.4.4 Shutoff damper controls. Both outdoor air +supply and exhaust ducts shall be equipped with motor- +ized dampers that will automatically shut when the sys- +tems or spaces served are not in use. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Gravity dampers shall be permitted in buildings +less than three stories in height. + +2. Gravity dampers shall be permitted for build- +ings of any height located in climate zones 1,2, +and 3. + +3 . Gravity dampers shall be permitted for outside +air intake or exhaust airflows of 300 cfm (.14 +m /s) or less. + +503.2.5 Ventilation. Ventilation, either natural or mechani- +cal, shall be provided in accordance with Chapter 4 of the +International Mechanical Code. Where mechanical venti- + + + +lation is provided, the system shall provide the capability to +reduce the outdoor air supply to the minimum required by +Chapter 4 of the International Mechanical Code. + +503.2.6 Energy recovery ventilation systems. Individual +fan systems that have both a design supply air capacity of +5,000 cfm (2.36 mVs) or greater and a minimum outside air +supply of 70 percent or greater of the design supply air +quantity shall have an energy recovery system that provides +a change in the enthalpy of the outdoor air supply of 50 per- +cent or more of the difference between the outdoor air and +return air at design conditions. Provision shall be made to +bypass or control the energy recovery system to permit cool- +ing with outdoor air where cooling with outdoor air is +required. + +Exception: An energy recovery ventilation system shall +not be required in any of the following conditions: + +1 . Where energy recovery systems are prohibited by +the International Mechanical Code. + +2 . Laboratory fume hood systems with a total exhaust +rate of 15,000 cfm (7.08 mVs) or less. + +3 . Laboratory fume hood systeius with a total exhaust +rate greater than 15,000 cfm (7.08 mVs) that +include at least one of the following features: + +3.1 . Variable-air-volume hood exhaust and room +supply systems capable of reducing exhaust +and makeup air volume to 50 percent or less of +design values. + +3.2. Direct makeup (auxihary) air supply equal to +at least 75 percent of the exhaust rate, heated +no warmer than 2°F (1.1 °C) below room set +point, cooled to no cooler than 3°F (1.7°C) +above room set point, no humidification + + + +42 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +added, and no simultaneous heating and cool- +ing used for dehumidification control. + +4. Systems serving spaces that are not cooled and are +heated to less than 60°F (15.5°C). + +5. Where more than 60 percent of the outdoor heating +energy is provided from site-recovered or site solar +energy. + +6. Heating systems in climates with less than 3600 +HDD. + +7. Cooling systems in climates with a 1 percent cool- +ing design wet-bulb temperature less than 64 °F + +(17.7°C). + +8. Systems requiring dehumidification that employ +series-style energy recovery coils wrapped around +the cooling coil. + +503.2.7 Duct and plenum insulation and sealing. All sup- +ply and return air ducts and plenums shall be insulated with +a minimum of R-5 insulation when located in unconditioned +spaces and with a minimum of R-8 insulation when located +outside the building. When located within a building enve- +lope assembly, the duct or plenum shall be separated from +the building exterior or unconditioned or exempt spaces by +a minimum of R-8 insulation. + +Exceptions: + +1 . When located within equipment. + +2. When the design temperature difference between +the interior and exterior of the duct or plenum does +not exceed 15°F(8°C). + +All joints, longitudinal and transverse seams and connec- +tions in ductwork, shall be securely fastened and sealed with +welds, gaskets, mastics (adhesives), mastic-plus-embed- +ded-fabric systems or tapes. Tapes and mastics used to seal +ductwork shall be listed and labeled in accordance with UL +1 8 1 A and shall be marked "181 A-P" for pressure-sensitive +tape, "181A-M" for mastic or "181 A-H" for heat-sensitive +tape. Tapes and mastics used to seal flexible air ducts and +flexible air connectors shall comply with UL 1 8 1 B and shal 1 +be marked "181B-FX" for pressure-sensitive tape or +"181B-M" for mastic. Duct connections to flanges of air +distribution system equipment shall be sealed and mechani- +cally fastened. Mechanical fasteners for use with flexible +nonmetallic air ducts shall comply with UL 181B and shall +be marked 1 8 IB-C. Unlisted duct tape is not pennitted as a +sealant on any duct. + +503.2.7.1 Duct construction. Ductwork shall be con- +structed and erected in accordance with the International +Mechanical Code. + +503.2.7.1.1 Low-pressure duct systems. All longi- +tudinal and transverse joints, seams and connections +of supply and return ducts operating at a static pres- +sure less than or equal to 2 inches w.g. (500 Pa) shall +be securely fastened and sealed with welds, gaskets, +mastics (adhesives), mastic-plus-embedded-fabric +systems or tapes installed in accordance with the man- +ufacturer's installation instructions. Pressure classifi- +cations specific to the duct system shall be clearly + + + +indicated on the construction documents in accor- +dance with the International Mechanical Code. + +Exception: Continuously welded and lock- +ing-type longitudinal joints and seams on ducts +operating at static pressures less than 2 inches w.g. +(500 Pa) pressure classification. + +503.2.7.1.2 Medium-pressure duct systems. All + +ducts and plenums designed to operate at a static pres- +sure greater than 2 inches w.g. (500 Pa) but less than 3 +inches w.g. (750 Pa) shall be insulated and sealed in +accordance with Section 503.2.7. Pressure classifica- +tions specific to the duct system shall be clearly indi- +cated on the construction documents in accordance +with the International Mechanical Code. + +503.2.7.1.3 High-pressure duct systems. Ducts +designed to operate at static pressures in excess of 3 +inches w.g. (746 Pa) shall be insulated and sealed in +accordance with Section 503.2.7. In addition, ducts +and plenums shall be leak-tested in accordance with +the SMACl^AHVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual +with the rate of air leakage (CL) less than or equal to +6.0 as determined in accordance with Equation 5-2. + + + +CL^FxP' + + + +where: + + + +(Equation 5-2) + + + +F = The measured leakage rate in cfm per 100 +square feet of duct surface. + +P = The static pressure of the test. + +Documentation shall be furnished by the designer +demonstrating that representative sections totaling at +least 25 percent of the duct area have been tested and +that all tested sections meet the requirements of this +section. + +503.2.8 Piping insulation. All piping serving as part of a +heating or cooling system shall be thermally insulated in +accordance with Table 503.2.8. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Factory-installed piping within HVAC equipment +tested and rated in accordance with a test proce- +dure referenced by this code. + +2. Piping that conveys fluids that have a design oper- +ating temperature range between 55°F (13°C) and +105°F(41°C). + +3. Piping that conveys fluids that have not been +heated or cooled through the use of fossil fuels or +electric power. + +4. Runout piping not exceeding 4 feet (1219 mm) in +length and 1 inch (25 mm) in diameter between the +control valve and HVAC coil. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +43 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 503.2.8 + +MINIMUM PIPE INSULATION' + +(thickness in inches) + + + +FLUID + + +NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER + + +<1.5" + + +>,.S" + + +Steam + + +IV2 + + +3 + + +Hot water + + +1 + + +2 + + +Chilled water, brine or refrigerant + + +1 + + +IV2 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, British thermal unit per inch/h • tf • °F = W per +25 mm/K • m^ + +a. Based on insulation having a conductivity (k) not exceeding 0.27 Btu per +inch/h • ft^ • °F. + + + +503.2.9 HVAC system completion. Prior to the issuance of +a certificate of occupancy, the design professional shall pro- +vide evidence of system completion in accordance with +Sections 503.2.9.1 through 503.2.9.3. + +503.2.9.1 Air system balancing. Each supply air outlet +and zone terminal device shall be equipped with means +for air balancing in accordance with the requirements of +Chapter 6 of the International Mechanical Code. Dis- +charge dampers are prohibited on constant volume fans +and variable volume fans with motors 25 hp (18.6 kW) +and larger. + +503.2.9.2 Hydronic system balancing. Individual +hydronic heating and cooling coils shall be equipped +with means for balancing and pressure test connections. + +503.2.9.3 Manuals. The construction documents shall +require that an operating and maintenance manual be +provided to the building owner by the mechanical con- +tractor. The manual shall include, at least, the following: + +1. Equipment capacity (input and output) and +required maintenance actions. + +2. Equipment operation and maintenance manuals. + +3. HVAC system control maintenance and calibra- +tion information, including wiring diagrams, sche- +matics, and control sequence descriptions. +Desired or field-determined setpoints shall be per- +manently recorded on control drawings, at control +devices or, for digital control systems, in program- +ming comments. + +4. A complete written narrative of how each system +is intended to operate. + +503.3 Simple HVAC systems and equipment. (Prescrip- +tive). This section applies to buildings served by unitary or +packaged HVAC equipment listed in Tables 503.2.3(1) +through 503.2.3(5), each serving one zone and controlled by a +single thermostat in the zone served. It also applies to two-pipe +heating systems serving one or more zones, where no cooling +system is installed. + +This section does not apply to fan systems serving multiple +zones, nonunitary or nonpackaged HVAC equipment and sys- +tems or hydronic or steam heating and hydronic cooling equip- + + + +ment and distribution systems that provide cooling or cooling +and heating which are covered by Section 503.4. + +503.3.1 Economizers. Supply air economizers shall be +provided on each cooling system as shown in Table + +503.3.1(1). + +Economizers shall be capable of providing 100-percent +outdoor air, even if additional mechanical cooling is +required to meet the cooling load of the building. Systems +shall provide a means to reUeve excess outdoor air during +economizer operation to prevent overpressurizing the +building. The relief air outlet shall be located to avoid +recirculation into the building. Where a single room or +space is supplied by multiple air systems, the aggregate +capacity of those systems shall be used in applying this +requirement. + +Exceptions: + +1. Where the cooling equipment is covered by the +minimum efficiency requirements of Table +503.2.3(1) or 503.2.3(2) and meets or exceeds the +minimum cooling efficiency requirement (EER) +by the percentages shown in Table 503.3.1(2). + +2. Systems with air or evaporatively cooled +condensers and which serve spaces with open case +refrigeration or that require filtration equipment in +order to meet the minimum ventilation require- +ments of Chapter 4 of the International Mechani- +cal Code. + + + +TABLE 503.3.1(1) +ECONOMIZER REQUIREMENTS + + + +CLIMATE ZONES + + +ECONOMIZER REQUIREMENT + + +lA, 1B,2A, + +3A, 4A, 7, 8 + + +No requirement + + +2B, 3B, 3C,4B, +4C, 5B, 5C, 6B + + +Economizers on all cooling systems +> 54,000 Btu/h + + +5A, 6A + + +Economizers on all cooling systems +> 135,000 Btu/h + + + +For SI: 1 British thermal unit per hour = 0.293 W. + + + +TABLE 503.3.1(2) + +EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY PERFORMANCE + +EXCEPTION FOR ECONOMIZERS + + + +CLIMATE ZONES + + +COOLING EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE +IMPROVEMENT (EER OR IPLV) + + +2B + + +10% Efficiency Improvement + + +3B + + +15% Efficiency Improvement + + +4B + + +20%) Efficiency Improvement + + + +503.3.2 Hydronic system controls. Hydronic systems of at + +least 300,000 Btu/h (87,930 W) design output capacity sup- I +plying heated and chilled water to comfort conditioning sys- I +tems shall include controls that meet the requirements of +Section 503.4.3. + + + +44 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +503.4 Complex HVAC systems and equipment. (Prescrip- +tive). This section applies to buildings served by HVAC equip- +ment and systems not covered in Section 503.3. + +503.4.1 Economizers. Supply air economizers shall be +provided on each cooling system according to Table +503.3.1(1). Economizers shall be capable of operating at +100 percent outside air, even if additional mechanical cool- +ing is required to meet the cooling load of the building. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Systems utilizing water economizers that are capa- +ble of cooling supply air by direct or indirect evap- +oration or both and providing 1 00 percent of the +expected system cooling load at outside air tem- +peratures of 50°F (10°C) dry bulb/45°F (7°C) wet +bulb and below. + +2. Where the cooling equipment is covered by the +minimum efficiency requirements of Table +503.2.3(1), 503.2.3(2), or 503.2.3(6) and meets or +exceeds the minimum EER by the percentages +shown in Table 503.3.1(2) + +3. Where the cooling equipment is covered by the +minimum efficiency requirements of Table +503.2.3(7) and meets or exceeds the minimum +integrated part load value (IPLV) by the percent- +ages shown in Table 503.3.1(2). + +503.4.2 Variable air volume (VAV) fan control. Individ- +ual VAV fans with motors of 10 horsepower (7.5 kW) or +greater shall be: + +1 . Driven by a mechanical or electrical variable speed +drive; or + +2. The fan motor shall have controls or devices that will +result in fan motor demand of no more than 30 percent +of their design wattage at 50 percent of design air flow +when static pressure set point equals one-third of the +total design static pressure, based on manufacturer's +certified fan data. + +For systems with direct digital control of individual zone +boxes reporting to the central control panel, the static pres- +sure set point shall be reset based on the zone requiring the +most pressure, i.e., the set point is reset lower until one zone +damper is nearly wide open. + +503.4.3 Hydronic systems controls. The heating of fluids +that have been previously mechanically cooled and the +cooling of fluids that have been previously mechanically +heated shall be limited in accordance with Sections +503.4.3.1 through 503.4.3.3. Hydronic heating systems +comprised of multiple-packaged boilers and designed to +deliver conditioned water or steam into a common distribu- +tion system shall include automatic controls capable of +sequencing operation of the boilers. Hydronic heating sys- +tems comprised of a single boiler and greater than 500,000 +Btu/h input design capacity shall include either a +multistaged or modulating burner. + +503.4.3.1 Three-pipe system. Hydronic systems that +use a common return system for both hot water and +chilled water are prohibited. + + + +503.4.3.2 Two-pipe changeover system. Systems that +use a common distribution system to supply both heated +and chilled water shall be designed to allow a dead band +between changeover from one mode to the other of at +least 15°F (8.3°C) outside air temperatures; be designed +to and provided with controls that will allow operation in +one mode for at least 4 hours before changing over to the +other mode; and be provided with controls that allow +heating and cooling supply temperatures at the change- +over point to be no more than 30 °F (16.7°C) apart. + +503.4.3.3 Hydronic (water loop) heat pump systems. + +Hydronic heat pumps connected to a common heat pump +water loop with central devices for heat rejection and +heat addition shall have controls that are capable of pro- +viding a heat pump water supply temperature dead band +of at least 20°F (1 1. 1°C) between initiation of heat rejec- +tion and heat addition by the central devices. For Climate I +Zones 3 through 8 as indicated in Figure 301.1 and Table I +301.1, if a closed-circuit cooling tower is used, either an I +automatic valve shall be installed to bypass all but a mini- +mal flow of water around the tower, or lower leakage +positive closure dampers shall be provided. If an +open-circuit tower is used directly in the heat pump loop, +an automatic valve shall be installed to bypass all heat +pump water flow around the tower. If an open-circuit +cooling tower is used in conjunction with a separate heat +exchanger to isolate the cooling tower from the heat +pump loop, then heat loss shall be controlled by shutting +down the circulation pump on the cooling tower loop. +Each hydronic heat pump on the hydronic system having +a total pump system power exceeding 10 horsepower +(hp) (7.5 kW) shall have a two-position valve. + +Exception: Where a system loop temperature optimi- +zation controller is installed and can determine the +most efficient operating temperature based on real +time conditions of demand and capacity, dead bands +of less than 20°F (ll.TC) shall be permitted. + +503.4.3.4 Part load controls. Hydronic systems greater + +than or equal to 300,000 Btu/h (87,930 W) in design out- I +put capacity supplying heated or chilled water to comfort I +conditioning systems shall include controls that have the +capability to: + +1 . Automatically reset the supply-water temperatures +using zone-return water temperature, build- +ing-return water temperature, or outside air tem- +perature as an indicator of building heating or +cooling demand. The temperature shall be capable +of being reset by at least 25 percent of the design +supply-to-retum water temperature difference; or + +2. Reduce system pump flow by at least 50 percent of +design flow rate utilizing adjustable speed drive(s) +on pump(s), or multiple-staged pumps where at +least one-half of the total pump horsepower is +capable of being automatically turned off or con- +trol valves designed to modulate or step down, and +close, as a function of load, or other approved +means. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +45 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +503.4.3.5 Pump isolation. Chilled water plants includ- +ing more than one chiller shall have the capability to +reduce flow automatically through the chiller plant when +a chiller is shut down. Chillers piped in series for the pur- +pose of increased temperature differential, shall be con- +sidered as one chiller. + +Boiler plants including more than one boiler shall +have the capability to reduce flow automatically through +the boiler plant when a boiler is shut down. + +503.4.4 Heat rejection equipment fan speed control. + +Each fan powered by a motor of 7.5 hp (5.6 kW) or larger +shall have the capability to operate that fan at two-thirds of +full speed or less, and shall have controls that automatically +change the fan speed to control the leaving fluid tempera- +ture or condensing temperature/pressure of the heat rejec- +tion device. + +Exception: Factory-installed heat rejection devices +within HVAC equipment tested and rated in accordance +with Tables 503.2.3(6) through 503.2.3(1 1 ). + +503.4.5 Requirements for complex mechanical systems +serving multiple zones. Sections 503.4.5.1 through +503.4.5.3 shall apply to complex mechanical systems serv- +ing multiple zones. Supply air systems serving multiple +zones shall be VAV systems which, during periods of occu- +pancy, are designed and capable of being controlled to +reduce primary air supply to each zone to one of the follow- +ing before reheating, recooling or mixing takes place: + +1. Thirty percent of the maximum supply air to each +zone. + +2. Three hundred cfm (142 L/s) or less where the maxi- +mum flow rate is less than 10 percent of the total fan +system supply airflow rate. + +3. The minimum ventilation requirements of Chapter 4 +of the International Mechanical Code. + +Exception: The following define when individual zones +or when entire air distribution systems are exempted +from the requirement for VAV control: + +1. Zones where special pressurization relationships +or cross-contamination requirements are such that +VAV systems are impractical. + +2. Zones or supply air systems where at least 75 per- +cent of the energy for reheating or for providing +warm air in mixing systems is provided from a +site-recovered or site-solar energy source. + +3. Zones where special humidity levels are required +to satisfy process needs. + +4. Zones with a peak supply air quantity of 300 cfm +(142 L/s) or less and where the flow rate is less than +10 percent of the total fan system supply airflow +rate. + +5. Zones where the volume of air to be reheated, +recooled or mixed is no greater than the volume of +outside air required to meet the minimaim ventila- +tion requirements of Chapter 4 of the International +Mechanical Code. + + + +6. Zones or supply air systems with thermostatic and +humidistatic controls capable of operating in +sequence the supply of heating and cooling energy +to the zone(s) and which are capable of preventing +reheating, recooling, mixing or simultaneous sup- +ply of air that has been previously cooled, either +mechanically or through the use of economizer +systems, and air that has been previously mechani- +cally heated. + +503.4.5.1 Single duct variable air volume (VAV) sys- +tems, terminal devices. Single duct VAV systems shall +use terminal devices capable of reducing the supply of +primary supply air before reheating or recooling takes +place. + +503.4.5.2 Dual duct and mixing VAV systems, termi- +nal devices. Systems that have one warm air duct and +one cool air duct shall use terminal devices which are +capable of reducing the flow from one duct to a minimum +before mixing of air from the other duct takes place. + +503.4.5.3 Single fan dual duct and mixing VAV sys- +tems, economizers. Individual dual duct or mixing +heating and cooling systems with a single fan and with +total capacities greater than 90,000 Btu/h [(26 375 W) +7.5 tons] shall not be equipped with air economizers. + +503.4.6 Heat recovery for service water heating. Con- +denser heat recovery shall be installed for heating or reheat- +ing of service hot water provided the facility operates 24 +hours a day, the total installed heat capacity of water-cooled +systems exceeds 6,000,000 Btu/hr of heat rejection, and the +design service water heating load exceeds 1 ,000,000 Btu/h. + +The required heat recovery system shall have the capacity +to provide the smaller of: + +1 . Sixty percent of the peak heat rejection load at design +conditions; or + +2. The preheating required to raise the peak service hot +water draw to 85 °F (29 °C). + +Exceptions: + +1 . Facilities that employ condenser heat recovery for +space heating or reheat purposes with a heat recov- +ery design exceeding 30 percent of the peak +water-cooled condenser load at design conditions. + +2. Facilities that provide 60 percent of their service +water heating from site solar or site recovered +energy or from other sources. + + + +SECTION 504 + +SERVICE WATER HEATING + +(Mandatory) + +504.1 General. This section covers the minimum efficiency of, +and controls for, service water-heating equipment and insula- +tion of sei'vice hot water piping. + + + +46 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE* + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +504.2 Service water-heating equipment performance effi- +ciency. Water-heating equipment and hot water storage tanks +shall meet the requirements of Table 504.2. The efficiency shall +be verified through data furnished by the manufacturer or +through certification under an approved certification program. + +504.3 Temperature controls. Service water-heating equip- +ment shall be provided with controls to allow a setpoint of +1 10°F (43°C) for equipment serving dwelling units and 90°F' +(32°C) for equipment serving other occupancies. The outlet +temperature of lavatories in public facility rest rooms shall be +limited to 110°F(43°C). + +504.4 Heat traps. Water-heating equipment not supplied with +integral heat traps and serving noncirculating systems shall be +provided with heat traps on the supply and discharge piping +associated with the equipment. + +504.5 Pipe insulation. For automatic-circulating hot water +systems, piping shall be insulated with 1 inch (25 mm) of insu- +lation having a conductivity not exceeding 0.27 Btu per inch/h +X ft- X °F (1.53 W per 25 mm/m' x K). The first 8 feet (2438 +mm) of piping in noncirculating systems served by equipment +without integral heat traps shall be insulated with 0.5 inch (12.7 +mm) of material having a conductivity not exceeding 0.27 Btu +per inch/h x fr x °F (1.53 W per 25 mm/m" x K). + +504.6 Hot water system controls. Automatic-circulating hot +water system pumps or heat trace shall be arranged to be conve- +niently turned off automatically or manually when the hot +water system is not in operation. + +504.7 Pools. Pools shall be provided with energy conserving +measures in accordance with Sections 504.7.1 through +504.7.3. + +504.7.1 Pool heaters. All pool heaters shall be equipped +with a readily accessible on-off switch to allow shutting off +the heater without adjusting the thennostat setting. Pool +heaters fired by natural gas shall not have continuously +burning pilot lights. + +504.7.2 Time switches. Time switches that can automati- +cally turn off and on heaters and pumps according to a preset +schedule shall be installed on swimming pool heaters and +pumps. + +Exceptions: + +1. Where public health standards require 24-hour +pump operation. + +2. Where pumps are required to operate solar-and +waste-heat-recovery pool heating systems. + +504.7.3 Pool covers. Heated pools shall be equipped with a +vapor retardant pool cover on or at the water surface. Pools +heated to more than 90°F (32''C) shall have a pool cover with +a minimum insuladon value of R-12. + +Exception: Pools deriving over 60 percent of the energy +for heating from site-recovered energy or solar energy +source. + + + +SECTION 505 + +ELECTRICAL POWER AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS + +(Mandatory) + +505.1 General. (Mandatory). This secfion covers lighting | +system controls, the connection of ballasts, the maximum light- +ing power for interior applications, and minimum acceptable +lighting equipment for exterior applications. + +Exception: Lighting within dwelling units. + +505.2 Lighting controls. (Mandatory). Lighting systems I +shall be provided with controls as required in Sections 505.2. 1 , +505.2.2 , 505.2.3 and 505.2.4. I + +505.2.1 Interior lighting controls. Each area enclosed by +walls or floor-to-ceiling partitions shall have at least one +manual control for the lighting serving that area. The +required controls shall be located within the area served by +the controls or be a remote switch that identifies the lights +served and indicates their status. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Areas designated as security or emergency areas +that must be continuously lighted. + +2. Lighting in stairways or corridors that are elements +of the means of egress. + +505.2.2 Additional controls. Each area that is required to +have a manual control shall have additional controls that +meetthe requirements ofSections 505.2.2. 1 and 505.2.2.2. I + +505.2.2.1 Light reduction controls. Each area that is +required to have a manual control shall also allow the +occupant to reduce the connected lighting load in a rea- +sonably uniforai illumination pattern by at least 50 per- +cent. Lighting reduction shall be achieved by one of the +following or other approved method: + +1 . Controlling all lamps or luminaires; + +2. Dual switching of alternate rows of luminaires, +alternate luminaires or alternate lamps; + +3. Switching the middle lamp luminaires independ- +ently of the outer lamps; or + +4. Switching each luminaire or each lamp. +Exceptions: + +1 . Areas that have only one luminaire. + +2. Areas that are controlled by an occupant-sens- +ing device. + +3. Corridors, storerooms, restrooms or public lob- +bies. + +4. Sleeping unit (see Section 505.2.3). | + +5. Spaces that use less than 0.6 watts per square +foot (6.5 W/m'). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +47 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +TABLE 504.2 +MINIMUM PERFORMANCE OF WATER-HEATING EQUIPMENT + + + +EQUIPMENT TYPE + + +SIZE CATEGORY +(input) + + +SUBCATEGORY OR +RATING CONDITION + + +PERFORMANCE +REQUIRED^ " + + +TEST +PROCEDURE + + +Water heaters, Electric + + +< 12 kW + + +Resistance + + +0.97 -0.001 32 F,EF + + +DOE 10 CFR Part 430 + + +> 12 kW + + +Resistance + + +1.73F+ 155 SL, Btu/h + + +ANSI Z2 1.1 0.3 + + +< 24 amps and +< 250 volts + + +Heat pump + + +0.93- 0.00132 F,EF + + +DOE 10 CFR Part 430 + + +Storage water heaters, +Gas + + +< 75,000 Btu/h + + +> 20 gal + + +0.67- 0.0019 r,EF + + +DOE 10 CFR Part 430 + + +> 75,000 Btu/h and +< 155,000 Btu/h + + +< 4,000 Btu/h/gal + + +80% Et +(q / 800 +110Vf)sL, Btu/h + + + + +> 155,000 Btu/h + + +< 4,000 Btu/h/gal + + +80% Et +(q/800+ 110Vr)sL, Btu/h + + +ANSI Z2 1.10. 3 + + + + +> 50,000 Btu/h and +< 200,000 Btu/h' + + +> 4,000 (Btu/h)/gal +and < 2 gal + + +0.62- 0.001 9 K EF + + +DOE 10 CFR Part 430 + + +Instantaneous water +heaters. Gas + + +> 200,000 Btu/h + + +> 4,000 Btu/h/gal and +< 10 gal + + +80% Et + + + + + + +> 200,000 Btu/h + + +> 4,000 Btu/h/gal and +> 10 gal + + +80% Et +(q/800+ 110V^)sL, Btu/h + + +ANSI Z2 1.1 0.3 + + +Storage water +heaters, Oil + + +< 105,000 Btu/h + + +>20 gal + + +0.59- 0.0019 F,EF + + +DOE 10 CFR Part 430 + + +> 105,000 Btu/h + + +< 4,000 Btu/h/gal + + +78% E, +(q / 800 + 1 loV^) SL, Btu/h + + +ANSI Z2 1.1 0.3 + + +Instantaneous water +heaters. Oil + + +< 210,000 Btu/h + + +> 4,000 Btu/h/gal and +<2gal + + +0.59-0.0019r, EF + + +DOE 10 CFR Part 430 + + +> 210,000 Btu/h + + +> 4,000 Btu/h/gal and +< 10 gal + + +80% E, + + + + +> 210,000 Btu/h + + +> 4,000 Btu/h/gal and +> 10 gal + + +78% E, +(q / 800 + 1 loVr) SL, Btu/h + + +ANSI Z21. 10.3 + + +Hot water supply boilers, +Gas and Oil + + +> 300,000 Btu/h and +<12,500,000 Btu/h + + +> 4,000 Btu/h/gal and +< 10 gal + + +■ +80% E, + + + + +Hot water supply boilers, Gas + + +> 300,000 Btu/h and +<12,500,000 Btu/h + + +> 4,000 Btu/h/gal and +> 10 gal + + +80% E, +(q / 800 + 1 loVF) SL, Btu/h + + +ANSI Z2 1.10.3 + + +Hot water supply boilers. Oil + + +>3 00,000 Btu/h and +<12,500,000 Btu/h + + +> 4,000 Btu/h/gal and +> 10 gal + + +78% E, +(q / 800 + 1 loVF) SL, Btu/h + + +Pool heaters. Gas and Oil + + +All + + +— + + +78% Et + + +ASHRAE 146 + + +Heat pump pool heaters + + +All + + +— + + +4.0 COP + + +ARI 1160 + + +Unfired storage tanks + + +All + + +— + + +Minimum insulation + +requirement R-12.5 + +(h- ft^-°F)/Btu + + +(none) + + + +For SI: °C = f(°F) - 32] / 1.8, 1 British thermal unit per hour = 0.2931 W, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 British thermal unit per hour per gillon = 0.078 W/L. + +a. Energy factor (EF) and thermal efficiency {E!) are minimum requirements. In the EF equation, Fis the rated volume in gallons. + +b. Standby loss (SL) is the maximumBtu/h based on a nominal 70°F temperature difference between stored water and ambient requirements. In the SL equation, Q is +the nameplate input rate in Btu/h. In the SL equation for electric water heaters, Fis the rated volume in gallons. In the SL equation for oil and gas water heaters and +boilers, Kis the rated volume in gallons. + +c. Instantaneous water heaters with input rates below 200,000 Btu/h must comply with these requirements if the water heater is designed to heat water to tempera- +tures 1 80°F or higher. + + + +48 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +505.2.2.2 Automatic lighting shutoff. Buildings larger +than 5,000 square feet (465 m ) shall be equipped with an +automatic control device to shut off lighting in those +areas. This automatic control device shall function on +either: + +1. A scheduled basis, using time-of-day, with an +independent program schedule that controls the +interior lighting in areas that do not exceed 25,000 +square feet (2323 m^) and are not more than one +floor; or + +2. An occupant sensor that shall turn lighting off +within 30 minutes of an occupant leaving a space; +or + +3. A signal from another control or alarm system that +indicates the area is unoccupied. + +Exception: The following shall not require an auto- +matic control device: + +1. Sleeping unit (see Section 505.2.3). + +2. Lighting in spaces where patient care is directly +provided. + +3. Spaces where an automatic shutoff would +endanger occupant safety or security. + +505.2.2.2.1 Occupant override. Where an automatic +time switch control device is installed to comply with +Section 505.2.2.2, Item 1 , it shall incorporate an over- +ride switching device that: + +1. Is readily accessible. + +2. Is located so that a person using the device can +see the lights or the area controlled by that +switch, or so that the area being lit is annunci- +ated. + +3. Is manually operated. + +4. Allows the lighting to remain on for no more +than 2 hours when an override is initiated. + +5. Controls an area not exceeding 5,000 square +feet (465 m^). + +Exceptions: + +1. In malls and arcades, auditoriums, sin- +gle-tenant retail spaces, industrial facilities +and arenas, where captive-key override is +utilized, override time may exceed 2 hours. + +2. In malls and arcades, auditoriums, sin- +gle-tenant retail spaces, industrial facilities +and arenas, the area controlled may not +exceed 20,000 square feet (1860 m"). + +505.2.2.2.2 Holiday scheduling. If an automatic time +switch control device is installed in accordance with +Section 505.2.2.2, Item 1 , it shall incorporate an auto- +matic holiday scheduling feature that turns off all +loads for at least 24 hours, then resumes the normally +scheduled operation. + + + +Exception: Retail stores and associated malls, res- +taurants, grocery stores, places of religious +worship and theaters. + +505.2.3 Sleeping unit. Sleeping units in hotels, motels, +boarding houses or similar buildings shall have at least one +master switch at the main entry door that controls all perma- +nently wired luminaires and switched receptacles, except +those in the bathroom(s). Suites shall have a control meeting +these requirements at the entry to each room or at the pri- +mary entry to the suite. + +505.2.4 Exterior lighting controls. Lighting for all exte- +rior applications shall have automatic controls capable of +turning off exterior lighting when sufficient daylight is +available or when the lighting is not required during night- +time hours. Lighting not designated for dusk-to-dawn oper- +ation shall be controlled by an astronomical time switch. +Lighting designated for dusk-to-dawn operation shall be +controlled by an astronomical time switch or photosensor. +Astronomical time switches shall be capable of retaining +programming and the time setting during loss of power for a +period of at least 10 hours. + +Exception: Lighting for covered vehicle entrances or +exits from buildings or parking structures where +required for safety, security, or eye adaptation. + +505.3 Tandem wiring. (Mandatory). The following +luminaires located within the same area shall be tandem wired: + +1. Fluorescent luminaires equipped with one, three or +odd-numbered lamp configurations, that are +recess-mounted within 10 feet (3048 mm) center-to-cen- +ter of each other. + +2. Fluorescent luminaires equipped with one, three or any +other odd-numbered lamp configuration, that are pen- +dant- or surface-mounted within 1 foot (305 mm) +edge-to-edge of each other. + +Exceptions: + +1. Where electronic high-frequency ballasts are used. + +2. Luminaires on emergency circuits. + +3. Luminaires with no available pair in the same area. + +505.4 Exit signs. (Mandatory). Internally illuminated exit | +signs shall not exceed 5 Watts per side. + +505.5 Interior lighting power requirements. (Prescriptive). | + +A building complies with this section if its total connected +lighting power calculated under Section 505.5.1 is no greater +than the interior lighting power calculated under Section +505.5.2. + +505.5.1 Total connected interior lighting power. The total +connected interior lighting power (watts) shall be the sum of +the watts of all interior lighting equipment as determined in +accordance with Sections 505.5.1.1 through 505.5.1.4. + +Exceptions: The connected power associated with the +following lighting equipment is not included in calculat- +ing total connected lighting power. + +1 . Specialized medical, dental and research lighting. + +2. Professional sports arena playing field lighting. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE* + + + +49 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +3. Display lighting for exhibits in galleries, museums +and monuments. + +4. Sleeping unit lighting in hotels, motels, boarding +houses or similar buildings. + +5. Emergency lighting automatically off during nor- +mal building operation. + +505.5.1.1 Screw lamp holders. The wattage shall be the +maximum labeled wattage of the luminaire. + +505.5.1.2 Low-voltage lighting. The wattage shall be +the specified wattage of the transformer supplying the +system. + +505.5.1.3 Other luminaires. The wattage of all other +lighting equipment shall be the wattage of the lighting +equipment verified through data furnished by the manu- +facturer or other approved sources. + +505.5.1.4 Line-voltage lighting track and plug-in +busway. The wattage shall be the greater of the wattage +of the luminaires determined in accordance with Sec- +tions 505.5.1.1 through 505.5.1.3 or 30 W/linear foot +(98W/lin m). + +505.5.2 Interior lighting power. The total interior lighting +power (watts) is the sum of all interior lighting powers for +all areas in the building covered in this permit. The interior +lighting power is the floor area for each building area type +listed in Table 505.5.2 times the value from Table 505.5.2 +for that area. For the purposes of this method, an "area" shall +be defined as all contiguous spaces that accommodate or are +associated with a single building area type as listed in Table +505.5.2. When this method is used to calculate the total inte- +rior lighting power for an entire building, each building area +type shall be treated as a separate area. + +505.6 Exterior lighting. (Mandatory). When the power for +exterior lighting is supplied through the energy service to the +building, all exterior lighting, other than low-voltage land- +scape lighting, shall comply with Sections 505.6. 1 and 505.6.2. + +Exception: Where approved because of historical, safety, +signage or emergency considerations. + +505.6.1 Exterior building grounds lighting. All exterior +building grounds luminaires that operate at greater than 100 +watts shall contain lamps having a minimum efficacy of 60 +lumens per watt unless the luminaire is controlled by a +motion sensor or qualifies for one of the exceptions under +Section 505.6.2. + + + +TABLE 505.5.2 +INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCES + + + +LIGHTING POWER DENSITY + + +Building Area Type^ + + +(W/ft') +0.9 + + + + +Automotive Facility + + + + +Convention Center + + +1.2 + + + + +Court House + + +1.2 +1.3 + + + + +Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure + + + + +Dining: Cafeteria/Fast Food + + +1.4 + + + + +Dining: Family + + +1.6 + + + + +Dormitory + + +1.0 + + + + +Exercise Center + + +1.0 + + + + +Gymnasium + + +1.1 + + + + +Healthcare-Clinic + + +1.0 +1.2 +1.0 + + + + +Hospital + + + + +Hotel + + + + +Library + + +1.3 + + + + +Manufacturing Facility + + +1.3 +1.0 + + + + +Motel + + + + +Motion Picture Theater + + +1.2 + + + + +Multi-Family + + +0.7 + + + + +Museum + + +1.1 + + + + +Office + + +1.0 + + + + +Parking Garage + + +0.3 + + + + +Penitentiary + + +1.0 + + + + +Performing Arts Theater + + +1.6 + + + + +Police/Fire Station + + +1.0 + + + + +Post Office + + +1.1 +1.3 + + + + +Religious Building + + + + +Retail*^ + + +1.5 + + + + +School/University + + +1.2 + + + + +Sports Arena + + +1.1 +1.1 +1.0 + + + + +Town Hall + + + + +Transportation + + + + +Warehouse + + +0.8 + + + + +Workshop + + +1.4 + + + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 watt per square foot = W/0.0929 m^. + +a. In cases where both a general building area type and a more specific build- +ing area type arc listed, the more specific building area type shall apply. + +b. Where lighting equipment is specified to be installed to highlight specific +merchandise in addition to lighting equipment specified for general lighting +and is switched or dimmed on circuits different from the circuits for general +lighting, the smaller of the actual wattage of the lighting equipment installed +specifically for merchandise, or 1 .6 W/ft" times the area of the specific dis- +play but not to exceed 50% of the floor area, or 3.9 W/ft' times the actual +case or shelf area for displaying and selling jewelry, china or silver, shall be +added to the interior lighting power determined in accordance with this line +item. + + + +50 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE* + + + +505.6.2 Exterior building lighting power. The total exterior +lighting power allowance for all exterior building applications +is the sum of the individual lighting power allowances based on +the densities permitted in Table 505.6.2 for these applications +plus an additional unrestricted allowance of 5 percent of that +sum. Tradeoffs are allowed only among exterior lighting appli- +cations Usted in Table 505.6.2 in the Tradable Surfaces section. +Exterior lighting for all applications (except those included in +the exceptions to Section 505.6.2) shall comply with the +requirements of Section 505.6. 1 . + +Exceptions: Lighting used for the following exterior +applications is exempt when equipped with a control +device independent of the control of the nonexempt +lighting: + +1 . Specialized signal, directional, and marker light- +ing associated with transportation; + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +2. Advertising signage or directional signage; + +3. Integral to equipment or instrumentation and is +installed by its manufacturer; + +4. Theatrical purposes, including performance, +stage, film production and video production; + +5. Athletic playing areas; + +6. Temporary lighting; + +7. Industrial production, material handling, transpor- +tation sites, and associated storage areas; + +8. Theme elements in theme/amusement parks; and + +9. Used to highlight features of public monuments +and registered historic landmark structures or +buildings. + + + +TABLE 505.6.2 +LIGHTING POWER DENSITIES FOR BUILDING EXTERIORS + + + +APPLICATIONS + + + +LIGHTING POWER DENSITIES + + + +Tradable Surfaces (Lighting Power Densities for uncovered parking areas, building grounds, building entrances and exits, canopies and +overhangs, and outdoor sales areas may be traded.) + +Uncovered Parking Areas + +Parking Lots and drives +Building Grounds + +Walkways less than 10 feet wide + + + +0.15 W/ft' + + + +1.0 watts/linear foot + + + +Walkways 1 feet wide or greater, plaza areas and special feature areas + +Stairways + +Building Entrances and Exits + + + +0.2 W/ft2 + + + +l.OW/ft- + + + +Main^ntries +Other doors +Canopies and Overhangs + + + +30 watts/linear foot of door width + + + +20 watts/linear foot of door width + + + +Canopies (free standing & attached and overhangs) +Outdoor Sales + + + +1.25 W/ft' + + + +Open areas (including vehicle sales lots) + + + +0.5 W/ft' + + + +Street frontage for vehicle sales lots in addition to "open area" allowance + + + +20 watts/linear foot + + + +Nontradable Surfaces (Lighting Power Density calculations for the following applications can be used only for the specific application +and cannot be traded between surfaces or with other exterior lighting. The following allowances are in addition to any allowance +otherwise penuitted in the Tradable Surfaces section of this table.) + + + +Building facades + + + +Automated teller machines and night depositories + + + +Entrances and gatehouse inspection stations at guarded facilities + + + +0.2 W/ft for each illuminated wall or surface or 5.0 +Watts/linear foot for each illuminated wall or surface +length + + + +270 watts per location plus 90 watts per additional ATM +per location + + + +Loading areas for law enforcement, fire, ambulance and other emergency +service vehicles + +Drive-up windows at fast food restaurants + +Parking near 24-hour retail entrances + + + +1.25 W/ft' of uncovered area (covered areas are included +in the Canopies and Overhangs section of Tradable +Surfaces) + + + +0.5 W/ft' of uncovered area (covered areas are included in +the Ca nopies and Overhangs section of Tradable Surfaces) + +400 watts per drive-through + +800 watts per main entry + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 watt per square foot = W/0.0929 m- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +51 + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +I 505.7 Electrical energy consumption. (Mandatory). In + +buildings having individual dwelling units, provisions shall be +made to determine the electrical energy consumed by each ten- +ant by separately metering individual dwelling units. + + + +SECTION 506 +TOTAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE + +506.1 General. The proposed design complies with this sec- +tion provided that: + +1. Sections 502.4, 502.5, 503.2, 504 505.2, 505.3, 505.4 +505.6 and 505.7 are each satisfied, and + +2. Annual energy costs of the proposed design as deter- +mined in accordance with Section 506.3 do not exceed +those of the standard design as determined in accordance +with Section 506.4. + +506.2 Analysis procedures. Sections 506.2.1 through 506.2.8 +shall be applied in determining total building performance. + +506.2.1 Energy analysis. Annual (8,760 hours) energy +costs for the standard design and the proposed design shall +each be determined using the same approved energy analy- +sis simulation tool. + +506.2.2 Climate data. The climate data used in the energy +analysis shall cover a full calendar year (8,760 hours) and +shall reflect approved coincident hourly data for tempera- +ture, solar radiation, humidity and wind speed for the build- +ing location. + +506.2.3 Energy rates. The annual energy costs shall be esti- +mated using energy rates published by the serving energy +supplier and which would apply to the actual building or +DOE State-Average Energy Prices published by DOE's +Energy Information Administration and which would apply +to the actual building. + +506.2.4 Nondepletable energy. Nondepletable energy col- +lected off site shall be treated and priced the same as pur- +chased energy. Energy from nondepletable energy sources +collected on site shall be omitted from the annual energy +cost of the proposed design. The analysis and performance +of any nondepletable energy system shall be determined in +accordance with accepted engineering practice using +approved methods. + +506.2.5 Building operation. Building operation shall be +simulated for a full calendar year (8,760 hours). Operating +schedules shall include hourly profiles for daily operation +and shall account for variations between weekdays, week- +ends, holidays, and any seasonal operation. Schedules shall +model the time-dependent variations of occupancy, illumi- +nation, receptacle loads, thermostat settings, mechanical +ventilation, HVAC equipment availability, service hot water +usage, and any process loads. + +506.2.6 Simulated loads. The following systems and loads +shall be modeled in determining total building performance: +heating systems, cooling systems, fan systems, lighting +power, receptacle loads, and process loads that exceed 1 .0 +W/ft^ (W/0.0929 m^) of floor area of the room or space in +which the process loads are located. + + + +Exception: Systems and loads serving required emer- +gency power only. + +506.2.7 Service water-heating systems. Service water- +heating systems that are other than combined service hot +water/space-heating systems shall be be omitted from the +energy analysis provided all requirements in Section 504 +have been met. + +506.2.8 Exterior lighting. Exterior lighting systems shall +be the same as in the standard and proposed designs. + +506.3 Determining energy costs for the proposed design. + +Building systems and loads shall be simulated in the proposed +design in accordance with Sections 506.3.1 and 506.3.2. + +506.3.1 HVAC and service water-heating equipment. All + +HVAC and service water-heating equipment shall be simu- +lated in the proposed design using capacities, rated efficien- +cies and part-load performance data for the proposed +equipment as provided by the equipment manufacturer. + +506.3.2 Features not documented at time of permit. If + +any feature of the proposed design is not included in the +building permit application, the energy performance of that +feature shall be assumed to be that of the corresponding fea- +ture used in the calculations required in Section 506.4. + +506.4 Determining energy costs for the standard design. + +Sections 506.4.1 through 506.4.7 shall be used in determining +the annual energy costs of the standard design. + +506.4.1 Equipment efficiency. The space-heating, space- +cooling, service water-heating, and ventilation systems and +equipment shall meet, but not exceed, the minimum effi- +ciency requirements of Sections 503 and 504. + +506.4.2 HVAC system capacities. HVAC system capaci- +ties in the standard design shall be established such that no +smaller number of unmet heating and cooling load hours +and no larger heating and cooling capacity safety factors are +provided than in the proposed design. + +506.4.3 Envelope. The thermal envelope of the standard +design shall comply with the prescriptive requirements of +Sections 502. 1 through 502.3, as well as the mandatory pro- +visions of Sections 502.4 through 502.5. + +506.4.4 Identical characteristics. The heating/cooling +system zoning, the orientation of each building feature, the +number of floors and the gross envelope areas of the stan- +dard design shall be the same as those of the proposed +design except as modified by Section 506.4.5 or 506.4.6. + +Exception: Permanent fixed or movable external shad- +ing devices for windows and glazed doors shall be +excluded from the standard design. + +506.4.5 Window area. The window area of the standard +design shall be the same as the proposed design, or 35 per- +cent of the above-grade wall area, whichever is less, and +shall be distributed in a uniform pattern equally over each +building facade. + +506.4.6 Skylight area. The skylight area of the standard +design shall be the same as the proposed design, or 3 percent +of the gross area of the roof assembly, whichever is less. + + + +52 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + + + +506.4.7 Interior lighting. The lighting power for the stan- +dard design shall be the maximum allowed in accordance +with Section 505.5. Where the occupancy of the building is +not known, the lighting power density shall be 1 .5 Watts per +square foot (16.1 wW). + +506.5 Documentation. The energy analysis and supporting +documentation shall be prepared by a registered design profes- +sional where required by the statutes of the jurisdiction in +which the project is to be constructed. The information docu- +menting compliance shall be submitted in accordance with +Sections 506.5.1 through 506.5.4. + +506.5.1 Annual energy use and associated costs. The + +annual energy use and costs by energy source of the stan- +dard design and the proposed design shall be clearly indi- +cated. + +506.5.2 Energy-related features. A list of the energy- +related features that are included in the proposed design and +on which compliance with the provisions of the code are +claimed shall be provided to the code official. This hst shall +include and prominently indicate all features that differ +from those set forth in Section 506.4 and used in the energy +analysis between the standard design and the proposed +design. + +506.5.3 Input and output report(s). Input and output +report(s) from the energy analysis simulation program con- +taining the complete input and output files, as applicable. +The output file shall include energy use totals and energy +use by energy source and end-use served, total hours that +space conditioning loads are not met and any errors or warn- +ing messages generated by the simulation tool as applicable. + +506.5.4 Written explanation(s). An explanation of any +error or warning messages appearing in the simulation tool +output shall be provided in a written, narrative format. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +53 + + + +54 2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE ' + + + +CHAPTER 6 + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + +This chapter lists the standards that are referenced in various sections of this document. The standards are hsted herein by the +promulgating agency of the standard, the standard identification, the effective date and tide, and the section or sections of this +document that reference the standard. The application of the referenced standards shall be as specified in Section 107. + + + +AAMA + + + +American Architectural Manufacturers Association + +1827 Walden Office Square + +Suite 550 + +Schaumburg. IL 60173-4268 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +AAMAAVDMA/CSA +101/I.S.2/a440— 05 + + + +Specifications for Windows, Doors and Unit Skylights 402.4.2, 502.4. + + + +AMCA + + + +Air Movement and Control Association International + +30 West University Drive + +ArUngton Heights, IL 60004-1806 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +500D— 98 + + + +Laboratory Methods for Testing Dampers for Rating 502.4.4 + + + +ANSI + + + +American National Standards Institute + +25 West 43rd Street + +Fourth Floor + +New York, NY 10036 + +Referenced + +in code + +Title section number + +Gas Water Heaters, Volume III - Storage Water Heaters with Input Ratings Above 75,000 Btu per Hour. + +Circulating Tank and Instantaneous— with Addenda Z21.10.3a-2003 and Z21.10.3b-2004 Table 504.2 + +Gas-Fired Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Boilers Table 503.2.3(5) + +Gas-Fired Central Furnaces Table 503.2.3(4) + +Gas Unit Heaters and Gas-Fired Duct Furnaces — with Addendum Z83.8a-2003 Table 503.2.3(4) + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Z2 1.1 0.3— 01 + +Z2 1.1 3— 04 + +Z2 1.47— 03 +Z83.8— 02 + + + +ARI + + + +Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute + +430 1 North Fairfax Drive + +Suite 200 + +Arlmgton, VA 22203 + +Referenced + +in code + +Title section number + +Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment Table 503. 2. 3( I ), Table 503.2.3(2) + +Standard for Packaged Terminal Air-Conditioners and Heat Pumps Table 503.2.3(3) + +Commercial and Industrial Unitary Air-conditioning and Heat Pump + +Equipmem Table 503.2. 3( 1 ), Table 503.2.3(2) + +Commercial and Industrial Unitary Air-Conditioning Condensing Units Table 503.2.3(6) + +Remote Mechanical-Draft Air-Cooled Refrigerant Condensers Table 503. 2. 3( 1 1 ) + +Water Chilling Packages U.sing the Vapor Compression Cycle — with Addenda Table 503.2.3(7) + +Absorption Water Chilling and Water Heating Packages Table 503.2.3(7) + +Water-source Heat Pumps — Testing and Rating for Perfonnance — Part 1 : Water-to-air and + +Brine-to-air Heat Pumps Table 503.2.3(2) + +Performance Rating of Heat Pump Pool Heaters Table 504.2 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +210/240—03 +310/380—93 +340/360—2000 + +365—02 +460-00 +550/590—98 +560—00 + +13256-1 (2004) + +1160—2004 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE^ + + + +55 + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. + +A CXXIJ \ T? 1791 Tullie Circle, NE + +irVkJljLJV/^Jl/ Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 + +Standard Referenced + +reference in code + +number Title section number + +1 19—88 (RA 1994) Air Leakage Performance for Detached Single-family Residential Buildings Table 404.5. 2( 1 ) + +146-1998 Testing and Ratmg Pool Heaters Table 504.2 + +13256-1 (2004) Water-source Heal Pumps — Testing and Rating for Performance — Part 1 : Water-to-air and + +Brine-to-air Heat Pumps (ANSl/ASHRAE/lESNA 90.1-2004) Table 503.2.3(2) + +90.1 — 2004 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-rise Residential Buildings + +(ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90. 1-2004) 501.1, 501.2. 502.Ll,Table 502.2(2) + +ASHRAE— 2001 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals-2004 402.1.4, Table 404.5.2(1), 503.2.1 + +ASHRAE— 2004 ASHRAE HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook-2004 503.2.1 + + + +ASME + + + +American Society of Mechanical Engineers + +Three Park Avenue + +New York, NY 10016-5990 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +PTC 4.1 - 1964 + + + +Steam Generating Units Table 503.2.3(5) + + + +ASTM + + + +ASTM International + +100 Ban- Harbor Drive + +West Con.shohocken, PA 19428-2859 + +Referenced + +in code + +Title section number + +Specification for Load-bearing Concrete Masonry Units Table 502. 2( 1 ) + +Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials 202, 502.5 + +Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Wmdows, + +Curtain Walls and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen 402.4.3, 502.4.2, 502.4.7 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +C 90—03 +E96— OOeOl +E 283—04 + + + +CSA + + + +Canadian Standards Association + +5060 Spectrum Way + +Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N6 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +101/1.S.2/A440— 05 + + + +Specifications for Windows, Doors and Unit Skylights 402.4.2, 502.4.1 + + + +CTI + + + +Cooling Technology Institute +2611 FM 1960 West, Suite H-200 +Houston, TX 77068-3730 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +ATC- 105 (2000) +STD-201 (2002) + + + +Acceptance Test Code + +Certification Standard for Commercial Water Cooling Towers + + + +.Table 503.2.3(11) +.Table 503.2.3(11) + + + +56 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE^ + + + +DOE + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +U.S. Department of Energy +c/o Superintendent of Documents +U.S. Government Printing Office +Washington, DC 20402-9325 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +10 CFR Part 430, Subpart B, + +Appendix E (1998) Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Enei^y Consumption of Water Heaters Table 504.2 + +10 CFR Part 430, + +Subpart B, Appendix N (1998) Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Furnaces and Boilers .... Table 503.2.3(4), Table 503.2.3(5) + +DOE/EIA— 0376 + +(Current Edition) State Energy Prices and Expenditure Report 404.3, 506.2.3 + + + +HI + + + +Hydronics Institute, Division of the Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association + +P.O. Box 218 + +Berkeley Heights, NJ 07054 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +HBS + + + +I=B=R— Testing and Rating Standard for Heating Boilers, 1989 Ed Table 503.2.3(5) + + + +ICC + + + +International Code Council, Inc. + +500 New Jersey Avenue, NW + +6th Floor + +Washington, D.C. 20001 + +Referenced + +in code + +Title section number + +International Building Code® 102.2, 201 .3 + +ICC Electrical Code® 201 .3 + +International Fire Code 20 1 .3 + +International Fuel Gas Code 20 1 .3 + +International Mechanical Code® 503.2.5, 503.2.6, 503.2.7.1, 503.2.7.1.1, + +503.2.7.1.2, 503.2.9.1, 503.3.1, 503.4.5 + +International Plumbing Code" 20 1 .3 + +International Residential Code® 201.3, 403.2.2, 403.6, 404.6.1, Table 404.5.2( 1) + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +IBC— 06 +ICC EC— 06 +IFC— 06 +IFGC— 06 +IMC— 06 + +IPC— 06 +IRC— 06 + + + +lESNA + + + +Illuminating Engineering Society of North America +120 Wall Street, 17th Floor +New York, NY 10005-4001 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +90.1-2004 + + + +Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-rise Residential Buildings 501.1, 501.2, 502.1.1, Table 502.2(2) + + + +NFRC + + + +National Fenestration Rating Council, Inc. + +8484 Georgia Avenue + +Suite 320 + +Silver Spring, MP 20910 + +Referenced + +in code + +Title section number + +Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-Factors — Second Edition 102. 1 .3 + +Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Solar Heat Gain Coefficients and + +Visible Transmittance at Normal Incidence — Second Edition 102. 1 .3 + +Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Air Leakage — Second Edition 402.4.2, 502.4. 1 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +100—01 +200—01 + +400—01 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE^* + + + +57 + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +SMACNA + + + +Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Inc. + +402 1 Lafayette Center Drive + +Chantilly^VA 20151-1209 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +SMACNA— 85 + + + +HVAC Air Duct Leakase Test Manual 503.2.7. + + + +UL + + + +Underwriters Laboratories Inc. + +333 Pfmgsten Road + +Northbrook, IL 60062-2096 + +Referenced + +in code + +Title section number + +Closure Systems for Use with Rigid Air Ducts and Air Connectors + +— with Revisions through December 1998 503.2.7 + +Closure Systems for Use with Flexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors + +— with Revisions through August 2003 503.2.7 + +Oil-Fired Central Furnaces — with Revisions through January 2001 .Table 503.2.3(4) + +Oil-Fired Unit Heaters — with Revisions through January 1999 Table 503.2.3(4) + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +181A~98 + + + +18 IB— 95 + + + +727—98 +731—95 + + + +WDMA + + + +Window and Door Manufacturers Association +1400 East Touhy Avenue, Suite 470 +DesPlaines, IL 60018 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +101/I.S.2/A440— 05 + + + +Specifications for Windows. Doors and Unit Skylights 402.4.2. 502.4. + + + +58 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE^ + + + +INDEX + + + +A + +ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 101.4.3 + +ADMINISTRATION AND +ENFORCEMENT Chapter 1 + +AIR ECONOMIZERS + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 503.3.1, 503.4.1, 503.4.5.3 + +AIR INFILTRATION + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 402.4.1, 402.4.2, 502.4.5 + +AIR LEAKAGE 402.4, Table 404.5.2(1), + +502.4,503.2.7.1.3 + +AIR SYSTEM BALANCING 503.2.9.1 + +ALTERNATE MATERIALS 103 + +APPROVED + +Defined 202 + +AUTOMATIC + +Defined 202 + +B + +BALANCING 503.2.9.1 , 503.2.9.2 + +BALLASTS 505.1 , 505.3 + +BASEMENT WALLS + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 102.2.1, Table 402.1.1, + +Table402.1.3, 402.2.6, Table 404.5.2(1), +Table 502.2(1), 502.2.2.2, 502.2.4 +BELOW-GRADE WALLS (see BASEMENT WALLS) +BI-LEVEL SWITCHING 505.2.2.1 + +BOILERS Table 503.2.3(5), 503.4.3, + +503.4.3.5, 504.2, Table 504.2 + +BUILDING ENVELOPE + +Compliance documentation 104.2, 401.3 + +Defined 202 + +Exemption 101 .5.2 + +Requirements 102.1.1, 402, 502 + +Performance method Table 404.5.2(1), 506.4.3 + +C + +CAULKING AND WEATHERSTRIPPING .... 402.4.1 , + +502.4.1,502.4.3 + +CERTIFICATE 401.3 + +CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY 101.4.4 + +CIRCULATING PUMPS 503.4.3.3, 504.6 + +CIRCULATING SYSTEMS 403.4, 503.4.3.3, + +503.4.3.5, 504.6, 504.7.2 + + + +CLIMATE ZONES 301, Figure 301.1, Table 301.1 + +By state or territory Figure 301 .1 , Table 301 .1 + +International climate zones . . 301.3, Table 301.3(1), + +Table 301 .3(2) + +Warm humid 301 .2, Table 301 .2, 301 .3. 1 + +COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE + +(COP) Table 503.2.3(2), Table 503.2.3(7), + +Table 503.2.3(8), Table 503.2.3(9), +Table 503.2.3(1 0), Table 503.2.3(1 1 ) +COMBINED SERVICE WATER HEATING AND + +SPACE HEATING 506.2.7 + +COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS + +Compliance 101.2, 101.4.5, 101.5, + +Chapter 5, 501.1 + +Defined 202 + +Total building performance 506 + +COMMISSIONING OF HVAC SYSTEMS 503.2.9 + +Manuals 503.2.9.3 + +COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 1015 + +CONDITIONED FLOOR AREA + +Defined 202 + +CONDITIONED SPACE + +Defined 202 + +CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 104 + +CONTROLS + +Capabilities 503.2.2, 503.2.4.1 , 503.2.4.3.1 , + +503.2.4.3.2, 503.2.5, 503.4.3.4, +503.4.3.5, 503.4.4, 504.3 + +Economizers 503.3.1, 503.4.1 + +Energy recovery systems 503.2.6 + +Fan speed 503.4.4 + +Heat pump 403.1 .1 , 503.2.4.1 .1 , 503.4.3.3 + +Heating and cooling 403.1 , 503.2.2, + +503.2.4, 503.4.5 + +Hot water system 504.6 + +Humidity 503.2.4.1 , 503.2.6, 503.4.5 + +Hydronic systems 503.2.9.2, 503.3.2, 503.4.3 + +Lighting 505.2, 505.6.1 , 505.6.2 + +Off hour 503.2.4.3 + +Service water heating 403.4, 504.3, 504.6 + +Shutoff dampers 403.5, 503.2.4.4, 503.4.5 + +Temperature 503.2.4.1 , 503.2.4.2, + +503.2.4.3.1, 503.4.3,504.3 + +Variable air volume systems 503.4.2, 503.4.5 + +Ventilation 503.2.5 + +COOLING WITH OUTDOOR AIR ... . 503.3.1, 503.4.1 +CRAWL SPACE WALLS + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 102.2.1, Table 402.1.1, + +Table402.1.3, 402.2.8, Table 404.5.2(1) + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE' + + + +® + + + +59 + + + +INDEX + + + +DEADBAND 503.2.4.2, 503.4.3.2, 403.4.3.3 + +DEFINITIONS Chapter 2 + +DEGREE DAY COOLING Table 301 .3(2) + +DEGREE DAY HEATING Table 301 .3(2) + +DESIGN CONDITIONS Chapter 3, 302 + +DUAL DUCT VAV 503.4.5.2, 503.4.5.3 + +DUCTS + +Defined 202 + +Insulation 104.2, 401.3, 403.2, 503.2.7, + +503.2.7.1.2,503.2.7.1.3 + +Sealing 104.2, 503.2.7, 503.2.7.1.2, 503.2.7.1.3 + +DWELLING UNIT + +Defined 202 + + + +ECONOMIZER + +Air 503.3.1,503.4.1 + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 503.3.1, 503.4.1, 503.4.5.3 + +Water 503.4.1 + +ELECTRICAL METERS 505.7 + +ELECTRICAL POWER AND LIGHTING 505 + +ENERGY ANALYSIS, ANNUAL + +Defined 202 + +Documentation 404.4, 506.5 + +Requirements 404.3, 506 + +ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO (EER) 503.2.3, + +503.3.1,503.4.1 + +ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION SYSTEMS + +Defined 202 + +Requirements . . . Table 404.5.2(1), 503.2.1, 503.2.6 + +ENERGY SIMULATION TOOL + +Defined 202 + +Requirements/Use 101.5.1, 404, 506, + +506.2.1,506.5.3,506.5.4 + +ENVELOPE, BUILDING THERMAL + +Defined 202 + +ENVELOPE DESIGN + +PROCEDURES 402, 502, 506.4.3 + +EQUIPMENT EFICIENCIES .... 104.2, 401 .3, 503.2.3, +503.3.1, 503.4.1, 504.2, 506.3.1 , 506.4.1 + +EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE + +REQUIREMENTS 503.2.3 + +Boilers Table 503.2.3(5) + +Chillers, nonstandard. Tables 503.2.3(8-10) + +Condensing units Table 503.2.3(6) + +Economizer exception Table 503.3.1(2) + +Heat rejection equipment Table 503.2.3(1 1) + +Packaged terminal air conditioners + +and heat pump Table 503.2.3(3) + +Unitary air conditioners and + +condensing units Table 503.2.3(1) + +Unitary and applied heat pumps. . . Table 503.2.3(2) + + + +Warm air duct furnaces and +unit heaters Table 503.2.3(4) + +Warm air furnaces Table 503.2.3(4) + +Warm air furnaces/air-conditioning +units Table 503.2.3(4) + +Water chilling packages, standard . Table 503.2.3(7) + +Water heating 504.2 + +EXEMPT BUILDINGS 101.5.2 + +EXISTING BUILDINGS 101 .4.1 + +EXTERIOR LIGHTING 505.6 + +EXTERIOR SHADING Table 502.3, 502.3.2 + +EXTERIOR WALLS + +Defined 202 + +Thermal performance 402, 402.1 .1 , + +Table 404.5.2(1), 502, 502.2.2 + +F + +FENESTRATION 102.1.3, 402.3, 402.4.2, + +502.3, 502.4 + +Defined 202 + +Rating and labeling 102.1.3, 402.1.1, + +402.6,502.1.1 + +FURNACE EFFICIENCY Table 404.5.2(1), + +Table 503.2.3(4) + + + +GUESTROOMS (see SLEEPING UNIT) +GLAZING AREA + +Requirements . . . 402.3.3, 402.3.5, Table 404.5.2(1) + +H + +HEAT PUMP 403. 1.1, Tables 503.2.3(2, 3), + +503.2.4.1.1,503.4.3.3 + +HEAT TRAPS 504.4, 504.5 + +Defined 202 + +HEATING AND COOLING LOADS .... 302.1 , 403.1 .1 , + +503.2.1, 503.2.2, 503.2.3, 503.2.4.1.1, + +503.2.4.3, 503.3.1 , 503.4.2, 506.2.6, 506.4.2 + +HISTORIC BUILDINGS 101.4.2 + +HOT WATER 504.2 + +Annual energy performance 404.1 , 506 + +Piping insulation 403.4, 503.2.8, 504.5 + +System controls 503.4.6, 504.3, 504.6 + +HUMIDISTAT + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 503.2.4.1, 503.2.6, 503.4.5 + +HYDRONIC SYSTEM BALANCING 503.2.9.2 + +I + +IDENTIFICATION (MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT +AND SYSTEM) 102.1 + + + +60 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE'' + + + +INDEX + + + +INDIRECTLY CONDITIONED +SPACE (see CONDITIONED SPACE) + +INFILTRATION, AIR LEAKAGE 402.4, + +Table 404.5.2(1), 502.4 +Defined 202 + +INSPECTIONS 105 + +INSULATION + +Identification 102.1 + +Installation 102.1.1, 102.1.1.1, 102.1.2, 102.2 + +Requirements 402.1 .1 , 402.2, 502.1 , 502.2 + +INSULATING SHEATHING + +Defined 202 + +Requirements Table 402.1.1, 402.1.2, + +Table 502.2(1), 502.2.3 +INTEGRATED PART LOAD VALUE + +(IPLV) Tables 503.2.3(1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10), + +503.4.1,506.3.1 +INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER 505.5, 505.5.2 + + + +Floor 502.2.5 + +MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 102 + +MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND + +EQUIPMENT 403, 404.1 , 503 + +MECHANICAL VENTILATION 403.5, + +Table 404.5.2(1), 503.1 , 503.2.5 + +METERS, ELECTRICAL 505.7 + +MOISTURE CONTROL 402.5, 502.5 + +MULTIPLE ZONE SYSTEMS 503.4.5 + +N + +NONCIRCULATING SYSTEMS 504.4, 504.5 + +NONDEPLETABLE/RENEWABLE ENERGY +SOURCES + +Requirements 506.2.4 + + + +LABELED + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 102.1.3, 102.3, 402.4.2, 402.4.3, + +502.4.1, 502.4.7, 503.2.7, 505.5.1.2 + +LIGHTING POWER + +Design procedures 505.5.2 + +Exterior connected 505.6, 506.2.8 + +Interior connected . . . 505.5, Table 505.5.2, 506.4.7 +Manufacturer's information . . . 102.2, 102.3, 505.1.3 + +LIGHTING SYSTEMS 505 + +Controls, additional 505.2.2 + +Controls, exterior 505.2.4 + +Controls, interior 505.2.1 + +Guestrooms/Sleeping units 505.2.3 + +Line voltage 505.5.1 .4 + +Merchandise, (highlight specific) Table 505.5.2 + +Plug-in busway 505.5.1.4 + +Track 505.5.1.4 + +LISTED + +Defined 202 + +LOADING DOCK WEATHERSEALS 502.4.5 + +LOW ENERGY BUILDINGS 101.5.2 + +LOW-VOLTAGE LIGHTING + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 505.5.1 .2 + +LUMINAIRE + +Controls 505.2.2.1, 505.2.3 + +Sealed 402.4.3, 502.4.7 + +Tandem wiring 505.3 + +Wattage 505.5.1 , 505.6.1 + +M + +MAINTENANCE INFORMATION 102.3 + +MANUALS 101.5.1, 102.3, 503.2.9.3 + +MASS + +Wall. . . . 402.1.3, 402.2.3, Table 404.5.2(1), 502.2.3 + + + +OCCUPANCY + +Requirements 101.4.4, 101.4.5, 101.5,503.2.9, + +503.4.5, 504.3, 506.2.5, 506.4.7 + +OCCUPANCY SENSORS 503.2.4.3.2, 505.2.2 + +OFF-HOUR, CONTROLS 503.2.4.3 + +OPAQUE AREAS 402.3.4, 502, + +Table 502.2(1), 502.2.7 + +ORIENTATION . . . Table 404.5.2(1), 503.2.4.1, 506.4.4 +OVERHANG, PROJECTION FACTOR 502.3.2 + + + +PACKAGED TERMINAL AIR CONDITIONER (PTAC) + +Requirements Table 503.2.3(3), 503.3 + +PACKAGED TERMINAL HEAT PUMP + +Requirements Table 503.2.3(3), 503.3 + +PARALLEL PATH CALCULATION 402.2.4 + +PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 404, 506 + +PHOTOCELL 505.2 4 + +PIPE INSULATION 403.3, 403.4, 503.2.8, 504.5 + +PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS 104 + +POOL COVERS 504.7.3 + +POOLS 504.7 + +PROJECTION FACTOR 502.3.2 + +PROPOSED DESIGN + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 404, 506 + +PUMPING SYSTEMS 403.4, 503.2.9.2, 503.4.3, + +504.6, 504.7.2 + +R + +R-VALUE + +Defined 202 + +Computation 402.1 .2 + +RECOOLING 503.4.5 + +REFERENCED STANDARDS 107, Chapter 6 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE'' + + + +61 + + + +INDEX + + + +REHEATING 503.4.5, 503.4.6 + +RENEWABLE/NONDEPLETABLE + +ENERGY SOURCES 506.2.4 + +REPAIR + +Requirements 101 .4.3 + +Defined 202 + +RESET CONTROL 503.4.3.4 + +RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS + +Compliance 1 01 .2, 1 01 .5 + +Defined 202 + +Requirements CInapter 4 + +Simulated Performance Alternative 404 + +ROOF ASSEMBLY + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 101.4.3, 102.1.1.1, 402.2.2, + +Table 404.5.2(1), 502.2.1, 502.5 + + + +SCOPE 101.2 + +SCREW LAMP HOLDERS + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 505.5.1 .1 + +SEASONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY + +RATIO (SEER) 404.6.1 , 503.2.3 + +SERVICE WATER HEATING + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 401 .3, 403.4, 404.1 , 501 .2, + +503.4.6, 504, 506.2.5, + +506.2.7, 506.3.1, 506.4.1 + +SETBACK THERMOSTAT 503.2.4 3.1 + +SHADING 506.4.4 + +Projection factor 502.3.2 + +SHEATHING, INSULATING (see INSULATING + +SHEATHING) +SHGC (see SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT) + +SHUTOFF DAMPERS 403.5, 502.4.4, 503.2.4.4 + +SIMULATED PERFORMANCE + +ALTERNATIVE 404, 506 + +SIMULATION TOOL (see ENERGY SIMULATION + +TOOL) + +SINGLE ZONE 404.6.1 , 503.3 + +SIZING + +Equipment and system 403.6, 404.6.1 , 503.2.2 + +SKYLIGHTS 102.1.3, 402.3, 402.3.5, + +402.4.1,402.4.2,402.6, +Table 404.5.2(1), 502.1.1, 502.3.2,506.4.6 + +Defined 202 + +Maximum exempt area 502.3.1 + +SLAB-EDGE INSULATION 102.2.1, 401 .3, + +Table 402.1.1, 402.2.7, 502.2.6 + +SLEEPING UNIT 505.2.2.1, 505.2.2.2, 505.2.3 + +SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT + +(SHGC) 102.1.3, 104.2, 401.3, Table 402.1.1, + +402.1.4, 402.3.2, 402.3.3, 402.3.6, +402.6, 404.6.1, Table 502.3, 502.3.2 + + + +Defined 202 + +STANDARD REFERENCE DESIGN + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 404, 506 + +STANDARDS, REFERENCED 107, Chapter 6 + +STOREFRONT 202, Table 502.3, 502.4.2 + +STEEL FRAMING 402.2.4, Table 502.2(2) + +SUNROOM 402.2.10, 402.3.5, Table 404.5.2(1) + +Defined 202 + +SUSPENDED CEILINGS 502.2.1 + +SWIMMING POOLS 504.7 + + + +TANDEM WIRING 505.3 + +TERMITE INFESTATION 402.2.7 + +THERMAL ISOLATION 402.2 10, 402.3.5, + +Table 404.5.2(1) + +Defined 202 + +THERMAL MASS (see MASS) +THERMAL RESISTANCE (see R-VALUE) +THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE (see LZ-FACTOR) +TOTAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE + +Commercial 506 + +Residential 404 + +TOWNHOUSE (see RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS) + +u + +a-FACTOR + +Defined 202 + +Alternative 402.1 .3, 402.1 .4 + +V + +VAPOR RETARDER 402.2.8, 402.5, 502.5 + +Defined 202 + +VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS (VAV) . . 503.2.6, + +503.2.9.2, 503.4.2, 503.4.5 + +VENTILATION 402.5, 403.5, Table 404.5.2(1), + +503.2.5, 502.5 +Defined 202 + +VESTIBULES 502.4.6 + +W + +WALL + +Above grade, defined 202 + +Basement, defined 202 + +Crawlspace, defined 202 + +Exterior, defined 202 + +WALLS (see EXTERIOR WALLS AND ENVELOPE, +BUILDING THERMAL) + +WALLS ADJACENT TO UNCONDITIONED +SPACE (see BUILDING THERMAL ENVELOPE) + +WATER ECONOMIZER 503.4.1 + +Defined 202 + + + +62 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE*" + + + +INDEX + + + +WATER HEATING 401.3, 504, 506.2.7, 506.3.1 + +WINDOW AREA (see FENESTRATION and GLAZING + +AREA) +WINDOW PROJECTION FACTOR + +Requirements 502.3.2 + +WIRING, TANDEM 505.3 + +z + +ZONE (see also CLIMATE ZONES) + +Defined 202 + +Requirements 404.6.1, 503.2.4, 503.3, + +503.4.3.4, 503.4.5 +ZONE ISOLATION 503.4.5 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE® 63 + + + +64 2006 INTEFINATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE*' + + + +EDITORIAL CHANGES - SECOND PRINTING + +Page 24, Table 404.5.2(1): column 2, row 10, line 1 1 now reads . . . SHGC: From Table 402.1 .1 except that for climates with + +EDITORIAL CHANGES - THIRD PRINTING + +Page 24, Table 404.5.2(1): column 2, row 9, lines 10 and 1 1 now read . . . U-factor: from Table 402. 1 .3; SHGC: From Table 402. 1 . : +except that for climates with + +Page 56, ASHRAE: column 1, row 7 now reads . . . ASHRAE— 2001 + +Page 57, lESNA: column 1, now reads . . . 90.1-2004 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CONVERSATION CODE® 65 + + + + +Don't Miss Out +On Valuable ICC + +Join ICC Today! + +Join the largest and most respected building code +and safety organization. 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These programs will help you demonstrate your knowledge and maximize +your career potential. + +For more information on Training and Education, call 1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233), x33806 +(Certification) or x33817 (Seminar Registration). + + + +RcuistiT \oiir prodiK't to \\\\\\.icvs;ilo.(iru/( odoslMus torhi\. + + + + + +www.iccsafe. org ■ 1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233) | + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/5921804774df583d.txt b/corpus/building/text/5921804774df583d.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..391978397725f45b85eb116c3eb83286e73f7038 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/5921804774df583d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2137 @@ +*••••••••••*•••• + + + +-k t^^ + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live" + + + +IS 11745 (1986) : Technical supply conditions for positive +displacement pumps - reciprocating [MED 20: Pumps] + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +"Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +gyiaf/f/raa^^^:^^ + + + +S?St^ * I |>&B5^«%^Na«^ + + + +\\V^:5^< + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +ic + + + +j^- + + + +A + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^<*i^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +UDC 621 522/524 IS I 11745-1986 + + + +( Reaffirmed 2001 ) +Indian Standard + +TECHNICAL SUPPLY CONDITIONS FOR +POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS — RECIPROCATING + + + +1 . Scope — Covers the technical supply conditions for reciprocating positive displacement pumps for +use in special applications like oil exploration and its transportation, fertiliser and process industries, +etc. + +2. Standard Units — The standard units used in this standard are as follows: + +2.1 Volume — This shall be specified in: + +a) Litre (I) and + +b) Cubic metre (m^). + +2.2 Rate of Flow — lh\s shall be expressed in: + +a) Cubic metres per hour (preferable this shall be used) + +b) Litres per minute, and + +c) Litres per second. + +2.3 Head — lh\s shall be expressed in metre, formula used in converting pressure in the head. + +H = Pressure in kgf / m^ X — ; — — — r- + +'density in kg/ dm + +2.4 Dynamic Viscosity — Jhis shall be expressed in centipoise (cP). + +2.5 Kinematic Viscosity — Th\s shall be expressed in centistoke. + +2.6 Pressure — The pressure shall be specified in Pascal. + +2.7 Temperature — The temperature shall be specified in degree Celsius (°C) + +3. Terminology + +3.1 Terminology — Generally the terms used in the standard shall be as given below. + +3.1 .1 Power pump — is a reciprocating pump driven by power from an outside source applied to +the crank shaft of the pump. + +3.1 .2 Piston or plunger load — is the force acting on one plunger or piston during any portion of +the pumping cycle. + +3.1.3 Maximum allowable speed (RPM) — is the highest speed at which the manufacturer's +design shall permit continuous operation. + +3.1 .4 Minimum allowable speed {RPM) — Ihe lowest speed of which the manufacturer's designs +shall permit continuous operation. + +3.1.5 Maximum allowable temperature — The maximum continuous temperature when handling +the specified fluid at the specified pressure. + +3.1.6 Maximum allowable working pressure — The maximum continuous pressure for which the +manufacturer has designed the equipment, when handling the specified fluid of the specified +temperature and capacity. + +3.1.7 Rated discharge pressure — The discharge pressure of the pump having a rated capacity, +speed, suction pressure, specific gravity and viscosity. + +3.1 .8 Vapour pressure — Every liquid at any temperature above its freezing point exerts a pressure +due to formation of vapour at its free surface. This pressure is known as the vapour pressure of +the liquid. + + + +Adopted 22 September 1986 + + + +October 1988 BIS + + + +Gr 8 + + + +BUREAU OF INDIANSTANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG +NEW DELHI 110002 + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + +3.1 .9 Rated capacity— \s the total volume of fluid actually delivered per unit of time at the stated +operating conditions, this includes both liquid and any dissolved or entrained gases. + +3.2 Rating — Ihe following terms are used to designate (or are used in connection with) pump +rating. These ratings are determined by pump design and not by conditions of specific application. + +3.2.1 Volumetric efficiency — Ihe ratio of the pump suction capacity to pump displacement and +is expressed as a percentage and calculated as follows: + +Volume efficiency in open system (for water) + +■ -/•^,(i + -§) + +Volume efficiency in closed system (for water) +Volume efficiency in open system (for hydrocarbons) + += '-[-^(-5)1 + +Volume efficiency in closed system (for hydrocarbons) + +— (-^)(^)- + +where + +P= discharge pressure minus suction pressure (kg/m^) + +j8 = compressibility factor at temperature, + +C ~ fluid chamber volume in the passage of chamber between valves when piston is at the +end of discharge stroke in cubic metre, + +D - volume displacement per piston in cubic metre, + +S = valve slip (in decibels) + +Ps = density in kg/cm^ at suction pressure, and + +Pd = density in kg/cm^ at discharge pressure. + +3.2.2 Pump efficiency (mechanical efficiency) — is the ratio of the pump power output to the +pump power input. + +3.2.3 Net positive suction tiead (NPSH)—\s the total suction head of liquid in metres absolute. + +3.2.3.1 Available net positive suction head (NPSHa} — lhe total suction head, deducting, +system acceleration head, available at the pump suction connection, minus the vapour head (vapour +pressure — converted in head) of the liquid of pumping temperature. This is expressed in metre. + +3.2.3.2 Required net positive suction head ( NPSHr ) — The total suction head, including pumps +acceleration head, required by the pump at the pump suction connection, minus the vapour pressure +of the liquid of pumping temperature. This is expressed in metre. + +3.2.4 Acceleration head (ha) — The pressure changes due to changes In velocity in the piping +system and may be calculated as follows: + +LVRC + +yia = —- + +kg +where + +ha = acceleration head in metre, +L = length of suction line in metre, +V = velocity in suction line, +R = pump speed (RPM), and +C ~ constant (for type of pump). + +3.2.5 Friction head — The hydraulic pressure exerted to overcome friction resistance of a piping +system to liquid flow. + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + +3.2.6 Static head — "[he hydraulic pressure exerted at the pump by the liquid at rest. + +3.2.7 Flooded suction — Implies that the liquid shall flow from an atmosphere vented source to the +pump without the average pressure at the intake port of the pump, dropping below atmosphere +pressure with the pump operating at specified capacity. + +3.2.8 Static suction lift fhss) — lhe hydraulic pressure below atmospheric of the intake port of +the pump with the liquid at rest. + +It is usually expressed in millimetre of mercury vacuum. + +3.2.9 Total suction head (hs) — The total hydraulic pressure above atmospheric at the intake port +while the pump is in operation and is the difference between the intake static head and the intake +friction head. + +3.2.10 Total suction lift (hs) — The total hydraulic pressure below atmospheric of the intake port +while the pump is in operation. The sum of the static suction lift plus the intake friction head or the +difference between the intake friction head and the static suction head. + +3.2.11 Total discharge head fhdj — The total hydraulic pressure at the discharge port while the +pump is in operation and is the sum of the discharge static head and the discharge friction head. + +3.2.12 Total head fh) — The difference between the total discharge head and total suction head, +or the sum of the total discharge head and total suction lift head. + +4. Types of Pumps + +4.1 Power Pump — Power pump is reciprocating pump driven by power from an outside source +applied to the crank shaft of the pump. Power pumps fall into six basic types {see Fig. 1 to 3 ). + +4.1.1 Single pump (simplex) — A single pump is a reciprocating pump having one piston or its +equivalent single or double acting plunger. + +4.1.2 Duplex pump — A duplex pump is a pump having two pistons or their equivalent single or +double acting plungers. + +4.1.3 Triplex pump — A triplex pump is reciprocating pump having three pistons or their +equivalent single or double acting plungers. + +4.1.4 Multiplex pump — A multiplex pump is a reciprocating pump havmg more than three pistons +or their equivalent single or double acting plungers. + +4.1.5 Horizontal pump — A horizontal pump is reciprocating pump having the axial centre-line of +the cylinder or cylinders in a horizontal position. + +4.1 .6 Vertical pump — A vertical pump is a reciprocating pumfS having the axial centre-line of the +cylinder or cylinders in a vertical position. + +4.2 Selection Procedure/Application of Reciprocating Pump + +4.2.1 Enquiry — The purchaser shall complete the data as given in Appendix A to the extent +possible and applicable and also specify any known abnormal conditions of working. In addition +purchaser may also specify any of his additional requirements. + +4.3 Proposal + +4.3.1 The supplier shall include a data sheet in his proposal as per Appendix A Any other details +required by the purchaser shall also be included. + +4.3.2 The proposal shall include either a specific statement that all equipment are in strict +compliance with the purchasers specification or a specific list of deviation therefrom shall be +furnished. + +4.3.3 The supplier shall also submit a list of spare parts which are recommended for normal +maintenance of the machine. + +4.3.4 The conditions for erection and commissioning of the pumps shall be as agreed to between +the supplier and the purchaser. + +4.4 Pump Selection + +4.4.1 Selection methods — Pumps shall be usually chosen by one of the three methods: + +a) The prospective purchaser shall supply one or more manufacturers with complete details +of the pumping conditions and request a recommendation and bid on the units which +appear best suited for the conditions; + +b) The purchaser shall make a complete calculation of the pumping system and then choose +a suitable unit from current catalogues and rating charts, or + +c) A combination of these two methods shall be used to arrive at the final selection. + + + +0) + + + +eOLT-ON DISCHARGE +•" 777-71 .X^'MANiFOLO + + + +INDIV IDUAL FORGED STEEL +PLUID CYLINDER + + + +CONNECTING ROD + +SINGLE HELICAL + + + +^AlVES AND + +Valve seat + + + +SCREW TYPE +VALVE COVER + + + +CRANK SHAFT + + + + +ROLLER BEARING + + + + + + +BOLT -ON SUCTION +■MANIFOLD + + + +FIG. 1 GENERAL SECTION FOR PT PUMP + + + +VALV E COVER FLUID CHAMBER + +STUFFING BOX + + + +CROS S VltAD Pin CROS S hEAD + +CONNECTING ROD/ BEARINGS + + + +Power frame + + + + +PIN 8USHING + + + +'OIL LEVEL +CLASS GAUGE + + + +FIG. 2 PLUNGER PUMP + + + +CO + + + +I + +CO +00 + +0) + + + +O) + + + +CA + + + + + + +L,I- J + + + +FLUID two STUDDED + + + +SUCTION +FLANGE + + + + +/cran k case +cover gasket + + + +FIG. 3 PISTON PUMP + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + +Regardless ot which method shall be used to select pumping equipment, responsibility for accurate +determination of operating conditions shall rest with the purchaser. Even thgugh purchaser supplies +a manufacturer with all pertinent data to calculate required flow, total head, and suction conditions, +purchaser shall satisfy himself that the resultant operating condition determinations are correct. The +manufacturer's sole responsibility shall be to provide equipment that meets the stated operating +conditions in all respects. + +4.4.1.1 Manufacturer's choice — This method shall be used for large pumps, for jobs having +unusual conditions, and in instances where the engineer shall not have the time or desire to choose +the pump himself. Though it appears to relieve the engineer of much of the responsibility in the +choice of the pump, it actually shall not. Recommendations and bids shall be evaluated, and to do this +requires a complete knowledge of the pumping problem, the relative merits of various designs, and +the economics of the installation. + +4.4.1.2 Data for manufacturer — Summarize the essential data required by any pump +manufacturer before a recommendation and bid shall be prepared. Many manufacturers shall have +forms which the engineer shall fill up when requesting a recommendation. These shall be extremely +useful because they help prevent omission of important data. + +When supplying data to a manufacturer extreme care shall be used to see that all the facts +concerning the installation shall be given. Incomplete data may lead to a poor or wrong +recommendation because the engineer choosing the unit may make the wrong assumptions. Thus, +the plant engineer requesting a pump recommendation or bid, shall have a definite responsibility +toward the manufacturer, and if this is neglected, the engineer may hardly expect to secure the right +pump. + +4.4,*1.3 Essential data required in selection of ttie pump + +a) Number of units required, + +b) Nature of the liquid to be pumped: + +T) fresh or salt water, acid or alkali, oil, gasoline, slurry, or paper stock, + +2) cold or hot and, if hot, at what temperature? What is the vapour pressure of the liquid +at the pumping temperature? + +3) what is its specific gravity? + +4) is it vicous or non-viscous? + +5) clear and free from suspended foreign matter of dirty and gritty, if the latter, what +are the size and nature of the solids, and are they abrasive? If the liquid is of a pulpy +nature, what is the consistency expressed either in percentage or in the kg/m' of liquid? +What' is the suspended material? + +6) what are the chemical analysis, pH value, etc? What are the expected variations +of this analysis? If corrosive, what have been the past experience, both with successful +materials and with unsatisfactory materials? + +c) Capacity — \N\\3\ is the required capacity as well as the minimum and maximum amount +of liquid, the pump shall ever be called upon to deliver? + +d) Suction conditions: +1} a suction lift; or +2} a suction head? + +3) what shall be the length and diameter of the suction pipe? + +e) Discharge conditions: + +1) the static head. Is it constant or variable? + +2) the friction head, and + +3) the maximum discharge pressure against which the pump shall deliver the liquid. + +f) Total Ajeac/— variations in (d) and (e) shall cause variations in the total head. + +g) Is the service continuous or intermittent? + +h) Is the pump to be installed in a horizontal or vertical position? If the later, is + +1 ) in a wet pit? + +2) in a dry pit? + +j) What type of power is available to drive the pump and what ate the characteristics +of this power? + +k) What space, weight or transportation limitations are involved? + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + +m) Location of installation: +1) geographical location, +2} elevation above see level, + +3) indoor or outdoor installation, and + +4) range of ambient temperatures. + +n) Are there any special requirements or marked preferences with respect to the +design, construction or performance of the pump? + +4.4.2 Pump specification, c/afa — Requirements for selection of the pumps shall be; + +a) Pump rated capacity, + +b) Discharge pressure, + +c) Suction pressure/NPSH available + +d) Liquid handled: + +1 ) comoosition/type; + +2) viscosity at pumping temperature; + +3) vapour pressure at pumping temperature; + +4) specific gravity; + +5) pH value; and + +6) solid contents/suspended particles, if any (details required). + +e) Location — indoor/outdoor (indicate clearly in case of hazardous locations). + +f) Transmission belt/chains/gears. + +g) Drive electric motor/diesel engine. + +h) Details of electric power supply, if motor drive, +j) Details of utilization and scope of supply, +k) Special details, if any + +4.4.2.1 Pump shall be selected on the basis of the following parameters: + +a) Capacity (rate of flow), and + +b) Pressure. + +4.4.2.2 Plunger diameter — ShaW be selected depending on discharge pressure, higher the +plunger diameter, lower is the maximum allowable discharge pressure. It is preferred to keep the +plunger diameter as large as possible, since larger the plunger diameter, lower the pump speed and a +low pump speed shall always be preferred from operating as well as maintenance point of view. + +4.4.2.3 Pump speed — Pump speed is proportional to capacity. + +4.4.3 Driver speed — Reciprocating pumps always run at lower speeds. Hence a gear reducer is +always required. Depending on the motor speed and pump speed gear box ratio shall be decided and +vice-versa. + +Driver speed = Pump speed X gear-box ratio + +4.4.4 Gear box — Sometimes gear box is inbuilt with pumps. If it is external then it shall be +selected based on power pump speed and driver speed according to the recommendations of the gear +box manufacturer. + +4.4.5 Suction stabilizer/ discharge dampener — ShaW be as per the recommendation of the +manufacturer. + +4.4.6 Other accessor/es and unitization — Oxher accessories and unitization shall be selected +either as per manufacturer's recommendations depending on application requirement or as per +purchaser requirement. + +4.4.7 Application — Some of the applications for power pumps shall be: + +a) Ammonia service, + +b) Carbonate service, + +c) Chemicals, + +d) Crude-oil pipe-line, + + + +18:11745-1986 + +e) Cryogenic service, + +f) Fertilizer plants, + +g) High pressure water cutting, +h) Hydro forming, + +j) Hydrostatic testing, + +k) Liquid petroleum gas, + +m) Liquid pipe line, + +n) Power oil, + +p) Power press, + +q) Soft-water injection for water flood, + +r) Slung pipe line (70 percent by weight), + +s) Slush ash service, + +t) Steelmill descaling, and + +u) Water-blast service. + +5. Components and Materials + +5.1 Liquid End ( Fluid End } — Ihe liquid end consists of mainly the cylinder, plunger or piston, valves, +stuffing box, manifolds and cylinder head, etc. + +5.1.1 Cylinder — J\r\e cylinder is the body where the pressure is developed, it is continuously +under fatigue. Cylinders, on many horizontal pumps have the suction and discharge manifolds made +integral with the cylinder. Vertical pumps usually have separate manifolds, when a cylinder contains +the passage for more than one plunger, it is called an individual cylinder. Individual cylinder shall be +used where developed stresses are high. + +5.1.2 Plunger — The plunger transmits the force that develops the pressure. It is solid up to +120 mm diameter. Above that dimension, it shall be made hollow to reduce weight. + +5.1.3 Pistons — P\stons are used to water up to 70 kg/cm'. For higher pressure a plunger is +usually used. Pistons are most frequently used on duplex-double acting pumps. The latest trend is to +use single-acting pistons on triplex pumps. Piston rods, both liquid and drive shall be of corrosion +resistant material, + +5.1.4 Stuffing boxes, packing and glands + +5.1.4.1 Piston rod, stuffing box bore shall have a minimum surface finish value of N9. + +5.1.4.2 The piston rod stuffing box shall accept a minimum of three square packing rings or +three V-packing rings (with adopters) of a minimum size of 15 mm square. + +5.1 .4.3 The valve rod stuffing box shall accept a minimum of three square packing rings or three +V-packing rings (with adopters) of a minimum size of 10 mm square. + +5.1.4.4 Packing requiring lubrication shall be lubricated by oil entrained in gas, by oil fed into +the stuffing box on the atmospheric side of the packing, or by oil injected into a lantern ring in the +stuffing box. + +5.1 .4.5 Glands shall be bolted or threaded to be stuffing box. Glands studs shall pass through +holes ( not slots ) in the gland axially-split glands shall be bolted together. Headed gland bolts in a slot +shall not be acceptable. + +5.1.5 Liners— Piston-type liquid end cylinders shall be provided with liners. For piston diameters +of 100 mm or less, the liner may be pressed into the cylinder. For piston diameters larger than +100 mm, the liner shall be flanged and bolted to the cylinder, non-pressed liners shall seal against +the cylinder with a gasket or 0-ring. + +5.1 .6 Valves — yalve use depends on the application. The main parts of the valve are the seat and +the plate. The plate movement shall be controlled by a spring or retainer, usually use a taper +where it fits into the cylinder or manifold. The taper not only gives a positive fit, but also permits easy +replacement of the seat. + +Note — Some pumps use the same size suction and discharge valves for interchangeabitity, some use longer suction +valves than discharge valves for NPSHr reasons other have large discharge valve than suction valves because the discharge +valve is on top of the suction valve. + +5.1.7 Manifolds — These are the chambers where liquid is dispressed or collected for distribution +before or after passing through the cylinder. On horizontal pumps the suction and discharge manifold +is usually made integral with the cylinder. Some horizontal pumps and vertical pumps have only the +discharge manifold integral with the cylinder Most vertical pumps have the suction and discharge +manifold separate from the cylinder. + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + +5.1 .7.1 Suction manifolds shall be designed to eliminate air pockets from the flange to the valve +^trance. Separate suction manifolds are cast iron or fabricated steel. Discharge manifolds are steel- +forging or fabricated steel. The manifolds shall have a minimum deflection to prevent gasket shift +when subjected to the plunger load. + +5.2 Power £/?£/ — The power end contains the crankshaft, connecting rod, cross head, pony rod, +bearings and frame. Basic designs are horizontal and vertical with' sleeve or antifriction bearings. + +5.2.1 Frame — Ihe trame absorbs the plunger load and torque. On vertical pumps with an +outboard stuffing box. The frame is in compression with horizontal single-acting pumps, the frame is +in tension. Frames are usually close grain cast iron. Slurry pump frames, designed for mobile service +at various sites, are usually fabricated steel. The frame shall be vented to the atmosphere. + +5.2.2 Cra/7^s/7a/f — Crankshafts shall be wrought or cast in one piece. In horizontal pumps, the +crankshafts are usually nodular iron or cast steel. Vertical pumps use forged steel or machined billet +crankshafts, because the crankshafts have relatively low speeds and mass counter weights are not +used. + +5.2.3 Connecting rod —The connecting rods transfer the rotating force of the crankpin to an +oscillating force the wristpin. Connecting rods are split perpendicular to their centre line at the +crankspin and for assembly of the rod on to the crankshaft. + +5.2.4 \/l//-/5rp//7 — Located in the cross head, the wnstpm transforms the oscillating motion of the +connecting rod to reciprocating motion. + +5.2.5 Cross head — The cross head moves in a reciprocating motion and transfers the plunger +load to the wristpin. The cross head is designed to absorb the side or radial load from the plunger as it +moves linerly on the cross way. Cross heads are grooved for oil lubrication with a bearing surface +finish valve of N9. Cross heads are piston type {full round) or partial contact. The piston type shall be +open end or vented to prevent air compression at the end of stroke. On vertical pumps the pull rods +go through the cross head so that the cross head is under compression when the load is applied. + +b,2.Q Bearings — Both sleeve and antifriction bearings shall be used in power pumps. Some +frames use all sleeve, others use all antifriction and others use a combination of both. + +5.2.6.1 Quintuplex pumps shall have a minimum of three main bearings. + +5.2.6.2 Multiplex pumps and larger shall have a minimum of four main bearings. + +5.2.6.3 If antifriction bearings are used, they shall have a minimum rated life of either 25 000 +hours with continuous operation at rated conditions or 16 000 hours at maximum axial and radial +loads and rated speed (the rated life is the number of hours at rated bearing load and speed that 90 +percent of the group of identical bearings shall complete or exceed before the first evidence of +ifailure). + +5.3 Lubrication + +5.3.1 Lubrication, power end — The power and lubrication system may be splash, pressure, or +positive gravity as recommended by pump manufacturer or shall be as specified by the purchaser, a +sight glass, gauge or oil-level dip stick shall be provided. + +5.3.1.1 All pressure containing parts in the oil system shall be of steel, unless otherwise +approved by the purchaser. + +5.3.1.2 A power end pressure lubrication system shall incorporate a nominal 25 micron or +finer-filter. The filter shall be accessible for servicing. + +5.3.1.3 A power end pressure lubrication system shall include a low oil pressure switch. + +5.3.2 Lubrication liquid end + +5.3.2.1 When specified by the purchaser, a mechanical lubricator shall be furnished for +stuffing-box lubrication and any other points requiring lubrication. - + +5.3.2.2 All lubricator feeds shall be rated for the highest pressure into which the lubricator shall +pump for injection into a liquid end, stuffing box, lantern ring with packing on both sides, each +lubricator feed shall be rated at least equal to pump rated discharge pressure. + +5.3.2.3 The lubricator shall be furnished with a separate component for each type of lubricant +required. Each lubricant compartment shall be sized for at least 24 hours of operation at the +maximum expected pumping rate. + +5.3.2.4 Unless otherwise specified, the lubricator shall be mounted on the pump. In power +pumps, the lubricator may be mechanically driven from the power frame driving mechanism or may +be separately driven. + +5.4 Materials + +5.4.1 Materials of construction shall be as specified by manufacturer for the specified +operating conditions, except as required. + +10 + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + +5.4.2 External parts subject to rotary or sliding motions (such as control linkage joints and +adjusting mechanisms) shall be of corrosion resistant materials suitable for the site environment. + +5.4.3 Low carbon or stabilized grades of austenitic stainless steels shall be used when parts made +of these materials shall be fabricated, hard surfaced, over laid, or repaired by welding and exposed to +a motive or process fluid or to an environmental condition that promotes integranular corrosion. + +5.4.4 Where mating parts such as studs and nuts of 18-8 stainless steel or materials having +similar galling tendencies are used, they shall be lubricated with a suitable antiseizure compound, +mating parts made from materials having galling tendencies shall have a minimum hardness +differential of Rockwell C5. + +5.4.5 Out of various materials of construction available, a list of a few recommended materials for +various components and parts of the pump are given in Appendix B. + +5.4.6 Pressure castings in cast iron shall not be welded for repairs. + +5.4.7 All castings shall be sound, free of shrink or blow holes, cracks, scale blisters or other +similar surfaces of castings shall be cleaned by sand blasting, shot blasting, pickling, etc. + +6. Inspection and Testing + +6.1 General + +6.1.1 The purchaser shall specify, if shop inspection by purchaser is required and the tests +which are required to be witnessed. + +6.1.2 Where shop inspection is specified — Inspector representing the purchaser shall have free +access at all reasonable times to manufacturer's plant while work on or testing of equipment is being +performed. + +6.1.3 The purchaser shall receive prior notice of at least a week about mechanical/performance +test where this has to be witnessed. + +6.1.4 No pressure parts shall be painted unless inspection is complete. + +6.1.5 The manufacturer shall furnish the inspector with all necessary certificate on materials, +purchase specification for all items on bill of materials, test data, result of quality assurance test to +verify whether the specifications as per the order are being met. + +6.1 .6 Inspection by purchaser's inspector shall not relieve pump manufacturer of his responsibility +in any way. + +6.2 Inspection — Normally the type of inspection shall be done are radiography examination, +ultrasonic, dye penetrant and magnetic particle, flaw detection and if any way the parts, that is, +cylinder, plunger/piston, fluid end and connecting rod, etc. + +These shall be done as per relevant Indian Standards according to 6.2.1 to 6.2.3. Other code may +be followed as per the agreement of the purchaser and the supplier. + +6.2.1 Radiographic examination + +a) IS : 4853-1982 Recommended practice for radiographic inspection of fusion welded butt joints +in steel pipes {first revision). + +b) IS : 1 182-1983 Recommended practice for radiographic examination of fusion welded butt +joints in steel plate {second revision). + +c) IS : 2953-1964 Glossary of terms used in radiographic inspection of castings. + +6.2.2 Ultrasonic testing + +a) IS : 7666-1975 Recommended procedure for ultrasonic examination of ferrite castings of +carbon and low alloy steel. + +b) IS : 7343-1974 Code of practice for ultrasonic testing of ferrous welded pipes and +tubular products. + +c) IS : 4225-1979 Recommended practice for straight beam ultrasonic testing of steel +plates {first revision) + +d) IS: 4260-1976 Recommended practice for ultrasonic testing of welds in ferritic steel +{first revision) + +6.2.3 Magnetic particle inspection + +a) IS: 4901-1968 Code of practice for magnetic particle flaw detection of steel crank- +shaft forgings. + +b) IS : 7743-1975 Recommended practice for magnetic particle testing and inspection of +steel forgings. + + + +11 + + + +18:11745-1986 + +6.3 Cleanliness shall be done to all cast passage and piping, etc, by pump supplier, these shall be +fully cleaned to remove all dirt, rust, mill scale, welding beads or stage or other foreign matter, +cleanliness of oil system at all be done carefully. + +6.4 When specified by the purchaser, the hardness of parts, welds and heat affected zones shall be +verified as being within the allowable values by testing of the parts. The methods extent, +documentation and witnessing of test, shall be mutually agreed upon by the purchaser and the +supplier. + +6.5 The following shall be checked before or during the test: + +a) Alignment of pump and driver, + +b) Direction of rotation, + +c) Electrical connections, + +d) Operation of stuffing boxes and lubrication system. + +e) Clearance, and + +f) Liquid passages. + +6.6 Testing + +6.6.1 Normally the type of testing shall be done are performance test, load tests, hydrostatic test, +material tests, etc {see Appendix C). + +6.6.2 Performance test — Jhe manufacturer shall operate pump in his shop for sufficient period to +check the speed, discharge pressure, suction pressure, and capacity, etc {see Appendix D) + +6.6.2.1 Minimum test run shall be for total four hours, with water under following load +conditions: + +a) Two hours at no load condition + +b) Two hours at 49-56 kg/cm^ + +6.6.2.2 During the above four hour- test followmg parameter shall be recorded: + +a) Fluid and breathing, + +b) Vibration, + +c) Noise, + +d) Bearing temperatures, + +e) Oil leakage, and + +f) Proper lubrication + +6.6.3 Load fesfs — Shall be aone for one hour at 105 kg/cm^ at suitable RPM for duplex/triplex- +piston/plunger pumps. + +6.6.3.1 For pumps where the working pressure is less than 105 kg/cm^ shall be tested on full +load. + +6.6.3.2 For pumps where the working pressure is beyond 105 kg/cm^ shall be tested at extra +charges limited to maximum pressure of 210 kg/cm^ + +6.6.4 Hydrostatic test— Hydrostatic tests shall be done using water or in special cases, light oil or +kerosene, at room temperature and at a pressure equal to one and half times the maximum working +pressure unless specified otherwise. + +6.6.4.1 Following pressure parts of fluid end assembly shall be subjected to hydrostatic test: + +a) Fluid end, + +b) Valve cover, and + +c) Stuffing box. + +6.6.5 Material tests + +6.6.5.1 Fluid and assembly — On demand material test certificate which comprise chemical +analysis and physical properties (that is, tensile, impact, etc) shall be submitted for following major +pressure parts of fluid end assembly: + +a) Fluid end, + +b) Valve cover, and + +c) Stuffing box. + + + +12 + + + +18:11745-1986 + +6.6.5.2 If desired by the customer, the material of construction of the following major +components of power end assembly shall be informed to the customer: + +a) Power frame, + +b) Crankshaft, + +c) Connecting rod, and + +d) Cross head. + +7. Guarantees + +7.1 Performance — The reciprocating pump shall be guaranteed for satisfactory performance at the +specified operating conditions. These include a guarantee for flow rate and power at the time of +performance test unless guarantees on other items have been specifically asked by the purchaser. +The tolerances to be allowed on the flow rate and power consumption shall be according to +IS : 9137-1978 'Code for acceptance tests for centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps — Class C. + +7.2 Workmanship — M\ equipments, components and spare parts shall be guaranteed by the +supplier against defects which despite proper use appear therein and arise from faulty design, +defective or improper materials or poor or faulty workmanship. This guarantee shall be applicable for +a period mutually agreed between the purchaser and the supplier. If any defects or malperformance +occurs during the guarantee period the supplier shall make all necessary or desirable alterations, +repairs arid replacements free of charge. + +7.3 Any thing, other than the above guarantee condition shall be done as per the agreement +between the purchaser and the supplier. + +8. Despatch and Marking + +8.1 Despatch (Packing} + +8.1.1 After tests and inspection are completed, all exposed machined surfaces shall be coated +with suitable rust preventive coating. Cylinder, pistons and process piping, etc, shall be cleaned and +suitably protected to prevent corrosion { see IS : 822 1 - 1 976 ' Code of practice for corrosion prevention +of metal and metal components in packages'). + +8.1.2 Unmachined exterior surfaces shall be painted with heat resistant paints. + +8.1.3 Packing wood conforming to IS : 6662-1980 Timber species suitable for wooden packaging +{first revision)' and IS : 5247-1983 'Converted timber (coniferous)' shall be used. Joints shall be +dust and water proof. + +8.1.4 All openings shall be provided with wooden, plastic or metal closures. + +8.1 .5 In case of export order, top cover of the case shall be fixed with screws, so that if required by +the customs it may be opened for inspection and fitted back. + +8.1 .6 Components assembly, sub-assembly parts, hardwares, etc, inside the packing shall be done +in such a way that they are tightly secured with the packing case and there is no movement of the +same inside the packings. + +8.1.7 All items shall be packed in polythene cover wherever possible, along with proper tag +indicating part description, drawing No. /Part No., part list, serial No., reference and quality. + +8.2 l\/larking + +8.2.1 The following details shall be stamped or embossed on name plate, etc, on the reciprocating +pump: + +a) Description, + +b) Kind, + +c) Rated pressure of pump, + +d) Rated capacity, + +e) Rated speed, + +f) Rated temperature, + +g) Rated horse power, +h) Stroke, + +j) Inside diameter of cylinder, + +k) Registered trade-mark or name of the manufacturer, + +m) Serial number and year of manufacture, and + +n) Direction of rotation of prime mover. + +13 + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + +8.2.2 Marking on packing case + +8.2.2.1 All stencil markings outside the cases shall be of water-proof paint to prevent +obliteration in transit. + +8.2.2.2 The following details shall be marked on the packing cases clearly: + +a) Sales order number + +b) Case No. of total cases (if cases are more than one) + +c) From: + +d) To: + +e) Size of cases and weight + +f) Marking showing sling and C.G. position wherever possible + +g) All cases containing fragile items are to be stencilled with red marking and stencilling +paint as 'HANDLE WITH CARE' + +h) Any other markings required by the customers + +j) Pictorial instructions shall be shown on packing [see IS : 1 286-1 967 'Pictorial markings for +handling of goods in general {first revision)]. + + + +14 + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + + + +APPENDIX A +{Clauses 4.2.1 and 4.3.1 ) + +DATA SHEET RECIPROCATING PUMP + + + +OPERATING CONDITIONS + + +PERFORMANCE + + + + +NPSH, Required + + + + +No. of Stages + + +Duty : + + +RPM + + +Liquid Handled + + +EfficieYicy + + +Location : Outdoor a In door a + + +Max Power Absorbed on the Shaft of + + +Capacity, Minimum mVh + + +: Pump— + + +Capacity, Maximum mVh + + +: Reducer- + + +Suction Pressure kg/cm^ + + + + +Discharge pressure kg/cm^ + + + + +Differential Head m + + + + +Fluid Temperature °C + + +Tests Required : + + +Vapour Pressure at Pumping Temperature kg/cm^ + + + + +Viscosity CPS at Pumping Temperature + + + + +Sp. Gravity at Pumping Temperature + + + + +Crystallization Point °C + + + + +NPSH, Available m + + +DRIVER : STEAM TURBINE/MOTOR + + +Corrosion due to + + +Driver to be supplied by : + + +Solid in Suspension + + +Recommended HP/kW + + + + +Recommended RPM + + +CONSTRUCTION + + +Type : + + +Lubrication System : + + + + +Lubrication Pump : + + +Cylinder : Horizontal D : Vertical D ; Angle D + + +Cooling Heating System : + + +No. ; mm. Stroke mm + + +Cooling Heating Fluid : + + +Plunger/Piston Dia mm + + +Introduced at a Temp of °C + + +Average Piston Speed : m/sec + + +Washing System for Piston : + + +Piston Guides : No. : ■ Distance mm + + +Injecting Fluid + + +Connecting Rod : Centre to Centre mm + + +Capacity of Injecting Fluid m /h + + +Small End Bearmg : (^ X L mm + + +Wt of : Pump without Driver kg + + +Big end Bearing : <^ X L mm + + +: Heaviest Piece kg + + +Main Bearing : X L mm + + +: Heaviest Piece for normal maintenance kg + + +No. : : Centre to Centre mm + + +: Bare Shaft of Pump kg + + +Cross Head Sliding Block : Surface mm^ + + + + +Valve + + + + +Valve Seats + + + + +Valve Springs + + +NOZZLE + + +SIZE + + +RATING + + +FACING + + +POSITION + + +Seal Gaskets + + +Suction + + + + + + + + + + +Piston Seal System : + + +Discharge + + + + + + + + + + +MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION + + +Cylinder + + +Connecting Rod + + +Cylinder Liner + + +Small end Bearing + + +Plunger/ Piston Surface Treat : + + +Big end Bearing + + +Power Frame + + +Main Bearing + + +Packing + + +Cross head Sliding Block + + +Packing Gland + + +Piston Guides + + +Valve + + +Seal Gaskets + + +Valve Scats + + +Other Parts in contact with fluid + + +Valve Springs + + + + + + + + +PREPARED BY : + + +CHECKED BY : + + +APPROVED BY : + + + +15 + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + + + +DATA SHEET RECIPROCATING PUMP + + + +COUPLING BETWEEN DRIVER AND PUMP + + + +MANUFACTURER FINAL DATA + + + +Type : + + + +Manufacturer : + + + +Pump Serial No. : + + + +Reducer : Type — + + + +Test Curve No. : + + + +Ratio — + + + +; Axes — + + + +Outline Jrawing No. : + + + +Speed Variator : + +Belts or Chain Tracks : + + + +Pump Sectional Drawing No. + + + +Seal Diameter Drawing No. + + + +Coupling between : Variator & Driver + + + +Wr Clearance Diameter + + + +: Reducer & Variator/ Driver + + + +Mech Seal/Packing : + + + +: Pump & Reducer + + + +Cooling Water. + + + +Inlet Temp + + + +°C : Capacity + + + +mVh + + + +ACCESSORIES TO BE SUPPLIED + + + +Pressure Indicator : Suction Side + + + +: Discharge Side + + + +For Low Pressure Oil + + + +: For High Pressure Oil + + + +Temp Indicator for Bearing Metal + + + +Low Pressure Oil Pump + + + +Motor + + + +High Pressure Oil Pump + + + +Motor + + + +V-Belt + + + +Putley + + + +Oil Cooler + + + +Motor Bed + + + +Safety Valve on Discharge Side + + + +Companion Flange for Suction Side & Delivery Side + + + +Low Oil Pressure Safety Alarm Switch or Device + + + +Remarks : + + + +PREPARED BY : + + + +CHECKED BY : + + + +APPROVED BY : + + + +16 + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + + + +APPENDIX B + +(C/ause 5.4.5) + +RECOMMENDED MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION + + + +Name of Parts + + + +Relevant IS/Equivalent Materials + + + +Fluid End + +Cylinder + +Cylinder head, valve cover, +cylinder liner + +Discharge valve stop + +Adopter fluid end + +Stuffing box and gland + +Stuffing box bushing + +Sleeve fluid end adopter + +Plunger co-hard + +Piston + +Piston ring +Extension rod +Power End +Power frame + + + +Connecting rod + +Cross head + +Cross head sliding |block + +Crankshaft + +Plunger shank locking plate + +Retaining ring + +Main bearing housing + +Gear housino +Diaphragm complete +Small end bearing +Main bearing +0-ring/water baffle +Gaskets + +Pet cock + +Relief valve, check valve + +Valve spring + +V-belt + + + +Forged steel, IS : 2004-1978 'Carbon steel forgings for +general engineering purposes {second revision)' + +IS : 210-1978 'Grey iron casting {third revision)' + +IS ; 210-1978 + +IS : 210-1978 +IS : 210-1978 +IS : 210-1978 +Brass +Aluminium bronze + + + +IS: 210-1978, 15:617-1975 'Aluminium and aluminium +alloy ingots and castings for general engineering purposes +{second revision)' + +IS : 8422-1977 'Piston rings for IC engines' + + + +St. 42-S, IS : 226-1975 'Structural steel (standard quality) +{fifth revision)' and St. 42 W, IS : 2062-1 980 'Structural steel +(fusion welding quality) {second revision)' or Cast iron +FG 300, IS : 210-1978 + +Class 2 and class 3 of IS : 2004-1978. IS : 617-1975, +15:961-1975 'Structural steel (high tensile) {second +revision ) ' + +FG 300 IS : 210-1978 + + + +Steel St. 42, IS : 1079-1973 'Hot roller carbon steel sheet +and strip {third revision)' + +Spring steel + +Steel cast Gr. 2, IS : 1030-1982 'Carbon steel casting for +general engineering purposes'. Steel St. 42, IS : 1079-1973 + +Steel St. 42, IS : 1079-1973 + +Cast iron FG 300 IS : 210-1978 + +Steel + +Steel + +Oil resistant synthetic rubber + +IS : 2712-1979 'Cornpressed asbestos fibre jointings +{second revision)' + +Brass/carbon steel + +Forged steel, IS : 2004-1978 + +Spring steel + +IS : 2494-1974 'V-belts for industrial purposes (///■sr/'ev/5/o/7) + + + +17 + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + + + +Name of Parts + + + +Relevant IS/Equivalent Materials + + + +Pipes and fittings +Pressure gauge +Bolts and nuts + + + +Roller bearing, ball bearing + + + +Carbon steel and stainless steel + +IS : 3624-1979 'Pressure and vacuum gauges {first revision)' + +IS : 1364-1967 'Precision and semi-precision hexagon bolts, +screws, nuts and lock nuts (diameter range 6 to 39 mm ) (first +rew's/o/?)' olS: 1365-1978 Slotted countersunk head screws +{third revision)',, \S : 1366-1968 'Slotted cheese head screws +(dia range 1.6 to 20 mm) {first revision)' + +IS : 6456-1972 'Double row radial ball bearings' IS : 6457- +1972 'Single row cylindrical roller bearings', IS : 6458-1972 +'Double row cylindrical roller bearings' + + + +Other parts in contact with fluid Suitable grades to be included where applicable + + + +18 + + + +APPENDIX C + +{Clause 6.6.1 ) + +TEST REQUIREMENT- RECIPROCATING PUMP + + + +S.O.No. + + + +CUSTOMER + + + +ITEM No. + + + +TYPE + + + +QTY + + + +(D + + + +PUMP SPECIFICATION + + + +OPERATING PARAMETERS + + + +PUMPING TEMPERATURE + + + +SP GR AT PUMPING TEMPERATURE + + + +VAP PRESS AT PUMPING TEMPERATURE + + + +VISCOSITY AT PUMPING TEMPERATURE + + + +NPSHR + + + +SUCTION PRESS. + + + +DISCHARGE PRESS. + + + +FLOW RATE + + + +LIQUID + + + +kgf/cm' + + + +kgf/cm^ + + + +kgf/cm' + + + +mVh + + + +DATE + + + +PERFORMANCE TEST + + + +PLUNGER/LINER SIZE mm + + + + +STROKE mm + + + + +CRANK/PINION SHAFT RPM + + + + +DRIVE + + + + +SUCTION CONNECTION + + + + +DISCHARGE CONNECTION + + + + +POWER kW + + + + + +NO LOAD + + + +PARTIAL LOAD + + + +FULL LOAD + + + +PRESSURE kgf/cm= + + + +REQD + + + +WITNESS + + + +HYDROSTATIC TEST + + + +FLUID END ASSEMBLY + + + +FLUID END SUCTION CHAMBER + + + +FLUID END DISCHARGE CHAMBER + + + +STUFFING BOX + + + +SUCTION ELBOW/MANtFOLD + + + +DISCHARGE ELBOW/MANIFOLD + + + +PRESSURE kgf/cm' + + + +WITNESS + + + +REMARKS :— + + + +PREPARED BY : + + + +CHECKED BY : + + + +APPROVED BY + + + +CO + + + +I +00 + + + +IS : 11745-1986 + + + +APPEND! X D + +(Clause 6.6.2) + +PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMANCE TESTING OF PISTON PUMPS + +D-1. The pump shall initially be run on no load with water as pumping fluid for general observation +with regard to proper assembly, oil leakage, lubrication and bearing temperature. + +D-2, It shall then be taken nearly up to the maximum speed and gradually loaded up to full load with +an interval of 35 kg/cm^ At each of these load points, the pump shall be held for a period of 30 +minutes and the observations shall be recorded in following pro forma : + + + +TEST CERTIFICATE + +Pump type + +Pump size + +Pump serial number + +Sales order number + +Name of customer + +Date of test + +Place of test + +TESTING DETAILS + +Time Strokes per Minute Discharge Pressure, kg/cm~ + + + +Chain case oil temperature + +Ambient temperature + +Crank case oil temperature + +Lubrication pressure before filter + +Lubrication pressure after filter + +Chain case oil pressure + +THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PUMP IS FOUND SATISFACTORY. + +Signature of Customer's Signature of Supplier's + +Representative Representative + + + +EXPLANATORY NOTE + +This standard gives detailed requirements of reciprocating pump. + +20 + + + +PRINTED AT KAPOOR ART PRESS, MAYAPURI, NEW DELHI 110064. + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/59b99037d85fb7a4.txt b/corpus/building/text/59b99037d85fb7a4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35c28d19b30b550cb21788f7790245a618b4781f --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/59b99037d85fb7a4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1742 @@ +**************** + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live'' + + + +IS 12699 (1989) : Selection, installation, operation and +maintenance of centrifugal jetl pump - Code of practice +[MED 20: Pumps; + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +aj^&vi iJii^s:y%K^ isb^^ni^seg + + + +:<>5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +■^r.^ +■' .i^> + + + +1812m :1IM + +Indian Standard + +SELECTION, INSTALLATION, OPERATION +AND MAINTENANCE OF JET CENTRIFUGAL +PUMP COMBINATION — CODE OF PRACTICE + + + +UDC 621-671 : 621'694 : 006*76 + + + +® BIS 1989 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARO +NEW DELHI 110002 + +JVovem^rl989 PrlceGnwpS + + + +Pumps Sectional Committee, HMD 20 + + + +FOREWORD + +This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 12 June 1989. after the +draft finalized by the Pumps Sectional Committee had been approved by the Heavy Mechanical +Engineering Division Council. + +This standard has been prepared on the basis of information received from industry. The technical +requirements are covered in IS 12225 : 1987 Uet centrifugal pump combination*. + + + +AMENDMENT NO. 1 JANUARY 1997 + +TO + +IS 12699 : 1989 SELECTION, INSTALLATION, + +OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF JET + +CENTRIFUGAL PUMP COMBINATION — + +CODE OF PRACTICE + +( First cover page and page 1, tiile ) — Substitute the following for the +existing title: + +^SELECTION, INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND + +MAINTENANCE OF CENTRIFUGAL JET PUMP — + +CODE OF PRACTICE' + +Also substitute 'Ontrifiigal jet pump' for 'jet centrifugal pump combination' +wherever appear in this standard. + +( Page 1, clause 3.0 ) — Substitute the following for the existing matter + +*3.0 The selection criteria are listed below: + +a) Water well size and capacity^ + +b) Maximum depth from which water is lifted, + +c) Performance requirements, namely, quantity, jet setting depth and +discharge head (delivery head of centrifiigal pump), + +d) Type of prime mover, + +e) Type of installations, and + +f) Quality of water.' + +( Page 1, clause 3.12) — Substitute the following for the existing clause: + +'3.12 Bore Well + +In bore wells, the sizes of pipe lines depend on the diameter of the bore. For the +same bore well, if more quantity of water is to be pumped, in order to +accommodate bigger flow area for the pressure pipe and delivery pipe ( suction +pipe of centrifugal pump ) of the jet punq> (assemUy) packer/duplex type of jet +pumps (assemblies) are preferred to twin type jet pumps (assemblies). In all +bore wells for ease of erection, maximum jet unit outer dimension shall be + +Price Grovp 1 1 + + + +Amend No. 1 to IS 12699 : 1989 + +always 6 mm (minimum) less than the clear boit well size. The maximum +quantity of water that can be pumped by using these jet pumps ( assemblies ) +with optimum percentage loss of friction in both pressure and delivery pipes +( suction pipe of centrifugal pump ) of the jet pumps ( assemblies ) shall be as +given in Tables 1 and 2/ + +( Page 1, Table 1, column headings ) — Substitute 'Jd INimp ( Assembly ) +Maximviii Dtmeiuioii' for 'Jet Pump Maiimtaii DfaMBskNi*, 'Niiftry Pipe ( Svctkm +Pipe of Centrifugal Pump ) DUmeter' for 'Disdiar|e Pipe' and 'Pressure Pipe Diameter' +for 'Pressure Pipe'. + +( Page 1, Table 2, column headings ) — Substitute 'Imier Pipe ( Suction Pipe of +CentriAigal Pump) Diameter' /O'* 'Dlsckaiie Pipe Diameter*. + +( Page 2, clause 3.2, sixth line ) — Substitute 'IS 210 : 1993' for 'IS 210 : +1978'. + +( Page 2, clause 3JJ ) — Substitute 'Quantity' for 'Quality' wherever +appears in the clause. + +( Page 2, clauses 4 and 5 ) — Designate clauses '4' and '5' as '3.4' and +'3 J' and renumber the subsequent clauses. + +[ Page 2, clause 4 (b) ] — Substitute the following for the existing matter + +'b) Electric Motor, shall be according to IS 996 : 1979 for single phase and +IS 7538 : 1975 for three phase.' + +( Page 2, clause 6.1, last sentence ) — Substitute the following for the +existing sentence: + +'Farther the pipe tapping to the jet pump (assembly) shall be provided in the +centrifugal pump casing itself.' + +( Age 2, clause 6.1 ) — Insert the following note at the end: + +*NOTE — Typical field instaUatioiis for twin type oeatrifugal jet pump, packer type +centrifugal jet pump, and duplex type centrifugal jet pump ate given in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and +Fig. 3 respectively/ + +( Page 2, clause 6.1A, first and third lines ) — Insert the words 'pump +(assembly)' after the word 'jet'. + + + +Amend No. 1 to IS 12699 : 1989 +( Page 2, clause 6.Z ) — Substitute the following for the existing: +'62 Installation of Twin Type CentriAigal Jet Pump ( see Fig. 1 ) + + + + +PRIMtNC UNIT + +PRtSSURC CONTROL VAlVt +PRCSSURC CAUCr +MONO PUMP +SUP COUPUMC +CLAMP + +JCT ASSEMBLY +rOOT VALVt + +DCLIVARV PtPt LIMC or JtT UNIT / +SUCTION PIPC or CCNTRirUGAL PUMP +10 PRCSSURC PIPC + + + +FIG. 1 TYPICAL FIELD Installation for Twin Type Jet + +CENTRIFUGAL PUMP COMBINATION + + + +Attend No. 1 to IS 12699 : 1989 + +( Page 2, clause 6 J.1, second sentence ) — Substitute the following for the +existing sentence: + +'Air shall be blown through the jet assembly to ensure that no dirt or foreign +particles are trapped inside.' + +( Page 2, clause 622 ) — Substitute the following for the existing clause: + +%22 Pipe Assembly + +Clean all pipes from foreign paitkles before tightening with jet pump +(assembly). Tighten the delivery (suction of centrifogal pump) and pressure +pipes, applying suitable pipe compound to the proper threads with the jet pump +(assembly). While tightening the delivery pipe ( suction of centrifugal pump ) +care shall be taken to see that it does not on any account strike the protruding +poition of the venturi tube. Do not overtighten the pipe in the jet body and while +tightening the pressure pipe do not move away the two pipes too much as both +the above actions may lead to breakage of the jet assembly. After tightening +each length pour water and see that there is no leakage in the joints. A chain +block of minimum two tonne capacity with tripod consisting of 6-metre k)ng +50-mm dia pipes, can be used for deep well erection. The delivery (suction of +centrifugal pump) and pressure pipes shall be clamped with proper size clamp +securely, and while one clamp is for lowering (or lifting), the nuts of the other +clamp be loosened and positioned in the proper place and secured to fit the chain +bk>ck hook for the subsequent operation. Tighten each end of pipe length by a +binding wire to avoid damage to the jet assembly due to pipe chattering during +subsequent pipe tightening. When the pipes have been fitted up to full length, tit +two elbows with the delivery ( suction of centrifugal pump ) and pressure pipes +with the proper centre distance between the pipes and fit them to the delivery +(suction of centrifugal pump) and piessuie pipe lines in the conunon flange of +the centrifugal pumpset. The slip coupling in the pressure pipe line ( see Fig. 1 ) +facilitates easy erection. Then insert the slip coupling in the pressure line such +that the cut is in the centre of the coupling. Then tighten pump common flange +without any leakage with a rubber washer to the pump body. In vertical +mounting Gt dfaectly the delivery pipe ( suctioit of centrifugil pipe ) to the +common flange and assemble the slip coupling in the pressure pipe line +vertically. For horizontal mounting the slip coupling can be conveniently Gtted +in the horizonUl portion of the presaure pipe line.' + + + +r Amend No. 1 to IS IU99 : 1989 + +( Page 3, clause €.23) — SubstiUite the following for the existing: + +*i.23 Assembly of Discharge Pipe ( Delivery of Centrifugal Pump ) to the +Monopump + +F\X the discharge ( delivery of centrifugal pump ) flange to the pump body using +the rubber washer. To the discharge flange (delivery of centrifiigai pump) using +a nipple, tighten a T-coupling. To the top of the T-coupling, tighten the priming +unit. To the other side, tighten the pressure regulating valve. Connect the +discharge line (delivery of centrifugal pump) to the overhead tank on the other +side of the pressure regulator valve. The arrow mark on the valve body shall +point toward the direction of the flow of water in the discharge line ( delivery of +centrifugal pump ). Tighten the delivery ( suction of centrifugal pump ) and +pressure pipe lines in the horizontal portion by a twin clamp before starting. +Give a proper support to the pipe lines so that they do not give any pressure on +the pump body. Screw down the pressure guage to the threaded opening +provided in the pump casing/pressure regulator valve body.* + +( Page 3, clause €3) — Substitute the following for the existing clause: + +%3 InstaUation of Packer Type Cetntriftigal Jet Pump ( see Fig. 2) + +The main components of packer type jet centrifugal pump combination are: + +a) Centrifugal monoblock pump/coupled pump/belt driven pump; + +b) Jet assembly components: + +1) Packer type jet assembly with foot-valve, packer and strainer +assembly, + +2) Packer housing contained in a sealing pipe with stopper coupling, + +3) Packer head/well adopter, + +4) Flanges to connect pump and packer head, and + +5) Qamps for outer pipe, irmer pipe and well. + +c) Discbarge (delivery of centrifugal pumps) assembly components: + +1) Pressure regulating valve, + +2) Priming unit, + +3) Pressure gauge, + +5 + + + +Amend No. 1 to IS IU99 : 1989 + +4) Air releasing cock, and + +5) Discbarge flange (delivery of centrifiigal pump). + + + + +t ffttlMMG OHir + +2 fRCSSURC CONTROL VALVC + +5 PRCSSURC CAUCC + +4 MONO PUtiW + +5 SUP COUPLING +t PACKER HCAO + +7 CUMP + +8 iCT PUMP VtHlUm +• NOZZCL + +to FOOT VALVC + +II OClfVCRY PIPC LINK Of JCT UNIT / + +SUCTION PIPE or CCNTRIFUCAL PUUP + +I J MCSSURC PiPt + + + +FIG. 2 TYPICAL FIELD INSTAUATION FOR PACKER TYPE JET +CENTRIFUGAL PUMP COMBINATION + + + +r Amend No. 1 to IS 12«99 : 1989 + +( Page 3, clause 6.3.2 ) — Substitute the following for the existing clause: + +*6.3.2 Assembly of Inner Pipe to the Jet Assembly and Locating it Within the +Outer Pipe + +All the jet assemblies fitted with foot-valve, packer assembly and a strainer are +to be tested for proper operation before leaving the works. The complete +assembly of jet, foot-valve, packer assembly and strainer are to be supplied as a +single unit. They contain two bucket washers at the bottom fitted to the packer +assembly. Screw down the packer jet assembly to the first length of inner pipe +by using proper pipe compound so that there shall not be any leakage. During +the operation, care shall be taken to see that the pipe is clean. During tightening +operation, the bucket washer shall not be allowed to touch any surface which +will lead to their damage. Lower the inner pipe with jet assembly into the outer +pipe so that the rubber packer do not strike the walls of the outer pipe during +lowering operation. A good suggestion is to use snuill lengths after cleaning +them thoroughly. Care shall be taken to see that the joints are leakproof. During +the tightening operation of successive lengths of inner pipe, the bottom portion +of the pipe lowered inside the casing pipe shall not be allowed to turn. As soon +as the bottom portion of the jet assembly has touched the stopper coupling, see +that the inner pipe protnides above the outer pipe flange by 0.2 m. At the top, +inner pipe shall not be threaded. Do not allow the inner pipe or jet assembly to +strike the stopper couplings suddenly. This may lead to damage of the complete +unit itself. Use chain block with tripod to lower the inner pipe.* + +( Page 4, clause 633, line 2) — Delete the word '( delivery )'. + +( Page 4, clause 633 ) — Insert the folk>wing Note at the end: + +*NOTE — The inner pipe becomes che suction line of die centrifugal pump anoular space +between the inner and outer pipes functions as pressure pipe line.' + +( Page 4, clause 63A ) — Substitute the foltowing for the existing matter + +'63 A Assembly of Discharge ( Delivery of Centrifijtgal Pump ) Pipeline to the +Monopump + +See 6.23 {otdtUiih.' + +( Page 4, clause 6A) — Substitute the folk)wing for the existing heading: + +*6A Installation of Duplex Type Jet Pump ( s^ Fig. 3 )' + + + +Amend No. 1 to IS 12699 : 19S9 + + + +^^^ + + + + + +1 PRIKHMO UNIT + +2 FUCSSURC CONTROL VALVC + +3 PftCSSURC GAUGC + +4 MONO PUMf + +9 SUP COUfUNO + +« ^^QUCIEX HCAO / WCa ADOPTCR + +• NOIZU + +10 rOOT VMVC + +1 1 snuwci + + + +Flo. 3 TrPICAL FIELD INSTALIATIOH FOR DUPLEX Type JET + +Obntrifuoal Pump Combinat[on + + + +L + + + +Amend No. 1 to IS 12699 : 1989 + + + +I Page 4, clause 6Al(a) | — Substitute the following for the txhWng +matter. + +Vi) Assembly of outer pipe and inner pipe to the duplex jet assembly/ + +[ Page 4, clause 6.4.1(c) | — Substitute the following for the existing +matter + +'c) Assembly of discbarge line ( delivery of centrifugal pump ).* + +(Page4, clause 6 A2, para 1, line 4) — Substitute 'inner' /or 'delivery*. + +( Page 5, clause 6.4.3, heading ) — Substitute 'Inner' for 'Delivery', + +( Page 5, clause 6.43, line 2 ) — Delete *( delivery )'. + +( Page 5, clause 6.43 ) — Insert the following Note at the end: + +'NOTE — The inner pipe becomes the suction line of the centrifugal pump and the +annular space betueen the inner and outer pipes functions as pressure pipe line.* + +( Page S, clause 6.4.4 ) — Substitute the following for the existing clause: + +*6.4.4 Assembly of Delivery Pipeline to the Monopump + +seeiJl3 for details.' + +( Page 6, clause %A, first line) — Substitute 'maintenance requirements '/i^r +'installations*. + +( Page 6, Annex A ) — Substitute *IS 210 : 1993 Grey iron castings {fourth +revision y for 'IS 210 : 1978 Grey iron castings {third revision )\ + +{ Page 6, Annex A ) — Insert the following after IS 996 : 1979: + +'IS 7S38 : 1975 Three phase squirrel cage induction motor for + +centrifugal pumps for agricultural application' + + + +(HMD 20) + + + +Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India + + + +AMENDMENT NO. 2 OCTOBER 2007 + +TO + +IS 12699 : 1989 SELECTION, INSTALLATION, + +OI*ERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF JET + +CENTRIFUGAL PUMP COMBINATION — + +CODE OF PRACTICE + +[First cover page) — Substitute the following for the existing Hindi title: + +aftr ^jwwi - ^rtcJ 4JI|di' + + + +(ME 20) + + + +Repngnphy Unit, BIS, New Delhi. India + + + +:m,fifitf>^tfft + + + +Indian SKm4(ffd>} + + + +AasfD■MAINIlNA^FCE OF JET CENTRIFUGAL-. +PUMF COMBlNATrON — CODE OF PRACTICE. + + + +1 SCOPE + +1.1 This staiidatd layi down general guidclltos +fb^ selM^tidii, iiiiHdilkiti^, operation and maime- +Otocifoftwhi^' duple* and paclcer type jet ceptrt- + +2'Rt3SfiIt£NC£S + +Ijl The Indian Standardg; listed in Annex A are +ndcessary adjuncts to this standard. + +3 SELECTION CtttTEWA + +3.0 The selection criteria are listed below: + +a) Water wtlli^ze, capacity/and depth; + +b) Ptfformaace requirements,, namely^ q^^tity» +y^ setting 4epth and discharge head; + +c) Type of prime mover; +d)^Type^ of itfatallations; and +e) Quality of water. + +3.1 Water Well Size, Capacity tod Deptt + +3.1.1 Open Well + +la ofien wells; thete is i no restriction on^ selection +of pipe< site for vnm jet oentrilii^l pump cooibina^ +tioft. + +3^1 J BatfB^Well + +to bore^wella^ the>^ size^ of pipe^ lines depe»ds?ot +t^diaineter of ttae b(»^ Pot tte same bore weU^ +if more quantity of Water is to be pum^edv in +order to acooiuiiiodaike bigger flow areai for tke +pressure pipe and delivery pipe of the jet pump, +packer/duplex type of jet pumjjft are preferrecEto +twin typejef pumps. In all bore wells for ease +dfettdtti^mA^ttttaj^t puxttp outer diincinsfoil +sfr^l be always utintmum 6^ mm less tHan^ the +deafbdtVWeirsiib; llle majciittum qtiantity of +vWteHfiitr can be iftiimped by using these jet +fmrtftw witfc Optiitaum pcftfeentag.e loss of frictripfn +M combined' pipe Ifti* of pressure and delivery qf +^toip^sHali^beas givett itttkbles 1 and i: + + + +Table 1 DtmenstoiiaaiidMaxbninnOv^piittfor +TwUi^Type ^e$.ftWJ8 1 + +{Chuse>3.\Jl) +Dimenston + + + +miia ■ + +\m\ + +110 + +las + +159^ + +200 +200 +200 +250 + + + +mm + +76 + +92 +102» +114 +126 ' +135- +164 +172 +185 +230. + + + +mn^, + + +m«i, + + +25 i + + +20 + + +32 + + +25 + + +40 + + +32 + + +40i + + +40 + + +50 + + +40 + + +50 + + +50 + + +65 + + +50 + + +65 + + +65 + + +80 + + +65 + + +IW. + + +80 + + + +l/m>. + +12 + +20 + +35 + +50 + +65 + +80 +120 +180 +225 +32ft + + + +NOTE — The discharges indjcftted are for jan opti- +mum combined pipe rrtctton of abdut lO^percc^; +Bjr aUowinie /higher fcictional losses, more output +ca«ol]^uied. + + + +Table 2 Dimensions and Maximam Oatj^iit for +Packer/Doplfx^ %|M^ /ell^^ + +{CbmseKM.2 ) + + + +-«4^ + + + +Clear 0ore +Diameter + + + +80 +lOQ, +100, + +ny + +125 +150 +150 +200 + + + +Oater Pipe + +Socket + +Dlaaieter; + + + +mm + +70 + +89 + +96 ( TjG )♦. +102 +102 + +122 ( TC )♦ +127 + +147 ( TC )• +159 + + + +Discharge +PipeDia- + + +•SSf' + + +dieter + + +Dtome* + + + + +t«f, + + +mm + + +mn>. + + +25 + + +30- + + +40 + + +6S + + +r 50 + + +8«t + + +50 + + +«o + + + +50 + +65 + +65* + +80 + +80 + + + +100 +1|00 +125 +t25 + + + +Recom- +mtAded +Oatpvt + +l/m + +15 + +35 + +75 + +75 + +75 +170 +170 +250 +2ffO + + + + + + +rrr + + + +m L ' ^'j?"iu + + + +3.2 Qmlltsr ef Water + +the quality of w^ter j^i^lTb^^tjeiten intp considera- +tion for selection qf j^t pijmp and centrifugal +pump components coRSteifC^iplit When, pimped + + + +IS 12699 : 1989 + + + +water is neutral, the jet pump shall be made of +cast iron ( Minimum Grade FG 200 of IS +210 : 1978 ). When the water is acidic, jet pump +and impeller of centrifugal pump shall be bronze +as per Grade LTB2 of IS 318 : 19^1. + +33 Performance Requirements + +3.3.1 Quality + +The quality of water required shall be decided by +two factors: + +a) Actual consumer requirement, and + +b) Availability of yield of well or bore well. + +The maximum quantity that may be tapped shall +be 80 percent of the tested yield of the well. + +3 J.2 Jet Setting Depth + +To take care of frictional losses, the jet setting +depth shall be taken 1*2 times the optimum spr* +ing depth of the bore well and jet pump shall be +placed 3 to S m above the bottom of the bore well +for silt not to enter the jet pump and it shall be +placed 2 m below the maximum drawn down level +or to have adequate submergence as specified by +manufacturer. + +333 Discharge Head + +The discharge head of the jet centrifugal pump +combination shall be almost near the minimum +operating head of the system which generally is +taken as operating head of the centrifugal pump +minus 6 m. This shall allow the system to operate +at the optimum efficiency. + +4 TYPE OF PRIME MOVER + +Jet centrifugal pUmp combination shall be +selected according to the availability of the +power source. + +a) Diesel Engine, shall be according to IS +11170: 1985. + +b) Electric Motor, shall be according to IS +996 : 1979. + +NOTE — If jet centrifugal pump combination is to +be driven by both, belt driven type centrifugal pump +shall be prefer! cd. If the pump is to be driven by +only electric source, monobloc or direct coupled +pump shall be preferred. + +5 TYPES OF INSTALLATIONS + +a) Vertical + +Whenever the centrifugal pump is to be +placed in a separate room away from well, +horizontal installation is preferred and +whenever space availability is lin^ited and +where pump has to be placed above the +well, vertical mounting of the centrifugal +pump shall be preferred. + + + +h) fforiiontal + +When centrifugal pump is mounted hori- +zontally, the length of the horizontal pipe +line shall not be more than TS to 2 m. In +case the lengths are to be increased, one +size higher diameter of pipe shall be used +to keep tt\e frictional losses minimum. + +6 INSTALLATION + +6.1 Installation of Centrifugal Pomp + +All requirement laid down in IS 9694 ( Part 2 ) : +1980 shall apply to the centrifugal pump. ( For +simplicity, the centrifugal pump of the system has +been taken as a motorized monobloc horizontal +type centrifugal pump ). The entire installation is +given for pumps with flange ends; for screwed +ends, the procedure is the same except that the +pipes are screwed in and jointed with union joints +slip coupling. Further, the pipe tapping to the jet +pump shall be provided in the centrifugal pump +casing itself in the example considered. + +6.1.1 Plumbing the Well + +Before erecting the jet inside the borewell, lower +a guide of outer diameter 6 mm bigger than the +outer pipe coupling/jet diameter with a minimum +length of 2 m into the borewell. It shall be noted +that it goes into the borewell freely. At every 3 m +interval, a knot shall be tied in the inserting rope +to find out the water depth. A yield test conducted +in the bore with test pump will also help to +assess the maximum length of pipe to be lowered. + +6.2 Installation of Twin Type Jet Centrifugal +Pomp Combination + +6.2.1 Inspection + +All components before erection, shall be inspec- +ted for possible damage in transit. No dirt or +foreign particles entrapped inside shall be seen +by blowing air through jet assembly combination. +Pour water inside the jet assembly up to pressure +pipe housing level and find out whether there +is any leakage in the jet body or the foot valve. +If there is any leakage in the foot-valve where it +is threaded with the jet assembly, tighten them +with suitable pipe compound and thread packing. +Over tightening will result in breakage. + +6.2.2 Pipe Assembly + +Clean all pipes from foreign particles before tight* +ening with jet pump. Tighten the delivery and +pressure pipe» applying suitable pipe compound +to the proper threads with the ejector body. +While tightening the delivery pipe/ care shall be +taken to see that it does not on any account strike +the protruding portion of the venturi tube. Do +not over-tighten the pipe in the jet body and + + + +IS 12699 : 1989 + + + +whMe tightening the pressure pipe^ do not move +away the two pipes too much as both the above +will lead to breakage of jet assembly. After tigh- +tening each length, pour water and see that there +is no leakage in the joints. A chain block of mini- +mum two tonne capacity with tripoid eadi of 6 m +length of SO mm pipe can be used for deepwell +erection. Each pipe shall be used clamped with +proper size clamp securely, and while one clamp +is used for lifting or lowering, the other nuts be +loosened and positioned in the proper place +and secured to fit the chain block for the subse- +quent operation. Tighten each end of pipe length +by a binding wire to avoid damage to the jet +assembly due to pipe chattering during subsequent +pipe tightening. When the pipes have been fitted +up to full length, fit two elbows with the delivery +and pressure pipes with the proper centre distance +between the pipes and fit them to the delivery and +pressure fHpe lines in the flanges. The slip coup- +ling in the pressure pipe line facilitates easy erec- +tion. Make a central cut in the horizontal length +of the pressure pipe line, then insert the slip coupl- +ing in the pressure line such that the cut is in +the centre of the slip coupling. Then tighten the +slip coupling nuts to seal the pressure line from +leakage. Tighten pump common flange without +any leakage with a rubber washer to the pump +body. In vertical mounting, fit directly the deli- +very pipe to the common flanges and assemble +the slip coupling to the pressure pipe vertically. + +6.2.3 Assembly of Discharge Pipe to the +Monopwnp + +Fit the discharge flange to the pump body using +the rubber washer and wire gauge to avoid entry +of foreign particles. To the discharge flange using +a nipple, tighten a T-coupling. To the top of the +T-coupling, tighten the priming unit. To the other +side, tighten the pressure regulating valve. Con- +nect the discharge line to the overhead tank on the +other side of the pressure regulator valve. The +arrow mark on the valve body shall point towards +the direction of the flow of water in the discharge +line. Tighten the delivery and pressure pipe lines +in the horizontal portion by a twin clamp before +starting. Give a proper support to the ejector pipe- +line so that they do not give any pressure on the +pump body. + +6.3 iDstallation of Packer Type Jet Centrifagai +Pump Combination + +The main components of packer type jet centri- +fugal pump combination are centrifugal mono- +bloc pump/coupled pump/belt driven pump. + +Jet Assembly Components +► * . '^ + +a) Packer type jet assembly with foot-valve, +packer and strainer assembly; + + + +b) Packer housing contained in a sealing pipe +with stopper coupling; + +c) Packer head/well adopter; + +d) Flanges to connect pump and packer head; + +e) Clamps for outer and inner pipe, well; and + +f ) Delivery assembly components: + +1) Pressure regulating valve, + +2) Priming unit, + +3) Pressure gauge, + +4) Air releasing cock, and + +5) Delivery flanges. + +6.3.1 Outer Pipe Assembly + +The packer housing which forms the bottom most +part of the outer pipe is always supplied with a +screwed in stopper coupling. Clean the packer +housing and see that the stopper coupling con- +tains within it, a shock absorbing disc pasted to it. +Then screw down the packer housing to the first +length of outer pipe through a coupling firmly +applying suitable pipe compounds. During the +tightening operation, care must be taken to see +that either the packer housing or the outer pipe +does not collapse due to the excessive or improper +tightening pressure. Lower first length inside +the bore gently without striking the walls of the +bore. Connect through couplings up to the requir- +ed length, successive bits of outer pipe to the +first length. On the top of the last bit of the outer +pipe, tighten the outer pipe flange and place +above the bore well or open well, using a clamp +on a bed, which may be bore casing pipe in +borewells, or a platform of rails in open wells. +For lowering the outer pipe within the bore well, +a chain block mounted on a tripoid post must be +used. Each length of outer pipe must be checked +for correct bore sizes and for bends, by passing +through it a guide of the specified outer pipe +bore size. Any burrs or welding lines inside the +outer pipe protruding above the specified bore +size diall be removed and then only the pipe shall +be used for erection. + +6.3.2 Assembly of Inner { Delivery ) Pipe to the +Jet Assembly and Locating it Within the Outer +Pipe + +All the jet assemblies fitted with foot-valve, + +f>acker assembly and a strainer are to be tested +or proper operation before leaving the works. +The complete assembly of jet, foot-valve, packer +assembly and strainer are to be supplied as a +single unit. They contain two bucket washers +at the bottom fitted to the packer assembly. +Screw down the packer jet assembly to the first +length of delivery pipe by using proper pipe com- +pound so that there shall not be any leakage. +During the operation, care shall be taken to see + + + +is^i; + + + +2^:198^' + + + +that the pipe is clean. + + + +■'K^, ''^:Hu.,on ""I :■;;,, + + + +^ ^A •■JiU. .'..Ml I + +,,|>uaM.,tigWe _ + +tion, the bucket washer s^iafl pot bejiuowea to + + + +touch any surface wliibh win lead fo thb!r dAiibiige. +Liomc^ thftiidivery piB^ wiife. jet,ajRS^Wy uitQ.the +outer pipe sp that the rubber packer dp t^ot Strike +the walls of the outfer pipe during lo^efihg'opbra- +tion. A good suggestion ^ is to use.sidtdl lefigths +after cleaning them thproughlv. C^ shall be +taken to see that the joints are leiakpfobr. ' During +the tightening operation of $uc6esiive bits of +delivery pipe, the bottom x{H>rtion of the pipe +lowered inside th^ casing pipe^jsb^ noj; t^^allowed +to turn. As soqn as the bpttbm pojtion of the +jet assembly has touched the stPf>per couplings +see that the delivery pipe protrudes above the +outer pipe flange by 0*2 im. At th^ top» deliVdiy +pipe 8h|l]. npt.be threaded- Do npt allow th +deijfv '' ' ' '' * '''^ + + + + +^. .^jcompleteunij^ieif.., w^^^ , +tnpoidto lowir the drfivery pfpe^ + + + + +fd'tf^e + + + +Tlie concentric flow areas between outer and inher +(dejivery) pipes are ntade twin flow areas by +filtiog a ^packer head above the outei^ pipe flange. +Place its gasket above the outer pipe fUmge and +tboa moUnt the p^ker hi^d above it» passing it +above the inner pipe outside diameter. In thii +cojidition» the inner pipe shall be protruding^aboVe +the packer headtop^ level by at le^t 40 to SO mm. +Cut> the inoer ipipe \ using hacksaw to the top +sut^Eace level of. packer .bead. Clean out all the +burrs around the iniier pipe and insert the sealing +ring rubber gland aboVe the outside diameter of +the inner pipe which will sit in its seating in the +packer head. Place its gasket above the packer +head^now it ist ready for contiepting^ with the +moQOpump. Two sets of flanges one for the +packer head and other for monppump shall be +supplied. Conni^t these flange usitag two elbowi +and reqflired length of ptpe^. A sjip^ cpupliog +may be used for the ease cf erection in the pressure +line. Using the gasket, tighten this assembly to +the packer head and monopump. + + + +6i3 A Assembly +Monopump + + + +of Discharge Pipeline to the + + + +Fit the discharge flangie to the p^mp body usihlg +therubtier washer and wire gauge to avoid entry +of foreign particles. . Tp tne dTschargje flah|e usitig +mpple» tighten a T-coupling. To the top of the +T-cpupling, tighten the priming ..utilt. To th^ +outer side, tighten the pi^Uitt x^gulntihg valve +so that the arrow pn it points tow^rdb the, flow df +water in discharge pipeline. Connect (he fli^iarg^ +line to the overhiead tknk» ort the othelf iidc pf thte +pressure regulator valve. In hprizotftai sets, tiihtefla +the suction ahd pressiiit pipislihes ih thfe Hori^hty + + + +P«i«?a!i)y';tiifi^'da^^ + +the pump casmg/pressure reguIatW valve tk>dy. + +It shall be bdrh im mind ' that in du|dex jet^pump, +both outer and delivery pipe are screwed to Jel +assemUr togettittr and then lowered in the wall. +The foot*valve of the AwpYfhi jet pump majf be +either external to the duplex assembly or internal +within duplex assteibly. The main c6niponents +of a duplex type jet centrif\igal pump obmUnation +are: + +a)l Ceritjil^^f ySnoptiiiiii/coiJ^ +puiiit); + +b) Thfej« purilp a^feifi%iipljex type jet puinp ji$si?mbly with +fopt-valve, striaincr and' duplex unit; + +2) OUtefptpl! flang^ + +4) Flanges to connect pump and duplex; +and + +5) Otot'cr and inner pli)8 clam jfeV + +c) Delivery assembly components: + +1) Pressure regulating valve, + +2) Prlniing unit, + +3) Pressure gauge, + +4) Air releasing cock, and + +5) Delivery flanges. + +6AI\ 'rtel installation of duplex typj^j^t asierhbly +wiih pii)cs and niono^unip is doneiii three'pba^s. + +a) Assembly pf outer pipe ahd delivery pipe +( inner i^pt ) to the duplex jet assembly, + +by'A?sej6blfy pf oiiter and inner pip0 tb th^ +niPnopump tlirpugh duple?^ l^atd/^^ll +adopter through flahges, and + +c) Assembly of discharge line. + +6.4.2 Assembly of Outer Pipe and Delivery Ptph +to the Duplex Jet Assembly + +For ease of erection, the length df (Kdi^du^'bitk +of pipes are generally kept less thai? .three metres +smce both pipes are assembled toge'tbei%^J^eep the +length pf the, dejiyerjr pipy.ait.^ast ^m longer +than oiiter pipe for easy tightening of the inner +and outer pipe separately. + +Check the difpjex jet assembly for any damage in +transit and bfpW & ffif&ueh MM mk^so +that no foreign ^^^& mi d^^ m venturi + + + +IS 12699 : 1989 + + + +or nozzle. If the footvalve forms an internal p^t +of the jet assembly, fit a small column of inner +pipe and pour water to check water tightness of +seating of the footvalve. + +If the footvalve is external, it should be only fitted +after the assembly of first length of inner and +outer pipe to jet assembly before lowering. +Tighten the jet assembly with first bit of inner +pipe with proper sealing compound. Above the +duplex nut seating, place the gasket and place the +first bit of the outer pipe and tighten both through +outer pipe coupling using proper sealing com- +pound. + +Using one clamp on the outer pipe and one on +the inner pipe, lower the pipes within the bore- +Pour water within these pipes and check for any +leakage. If both the inner and the outer pipes +are lowered to the required length, fix a clamp on +the outer pipe and house it on the well casing. +Tighten the outer pipe flange using proper sealing +compound to the outer pipe. It shall be seen +that in this position, the inner pipe shall be pro- +truding above the outer pipe flange by a length of +at least duplex head height plus 50 mm. + +6.4.3 Assembly of Outer and Delivery Pipe to +Monopump Through Duplex Head and Flanges + +The concentric flow areas between outer and inner +( delivery ) pipes are made twin flow areas by +fitting a duplex head otherwise known as well +adopter above the outer pipe flange. Place its +gasket above the outer pipe flange and then mount +the duplex head above it passing it above the inner +pipe. In this condition, the inner pipe will be +protruding above the duplex head top level by at +least 40 to 50 mm. Cut the inner pipe using +hacksaw to the top surface level of the duplex +head. Clean out all the burrs around the inner +pipe and insert the sealing ring rubber gland above +the outside diameter of the inner pipe which will +sit in its seating in this duplex head. Place its +gasket above the duplex head. Now it is ready for +connecting it with the monopump. Two sets of +flanges, one for the duplex head and the other for +the monopump shall be supplied. Connect these +flanges using two elbows and the required length +of pipes. A slip coupling shall be used for ease +of erection in the pressure line. Using the gasket, +tighten this assembly to the duplex head and to +the monopump. + +6.4.4 Assembly of Discharge Pipeline to the +Monopump + +Fit the discharge flange to the pump body using +the rubber washer and wire gauge to avoid entry +of foreign particles. To the delivery flange, using +ampple, tighten a T-coupling. To the top of +the T-coupling, tighten the priming unit. To the +other side, tighten the pressure regulating valve. + + + +Connect the delivery line to the overhead tank on +the other side of the pressure regulating gate valve. +Tighten the suction and pressure pipelines in the +horizontal portion by a twin clamp before starting. +Give proper support to the ejector pipeline so +that they do not give any pressure on the pump +body. Screw down the pressure gauge to its +thread in the pump casing. + +6.4.4.1 Electrical connections + +Use proper capacity switch and starter with over- +load and under voltage protections. While giving +connection, take care to avoid loose contacts. +Do not use oversize fuse. Before starting, see +that the motor runs in the correct direction as +indicated by the arrow mark on the casing. In +single phase jet pumps, test with a voltmeter to +ensure that the line voltage does not go below 1 80 +volts while starting the pump, + +7 OPERATION + +7.1 All the instructions laid down for centrifugal +pump in IS 9694 ( Part 3 ) : 1980 shall apply to +the operation of jet centrifugal pump combination. +Further, the following recommendations shall be +followed. + +7.1.1 After starting the pump, the pressure regu- +lating valve/throttle valve shall be adjusted to a +pressure which is 20 percent higher than the +minimum operating pressure specified on the +name plate. Pump shall be allowed to run at +least for 3 to 4 hours and fall in operating +pressure shall be recorded. Pressure regulating +valve shall now be readjusted to the +minimum operating pressure. Failure of the +pump to operate at minimum operating pressure +shall mean that the yield of well is lesser than the +capacity of the pump. In such cases, readjust the +pressure to a higher value so that the continuous +flow of water is established. The failure of jet +centrifugal pump combination to deliver water +after starting may be due to the following +additional factors: + +a) Clogging of foreign particles in jet nozzle +or venturi. + +b) Foot valve strainer clogging due to mud in +the well — It is recommended that footvalve +shall be at least 2 m above the bottom most +point of well in bore wells and at least +0*3 m above the bottom in open wells. + +c) Inner changing pressure and delivery pipe. + +d) Leaky joints of duplex nut. + +e) Leaky joints of coupling in pressure and +delivery pipes. + +f ) Damage of packer washers during erection +in packer type jet pump. + + + +6.1 All the installations laid down for centrifugal +pump in IS ^94 ( Part 4 ) : 1980 shall Apply for +the maintenance of jet centrifugal pump .^omhi- +nation. + + + +9 SHIPMENT + +9d IS 9694 (Part2);1980 +jcen(riff^gal;pump part. + + + +shall apply to iSbc + + + +#i2 l«0MhBiiP4AiiiMibly + +a) All tho important cMSponanta, such w» +venturi, nozzle, footvalve» eic» slurtl -he +clearly protected and covered from "foreign +partielefr entry. + +b) The venturi and fo6tvaIve vtem pofti^ +shall be thoroQ^lhly protected frottv damage +due to accidental thto^ng of the packing. + +c) Pressure gaiige supplied with the pomp +shall be thoroigftly protected from damages +to the dial and the glass cover from shoek. + + + +ANNEX A + +(Clause 2.1) + +LIST OF r»EBii»W;P INDIAN STANDARDS + + + +]8 210:I97« Orey iron castings {third + +ftvtikm) + +IS 318 : 1981 Leaded tin bronze ingots + +and castings ( S0€ond + +IS99j6:1979 Single phaae sosall and + +univers^ electric motors +( sacamf revision } + +lS9694(Paft2);|$»0 Code of practice for Ac +Selection, installation, +operation and mainte- +nance of horizontal centri- +fjUgal pumps for agricul- +ture applications: Part 2 +Installation + +189694(PaFt3):1980Codc of practice for the +selection^ installationt +operation and mainte- + + + +IS No. nth + +nanee 6f hdrizomal centri- +fugal pumps for agricul* +ture aipplications : Part 3 +Operation + +IS 9694 ( Part 4 ) : 1980 Code of practice for the +selection, installation, +operation and mainte- +nance of horizontal centri- +ftigal pumps for agricul- +ture applications: Part 4 +Maintenance + + + +1811170:1985 + + + +IS 12225 ; 1987 + + + +Performance reiquirement +constant speed compits- +sion ignition ( diesi^l ) +engines fbr agritultutta +purposes + +Technical requireitieilt fbr +jet centrifugal pus^com^ +bination + + + +Standard Mark + +The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian +Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on +products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced +to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection, +testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the +producer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity +to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the +use of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained +from the Bureau of Indian Standards. + + + +Bureau of Indian Standards + +BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote +harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods +and attending to connected matters in the country. + +Copyright + +BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in +any form without ^e prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the +course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade +designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS. + +Revision of Indian Slaplarda + +Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, ii any, are +issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of +the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent to BIS giving the +following reference: + + + +Doc : No. HMD 20 ( 4740 ) + + + +Amendments Issued Since Pablication + + + +Amend No. + + + +Date of Issue + + + +Text Affected + + + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + + + +Headquarters : + + + +Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi II 0002 +Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 + +Regional Offices : + +Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zalar Marg +NEW DELHI 110002 + +Eastern ; 1/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktoia +CALCUTTA 700054 + +Northern : SCO 445-446, Sector 35-C, CHANDIGARH 160036 +Southern : C. I T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 + + + +Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ) +BOMBAY 400093 + +Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHQ?AL. BHUBANESHWAR. +QUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. PATNA. +TRIVANDRUM. + + + +Telegrams : Manaksanstha +( Common to all Offices ) + + + +Telephone + +(33101 31 +|331 13 75 + +36 24 99 + +|2 1S43 +{3 16 41 + +r41 24 42 + +X412S19 + +1^41 29 16 + +6 32 92 95 + + + +Printed st Printwell Printers, Dilh], India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/59f47c80e6852bb2.txt b/corpus/building/text/59f47c80e6852bb2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c22151b42ec6c40e9cc204a953945046aa73c83d --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/59f47c80e6852bb2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Spatiotemporal Decision Transformer for Traffic Coordination + +Traffic signal control is a critical challenge in urban transportation, requiring coordination among multiple intersections to optimize network-wide traffic flow. While reinforcement learning has shown promise for adaptive signal control, existing methods struggle with multi-agent coordination and sample efficiency. We introduce MADT (Multi-Agent Decision Transformer), a novel approach that reformulates multi-agent traffic signal control as a sequence modeling problem. MADT extends the Decision Transformer paradigm to multi-agent settings by incorporating: (1) a graph attention mechanism for modeling spatial dependencies between intersections, (2) a|temporal transformer encoder for capturing traffic dynamics, and (3) return-to-go conditioning for target performance specification. Our approach enables offline learning from historical traffic data, with architecture design that facilitates potential online fine-tuning. Experiments on synthetic grid networks and real-world traffic scenarios demonstrate that MADT achieves state-of-the-art performance, reducing average travel time by 5-6% compared to the strongest baseline while exhibiting superior coordination among adjacent intersections. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/6040464f0f317830.txt b/corpus/building/text/6040464f0f317830.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1127bee0b9bcb7146f967f9101349fe8ffdffed --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/6040464f0f317830.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +AT-MoE: Adaptive Task-planning Mixture of Experts via LoRA Approach + +The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has ushered in a new era of artificial intelligence, with the potential to transform various sectors through automation and insightful analysis. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has been proposed as a solution to enhance model performance in complex tasks. Yet, existing MoE models struggle with task-specific learning and interpretability, especially in fields like medicine where precision is critical. This paper introduces the Adaptive Task-planing Mixture of Experts(AT-MoE), an innovative architecture designed to address these limitations. We first train task-specific experts via LoRA approach to enhance problem-solving capabilities and interpretability in specialized areas. Subsequently, we introduce a layer-wise adaptive grouped routing module that optimizes module fusion based on complex task instructions, ensuring optimal task resolution. The grouped routing module first perform overall weight allocation from the dimension of the expert group, and then conduct local weight normalization adjustments within the group. This design maintains multi-dimensional balance, controllability, and interpretability, while facilitating task-specific fusion in response to complex instructions. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/60fa3b0ed091a03d.txt b/corpus/building/text/60fa3b0ed091a03d.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a59c77a143125b9e5b418bb6deaa9726b49b2b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/60fa3b0ed091a03d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Bidirectional yet asymmetric causality between urban systems and traffic dynamics in 30 cities worldwide + +Understanding how urban systems and traffic dynamics co-evolve is crucial for advancing sustainable and resilient cities. However, their bidirectional causal relationships remain underexplored due to challenges of simultaneously inferring spatial heterogeneity, temporal variation, and feedback mechanisms. To address this gap, we propose a novel spatio-temporal causality framework that bridges correlation and causation by integrating spatio-temporal weighted regression with a newly developed spatio-temporal convergent cross-mapping approach. Characterizing cities through urban structure, form, and function, the framework uncovers bidirectional causal patterns between urban systems and traffic dynamics across 30 cities on six continents. Our findings reveal asymmetric bidirectional causality, with urban systems exerting stronger influences on traffic dynamics than the reverse in most cities. Urban form and function shape mobility more profoundly than structure, even though structure often exhibits higher correlations, as observed in cities such as Singapore, New Delhi, London, Chicago, and Moscow. This does not preclude the reversed causal direction, whereby long-established mobility patterns can also reshape the built environment over time. Finally, we identify three distinct causal archetypes: tightly coupled, pattern-heterogeneous, and workday-attenuated, which map pathways from causal diagnosis to intervention. This typology supports city-to-city learning and lays a foundation for context-sensitive strategies in sustainable urban and transport planning. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/61c9d4138861a784.txt b/corpus/building/text/61c9d4138861a784.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1fe6b0e0a3ee6d4fc09968b9f655e60b0a6745c --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/61c9d4138861a784.txt @@ -0,0 +1,621 @@ +**************** + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live'' + + + +IS 11817 (1986) : Classification of joints in buildings for +accommodation of dimensional deviations during construction +(ISO 7727-1984) [CED 13: Building Construction Practices +including Painting, Varnishing and Allied Finishing] + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +aj^&Vi ilW^K-^i^^^ T ^bi^ nVF^f + + + +::^^s^\n%i9^j^/;s^>^^^^ + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +18:11817-1986 + +UDC624078'3: 006-78 |90 7727-1984 + + + +( Reaffirmed 2002) + +indian Standard + +CLASSIFICATION Of JOINTS IN BUILDINGS FOR ACCOMMODATION +OF DIMENSIONAL DEVIATIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION + +( ISO Title : Joints In Building — Principles for Jointing + +of Building Components ~ Accommodation of Dimensional + +Deviations During Construction ) + + + +National Foreword + +This Indian Standard which is Identical with ISO 7727-1984 'Joints in building — Principles +for jointing of building components — Accommodation of dimensional deviations during cons- +truction' issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), was adopted by the +Indian Standards Institution on the recommendation of the Building Construction Practices Sec- +tional Committee and approval of the Civil Engineering Division Council. + +Whereverthe words 'International Standard' appear, referring to this standard, they shall +be read as 'Indian Standard*. + +In clause 6 of this standard, please read IS : 11817 in place of ISO 7727. + +Cross Reference + +in this Indian Standard, the following International Standard is referred to. Read in place +the following: + +International Standard Corresponding Indian Standard + +ISO 2444-1974 Joints in building — IS : 10957-1984 Glossary of terms applica- + +Vocabulary able for joints in buildings + +( Identical ) + +In this standard, the following International Standards are also referred to for which there +are no identical/equivalent Indian Standards: + +ISO 1803 Tolerances for buildings — Vocabulary + +ISO 2445 Joints in building — Fundamental principle for tiesign + +The technical committee responsible for the preparation of this standard has reviewed the +provisions of the above ISO Standards and has decided that they are acceptable for use in con- +junction with this standard. + + + +Adopted 27 January 1986 + + + +® December 1987, BIS + + + +Gr 3 + + + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR ^HAH ZAFAR MARG + +NEW DELHI 110002 + + + +18:11817-1986 +ISO 7727-1984 + + + +Introduction + +This International Standard is one of a series dealing with +general rules and principles for the jointing of building com- +ponents. + + + +1 Scope and field of application + +This International Standard establishes a classification system +for joints in building based on the ability of joints to accom- +modate dimensional deviations during construction. + +Examples of types of joints are given in an annex, as an aid to +the understanding of the principles Involved. + + + +2 References + +ISO 1803, Tderances for building — Vocabulary, + +ISO 2444, Joints in building — Vocabulary, + +ISO 2445, Joints in building — Fundamental principles for +design. + + + +4 Joints and dimensional deviations + +As a general rule, the sizes of building components should not +be adjusted during or after assembly. The dimensional devia- +tions which are inherent in the components, the dimenaonal +deviations which occur during manufacture or assembly, and +the deviations which result from movement (for example, +settlement or thermal movement) in the building, shall, +therefore, be absorbed in the joints. + +Given the scope, this International Standard takes into +consideration only the dimensional deviations inherent in the +components when they are assembled arui those which occur +during assembly. + + + +5 Classification + +Three types of joints are specified, grouped according to their +ability to accommodate dimensional deviations^' (see figure 1). + + + +5.1 Joints type 1 + +These are joints that can satisfactorily absorb all dimensional +deviations in connection with a given component, in the joints +around the component. + + + +3 Definitions + +For the purpose of this International Standard, the definitions +given in ISO 1803 and ISO 2444 apply. + + + +5.2 Joints type 2 + +These are joints which can absorb dimensional deviations to a +limited extent. + + + +1) Limit values between categories should be fixed according to the components to be assembled. + + + +15:11817-1986 +ISO 7727-1984 + + + +5.3 Joints type 3 + +These are joints which cannot absorb dimensional deviations +without being functionally impaired. + + + +6 Designation + +Joints shall be designated by type and the number of this Inter- +national Standard. + +Example: + +Joint type 2, ISO 7727. + + + + + +Joint +typel + + +Joint +type 2 + + +Joint +types + + +Maximum + +1 +|| + +m + +Minimum + + +] [ + + +i + + + + +] c + + +] [ + + +4^ + +m + + +: c + + +] c + + +1 + +Butt joint + + +DC + + +1 c + + +i + + +IL + + +» + + +i + + + +Rgure 1 + + + +18:11817-1986 +ISO 7727-1984 + + + +Annex + + + +Examples of types of joints + +(This annex does not form part of the standard.) + + + +A.O Introduction + + + +The examples in this annex are derived mostly^rom Some notes on Geometry of Joints for Building, Second Revised Edition, CIB +W 24, where further examples are given. + +If joints of types 2 or 3 are chosen, which may result in the accumulation of unacceptably large dimensional deviations, measures +should be taken to limit each dimensional deviation. For this purpose, more stringent requirements for tolerances, or special design +solutions, such as partial use of joints type 1, nwy be used. + +A.1 Joints type 1 + +A.1.1 See figure 2. + +The adjustability of the bolt and the nut combines with the height of the joint to allow absorption of greater dimensional deviations +than those normally occurring with this type of assembly. + + + +Nut adjustable +vertically + + +^( + + +ir + + +Wall component +y Joint type 1 + + +"! + + +F^ + + +Bolt, adjustable +horizontally + + +1 + + +^ + + +Deck +connponent + + + + + + + + +^ Butt joint + + + +A. 1.2 See figure 3. + + + +Figure 2 + + + +The "sliding attachment" is available as a standard solution for an equipment system. The range of adjustability in the horizontal plane +allows for absorption of greater dimensional deviations than those normally occurring. The assembly also functions in case of walls +which are out of plumb. + + + +Wall + + + +r + + + +Joint type 1 + + + +Cupboard + + + +(variable) + + + +Rgure 3 + + + +IS: 11817 -19a6 +ISO 7727-1084 + + + +A.2 Joints type 2 + +A.2 1 See f gure 4. + +Mortar joints in brickwork can to some extent compensate for fired bricks being of inaccurate sizes. There are, however, limits to how +narrow, or wide, mortar joints should be made. + + + +Jointis? type 2 + + + + +Inaccurate +component parts + + + +Relatively accurate +building element + + + +Figure 4 + + + +A.2.2 See figure 5, + + + +Joints with gaskets or sealants can absorb some dimensional deviations, but, as a rule, there are limits to how much such jointing + + + +ducts can be compressed or "stretched + + + +pro- + + + +Jointisl type 2 +Maximum Minimum + + + +^ + + + +Joint with gasket + + + + + +Joint with sealant + + + +Figure 5 + + + +iS: 11817 -1986 +ISO 7727-1984 + + + +A. 3 Joints type 3 + + + +A.3.1 See figure 6. + + + +As a rule, wooden floor boards are joined together with a tongue and groove joint, part of which is detailed as a butt joint. Dimen- +sional deviations in the width of the floor boards cannot, therefore, be absorbed in the individual joints. + + + +Joint type 3 +Butt joint + + + +V + + + +z. + + + +s + + + +Tongue and groove joint + + + +Figure 6 + + + +A.3.2 See figure 7. + +Kitchen cupboard connponents are often joined together with butt joints. As the cupboard components are frail and, as a rule, highly +finished, accumulated dimensional deviations must be absorbed In the joints between the row of kitchen cupboards and the walls. + + + +Wall + + + + +Joint type 3 +y Butt jointlsl + + +Wall + + + + + + + + +■" + + +Row of kitchen cupboards + + + + + +Figure 7 + + + +Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/62c1f50f0e9678f2.txt b/corpus/building/text/62c1f50f0e9678f2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0fb2f9f20c1fa2d9d21893764d2905372b81d1d --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/62c1f50f0e9678f2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +MoE-ACT: Improving Surgical Imitation Learning Policies through Supervised Mixture-of-Experts + +Imitation learning has achieved remarkable success in robotic manipulation, yet its application to surgical robotics remains challenging due to data scarcity, constrained workspaces, and the need for an exceptional level of safety and predictability. We present a supervised Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture designed for phase-structured surgical manipulation tasks, which can be added on top of any autonomous policy. Unlike prior surgical robot learning approaches that rely on multi-camera setups or thousands of demonstrations, we show that a lightweight action decoder policy like Action Chunking Transformer (ACT) can learn complex, long-horizon manipulation from less than 150 demonstrations using solely stereo endoscopic images, when equipped with our architecture. We evaluate our approach on the collaborative surgical task of bowel grasping and retraction, where a robot assistant interprets visual cues from a human surgeon, executes targeted grasping on deformable tissue, and performs sustained retraction. We benchmark our method against state-of-the-art Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models and the standard ACT baseline. Our results show that generalist VLAs fail to acquire the task entirely, even under standard in-distribution conditions. Furthermore, while standard ACT achieves moderate success in-distribution, adopting a supervised MoE architecture significantly boosts its performance, yielding higher success rates in-distribution and demonstrating superior robustness in out-of-distribution scenarios, including novel grasp locations, reduced illumination, and partial occlusions. Notably, it generalizes to unseen testing viewpoints and also transfers zero-shot to ex vivo porcine tissue without additional training, offering a promising pathway toward in vivo deployment. To support this, we present qualitative preliminary results of policy roll-outs during in vivo porcine surgery. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/6567c6538b5dc9b8.txt b/corpus/building/text/6567c6538b5dc9b8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b26d5a07740677117fe86c4efd625e1130287d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/6567c6538b5dc9b8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,78067 @@ +* 13 AAC 50.025. Fire code + +■^ The International Fire Code (I.F.C.), Chapters 1-45 and Appendices B - G (2006 Edition), are adopted by +reference to regulate all occupancies and buildings for the safeguarding of life and property from the hazards of +fire and explosion arising from the storage, handling, and use of hazardous substances, materials, and devices, +and from other conditions hazardous to life and property, with the following revisions: + + + +(1) Chapter 1 (Administration) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting Sections 103, 104.2, 104.3, 104.4, 104.5, +104.6, 104.10, 104.11, 104.11.1, 104.11.2, 106, 108, 109, and 111; + + + +(2) Chapter 1 of the LF.C. is revised by deleting Section 105, and the related permit requirements of Sections +301.2,308.4.1,315.1,601.2,901.3, 1101.3, 1201.2, 1301.2, 1501.2, 1601.2, 1701.2, 1801.5, 1901.2,2001.2, +2101.2,2201.2,2301.2,2403.4,2501.2,2601.2,2701.5,2801.2,2901.3,3001.2,3101.2,3201.2,3301.2, +3401. 4, 3501. 2, 3601. 2, 3701. 2, 3801. 2, 3901. 2, 4001. 2, 4101. 2, 4201. 2, 4301. 2, and 4401. 2; + + + +(3) Chapter 2, Section 201.3 (Terms defined in other codes) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the references to +the " International Fuel Gas Code^^ and "International Plumbing Code" and replacing them with "Plumbing +Code as adopted by 8 AAC 63.010, as amended as of December 6, 2003 and as amended from time to time"; + +(4) Chapter 2, Section 202 (General Definitions) of the LF.C, is revised by changing the definition of +"Educational Group E, Day care" to read: "The use of a building or structure, or portion of the building or +structure, for education, supervision, or personal care services for more than five children who are older than +two and one-half years of age, including children related to the staff shall be classified as a Group E +occupancy."; + + + +(5) Chapter 2, Section 202 of the LF.C, is revised by adding a new paragraph between the first and second +paragraphs of the definition for "Institutional Group I-l" in "Occupancy Classification" to read: "A facility in +this occupancy classification that has occupants who need physical assistance to respond in emergency +situations must comply with the International Building Code, Section 423."; + + + +(6) Chapter 2, Section 202 of the LF.C, is revised by adding an exception under the definition for "Educational +Group E, Day care" to read: "Exception: Family child care homes (Group R-3) operating between the hours of +6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. may accommodate a total of 12 children of any age without conforming to the +requirements of a Group E occupancy except for (1) smoke detectors and alarms as described in Section +907.2.10; (2) carbon monoxide detectors and alarms as specified in the International Building Code Section +422; (3) means of egress requirements of Section 1003, including emergency escape and rescue openings, as +required by Section 1025, in napping or sleeping rooms; and (4) portable fire extinguisher requirements as +described in Section 906"; + + + +(7) Chapter 2, Section 202 of the LF.C, the first sentence of the last paragraph of the definition for "Institutional +Group I, Group I-l" is revised to read: "A facility such as one described above with five or fewer persons, +including persons related to the staff, shall be classified as Group R-3."; + + + +(8) Chapter 2, Section 202 of the I.F.C., the second paragraph of the definition for "Institutional Group I, Group +1-2" is revised to read: "A facility such as one described above, with five or fewer persons including persons +related to the staff, shall be classified as Group R-3."; + + + +(9) Chapter 2, Section 202 of the I.F.C., the last paragraph of the definition for "Institutional Group I, Group +1-2" is revised to read: "A child care facility that provides care on a 24-hour basis to more than five children +who are two and one-half years of age or less, including children related to the staff shall be classified as Group +1-2."; + + + +(10) Chapter 2, Section 202 of the I.F.C., the second sentence of the definition for "Group 1-4, day care +facilities" is revised to read: "A facility within this occupancy classification with five or fewer persons, +including persons related to the staff, shall be classified as a Group R-3."; + + + +(11) Chapter 2, Section 202 of the I.F.C., the last sentence of the definition for "R-3" in "Residential Group R" +of "Occupancy Classification" is deleted, and the last sentence of the last paragraph of the definition for "R-4" in +"Residential Group R" of "Occupancy Classification" is revised by deleting the reference to the ^^International +Residential Code^^; + + + +(12) Chapter 2, Section 202 of the LF.C, is revised by adding a new paragraph to the definition for "R-4" in +"Residential Group R" of "Occupancy Classification" between the first and second paragraphs to read: +"Facilities within this occupancy classification that have occupants needing physical assistance to respond in +emergency situations must comply with International Building Code, Section 423."; + +(13) Chapter 2, Section 202 of the LF.C, is revised by adding a definition to read: "SERVICE. The annual test, +maintenance, or service defined and required by applicable fire protection system maintenance standards set out +in Table 901.6.1."; + + + +(14) Chapter 3, Section 307.2 (Permit required) of the LF.C, is revised to read: "Approval. The fire chief of a +registered department having jurisdiction, may allow a fire for recognized silvicultural or range or wildlife +management practices, prevention, or control of disease or pests, or a bonfire. Application, as required by the +chief of that registered fire department, must be presented by the owner of the land upon which the fire is to be +kindled before kindling such fire."; + + + +(15) Chapter 3, Section 308.3 (Open flame) of the LF.C, is revised to read: "Open flame. The use of open flame +in connection with a public meeting or gathering for the purposes of deliberation, worship, entertainment, +amusement, instruction, education, recreation, awaiting transportation, or similar purposes in assembly or +educational occupancies must be done in consultation with the registered fire department having jurisdiction."; + +(16) Chapter 3, Section 311.1.1 (Abandoned premises) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the reference to the +^Lnternational Property Maintenance Code^^; + + + +(17) Chapter 3, Section 311.5 (Placards) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting this section; + + + +(18) Chapter 4, Section 401.3 (Emergency forces notification) of the I.F.C., the first sentence is revised to read: +"In the event an unwanted fire occurs on a property, the owner or occupant shall immediately report the +conditions to the registered fire department having jurisdiction."; + + + +(19) Chapter 4, Section 404.2 (Where required) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting paragraph 1; + +(20) Chapter 4, Section 405 (Emergency evacuation drills) of the I.F.C., is revised by adding a new Section +405.10 to read: "405.10 False alarms. False alarms may not be counted as a fire drill for the purposes of Section +405. EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILLS."; + + + +(21) Chapter 4, Section 407.1 (General) of the LF.C, is revised to read: "General. The provisions of Sections +407.2 through 407.7 shall be applicable, in the discretion of the chief of the registered fire department that has +jurisdiction, where hazardous materials are located on the premises."; + + + +(22) Chapter 4, Section 408.3 (Group E, I and Group R-2 college and university buildings) of the LF.C, is +revised by the adding a new Section 408.3.5 to read: "408.3.5 False alarms. False alarms may not be counted as +a fire drill for the purposes of this section."; + +(23) Chapter 5, Section 503.1.1 (Buildings and facilities) of the LF.C, is revised to read: "Buildings and +facilities. The fire chief of the registered department having jurisdiction may require approved fire apparatus +roadways for every facility, building, or portion of a building constructed or moved into or within the +jurisdiction on or after September 15, 2001. The fire apparatus access roadway must be required to comply with +the requirements of this section as determined by the chief of that jurisdiction and be required to extend within +150 feet (45,720 mm) of all portions of the facility or building or any portion of the exterior wall of the first +story of the facility or building as measured by an approved route around the exterior of the building or +facility."; + + + +(24) Chapter 5, Section 503.1.1 of the LF.C, the lead-in line to the exception is revised to read: "Exception: The +chief of the registered fire department having jurisdiction may increase or decrease the dimension of 150 feet +(45,720 mm) where:"; + + + +(25) Chapter 5, Section 505.1 (Address numbers) of the LF.C, the first sentence is revised to read: "The chief of +the registered fire department having jurisdiction may require that all new and existing buildings be provided +with approved address numbers, building numbers, or approved building identification visible from the street or +road fronting the property, or on the street or road if the building is not visible from the street or road."; + + + +(26) Chapter 5, Section 505.2 (Street or road signs) of the LF.C, the first sentence is revised to read: "The chief +of the registered fire department having jurisdiction may require streets and roads to be identified with approved +signs."; + + + +(27) Chapter 5 of the I.F.C. is revised by adding a new Section 507.4 to read: "507.4 Smoke obstruction +systems. Smoke obstruction systems associated with security or burglar alarm systems are not allowed."; + + + +(28) Chapter 5, Section 508.1 of the I.F.C, the first sentence is revised to read: "The chief of the registered fire +department having jurisdiction may require that an approved water supply capable of supplying the required fire +flow for fire protection be provided to premises upon which facilities, buildings, or portions of facilities or +buildings are constructed or moved into or within the jurisdiction on or after September 15, 2001"; + + + +(29) Chapter 6, Section 603 (Fuel-Fired Appliances) of the I.F.C, is revised by deleting the reference to the +^^ICC Electrical Code^^ and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended as of +June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(30) Chapter 6, Section 603.3.1 (Maximum outside fuel oil storage above ground) of the I.F.C, the last sentence +is revised to read: "The storage of fuel oil above ground in quantities exceeding 660 gallons (2,498 L) shall +comply with NFPA 31 and have a minimum distance to nearest important building by not less than five feet."; + + + +(31) Chapter 6, Section 604 (Emergency and Standby Power System) of the I.F.C, is revised by deleting the +reference to the ^^ICC Electrical Code^^ and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as +amended as of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(32) Chapter 6, Section 604.2.15.2 (Separate circuits and luminaires) of the I.F.C, is revised by the adding a +new Section 604.2.15.2.2 to read: "604.2.15.2.2 Pickup time. The emergency power system must pick up its +connected loads within 10 seconds of failure of the normal power supply."; + +(33) Chapter 6, Sections 605 and 606 of the I.F.C, are revised by deleting the references to the ^^ICC Electrical +Code " and replacing them with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025. as amended as of June 14, 2006 +and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(34) Chapter 7, Section 703.2.3 (Door operation) of the I.F.C, is revised by adding a new Section 703.2.3.1 to +read: "703.2.3.1 Operation. Fire assemblies may not be obstructed or otherwise impaired from their proper +operation at any time. When two or more self-closing fire assemblies within a building have been documented +as having been obstructed or impaired during three or more consecutive inspections, the fire code official may +order the installation of automatic-closing devices meeting the requirements of Section 714.2.7.3 of the 7.5. C"; + + + +(35) Chapter 8, Section 807.1 (General requirements) of the I.F.C, is revised by adding ", or treated by a +method approved by fire code officials" at the end of first paragraph; + + + +(36) Chapter 9, Section 901.4 (Installation) of the I.F.C, is revised by adding an exception to read: "Exception: +Buildings temporarily closed due to seasonal operations may have their fire systems deactivate under the +following conditions: + + + +1. Building is unoccupied; + + + +2. Building is properly secured; + + + +3. All utilities are disconnected and drained: + + + +4. The fire systems are certified as operational before the building is reoccupied; + + + +5. A 24-hour a day fire watch as defined in Section 202 is provided during the interim between when utilities are +reactivated and the fire systems are certified as operational; + + + +6. The fire code official is notified in writing of the closure; and + + + +7. A letter from the insurance carrier or, the owner if self-insured, indicating knowledge of the closure is +provided to the fire code official"; + + + +(37) Chapter 9, Section 901.5 (Installation acceptance testing) of the I.F.C., is revised to read: "Fire detection +and alarm systems, fire-extinguishing systems, fire standpipes systems, and other fire protection systems and +appurtenances to those systems must meet the approval of the authority having jurisdiction as to installation and +location, and are subject to the acceptance test required by the standard in Table 901 .6.1 for the system or +appurtenance. Fire hydrant systems, fire pump systems, and private fire service mains installed as a requirement +by the fire chief of the registered fire department having jurisdiction, are subject to the acceptance tests as +contained in the installation standards and as approved by the chief. The chief must be notified before any +required testing, and all results of the tests must be conveyed to the chief within 30 days."; + + + +(38) Chapter 9, Section 901.6 (Inspection, testing and maintenance) of the I.F.C., is revised by adding a second +paragraph to read: "Notwithstanding other code or standard requirements established by this section, fire +protection systems and fire extinguishers must be inspected, tested, and serviced as follows: + + + +1. Annually. Exception: Standpipe systems must be inspected, tested, and serviced every five years; + +2. After any use or activation; + +3. Any time damage is found; + +4. After repair or alteration; + +5. When required by the fire code official; + +6. After a seasonal shutdown. + + + +Reports of inspections and tests must be maintained on the premises, and a copy of the acceptance test +certificate must be forwarded to the fire code official by the person conducting the inspection or test within 30 +days of the inspection or test being completed. The annual fire extinguisher testing may be performed by any +person who has a valid permit in accordance with 13 AAC 50.030(h) , including the building owner or the +owner's agent."; + + + +(39) Chapter 9, Section 903.2.2 (Group E) of the I.F.C., is revised to read: "An automatic sprinkler system must +be provided throughout all buildings in Group E occupancies and for every portion of educational buildings +below the level of exit discharge. The use of a fire wall does not establish a separate building for purposes of +this section. + + + +Exception: Buildings with Group E occupancies having an occupant load of 49 or less"; + + + +Day care uses that are licensed to care for more than five persons between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. +must be equipped with an automatic sprinkler system designed and installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.3., or an approved equivalent system."; + + + +(40) Chapter 9, Section 903.2.7 (Group R) of the I.F.C., is revised to read: "Group R. An automatic sprinkler +system must be installed in Group R occupancies as required in 903.2.7.1 through 903.2.7.3."; + + + +(41) Chapter 9 of the I.F.C. is revised by adding a new Section 903.2.7.1 to read: "903.2.7.1 Group R-1. An +automatic sprinkler system or a residential sprinkler system installed in accordance with section 903.3.1.2 must +be provided throughout all buildings with a group R-1 fire area."; + + + +(42) Chapter 9 of the I.F.C. is revised by adding a new Section 903.2.7.2 to read: "903.2.7.2 Group R-2. An +automatic sprinkler system or a residential sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.2 must +be provided throughout all buildings with a Group R-2 fire area that are more than two stories in height, +including basements, or that have more than 16 dwelling units or sleeping rooms."; + + + +(43) Chapter 9 of the LF.C. is revised by adding a new Section 903.2.7.3 to read: "903.2.7.3 Group R-4. An +automatic sprinkler system or a residential sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.2 must +be provided throughout all buildings with a Group R-4 fire area."; + +(44) Chapter 9, Section 903.3.1.1, of the LF.C, is revised by adding a new Section 903.3.1.1.2 to read: +"903.3.1 .1 .2 (Elevator hoistways and machine rooms). When the provisions of this code require the installation +of automatic sprinkler systems, the installation in elevator hoistways and machine rooms must occur as +described in N.F.P.A. 13-2007, (Elevator Hoistways and Machine Rooms) and adopted by reference, and the +American Society for Mechanical Engineers (A.S.M.E.) A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators (2000 +Edition) and adopted by reference. + + + +Exception: Sprinklers are not required in an elevator machine room where the machine room is: + + + +(1) separated from the remainder of the building as described in I.B.C. Section 3006.4; + +(2) smoke detection is provided in accordance with N.F.P.A. 7 2-2007 and adopted by reference; and + +(3) notification of alarm activation is received at a constantly monitored location."; + + + +(45) Chapter 9, Section 903.3.5 (Water supplies) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the reference to the +^International Plumbing Code^^ and replacing it with "Plumbing Code as adopted by 8 AAC 63.010. as +amended as of December 6, 2003 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(46) Chapter 9, Section 903.3.6 (Hose threads) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting "the fire code official" and +replacing it with " AS 18.70.084 "; + + + +(47) Chapter 9, Section 903.6 (Existing buildings) of the I.F.C., is revised by adding a new Section 903.6.2 to +read: "903.6.2 Group E. An approved automatic fire extinguishing system must be installed in a Group E +occupancy in accordance with Section 903.2.2, as revised, whenever alterations, repairs, or additions are made +to an existing structure containing a Group E Occupancy."; + + + +(48) Chapter 9, Section 904.3.1 (Electrical wiring) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the reference to the ^^ICC +Electrical Code^^ and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025. as amended as of June 14, +2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(49) Chapter 9, Section 906.1 (Where required) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the exception in number 1 + + + +(50) Chapter 9, Section 907.1.1 (Construction documents) of the LF.C, is revised by adding the following +construction documents to those that must be submitted for plan review: + + + +12. System riser diagrams.; + + + +(51) Chapter 9, Section 907.2.3 (Group E) of the LF.C, is revised by adding a second paragraph to read: +"Rooms used for sleeping or napping purposes within a day care use of a Group E occupancy must be provided +with smoke alarms that comply with Section 907.2.10.1.2.", and by deleting Exception 1; + + + +(52) Chapter 9, Section 907.2.6.1 (Group I-l) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting Exception 1: + + + +(53) Chapter 9, Section 907.2.10 (Single- and multi-station smoke alarms) of the LF.C, is revised by adding a +second paragraph to read: "When a plan review is required for an existing Group R occupancy, smoke alarms +must be installed as described in Section 907.2.10.1."; + + + +(54) Chapter 9, Section 907.2.10.1 .3 (Group I-l) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the exception; + + + +(55) Chapter 9, Section 909.18 (Acceptance tests) of the I.F.C., is revised by adding a new sentence to read: "A +copy of the acceptance test certificate must be forwarded to the state fire marshal or the deferred jurisdiction +having authority by the firm conducting the test within 30 days of the completion of the installation."; + + + +(56) Chapter 9, Section 910.1 (General) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting Exception 2; + + + +(57) Chapter 9, Section 912.5 (Backflow protection) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the reference to the +^^International Plumbing Code^^ and replacing it with "Plumbing Code as adopted by 8 AAC 63.010. as +amended as of December 6, 2003 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(58) Chapter 10, Section 1001.1 (General) of the LF.C, is revised by adding the following words to the last +sentence of the exception: "as governed by the provisions of AS 18.70.080 ."; + + + +(59) Chapter 10, Section 1009.1 (Stairway width) of the LF.C, is revised by adding the following exception: + + + +Exceptions: "5. Stairs or ladders used only to attend equipment are exempt from the requirements of this +section."; + + + +(60) Chapter 10, Section 1009.5.2 (Outdoor conditions) of the LF.C, is revised by adding ", snow or ice" after +"water"; + + + +(61) Chapter 10, Section 1010.7.2 (Outdoor conditions) of the LF.C, is revised by adding ", snow or ice" after +"water"; + + + +(62) Chapter 10, Section 1013.3 (Opening limitations) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting Exception 5; + + + +(63) Chapter 10, Section 1019.1 (Minimum number of exits) of the LF.C, is revised by adding an exception to +read: "Exception: Basements or the first level below the first story in all occupancies, except Group R-3, used +exclusively for the service of the building may have access to only one exit. Any other use of the basement or +first level below the first story must have at least two exits arranged in accordance with Section 1015.2. For +purposes of this exception, storage rooms, laundry rooms, maintenance offices, and similar uses may not be +considered as providing service to the building."; + + + +(64) Chapter 10, Section 1026.1 (General) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting Exceptions 1, 1,3, A, and 7; + +(65) Chapter 10, Section 1027.5 (Illumination emergency power) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the + + + +exception under paragraph 1 ; + + + +(66) Chapter 11, Section 1102.1 (Definitions) of the I.F.C., the first sentence of the definition for "Airport" is +revised to delete the words "with an overall length greater than 39 feet (11 ,887 mm) and an overall exterior +fuselage width greater than 6.6 feet (2,012 mm)"; + + + +(67) Chapter 11, Section 1103.5 (Dispensing of flammable and combustible liquids) of the I.F.C., the last +sentence is revised to read: "Aircraft motor vehicle fuel-dispensing stations shall be in accordance with Chapter +22 of the LF.C. and N.F.PA. 407 (2007 Edition), and adopted by reference."; + +(68) Chapter 11, Section 1105 (Portable fire extinguishers) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting Section 1105.8; + + + +(69) Chapter 11, Section 1106.1 (Aircraft motor-vehicle fuel-dispensing stations) of the LF.C, is revised to +read: "Aircraft motor vehicle fuel-dispensing stations shall be in accordance with Chapter 22 and N.F.P.A. 407 +(2007 Edition), and adopted by reference."; + + + +(70) Chapter 11, Section 1106.3 (Construction of aircraft-fueling vehicles and accessories) of the LF.C, is +revised by adding a new exception to read: + + + +"Exception: A vehicle or trailer tank with a capacity of 250 gallons or less may be used for non-commercial +refueling of private non-commercial aircraft if the following requirements are met: + + + +1 . The tank is placarded with no smoking signs, the type of fuel contained in the tank, and the tank capacity; + +2. The tank and all appurtenances used in the fueling operation are listed and approved for the specific purpose; + +3. Electrical bonding is provided as required under Section 1106.3.7."; + + + +(71) Chapter 11, Section 1106.3.4 (Protection of electrical equipment) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the +reference to the "ICC Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as +amended as of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(72) Chapter 12, Section 1204.2.3 (Electrical wiring and equipment) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the +reference to the "ICC Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025. as +amended as of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(73) Chapter 14, Section 1404.7 (Electrical) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the reference to the "ICC +Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended as of June 14, +2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(74) Chapter 15, Section 1503 (Protection of Operations) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the references to +the '7CC Electrical Code" and replacing them with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended +as of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(75) Chapter 15, Section 1504.6.1.2.2 (Portable infrared apparatus) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the +reference to the "ICC Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025. as +amended as of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(76) Chapter 16, Section 1604.5 (Heating) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the reference to the "ICC +Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended as of June 14, +2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(77) Chapter 17, Section 1703.2.1 (Electricity) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the references to the "ICC +Electrical Code" and replacing them with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025. as amended as of June +14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(78) Chapter 18, Section 1803 (General Safety Provisions) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the reference to +the "ICC Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025. as amended as +of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(79) Chapter 19, Section 1903.4 (Electrical equipment) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the reference to the +"ICC Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended as of +June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(80) Chapter 20, Section 2004.1 (Wiring and equipment) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting the reference to the +"ICC Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025. as amended as of +June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(81) Chapter 22 (Motor Fuel-Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages) of the I.F.C. is revised by deleting the +references to the "ICC Electrical Code" and replacing them with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, +as amended as of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(82) Chapter 22, Section 2206.2.3 (Above-ground tanks located outside, above grade) of the I.F.C, is revised by +adding an item 5 to read: + +"5. Approved above-ground atmospheric tanks may be used without a special enclosure or fire rating if the +following criteria are met: + + + +A. Tanks must be located as required for "Other Tanks" by Table 2206.2.3; + +B. Tanks must be enclosed by a six-foot high industrial type chain link fence with a minimum of two access + + + +gates located at opposite side of the enclosure. Each gate must be at least 36 inches wide. There must be a +minimum working distance of five feet between the tank and the fence."; + + + +(83) Chapter 22, Section 2206.7.7.1 (Leak detection) of the I.F.C., is revised by adding an exception to read: +"Exception: A leak detection device is not required if the underground piping is extra-heavy wall steel with all +welded joints, dielectric coating, and cathodic protection."; + + + +(84) Chapter 22, Section 2211 .2.3 (Drainage and disposal of liquids and oil-soaked waste) of the I.F.C., is +revised by adding a sentence to the first paragraph to read: "Where oil separators or traps are provided, neither +the oil nor water phase may drain to septic systems, dry wells, or other means of underground discharge."; + + + +(85) Chapter 24, Section 2403.2 (Approval required) of the I.F.C., the first sentence is revised to delete "a +permit and"; + + + +(86) Chapter 24, Section 2403.7 (Inspections) of the I.F.C., is revised by deleting "permit" and "permittee"; + + + +(87) Chapter 24, Section 2403.12.6.1 (Exit sign illumination) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the reference +to the " ICC Electrical Code^^ and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended +as of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(88) Chapter 26, Section 2606.4 (Emergency disconnect) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the reference to the +^LCC Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended as of +June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(89) Chapter 27 (Hazardous Material-General Provisions) of the LF.C. is revised by deleting the references to +the "ICC Electrical Code" and replacing them with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended +as of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(90) Chapter 27, Section 2701.6 (Facility Closure) of the LF.C, is revised to read: "Documentation. The fire +chief of the registered fire department having jurisdiction may require the documentation of the closure plans +for the termination of the storage, use, or handling of hazardous materials at least 30 days before the +termination. The fire chief is authorized to require that the documentation include an approved facility closure +plan in accordance with Section 2701 .6.3. The fire chief may require the submission of the Hazardous Materials +Management Plan and Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement indicated in Sections 2701.5.1 and 2701.5.2."; + +(91) Chapter 27, Section 2704.2.2.6 (Drainage system design) of the LF.C, is revised by deleting the reference +to the " International Plumbing Code" and replacing it with "Plumbing Code as adopted by 8 AAC 63.010, as +amended as of December 6, 2003 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(92) Chapter 30 (Compressed Gases) of the LF.C is revised by deleting the references to the "ICC Electrical +Code" and replacing them with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended as of June 14, 2006 +and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(93) Chapter 32 (Cryogenic Fluids) of the I.F.C. is revised by deleting the references to the '7CC Electrical +Code " and replacing them with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended as of June 14, 2006 +and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(94) Chapter 33, Section 3301.1 (Scope) of the I.F.C, is revised to insert "and AS 18.72" after "The provisions +of this chapter"; + + + +(95) Chapter 33, Section 3301.1.3 (Fireworks. The possession, manufacture, storage, sale, handling and use of +fireworks are prohibited) of the I.F.C, is revised, with the exceptions remaining, to read: "The storage, use, and +handling of fireworks is prohibited except as allowed in this section and AS 18.72"; + + + +(96) Chapter 33, Section 3301.1 (Scope) of the I.F.C, is revised by adding a new Section 3301.1.1.6 to read: +"3301.1.1.6 Transportation. Explosive materials must be transported in accordance with 49 C.F.R. Parts 100 - +185, revised as of October 1, 2002. No person may sell fireworks, possess, or transport fireworks for sale, +conduct a fireworks display described in paragraph 2.4.2 of this section, or possess, transport or test dangerous +fireworks for such a display, unless the person holds a valid permit or license under this section, and the activity +is conducted in accordance with AS 18.72 and this chapter."; + + + +(97) Chapter 33, Section 3301.7 (Seizure) of the I.F.C, is revised by adding the words "or AS 18.72."; + + + +(98) Chapter 33 of the I.F.C. is revised by deleting Section 3301.2 (Permit required). Section 3301.2.4 +(Financial responsibility), and Section 3301.2.4.2 (Fireworks display); + + + +(99) Chapter 33, Section 3301.2.2 (Sale and retail display) of the I.F.C, is revised by deleting the words +"explosives, explosive materials, or fireworks" and inserting in their place "explosives and explosive materials"; + + + +(100) Chapter 33, Section 3308 of the I.F.C, is revised by re-titling the section to read: "FIREWORKS RETAIL +SALES AND DISPLAYS"; + + + +(101) Chapter 33, Section 3308.1 (General) of the I.F.C, is revised by adding a second paragraph to read: +"Retail sales of salable fireworks must comply with Section 3308.11."; + + + +(102) Chapter 33, Section 3308.2 (Permit application) of the I.F.C, is revised to read: "Permit application, (a) +The following licenses or permits are required to conduct activity described in Section 105.6 of the I.F.C: + + + +(1) wholesaler's license, as described in AS 18.72, to sell, or possess for sale, 1 .4G or 1 .3G fireworks at +wholesale; + + + +(2) a retailer's permit, as described in AS 18.72, for each location where the applicant intends to sell, or possess + + + +for sale, 1.4G fireworks at retail; + + + +(3) a pyrotechnic operator's permit to conduct a fireworks display or non-routine testing of 1.3G fireworks, or to +possess fireworks for display or non-routine testing of 1 .3G fireworks; + + + +(4) a fireworks event permit for each event involving public or private display of any amount of 1 .3G fireworks +or 250 gross pounds (113.4 kg) of salable fireworks; or + + + +(5) an annual permit for routine testing of 1 .3G fireworks. + + + +(b) A license or permit under (a)(1) - (4) of this paragraph must be obtained from the state fire marshal's office. +A permit under (a)(5) of this paragraph may be obtained from the state fire marshal's office or, on a form +approved by the fire marshal, from the chief of fire department in the jurisdiction where the testing will occur. + + + +(c) An application for a license or permit under (a)(1) - (4) of this paragraph must be received by the fire +marshal's office 14 days before the activity is scheduled to occur. A permit under (a)(5) of this paragraph must +be issued before the routine testing occurs. + + + +(d) Applications for a license or permit must include + + + +(1) for a license or permit under (a)(1) or (2) of this paragraph, proof of insurance as required and in the amount +set out in AS 18.72.020 ; or + + + +(2) for a permit under (a)(3) - (5), a certified copy of a policy of public liability and products liability insurance, +including both accident and occurrence insurance, for not less than $1,000,000 for bodily injury and death, and +not less than $500,000 for property damage. + +(e) An application for a retailer's permit under (a)(2) of this paragraph or for a fireworks event under (a)(4) of +this paragraph must include a plan and drawings, satisfactory to the state fire marshal, showing and describing +the sales location or display site. + + + +(f) An application for a pyrotechnic operator's permit under (a)(3) of this paragraph must include proof +satisfactory to the state fire marshal that the applicant + + + +(1) has passed a written examination administered by the state fire marshal; and + + + +(2) has participated as an assistant to a licensed pyrotechnic operator in six licensed displays in this state or +holds a valid pyrotechnic operator's permit or license from another state. + + + +(g) An applicant for a fireworks event permit under (a)(4) of this paragraph or for testing under (a)(5) of this +paragraph must hold a valid pyrotechnic operator's permit under (a)(3) of this paragraph."; + +(103) Chapter 33, Section 3308.2 (Permit application) of the I.F.C., is revised by adding a new Section 3308.2.3 +to read: "3308.2.3 Revocation and suspension. A permit for the retail sale of salable fireworks is void if the +intended place of sale or use of the permit is within a jurisdiction that, by ordinance, has prohibited the sale or +use of fireworks or if the permit holder sends, transports, or delivers fireworks to a jurisdiction that by ordinance +has prohibited the sale or use of fireworks. + + + +The state fire marshal may revoke a permit or license if (1) the permittee or licensee fails to comply with a +notice of violation and order to correct by the date set in the order; (2) the permittee or licensee is cited more +than one time for the same violation of AS 18.72 or the fire code regulations in this chapter in the same calendar +year; or (3) the permittee or licensee conducts business in a way that presents an immediate threat to life or +property. + +If a permit or license is revoked, the permittee or licensee may file a written appeal to the state fire marshal, who +will review the revocation and issue a written decision within 10 days after the appeal. The appeal must be +postmarked within seven days following the date of receipt of the revocation. Once a permit or license is +revoked, the permittee or licensee may not apply for or be granted a new permit or license for the sale, use, or +display of fireworks for one year from the date of revocation."; + + + +(104) Chapter 33, Section 3308.6 (Installation of mortars) of the I.F.C., is revised adding a new Section +3308.6.1 to read: "3308.6.1 Mortar construction. Mortars must be constructed of paper, high density plastic +pipe, or metal other than cast iron."; + + + +(105) Chapter 33, Section 3308.11 (Retail display and sale) of the I.F.C., is revised to read: "Retail sale of +salable fireworks. Retail sales of salable fireworks as described in AS 18.72 must be conducted in accordance +with this section. + + + +3308.11.1 Dedicated structure or stand. Salable fireworks may be sold only from a dedicated structure or stand +that has exits meeting the requirements of Chapter 10 of the I. B.C. + + + +Exception: Structures meeting the criteria of a Group H-1 occupancy as established by the I. B.C. are exempt +from the requirements of Section 3308.11.1. + + + +3308.11 .2 Fire extinguishers. Portable fire extinguishers that meet the criteria of Section 906.2 must be +provided. + + + +3308.11.3 Placard. A placard setting out the language of AS 41.15.070 , 41.15.140, and 41.15.160 must be +prominently displayed. + + + +3308.11 .4 Sales. The sale of salable fireworks may not take place within 250 feet of a place of residence or + + + +public assembly. + + + +3308.11 .5 Class B dangerous fireworks. Class B dangerous fireworks may not be stored or offered for sale at a +retail sales location. + + + +3308.11 .6 Use or discharge. Fireworks of any class may not be used or discharged within 250 feet (76.2 m) of a +retail sales location. + + + +3308.11 .7 Right-of-way. Retail sales locations may not be located on a highway or utility right-of-way. + + + +3308.11 .8 Display of permit or license. The retail sales permit or license must be conspicuously displayed at the +sales location. + + + +3308.11 .9 Age of employee. A person under the age of 18 years may not be employed where fireworks are sold +or stored. + + + +3308.11 .10 Age of purchaser. Fireworks may not be sold to person under the age of 18 years. + + + +3308.11 .11 Prohibition. Fireworks may not be sold to a person who is or appears to be intoxicated or otherwise +chemically impaired. + + + +3308.11.12 Storage. Salable fireworks, class 1.4G (Class C common fireworks) must be stored as follows: +1 . Storage at retail sites must be in a type 4 or higher rated magazine; + + + +2. Except as provided in paragraph 3 of Section 3308.1 1 .12, storage must be a minimum of 40 feet from +property lines or any inhabited building. The dedicated structure or stand used for selling fireworks is excluded; + + + +3. Storage must be a minimum of 250 feet from a place of residence or public assembly building; + +4. Storage may not be located on a highway or utility right of way; + + + +5. Storage at any site except approved retail locations must be in accordance with the requirements for low +explosives in Section 3304.3.2. + + + +3308.11 .13 Permitted sales location. All 1 .4G fireworks must be sold from the location specified in the permit +application. + + + +3308.11 .14 Suspension of sales and use. The sale or use of fireworks may be suspended by the state fire marshal +in any area where the Department of Natural Resources has declared the wild fire danger to be extreme."; + + + +(106) Chapter 34 (Flammable and Combustible Liquids) of the I.F.C. is revised by deleting the references to the +'7CC Electrical Code" and replacing them with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended as +of June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(107) Chapter 34, Section 3404.3.5.1 (Basement storage) of the I.F.C, is revised by deleting this section; + + + +(108) Chapter 34, Section 3406.3 (Well drilling and operation) of the I.F.C, is revised by adding a second +sentence to read: "This section does not apply to offshore oil platforms."; + + + +(109) Chapter 35, Section 3501 (General) of the I.F.C, is revised by adding a new Section 3501 .3 to read: +"3501.3 Plan review. Where a single container is over 500-gallon (1,892.7 L) water capacity or the aggregate +capacity of containers is over 500-gallon (1 ,892.7 L) water capacity, the installer shall submit plans for review +before installation in accordance with 13 AAC 50.027."; + + + +(110) Chapter 36 (Flammable Solids) of the I.F.C. is revised by deleting the references to the "ICC Electrical +Code " and replacing them with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025. as amended as of June 14, 2006 +and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(111) Chapter 37, Section 3704.2.2.8 (Emergency power) of the I.F.C, is revised by deleting the reference to the +"ICC Electrical Code" and replacing it with "Electrical Code as adopted by 8 AAC 70.025, as amended as of +June 14, 2006 and as amended from time to time"; + + + +(112) Chapter 45 (Referenced Standards) of the I.F.C. is revised by changing the referenced standards from the +publication date listed to the following edition, and the standards are adopted by reference: + + + +N.F.P.A. 10-2007 Portable Fire Extinguishers; +N.F.P.A. 13-2007 Installation of Sprinkler Systems + + + +N.F.P.A. 13D-2007 Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured +Homes: + + + +N.F.P.A. 13R-2007 Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to and Including Four +Stories in Height; + + + +N.F.P.A. 14-2007 Standpipe and Hose System; + + + +N.F.P.A. 20-2007 Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection; +N.F.P.A. 12-2001 National Fire Alarm Code; + +N.F.PA. 750-2006 Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems. + +■0 History: Eff. 1/14/81, Register 77; am 8/2/86, Register 99; am 10/28/90, Register 116; am 6/10/93, +Register 126; am 8/31/96, Register 139; am 3/27/99, Register 149; am 9/15/2001, Register 159; am +8/27/2004, Register 171; am 9/12/2007, Register 183 + +■0= Authority: AS 18.70.080 + +Editor's note: (1) Explosive storage and handling, as they relate to employee health and safety, are regulated by +the Department of Labor and Workforce Development, division of labor standards and safety, Alaska +Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards, Explosives Code (8 AAC 61.010) . + +(2) Copies of the N.F.PA. Standards may be obtained from the National Fire Protection Association, 1 +Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 or at www.nfpa.org. + +(3) Copies of the International Fire Code may be obtained from the International Code Council, 4051 West +Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478; telephone: (800) 423-6587; or at www.iccsafe.org. + +As of Register 151 (October 1999), the regulations attorney made technical revisions under AS 44.62.125 (b)(6) +to reflect the name change of the Department of Labor to the Department of Labor and Workforce Development +made by Ch. 58, SLA 1999 and the corresponding title change of the commissioner of labor. + + + +A Member of the International Code Family^ + + + +NTERNATIONAL + + + +I + +Fire +Code + + + + +INTERNATIONAL +CODE COUNCIL® + + + +2006 + + + +2006 International Fire Code^ + + + +First Printing: January 2006 + + + +ISBN-13: 978-1-58001-255-3 (soft) + +ISBN-10: 1-58001-255-8 (soft) + +ISBN-13: 978-1-58001-254-6 (loose-leaf) + +ISBN-10: 1-58001-254-X (loose-leaf) + +ISBN-13: 978-1-58001-304-8 (e-document) + +ISBN-10: 1-58001-304-X (e-document) + + + +COPYRIGHT © 2006 + +by + +INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC. + + + +ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2006 International Fire Code® is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council, +Inc. Without advance written permission from the copyright owner, no part of this book may be reproduced, distributed, or transmit- +ted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical or mechanical means (by way of example and not +limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system). For information on permission to copy +material exceeding fair use, please contact: Publications, 4051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478-5795. Phone +1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233). + +Trademarks: "International Code Council," the "International Code Council" logo and the "International Fire Code" are trademarks +of the International Code Council, Inc. + + + +1106P-13343 PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. + + + +PREFACE + + + +Introduction + +Internationally, code officials recognize the need for a modem, up-to-date fire code addressing conditions hazardous to life and +property from fire, explosion, handling or use of hazardous materials and the use and occupancy of buildings and premises. The +International Fire Code®, in this 2006 edition, is designed to meet these needs through model code regulations that safeguard the +public health and safety in all communities, large and small. + +This comprehensive fire code establishes minimum regulations for fire prevention and fire protection systems using prescriptive +and performance-related provisions. It is founded on broad-based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new +system designs. This 2006 edition is fully compatible with all the International Codes® (I-Codes®) published by the International +Code Council (ICC)®, including the International Building Code®, ICC Electrical Code®, International Energy Conservation +Code®, International Existing Building Code®, International Fuel Gas Code®, International Mechanical Code®, ICC Performance +Code®, International Plumbing Code®, International Private Sewage Disposal Code®, International Property Maintenance Code®, +International Residential Code®, International Wildland-Urban Interface Code'^^ and International Zoning Code®. + +The International Fire Code provisions provide many benefits, among which is the model code development process that offers +an international forum for fire safety professionals to discuss performance and prescriptive code requirements. This forum provides +an excellent arena to debate proposed revisions. This model code also encourages international consistency in the application of +provisions. + +Development + +The first edition of the International Fire Code (2000) was the culmination of an effort initiated in 1997 by a development commit- +tee appointed by ICC and consisting of representatives of the three statutory members of the International Code Council: Building +Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) and South- +em Building Code Congress Intemational (SBCCI). The intent was to draft a comprehensive set of fire safety regulations consistent +with and inclusive of the scope of the existing model codes. Technical content of the latest model codes promulgated by BOCA, +ICBO and SBCCI was utilized as the basis for the development, followed by public hearings in 1998 and 1999 to consider proposed +changes. This 2006 edition presents the code as originally issued, with changes reflected in the 2003 edition and further changes +approved through the ICC Code Development Process through 2005 . A new edition such as this is promulgated every three years. + +This code is founded on principles intended to establish provisions consistent with the scope of a fire code that adequately pro- +tects public health, safety and welfare; provisions that do not unnecessarily increase construction costs; provisions that do not +restrict the use of new materials, products or methods of constmction; and provisions that do not give preferential treatment to par- +ticular types or classes of materials, products or methods of constmction. + +Adoption + +The International Fire Code is available for adoption and use by jurisdictions intemationally. Its use within a governmental jurisdic- +tion is intended to be accomplished through adoption by reference in accordance with proceedings establishing the jurisdiction's +laws. At the time of adoption, jurisdictions should insert the appropriate information in provisions requiring specific local informa- +tion, such as the name of the adopting jurisdiction. These locations are shown in bracketed words in small capital letters in the code +and in the sample ordinance. The sample adoption ordinance on page v addresses several key elements of a code adoption ordi- +nance, including the information required for insertion into the code text. + +Maintenance + +The International Fire Code is kept up-to-date through the review of proposed changes submitted by code enforcing officials, +industry representatives, design professionals and other interested parties. Proposed changes are carefully considered through an +open code development process in which all interested and affected parties may participate. + +The contents of this work are subject to change both through the Code Development Cycles and the govemmental body that +enacts the code into law. For more information regarding the code development process, contact the Code and Standard Develop- +ment Department of the Intemational Code Council. + +While the development procedure of the International Fire Code assures the highest degree of care, ICC, its members and those +participating in the development of this code do not accept any liability resulting from compliance or noncompliance with the provi- +sions because ICC and its founding members do not have the power or authority to police or enforce compliance with the contents of +this code. Only the govemmental body that enacts the code into law has such authority. + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® ill + + + +Letter Designations in Front of Section Numbers + +In each code development cycle, proposed changes to the code are considered at the Code Development Hearings by the ICC Fire +Code Development Committee, whose action constitutes a recommendation to the voting membership for final action on the pro- +posed change. Proposed changes to a code section that has a number beginning with a letter in brackets are considered by a different +code development conunittee. For example, proposed changes to code sections that have [B] in front of them (e.g. [B] 607.2) are +considered by the ICC Building Code Development Committee at the code development hearings. + +The content of sections in this code that begin with a letter designation are maintained by another code development committee in +accordance with the following: + +[B] = International Building Code Development Committee; + +[EB] = International Existing Building Code Development Committee; + +[EG] = International Fuel Gas Code Development Committee; + +[M] = International Mechanical Code Development Committee; and + +[P] = International Plumbing Code Development Committee. + +l\/iarginal IVIarkings + +Solid vertical lines in the margins within the body of the code indicate a technical change from the requirements of the 2003 edition. +Deletion indicators in the form of an arrow ( ^ ) are provided in the margin where an entire section, paragraph, exception or table +has been deleted or an item in a list of items or a table has been deleted. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +ORDINANCE + + + +The International Codes are designed and promulgated to be adopted by reference by ordinance. Jurisdictions wishing to adopt the +2006 International Fire Code as an enforceable regulation governing regulating and governing the safeguarding of life and property +from fire and explosion hazards arising from the storage, handling and use of hazardous substances, materials and devices, and from +conditions hazardous to life or property in the occupancy of buildings and premises should ensure that certain factual information is +included in the adopting ordinance at the time adoption is being considered by the appropriate governmental body. The following +sample adoption ordinance addresses several key elements of a code adoption ordinance, including the information required for +insertion into the code text. + +SAMPLE ORDINANCE FOR ADOPTION OF +THE INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE +ORDINANCE NO. + + + +An ordinance of the [JURISDICTION] adopting the 2006 edition of the International Fire Code, regulating and governing the safe- +guarding of life and property from fire and explosion hazards arising from the storage, handling and use of hazardous substances, +materials and devices, and from conditions hazardous to life or property in the occupancy of buildings and premises in the [JURIS- +DICTION]; providing for the issuance of permits and collection of fees therefor; repealing Ordinance No. of the [JURISDIC- +TION] and all other ordinances and parts of the ordinances in conflict therewith. + +The [GOVERNING BODY] of the [JURISDICTION] does ordain as follows: + +Section 1. That a certain document, three (3) copies of which are on file in the office of the [TITLE OF JURISDICTION'S KEEPER OF +RECORDS] of [NAME OF JURISDICTION], being marked and designated as the International Fire Code, 2006 edition, including +Appendix Chapters [FILL IN THE APPENDIX CHAPTERS BEING ADOPTED] (see International Fire Code Section 101.2.1, 2006 edi- +tion), as published by the International Code Council, be and is hereby adopted as the Fire Code of the [JURISDICTION], in the State +of [STATE NAME] regulating and governing the safeguarding of life and property from fire and explosion hazards arising from the +storage, handling and use of hazardous substances, materials and devices, and from conditions hazardous to life or property in the +occupancy of buildings and premises as herein provided; providing for the issuance of permits and collection of fees therefor; and +each and all of the regulations, provisions, penalties, conditions and terms of said Fire Code on file in the office of the [JURISDIC- +TION] are hereby referred to, adopted, and made a part hereof, as if fully set out in this ordinance, with the additions, insertions, dele- +tions and changes, if any, prescribed in Section 2 of this ordinance. + +Section 2. That the following sections are hereby revised: + +Section 101.1 Insert: [NAME OF JURISDICTION] + +Section 109.3. Insert: [OFFENSE, DOLLAR AMOUNT, NUMBER OF DAYS] + +Section 111.4. Insert: [DOLLAR AMOUNT IN TWO LOCATIONS] + +Section 3. That the geographic limits referred to in certain sections of the 2006 International Fire Code are hereby established as +follows: + +Section 3204.3.1.1 (geographic limits in which the storage of flammable cryogenic fluids in stationary containers is prohib- +ited): [JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY] + +Section 3404.2.9.5.1 (geographic limits in which the storage of Class I and Class II liquids in above-ground tanks outside of +buildings is prohibited): [JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY] + +Section 3406.2.4.4 (geographic limits in which the storage of Class I and Class II liquids in above-ground tanks is prohib- +ited): [JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY] + +Section 3804.2 (geographic limits in which the storage of liquefied petroleum gas is restricted for the protection of heavily +populated or congested areas): [JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY] + +Section 4. That Ordinance No. of [JURISDICTION] entitled [FILL IN HERE THE COMPLETE TITLE OF THE ORDINANCE OR + +ORDINANCES IN EFFECT AT THE PRESENT TIME SO THAT THEY WILL BE REPEALED BY SPECIFIC REFERENCE] and all Other ordi- +nances or parts of ordinances in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. + +Section S.That if any section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this ordinance is, for any reason, held to be unconstitutional, +such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this ordinance. The [GOVERNING BODY] hereby declares that it + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® v + + + +would have passed this ordinance, and each section, subsection, clause or phrase thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more +sections, subsections, sentences, clauses and phrases be declared unconstitutional. + +Section 6. That nothing in this ordinance or in the Fire Code hereby adopted shall be construed to affect any suit or proceeding +impending in any court, or any rights acquired, or liability incurred, or any cause or causes of action acquired or existing, under any +act or ordinance hereby repealed as cited in Section 4 of this ordinance; nor shall any just or legal right or remedy of any character be +lost, impaired or affected by this ordinance. + +Section 7. That the [JURISDICTION'S KEEPER OF RECORDS] is hereby ordered and directed to cause this ordinance to be pubhshed. +(An additional provision may be required to direct the number of times the ordinance is to be published and to specify that it is to be +in a newspaper in general circulation. Posting may also be required.) + +Section 8. That this ordinance and the rules, regulations, provisions, requirements, orders and matters established and adopted +hereby shall take effect and be in full force and effect ]JME PERIOD] from and after the date of its final passage and adoption. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +CHAPTER 1 ADMINISTRATION 1 + +Section + +101 General 1 + +102 Applicability 1 + +103 Department of Fire Prevention 2 + +104 General Authority and Responsibilities 2 + +105 Permits 3 + +106 Inspections 10 + +107 Maintenance 10 + +108 Board of Appeals 10 + +109 Violations 11 + +110 Unsafe Buildings 11 + +111 Stop Work Order 11 + +CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS 13 + +Section + +201 General 13 + +202 General Definitions 13 + +CHAPTER 3 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS + +AGAINST FIRE 27 + +Section + +301 General 27 + +302 Definitions 27 + +303 Asphalt Kettles 27 + +304 Combustible Waste Material 27 + +305 Ignition Sources 28 + +306 Motion Picture Projection Rooms and Film .... 28 + +307 Open Burning and Recreational Fires 28 + +308 Open Flames 29 + +309 Powered Industrial Trucks and Equipment 31 + +310 Smoking 31 + +311 Vacant Premises 31 + +312 Vehicle Impact Protection 32 + +313 Fueled Equipment 32 + +314 Indoor Displays 33 + +315 Miscellaneous Combustible Materials Storage . . 33 + +CHAPTER 4 EMERGENCY PLANNING + +AND PREPAREDNESS 35 + +Section + +401 General 35 + +402 Definitions 35 + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +403 Public Assemblages and Events 35 + +404 Fire Safety and Evacuation Plans 35 + +405 Emergency Evacuation Drills : ... 36 + +406 Employee Training and Response Procedures ... 37 + +407 Hazard Communication 37 + +408 Use and Occupancy-related Requirements 38 + +CHAPTER 5 FIRE SERVICE FEATURES 41 + +Section + +501 General 41 + +502 Definitions 41 + +503 Fire Apparatus Access Roads 41 + +504 Access to Building Openings and Roofs 42 + +505 Premises Identification 42 + +506 Key Boxes 42 + +507 Hazards to Fire Fighters 43 + +508 Fire Protection Water Supplies 43 + +509 Fire Command Center 44 + +510 Fire Department Access to Equipment 44 + +CHAPTER 6 BUILDING SERVICES + +AND SYSTEMS 45 + +Section + +601 General 45 + +602 Definitions 45 + +603 Fuel-fired Appliances 45 + +604 Emergency and Standby Power Systems 47 + +605 Electrical Equipment, Wiring and Hazards 49 + +606 Mechanical Refrigeration 50 + +607 Elevator Recall and Maintenance 52 + +608 Stationary Storage Battery Systems 52 + +609 Commercial Kitchen Hoods 54 + +CHAPTER 7 FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED + +CONSTRUCTION 55 + +Section + +701 General 55 + +702 Definitions 55 + +703 Fire-resistance-rated Construction 55 + +704 Floor Openings and Shafts 55 + +vii + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +CHAPTER 8 INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE +MATERIALS AND +FURNISHINGS 57 + +Section + +801 General 57 + +802 Definitions 57 + +803 Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish and + +Trim in Existing Buildings 57 + +804 Interior Wall and Ceiling Trim in + +New and Existing Buildings 59 + +805 Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses in + +New and Exisiting Buildings 59 + +806 Decorative Vegetation in New and + +Existing Buildings 61 + +807 Decorative Materials Other Than Decorative + +Vegetation in New and Existing Buildings ... 62 + +808 Furnishings Other Than Upholstered + +Furniture and Mattresses or Decorative +Materials in New and Existing Buildings .... 63 + +CHAPTER 9 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS .... 65 + +Section + +901 General 65 + +902 Definitions 66 + +903 Automatic Sprinkler Systems 69 + +904 Alternative Automatic Fire-extinguishing + +Systems 74 + +905 Standpipe Systems 77 + +906 Portable Fire Extinguishers 79 + +907 Fire Alarm and Detection Systems 81 + +908 Emergency Alarm Systems 90 + +909 Smoke Control Systems 90 + +910 Smoke and Heat Vents 96 + +911 Explosion Control 98 + +912 Fire Department Connections 99 + +913 Fire Pumps 100 + +914 Fire Protection Based on Special Detailed + +Requirements of Use and Occupancy 100 + +CHAPTER 10 MEANS OF EGRESS 103 + +Section + +1001 Administration 103 + +1002 Definitions 103 + +1003 General Means of Egress 104 + +1004 Occupant Load 105 + +1005 Egress Width 106 + +1006 Means of Egress Illumination 107 + +1007 Accessible Means of Egress 107 + +viii + + + +1008 Doors, Gates and Turnstiles 109 + +1009 Stairways 114 + +1010 Ramps 117 + +1011 Exit Signs 118 + +1012 Handrails 118 + +1013 Guards 119 + +1014 Exit Access 120 + +1015 Exit and Exit Access Doorways 122 + +1016 Exit Access Travel Distance 123 + +1017 Corridors 124 + +1018 Exits 125 + +1019 Number of Exits and Continuity 125 + +1020 Vertical Exit Enclosures 126 + +1021 Exit Passageways 127 + +1022 Horizontal Exits 128 + +1023 Exterior Exit Ramps and Stairways 129 + +1024 Exit Discharge 129 + +1025 Assembly 130 + +1026 Emergency Escape and Rescue 135 + +1027 Means of Egress for Existing Buildings 136 + +1028 Maintenance of the Means of Egress 140 + +CHAPTER 11 AVIATION FACILITIES 143 + +Section + +1101 General 143 + +1 102 Definitions 143 + +1 103 General Precautions 143 + +1 104 Aircraft Maintenance 143 + +1 105 Portable Fire Extinguishers 144 + +1 106 Aircraft Fueling 144 + +1 107 Helistops and Heliports 149 + +CHAPTER 12 DRY CLEANING 151 + +Section + +1201 General 151 + +1202 Definitions 151 + +1203 Classifications 151 + +1204 General Requirements 151 + +1205 Operating Requirements 152 + +1206 Spotting and Pretreating 152 + +1207 Dry Cleaning Systems 153 + +1208 Fire Protection 153 + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +CHAPTER 13 COMBUSTIBLE DUST-PRODUCING +OPERATIONS 155 + +Section + +1301 General 155 + +1302 Definitions 155 + +1303 Precautions 155 + +1304 Explosion Protection 155 + +CHAPTER 14 FIRE SAFETY DURING +CONSTRUCTION AND +DEMOLITION 157 + +Section + +1401 General 157 + +1402 Definitions 157 + +1403 Temporary Heating Equipment 157 + +1404 Precautions Against Fire 157 + +1405 Flammable and Combustible Liquids 157 + +1406 Flammable Gases 158 + +1407 Explosive Materials 158 + +1408 Owner's Responsibility for Fire Protection .... 158 + +1409 Fire Reporting .158 + +1410 Access for Fire Fighting 158 + +141 1 Means of Egress 158 + +1412 Water Supply for Fire Protection 158 + +1413 Standpipes 159 + +1414 Automatic Sprinkler System 159 + +1415 Portable Fire Extinguishers 159 + +1416 Motorized Equipment 159 + +1417 Safeguarding Roofing Operations 159 + +CHAPTER 15 FLAMMABLE FINISHES 161 + +Section + +1501 General 161 + +1502 Definitions 161 + +1503 Protection of Operations 162 + +1504 Spray Finishing 163 + +1505 Dipping Operations 167 + +1506 Powder Coating 168 + +1507 Electrostatic Apparatus 169 + +1508 Organic Peroxides and Dual-component + +Coatings 169 + +1509 Indoor Manufacturing of Reinforced Plastics . . 170 + +1510 Floor Surfacing and Finishing Operations 170 + + + +CHAPTER 16 FRUIT AND CROP RIPENING ... 173 + +Section + +1601 General 173 + +1602 Definitions 173 + +1603 Ethylene Gas 173 + +1604 Sources of Ignition 173 + +1605 Combustible Waste 173 + +1606 Ethylene Generators 173 + +1607 Warning Signs 173 + +CHAPTER 17 FUMIGATION AND THERMAL + +INSECTICIDAL FOGGING 175 + +Section + +1701 General 175 + +1702 Definitions 175 + +1703 Fire Safety Requirements 175 + +CHAPTER 18 SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION + +FACILITIES 177 + +Section + +1801 General 177 + +1802 Definitions 177 + +1803 General Safety Provisions 177 + +1804 Storage 181 + +1805 Use and Handling 183 + +CHAPTER 19 LUMBER YARDS AND + +WOODWORKING FACILITIES. . . 187 + +Section + +1901 General 187 + +1902 Definitions 187 + +1903 General Requirements 187 + +1904 Fire Protection 187 + +1905 Plywood, Veneer and Composite Board + +Mills 188 + +1906 Log Storage Areas 188 + +1907 Storage of Wood Chips and Hogged Material + +Associated With Timber and Lumber +Production Facilities 188 + +1908 Storage and Processing of Wood Chips, Hogged + +Material, Fines, Compost and Raw Product +Associated With Yard Waste and Recycling +Facilities 188 + +1909 Exterior Storage of Finished Lumber + +Products 189 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +CHAPTER 20 MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC + +COATINGS 191 + +Section + +2001 General 191 + +2002 Definitions 191 + +2003 General Precautions 191 + +2004 Electrical Equipment and Protection 191 + +2005 Process Structures 192 + +2006 Process Mills and Kettles 192 + +2007 Process Piping 192 + +2008 Raw Materials in Process Areas 193 + +2009 Raw Materials and Finished Products 193 + +CHAPTER 21 INDUSTRIAL OVENS 195 + +Section + +2101 General 195 + +2102 Definitions 195 + +2103 Location 195 + +2104 Fuel Piping 195 + +2105 Interlocks 195 + +2106 Fire Protection 196 + +2107 Operation and Maintenance 196 + +CHAPTER 22 MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING +FACILITIES AND REPAIR +GARAGES 197 + +Section + +2201 General 197 + +2202 Definitions 197 + +2203 Location of Dispensing Devices 197 + +2204 Dispensing Operations 198 + +2205 Operational Requirements 199 + +2206 Flammable and Combustible Liquid Motor + +Fuel-dispensing Facilities 199 + +2207 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Motor + +Fuel-dispensing Facilities 203 + +2208 Compressed Natural Gas Motor + +Fuel-dispensing Facilities 204 + +2209 Hydrogen Motor Fuel-dispensing and + +Generation Facilities 206 + +2210 Marine Motor Fuel-dispensing Facilities 209 + +221 1 Repair Garages 211 + +CHAPTER 23 HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE + +STORAGE 215 + +Section + +2301 General 215 + + + +2302 Definitions 215 + +2303 Commodity Classification 216 + +2304 Designation of High-piled Storage Areas 218 + +2305 Housekeeping and Maintenance 218 + +2306 General Fire Protection and Life Safety + +Features 218 + +2307 Solid-piled and Shelf Storage 222 + +2308 Rack Storage 222 + +2309 Automated Storage 222 + +2310 Specialty Storage 223 + +CHAPTER 24 TENTS, CANOPIES AND OTHER + +MEMBRANE STRUCTURES 225 + +Section + +2401 General 225 + +2402 Definitions 225 + +2403 Temporary Tents, Canopies and Membrane + +Structures 225 + +2404 Temporary and Permanent Tents, Canopies + +and Membrane Structures 227 + +CHAPTER 25 TIRE REBUILDING AND + +TIRE STORAGE 231 + +Section + +2501 General 231 + +2502 Definitions 231 + +2503 Tire Rebuilding 231 + +2504 Precautions Against Fire 23 1 + +2505 Outdoor Storage 231 + +2506 Fire Department Access 232 + +2507 Fencing 232 + +2508 Fire Protection 232 + +2509 Indoor Storage Arrangement 232 + +CHAPTER 26 WELDING AND OTHER + +HOT WORK 233 + +Section + +2601 General 233 + +2602 Definitions 233 + +2603 General Requirements 233 + +2604 Fire Safety Requirements 234 + +2605 Gas Welding and Cutting 235 + +2606 Electric Arc Hot Work 235 + +2607 Calcium Carbide Systems 235 + +2608 Acetylene Generators 235 + +2609 Piping Manifolds and Hose Systems for + +Fuel Gases and Oxygen 235 + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +CHAPTER 27 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS- +GENERAL PROVISIONS 237 + +Section + +2701 General 237 + +2702 Definitions 239 + +2703 General Requirements 241 + +2704 Storage 254 + +2705 Use, Dispensing and Handling 258 + +CHAPTER 28 AEROSOLS 263 + +Section + +2801 General 263 + +2802 Definitions 263 + +2803 Classification of Aerosol Products 263 + +2804 Inside Storage of Aerosol Products 263 + +2805 Outside Storage 265 + +2806 Retail Display 266 + +2807 Manufacturing Facilities 267 + +CHAPTER 29 COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS 269 + +Section + +2901 General 269 + +2902 Definitions 269 + +2903 General Precautions 269 + +2904 Loose Fiber Storage 269 + +2905 Baled Storage 270 + +CHAPTER 30 COMPRESSED GASES 271 + +Section + +3001 General 271 + +3002 Definitions 271 + +3003 General Requirements 271 + +3004 Storage of Compressed Gases 275 + +3005 Use and Handling of Compressed Gases 275 + +3006 Medical Gas Systems 275 + +3007 Compressed Gases Not Otherwise Regulated . . 276 + +CHAPTER 31 CORROSIVE MATERIALS 277 + +Section + +3101 General 277 + +3102 Definitions 277 + +3103 General Requirements 277 + +3104 Storage 277 + +3105 Use 277 + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +CHAPTER 32 CRYOGENIC FLUIDS 279 + +Section + +3201 General 279 + +3202 Definitions 279 + +3203 General Requirements 279 + +3204 Storage 281 + +3205 Use and Handling 283 + +CHAPTER 33 EXPLOSIVES AND + +FIREWORKS 285 + +Section + +3301 General 285 + +3302 Definitions 288 + +3303 Record Keeping and Reporting 291 + +3304 Explosive Materials Storage and Handling .... 291 + +3305 Manufacture, Assembly and Testing of + +Explosives, Explosive Materials and + +Fireworks 298 + +3306 Small Arms Ammunition 300 + +3307 Blasting 302 + +3308 Fireworks Display 303 + +CHAPTER 34 FLAMMABLE AND + +COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS 305 + +Section + +3401 General 305 + +3402 Definitions 305 + +3403 General Requirements 306 + +3404 Storage 310 + +3405 Dispensing, Use, Mixing and Handling 329 + +3406 Special Operations 334 + +CHAPTER 35 FLAMMABLE GASES 345 + +Section + +3501 General 345 + +3502 Definitions 345 + +3503 General Requirements 345 + +3504 Storage 346 + +3505 Use 346 + +CHAPTER 36 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS 347 + +Section + +3601 General 347 + +3602 Definitions 347 + +3603 General Requirements 347 + +3604 Storage 347 + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +3605 Use 347 + +3606 Magnesium 347 + +CHAPTER 37 HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC + +MATERIALS 351 + +Section + +3701 General 351 + +3702 Definitions 351 + +3703 Highly Toxic and Toxic Solids and Liquids. . . . 352 + +3704 Highly Toxic and Toxic Compressed Gases ... 353 + +3705 Ozone Gas Generators 357 + +CHAPTER 38 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM + +GASES 359 + +Section + +3801 General 359 + +3802 Definitions 359 + +3803 Installation of Equipment 359 + +3804 Location of Containers 360 + +3805 Prohibited Use of LP-gas 361 + +3806 Dispensing and Overfilling 361 + +3807 Safety Precautions and Devices 361 + +3808 Fire Protection 361 + +3809 Storage of Portable LP-gas Containers + +Awaiting Use or Resale 361 + +3810 Containers Not in Service 363 + +3811 Parking and Garaging 363 + +CHAPTER 39 ORGANIC PEROXIDES 365 + +Section + +3901 General 365 + +3902 Definitions 365 + +3903 General Requirements 365 + +3904 Storage 365 + +3905 Use 367 + +CHAPTER 40 OXIDIZERS 369 + +Section + +4001 General 369 + +4002 Definitions 369 + +4003 General Requirements 369 + +4004 Storage 370 + +4005 Use 371 + + + +CHAPTER 41 PYROPHORIC MATERIALS 373 + +Section + +4101 General 373 + +4102 Definitions 373 + +4103 General Requirements 373 + +4104 Storage 373 + +4105 Use 374 + +4106 Silane Gas 374 + +CHAPTER 42 PYROXYLIN (CELLULOSE + +NITRATE) PLASTICS 377 + +4201 General 377 + +4202 Definitions 377 + +4203 General Requirements 377 + +4204 Storage and Handling 377 + +CHAPTER 43 UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) + +MATERIALS 379 + +Section + +4301 General 379 + +4302 Definitions 379 + +4303 General Requirements 379 + +4304 Storage 380 + +4305 Use 380 + +CHAPTER 44 WATER-REACTIVE SOLIDS AND + +LIQUIDS 381 + +Section + +4401 General 381 + +4402 Definitions 381 + +4403 General Requirements 381 + +4404 Storage 381 + +4405 Use 382 + +CHAPTER 45 REFERENCED STANDARDS 383 + +APPENDIX A BOARD OF APPEALS 391 + +Section + +AlOl General 391 + +APPENDIX B FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENTS + +FOR BUILDINGS 393 + +Section + +BlOl General 393 + +B102 Definitions 393 + + + +XII + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + +B103 Modifications 393 + +B104 Fire-flow Calculation Area 393 + +B105 Fire-flow Requirements for Buildings 393 + +B106 Referenced Standards 393 + +APPENDIX C FIRE HYDRANT LOCATIONS + +AND DISTRIBUTION 395 + +Section + +ClOl General 395 + +C102 Location 395 + +C103 Number of Fire Hydrants 395 + +C104 Consideration of Existing Fire Hydrants 395 + +CI 05 Distribution of Fire Hydrants 395 + +APPENDIX D FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS + +ROADS 397 + +Section + +DlOl General 397 + +D102 Required Access 397 + +D103 Minimum Specifications 397 + +D104 Commercial and Industrial Developments 398 + +D105 Aerial Fire Apparatus Access Roads 398 + +D106 Multiple-family Residential Developments .... 398 + +D107 One- or Two-family Residential + +Developments 399 + +APPENDIX E HAZARD CATEGORIES 401 + +Section + +ElOl General 401 + +E102 Hazard Categories 401 + +E103 Evaluation of Hazards 404 + +APPENDIX F HAZARD RANKING 407 + +Section + +FlOl General 407 + +F102 Referenced Standards 407 + +APPENDIX G CRYOGENIC FLUIDS— WEIGHT + +AND VOLUME EQUIVALENTS. . . 409 + +Section + +GlOl General 409 + +INDEX 411 + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® xili + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 1 + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +SECTION 101 +GENERAL + +101.1 Title. These regulations shall be known as the Fire Code +of [NAME OF JURISDICTION], hereinafter referred to as "this +code." + +101.2 Scope. This code establishes regulations affecting or +relating to structures, processes, premises and safeguards +regarding: + +1. The hazard of fire and explosion arising from the stor- +age, handling or use of structures, materials or devices; + +2. Conditions hazardous to life, property or public welfare +in the occupancy of structures or premises; + +3. Fire hazards in the structure or on the premises from +occupancy or operation; + +4. Matters related to the construction, extension, repair, +alteration or removal of fire suppression or alarm sys- +tems. + +101.2.1 Appendices. Provisions in the appendices shall not +apply unless specifically adopted. + +101.3 Intent. The purpose of this code is to establish the mini- +mum requirements consistent with nationally recognized good +practice for providing a reasonable level of life safety and prop- +erty protection from the hazards of fire, explosion or dangerous +conditions in new and existing buildings, structures and pre- +mises and to provide safety to fire fighters and emergency +responders during emergency operations. + +101.4 Severability. If a section, subsection, sentence, clause or +phrase of this code is, for any reason, held to be unconstitu- +tional, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remain- +ing portions of this code. + +101.5 Validity. In the event any part or provision of this code is +held to be illegal or void, this shall not have the effect of making +void or illegal any of the other parts or provisions hereof, which +are determined to be legal; and it shall be presumed that this +code would have been adopted without such illegal or invalid +parts or provisions. + + + +SECTION 102 +APPLICABILITY + +102.1 Construction and design provisions. The construction +and design provisions of this code shall apply to: + +. 1. Structures, facilities and conditions arising after the +adoption of this code. + +2. Existing structures, facilities and conditions not legally +in existence at the time of adoption of this code. + +3. Existing structures, facilities and conditions when iden- +tified in specific sections of this code. + + + +4. Existing structures, facilities and conditions which, in +the opinion of the fire code official, constitute a distinct +hazard to life or property. + +102.2 Administrative, operational and maintenance provi- +sions. The administrative, operational and maintenance provi- +sions of this code shall apply to: + +1 . Conditions and operations arising after the adoption of +this code. + +2. Existing conditions and operations. + +102.3 Change of use or occupancy. No change shall be made +in the use or occupancy of any structure that would place the +structure in a different division of the same group or occupancy +or in a different group of occupancies, unless such structure is +made to comply with the requirements of this code and the +International Building Code. Subject to the approval of the fire +code official, the use or occupancy of an existing structure shall +be allowed to be changed and the structure is allowed to be +occupied for purposes in other groups without conforming to +all the requirements of this code and the International Building +Code for those groups, provided the new or proposed use is less +hazardous, based on life and fire risk, than the existing use. + +102.4 Application of building code. The design and construc- +tion of new structures shall comply with the International +Building Code, and any alterations, additions, changes in use or +changes in structures required by this code, which are within +the scope of the International Building Code, shall be made in +accordance therewith. + +102.5 Historic buildings. The provisions of this code relating +to the construction, alteration, repair, enlargement, restoration, +relocation or moving of buildings or structures shall not be +mandatory for existing buildings or structures identified and +classified by the state or local jurisdiction as historic buildings +when such buildings or structures do not constitute a distinct +hazard to life or property. Fire protection in designated historic +buildings and structures shall be provided in accordance with +an approved fire protection plan. + +102.6 Referenced codes and standards. The codes and stan- +dards referenced in this code shall be those that are listed in +Chapter 45 and such codes and standards shall be considered +part of the requirements of this code to the prescribed extent of +each such reference. Where differences occur between the pro- +visions of this code and the referenced standards, the provi- +sions of this code shall apply. + +102.7 Subjects not regulated by this code. Where no applica- +ble standards or requirements are set forth in this code, or are +contained within other laws, codes, regulations, ordinances or +bylaws adopted by the jurisdiction, compliance with applicable +standards of the National Fire Protection Association or other +nationally recognized fire safety standards, as approved, shall +be deemed as prima facie evidence of compliance with the +intent of this code. Nothing herein shall derogate from the +authority of the fire code official to determine compliance with + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^^ + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +codes or standards for those activities or installations within the +fire code official's jurisdiction or responsibility. + +102.8 Matters not provided for. Requirements that are essen- +tial for the pubhc safety of an existing or proposed activity, +building or structure, or for the safety of the occupants thereof, +which are not specifically provided for by this code shall be +determined by the fire code official. + +102.9 Conflicting provisions. Where there is a conflict +between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the +specific requirement shall be applicable. + + + +SECTION 103 +DEPARTMENT OF FIRE PREVENTION + +103.1 General. The department of fire prevention is estab- +lished within the jurisdiction under the direction of the fire +code official. The function of the department shall be the +implementation, administration and enforcement of the provi- +sions of this code. + +103.2 Appointment. The fire code official shall be appointed +by the chief appointing authority of the jurisdiction; and the fire +code official shall not be removed from office except for cause +and after full opportunity to be heard on specific and relevant +charges by and before the appointing authority. + +103.3 Deputies. In accordance with the prescribed procedures +of this jurisdiction and with the concurrence of the appointing +authority, the fire code official shall have the authority to +appoint a deputy fire code official, other related technical offi- +cers, inspectors and other employees. + +103.4 Liability. The fire code official, officer or employee +charged with the enforcement of this code, while acting for the +jurisdiction, shall not thereby be rendered liable personally, +and is hereby relieved from all personal liability for any dam- +age accruing to persons or property as a result of an act required +or permitted in the discharge of official duties. + +103.4.1 Legal defense. Any suit instituted against any offi- +cer or employee because of an act performed by that officer +or employee in the lawful discharge of duties and under the +provisions of this code shall be defended by the legal repre- +sentative of the jurisdiction until the final termination of the +proceedings. The fire code official or any subordinate shall +not be liable for costs in an action, suit or proceeding that is +instituted in pursuance of the provisions of this code; and +any officer of the department of fire prevention, acting in +good faith and without malice, shall be free from liability for +acts performed under any of its provisions or by reason of +any act or omission in the performance of official duties in +connection therewith. + + + +SECTION 104 +GENERAL AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITIES + +104.1 General. The fire code official is hereby authorized to +enforce the provisions of this code and shall have the authority +to render interpretations of this code, and to adopt policies, pro- +cedures, rules and regulations in order to clarify the application +of its provisions. Such interpretations, policies, procedures. + + + +rules and regulations shall be in compliance with the intent and +purpose of this code and shall not have the effect of waiving ■ +requirements specifically provided for in this code. + +104.2 Applications and permits. The fire code official is +authorized to receive applications, review construction docu- +ments and issue permits for construction regulated by this +code, issue permits for operations regulated by this code, +inspect the premises for which such permits have been issued +and enforce compliance with the provisions of this code. + +104.3 Right of entry. Whenever it is necessary to make an +inspection to enforce the provisions of this code, or whenever +the fire code official has reasonable cause to believe that there +exists in a building or upon any premises any conditions or vio- +lations of this code which make the building or premises +unsafe, dangerous or hazardous, the fire code official shall have +the authority to enter the building or premises at all reasonable +times to inspect or to perform the duties imposed upon the fire +code official by this code. If such building or premises is occu- +pied, the fire code official shall present credentials to the occu- +pant and request entry. If such building or premises is +unoccupied, the fire code official shall first make a reasonable +effort to locate the owner or other person having charge or con- +trol of the building or premises and request entry. If entry is +refused, the fire code official has recourse to every remedy pro- +vided by law to secure entry. + +104.3.1 Warrant. When the fire code official has first +obtained a proper inspection warrant or other remedy pro- +vided by law to secure entry, an owner or occupant or person +having charge, care or control of the building or premises +shall not fail or neglect, after proper request is made as +herein provided, to permit entry therein by the fire code offi- +cial for the purpose of inspection and examination pursuant +to this code. + +104.4 Identification. The fire code official shall carry proper +identification when inspecting structures or premises in the +performance of duties under this code. + +104.5 Notices and orders. The fire code official is authorized +to issue such notices or orders as are required to affect compli- +ance with this code in accordance with Sections 109.1 and +109.2. + +104.6 Official records. The fire code official shall keep official +records as required by Sections 104.6.1 through 104.6.4. Such +official records shall be retained for not less than five years or +for as long as the structure or activity to which such records +relate remains in existence, unless otherwise provided by other +regulations. + +104.6.1 Approvals. A record of approvals shall be main- +tained by the fire code official and shall be available for pub- +lic inspection during business hours in accordance with +applicable laws. + +104.6.2 Inspections. The fire code official shall keep a +record of each inspection made, including notices and +orders issued, showing the findings and disposition of each. + +104.6.3 Fire records. The fire department shall keep a +record of fires occurring within its jurisdiction and of facts +concerning the same, including statistics as to the extent of + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +such fires and the damage caused thereby, together with +other information as required by the fire code official. + +104.6.4 Administrative. Application for modification, +alternative methods or materials and the final decision of the +fire code official shall be in writing and shall be officially +recorded in the permanent records of the fire code official. + +104.7 Approved materials and equipment. All materials, +equipment and devices approved by the fire code official shall +be constructed and installed in accordance with such approval. + +104.7.1 Material and equipment reuse. Materials, equip- +ment and devices shall not be reused or reinstalled unless +such elements have been reconditioned, tested and placed in +good and proper working condition and approved. + +104.7.2 Technical assistance. To determine the acceptabil- +ity of technologies, processes, products, facilities, materials +and uses attending the design, operation or use of a building +or premises subject to inspection by the fire code official, +the fire code official is authorized to require the owner or +agent to provide, without charge to the jurisdiction, a techni- +cal opinion and report. The opinion and report shall be pre- +pared by a qualified engineer, specialist, laboratory or fire +safety specialty organization acceptable to the fire code offi- +cial and shall analyze the fire safety properties of the design, +operation or use of the building or premises and the facilities +and appurtenances situated thereon, to recommend neces- +sary changes. The fire code official is authorized to require +design submittals to be prepared by, and bear the stamp of, a +registered design professional. + +104.8 Modifications. Whenever there are practical difficulties +involved in carrying out the provisions of this code, the fire +code official shall have the authority to grant modifications for +individual cases, provided the fire code official shall first find +that special individual reason makes the strict letter of this code +impractical and the modification is in compliance with the +intent and purpose of this code and that such modification does +not lessen health, life and fire safety requirements. The details +of action granting modifications shall be recorded and entered +in the files of the department of fire prevention. + +104.9 Alternative materials and methods. The provisions of +this code are not intended to prevent the installation of any +material or to prohibit any method of construction not specifi- +cally prescribed by this code, provided that any such alternative +has been approved. The fire code official is authorized to +approve an alternative material or method of construction +where the fire code official finds that the proposed design is sat- +isfactory and complies with the intent of the provisions of this +code, and that the material, method or work offered is, for the +purpose intended, at least the equivalent of that prescribed in +this code in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, +durability and safety. + +104.10 Fire investigations. The fire code official, the fire +department or other responsible authority shall have the +authority to investigate the cause, origin and circumstances of +any fire, explosion or other hazardous condition. Information +that could be related to trade secrets or processes shall not be +made part of the public record except as directed by a court of +law. + + + +104.10.1 Assistance from other agencies. Police and other +enforcement agencies shall have authority to render neces- +sary assistance in the investigation of fires when requested +to do so. + +104.11 Authority at fires and other emergencies. The fire +chief or officer of the fire department in charge at the scene of a +fire or other emergency involving the protection of life or prop- +erty or any part thereof, shall have the authority to direct such +operation as necessary to extinguish or control any fire, per- +form any rescue operation, investigate the existence of sus- +pected or reported fires, gas leaks or other hazardous +conditions or situations, or take any other action necessary in +the reasonable performance of duty. In the exercise of such +power, the fire chief is authorized to prohibit any person, vehi- +cle, vessel or thing from approaching the scene and is autho- +rized to remove, or cause to be removed or kept away from the +scene, any vehicle, vessel or thing which could impede or inter- +fere with the operations of the fire department and, in the judg- +ment of the fire chief, any person not actually and usefully +employed in the extinguishing of such fire or in the preserva- +tion of property in the vicinity thereof. + +104.11.1 Barricades. The fire chief or officer of the fire +department in charge at the scene of an emergency is autho- +rized to place ropes, guards, barricades or other obstructions +across any street, alley, place or private property in the vicin- +ity of such operation so as to prevent accidents or interfer- +ence with the lawful efforts of the fire department to manage +and control the situation and to handle fire apparatus. + +104.11.2 Obstructing operations. No person shall obstruct +the operations of the fire department in connection with +extinguishment or control of any fire, or actions relative to +other emergencies, or disobey any lawful command of the +fire chief or officer of the fire department in charge of the +emergency, or any part thereof, or any lawful order of a +police officer assisting the fire department. + +104.11.3 Systems and devices. No person shall render a +system or device inoperative during an emergency unless by +direction of the fire chief or fire department official in +charge of the incident. + + + +SECTION 105 +PERMITS + +105.1 General. Permits shall be in accordance with Sections +105.1.1 through 105.7.13. + +105.1.1 Permits required. Permits required by this code +shall be obtained from the fire code official. Permit fees, if +any, shall be paid prior to issuance of the permit. Issued per- +mits shall be kept on the premises designated therein at all +times and shall be readily available for inspection by the fire +code official. + +105.1.2 Types of permits. There shall be two types of per- +mits as follows: + +1 . Operational permit. An operational permit allows the +applicant to conduct an operation or a business for +which a permit is required by Section 105 .6 for either: + +1 . 1 . A prescribed period. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +1.2. Until renewed or revoked. + +2. Construction permit. A construction permit allows +the applicant to install or modify systems and equip- +ment for which apermit is required by Section 105.7. + +105.1.3 Permits for the same location. When more than +one permit is required for the same location, the fire code +official is authorized to consolidate such permits into a sin- +gle permit provided that each provision is listed in the per- +mit. + +105.2 Application. Application for a permit required by this +code shall be made to the fire code official in such form and +detail as prescribed by the fire code official. Applications for +permits shall be accompanied by such plans as prescribed by +the fire code official. + +105.2.1 Refusal to issue permit. If the application for aper- +mit describes a use that does not conform to the require- +ments of this code and other pertinent laws and ordinances, +the fire code official shall not issue a permit, but shall return +the application to the applicant with the refusal to issue such +permit. Such refusal shall, when requested, be in writing +and shall contain the reasons for refusal. + +105.2.2 Inspection authorized. Before a new operational +permit is approved, the fire code official is authorized to +inspect the receptacles, vehicles, buildings, devices, pre- +mises, storage spaces or areas to be used to determine com- +pliance with this code or any operational constraints +required. + +105.2.3 Time limitation of application. An application for +a permit for any proposed work or operation shall be +deemed to have been abandoned six months after the date of +filing, unless such application has been diligently prose- +cuted or a permit shall have been issued; except that the fire +code official is authorized to grant one or more extensions of +time for additional periods not exceeding 90 days each if +there is reasonable cause. + +105.2.4 Action on application. The fire code official shall +examine or cause to be examined applications for permits +and amendments thereto within a reasonable time after fil- +ing. If the application or the construction documents do not +conform to the requirements of pertinent laws, the fire code +official shall reject such application in writing, stating the +reasons therefor. If the fire code official is satisfied that the +proposed work or operation conforms to the requirements +of this code and laws and ordinances applicable thereto, the +fire code official shall issue a permit therefore as soon as +practicable. + +105.3 Conditions of a permit. A permit shall constitute per- +mission to maintain, store or handle materials; or to conduct +processes which produce conditions hazardous to life or prop- +erty; or to install equipment utilized in connection with such +activities; or to install or modify any fire protection system or +equipment or any other construction, equipment installation or +modification in accordance with the provisions of this code +where a permit is required by Section 1 05 .6 or 1 05 .7 . Such per- +mission shall not be construed as authority to violate, cancel or +set aside any of the provisions of this code or other applicable +regulations or laws of the jurisdiction. + + + +105.3.1 Expiration. An operational permit shall remain in +effect until reissued, renewed, or revoked or for such a +period of time as specified in the permit. Construction per- +mits shall automatically become invalid unless the work +authorized by such permit is commenced within 180 days +after its issuance, or if the work authorized by such permit is +suspended or abandoned for a period of 180 days after the +time the work is commenced. Before such work recom- +mences, a new permit shall be first obtained and the fee to +recommence work, if any, shall be one-half the amount +required for a new permit for such work, provided no +changes have been made or will be made in the original con- +struction documents for such work, and provided further +that such suspension or abandonment has not exceeded one +year. Permits are not transferable and any change in occu- +pancy, operation, tenancy or ownership shall require that a +new permit be issued. + +105.3.2 Extensions. A permittee holding an unexpired per- +mit shall have the right to apply for an extension of the time +within which the permittee will commence work under that +permit when work is unable to be commenced within the +time required by this section for good and satisfactory rea- +sons. The fire code official is authorized to grant, in writing, +one or more extensions of the time period of a permit for +periods of not more than 90 days each. Such extensions shall +be requested by the permit holder in writing and justifiable +cause demonstrated. + +105.3.3 Occupancy prohibited before approval. The + +building or structure shall not be occupied prior to the fire +code official issuing a permit that indicates that applicable +provisions of this code have been met. + +105.3.4 Conditional permits. Where permits are required +and upon the request of a permit applicant, the fire code offi- +cial is authorized to issue a conditional permit to occupy the +premises or portion thereof before the entire work or opera- +tions on the premises is completed, provided that such por- +tion or portions will be occupied safely prior to full +completion or installation of equipment and operations +without endangering life or public welfare. The fire code +official shall notify the permit applicant in writing of any +limitations or restrictions necessary to keep the permit area +safe. The holder of a conditional permit shall proceed only +to the point for which approval has been given, at the permit +holder's own risk and without assurance that approval for +the occupancy or the utilization of the entire premises, +equipment or operations will be granted. + +105.3.5 Posting the permit. Issued permits shall be kept on +the premises designated therein at all times and shall be +readily available for inspection by the fire code official. + +105.3.6 Compliance with code. The issuance or granting of +a permit shall not be construed to be a permit for, or an +approval of, any violation of any of the provisions of this +code or of any other ordinance of the jurisdiction. Permits +presuming to give authority to violate or cancel the provi- +sions of this code or other ordinances of the jurisdiction +shall not be valid. The issuance of a permit based on con- +struction documents and other data shall not prevent the fire +code official from requiring the correction of errors in the + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +construction documents and other data. Any addition to or +alteration of approved construction documents shall be +approved in advance by the fire code official, as evidenced +by the issuance of a new or amended permit. + +105.3.7 Information on the permit. The fire code official +shall issue all permits required by this code on an approved +form furnished for that purpose. The permit shall contain a +general description of the operation or occupancy and its +location and any other information required by the fire code +official. Issued permits shall bear the signature of the fire +code official or other approved legal authorization. + +105.4 Construction documents. Construction documents +shall be in accordance with this section. + +105.4.1 Submittals. Construction documents shall be sub- +mitted in one or more sets and in such form and detail as +required by the fire code official. The construction docu- +ments shall be prepared by a registered design professional +where required by the statutes of the jurisdiction in which +the project is to be constructed. + +105.4.2 Information on construction documents. Con- +struction documents shall be drawn to scale upon suitable +material. Electronic media documents are allowed to be +submitted when approved by the fire code official. Con- +struction documents shall be of sufficient clarity to indicate +the location, nature and extent of the work proposed and +show in detail that it will conform to the provisions of this +code and relevant laws, ordinances, rules and regulations as +determined by the fire code official. + +105.4.3 Applicant responsibility. It shall be the responsi- +bility of the applicant to ensure that the construction docu- +ments include all of the fire protection requirements and the +shop drawings are complete and in compliance with the +applicable codes and standards. + +105.4.4 Approved documents. Construction documents +approved by the fire code official are approved with the +intent that such construction documents comply in all +respects with this code. Review and approval by the fire +code official shall not relieve the applicant of the responsi- +bility of compliance with this code. + +105.4.5 Corrected documents. Where field conditions +necessitate any substantial change from the approved con- +struction documents, the fire code official shall have the +authority to require the corrected construction documents to +be submitted for approval. + +105.4.6 Retention of construction documents. One set of + +construction documents shall be retained by the fire code +official until final approval of the work covered therein. One +set of approved construction documents shall be returned to +the applicant, and said set shall be kept on the site of the +building or work at all times during which the work autho- +rized thereby is in progress. + +105.5 Revocation. The fire code official is authorized to +revoke a permit issued under the provisions of this code when it +is found by inspection or otherwise that there has been a false +statement or misrepresentation as to the material facts in the + + + +application or construction documents on which the permit or +approval was based including, but not limited to, any one of the +following: + +1 . The permit is used for a location or establishment other +than that for which it was issued. + +2. The permit is used for a condition or activity other than +that listed in the permit. + +3. Conditions and limitations set forth in the permit have +been violated. + +4. There have been any false statements or misrepresenta- +tions as to the material fact in the application for permit +or plans submitted or a condition of the permit. + +5. The permit is used by a different person or firm than the +name for which it was issued. + +6. The permittee failed, refused or neglected to comply +with orders or notices duly served in accordance with the +provisions of this code within the time provided therein. + +7. The permit was issued in error or in violation of an ordi- +nance, regulation or this code. + +105.6 Required operational permits. The fire code official is +authorized to issue operational permits for the operations set +forth in Sections 105.6.1 through 105.6.46. + +105.6.1 Aerosol products. An operational permit is +required to manufacture, store or handle an aggregate quan- +tity of Level 2 or Level 3 aerosol products in excess of 500 +pounds (227 kg) net weight. + +105.6.2 Amusement buildings. An operational permit is +required to operate a special amusement building. + +105.6.3 Aviation facilities. An operational permit is +required to use a Group H or Group S occupancy for aircraft +servicing or repair and aircraft fuel- servicing vehicles. +Additional permits required by other sections of this code +include, but are not limited to, hot work, hazardous materi- +als and flammable or combustible finishes. + +105.6.4 Carnivals and fairs. An operational permit is +required to conduct a carnival or fair. + +105.6.5 Cellulose nitrate film. An operational permit is +required to store, handle or use cellulose nitrate film in a +Group A occupancy. + +105.6.6 Combustible dust-producing operations. An + +operational permit is required to operate a grain elevator, +flour starch mill, feed mill, or a plant pulverizing aluminum, +coal, cocoa, magnesium, spices or sugar, or other operations +producing combustible dusts as defined in Chapter 2. + +105.6.7 Combustible fibers. An operational permit is +required for the storage and handling of combustible fibers +in quantities greater than 100 cubic feet (2.8 m^). + +Exception: A permit is not required for agricultural stor- +age. + +105.6.8 Compressed gases. An operational permit is +required for the storage, use or handling at normal tempera- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +ture and pressure (NTP) of compressed gases in excess of +the amounts listed in Table 105.6.8. + +Exception: Vehicles equipped for and using compressed +gas as a fuel for propelling the vehicle. + +TABLE 105.6.8 +PERMIT AMOUNTS FOR COMPRESSED GASES + + + +TYPE OF GAS + + +AMOUNT +(cubic feet at NTP) + + +Corrosive + + +200 + + +Flammable (except cryogenic fluids +and liquefied petroleum gases) + + +200 + + +Highly toxic + + +Any Amount + + +Inert and simple asphyxiant + + +6,000 + + +Oxidizing (including oxygen) + + +504 + + +Pyrophoric + + +Any Amount + + +Toxic + + +Any Amount + + + +For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 ml + +105.6.9 Covered mall buildings. An operational permit is +required for: + +1 . The placement of retail fixtures and displays, conces- +sion equipment, displays of highly combustible +goods and similar items in the mall. + +2. The display of liquid- or gas-fired equipment in the +mall. + +3 . The use of open-flame or flame-producing equipment +in the mall. + +105.6.10 Cryogenic fluids. An operational permit is +required to produce, store, transport on site, use, handle or +dispense cryogenic fluids in excess of the amounts listed in +Table 105.6.10. + +Exception: Permits are not required for vehicles +equipped for and using cryogenic fluids as a fuel for pro- +pelling the vehicle or for refrigerating the lading. + + + +TABLE 105.6.10 +PERMIT AMOUNTS FOR CRYOGENIC FLUIDS + + + +TYPE OF CRYOGENIC FLUID + + +INSIDE BUILDING +(gallons) + + +OUTSIDE BUILDING +(gallons) + + +Flammable + + +More than 1 + + +60 + + +Inert + + +60 + + +500 + + +Oxidizing (includes +oxygen) + + +10 + + +50 + + +Physical or health hazard +not indicated above + + +Any Amount + + +Any Amount + + + +For SI: 1 gallon = 3.785 L. + +105.6.11 Cutting and welding. An operational permit is +required to conduct cutting or welding operations within the +jurisdiction. + +105.6.12 Dry cleaning plants. An operational permit is +required to engage in the business of dry cleaning or to +change to a more hazardous cleaning solvent used in exist- +ing dry cleaning equipment. + + + +105.6.13 Exhibits and trade shows. An operational permit +is required to operate exhibits and trade shows. + +105.6.14 Explosives. An operational permit is required for +the manufacture, storage, handling, sale or use of any quan- +tity of explosives, explosive materials, fireworks or pyro- +technic special effects within the scope of Chapter 33. + +Exception: Storage in Group R-3 occupancies of +smokeless propellant, black powder and small arms +primers for personal use, not for resale and in accordance +with Section 3306. + +105.6.15 Fire hydrants and valves. An operational permit +is required to use or operate fire hydrants or valves intended +for fire suppression purposes which are installed on water +systems and accessible to a fire apparatus access road that is +open to or generally used by the public. + +Exception: A permit is not required for authorized +employees of the water company that supplies the system +or the fire department to use or operate fire hydrants or +valves. + +105.6.16 Flammable and combustible liquids. An opera- +tional permit is required: + +1. To use or operate a pipeline for the transportation +within facilities of flammable or combustible liquids. +This requirement shall not apply to the off-site trans- +portation in pipelines regulated by the Department of +Transportation (DOTn) nor does it apply to piping +systems. + +2. To store, handle or use Class I liquids in excess of 5 +gallons (19 L) in a building or in excess of 10 gallons +(37.9 L) outside of a building, except that a permit is +not required for the following: + +2.1. The storage or use of Class I liquids in the fuel +tank of a motor vehicle, aircraft, motorboat, +mobile power plant or mobile heating plant, +unless such storage, in the opinion of the code +official, would cause an unsafe condition. + +2.2. The storage or use of paints, oils, varnishes or +similar flammable mixtures when such liq- +uids are stored for maintenance, painting or +similar purposes for a period of not more than +30 days. + +3 . To store, handle or use Class II or Class IIIA liquids in +excess of 25 gallons (95 L) in a building or in excess +of 60 gallons (227 L) outside a building, except for +fuel oil used in connection with oil-burning equip- +ment. + +4. To remove Class I or Class II liquids from an under- +ground storage tank used for fueling motor vehicles +by any means other than the approved, stationary +on-site pumps normally used for dispensing pur- +poses. + +5. To operate tank vehicles, equipment, tanks, plants, +terminals, wells, fuel-dispensing stations, refineries, +distilleries and similar facilities where flammable and +combustible liquids are produced, processed, trans- +ported, stored, dispensed or used. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +6. To place temporarily out of service (for more than 90 +days) an underground, protected above-ground or +above-ground flammable or combustible liquid tank. + +7. To change the type of contents stored in a flammable +or combustible liquid tank to a material which poses a +greater hazard than that for which the tank was +designed and constructed. + +8. To manufacture, process, blend or refine flammable +or combustible liquids. + +9. To engage in the dispensing of liquid fuels into the +fuel tanks of motor vehicles at commercial, indus- +trial, governmental or manufacturing establish- +ments. + +10. To utilize a site for the dispensing of liquid fuels +from tank vehicles into the fuel tanks of motor vehi- +cles at commercial, industrial, governmental or +manufacturing establishments. + +105.6.17 Floor finishing. An operational permit is required +for floor finishing or surfacing operations exceeding 350 +square feet (33 m^) using Class I or Class II liquids. + +105.6.18 Fruit and crop ripening. An operational permit is +required to operate a fruit-, or crop-ripening facility or con- +duct a fruit-ripening process using ethylene gas. + +105.6.19 Fumigation and thermal insecticidal fogging. + +An operational permit is required to operate a business of +fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging and to maintain a +room, vault or chamber in which a toxic or flammable fumi- +gant is used. + +105.6.20 Hazardous materials. An operational permit is +required to store, transport on site, dispense, use or handle +hazardous materials in excess of the amounts listed in Table +105.6.20. + +105.6.21 HPM facilities. An operational permit is required +to store, handle or use hazardous production materials. + +105.6.22 High-piled storage. An operational permit is +required to use a building or portion thereof as a high-piled +storage area exceeding 500 square feet (46 m^). + +105.6.23 Hot worli operations. An operational permit is +required for hot work including, but not limited to: + +1. Public exhibitions and demonstrations where hot +work is conducted. + +2. Use of portable hot work equipment inside a struc- +ture. + +Exception: Work that is conducted under a con- +struction permit. + +3. Fixed-site hot work equipment such as welding +booths. + +4. Hot work conducted within a hazardous fire area. + +5. Application of roof coverings with the use of an +open-flame device. + +6. When approved, the fire code official shall issue a +permit to carry out a Hot Work Program. This pro- +gram allows approved personnel to regulate their + + + +TABLE 105.6.20 + + +PERMIT AMOUNTS FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS + + +TYPE OF MATERIAL + + +AMOUNT + + +Combustible liquids + + +See Section 105.6.16 + + +Corrosive materials + + + + +Gases + + +See Section 105.6.8 + + +Liquids + + +55 gallons + + +Solids + + +1000 pounds + + +Explosive materials + + +See Section 105.6.14 + + +Flammable materials + + + + +Gases + + +See Section 105.6.8 + + +Liquids + + +See Section 105.6.16 + + +Solids + + +100 pounds + + +Highly toxic materials + + + + +Gases + + +See Section 105.6.8 + + +Liquids + + +Any Amount + + +Solids + + +Any Amount + + +Oxidizing materials + + + + +Gases + + +See Section 105.6.8 + + +Liquids + + + + +Class 4 + + +Any Amount + + +Class 3 + + +1 gallon'' + + +Class 2 + + +10 gallons + + +Class 1 + + +55 gallons + + +Solids + + + + +Class 4 + + +Any Amount + + +Class 3 + + +10 pounds + + +Class 2 + + +100 pounds + + +Class 1 + + +500 pounds + + +Organic peroxides + + + + +Liquids + + + + +Class I + + +Any Amount + + +Class II + + +Any Amount + + +Class III + + +I gallon + + +Class IV + + +2 gallons + + +Class V + + +No Permit Required + + +Solids + + + + +Class I + + +Any Amount + + +Class II + + +Any Amount + + +Class m + + +10 pounds + + +Class IV + + +20 pounds + + +Class V + + +No Permit Required + + +Pyrophoric materials + + + + +Gases + + +Any Amount + + +Liquids + + +Any Amount + + +Solids + + +Any Amount + + +Toxic materials + + + + +Gases + + +See Section 105.6.8 + + +Liquids + + +10 gallons + + +Solids + + +100 pounds + + +Unstable (reactive) materials + + + + +Liquids + + + + +Class 4 + + +Any Amount + + +Class 3 + + +Any Amount + + +Class 2 + + +5 gallons + + +Class 1 + + +10 gallons + + +Solids + + + + +Class 4 + + +Any Amount + + +Class 3 + + +Any Amount + + +Class 2 + + +50 pounds + + +Class 1 + + +100 pounds + + +Water-reactive Materials + + + + +Liquids + + + + +Class 3 + + +Any Amount + + +Class 2 + + +5 gallons + + +Class 1 + + +55 gallons + + +Solids + + + + +Class 3 + + +Any Amount + + +Class 2 + + +50 pounds + + +Class 1 + + +500 pounds + + + +For SI: 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 pound = 0.454 kg. + +a. 20 gallons when Table 2703.1.1(1) Note k applies and hazard identification signs in +accordance with Section 2703.5 are provided for quantities of 20 gallons or less. + +b. 200 pounds when Table 2703. 1.1(1) Note k applies and hazard identification signs in +accordance with Section 2703.5 are provided for quantities of 200 pounds or less. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +facility's hot work operations. The approved person- +nel shall be trained in the fire safety aspects denoted in +this chapter and shall be responsible for issuing per- +mits requiring compliance with the requirements +found in Chapter 26. These permits shall be issued +only to their employees or hot work operations under +their supervision. + +105.6.24 Industrial ovens. An operational permit is +required for operation of industrial ovens regulated by +Chapter 21. + +105.6.25 Lumber yards and woodworking plants. An + +operational permit is required for the storage or processing +of lumber exceeding 100,000 board feet (8,333 ft^) (236 + +105.6.26 Liquid- or gas-fueled vehicles or equipment in +assembly buildings. An operational permit is required to +display, operate or demonstrate liquid- or gas-fueled vehi- +cles or equipment in assembly buildings. + +105.6.27 LP-gas. An operational permit is required for: + +1. Storage and use of LP-gas. + +Exception: A permit is not required for individual +containers with a 500-gallon (1893 L) water +capacity or less serving occupancies in Group R-3. + +2. Operation of cargo tankers that transport LP-gas. + +105.6.28 Magnesium. An operational permit is required to +melt, cast, heat treat or grind more than 10 pounds (4.54 kg) +of magnesium. + +105.6.29 Miscellaneous combustible storage. An opera- +tional permit is required to store in any building or upon any +premises in excess of 2,500 cubic feet (71 m^) gross volume +of combustible empty packing cases, boxes, barrels or simi- +lar containers, rubber tires, rubber, cork or similar combus- +tible material. + +105.6.30 Open burning. An operational permit is required +for the kindling or maintaining of an open fire or a fire on +any public street, alley, road, or other public or private +ground. Instructions and stipulations of the permit shall be +adhered to. + +Exception: Recreational fires. + +105.6.31 Open flames and torches. An operational permit +is required to remove paint with a torch; or to use a torch or +open-flame device in a hazardous fire area. + +105.6.32 Open flames and candles. An operational permit +is required to use open flames or candles in connection with +assembly areas, dining areas of restaurants or drinking +establishments. + +105.6.33 Organic coatings. An operational permit is +required for any organic-coating manufacturing operation +producing more than 1 gallon (4 L) of an organic coating in +one day. + +105.6.34 Places of assembly. An operational permit is +required to operate a place of assembly. + + + +105.6.35 Private fire hydrants. An operational permit is +required for the removal from service, use or operation of +private fire hydrants. + +Exception: A permit is not required for private industry +with trained maintenance personnel, private fire brigade +or fire departments to maintain, test and use private +hydrants. + +105.6.36 Pyrotechnic special effects material. An opera- +tional permit is required for use and handling of pyrotechnic +special effects material. + +105.6.37 Pyroxylin plastics. An operational permit is +required for storage or handling of more than 25 pounds (11 +kg) of cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) plastics and for the +assembly or manufacture of articles involving pyroxylin +plastics. + +105.6.38 Refrigeration equipment. An operational permit +is required to operate a mechanical refrigeration unit or sys- +tem regulated by Chapter 6. + +105.6.39 Repair garages and motor fuel-dispensing +facilities. An operational permit is required for operation of +repair garages and automotive, marine and fleet motor +fuel-dispensing facilities. + +105.6.40 Rooftop heliports. An operational permit is +required for the operation of a rooftop heliport. + +105.6.41 Spraying or dipping. An operational permit is +required to conduct a spraying or dipping operation utiliz- +ing flammable or combustible liquids or the application of +combustible powders regulated by Chapter 15. + +105.6.42 Storage of scrap tires and tire byproducts. An + +operational permit is required to establish, conduct or main- +tain storage of scrap tires and tire byproducts that exceeds +2,500 cubic feet (7 1 m^) of total volume of scrap tires and for +indoor storage of tires and tire byproducts. + +105.6.43 Temporary membrane structures, tents and +canopies. An operational permit is required to operate an +air-supported temporary membrane structure or a tent hav- +ing an area in excess of 200 square feet (19 m^), or a canopy +in excess of 400 square feet (37 m^). + +Exceptions: + +1. Tents used exclusively for recreational camping +purposes. + +2. Fabric canopies open on all sides which comply +with all of the following: + +2.1. Individual canopies having a maximum +size of 700 square feet (65 m^). + +2.2. The aggregate area of multiple canopies +placed side by side without a fire break +clearance of not less than 12 feet (3658 +mm) shall not exceed 700 square feet (65 +m^) total. + +2.3. A minimum clearance of 12 feet (3658 +mm) to structures and other tents shall be +provided. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +105.6.44 Tire-rebuilding plants. An operational permit is +required for the operation and maintenance of a tire-rebuild- +ing plant. + +105.6.45 Waste handling. An operational permit is +required for the operation of wrecking yards, junk yards and +waste material-handling facilities. + +105.6.46 Wood products. An operational permit is +required to store chips, hogged material, lumber or plywood +in excess of 200 cubic feet (6 m^). + +105.7 Required construction permits. The fire code official +is authorized to issue construction permits for work as set forth +in Sections 105.7.1 through 105.7.13. + +105.7.1 Automatic fire-extinguishing systems. A con- +struction permit is required for installation of or modifica- +tion to an automatic fire-extinguishing system. +Maintenance performed in accordance with this code is not +considered a modification and does not require a permit. + +105.7.2 Battery systems. A permit is required to install sta- +tionary storage battery systems having a liquid capacity of +more than 50 gallons (189 L). + +105.7.3 Compressed gases. When the compressed gases in +use or storage exceed the amounts listed in Table 105.6.8, a +construction permit is required to install, repair damage to, +abandon, remove, place temporarily out of service, or close +or substantially modify a compressed gas system. + +Exceptions: + +1. Routine maintenance. + +2. For emergency repair work performed on an emer- +gency basis, application for permit shall be made +within two working days of commencement of +work. + +The permit applicant shall apply for approval to close +storage, use or handling facilities at least 30 days prior to the +termination of the storage, use or handling of compressed or +liquefied gases. Such application shall include any change +or alteration of the facility closure plan filed pursuant to +Section 2701.6.3. The 30-day period is not applicable when +approved based on special circumstances requiring such +waiver. + +105.7.4 Fire alarm and detection systems and related +equipment. A construction permit is required for installa- +tion of or modification to fire alarm and detection systems +and related equipment. Maintenance performed in accor- +dance with this code is not considered a modification and +does not require a permit. + +105.7.5 Fire pumps and related equipment. A construc- +tion permit is required for installation of or modification to +fire pumps and related fuel tanks, jockey pumps, control- +lers, and generators. Maintenance performed in accordance +with this code is not considered a modification and does not +require a permit. + +105.7.6 Flammable and combustible liquids. A construc- +tion permit is required: + +1 . To repair or modify a pipeline for the transportation +of flammable or combustible liquids. + + + +2. To install, construct or alter tank vehicles, equipment, +tanks, plants, terminals, wells, fuel-dispensing sta- +tions, refineries, distilleries and similar facilities +where flammable and combustible liquids are pro- +duced, processed, transported, stored, dispensed or +used. + +3. To install, alter, remove, abandon or otherwise dis- +pose of a flammable or combustible liquid tank. + +105.7.7 Hazardous materials. A construction permit is +required to install, repair damage to, abandon, remove, +place temporarily out of service, or close or substantially +modify a storage facility or other area regulated by Chapter +27 when the hazardous materials in use or storage exceed +the amounts listed in Table 105.6.20. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Routine maintenance. + +2. For emergency repair work performed on an emer- +gency basis, application for permit shall be made +within two working days of commencement of +work. + +105.7.8 Industrial ovens. A construction permit is required +for installation of industrial ovens covered by Chapter 21. + +Exceptions: + +1. Routine maintenance. + +2. For repair work performed on an emergency basis, +application for permit shall be made within two +working days of commencement of work. + +105.7.9 LP-gas. A construction permit is required for +installation of or modification to an LP-gas system. + +105.7.10 Private fire hydrants. A construction permit is +required for the installation or modification of private fire +hydrants. + +105.7.11 Spraying or dipping. A construction permit is +required to install or modify a spray room, dip tank or booth. + +105.7.12 Standpipe systems. A construction permit is +required for the installation, modification, or removal from +service of a standpipe system. Maintenance performed in +accordance with this code is not considered a modification +and does not require a permit. + +105.7.13 Temporary membrane structures, tents and +canopies. A construction permit is required to erect an +air-supported temporary membrane structure or a tent hav- +ing an area in excess of 200 square feet (19 m^), or a canopy +in excess of 400 square feet (37 m^). + +Exceptions: + +1. Tents used exclusively for recreational camping +purposes. + +2. Funeral tents and curtains or extensions attached +thereto, when used for funeral services. + +3. Fabric canopies and awnings open on all sides +which comply with all of the following: + +3.1. Individual canopies shall have a maximum +size of 700 square feet (65 m^). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +3.2. The aggregate area of multiple canopies +placed side by side without a fire break +clearance of not less than 12 feet (3658 +mm) shall not exceed 700 square feet (65 +m2) total. + +3.3. A minimum clearance of 12 feet (3658 +mm) to structures and other tents shall be +maintained. + + + +SECTION 106 +INSPECTIONS + +106.1 Inspection authority. The fire code official is autho- +rized to enter and examine any building, structure, marine ves- +sel, vehicle or premises in accordance with Section 104.3 for +the purpose of enforcing this code. + +106.2 Inspections. The fire code official is authorized to con- +duct such inspections as are deemed necessary to determine the +extent of compliance with the provisions of this code and to +approve reports of inspection by approved agencies or individ- +uals. All reports of such inspections shall be prepared and sub- +mitted in writing for review and approval. Inspection reports +shall be certified by a responsible officer of such approved +agency or by the responsible individual. The fire code official is +authorized to engage such expert opinion as deemed necessary +to report upon unusual, detailed or complex technical issues +subject to the approval of the governing body. + +106.3 Concealed work. Whenever any installation subject to +inspection prior to use is covered or concealed without having +first been inspected, the fire code official shall have the author- +ity to require that such work be exposed for inspection. + +106.4 Approvals. Approval as the result of an inspection shall +not be construed to be an approval of a violation of the provi- +sions of this code or of other ordinances of the jurisdiction. +Inspections presuming to give authority to violate or cancel +provisions of this code or of other ordinances of the jurisdiction +shall not be valid. + + + +SECTION 107 +MAINTENANCE + +107.1 Maintenance of safeguards. Whenever or wherever +any device, equipment, system, condition, arrangement, level +of protection, or any other feature is required for compliance +with the provisions of this code, or otherwise installed, such +device, equipment, system, condition, arrangement, level of +protection, or other feature shall thereafter be continuously +maintained in accordance with this code and applicable refer- +enced standards. + +107.2 Testing and operation. Equipment requiring periodic +testing or operation to ensure maintenance shall be tested or +operated as specified in this code. + +107.2.1 Test and inspection records. Required test and +inspection records shall be available to the fire code official +at all times or such records as the fire code official desig- +nates shall be filed with the fire code official. + + + +107.2.2 Reinspection and testing. Where any work or +installation does not pass an initial test or inspection, the +necessary corrections shall be made so as to achieve compli- +ance with this code. The work or installation shall then be +resubmitted to the fire code official for inspection and test- +ing. + +107.3 Supervision. Maintenance and testing shall be under the +supervision of a responsible person who shall ensure that such +maintenance and testing are conducted at specified intervals in +accordance with this code. + +107.4 Rendering equipment inoperable. Portable or fixed +fire-extinguishing systems or devices and fire-warning sys- +tems shall not be rendered inoperative or inaccessible except as +necessary during emergencies, maintenance, repairs, alter- +ations, drills or prescribed testing. + +107.5 Owner/occupant responsibility. Correction and abate- +ment of violations of this code shall be the responsibility of the +owner. If an occupant creates, or allows to be created, hazard- +ous conditions in violation of this code, the occupant shall be +held responsible for the abatement of such hazardous condi- +tions. + +107.6 Overcrowding. Overcrowding or admittance of any per- +son beyond the approved capacity of a building or a portion +thereof shall not be allowed. The fire code official, upon find- +ing any overcrowding conditions or obstructions in aisles, pas- +sageways or other means of egress, or upon finding any +condition which constitutes a life safety hazard, shall be autho- +rized to cause the event to be stopped until such condition or +obstruction is corrected. + + + +SECTION 108 +BOARD OF APPEALS + +108.1 Board of appeals established. In order to hear and +decide appeals of orders, decisions or determinations made by +the fire code official relative to the application and interpreta- +tion of this code, there shall be and is hereby created a board of +appeals. The board of appeals shall be appointed by the govern- +ing body and shall hold office at its pleasure. The fire code offi- +cial shall be an ex officio member of said board but shall have +no vote on any matter before the board. The board shall adopt +rules of procedure for conducting its business, and shall render +all decisions and findings in writing to the appellant with a +duplicate copy to the fire code official. + +108.2 Limitations on authority. An application for appeal +shall be based on a claim that the intent of this code or the rules +legally adopted hereunder have been incorrectly interpreted, +the provisions of this code do not fully apply, or an equivalent +method of protection or safety is proposed. The board shall +have no authority to waive requirements of this code. + +108.3 Qualifications. The board of appeals shall consist of +members who are qualified by experience and training to pass +on matters pertaining to hazards of fire, explosions, hazardous +conditions or fire protection systems and are not employees of +the jurisdiction. + + + +10 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +SECTION 109 +VIOLATIONS + +109.1 Unlawful acts. It shall be unlawful for a person, firm or +corporation to erect, construct, alter, repair, remove, demolish +or utilize a building, occupancy, premises or system regulated +by this code, or cause same to be done, in conflict with or in vio- +lation of any of the provisions of this code. + +109.2 Notice of violation. When the fire code official finds a +building, premises, vehicle, storage facility or outdoor area that +is in violation of this code, the fire code official is authorized to +prepare a written notice of violation describing the conditions +deemed unsafe and, when compliance is not immediate, speci- +fying a time for reinspection. + +109.2.1 Service. A notice of violation issued pursuant to +this code shall be served upon the owner, operator, occu- +pant, or other person responsible for the condition or viola- +tion, either by personal service, mail, or by delivering the +same to, and leaving it with, some person of responsibility +upon the premises. For unattended or abandoned locations, +a copy of such notice of violation shall be posted on the pre- +mises in a conspicuous place at or near the entrance to such +premises and the notice of violation shall be mailed by certi- +fied mail with return receipt requested or a certificate of +mailing, to the last known address of the owner, occupant or +both. + +109.2.2 Compliance with orders and notices. A notice of +violation issued or served as provided by this code shall be +complied with by the owner, operator, occupant or other +person responsible for the condition or violation to which +the notice of violation pertains. + +109.2.3 Prosecution of violations. If the notice of violation +is not complied with promptly, the fire code official is autho- +rized to request the legal counsel of the jurisdiction to insti- +tute the appropriate legal proceedings at law or in equity to +restrain, correct or abate such violation or to require +removal or termination of the unlawful occupancy of the +structure in violation of the provisions of this code or of the +order or direction made pursuant hereto. + +109.2.4 Unauthorized tampering. Signs, tags or seals +posted or affixed by the fire code official shall not be muti- +lated, destroyed or tampered with or removed without +authorization from the fire code official. + +109.3 Violation penalties. Persons who shall violate a provi- +sion of this code or shall fail to comply with any of the require- +ments thereof or who shall erect, install, alter, repair or do work +in violation of the approved construction documents or direc- +tive of the fire code official, or of a permit or certificate used +under provisions of this code, shall be guilty of a [SPECIFY +OFFENSE], punishable by a fine of not more than [amount] dol- +lars or by imprisonment not exceeding [number of DAYS], or +both such fine and imprisonment. Each day that a violation +continues after due notice has been served shall be deemed a +separate offense. + +109.3.1 Abatement of violation. In addition to the imposi- +tion of the penalties herein described, the fire code official is +authorized to institute appropriate action to prevent unlaw- +ful construction or to restrain, correct or abate a violation; or + + + +to prevent illegal occupancy of a structure or premises; or to +stop an illegal act, conduct of business or occupancy of a +structure on or about any premises. + + + +SECTION 110 +UNSAFE BUILDINGS + +110.1 General. If during the inspection of a premises, a build- +ing or structure or any building system, in whole or in part, con- +stitutes a clear and inimical threat to human life, safety or +health, the fire code official shall issue such notice or orders to +remove or remedy the conditions as shall be deemed necessary +in accordance with this section and shall refer the building to +the building department for any repairs, alterations, remodel- +ing, removing or demolition required. + +110.1.1 Unsafe conditions. Structures or existing equip- +ment that are or hereafter become unsafe or deficient +because of inadequate means of egress or which constitute a +fire hazard, or are otherwise dangerous to human life or the +public welfare, or which involve illegal or improper occu- +pancy or inadequate maintenance, shall be deemed an +unsafe condition. A vacant structure which is not secured +against unauthorized entry as required by Section 311 shall +be deemed unsafe. + +110.1.2 Structural hazards. When an apparent structural +hazard is caused by the faulty installation, operation or mal- +function of any of the items or devices governed by this +code, the fire code official shall immediately notify the +building code official in accordance with Section 110.1. + +110.2 Evacuation. The fire code official or the fire department +official in charge of an incident shall be authorized to order the +immediate evacuation of any occupied building deemed unsafe +when such building has hazardous conditions that present +imminent danger to building occupants. Persons so notified +shall immediately leave the structure or premises and shall not +enter or re-enter until authorized to do so by the fire code offi- +cial or the fire department official in charge of the incident. + +110.3 Summary abatement. Where conditions exist that are +deemed hazardous to life and property, the fire code official or +fire department official in charge of the incident is authorized +to abate summarily such hazardous conditions that are in viola- +tion of this code. + +110.4 Abatement. The owner, operator, or occupant of a build- +ing or premises deemed unsafe by the fire code official shall +abate or cause to be abated or corrected such unsafe conditions +either by repair, rehabilitation, demolition or other approved +corrective action. + + + +SECTION 111 +STOP WORK ORDER + +111.1 Order. Whenever the fire code official finds any work +regulated by this code being performed in a manner contrary to +the provisions of this code or in a dangerous or unsafe manner, +the fire code official is authorized to issue a stop work order. + +111.2 Issuance. A stop work order shall be in writing and shall +be given to the owner of the property, or to the owner's agent, or + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +11 + + + +ADMINISTRATION + + + +to the person doing the work. Upon issuance of a stop work +order, the cited work shall immediately cease. The stop work +order shall state the reason for the order, and the conditions +under which the cited work is authorized to resume. + +111.3 Emergencies. Where an emergency exists, the fire code +official shall not be required to give a written notice prior to +stopping the work. + +111.4 Failure to comply. Any person who shall continue any +work after having been served with a stop work order, except +such work as that person is directed to perform to remove a vio- +lation or unsafe condition, shall be liable to a fine of not less +than [AMOUNT] dollars or more than [AMOUNT] dollars. + + + +12 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 2 + +DEFINITIONS + + + +SECTION 201 +GENERAL + +201.1 Scope. Unless otherwise expressly stated, the following +words and terms shall, for the purposes of this code, have the +meanings shown in this chapter. + +201.2 Interchangeability. Words used in the present tense +include the future; words stated in the masculine gender +include the feminine and neuter; the singular number includes +the plural and the plural, the singular. + +201.3 Terms defined in other codes. Where terms are not +defined in this code and are defined in the International Build- +ing Code, International Fuel Gas Code, International +Mechanical Code or International Plumbing Code, such terms +shall have the meanings ascribed to them as in those codes. + +201.4 Terms not defined. Where terms are not defined +through the methods authorized by this section, such terms +shall have ordinarily accepted meanings such as the context +implies. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the +English Language, Unabridged, shall be considered as provid- +ing ordinarily accepted meanings. + + + +SECTION 202 +GENERAL DEFINITIONS + +[B] ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS. See Section +1002.1. + +AEROSOL. See Section 2802.1. + +Level 1 aerosol products. See Section 2802.1. + +Level 2 aerosol products. See Section 2802.1. + +Level 3 aerosol products. See Section 2802.1. + +AEROSOL CONTAINER. See Section 2802.1. + +AEROSOL WAREHOUSE. See Section 2802.1. + +AGENT. A person who shall have charge, care or control of +any structure as owner, or agent of the owner, or as executor, +executrix, administrator, administratrix, trustee or guardian of +the estate of the owner. Any such person representing the actual +owner shall be bound to comply with the provisions of this +code to the same extent as if that person was the owner. + +AIR-SUPPORTED STRUCTURE. See Section 2402.1. + +AIRCRAFT OPERATION AREA (AOA). See Section +1102.1. + +AIRPORT. See Section 1102.1. + +AISLE. See Section 1002. + +[B] AISLE ACCESSWAY. See Section 1002.1. + +ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. See Section +902.1. + +ALARM SIGNAL. See Section 902.1. + + + +ALARM VERIFICATION FEATURE. See Section 902.1. + +ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUB. See Section 3402.1. + +[EB] ALTERATION. Any construction or renovation to an +existing structure other than a repair or addition. + +[B] ALTERNATING TREAD DEVICE. See Section 1002. 1 . + +AMMONIUM NITRATE. See Section 3302.1. + +ANNUNCIATOR. See Section 902.1. + +APPROVED. Acceptable to the fire code official. + +[B] AREA OF REFUGE. See Section 1002.1. + +ARRAY. See Section 2302.1. + +ARRAY, CLOSED. See Section 2302.1. + +AUDIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. See + +Section 902.1. + +AUTOMATIC. See Section 902.1. + +AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See + +Section 902.1. + +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM. See Section 902.1. + +AUTOMOTIVE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACIL- +ITY. See Section 2202.1. + +AVERAGE AMBIENT SOUND LEVEL. See Section 902. 1 . + +BARRICADE. See Section 3302.1. + +Artificial barricade. See Section 3302.1. + +Natural barricade. See Section 3302.1. +BARRICADED. See Section 3302.1. + +BATTERY SYSTEM, STATIONARY LEAD ACID. See + +Section 602.1. + +BATTERY TYPES. See Section 602.1. + +Nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery. See Section 602.1. + +Nonrecombmant battery. See Section 602.1. + +Recombinant battery. See Section 602.1. + +Stationary storage battery. See Section 602.1. + +Valve-regulated lead-acid battery. See Section 602.1. + +Vented (Flooded) lead-acid battery. See Section 602.1. +BIN BOX. See Section 2302.1. +BLAST AREA. See Section 3302.1. +BLAST SITE. See Section 3302.1. +BLASTER. See Section 3302.1. +BLASTING AGENT. See Section 3302.1. +[B] BLEACHERS. See Section 1002.1. +BOILING POINT. See Section 2702.1. +BONFIRE. See Section 302.1. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +13 + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU). The heat necessary to +raise the temperature of 1 pound (0.454 kg) of water by 1°F +(0.5565°C). + +BULK OXYGEN SYSTEM. See Section 4002.1. + +BULK PLANT OR TERMINAL. See Section 3402.1. + +BULK TRANSFER. See Section 3402.1. + +BULLET RESISTANT. See Section 3302.1. + +CANOPY. See Section 2402.1. + +CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See + +Section 902.1. + +CARTON. A cardboard or fiberboard box enclosing a product. + +CEILING LIMIT. See Section 2702.1. + +[EB] CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY. A change in the purpose +or level of activity within a building that involves a change in +application of the requirements of this code. + +CHEMICAL. See Section 2702.1. + +CHEMICAL NAME. See Section 2702.1. + +CLEAN AGENT. See Section 902.1. + +CLOSED CONTAINER. See Section 2702.1. + +CLOSED SYSTEM. The use of a sohd or Hquid hazardous +material involving a closed vessel or system that remains +closed during normal operations where vapors emitted by the +product are not liberated outside of the vessel or system and the +product is not exposed to the atmosphere during normal opera- +tions; and all uses of compressed gases. Examples of closed +systems for solids and liquids include product conveyed +through a piping system into a closed vessel, system or piece of +equipment. + +COLD DECK. See Section 1902.1. + +COMBUSTIBLE DUST. See Section 1302.1. + +COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS. See Section 2902.1. + +COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID. See Section 3402.1. + +Class IL See Section 3402.1. + +Class IIIA. See Section 3402.1. + +Class IIIB. See Section 3402.1. + +[M] COMMERCIAL COOKING APPLIANCES. See Sec- +tion 602.1. + +COMMODITY. See Section 2302.1. + +[B] COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL. See Section +1002.1. + +COMPRESSED GAS. See Section 3002.1. + +COMPRESSED GAS CONTAINER. See Section 3002.1. + +COMPRESSED GAS SYSTEM. See Section 3002.1. + +CONSTANTLY ATTENDED LOCATION. See Section +902.1. + +CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS. The written, graphic +and pictorial documents prepared or assembled for describing +the design, location and physical characteristics of the ele- +ments of the project necessary for obtaining a permit. + + + +CONTAINER. See Section 2702.1. + +CONTAINMENT SYSTEM. See Section 3702.1. + +CONTAINMENT VESSEL. See Section 3702.1. + +CONTINUOUS GAS DETECTION SYSTEM. See Section +1802.1. + +CONTROL AREA. See Section 2702.1. + +[B] CORRIDOR. See Section 1002.1. + +COTTON. See Section 2902.1. + +Baled cotton. See Section 2902.1. + +Baled cotton, densely packed. See Section 2902. 1 . + +Seed cotton. See Section 2902.1. + +CORROSIVE. See Section 3102.1. + +CRYOGENIC CONTAINER. See Section 3202.1. + +CRYOGENIC FLUID. See Section 3202.1. + +CRYOGENIC VESSEL. See Section 3202.1. + +CYLINDER. See Section 2702.1. + +DAY BOX. See Section 2702.1. + +DECORATIVE MATERIALS. All materials applied over +the building interior finish for decorative, acoustical or other +effect (such as curtains, draperies, fabrics, streamers and sur- +face coverings) and all other materials utilized for decorative +effect (such as batting, cloth, cotton, hay, stalks, straw, vines, +leaves, trees, moss and similar items), including foam plastics +and materials containing foam plastics. Decorative materials +do not include floor coverings, ordinary window shades, inte- +rior finish and materials 0.025 inch (0.64 mm) or less in thick- +ness applied directly to and adhering tightly to a substrate. + +DEFLAGRATION. See Section 2702.1. + +DELUGE SYSTEM. See Section 902.1. + +DESIGN PRESSURE. See Section 2702.1. + +DETACHED BUILDING. See Section 2702.1. + +DETEARING. See Section 1502.1. + +DETECTOR, HEAT. See Section 902.1. + +DETONATING CORD. See Section 3302.1. + +DETONATION. See Section 3302.1. + +DETONATOR. See Section 3302.1. + +DIP TANK. See Section 1502.1. + +DISCHARGE SITE. See Section 3302.1. + +DISPENSING. See Section 2702.1. + +DISPENSING DEVICE, OVERHEAD TYPE. See Section +2202.1. + +DISPLAY SITE. See Section 3302.1. + +[B] DOOR, BALANCED. See Section 1002.1. + +DRAFT CURTAIN. See Section 2302.1. + +DRY-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT. See Sec- +tion 902.1. + +DRY CLEANING. See Section 1202.1. + + + +14 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +DRY CLEANING PLANT. See Section 1202.1. + +DRY CLEANING ROOM. See Sectionl202.1. + +DRY CLEANING SYSTEM. See Section 1202.1. + +[B] DWELLING UNIT. A single unit providing complete, +independent living facilities for one or more persons, including +permanent provisions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking and +sanitation. + +EARLY SUPPRESSION FAST-RESPONSE (ESFR) +SPRINKLER. See Section 2302.1. + +[B] EGRESS COURT. See Section 1002.1. + +ELECTROSTATIC FLUIDIZED BED. See Section 1502. 1 . + +EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM. See Section 902.1. + +EMERGENCY CONTROL STATION. See Section 1 802. 1 . + +[B] EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE OPENING. + +See Section 1002.1. + +EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILL. See Section 402. 1 . + +EMERGENCY SHUTOFF VALVE. A valve designed to +shut off the flow of gases or liquids. + +EMERGENCY SHUTOFF VALVE, AUTOMATIC. A + +fail-safe automatic-closing valve designed to shut off the flow +of gases or liquids initiated by a control system that is activated +by automatic means. + +EMERGENCY SHUTOFF VALVE, MANUAL. A manu- +ally operated valve designed to shut off the flow of gases or liq- +uids. + +EMERGENCY VOICE/ALARM COMMUNICATIONS. + +See Section 902.1. + +EXCESS FLOW CONTROL. See Section 2702.1. + +EXCESS FLOW VALVE. See Section 3702.1. + +EXHAUSTED ENCLOSURE. See Section 2702.1. + +EXISTING. Buildings, facihties or conditions which are +already in existence, constructed or officially authorized prior +to the adoption of this code. + +[B] EXIT. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] EXIT ACCESS. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] EXIT DISCHARGE. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] EXIT DISCHARGE, LEVEL OE See Section 1002.1. + +[B] EXIT ENCLOSURE. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] EXIT, HORIZONTAL. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] EXIT PASSAGEWAY. See Section 1002.1. + +EXPANDED PLASTIC. See Section 2302.1. + +EXPLOSION. See Section 2702.1. + +EXPLOSIVE. See Section 3302.1. + +High Explosive. See Section 3302.1. + +Low Explosive. See Section 3302.1. + +Mass-detonating Explosives. See Section 3302.1. + +UN/DOTn Class 1 Explosives. See Section 3302.1. + + + +Division 1.1. See Section 3302.1. +Division 1.2. See Section 3302.1. +Division 1.3. See Section 3302.1. +Division 1.4. See Section 3302. 1 . +Division 1.5. See Section 3302. 1 . +Division 1.6. See Section 3302.1. +EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL. See Section 3302.1. + +EXTRA-HIGH-RACK COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE. See + +Section 2302.1. + +FABRICATION AREA. See Section 1802.1. + +FACILITY. A building or use in a fixed location including +exterior storage areas for flammable and combustible sub- +stances and hazardous materials, piers, wharves, tank farms +and similar uses. This term includes recreational vehicles, +mobile home and manufactured housing parks, sales and stor- +age lots. + +FAIL-SAFE. A design condition incorporating a feature for +automatically counteracting the effect of an anticipated possi- +ble source of failure; also, a design condition eliminating or +mitigating a hazardous condition by compensating automati- +cally for a failure or malfunction. + +FALLOUT AREA. See Section 3302.1. + +FALSE ALARM. The willful and knowing initiation or trans- +mission of a signal, message or other notification of an event of +fire when no such danger exists. + +FINES. See Section 1902.1. + +FIRE ALARM. The giving, signaling or transmission to any +public fire station, or company or to any officer or employee +thereof, whether by telephone, spoken word or otherwise, of +information to the effect that there is a fire at or near the place +indicated by the person giving, signaling, or transmitting such +information. + +FIRE ALARM BOX, MANUAL. See Section 902.1. + +FIRE ALARM CONTROL UNIT. See Section 902.1. + +FIRE ALARM SIGNAL. See Section 902.1. + +FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. See Section 902.1. + +FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROAD. See Section 502.1. + +FIRE AREA. See Section 902.1. + +FIRE CHIEF. The chief officer of the fire department serving +the jurisdiction, or a duly authorized representative. + +FIRE CODE OFFICIAL. The fire chief or other designated +authority charged with the administration and enforcement of +the code, or a duly authorized representative. + +FIRE COMMAND CENTER. See Section 502.1. + +FIRE DEPARTMENT MASTER KEY. See Section 502.1. + +FIRE DETECTOR, AUTOMATIC. See Section 902.1. + +[B] FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY. Any combination of a fire +door, frame, hardware, and other accessories that together pro- +vide a specific degree of fire protection to the opening. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +15 + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +[B] FIRE EXIT HARDWARE. See Section 1002.1. + +FIRE LANE. See Section 502.1. + +[B] FIRE PARTITION. A vertical assembly of materials +designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are pro- +tected. + +FIRE POINT. See Section 3402. 1 . + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM. See Section 902.1. + +FIRE SAFETY FUNCTIONS. See Section 902.1. + +FIRE WATCH. A temporary measure intended to ensure con- +tinuous and systematic surveillance of a building or portion +thereof by one or more qualified individuals for the purposes of +identifying and controlling fire hazards, detecting early signs +of unwanted fire, raising an alarm of fire and notifying the fire +department. + +FIREWORKS. See Section 3302.1. + +Fireworks, 1.4G. See Section 3302.1. + +Fireworks, 1.3G. See Section 3302.1. +FIREWORKS DISPLAY. See Section 3302.1. +FLAMMABLE CRYOGENIC FLUID. See Section 3202. 1 . +FLAMMABLE FINISHES. See Section 1502.1. +FLAMMABLE GAS. See Section 3502.1. +FLAMMABLE LIQUEFIED GAS. See Section 3502.1. +FLAMMABLE LIQUID. See Section 3402.1. + +Class lA. See Section 3402.1. + +Class IB. See Section 3402.1. + +Class IC. See Section 3402.1. + +FLAMMABLE MATERIAL. A material capable of being +readily ignited from common sources of heat or at a tempera- +ture of 600°F (316°C) or less. + +FLAMMABLE SOLID. See Section 3602.1. + +FLAMMABLE VAPOR AREA. See Section 1502.1. + +FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR FUMES. See Section 2702. 1 . + +FLASH POINT. See Section 3402.1. + +FLEET VEHICLE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING +FACILITY. See Section 2202.1. + +[B] FLOOR AREA, GROSS. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] FLOOR AREA, NET. See Section 1002.1. + +FLUIDIZED BED. See Section 1502.1. + +FOAM-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See Section 902.1. + +[B] FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING. See Sec- +tion 1002.1. + +FUEL LIMIT SWITCH. See Section 3402.1. + +FUMIGANT. See Section 1702.1. + +FUMIGATION. See Section 1702.1. + +FURNACE CLASS A. See Section 2102.1. + +FURNACE CLASS B. See Section 2102.1. + + + +FURNACE CLASS C. See Section 2102.1. + +FURNACE CLASS D. See Section 2102.1. + +GAS CABINET. See Section 2702.1. + +GAS ROOM. See Section 2702.1. + +[B] GRANDSTAND. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] GUARD. See Section 1002.1. + +HALOGENATED EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. See Sec- +tion 902.1. + +HANDLING. See Section 2702.1. + +[B] HANDRAIL. See Section 1002.1. + +HAZARDOUS MATERIAL. See Section 2702.1. + +HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION MATERIAL (HPM). See + +Section 1802.1. + +HEALTH HAZARD. See Section 2702.1. + +HELIPORT. See Section 1102.1. + +HELISTOR See Section 1102.1. + +HI-BOY. See Section 302.1. + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE. See Section +2302.1. + +HIGH-PILED STORAGE AREA. See Section 2302.1. + +HIGHLY TOXIC. See Section 3702.1. + +HIGHLY VOLATILE LIQUID. A liquefied compressed gas +with a boiling point of less than 68°F (20°C). + +HIGHWAY. See Section 3302.1. + +HOGGED MATERIALS. See Section 1902.1. + +[M] HOOD. See Section 602.1. + +Type L See Section 602.1. + +HOT WORK. See Section 2602.1. + +HOT WORK AREA. See Section 2602.1. + +HOT WORK EQUIPMENT. See Section 2602.1. + +HOT WORK PERMITS. See Section 2602.1. + +HOT WORK PROGRAM. See Section 2602.1. + +HPM FLAMMABLE LIQUID. See Section 1802.1. + +HPM ROOM. See Section 1802.1. + +IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH +(IDLH). See Section 2702.1. + +IMPAIRMENT COORDINATOR. See Section 902.1. + +INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. See Section 2702.1. + +INHABITED BUILDING. See Section 3302.1. + +INITLVTING DEVICE. See Section 902.1. + +IRRITANT. A chemical which is not corrosive, but which +causes a reversible inflammatory effect on living tissue by +chemical action at the site of contact. A chemical is a skin irri- +tant if, when tested on the intact skin of albino rabbits by the +methods of CPSC 16CFR Part 1500.41 for an exposure of four +or more hours or by other appropriate techniques, it results in + + + +16 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +an empirical score of 5 or more. A chemical is classified as an +eye irritant if so determined under the procedure listed in CPSC +16CFR Part 1500.42 or other approved techniques. + +KEY BOX. See Section 502.1. + +LABELED. Equipment or material to which has been attached +a label, symbol or other identifying mark of a nationally recog- +nized testing laboratory, inspection agency or other organiza- +tion concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic +inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, +and by whose labeling is indicated compliance with nationally +recognized standards or tests to determine suitable usage in a +specified manner. + +LIMITED SPRAYING SPACE. See Section 1502.1. + +LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG). See Section 2202.1. + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LP-gas). See Section +3802.1. + +LIQUID. See Section 2702.1. + +LIQUID STORAGE ROOM. See Section 3402.1. + +I LIQUID STORAGE WAREHOUSE. See Section 3402.1. + +LISTED. Equipment or materials included on a list published +by an approved testing laboratory, inspection agency or other +organization concerned with current product evaluation that +maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equip- +ment or materials, and whose listing states that equipment or +materials comply with approved nationally recognized stan- +dards and have been tested or evaluated and found suitable for +use in a specified manner. + +LONGITUDINAL FLUE SPACE. See Section 2302.1. + +LOW-PRESSURE TANK. See Section 3202.1. + +LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL). See Section 2702.1. + +LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL). See Section +2702.1. + +MAGAZINE. See Section 3302.1. + +Indoor. See Section 3302.1. + +lype 1. See Section 3302. 1 . + +Type 2. See Section 3302.1. + +Type 3. See Section 3302.1. + +Type 4. See Section 3302.1. + +Type 5. See Section 3302.1. +MAGNESIUM. See Section 3602.1. +MANUAL FIRE ALARM BOX. See Section 902.1. +MANUAL STOCKING METHODS. See Section 2302.1. + +MARINE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITY. See + +Section 2202.1. + +MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS). See Section +2702.1. + +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CON- +TROL AREA. See Section 2702.1. + +[B] MEANS OF EGRESS. See Section 1002.1. + + + +MECHANICAL STOCKING METHODS. See Section +2302.1. + +MEMBRANE STRUCTURE. See Section 2402.1. + +[B] MERCHANDISE PAD. See Section 1002. + +MOBILE FUELING. See Section 3402.1. + +MORTAR. See Section 3302.1. + +MULTIPLE-STATION ALARM DEVICE. See Section +902.1. + +MULTIPLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. See Section +902.1. + +NESTING. See Section 3002.1. + +NET EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT (net weight). See Section +3302.1. + +NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (NTP). + +See Section 2702.1. + +[B] NOSING. See Section 1002.1. + +NUISANCE ALARM. See Section 902.1. + +OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION. For the purposes of this +code, certain occupancies are defined as follows: + +[B] Assembly Group A. Assembly Group A occupancy +includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or +a portion thereof, for the gathering together of persons for +purposes such as civic, social or religious functions; recre- +ation, food or drink consumption; or awaiting transporta- +tion. + +Exceptions: + +1. A building used for assembly purposes with an +occupant load of less than 50 persons shall be clas- +sified as a Group B occupancy. + +2. A room or space used for assembly purposes with +an occupant load of less than 50 persons and acces- +sory to another occupancy shall be classified as a +Group B occupancy or classified as part of that +occupancy. + +3 . A room or space used for assembly purposes that is +less than 750 square feet (70 m^) in area and is +accessory to another occupancy shall be classified +as a Group B occupancy or classified as part of that +occupancy. + +Assembly occupancies shall include the following: + +A-1 Assembly uses, usually with fixed seating, intended +for the production and viewing of performing arts or +motion pictures including but not limited to: + +Motion picture theaters + +Symphony and concert halls + +Televison and radio studios admitting an audience + +Theaters + +A-2 Assembly uses intended for food and/or drink con- +sumption including, but not limited to: + +Banquet halls +Night clubs + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +17 + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +Restaurants +Taverns and bars + +A-3 Assembly uses intended for worship, recreation or +amusement and other assembly uses not classified else- +where in Group A, including, but not limited to: + +Amusement arcades + +Art galleries + +Bowhng alleys + +Community halls + +Courtrooms + +Dance halls (not including food or drink + +consumption) + +Exhibition halls + +Funeral parlors + +Gynmasiums (without spectator seating) + +Indoor swimming pools (without spectator seating) + +Indoor tennis courts (without spectator seating) + +Lecture halls + +Libraries + +Museums + +Places of religious worship + +Pool and billiard parlors + +Waiting areas in transportation terminals + +A-4 Assembly uses intended for viewing of indoor sport- +ing events and activities with spectator seating including, +but not limited to: + +Arenas +Skating rinks +Swimming pools +Tennis courts + +A-5 Assembly uses intended for participation in or view- +ing outdoor activities including, but not limited to: + +Amusement park structures + +Bleachers + +Grandstands + +Stadiums + +[B] Business Group B. Business Group B occupancy +includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or +a portion thereof, for office, professional or service-type +transactions, including storage of records and accounts. +Business occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, +the following: + +Airport traffic control towers + +Animal hospitals, kennels and pounds + +Banks + +Barber and beauty shops + +Car wash + +Civic administration + +Clinic — outpatient + +Dry cleaning and laundries; pick-up and delivery sta- +tions and self-service + +Educational occupancies for students above the 12th +grade + +Electronic data processing + +Laboratories; testing and research + +Motor vehicle showrooms + +Post offices + + + +Print shops + +Professional services (architects, attorneys, dentists, + +physicians, engineers, etc.) +Radio and television stations +Telephone exchanges +Training and skill development not within a school or + +academic program + +[B] Educational Group E. Educational Group E occu- +pancy includes, among others, the use of a building or struc- +ture, or a portion thereof, by six or more persons at any one +time for educational purposes through the 12th grade. Reli- +gious educational rooms and religious auditoriums, which +are accessory to places of religious worship in accordance +with Section 508.3.1 of the International Building Code and +have occupant loads of less than 100, shall be classified as +Group A-3 occupancies. + +Day care. The use of a building or structure, or portion +thereof, for educational, supervision or personal care +services for more than five children older than 2V2 years +of age shall be classified as an E occupancy. + +[B] Factory Industrial Group F. Factory Industrial Group +F occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or +structure, or a portion thereof, for assembling, disassem- +bling, fabricating, finishing, manufacturing, packaging, +repair or processing operations that are not classified as a +Group H high-hazard or Group S storage occupancy. + +Factory Industrial F-1 Moderate-hazard Occupancy. + +Factory Industrial uses which are not classified as Fac- +tory Industrial Group F-2 shall be classified as F-1 Mod- +erate Hazard and shall include, but not be limited to, the +following: + +Aircraft + +Appliances + +Athletic equipment + +Automobiles and other motor vehicles + +Bakeries + +Beverages; over 12 percent in alcohol content + +Bicycles + +Boats + +Brooms or brushes + +Business machines + +Cameras and photo equipment + +Canvas and similar fabric + +Carpet and rugs (includes cleaning) + +Disinfectants + +Dry cleaning and dyeing + +Electric generation plants + +Electronics + +Engines (including rebuilding) + +Food processing + +Furniture + +Hemp products + +Jute products + +Laundries + +Leather products + +Machinery + +Metals + +Millwork (sash and doors) + + + +18 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +Motion picture and television filming (without + +spectators) +Musical instruments +Optical goods +Paper mills or products +Photographic film +Plastic products +Printing or publishing +Recreational vehicles +Refuse incineration +Shoes + +Soaps and detergents +Textiles +Tobacco +Trailers +Upholstering +Wood; distillation +Woodworking (cabinet) + +[B] Factory Industrial F-2 Low-hazard Occu- +pancy. Factory industrial uses involving the fabrica- +tion or manufacturing of noncombustible materials +which, during finishing, packaging or processing do +not involve a significant fire hazard, shall be classified +as Group F-2 occupancies and shall include, but not +be limited to, the following: + +Beverages; up to and including 12 percent alcohol + +content +Brick and masonry +Ceramic products +Foundries +Glass products +Gypsum +Ice +Metal products (fabrication and assembly) + +High-hazard Group H. High-hazard Group H occupancy +includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or +a portion thereof, that involves the manufacturing, process- +ing, generation or storage of materials that constitute a +physical or health hazard in quantities in excess of quanti- +ties allowed in control areas constructed and located as +required in Section 2703.8.3. Hazardous uses are classified +in Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5 and shall be in accor- +dance with this code and the requirements of Section 415 of +the International Building Code. + +Exceptions: The following shall not be classified in +Group H, but shall be classified in the occupancy that +they most nearly resemble: + +1. Buildings and structures that contain not more +than the maximum allowable quantities per con- +trol area of hazardous materials as shown in +Tables 2703.1.1(1) and 2703.1.1(2), provided +that such buildings are maintained in accordance +with this code. + +2. Buildings utilizing control areas in accordance +with Section 2703.8.3 that contain not more than +the maximum allowable quantities per control + + + +area of hazardous materials as shown in Tables +2703.1.1(1) and 2703.1.1(2). + +3. Buildings and structures occupied for the appli- +cation of flanmiable finishes, provided that such +buildings or areas conform to the requirements of +Section 416 of the International Building Code +and Chapter 15 of this code. + +4. Wholesale and retail sales and storage of flam- +mable and combustible liquids in mercantile +occupancies conforming to Chapter 34. + +5. Closed piping systems containing flammable or +combustible liquids or gases utilized for the oper- +ation of machinery or equipment. + +6. Cleaning establishments that utilize combustible +liquid solvents having a flash point of 140°F +(60°C) or higher in closed systems employing +equipment listed by an approved testing agency, +provided that this occupancy is separated from +all other areas of the building by 1 -hour fire barri- +ers constructed in accordance with Section 706 +of the International Building Code or 1 -hour hor- +izontal assemblies constructed in accordance +with Section 711 of the International Building +Code, or both. + +7. Cleaning establishments that utilize a liquid sol- +vent having a flash point at or above 200°F +(93°C). + +8. Liquor stores and distributors without bulk stor- +age. + +9. Refrigeration systems. + +1 0. The storage or utilization of materials for agricul- +tural purposes on the premises. + +11. Stationary batteries utilized for facility emer- +gency power, uninterrupted power supply or +telecommunication facilities, provided that the +batteries are provided with safety venting caps +and ventilation is provided in accordance with +the International Mechanical Code. + +12. Corrosives shall not include personal or house- +hold products in their original packaging used in +retail display or commonly used building materi- +als. + +13. Buildings and structures occupied for aerosol +storage shall be classified as Group S- 1 , provided +that such buildings conform to the requirements +of Chapter 28. + +14. Display and storage of nonflammable solid and +nonflanraiable or noncombustible liquid hazard- +ous materials in quantities not exceeding the +maximum allowable quantity per control area in +Group M or S occupancies complying with Sec- +tion 2703.8.3.5. + +15. The storage of black powder, smokeless propel- +lant and small arms primers in Groups M and R-3 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +19 + + + +DERNITIONS + + + +and special industrial explosive devices in +Groups B, F, M and S, provided such storage +conforms to the quantity limits and requirements +of this code. + +High-hazard Group H-1. Buildings and structures con- +taining materials that pose a detonation hazard, shall be +classified as Group H-1 . Such materials shall include, but +not be limited to, the following: + +Explosives: +Division 1.1 +Division 1.2 +Division 1.3 + +Exception: Materials that are used and main- +tained in a form where either confinement or +configuration will not elevate the hazard from a +mass fire to mass explosion hazard shall be +allowed in Group H-2 occupancies. + +Division 1.4 + +Exception: Articles, including articles pack- +aged for shipment, that are not regulated as an +explosive under Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco +and Firearms regulations, or unpackaged arti- +cles used in process operations that do not prop- +agate a detonation or deflagration between +articles shall be allowed in Group H-3 occupan- +cies. + +Division 1.5 +Division 1.6 + +Organic peroxides, unclassified detonable + +Oxidizers, Class 4 + +Unstable (reactive) materials. Class 3 detonable, and + +Class 4 +Detonable pyrophoric materials + +High-hazard Group H-2. Buildings and structures con- +taining materials that pose a deflagration hazard or a haz- +ard from accelerated burning, shall be classified as +Group H-2. Such materials shall include, but not be lim- +ited to, the following: + +Class I, or II or IIIA flammable or combustible liq- +uids which are used or stored in normally open con- +tainers or systems, or in closed containers or +systems pressurized at more than 15 pounds per +square inch (103.4 kPa) gauge + +Combustible dusts + +Cryogenic fluids, flammable + +Flammable gases + +Organic peroxides. Class I + +Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally +open containers or systems, or in closed containers +or systems pressurized at more than 15 pounds per +square inch (103.4 kPa) gauge + +Pyrophoric liquids, solids and gases, nondetonable + +Unstable (reactive) materials. Class 3, nondetonable + +Water-reactive materials. Class 3 + +High-hazard Group H-3. Buildings and structures con- +taining materials that readily support combustion or that + + + +pose a physical hazard shall be classified as Group H-3. +Such materials shall include, but not be limited to, the +following: + +Class I, II or IIIA flammable or combustible liquids +that are used or stored in normally closed +containers or systems pressurized at 15 pounds per +square inch gauge (103.4 kPa) or less + +Combustible fibers, other than densely packed baled +cotton + +Consumer fireworks, 1.4G (Class C, Common) + +Cryogenic fluids, oxidizing + +Flammable solids + +Organic peroxides. Class II and III + +Oxidizers, Class 2 + +Oxidizers, Class 3, that are used or stored in normally +closed containers or systems pressurized at 15 +pounds per square inch gauge (103 kPa) or less. + +Oxidizing gases + +Unstable (reactive) materials. Class 2 + +Water-reactive materials. Class 2 + +High-hazard Group H-4. Buildings and structures +which contain materials that are health hazards shall be +classified as Group H-4. Such materials shall include, but +not be limited to, the following: + +Corrosives + +Highly toxic materials + +Toxic materials + +High-hazard Group H-5. Semiconductor fabrication +facilities and comparable research and development +areas in which hazardous production materials (HPM) +are used and the aggregate quantity of materials is in +excess of those listed in Tables 2703.1.1(1) and +2703 . 1 . 1 (2) shall be classified as Group H-5 . Such facih- +ties and areas shall be designed and constructed in accor- +dance with Section 415.8 of the International Building +Code. + +[B] Institutional Group I. Institutional Group I occupancy +includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or +a portion thereof, in which people, cared for or living in a +supervised environment and having physical limitations +because of health or age, are harbored for medical treatment +or other care or treatment, or in which people are detained +for penal or correctional purposes or in which the liberty of +the occupants is restricted. Institutional occupancies shall +be classified as Group I-l, 1-2, 1-3 or 1-4. + +Group I-l. This occupancy shall include buildings, +structures or parts thereof housing more than 16 persons, +on a 24-hour basis, who because of age, mental disability +or other reasons, live in a supervised residential environ- +ment that provides personal care services. The occupants +are capable of responding to an emergency situation +without physical assistance from staff. This group shall +include, but not be limited to, the following: + +Alcohol and drug centers +Assisted living facilities +Congregate care facilities +Convalescent facilities + + + +20 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +Group homes + +Half-way houses + +Residential board and care facilities + +Social rehabilitation facilities + +A facility such as the above with five or fewer persons +shall be classified as Group R-3 or shall comply with the +International Residential Code in accordance with Sec- +tion 101 .2 of the International Building Code. A facility +such as above, housing at least six and not more than 16 +persons, shall be classified as Group R-4. + +[B] Group 1-2. This occupancy shall include buildings +and structures used for medical, surgical, psychiatric, +nursing or custodial care on a 24-hour basis of more than +five persons who are not capable of self-preservation. +This group shall include, but not be limited to, the fol- +lowing: + +Hospitals + +Nursing homes (both intermediate care facilities and + +skilled nursing facilities) + +Mental hospitals + +Detoxification facilities + +A facility such as the above with five or fewer persons +shall be classified as Group R-3 or shall comply with the +International Residential Code in accordance with Sec- +tion 101.2 of the International Building Code. + +Group 1-3. This occupancy shall include buildings and +structures which are inhabited by more than five persons +who are under restraint or security. An 1-3 facility is occu- +pied by persons who are generally incapable of self-pres- +ervation due to security measures not under the occupants ' +control. This group shall include, but not be limited to, the +following: + +Correctional centers + +Detention centers + +Jails + +Prerelease centers + +Prisons + +Reformatories + +Buildings of Group 1-3 shall be classified as one of the +occupancy conditions indicated below: + +Condition 1. This occupancy condition shall include +buildings in which free movement is allowed from +sleeping areas and other spaces where access or occu- +pancy is permitted, to the exterior via means of egress +without restraint. A Condition 1 facility is permitted +to be constructed as Group R. + +Condition 2. This occupancy condition shall include +buildings in which free movement is allowed from +sleeping areas and any other occupied smoke com- +partment to one or more other smoke compartments. +Egress to the exterior is impeded by locked exits. + +Condition 3. This occupancy condition shall include +buildings in which free movement is allowed within +individual smoke compartments, such as within a +residential unit comprised of individual sleeping units +and group activity spaces, where egress is impeded by + + + +remote-controlled release of means of egress from +such smoke compartment to another smoke compart- +ment. + +Condition 4. This occupancy condition shall include +buildings in which free movement is restricted from +an occupied space. Remote-controlled release is +provided to permit movement from sleeping units, +activity spaces and other occupied areas within the +smoke compartment to other smoke compartments. + +Condition 5. This occupancy condition shall include +buildings in which free movement is restricted from +an occupied space. Staff-controlled manual release is +provided to permit movement from sleeping units, +activity spaces and other occupied areas within the +smoke compartment to other smoke compartments. + +Group 1-4, day care facilities. This group shall include +buildings and structures occupied by persons of any age +who receive custodial care for less than 24 hours by individ- +uals other than parents or guardians, relatives by blood mar- +riage, or adoption, and in a place other than the home of the +person cared for. A faciUty such as the above with five or +fewer persons shall be classified as Group R-3 or shall com- +ply with the International Residential Code in accordance +with Section 101.2 of the International Building Code. +Places of worship during religious functions are not +included. + +Adult care facility. A facility that provides accom- +modations for less than 24 hours for more than five +unrelated adults and provides supervision and per- +sonal care services shall be classified as Group 1-4. + +Exception: Where the occupants are capable of +responding to an emergency situation without +physical assistance from the staff the facility shall +be classified as Group A-3. + +Child care facility. A facility that provides supervi- +sion and personal care on less than a 24-hour basis for +more than five children 272 years of age or less shall +be classified as Group 1-4. + +Exception: A child day care facility which pro- +vides care for more than five but no more than 100 +children 2'/2 years or less of age, when the rooms +where such children are cared for are located on +the level of exit discharge and each of these child +care rooms has an exit door directly to the exterior, +shall be classified as Group E. + +[B] Mercantile Group M. Mercantile Group M occupancy +includes, among others, buildings and structures or a por- +tion thereof, for the display and sale of merchandise, and +involves stocks of goods, wares or merchandise incidental +to such purposes and accessible to the public. Mercantile +occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, the follow- +ing. + +Department stores + +Drug stores + +Markets + +Motor fuel-dispensing facihties + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +21 + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +Retail or wholesale stores +Sales rooms + +[B] Residential Group R. Residential Group R includes, +among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion +thereof, for sleeping purposes when not classified as an +Institutional Group I or when not regulated by the Interna- +tional Residential Code in accordance with SectionlOl.2 of +the International Building Code. Residential occupancies +shall include the following: + +R-1 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units +where the occupants are primarily transient in nature, +including: + +Boarding houses (transient) +Hotels (transient) +Motels (transient) + +R-2 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or +m ore than two dwelling units where the occupants are +primarily permanent in nature, including: + +Apartment houses + +Boarding houses (not transient) + +Convents + +Dormitories + +Fraternities and sororities + +Hotels (nontransient) + +Monasteries + +Motels (nontransient) + +Vacation timeshare properties + +Congregate living facilities with 16 or fewer occupants +are permitted to comply with the construction requirements +for Group R-3. + +R-3 Residential occupancies where the occupants are +primarily permanent in nature and not classified as R-1, +R-2, R-4 or I, including: + +Buildings that do not contain more than two dwelling + +units +Adult care facilities that provide accommodations for + +five or fewer persons of any age for less than 24 + +hours +Child care facilities that provide accommodations for + +five or fewer persons of any age for less than 24 + +hours +Congregate living facilities with 16 or fewer persons. + +Adult and child care facilities that are within a sin- +gle-family home are permitted to comply with the Inter- +national Residential Code. + +R-4 Residential occupancies shall include buildings +arranged for occupancy as residential care/assisted liv- +ing facilities including more than five but not more than +16 occupants, excluding staff. + +Group R-4 occupancies shall meet the requirements +for construction as defined in the International Building +Code for Group R-3, except as otherwise provided for in +that code, or shall comply with the International Resi- +dential Code. + +[B] Storage Group S. Storage Group S occupancy +includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or + + + +a portion thereof, for storage that is not classified as a haz- +ardous occupancy. + +Moderate-hazard storage, Group S-1. Buildings +occupied for storage uses that are not classified as Group +S-2, including, but not limited to, storage of the follow- +ing: + +Aerosols, Levels 2 and 3 + +Aircraft repair hangar + +Bags; cloth, burlap and paper + +Bamboos and rattan + +Baskets + +Belting; canvas and leather + +Books and paper in rolls or packs + +Boots and shoes + +Buttons, including cloth covered, pearl or bone + +Cardboard and cardboard boxes + +Clothing, woolen wearing apparel + +Cordage + +Dry boat storage (indoor) + +Furniture + +Furs + +Glues, mucilage, pastes and size + +Grains + +Horns and combs, other than celluloid + +Leather + +Linoleum + +Lumber + +Motor vehicle repair garages (complying with the +International Building Code and containing less +than the maximum allowable quantities of hazard- +ous materials) + +Photo engravings + +Resilient flooring + +Silks + +Soaps + +Sugar + +Tires, bulk storage of + +Tobacco, cigars, cigarettes and snuff + +Upholstery and mattresses + +Wax candles + +Low-hazard storage, Group S-2. Includes, among oth- +ers, buildings used for the storage of noncombustible +materials such as products on wood pallets or in paper +cartons with or without single thickness divisions; or in +paper wrappings. Such products may have a negligible +amount of plastic trim such as knobs, handles, or film +wrapping. Storage uses shall include, but not be limited +to, storage of the following: + +Aircraft hangar + +Asbestos + +Beverages up to and including 12-percent alcohol in + +metal, glass or ceramic containers +Cement in bags +Chalk and crayons + +Dairy products in nonwaxed coated paper containers +Dry cell batteries +Electrical coils +Electrical motors +Empty cans + + + +22 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +Food products + +Foods in noncombustible containers + +Fresh fruits and vegetables in nonplastic trays or + +containers +Frozen foods +Glass +Glass bottles, empty or filled with noncombustible + +liquids +Gypsum board +Inert pigments +Ivory + +Metal desks with plastic tops and trim +Metal parts +Metals +Mirrors + +Oil-filled and other types of distribution transformers +Parking garages (open or enclosed) +Porcelain and pottery +Stoves + +Talc and soapstones +Washers and dryers + +[B] Miscellaneous Group U. Buildings and structures of an +accessory character and miscellaneous structures not classi- +fied in any specific occupancy shall be constructed, +equipped and maintained to conform to the requirements of +this code commensurate with the fire and life hazard inci- +dental to their occupancy. Group U shall include, but not be +limited to, the following: + +Agricultural buildings + +Aircraft hangar, accessory to a one- or two-family + +residence (see Section 412.3 of the International + +Building Code) +Bams +Carports + +Fences more than 6 feet (1829 mm) high +Grain silos, accessory to a residential occupancy +Greenhouses +Livestock shelters +Private garages +Retaining walls +Sheds +Stables +Tanks +Towers + +[B] OCCUPANT LOAD. See Section 1002.1. + +OPEN BURNING. See Section 302.1. + +OPEN SYSTEM. The use of a solid or liquid hazardous mate- +rial involving a vessel or system that is continuously open to the +atmosphere during normal operations and where vapors are +liberated, or the product is exposed to the atmosphere during +normal operations. Examples of open systems for solids and +liquids include dispensing from or into open beakers or con- +tainers, dip tank and plating tank operations. + +OPERATING BUILDING. See Section 3302.1. + +I OPERATING LINE. See Section 3302.1. + +OPERATING PRESSURE. The pressure at which a system +operates. + + + +ORGANIC COATING. See Section2002.1. + +ORGANIC PEROXIDE. See Section 3902.1. + +Class L See Section 3902.1. + +Class IL See Section 3902.1. + +Class m. See Section 3902.1. + +Class IV. See Section 3902.1. + +Class V. See Section 3902.1. + +Unclassified detonable. See Section 3902.1. + +OUTDOOR CONTROL AREA. See Section 2702.1. + +OVERCROWDING. A condition that exists when either +there are more people in a building, structure or portion thereof +than have been authorized or posted by the fire code official, or +when the fire code official determines that a threat exists to the +safety of the occupants due to persons sitting and/or standing in +locations that may obstruct or impede the use of aisles, pas- +sages, corridors, stairways, exits or other components of the +means of egress. + +OWNER. A corporation, firm, partnership, association, orga- +nization and any other group acting as a unit, or a person who +has legal title to any structure or premises with or without +accompanying actual possession thereof, and shall include the +duly authorized agent or attorney, a purchaser, devisee, fidu- +ciary and any person having a vested or contingent interest in +the premises in question. + +OXIDIZER. See Section 4002.1. + +Class 4. See Section 4002.1. +Class 3. See Section 4002.1. +Class 2. See Section 4002.1. +Class 1. See Section 4002.1. + +OXIDIZING GAS. See Section 4002.1. + +OZONE-GAS GENERATOR. See Section 3702.1. + +[B] PANIC HARDWARE. See Section 1002.1. + +PASS-THROUGH. See Section 1802.1. + +PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL). See Section +2702.1. + +PESTICIDE. See Section 2702.1. + +PHYSICAL HAZARD. See Section 2702.1. + +PHYSIOLOGICAL WARNING THRESHOLD. See Sec- +tion 3702.1. + +PLOSOPHORIC MATERIAL. See Section 3302.1. + +PLYWOOD and VENEER MILLS. See Section 1902.1. + +POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCK. See Section 302.1. + +PRESSURE VESSEL. See Section 2702. 1 . + +PRIMARY CONTAINMENT. The first level of contain- +ment, consisting of the inside portion of that container which +comes into immediate contact on its inner surface with the +material being contained. + +PROCESS TRANSFER. See Section 3402.1. + +PROPELLANT. See Section 2802.1. + +PROXIMATE AUDIENCE. See Section 3302.1. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +23 + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +PUBLIC TRAFFIC ROUTE (PTR). See Section 3302.1. +[B] PUBLIC WAY. See Section 1002.1. +PYROPHORIC. See Section 4102.1. +PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION. See Section 3302.1. +PYROTECHNIC SPECIAL EFFECT. See Section 3302.1. + +PYROTECHNIC SPECIAL-EFFECT MATERIAL. See + +Section 3302.1. + +QUANTITY-DISTANCE (Q-D). See Section 3302.1. + +Minimum Separation Distance (D^). See Section 3302. 1 . +Intraline Distance (ILD) or Intraplant Distance (IPD). + +See Section 3302.1. +Inhabited Building Distance (IBD). See Section 3302.1. +I Intermagazine Distance (IMD). See Section 3302. 1 . + +RAILWAY. See Section 3302.1. + +[B] RAMP. See Section 1002.1. + +RAW PRODUCT. See Section 1902.1. + +READY BOX. See Section 3302.1. + +RECORD DRAWINGS. See Section 902.1. + +RECREATIONAL FIRE. See Section 302.1. + +REDUCED FLOW VALVE. See Section 3702.1. + +REFINERY. See Section 3402.1. + +REFRIGERANT. See Section 602.1. + +REFRIGERATION SYSTEM. See Section 602.1. + +[B] REGISTERED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL. An archi- +tect or engineer, registered or licensed to practice professional +architecture or engineering, as defined by the statutory require- +ments of the professional registration laws of the state in which +the project is to be constructed. + +I[B] RELIGIOUS WORSHIP, PLACE OE A building or +portion thereof intended for the performance of religious ser- +vices. + +REMOTE EMERGENCY SHUTOFF DEVICE. See Sec + +tion 3402.1. + +REMOTELY LOCATED, MANUALLY ACTIVATED +SHUTDOWN CONTROL. A control system that is designed +to initiate shutdown of the flow of gases or liquids that is manu- +ally activated from a point located some distance from the +delivery system. + +REMOTE SOLVENT RESERVOIR. See Section 3402.1. + +REPAIR GARAGE. See Section 2202.1. + +RESIN APPLICATION AREA. See Section 1502.1. + +RESPONSIBLE PERSON. See Section 2602.1. + +RETAIL DISPLAY AREA. See Section 2802.1. + +ROLL COATING. See Section 1502.1. + +RUBBISH (TRASH). Combustible and noncombustible +waste materials, including residue from the burning of coal, +wood, coke or other combustible material, paper, rags, cartons, +tin cans, metals, mineral matter, glass crockery, dust and dis- + + + +carded refrigerators, and heating, cooking or incinerator-type +appliances. + +SAFETY CAN. See Section 2702.1. + +[B] SCISSOR STAIR. See Section 1002.1. + +SECONDARY CONTAINMENT. See Section 2702.1. + +SEGREGATED. See Section 2702.1. + +SELF-SERVICE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACIL- +ITY. See Section 2202. 1 . + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITY. See + +Section 1802.1. + +SERVICE CORRIDOR. See Section 1802.1. +SHELF STORAGE. See Section 2302.1. +SINGLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. See Section 902.1. +[B] SLEEPING UNIT. See Section 902.1. +SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION. See Section 3302.1. +SMALL ARMS PRIMERS. See Section 3302.1. +SMOKE ALARM. See Section 902.1. +SMOKE DETECTOR. See Section 902.1. + +[B] SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING. See + +Section 1002.1. + +SMOKELESS PROPELLANTS. See Section 3302.1. + +SOLID. See Section 2702.1. + +SOLID SHELVING. See Section 2302.1. + +SOLVENT DISTILLATION UNIT. See Section 3402.1 + +SOLVENT OR LIQUID CLASSIFICATIONS. See Section +1202.1. + +Class I solvents. See Section 1202.1. +Class II solvents. See Section 1202.1. +Class IIIA solvents. See Section 1202.1. +Class IIIB solvents. See Section 1202.1. +Class IV solvents. See Section 1202.1. + +SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDING. A building that is +temporary, permanent or mobile that contains a device or sys- +tem that conveys passengers or provides a walkway along, +around or over a course in any direction as a form of amuse- +ment arranged so that the egress path is not readily apparent +due to visual or audio distractions or an intentionally con- +founded egress path, or is not readily available because of the +mode of conveyance through the building or structure. + +SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVE DEVICE. See Sec- +tion 3302.1. + +SPRAY BOOTH. See Section 1502.1. + +SPRAY ROOM. See Section 1502.1. + +SPRAYING SPACE. See Section 1502.1. + +[B] STAIR. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] STAIRWAY. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] STAIRWAY, EXTERIOR. See Section 1002.1. + +[B] STAIRWAY, INTERIOR. See Section 1002.1. + + + +24 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +DEFINITIONS + + + +[B] STAIRWAY, SPIRAL. See Section 1002.1. + +STANDPIPE SYSTEM, CLASSES OF. See Section 902.1. + +Class I system. See Section 902.1. +Class II system. See Section 902.1. +Class III system. See Section 902.1. + +STANDPIPE, TYPES OF. See Section 902.1. + +Automatic dry. See Section 902.1. +Automatic wet. See Section 902.1. +Manual dry. See Section 902.1. +Manual wet. See Section 902.1. +Semiautomatic dry. See Section 902.1. + +STATIC PILES. See Sectionl902.1. + +STEEL. Hot- or cold-rolled as defined by the International +Building Code. + +STORAGE, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. See Section +2702.1. + +SUPERVISING STATION. See Section 902.1. + +SUPERVISORY SERVICE. See Section 902.1. + +SUPERVISORY SIGNAL. See Section 902.1. + +SUPERVISORY SIGNAL-INITIATING DEVICE. See + +Section 902.1. + +SYSTEM. See Section 2702.1. + +TANK. A vessel containing more than 60 gallons (227 L). + +TANK, ATMOSPHERIC. See Section 2702.1. + +TANK, PORTABLE. See Section 2702.1. + +TANK, PRIMARY. See Section 3402.1. + +TANK, PROTECTED ABOVE GROUND. See Section +3402.1. + +TANK, STATIONARY. See Section 2702.1. + +TANK VEHICLE. See Section 2702.1. + +TENT. See Section 2402.1. + +THEFT RESISTANT. See Section 3302.1. + +THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING. See Section +1702.1. + +TIMBER and LUMBER PRODUCTION FACILITIES. + +See Section 1902.1. + +TIRES, BULK STORAGE OF. See Section 902.1. + +TOOL. See Section 1802.1. + +TORCH- APPLIED ROOF SYSTEM. See Section 2602.1. + +TOXIC. See Section 3702.1. + +TRANSVERSE FLUE SPACE. See Section 2302.1. + +TRASH. See "Rubbish." + +TROUBLE SIGNAL. See Section 902.1. + +UNAUTHORIZED DISCHARGE. See Section 2702.1. + +UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIAL. See Section +4302.1. + + + +Class 4. See Section 4302.1. +Class 3. See Section 4302.1. +Class 2. See Section 4302.1. +Class 1. See Section 4302.1. + +UNWANTED FIRE. A fire not used for cooking, heating or +recreational purposes or one not incidental to the normal opera- +tions of the property. + +USE (MATERIAL). See Section 2702.1. + +VAPOR PRESSURE. See Section 2702.1. + +VISIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. See + +Section 902.1. + +WATER-REACTFVE MATERIAL. See Section 4402.1. + +Class 3. See Section 4402.1. +Class 2. See Section 4402.1. +Class 1. See Section 4402.1. + +WET-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT. See Sec + +tion 902.1. + +[B] WINDER. See Section 1002.1. + +WIRELESS PROTECTION SYSTEM. See Section 902.1. + +WORKSTATION. See Section 1802.1. + +ZONE. See Section 902.1. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +25 + + + +26 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 3 + +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + + + +SECTION 301 +GENERAL + +301.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the +occupancy and maintenance of all structures and premises for +precautions against fire and the spread of fire. + +301.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Section +105.6 for the activities or uses regulated by Sections 306, 307, +308.3, 308.4, 308.5 and 315. + + + +SECTION 302 +DEFINITIONS + +302.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +BONFIRE. An outdoor fire utilized for ceremonial purposes. + +HI-BOY. A cart used to transport hot roofing materials on a +roof. + +OPEN BURNING. The burning of materials wherein prod- +ucts of combustion are emitted directly into the ambient air +without passing through a stack or chimney from an enclosed +chamber. Open burning does not include road flares, +smudgepots and similar devices associated with safety or occu- +pational uses typically considered open flames or recreational +fires. For the purpose of this definition, a chamber shall be +regarded as enclosed when, during the time combustion occurs, +only apertures, ducts, stacks, flues or chimneys necessary to +provide combustion air and permit the escape of exhaust gas +are open. + +POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCK. A forklift, tractor, +platform lift truck or motorized hand truck powered by an elec- +trical motor or internal combustion engine. Powered industrial +trucks do not include farm vehicles or automotive vehicles for +highway use. + +RECREATIONAL FIRE. An outdoor fire burning materials +other than rubbish where the fuel being burned is not contained +in an incinerator, outdoor fireplace, barbeque grill or barbeque +pit and has a total fuel area of 3 feet (914 mm) or less in diame- +ter and 2 feet (610 nmi) or less in height for pleasure, religious, +ceremonial, cooking, warmth or similar purposes. + + + +SECTION 303 +ASPHALT KETTLES + +303.1 Transporting. Asphalt (tar) kettles shall not be trans- +ported over any highway, road or street when the heat source +for the kettle is operating. + +Exception: Asphalt (tar) kettles in the process of patching +road surfaces. + + + +303.2 Location. Asphalt (tar) kettles shall not be located +within 20 feet (6096 mm) of any combustible material, com- +bustible building surface or any building opening and within a +controlled area identified by the use of traffic cones, barriers or +other approved means. Asphalt (tar) kettles and pots shall not +be utilized inside or on the roof of a building or structure. Roof- +ing kettles and operating asphalt (tar) kettles shall not block +means of egress, gates, roadways or entrances. + +303.3 Location of fuel containers. Fuel containers shall be +located at least 10 feet (3048 mm) from the burner. + +Exception: Containers properly insulated from heat or +flame are allowed to be within 2 feet (610 mm) of the burner. + +303.4 Attendant. An operating kettle shall be attended by a +minimum of one employee knowledgeable of the operations +and hazards. The employee shall be within 1(X) feet (30 480 +nmi) of the kettle and have the kettle within sight. Ladders or +similar obstacles shall not form a part of the route between the +attendant and the kettle. + +303.5 Fire extinguishers. There shall be a portable fire extin- +guisher complying with Section 906 and with a minimum +40-B:C rating within 25 feet (7620 mm) of each asphalt (tar) +kettle during the period such kettle is being utilized. +Additionally, there shall be one portable fire extinguisher with +a minimum 3-A:40-B:C rating on the roof being covered. + +303.6 Lids. Asphalt (tar) kettles shall be equipped with +tight-fitting lids. + +303.7 Hi-boys. Hi-boys shall be constructed of +noncombustible materials. Hi- boys shall be limited to a capac- +ity of 55 gallons (208 L). Fuel sources or heating elements shall +not be allowed as part of a hi-boy. + +303.8 Roofing kettles. Roofing kettles shall be constructed of +noncombustible materials. + +303.9 Fuel containers under air pressure. Fuel containers +that operate under air pressure shall not exceed 20 gallons (76 +L) in capacity and shall be approved. + + + +SECTION 304 +COMBUSTIBLE WASTE MATERIAL + +304.1 Waste accumulation prohibited. Combustible waste +material creating a fire hazard shall not be allowed to accumu- +late in buildings or structures or upon premises. + +304.1.1 Waste material. Accumulations of wastepaper, +wood, hay, straw, weeds, litter or combustible or flanmiable +waste or rubbish of any type shall not be permitted to remain +on a roof or in any court, yard, vacant lot, alley, parking lot, +open space, or beneath a grandstand, bleacher, pier, wharf, +manufactured home, recreational vehicle or other similar +structure. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +27 + + + +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + + + +304.1.2 Vegetation. Weeds, grass, vines or other growth +that is capable of being ignited and endangering property, +shall be cut down and removed by the owner or occupant of +the premises. Vegetation clearance requirements in +urban- wildland interface areas shall be in accordance with +the International Wildland- Urban Interface Code. + +304.1.3 Space underneath seats. Spaces underneath +grandstand and bleacher seats shall be kept free from com- +bustible and flammable materials. Except where enclosed in +not less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction in +accordance with the International Building Code, spaces +underneath grandstand and bleacher seats shall not be occu- +pied or utilized for purposes other than means of egress. + +304.2 Storage. Storage of combustible rubbish shall not pro- +duce conditions that will create a nuisance or a hazard to the +public health, safety or welfare. + +304.3 Containers. Combustible rubbish, and waste material +kept within a structure shall be stored in accordance with Sec- +tions 304.3.1 through 304.3.3. + +304.3.1 Spontaneous ignition. Materials susceptible to +spontaneous ignition, such as oily rags, shall be stored in a +listed disposal container. Contents of such containers shall +be removed and disposed of daily. + +304.3.2 Capacity exceeding 5.33 cubic feet. Containers +with a capacity exceeding 5.33 cubic feet (40 gallons) (0.15 +m^) shall be provided with lids. Containers and lids shall be +constructed of noncombustible materials or approved com- +bustible materials. + +304.3.3 Capacity exceeding 1.5 cubic yards. Dumpsters +and containers with an individual capacity of 1.5 cubic +yards [40.5 cubic feet (1.15 m^)] or more shall not be stored +in buildings or placed within 5 feet (1524 mm) of combusti- +ble walls, openings or combustible roof eave lines. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Dumpsters or containers in areas protected by an +approved automatic sprinkler system installed +throughout in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, +903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3. + +2. Storage in a structure shall not be prohibited where +the structure is of Type I or IIA construction, +located not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from other +buildings and used exclusively for dumpster or +container storage. + + + +SECTION 305 +IGNITION SOURCES + +305.1 Clearance from ignition sources. Clearance between +I ignition sources, such as luminaires, heaters, flame-producing + +devices and combustible materials, shall be maintained in an +approved manner. + +305.2 Hot aslies and spontaneous ignition sources. Hot + +ashes, cinders, smoldering coals or greasy or oily materials +subject to spontaneous ignition shall not be deposited in a com- +bustible receptacle, within 10 feet (3048 mm) of other combus- + + + +tible material including combustible walls and partitions or +within 2 feet (610 mm) of openings to buildings. + +Exception: The minimum required separation distance to +other combustible materials shall be 2 feet (610 mm) where +the material is deposited in a covered, noncombustible +receptacle placed on a noncombustible floor, ground sur- +face or stand. + +305.3 Open-flame warning devices. Open-flame warning +devices shall not be used along an excavation, road, or any +place where the dislodgment of such device might permit the +device to roll, fall or slide on to any area or land containing +combustible material. + +305.4 Deliberate or negligent burning. It shall be unlawful to +deliberately or through negligence set fire to or cause the burn- +ing of combustible material in such a manner as to endanger the +safety of persons or property. + + + +SECTION 306 + +MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION ROOMS + +AND FILM + +306.1 Motion picture projection rooms. Electric arc, xenon +or other light source projection equipment which develops haz- +ardous gases, dust or radiation and the projection of rib- +bon-type cellulose nitrate film, regardless of the light source +used in projection, shall be operated within a motion picture +projection room complying with Section 409 of the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +306.2 Cellulose nitrate film storage. Storage of cellulose +nitrate film shall be in accordance with NFPA 40. + + + +SECTION 307 +OPEN BURNING AND RECREATIONAL FIRES + +307.1 General. A person shall not kindle or maintain or autho- +rize to be kindled or maintained any open burning unless con- +ducted and approved in accordance with this section. + +307.1.1 Prohibited open burning. Open burning that is +offensive or objectionable because of smoke or odor emis- +sions or when atmospheric conditions or local circum- +stances make such fires hazardous shall be prohibited. + +307.2 Permit required. A permit shall be obtained from the +fire code official in accordance with Section 105.6 prior to +kindling a fire for recognized silvicultural or range or wildlife +management practices, prevention or control of disease or +pests, or a bonfire. Application for such approval shall only be +presented by and permits issued to the owner of the land upon +which the fire is to be kindled. + +307.2.1 Authorization. Where required by state or local +law or regulations, open burning shall only be permitted +with prior approval from the state or local air and water +quality management authority, provided that all conditions +specified in the authorization are followed. + +307.3 Extinguishment authority. The fire code official is +authorized to order the extinguishment by the permit holder, +another person responsible or the fire department of open bum- + + + +r + + + +28 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + + + +ing that creates or adds to a hazardous or objectionable situa- +tion. + +307.4 Location. The location for open burning shall not be less +than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from any structure, and provisions +shall be made to prevent the fire from spreading to within 50 +feet (15 240 mm) of any structure. + +Exceptions: + +1. Fires in approved containers that are not less than 15 +feet (4572 mm) from a structure. + +2. The minimum required distance from a structure shall +be 25 feet (7620 mm) where the pile size is 3 feet (914 +mm) or less in diameter and 2 feet (610 mm) or less in +height. + +307.4.1 Bonfires. A bonfire shall not be conducted within +50 feet (15 240 mm) of a structure or combustible material +unless the fire is contained in a barbecue pit. Conditions +which could cause a fire to spread within 50 feet (15 240 +mm) of a structure shall be eliminated prior to ignition. + +307.4.2 Recreational fires. Recreational fires shall not be +conducted within 25 feet (7620 mm) of a structure or com- +bustible material. Conditions which could cause a fire to +spread within 25 feet (7620 mm) of a structure shall be elim- +inated prior to ignition. + +307.5 Attendance. Open burning, bonfires or recreational fires +shall be constantly attended until the fire is extinguished. A +minimum of one portable fire extinguisher complying with +Section 906 with a minimum 4-A rating or other approved +on-site fire-extinguishing equipment, such as dirt, sand, water +barrel, garden hose or water truck, shall be available for imme- +diate utilization. + + + +SECTION 308 +OPEN FLAMES + +308.1 General. This section shall control open flames, fire and +burning on all premises. + +308.2 Where prohibited. A person shall not take or utilize an +open flame or light in a structure, vessel, boat or other place +where highly flammable, combustible or explosive material is +utilized or stored. Lighting appliances shall be well-secured in +a glass globe and wire mesh cage or a similar approved device. + +308.2.1 Throwing or placing sources of ignition. No per- +son shall throw or place, or cause to be thrown or placed, a +lighted match, cigar, cigarette, matches, or other flaming or +glowing substance or object on any surface or article where +it can cause an unwanted fire. + +308.3 Open flame. A person shall not utilize or allow to be uti- +lized, an open flame in connection with a public meeting or +gathering for purposes of deliberation, worship, entertainment, +amusement, instruction, education, recreation, awaiting trans- +portation or similar purpose in Group A or E occupancies with- +out first obtaining a permit in accordance with Section 105.6. + +308.3.1 Open-flame cooking devices. Charcoal burners +and other open-flame cooking devices shall not be operated + + + +on combustible balconies or within 10 feet (3048 mm) of +combustible construction. + +Exceptions: + +1. One- and two-family dwellings. + +2. Where buildings, balconies and decks are pro- +tected by an automatic sprinkler system. + +308.3.1.1 Liquefied-petroleum-gas-fueled cooking +devices. LP-gas burners having an LP-gas container with +a water capacity greater than 2.5 pounds [nominal 1 +pound (0.454 kg) LP-gas capacity] shall not be located +on combustible balconies or within 10 feet (3048 mm) of +combustible construction. + +Exception: One- and two-family dwelhngs. + +308.3.2 Open-flame decorative devices. Open-flame dec- +orative devices shall comply with all of the following +restrictions: + +1 . Class I and Class II liquids and LP-gas shall not be +used. + +2. Liquid- or solid-fueled lighting devices containing +more than 8 ounces (237 ml) of fuel must self-extin- +guish and not leak fuel at a rate of more than 0.25 +teaspoon per minute (1.26 ml per minute) if tipped +over. + +3. The device or holder shall be constructed to prevent +the spillage of liquid fuel or wax at the rate of more +than 0.25 teaspoon per minute (1 .26 ml per minute) +when the device or holder is not in an upright posi- +tion. + +4. The device or holder shall be designed so that it will +return to the upright position after being tilted to an +angle of 45 degrees from vertical. + +Exception: Devices that self-extinguish if +tipped over and do not spill fuel or wax at the +rate of more than 0.25 teaspoon per minute +(1.26 ml per minute) if tipped over. + +5. The flame shall be enclosed except where openings +on the side are not more than 0.375 inch (9.5 mm) +diameter or where openings are on the top and the +distance to the top is such that a piece of tissue paper +placed on the top will not ignite in 10 seconds. + +6. Chimneys shall be made of noncombustible materi- +als and securely attached to the open-flame device. + +Exception: A chimney is not required to be +attached to any open-flame device that will +self-extinguish if the device is tipped over. + +7. Fuel canisters shall be safely sealed for storage. + +8 . Storage and handling of combustible liquids shall be +in accordance with Chapter 34. + +9. Shades, where used, shall be made of +noncombustible materials and securely attached to +the open-flame device holder or chimney. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +29 + + + +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + + + +10. Candelabras with flame-lighted candles shall be +securely fastened in place to prevent overturning, +and shall be located away from occupants using the +area and away from possible contact with drapes, +curtains or other combustibles. + +308.3.3 Location near combustibles. Open flames such as +from candles, lanterns, kerosene heaters, and gas-fired heat- +ers shall not be located on or near decorative material or +similar combustible materials. + +308.3.4 Aisles and exits. Candles shall be prohibited in +areas where occupants stand, or in an aisle or exit. + +308.3.5 Religious ceremonies. When, in the opinion of the +fire code official, adequate safeguards have been taken, par- +ticipants in religious ceremonies are allowed to carry +hand-held candles. Hand-held candles shall not be passed +from one person to another while lighted. + +308.3.6 Theatrical performances. Where approved, +open-flame devices used in conjunction with theatrical per- +formances are allowed to be used when adequate safety pre- +cautions have been taken in accordance with NFPA 160. + +308.3.7 Group A occupancies. Open-flame devices shall +not be used in a Group A occupancy. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Open-flame devices are allowed to be used in the +following situations, provided approved precau- +tions are taken to prevent ignition of a combustible +material or injury to occupants: + +1.1. Where necessary for ceremonial or reli- +gious purposes in accordance with Section +308.3.5. + +1 .2. On stages and platforms as a necessary part +of a performance in accordance with Sec- +tion 308.3.6. + +1.3. Where candles on tables are securely sup- +ported on substantial noncombustible +bases and the candle flames are protected. + +2. Heat-producing equipment complying with Chap- +ter 6 and the International Mechanical Code. + +3. Gas lights are allowed to be used provided ade- +quate precautions satisfactory to the fire code offi- +cial are taken to prevent ignition of combustible +materials. + +308.3.8 Group R-2 dormitories. Candles, incense and +similar open-flame-producing items shall not be allowed in +sleeping units in Group R-2 dormitory occupancies. + +308.4 Torches for removing paint. Persons utilizing a torch or +other flame-producing device for removing paint from a struc- +ture shall provide a minimum of one portable fire extinguisher +complying with Section 906 and with a minimum 4-A rating, +two portable fire extinguishers, each with a minimum 2-A rat- +ing, or a water hose connected to the water supply on the pre- +mises where such burning is done. The person doing the +burning shall remain on the premises 1 hour after the torch or +flame-producing device is utilized. + + + +308.4.1 Permit. A permit in accordance with Section 105.6 +shall be secured from the fire code official prior to the utili- +zation of a torch or flame-producing device to remove paint +from a structure. + +308.5 Open-flame devices. Torches and other devices, +machines or processes liable to start or cause fire shall not be +operated or used in or upon hazardous fire areas, except by a +permit in accordance with Section 105.6 secured from the fire +code official. + +Exception: Use within inhabited premises or designated +campsites which are a minimum of 30 feet (9 144 mm) from +grass-, grain-, brush- or forest-covered areas. + +308.5.1 Signals and markers. Flame-employing devices, +such as lanterns or kerosene road flares, shall not be oper- +ated or used as a signal or marker in or upon hazardous fire +areas. + +Exception: The proper use of fusees at the scenes of +emergencies or as required by standard railroad operat- +ing procedures. + +308.5.2 Portable fueled open-flame devices. Portable +open-flame devices fueled by flammable or combustible +gases or liquids shall be enclosed or installed in such a man- +ner as to prevent the flame from contacting combustible +material. + +Exceptions: + +1. LP-gas-fueled devices used for sweating pipe +joints or removing paint in accordance with Chap- +ter 38. + +2. Cutting and welding operations in accordance +with Chapter 26. + +3 . Torches or flame-producing devices in accordance +with Section 308.4. + +4. Candles and open-flame decorative devices in +accordance with Section 308.3. + +308.6 Flaming food and beverage preparation. The prepara- +tion of flaming foods or beverages in places of assembly and +drinking or dining establishments shall be in accordance with +Sections 308.6.1 through 308.6.5. + +308.6.1 Dispensing. Flammable or combustible liquids +used in the preparation of flaming foods or beverages shall +be dispensed from one of the following: + +1. A 1-ounce (29.6 ml) container; or + +2. A container not exceeding 1 -quart (946.5 ml) capac- +ity with a controlled pouring device that will limit the +flow to a 1-ounce (29.6 ml) serving. + +308.6.2 Containers not in use. Containers shall be secured +to prevent spillage when not in use. + +308.6.3 Serving of flaming food. The serving of flaming +foods or beverages shall be done in a safe manner and shall +not create high flames. The pouring, ladling or spooning of +liquids is restricted to a maximum height of 8 inches (203 +mm) above the receiving receptacle. + +308.6.4 Location. Flaming foods or beverages shall be pre- +pared only in the immediate vicinity of the table being ser- + + + +30 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ + + + +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + + + +viced. They shall not be transported or carried while +burning. + +308.6.5 Fire protection. The person preparing the flaming +foods or beverages shall have a wet cloth towel immediately +available for use in smothering the flames in the event of an +emergency. + + + +SECTION 309 +POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS AND EQUIPMENT + +309.1 General. Powered industrial trucks and similar equip- +ment including, but not limited to, floor scrubbers and floor +buffers, shall be operated and maintained in accordance with +this section. + +309.2 Battery chargers. Battery chargers shall be of an +approved type. Combustible storage shall be kept a minimum +of 3 feet (915 mm) from battery chargers. Battery charging +shall not be conducted in areas accessible to the public. + +309.3 Ventilation. Ventilation shall be provided in an approved +manner in battery-charging areas to prevent a dangerous accu- +mulation of flammable gases. + +309.4 Fire extinguishers. Battery-charging areas shall be pro- +vided with a fire extinguisher complying with Section 906 hav- +ing a minimum 4-A:20-B :C rating within 20 feet (6096 mm) of +the battery charger. + +309.5 Refueling. Powered industrial trucks using liquid fuel, +LP-gas or hydrogen shall be refueled outside of buildings or in +areas specifically approved for that purpose. Fixed fuel-dis- +pensing equipment and associated fueling operations shall be +in accordance with Chapter 22. Other fuel-dispensing equip- +ment and operations, including cylinder exchange for +LP-gas-fueled vehicles, shall be in accordance with Chapter 34 +for flammable and combustible liquids or Chapter 38 for +LP-gas. + +309.6 Repairs. Repairs to fuel systems, electrical systems and +repairs utilizing open flame or welding shall be done in +approved locations outside of buildings or in areas specifically +approved for that purpose. + + + +SECTION 310 +SMOKING + +310.1 General. The smoking or carrying of a lighted pipe, +cigar, cigarette or any other type of smoking paraphernalia or +material is prohibited in the areas indicated in this section. + +310.2 Prohibited areas. Smoking shall be prohibited where +conditions are such as to make smoking a hazard, and in spaces +where flammable or combustible materials are stored or han- +dled. + +310.3 "No Smoking" signs. The fire code official is authorized +to order the posting of "No Smoking" signs in a conspicuous +location in each structure or location in which smoking is pro- +hibited. The content, lettering, size, color and location of +required "No Smoking" signs shall be approved. + + + +310.4 Removal of signs prohibited. A posted "No Smoking" +sign shall not be obscured, removed, defaced, mutilated or +destroyed. + +310.5 Compliance with "No Smoking" signs. Smoking shall +not be permitted nor shall a person smoke, throw or deposit any +lighted or smoldering substance in any place where "No Smok- +ing" signs are posted. + +310.6 Ash trays. Where smoking is permitted, suitable +noncombustible ash trays or match receivers shall be provided +on each table and at other appropriate locations. + +310.7 Burning objects. Lighted matches, cigarettes, cigars or +other burning object shall not be discarded in such a manner +that could cause ignition of other combustible material. + +310.8 Hazardous environmental conditions. When the fire +code official determines that hazardous environmental condi- +tions necessitate controlled use of smoking materials, the igni- +tion or use of such materials in mountainous, brush-covered or +forest-covered areas or other designated areas is prohibited +except in approved designated smoking areas. + + + +SECTION 311 +VACANT PREMISES + +311.1 General. Temporarily unoccupied buildings, structures, +premises or portions thereof, including tenant spaces, shall be +safeguarded and maintained in accordance with this section. + +311.1.1 Abandoned premises. Buildings, structures and +premises for which an owner cannot be identified or located +by dispatch of a certificate of mailing to the last known or +registered address, which persistently or repeatedly become +unprotected or unsecured, which have been occupied by +unauthorized persons or for illegal purposes, or which pres- +ent a danger of structural collapse or fire spread to adjacent +properties shall be considered abandoned, declared unsafe +and abated by demolition or rehabilitation in accordance +with the International Property Maintenance Code and the +International Building Code. + +311.1.2 Tenant spaceSi Storage and lease plans required by +this code shall be revised and updated to reflect temporary +or partial vacancies. + +311.2 Safeguarding vacant premises. Temporarily unoccu- +pied buildings, structures, premises or portions thereof shall be +secured and protected in accordance with this section. + +311.2.1 Security. Exterior openings and interior openings +accessible to other tenants or unauthorized persons shall be +boarded, locked, blocked or otherwise protected to prevent +entry by unauthorized individuals. + +311.2.2 Fire protection. Fire alarm, sprinkler and +standpipe systems shall be maintained in an operable condi- +tion at all times. + +Exceptions: + +1 . When the premises have been cleared of all com- +bustible materials and debris and, in the opinion of +the fire code official, the type of construction, fire +separation distance and security of the premises do +not create a fire hazard. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +31 + + + +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + + + +2. Where buildings will not be heated and fire protec- +tion systems will be exposed to freezing tempera- +tures, fire alarm and sprinkler systems are +permitted to be placed out of service and +standpipes are permitted to be maintained as dry +systems (without an automatic water supply) pro- +vided the building has no contents or storage, and +windows, doors and other openings are secured to +prohibit entry by unauthorized persons. + +311.2.3 Fire separation. Fire-resistance-rated partitions, +fire barriers, and fire walls separating vacant tenant spaces +from the remainder of the building shall be maintained. +Openings, joints, and penetrations in fire-resistance-rated +assemblies shall be protected in accordance with Chapter 7. + +311.3 Removal of combustibles. Persons owning, or in charge +or control of, a vacant building or portion thereof, shall remove +therefrom all accumulations of combustible materials, flam- +mable or combustible waste or rubbish and shall securely lock +or otherwise secure doors, windows and other openings to pre- +vent entry by unauthorized persons. The premises shall be +maintained clear of waste or hazardous materials. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Buildings or portions of buildings undergoing addi- +tions, alterations, repairs, or change of occupancy in +accordance with the International Building Code, +where waste is controlled and removed as required by +Section 304. + +2. Seasonally occupied buildings. + +311.4 Removal of hazardous materials. Persons owning or +having charge or control of a vacant building containing haz- +ardous materials regulated by Chapter 27 shall comply with the +facility closure requirements of Section 2701.6. + +311.5 Placards. Any building or structure determined to be +unsafe pursuant to Section 1 10 of this code shall be marked as +required by Sections 311.5.1 through 311.5.5. + +311.5.1 Placard location. Placards shall be applied on the +front of the structure and be visible from the street. Addi- +tional placards shall be applied to the side of each entrance +to the structure and on penthouses. + +311.5.2 Placard size and color. Placards shall be 24 inches +by 24 inches (610 mm by 610 mm) in size with a red back- +ground, white reflective stripes and a white reflective bor- +der. The stripes and border shall have a 2-inch (51 mm) +stroke. + +311.5.3 Placard date. Placards shall bear the date of their +application to the building and the date of the most recent +inspection. + +311.5.4 Placard symbols. The design of the placards shall +use the following symbols: + +1 . QThis symbol shall mean that the structure had nor- +mal structural conditions at the time of marking. + +2. [\] This symbol shall mean that structural or interior +hazards exist and interior fire-fighting or rescue oper- +ations should be conducted with extreme caution. + + + +3. ^This symbol shall mean that structural or interior +hazards exist to a degree that consideration should be +given to limit fire fighting to exterior operations only, +with entry only occurring for known life hazards. + +311.5.5 Informational use. The use of these symbols shall +be informational only and shall not in any way limit the dis- +cretion of the on-scene incident commander. + + + +SECTION 312 +VEHICLE IMPACT PROTECTION + +312.1 General. Vehicle impact protection required by this +code shall be provided by posts that comply with Section 312.2 +or by other approved physical barriers that comply with Sec- +tion 312.3. + +312.2 Posts. Guard posts shall comply with all of the following +requirements: + +1. Constructed of steel not less than 4 inches (102 mm) in +diameter and concrete filled. + +2. Spaced not more than 4 feet (1219 mm) between posts on +center. + +3. Set not less than 3 feet (914 mm) deep in a concrete foot- +ing of not less than a 15 -inch (381 mm) diameter. + +4. Set with the top of the posts not less than 3 feet (914 mm) +above ground. + +5. Located not less than 3 feet (914 mm) from the protected +object. + +312.3 Other barriers. Physical barriers shall be a minimum of +36 inches (914 mm) in height and shall resist a force of 12,000 +pounds (53 375 N) applied 36 inches (914 mm) above the adja- +cent ground surface. + + + +SECTION 313 +FUELED EQUIPMENT + +313.1 General. Fueled equipment, including but not limited to +motorcycles, mopeds, lawn-care equipment and portable cook- +ing equipment, shall not be stored, operated or repaired within +a building. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Buildings or rooms constructed for such use in accor- +dance with the International Building Code. + +2. Where allowed by Section 314. + +3. Storage of equipment utilized for maintenance pur- +poses is allowed in approved locations when the +aggregate fuel capacity of the stored equipment does +not exceed 10 gallons (38 L) and the building is +equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +313.1.1 Removal. The fire code official is authorized to +require removal of fueled equipment from locations where +the presence of such equipment is determined by the fire +code official to be hazardous. + + + +32 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + + + +313.2 Group R occupancies. Vehicles powered by flammable +liquids. Class II combustible liquids, or compressed flammable +gases shall not be stored within the living space of Group R +buildings. + + + +SECTION 314 +INDOOR DISPLAYS + +314.1 General. Indoor displays constructed within any occu- +pancy shall comply with Sections 314.2 through 314.4. + +314.2 Fixtures and displays. Fixtures and displays of goods +for sale to the public shall be arranged so as to maintain free, +immediate and unobstructed access to exits as required by +Chapter 10. + +314.3 Highly combustible goods. The display of highly com- +bustible goods, including but not limited to fireworks, flamma- +ble or combustible liquids, liquefied flammable gases, +oxidizing materials, pyroxylin plastics and agricultural goods, +in main exit access aisles, corridors, covered malls, or within 5 +feet (1524 mm) of entrances to exits and exterior exit doors is +prohibited when a fire involving such goods would rapidly pre- +vent or obstruct egress. + +314.4 Vehicles. Liquid- or gas-fueled vehicles, boats or other +motorcraft shall not be located indoors except as follows: + +1. Batteries are disconnected. + +2. Fuel in fuel tanks does not exceed one-quarter tank or 5 +gallons (19 L) (whichever is least). + +3. Fuel tanks and fill openings are closed and sealed to pre- +vent tampering. + +4. Vehicles, boats or other motorcraft equipment are not +fueled or defueled within the building. + + + +bustible materials shall be protected on the storage side as +required for 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. +Openings shall be protected by assemblies that are self-clos- +ing and are of noncombustible construction or solid wood +core not less than 1.75 inches (44.5 mm) in thickness. Stor- +age shall not be placed on exposed joists. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Areas protected by approved automatic sprinkler +systems. + +2. Group R-3 and Group U occupancies. + +315.3 Outside storage. Outside storage of combustible mate- +rials shall not be located within 1 feet (3048 mm) of a property +hne. + +Exceptions: + +1. The separation distance is allowed to be reduced to 3 +feet (914 mm) for storage not exceeding 6 feet (1829 +mm) in height. + +2. The separation distance is allowed to be reduced +when the fire code official determines that no hazard +to the adjoining property exists. + +315.3.1 Storage beneath overhead projections from +buildings. Combustible materials stored or displayed out- +side of buildings that are protected by automatic sprinklers +shall not be stored or displayed under nonsprinklered eaves, +canopies or other projections or overhangs. + +315.3.2 Height. Storage in the open shall not exceed 20 feet +(6096 mm) in height. + + + +SECTION 315 + +MISCELLANEOUS COMBUSTIBLE + +MATERIALS STORAGE + +315.1 General. Storage, use and handling of miscellaneous +combustible materials shall be in accordance with this section. +A permit shall be obtained in accordance with Section 105.6. + +315.2 Storage in buildings. Storage of combustible materials +in buildings shall be orderly. Storage shall be separated from +heaters or heating devices by distance or shielding so that igni- +tion cannot occur. + +315.2.1 Ceiling clearance. Storage shall be maintained 2 +feet (610 mm) or more below the ceiling in nonsprinklered +areas of buildings or a minimum of 18 inches (457 mm) +below sprinkler head deflectors in sprinklered areas of +buildings. + +315.2.2 Means of egress. Combustible materials shall not +be stored in exits or exit enclosures. + +315.2.3 Equipment rooms. Combustible material shall not +be stored in boiler rooms, mechanical rooms or electrical +equipment rooms. + +315.2.4 Attic, under-floor and concealed spaces. Attic, +under-floor and concealed spaces used for storage of com- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +33 + + + +34 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 4 + +EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS + + + +SECTION 401 +GENERAL + +401.1 Scope. Reporting of emergencies, coordination with +emergency response forces, emergency plans, and procedures +for managing or responding to emergencies shall comply with +the provisions of this section. + +Exception: Firms that have approved on-premises +fire-fighting organizations and that are in compliance with +approved procedures for fire reporting. + +401.2 Approval. Where required by this code, fire safety +plans, emergency procedures, and employee training programs +shall be approved by the fire code official. + +401.3 Emergency forces notification. In the event an +unwanted fire occurs on a property, the owner or occupant shall +immediately report such condition to the fire department. +Building employees and tenants shall implement the appropri- +ate emergency plans and procedures. No person shall, by ver- +bal or written directive, require any delay in the reporting of a +fire to the fire department. + +401.3.1 Making false report. It shall be unlawful for a per- +son to give, signal, or transmit a false alarm. + +401.3.2 Alarm activations. Upon activation of a fire alarm +signal, employees or staff shall immediately notify the fire +department. + +401.3.3 Emergency evacuation drills. Nothing in this sec- +tion shall prohibit the sounding of a fire alarm signal or the +carrying out of an emergency evacuation drill in accordance +with the provisions of Section 405. + +401.4 Interference with fire department operations. It shall +be unlawful to interfere with, attempt to interfere with, con- +spire to interfere with, obstruct or restrict the mobility of or +block the path of travel of a fire department emergency vehicle +in any way, or to interfere with, attempt to interfere with, con- +spire to interfere with, obstruct or hamper any fire department +operation. + +401.5 Security device. Any security device or system that +emits any medium that could obscure a means of egress in any +building, structure or premise shall be prohibited. + + + +SECTION 402 +DEFINITIONS + +402.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meaning shown herein. + +EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILL. An exercise per- +formed to train staff and occupants and to evaluate their effi- +ciency and effectiveness in carrying out emergency evacuation +procedures. + + + +SECTION 403 +PUBLIC ASSEMBLAGES AND EVENTS + +403.1 Fire watch personnel. When, in the opinion of the fire +code official, it is essential for public safety in a place of assem- +bly or any other place where people congregate, because of the +number of persons, or the nature of the performance, exhibi- +tion, display, contest or activity, the owner, agent or lessee shall +provide one or more fire watch personnel, as required and +approved, to remain on duty during the times such places are +open to the public, or when such activity is being conducted. + +403.1.1 Duties. Fire watch personnel shall keep diligent +watch for fires, obstructions to means of egress and other +hazards during the time such place is open to the public or +such activity is being conducted and take prompt measures +for remediation of hazards, extinguishment of fires that +occur and assist in the evacuation of the public from the +structures. + +403.2 Public safety plan. In other than Group A or E occupan- +cies, where the fire code official determines that an indoor or +outdoor gathering of persons has an adverse impact on public +safety through diminished access to buildings, structures, fire +hydrants and fire apparatus access roads or where such gather- +ings adversely affect public safety services of any kind, the fire +code official shall have the authority to order the development +of, or prescribe a plan for, the provision of an approved level of +public safety. + +403.2.1 Contents. The public safety plan, where required +by Section 403.2, shall address such items as emergency +vehicle ingress and egress, fire protection, emergency medi- +cal services, public assembly areas and the directing of both +attendees and vehicles (including the parking of vehicles), +vendor and food concession distribution, and the need for +the presence of law enforcement, and fire and emergency +medical services personnel at the event. + + + +SECTION 404 +FIRE SAFETY AND EVACUATION PLANS + +404.1 General. Fire safety and evacuation plans shall comply +with the requirements of this section. + +404.2 Where required. An approved fire safety and evacua- +tion plan shall be prepared and maintained for the following +occupancies and buildings. + +1 . Group A, other than Group A occupancies used exclu- +sively for purposes of religious worship that have an +occupant load less than 2,000. + +2. Group B buildings having an occupant load of 500 or +more persons or more than 100 persons above or below +the lowest level of exit discharge. + +3. Group E. + +4. Group H. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +35 + + + +EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS + + + +5. Group I. + +6. Group R-1. + +I 7. Group R-2 college and university buildings. + +8. Group R-4. + +9. High-rise buildings. + +10. Group M buildings having an occupant load of 500 or +more persons or more than 100 persons above or below +the lowest level of exit discharge. + +1 1 . Covered malls exceeding 50,000 square feet (4645 m^) +in aggregate floor area. + +12. Underground buildings. + +13. Buildings with an atrium and having an occupancy in +Group A, E or M. + +404.3 Contents. Fire safety and evacuation plan contents shall +be in accordance with Sections 404.3.1 and 404.3.2. + +404.3.1 Fire evacuation plans. Fire evacuation plans shall +include the following: + +1 . Emergency egress or escape routes and whether evac- +uation of the building is to be complete or, where +approved, by selected floors or areas only. + +2. Procedures for employees who must remain to oper- +ate critical equipment before evacuating. + +3. Procedures for accounting for employees and occu- +pants after evacuation has been completed. + +4. Identification and assignment of personnel responsi- +ble for rescue or emergency medical aid. + +5. The preferred and any alternative means of notifying +occupants of a fire or emergency. + +6. The preferred and any alternative means of reporting +fires and other emergencies to the fire department or +designated emergency response organization. + +7. Identification and assignment of personnel who can +be contacted for further information or explanation of +duties under the plan. + +8. A description of the emergency voice/alarm commu- +nication system alert tone and preprogranuned voice +messages, where provided. + +404.3.2 Fire safety plans. Fire safety plans shall include the +following: + +1. The procedure for reporting a fire or other emer- +gency. + +2. The life safety strategy and procedures for notifying, +relocating, or evacuating occupants. + +3. Site plans indicating the following: + +3.1. The occupancy assembly point. + +3.2. The locations of fire hydrants. + +3.3. The normal routes of fire department vehicle +access. + +4. Floor plans identifying the locations of the following: + +4.1. Exits. + + + +4.2. Primary evacuation routes. + +4.3. Secondary evacuation routes. + +4.4. Accessible egress routes. + +4.5. Areas of refuge. + +4.6. Manual fire alarm boxes. + +4.7. Portable fire extinguishers. + +4.8. Occupant-use hose stations. + +4.9. Fire alarm annunciators and controls. + +5 . A list of maj or fire hazards associated with the normal +use and occupancy of the premises, including mainte- +nance and housekeeping procedures. + +6. Identification and assignment of personnel responsi- +ble for maintenance of systems and equipment +installed to prevent or control fires. + +7. Identification and assignment of personnel responsi- +ble for maintenance, housekeeping and controlling +fuel hazard sources. + +404.4 Maintenance. Fire safety and evacuation plans shall be +reviewed or updated annually or as necessitated by changes in +staff assignments, occupancy, or the physical arrangement of +the building. + +404.5 Availability. Fire safety and evacuation plans shall be +available in the workplace for reference and review by employ- +ees, and copies shall be furnished to the fire code official for +review upon request. + + + +SECTION 405 +EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILLS + +405.1 General. Emergency evacuation drills complying with +the provisions of this section shall be conducted at least annu- I +ally in the occupancies listed in Section 404.2 or when required I +by the fire code official. Drills shall be designed in cooperation +with the local authorities. + +405.2 Frequency. Required emergency evacuation drills shall +be held at the intervals specified in Table 405.2 or more fre- +quently where necessary to familiarize all occupants with the +drill procedure. + +405.3 Leadership. Responsibility for the planning and con- +duct of drills shall be assigned to competent persons designated +to exercise leadership. + +405.4 Time. Drills shall be held at unexpected times and under +varying conditions to simulate the unusual conditions that +occur in case of fire. + +405.5 Record keeping. Records shall be maintained of +required emergency evacuation drills and include the following +information: + +1. Identity of the person conducting the drill. + +2. Date and time of the drill. + +3. Notification method used. + +4. Staff members on duty and participating. + +5. Number of occupants evacuated. + + + +36 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS + + + +6. Special conditions simulated. + +7. Problems encountered. + +8. Weather conditions when occupants were evacuated. + +9. Time required to accomplish complete evacuation. + + + +TABLE 405.2 + +FIRE AND EVACUATION DRILL + +FREQUENCY AND PARTICIPATION + + + +GROUP OR +OCCUPANCY + + +FREQUENCY + + +PARTICIPATION + + +Group A + + +Quarterly + + +Employees + + +Group B= + + +Annually + + +Employees + + +Group E + + +Monthly'^ + + +All occupants + + +Group I + + +Quarterly on each shift + + +Employees'' + + +Group R-1 + + +Quarterly on each shift + + +Employees + + +Group R-2'' + + +Four annually + + +All occupants + + +Group R-4 + + +Quarterly on each shift + + +Employees"' + + +High-rise buildings + + +Annually + + +Employees + + + +a. The frequency shall be allowed to be modified in accordance with Section +408.3.2. + +b. Fire and evacuation drills in residential care assisted living facilities shall +include complete evacuation of the premises in accordance with Section +408.10.5. Where occupants receive habilitation or rehabilitation training, +fire prevention and fire safety practices shall be included as part of the train- +ing program. + +c. Group B buildings having an occupant load of 500 or more persons or more +than 100 persons above or below the lowest level of exit discharge. + +d. Applicable to Group R-2 college and university buildings in accordance +with Section 408.3. + +405.6 Notification. Where required by the fire code official, +prior notification of emergency evacuation drills shall be given +to the fire code official. + +405.7 Initiation. Where a fire alarm system is provided, emer- +gency evacuation drills shall be initiated by activating the fire +alarm system. + +405.8 Accountability. As building occupants arrive at the +assembly point, efforts shall be made to determine if all occu- +pants have been successfully evacuated or have been accounted +for. + +405.9 Recall and reentry. An electrically or mechanically +operated signal used to recall occupants after an evacuation +shall be separate and distinct from the signal used to initiate the +evacuation. The recall signal initiation means shall be manu- +ally operated and under the control of the person in charge of +the premises or the official in charge of the incident. No one +shall reenter the premises until authorized to do so by the offi- +cial in charge. + + + +SECTION 406 + +EMPLOYEE TRAINING AND RESPONSE + +PROCEDURES + +406.1 General. Employees in the occupancies listed in Section + +404.2 shall be trained in the fire emergency procedures + + + +described in their fire evacuation and fire safety plans. Training +shall be based on these plans and as described in Section 404.3. + +406.2 Frequency. Employees shall receive training in the con- +tents of fire safety and evacuation plans and their duties as part +of new employee orientation and at least annually thereafter. +Records shall be kept and made available to the fire code offi- +cial upon request. + +406.3 Employee training program. Employees shall be +trained in fire prevention, evacuation and fire safety in accor- +dance with Sections 406.3.1 through 406.3.3. + +406.3.1 Fire prevention training. Employees shall be +apprised of the fire hazards of the materials and processes to +which they are exposed. Each employee shall be instructed +in the proper procedures for preventing fires in the conduct +of their assigned duties. + +406.3.2 Evacuation training. Employees shall be familiar- +ized with the fire alarm and evacuation signals, their +assigned duties in the event of an alarm or emergency, evac- +uation routes, areas of refuge, exterior assembly areas, and +procedures for evacuation. + +406.3.3 Fire safety training. Employees assigned +fire-fighting duties shall be trained to know the locations +and proper use of portable fire extinguishers or other man- +ual fire-fighting equipment and the protective clothing or +equipment required for its safe and proper use. + + + +SECTION 407 +HAZARD COMMUNICATION + +407.1 General. The provisions of Sections 407.2 through +407.7 shall be applicable where hazardous materials subject to +permits under Section 2701.5 are located on the premises or +where required by the fire code official. + +407.2 Material Safety Data Sheets. Material Safety Data +Sheets (MSDS) for all hazardous materials shall be readily +available on the premises. + +407.3 Identification. Individual containers of hazardous mate- +rials, cartons or packages shall be marked or labeled in accor- +dance with applicable federal regulations. Buildings, rooms +and spaces containing hazardous materials shall be identified +by hazard warning signs in accordance with Section 2703.5. + +407.4 Training. Persons responsible for the operation of areas +in which hazardous materials are stored, dispensed, handled or +used shall be familiar with the chemical nature of the materials +and the appropriate mitigating actions necessary in the event of +a fire, leak or spill. Responsible persons shall be designated and +trained to be liaison personnel for the fire department. These +persons shall aid the fire department in preplanning emergency +responses and identification of the locations where hazardous +materials are located, and shall have access to Material Safety +Data Sheets and be knowledgeable in the site emergency +response procedures. + +407.5 Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement. Where +required by the fire code official, each application for a permit +shall include a Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement +(HMIS) in accordance with Section 2701.5.2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +37 + + + +EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS + + + +407.6 Hazardous Materials Management Plan. Where +required by the fire code official, each apphcation for a permit +shall include a Hazardous Materials Management Plan +(HMMP) in accordance with Section 2701.5.1. The fire code +official is authorized to accept a similar plan required by other +regulations. + +407.7 Facility closure plans. The permit holder or applicant +shall submit to the fire code official a facility closure plan in +accordance with Section 2701.6.3 to terminate storage, dis- +pensing, handling or use of hazardous materials. + + + +SECTION 408 +USE AND OCCUPANCY-RELATED REQUIREMENTS + +408.1 General. In addition to the other requirements of this +chapter, the provisions of this section are applicable to specific +occupancies listed herein. + +408.2 Group A occupancies. Group A occupancies shall com- +ply with the requirements of Sections 408.2.1 and 408.2.2 and +Sections 401 through 406. + +408.2.1 Seating plan. The fire safety and evacuation plans +for assembly occupancies shall include the information +required by Section 404.3 and a detailed seating plan, occu- +pant load, and occupant load limit. Deviations from the +approved plans shall be allowed provided the occupant load +limit for the occupancy is not exceeded and the aisles and +exit accessways remain unobstructed. + +408.2.2 Announcements. In theaters, motion picture the- +aters, auditoriums and similar assembly occupancies in +Group A used for noncontinuous programs, an audible +announcement shall be made not more than 10 minutes prior +to the start of each program to notify the occupants of the +location of the exits to be used in the event of a fire or other +emergency. + +Exception: In motion picture theaters, the announce- +ment is allowed to be projected upon the screen in a man- +ner approved by the fire code official. + +408.3 Group E occupancies and Group R-2 college and uni- +versity buildings. Group E occupancies shall comply with the +requirements of Sections 408 .3.1 through 408 .3 .4 and Sections +401 through 406. Group R-2 college and university buildings +shall comply with the requirements of Sections 408.3.1 and +408.3.3 and Sections 401 through 406. + +408.3.1 First emergency evacuation drill. The first emer- +gency evacuation drill of each school year shall be con- +ducted within 10 days of the beginning of classes. + +408.3.2 Emergency evacuation drill deferral. In severe +climates, the fire code official shall have the authority to +modify the emergency evacuation drill frequency specified +in Section 405.2. + +408.3.3 Time of day. Emergency evacuation drills shall be +conducted at different hours of the day or evening, during +the changing of classes, when the school is at assembly, dur- +ing the recess or gymnastic periods, or during other times to +avoid distinction between drills and actual fires. In Group + + + +R-2 college and university buildings, one required drill shall I +be held during hours after sunset or before sunrise. I( + +408.3.4 Assembly points. Outdoor assembly areas shall be +designated and shall be located a safe distance from the +building being evacuated so as to avoid interference with +fire department operations. The assembly areas shall be +arranged to keep each class separate to provide accountabil- +ity of all individuals. + +408.4 Group H-5 occupancies. Group H-5 occupancies shall +comply with the requirements of Sections 408.4.1 through + +408.4.4 and Sections 401 through 407. + +408.4.1 Plans and diagrams. In addition to the require- +ments of Section 404 and Section 407.6, plans and diagrams +shall be maintained in approved locations indicating the +approximate plan for each area, the amount and type of +HPM stored, handled and used, locations of shutoff valves +for HPM supply piping, emergency telephone locations and +locations of exits. + +408.4.2 Plan updating. The plans and diagrams required by +Section 408.4.1 shall be maintained up to date and the fire +code official and fire department shall be informed of all +major changes. + +408.4.3 Emergency response team. Responsible persons +shall be designated the on-site emergency response team +and trained to be liaison personnel for the fire department. +These persons shall aid the fire department in preplanning +emergency responses, identifying locations where HPM is +stored, handled and used, and be familiar with the chemical +nature of such material. An adequate number of personnel +for each work shift shall be designated. + +408.4.4 Emergency drills. Emergency drills of the on-site +emergency response team shall be conducted on a regular +basis but not less than once every three months. Records of +drills conducted shall be maintained. + +408.5 Group I-l occupancies. Group I-l occupancies shall +comply with the requirements of Sections 408.5.1 through + +408.5.5 and Sections 401 through 406. + +408.5.1 Fire safety and evacuation plan. The fire safety +and evacuation plan required by Section 404 shall include +special staff actions including fire protection procedures +necessary for residents and shall be amended or revised +upon admission of any resident with unusual needs. + +408.5.2 Staff training. Employees shall be periodically +instructed and kept informed of their duties and responsibil- +ities under the plan. Such instruction shall be reviewed by +the staff at least every two months. A copy of the plan shall +be readily available at all times within the facility. + +408.5.3 Resident training. Residents capable of assisting +in their own evacuation shall be trained in the proper actions +to take in the event of a fire. The training shall include +actions to take if the primary escape route is blocked. Where +the resident is given rehabilitation or habilitation training, +training in fire prevention and actions to take in the event of +a fire shall be a part of the rehabilitation training program. +Residents shall be trained to assist each other in case of fire + + + +38 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS + + + +to the extent their physical and mental abilities permit them +to do so without additional personal risk. + +408.5.4 Drill frequency. Emergency evacuation drills shall +be conducted at least six times per year, two times per year +on each shift. Twelve drills shall be conducted in the first +year of operation. Drills are not required to comply with the +time requirements of Section 405.4. + +408.5.5 Resident participation. Emergency evacuation +drills shall involve the actual evacuation of residents to a +selected assembly point. + +408.6 Group 1-2 occupancies. Group 1-2 occupancies shall +comply with the requirements of Sections 408.6.1 and 408.6.2 +and Sections 401 through 406. Drills are not required to com- +ply with the time requirements of Section 405.4. + +408.6.1 Evacuation not required. During emergency +evacuation drills, the movement of patients to safe areas or +to the exterior of the building is not required. + +408.6.2 Coded alarm signal. When emergency evacuation +drills are conducted after visiting hours or when patients or +residents are expected to be asleep, a coded announcement +is allowed instead of audible alarms. + +408.7 Group 1-3 occupancies. Group 1-3 occupancies shall +comply with the requirements of Sections 408.7.1 through +408.7.4 and Sections 401 through 406. + +408.7.1 Employee training. Employees shall be instructed +in the proper use of portable fire extinguishers and other +manual fire suppression equipment. Training of new staff +shall be provided promptly upon entrance on duty. +Refresher training shall be provided at least annually. + +408.7.2 Staffing. Group 1-3 occupancies shall be provided +with 24-hour staffing. Staff shall be within three floors or +300 feet (91 440 mm) horizontal distance of the access door +of each resident housing area. In Use Conditions 3, 4 and 5, +as defined in Chapter 2, the arrangement shall be such that +the staff involved can start release of locks necessary for +emergency evacuation or rescue and initiate other necessary +emergency actions within 2 minutes of an alarm. + +Exception: Staff shall not be required to be within three +floors or 300 feet (9144 mm) in areas in which all locks +are unlocked remotely and automatically in accordance +with Section 408.4 of the International Building Code. + +408.7.3 Notification. Provisions shall be made for residents +in Use Conditions 3, 4 and 5, as defined in Chapter 2, to +readily notify staff of an emergency. + +408.7.4 Keys. Keys necessary for unlocking doors installed +in a means of egress shall be individually identifiable by +both touch and sight. + +408.8 Group R-1 occupancies. Group R-1 occupancies shall +comply with the requirements of Sections 408.8.1 through +408.8.3 and Sections 401 through 406. + +408.8.1 Evacuation diagrams. A diagram depicting two +evacuation routes shall be posted on or immediately adja- +cent to every required egress door from each hotel, motel or +dormitory sleeping unit. + + + +408.8.2 Emergency duties. Upon discovery of a fire or sus- +pected fire, hotel, motel and dormitory employees shall per- +form the following duties: + +1 . Activate the fire alarm system, where provided. + +2. Notify the public fire department. + +3. Take other action as previously instructed. + +408.8.3 Fire safety and evacuation instructions. Informa- +tion shall be provided in the fire safety and evacuation plan +required by Section 404 to allow guests to decide whether to +evacuate to the outside, evacuate to an area of refuge, remain +in place, or any combination of the three. + +408.9 Group R-2 occupancies. Group R-2 occupancies shall +comply with the requirements of Sections 408.9.1 through +408.9.3 and Sections 401 through 406. + +408.9.1 Emergency guide. A fire emergency guide shall be +provided which describes the location, function and use of +fire protection equipment and appliances accessible to resi- +dents, including fire alarm systems, smoke alarms, and por- +table fire extinguishers. The guide shall also include an +emergency evacuation plan for each dwelling unit. + +408.9.2 Maintenance. Emergency guides shall be reviewed +and approved in accordance with Section 401.2. + +408.9.3 Distribution. A copy of the emergency guide shall +be given to each tenant prior to initial occupancy. + +408.10 Group R-4 occupancies. Group R-4 occupancies shall +comply with the requirements of Sections 408.10.1 through +408.10.5 and Sections 401 through 406. + +408.10.1 Fire safety and evacuation plan. The fire safety +and evacuation plan required by Section 404 shall include +special staff actions, including fire protection procedures +necessary for residents, and shall be amended or revised +upon admission of a resident with unusual needs. + +408.10.2 Staff training. Employees shall be periodically +instructed and kept informed of their duties and responsibil- +ities under the plan. Such instruction shall be reviewed by +the staff at least every two months. A copy of the plan shall +be readily available at all times within the facility. + +408.10.3 Resident training. Residents capable of assisting +in their own evacuation shall be trained in the proper actions +to take in the event of a fire. The training shall include +actions to take if the primary escape route is blocked. Where +the resident is given rehabilitation or habilitation training, +training in fire prevention and actions to take in the event of +a fire shall be a part of the rehabilitation training program. +Residents shall be trained to assist each other in case of fire +to the extent their physical and mental abilities permit them +to do so without additional personal risk. + +408.10.4 Drill frequency. Emergency evacuation drills +shall be conducted at least six times per year, two times per +year on each shift. Twelve drills shall be conducted in the +first year of operation. Drills are not required to comply with +the time requirements of Section 405.4. + +408.10.5 Resident participation. Emergency evacuation +drills shall involve the actual evacuation of residents to a +selected assembly point and shall provide residents with + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +39 + + + +EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS + + + +experience in exiting through all required exits. All required 4. Kept free from combustible waste and be broom- + +exits shall be used during emergency evacuation drills. swept clean. + +Exception: Actual exiting from windows shall not be +required. Opening the window and signaling for help +shall be an acceptable alternative. + +408.11 Covered mall buildings. Covered mall buildings shall +comply with the provisions of Sections 408.11.1 through +408.11.3. + +408.11.1 Lease plan. A lease plan shall be prepared for +each covered mall building. The plan shall include the fol- +lowing information in addition to that required by Section +404.3.2: + +1 . Each occupancy, including identification of tenant. + +2. Exits from each tenant space. + +3. Fire protection features, including the following: + +3.1. Fire department connections. + +3.2. Fire command center. + +3.3. Smoke management system controls. + +3.4. Elevators and elevator controls. + +3.5. Hose valves outlets. + +3.6. Sprinkler and standpipe control valves. + +3.7. Automatic fire-extinguishing system areas. + +3.8. Automatic fire detector zones. + +3.9. Fire barriers. + +408.11.1.1 Approval. The lease plan shall be submitted +to the fire code official for approval, and shall be main- +tained on site for immediate reference by responding fire +service personnel. + +408.11.1.2 Revisions. The lease plans shall be revised +annually or as often as necessary to keep them current. +Modifications or changes in tenants or occupancies shall +not be made without prior approval of the fire code offi- +cial and building official. + +408.11.2 Tenant identification. Each occupied tenant +space provided with a secondary exit to the exterior or exit +corridor shall be provided with tenant identification by busi- +ness name and/or address. Letters and numbers shall be +posted on the corridor side of the door, be plainly legible and +shall contrast with their background. + +Exception: Tenant identification is not required for +anchor stores. + +408.11.3 Maintenance. Unoccupied tenant spaces shall be: + +1. Kept free from the storage of any materials. + +2. Separated from the remainder of the building by parti- +tions of at least 0.5-inch-thick (12.7 mm) gypsum +board or an approved equivalent to the underside of +the ceiling of the adjoining tenant spaces. + +3. Without doors or other access openings other than +one door that shall be kept key locked in the closed +position except during that time when opened for +inspection. + +40 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +CHAPTER 5 + +FIRE SERVICE FEATURES + + + +SECTION 501 +GENERAL + +501.1 Scope. Fire service features for buildings, structures and +premises shall comply with this chapter. + +501.2 Permits. A permit shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tions 105.6 and 105.7. + +501.3 Construction documents. Construction documents for +proposed fire apparatus access, location of fire lanes and con- +struction documents and hydraulic calculations for fire hydrant +systems shall be submitted to the fire department for review +and approval prior to construction. + +501.4 Timing of installation. When fire apparatus access +roads or a water supply for fire protection is required to be +installed, such protection shall be installed and made service- +able prior to and during the time of construction except when +approved alternative methods of protection are provided. Tem- +porary street signs shall be installed at each street intersection +when construction of new roadways allows passage by vehi- +cles in accordance with Section 505.2. + + + +SECTION 502 +DEFINITIONS + +502.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROAD. A road that provides +fire apparatus access from a fire station to a facility, building or +portion thereof. This is a general term inclusive of all other +terms such as fire lane, public street, private street, parking lot +lane and access roadway. + +FIRE COMMAND CENTER. The principal attended or +unattended location where the status of the detection, alarm +communications and control systems is displayed, and from +which the system(s) can be manually controlled. + +FIRE DEPARTMENT MASTER KEY. A limited issue key +of special or controlled design to be carried by fire department +officials in command which will open key boxes on specified +properties. + +FIRE LANE. A road or other passageway developed to allow +the passage of fire apparatus. A fire lane is not necessarily +intended for vehicular traffic other than fire apparatus. + +KEY BOX. A secure device with a lock operable only by a fire +department master key, and containing building entry keys and +other keys that may be required for access in an emergency. + + + +SECTION 503 +FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS + +503.1 Where required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be +provided and maintained in accordance with Sections 503.1.1 +through 503.1.3. + +503.1.1 Buildings and facilities. Approved fire apparatus +access roads shall be provided for every facility, building or +portion of a building hereafter constructed or moved into or +within the jurisdiction. The fire apparatus access road shall +comply with the requirements of this section and shall +extend to within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of all portions of the +facility and all portions of the exterior walls of the first story +of the building as measured by an approved route around the +exterior of the building or facility. + +Exception: The fire code official is authorized to +increase the dimension of 150 feet (45 720 mm) where: + +1. The building is equipped throughout with an +approved automatic sprinkler system installed in +accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, 903.3.1.2 or +903.3.1.3. + +2. Fire apparatus access roads cannot be installed +because of location on property, topography, +waterways, nonnegotiable grades or other similar +conditions, and an approved alternative means of +fire protection is provided. + +3. There are not more than two Group R-3 or Group +U occupancies. + +503.1.2 Additional access. The fire code official is autho- +rized to require more than one fire apparatus access road +based on the potential for impairment of a single road by +vehicle congestion, condition of terrain, climatic conditions +or other factors that could limit access. + +503.1.3 High-piled storage. Fire department vehicle access +to buildings used for high-piled combustible storage shall +comply with the applicable provisions of Chapter 23. + +503.2 Specifications. Fire apparatus access roads shall be +installed and arranged in accordance with Sections 503.2.1 +through 503.2.7. + +503.2.1 Dimensions. Fire apparatus access roads shall have +an unobstructed width of not less than 20 feet (6096 mm), +except for approved security gates in accordance with Sec- +tion 503.6, and an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less +than 13 feet 6 inches (4115 mm). + +503.2.2 Authority. The fire code official shall have the +authority to require an increase in the minimum access +widths where they are inadequate for fire or rescue opera- +tions. + +503.2.3 Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be +designed and maintained to support the imposed loads of + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +41 + + + +FIRE SERVICE FEATURES + + + +fire apparatus and shall be surfaced so as to provide all- +weather driving capabilities. + +503.2.4 Tbrning radius. The required turning radius of a +fire apparatus access road shall be determined by the fire +code official. + +503.2.5 Dead ends. Dead-end fire apparatus access roads in +excess of 150 feet (45 720 mm) in length shall be provided +with an approved area for turning around fire apparatus. + +503.2.6 Bridges and elevated surfaces. Where a bridge or +an elevated surface is part of a fire apparatus access road, the +bridge shall be constructed and maintained in accordance +with AASHTO HB-17. Bridges and elevated surfaces shall +be designed for a live load sufficient to carry the imposed +loads of fire apparatus. Vehicle load limits shall be posted at +both entrances to bridges when required by the fire code +official. Where elevated surfaces designed for emergency +vehicle use are adjacent to surfaces which are not designed +for such use, approved barriers, approved signs or both shall +be installed and maintained when required by the fire code +official. + +503.2.7 Grade. The grade of the fire apparatus access road +shall be within the limits established by the fire code official +based on the fire department's apparatus. + +503.3 Marking. Where required by the fire code official, +approved signs or other approved notices shall be provided for +fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads or prohibit the +obstruction thereof. Signs or notices shall be maintained in a +clean and legible condition at all times and be replaced or +repaired when necessary to provide adequate visibility. + +503.4 Obstruction of fire apparatus access roads. Fire appa- +ratus access roads shall not be obstructed in any manner, +including the parking of vehicles. The minimum widths and +clearances established in Section 503.2.1 shall be maintained +at all times. + +503.5 Required gates or barricades. The fire code official is +authorized to require the installation and maintenance of gates +or other approved barricades across fire apparatus access +roads, trails or other accessways, not including public streets, +alleys or highways. + +503.5.1 Secured gates and barricades. When required, +gates and barricades shall be secured in an approved man- +ner. Roads, trails and other accessways that have been +closed and obstructed in the manner prescribed by Section +503.5 shall not be trespassed on or used unless authorized +by the owner and the fire code official. + +Exception: The restriction on use shall not apply to pub- +lic officers acting within the scope of duty. + +503.6 Security gates. The installation of security gates across a +fire apparatus access road shall be approved by the fire chief. +Where security gates are installed, they shall have an approved +means of emergency operation. The security gates and the +emergency operation shall be maintained operational at all +times. + + + +SECTION 504 +ACCESS TO BUILDING OPENINGS AND ROOFS + +504.1 Required access. Exterior doors and openings required +by this code or the International Building Code shall be main- +tained readily accessible for emergency access by the fire +department. An approved access walkway leading from fire +apparatus access roads to exterior openings shall be provided +when required by the fire code official. + +504.2 Maintenance of exterior doors and openings. Exterior +doors and their function shall not be eliminated without prior +approval. Exterior doors that have been rendered nonfunc- +tional and that retain a functional door exterior appearance +shall have a sign affixed to the exterior side of the door with the +words THIS DOOR BLOCKED. The sign shall consist of let- +ters having a principal stroke of not less than 0.75 inch (19.1 +mm) wide and at least 6 inches (152 mm) high on a contrasting +background. Required fire department access doors shall not +be obstructed or eliminated. Exit and exit access doors shall +comply with Chapter 10. Access doors for high-piled combus- +tible storage shall comply with Section 2306.6. 1 . + +504.3 Stairway access to roof. New buildings four or more +stories in height, except those with a roof slope greater than +four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33.3 percent slope), +shall be provided with a stairway to the roof Stairway access to +the roof shall be in accordance with Section 1009.12. Such +stairway shall be marked at street and floor levels with a sign +indicating that the stairway continues to the roof. Where roofs +are used for roof gardens or for other purposes, stairways shall +be provided as required for such occupancy classification. + + + +SECTION 505 +PREMISES IDENTIFICATION + +505.1 Address numbers. New and existing buildings shall +have approved address numbers, building numbers or +approved building identification placed in a position that is +plainly legible and visible from the street or road fronting the +property. These numbers shall contrast with their background. +Address numbers shall be Arabic numerals or alphabet letters. +Numbers shall be a minimum of 4 inches (102 mm) high with a +minimum stroke width of 0.5 inch (12.7 mm). + +505.2 Street or road signs. Streets and roads shall be identified +with approved signs. Temporary signs shall be installed at each +street intersection when construction of new roadways allows +passage by vehicles. Signs shall be of an approved size, +weather resistant and be maintained until replaced by perma- +nent signs. + + + +SECTION 506 +KEY BOXES + +506.1 Where required. Where access to or within a structure +or an area is restricted because of secured openings or where +immediate access is necessary for life-saving or fire-fighting +purposes, the fire code official is authorized to require a key +box to be installed in an approved location. The key box shall +be of an approved type and shall contain keys to gain necessary +access as required by the fire code official. + + + +42 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FIRE SERVICE FEATURES + + + +506.1.1 Locks. An approved lock shall be installed on gates +or similar barriers when required by the fire code official. + +506.2 Key box maintenance. The operator of the building +shall immediately notify the fire code official and provide the +new key when a lock is changed or rekeyed. The key to such +lock shall be secured in the key box. + + + +SECTION 507 +HAZARDS TO FIRE FIGHTERS + +507.1 Trapdoors to be closed. Trapdoors and scuttle covers, +other than those that are within a dwelling unit or automatically +operated, shall be kept closed at all times except when in use. + +507.2 Shaftway markings. Vertical shafts shall be identified +as required by this section. + +507.2.1 Exterior access to shaftways. Outside openings +accessible to the fire department and which open directly on +a hoistway or shaftway communicating between two or +more floors in a building shall be plainly marked with the +word SHAFTWAY in red letters at least 6 inches (152 mm) +high on a white background. Such warning signs shall be +placed so as to be readily discernible from the outside of the +building. + +507.2.2 Interior access to shaftways. Door or window +openings to a hoistway or shaftway from the interior of the +building shall be plainly marked with the word +SHAFTWAY in red letters at least 6 inches (152 mm) high +on a white background. Such warning signs shall be placed +so as to be readily discernible. + +Exception: Marking shall not be required on shaftway +openings which are readily discernible as openings onto +a shaftway by the construction or arrangement. + +507.3 Pitfalls. The intentional design or alteration of buildings +to disable, injure, maim or kill intruders is prohibited. No per- +son shall install and use firearms, sharp or pointed objects, +razor wire, explosives, flammable or combustible liquid con- +tainers, or dispensers containing highly toxic, toxic, irritant or +other hazardous materials in a manner which may passively or +actively disable, injure, maim or kill a fire fighter who forcibly +enters a building for the purpose of controlling or extinguishing +a fire, rescuing trapped occupants or rendering other emer- +gency assistance. + + + +SECTION 508 +FIRE PROTECTION WATER SUPPLIES + +508.1 Required water supply. An approved water supply +capable of supplying the required fire flow for fire protection +shall be provided to premises upon which facilities, buildings +or portions of buildings are hereafter constructed or moved into +or within the jurisdiction. + +508.2 Type of water supply. A water supply shall consist of +reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks, water mains or other +fixed systems capable of providing the required fire flow. + +508.2.1 Private fire service mains. Private fire service +mains and appurtenances shall be installed in accordance +with NFPA 24. + + + +508.2.2 Water tanks. Water tanks for private fire protection +shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 22. + +508.3 Fire flow. Fire flow requirements for buildings or por- +tions of buildings and facilities shall be determined by an +approved method. + +508.4 Water supply test. The fire code official shall be noti- +fied prior to the water supply test. Water supply tests shall be +witnessed by the fire code official or approved documentation +of the test shall be provided to the fire code official prior to final +approval of the water supply system. + +508.5 Fire hydrant systems. Fire hydrant systems shall com- +ply with Sections 508.5.1 through 508.5.6. + +508.5.1 Where required. Where a portion of the facility or +building hereafter constructed or moved into or within the +jurisdiction is more than 400 feet (122 m) from a hydrant on +a fire apparatus access road, as measured by an approved +route around the exterior of the facility or building, on-site +fire hydrants and mains shall be provided where required by +the fire code official. + +Exceptions: + +1. For Group R-3 and Group U occupancies, the dis- +tance requirement shall be 600 feet (183 m). + +2. For buildings equipped throughout with an +approved automatic sprinkler system installed in +accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, +the distance requirement shall be 600 feet (183 m). + +508.5.2 Inspection, testing and maintenance. Fire +hydrant systems shall be subject to periodic tests as required +by the fire code official. Fire hydrant systems shall be main- +tained in an operative condition at all times and shall be +repaired where defective. Additions, repairs, alterations and +servicing shall comply with approved standards. + +508.5.3 Private fire service mains and water tanks. Pri- +vate fire service mains and water tanks shall be periodically +inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with NFPA +25 at the following intervals: + +1. Private fire hydrants (all types): Inspection annually +and after each operation; flow test and maintenance +annually. + +2. Fire service main piping: Inspection of exposed, +annually; flow test every 5 years. + +3. Fire service main piping strainers: Inspection and +maintenance after each use. + +508.5.4 Obstruction. Posts, fences, vehicles, growth, trash, +storage and other materials or objects shall not be placed or +kept near fire hydrants, fire department inlet connections or +fire protection system control valves in a manner that would +prevent such equipment or fire hydrants from being imme- +diately discernible. The fire department shall not be deterred +or hindered from gaining immediate access to fire protec- +tion equipment or fire hydrants. + +508.5.5 Clear space around hydrants. A 3 -foot (914 mm) +clear space shall be maintained around the circumference of +fire hydrants except as otherwise required or approved. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +43 + + + +FIRE SERVICE FEATURES + + + +508.5.6 Physical protection. Where fire hydrants are sub- +ject to impact by a motor vehicle, guard posts or other +approved means shall comply with Section 312. + + + +SECTION 509 +FIRE COMMAND CENTER + +509.1 Features. Where required by other sections of this code +and in all buildings classified as high-rise buildings by the +International Building Code, a fire command center for fire +department operations shall be provided. The location and +accessibility of the fire command center shall be approved by +the fire department. The fire command center shall be sepa- +rated from the remainder of the building by not less than a 1- +hour fire barrier constructed in accordance with Section 706 of +the International Building Code or horizontal assembly con- +structed in accordance with Section 711 of the International +Building Code, or both. The room shall be a minimum of 96 +square feet (9 m^) with a minimum dimension of 8 feet (2438 +mm). A layout of the fire command center and all features +required by this section to be contained therein shall be submit- +ted for approval prior to installation. The fire command center +shall comply with NFPA 72 and shall contain the following fea- +tures: + +1. The emergency voice/alarm communication system +unit. + +2. The fire department communications system. + +3. Fire-detection and alarm system annunciator system. + +4. Annunciator visually indicating the location of the ele- +vators and whether they are operational. + +5. Status indicators and controls for air-handling systems. + +6. The fire-fighter's control panel required by Section +909. 1 6 for smoke control systems installed in the build- +ing. + +7 . Controls for unlocking stairway doors simultaneously . + +8 . Sprinkler valve and water-flow detector display panels. + +9. Emergency and standby power status indicators. + +10. A telephone for fire department use with controlled +access to the public telephone system. + +1 1 . Fire pump status indicators. + +12. Schematic building plans indicating the typical floor +plan and detailing the building core, means of egress, +fire protection systems, fire-fighting equipment and +fire department access. + +13. Work table. + +14. Generator supervision devices, manual start and trans- +fer features. + +15. Pubhc address system, where specifically required by +other sections of this code. + + + +SECTION 510 +FIRE DEPARTMENT ACCESS TO EQUIPMENT + +510.1 Identification. Fire protection equipment shall be iden- +tified in an approved manner. Rooms containing controls for +air-conditioning systems, sprinkler risers and valves, or other +fire detection, suppression or control elements shall be identi- +fied for the use of the fire department. Approved signs required +to identify fire protection equipment and equipment location, +shall be constructed of durable materials, permanently +installed and readily visible. + + + +44 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +• + + + +CHAPTER 6 + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +SECTION 601 +GENERAL + +601.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall apply to the +installation, operation and maintenance of fuel-fired appli- +ances and heating systems, emergency and standby power sys- +tems, electrical systems and equipment, mechanical +refrigeration systems, elevator recall, stationary storage battery +systems and commercial kitchen hoods. + +601.2 Permits. Permits shall be obtained for refrigeration sys- +tems and battery systems as set forth in Sections 105.6 and +105.7. + + + +SECTION 602 +DEFINITIONS + +602.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +BATTERY SYSTEM, STATIONARY LEAD ACID. A sys + +tem which consists of three interconnected subsystems: + +1 . A lead-acid battery. + +2. A battery charger. + +3. A collection of rectifiers, inverters, converters, and asso- +ciated electrical equipment as required for a particular +application. + +BATTERY TYPES + +Nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery. An alkaline storage bat- +tery in which the positive active material is nickel oxide, the +negative contains cadmium and the electrolyte is potassium +hydroxide. + +Nonrecombinant battery. A storage battery in which, +under conditions of normal use, hydrogen and oxygen gas- +ses created by electrolysis are vented into the air outside of +the battery. + +Recombinant battery. A storage battery in which, under +conditions of normal use, hydrogen and oxygen gases cre- +ated by electrolysis are converted back into water inside the +battery instead of venting into the air outside of the battery. + +Stationary storage battery. A group of electrochemical +cells interconnected to supply a nominal voltage of DC +power to a suitably connected electrical load, designed for +service in a permanent location. The number of cells con- +nected in a series determines the nominal voltage rating of +the battery. The size of the cells determines the discharge +capacity of the entire battery. After discharge, it may be +restored to a fully charged condition by an electric current +flowing in a direction opposite to the flow of current when +the battery is discharged. + +Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery. A lead-acid +battery consisting of sealed cells furnished with a valve that + + + +opens to vent the battery whenever the internal pressure of +the battery exceeds the ambient pressure by a set amount. In +VRLA batteries, the liquid electrolyte in the cells is immo- +bilized in an absorptive glass mat (AGM cells or batteries) +or by the addition of a gelling agent (gel cells or gelled bat- +teries). + +Vented (Flooded) lead-acid battery. A lead-acid battery +consisting of cells that have electrodes immersed in liquid +electrolyte. Flooded lead-acid batteries have a provision for +the user to add water to the cell and are equipped with a +flame-arresting vent which permits the escape of hydrogen +and oxygen gas from the cell in a diffused manner such that +a spark, or other ignition source, outside the cell will not +ignite the gases inside the cell. + +[M] COMMERCIAL COOKING APPLIANCES. Appli- +ances used in a commercial food service establishment for +heating or cooking food and which produce grease vapors, +steam, fumes, smoke or odors that are required to be removed +through a local exhaust ventilation system. Such appliances +include deep fat fryers; upright broilers; griddles; broilers; +steam-jacketed kettles; hot-top ranges; under-fired broilers +(charbroilers); ovens; barbecues; rotisseries; and similar appli- +ances. For the purpose of this definition, a food service estab- +lishment shall include any building or a portion thereof used for +the preparation and serving of food. + +[M] HOOD. An air-intake device used to capture by entrap- +ment, impingement, adhesion or similar means, grease and +similar contaminants before they enter a duct system. + +Type I. A kitchen hood for collecting and removing grease +vapors and smoke. + +REFRIGERANT. The fluid used for heat transfer in a refrig- +erating system; the refrigerant absorbs heat and transfers it at a +higher temperature and a higher pressure, usually with a +change of state. + +REFRIGERATION SYSTEM. A combination of intercon- +nected refrigerant-containing parts constituting one closed +refrigerant circuit in which a refrigerant is circulated for the +purpose of extracting heat. + + + +SECTION 603 +FUEL-FIRED APPLIANCES + +603.1 Installation. The installation of nonportable fuel gas +appliances and systems shall comply the International Fuel +Gas Code. The installation of all other fuel-fired appliances, +other than internal combustion engines, oil lamps and portable +devices such as blow torches, melting pots and weed burners, +shall comply with this section and the International Mechani- +cal Code. + +603.1.1 Manufacturer's instructions. The installation +shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer's +instructions and applicable federal, state, and local rules and + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +45 + + + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +regulations. Where it becomes necessary to change, modify, +or alter a manufacturer's instructions in any way, written +approval shall first be obtained from the manufacturer. + +603.1.2 Approval. The design, construction and installa- +tion of fuel-fired appliances shall be in accordance with the +International Fuel Gas Code and the International +Mechanical Code. + +603.1.3 Electrical wiring and equipment. Electrical wir- +ing and equipment used in connection with oil-burning +equipment shall be installed and maintained in accordance +with Section 605 and the ICC Electrical Code. + +603.1.4 Fuel oil. The grade of fuel oil used in a burner shall +be that for which the burner is approved and as stipulated by +the burner manufacturer. Oil containing gasoline shall not +be used. Waste crankcase oil shall be an acceptable fuel in +Group F, M and S occupancies, when utilized in equipment +listed for use with waste oil and when such equipment is +installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions +and the terms of its listing. + +603.1.5 Access. The installation shall be readily accessible +for cleaning hot surfaces; removing burners; replacing +motors, controls, air filters, chimney connectors, draft regu- +lators, and other working parts; and for adjusting, cleaning +and lubricating parts. + +603.1.6 Testing, diagrams and instructions. After instal- +lation of the oil-burning equipment, operation and combus- +tion performance tests shall be conducted to determine that +the burner is in proper operating condition and that all +accessory equipment, controls, and safety devices function +properly. + +603.1.6.1 Diagrams. Contractors instalHng industrial +oil-burning systems shall furnish not less than two copies +of diagrams showing the main oil lines and controlling +valves, one copy of which shall be posted at the oil-burn- +ing equipment and another at an approved location that +will be accessible in case of emergency. + +603.1.6.2 Instructions. After completing the installa- +tion, the installer shall instruct the owner or operator in +the proper operation of the equipment. The installer shall +also furnish the owner or operator with the name and +telephone number of persons to contact for technical +information or assistance and routine or emergency ser- +vices. + +603.1.7 Clearances. Working clearances between oil-fired +appliances and electrical panelboards and equipment shall +be in accordance with the ICC Electrical Code. Clearances +between oil-fired equipment and oil supply tanks shall be in +accordance with NFPA 3 1 . + +[B, M, FG] 603.2 Chimneys. Masonry chimneys shall be con- +structed in accordance with the International Building Code. +Factory-built chimneys shall be installed in accordance with +the International Mechanical Code. Metal chimneys shall be +constructed and installed in accordance with NFPA 211. + +603.3 Fuel oil storage systems. Fuel oil storage systems shall +be installed in accordance with this code. Fuel oil piping sys- + + + +tems shall be installed in accordance with the International +Mechanical Code. + +603.3.1 Maximum outside fuel oil storage above ground. + +Where connected to a fuel-oil piping system, the maximum +amount of fuel oil storage allowed outside above ground +without additional protection shall be 660 gallons (2498 L). +The storage of fuel oil above ground in quantities exceeding +660 gallons (2498 L) shall comply with NFPA 31. + +603.3.2 Maximum inside fuel oil storage. Where con- +nected to a fuel-oil piping system, the maximum amount of +fuel oil storage allowed inside any building shall be 660 gal- +lons (2498 L). Where the amount of fuel oil stored inside a +building exceeds 660 gallons (2498 L), the storage area +shall be in compliance with the International Building +Code. + +603.3.3 Underground storage of fuel oil. The storage of +fuel oil in underground storage tanks shall comply with +NFPA 31. + +603.4 Portable unvented heaters. Portable unvented +fuel-fired heating equipment shall be prohibited in occupan- +cies in Groups A, E, I, R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4. + +Exception: Listed and approved unvented fuel-fired heaters +in one- and two-family dwellings. + +603.4.1 Prohibited locations. Unvented fuel-fired heating +equipment shall not be located in, or obtain combustion air +from, any of the following rooms or spaces: sleeping rooms, +bathrooms, toilet rooms or storage closets. + +603.5 Heating appliances. Heating appliances shall be listed +and shall comply with this section. + +603.5.1 Guard against contact. The heating element or +combustion chamber shall be permanently guarded so as to +prevent accidental contact by persons or material. + +603.5.2 Heating appliance installation and maintenance. + +Heating appliances shall be installed and maintained in +accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, the Inter- +national Building Code, the International Mechanical +Code, the International Fuel Gas Code and the ICC Electri- +cal Code. + +603.6 Chimneys and appliances. Chimneys, incinerators, +smokestacks or similar devices for conveying smoke or hot +gases to the outer air and the stoves, furnaces, fireboxes or boil- +ers to which such devices are connected, shall be maintained so +as not to create a fire hazard. + +603.6.1 Masonry chimneys. Masonry chimneys that, upon +inspection, are found to be without a flue liner and that have +open mortar joints which will permit smoke or gases to bed +as to be dangerous, shall be repaired or relined with a listed +chimne discharged into the building, or which are crackey +liner system installed in accordance with the manufacturer's +installation instructions or a flue lining system installed in +accordance with the requirements of the International +Building Code and appropriate for the intended class of +chimney service. + +603.6.2 Metal chimneys. Metal chimneys which are cor- +roded or improperly supported shall be repaired or replaced. + + + +46 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +603.6.3 Decorative shrouds. Decorative shrouds installed +at the termination of factory-built chimneys shall be +removed except where such shrouds are listed and labeled +for use with the specific factory-built chimney system and +are installed in accordance with the chimney manufacturer's +installation instructions. + +603.6.4 Factory-built chimneys. Existing factory-built +chimneys that are damaged, corroded or improperly sup- +ported shall be repaired or replaced. + +603.6.5 Connectors. Existing chimney and vent connectors +that are damaged, corroded or improperly supported shall +be repaired or replaced. + +603.7 Discontinuing operation of unsafe heating appli- +ances. The fire code official is authorized to order that mea- +sures be taken to prevent the operation of any existing stove, +oven, furnace, incinerator, boiler or any other heat-producing +device or appliance found to be defective or in violation of code +requirements for existing appliances after giving notice to this +effect to any person, owner, firm or agent or operator in charge +of the same. The fire code official is authorized to take mea- +sures to prevent the operation of any device or appliance with- +out notice when inspection shows the existence of an +immediate fire hazard or when imperiling human life. The +defective device shall remain withdrawn from service until all +necessary repairs or alterations have been made. + +603.7.1 Unauthorized operation. It shall be a violation of +this code for any person, user, firm or agent to continue the +utilization of any device or appliance (the operation of +which has been discontinued or ordered discontinued in +accordance with Section 603.7), unless written authority to +resume operation is given by the fire code official. Remov- +ing or breaking the means by which operation of the device +is prevented shall be a violation of this code. + +603.8 Incinerators. Commercial, industrial and residen- +fial-type incinerators and chimneys shall be constructed in +accordance with the International Building Code, the Interna- +tional Fuel Gas Code and the International Mechanical Code. + +603.8.1 Residential incinerators. Residential incinerators +shall be of an approved type. + +603.8.2 Spark arrestor. Incinerators shall be equipped with +an effective means for arresting sparks. + +603.8.3 Restrictions. Where the fire code official deter- +mines that burning in incinerators located within 500 feet +(152 m) of mountainous, brush or grass-covered areas will +create an undue fire hazard because of atmospheric condi- +tions, such burning shall be prohibited. + +603.8.4 Time of burning. Burning shall take place only +during approved hours. + +603.8.5 Discontinuance. The fire code official is autho- +rized to require incinerator use to be discontinued immedi- +ately if the fire code official determines that smoke +emissions are offensive to occupants of surrounding prop- +erty or if the use of incinerators is determined by the fire +code official to constitute a hazardous condition. + +603.9 Gas meters. Above-ground gas meters, regulators and +piping subject to damage shall be protected by a barrier com- + + + +plying with Section 312 or otherwise protected in an approved +manner. + + + +SECTION 604 +EMERGENCY AND STANDBY POWER SYSTEMS + +604.1 Installation. Emergency and standby power systems +required by this code or the International Building Code shall I +be installed in accordance with this code, NFR\ 1 10 and NFR\ | +111. Existing installations shall be maintained in accordance +with the original approval. + +604.1.1 Stationary generators. Stationary emergency and +standby power generators required by this code shall be +listed in accordance with UL 2200. + +604.2 Where required. Emergency and standby power sys- +tems shall be provided where required by Sections 604.2.1 +through 604.2.19.4. + +604.2.1 Group A occupancies. Emergency power shall be +provided for emergency voice/alarm communication sys- +tems in Group A occupancies in accordance with Section +907.2.12.2. + +604.2.2 Smoke control systems. Standby power shall be +provided for smoke control systems in accordance with Sec- +tion 909.11. + +604.2.3 Exit signs. Emergency power shall be provided for +exit signs in accordance with Section 1011.5.3 + +604.2.4 Means of egress illumination. Emergency power +shall be provided for means of egress illumination in accor- +dance with Section 1006.3. + +604.2.5 Accessible means of egress elevators. Standby I +power shall be provided for elevators that are part of an | +accessible means of egress in accordance with Section +1007.4. + +604.2.6 Accessible means of egress platform lifts. + +Standby power in accordance with this section or ASME +A 18.1 shall be provided for platform lifts that are part of an +accessible means of egress in accordance with Section +1007.5. + +604.2.7 Horizontal sliding doors. Standby power shall be +provided for horizontal sliding doors in accordance with +Section 1008.1.3.3. + +604.2.8 Semiconductor fabrication facilities. Emergency +power shall be provided for semiconductor fabrication +facilities in accordance with Section 1803.15. + +604.2.9 Membrane structures. Emergency power shall be +provided for exit signs in temporary tents and membrane +structures in accordance with Section 2403.12.6.1. Standby +power shall be provided for auxiliary inflation systems in +permanent membrane structures in accordance with the +International Building Code. + +604.2.10 Hazardous materials. Emergency or standby +power shall be provided in occupancies with hazardous +materials in accordance with Sections 2704.7 and 2705. 1 .5. + +604.2.11 Highly toxic and toxic materials. Emergency +power shall be provided for occupancies with highly toxic + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +47 + + + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +or toxic materials in accordance with Sections 3704.2.2.8 +and 3704.3.2.6. + +604.2.12 Organic peroxides. Standby power shall be pro- +vided for occupancies with organic peroxides in accordance +with Section 3904.1.11. + +604.2.13 Pyroplioric materials. Emergency power shall be +provided for occupancies with silane gas in accordance with +Sections 4106.2.3 and 4106.4.3. + +604.2.14 Covered mall buildings. Covered mall buildings +exceeding 50,000 square feet (4645 m^) shall be provided +with standby power systems which are capable of operating +the emergency voice/alarm communication. + +604.2.15 High-rise buildings. Standby power, light and +emergency systems in high-rise buildings shall comply with +the requirements of Sections 604.2.15.1 through +604.2.15.3. + +604.2.15.1 Standby power. A standby power system +shall be provided. Where the standby system is a genera- +tor set inside a building, the system shall be located in a +separate room enclosed with 2-hour fire barriers or hori- +zontal assemblies constructed in accordance with the +International Building Code, or both. System supervi- +sion with manual start and transfer features shall be pro- +vided at the fire command center. + +604.2.15.1.1 Fuel supply. An on-premises fuel sup- +ply, sufficient for not less than 2-hour full-demand +operation of the system, shall be provided. + +Exception: When approved, the system shall be +allowed to be supplied by natural gas pipelines. + +604.2.15.1.2 Capacity. The standby system shall +have a capacity and rating that supplies all equipment +required to be operational at the same time. The gen- +erating capacity is not required to be sized to operate +all of the connected electrical equipment simulta- +neously. + +604.2.15.1.3 Connected facilities. Power and light- +ing facilities for the fire command center and eleva- +tors specified in Sections 403.8 and 403.9 of the +International Building Code, as applicable, and elec- +trically powered fire pumps required to maintain pres- +sure, shall be transferable to the standby source. +Standby power shall be provided for at least one ele- +vator to serve all floors and be transferable to any ele- +vator. + +604.2.15.2 Separate circuits and luminaires. Separate +lighting circuits and luminaires shall be required to pro- +vide sufficient light with an intensity of not less than 1 +foot-candle (11 lux) measured at floor level in all means +of egress corridors, stairways, smokeproof enclosures, +elevator cars and lobbies, and other areas that are clearly +a part of the escape route. + +604.2.15.2.1 Other circuits. Circuits supplying +lighting for the fire command center and mechanical +equipment rooms shall be transferable to the standby +source. + + + +604.2.15.3 Emergency systems. Exit signs, exit illumi- +nation as required by Chapter 10, and elevator car light- +ing are classified as emergency systems and shall operate +within 10 seconds of failure of the normal power supply +and shall be capable of being transferred to the standby +source. + +Exception: Exit sign, exit and means of egress illumi- +nation are permitted to be powered by a standby +source in buildings of Group F and S occupancies. + +604.2.16 Underground buildings. Emergency and standby +power systems in underground buildings covered in Chap- +ter 4 of the International Building Code shall comply with +Sections 604.2.16.1 and 604.2.16.2. + +604.2.16.1 Standby power. A standby power system +complying with the ICC Electrical Code shall be pro- +vided for standby power loads as specified in Section +604.2.16.1.1. + +[B] 604.2.16.1.1 Standby power loads. The follow- +ing loads are classified as standby power loads: + +1 . Smoke control system. + +2. Ventilation and automatic fire detection equip- +ment for smokeproof enclosures. + +3. Fire pumps. + +4. Standby power shall be provided for elevators +in accordance with Section 3003 of the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +[B] 604.2.16.1.2 Pickup time. The standby power +system shall pick up its connected loads within 60 +seconds of failure of the normal power supply. + +604.2.16.2 Emergency power. An emergency power +system complying with the ICC Electrical Code shall be +provided for emergency power loads as specified in Sec- +tion 604.2.15.2.1. + +604.2.16.2.1 Emergency power loads. The follow- +ing loads are classified as emergency power loads: + +1. Emergency voice/alarm communication sys- +tems. + +2. Fire alarm systems. + +3. Automatic fire detection systems. + +4. Elevator car lighting. + +5 . Means of egress lighting and exit sign illumina- +tion as required by Chapter 10. + +604.2.17 Group 1-3 occupancies. Power-operated sliding +doors or power-operated locks for swinging doors in Group +1-3 occupancies shall be operable by a manual release mech- +anism at the door, and either emergency power or a remote +mechanical operating release shall be provided. + +Exception: Emergency power is not required in facilities +where provisions for remote locking and unlocking of +occupied rooms in Occupancy Condition 4 are not +required as set forth in the International Building Code. + +604.2.18 Airport traffic control towers. A standby power +system shall be provided in airport traffic control towers + + + +48 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +more than 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height. Power shall be +provided to the following equipment: + +1 . Pressurization equipment, mechanical equipment and +lighting. + +2. Elevator operating equipment. + +3. Fire alarm and smoke detection systems. + +604.2.19 Elevators. In buildings and structures where +standby power is required or furnished to operate an eleva- +tor, the operation shall be in accordance with Sections +604.2.19.1 through 604.2.19.4. + +604.2.19.1 Manual transfer. Standby power shall be +manually transferable to all elevators in each bank. + +604.2.19.2 One elevator. Where only one elevator is +installed, the elevator shall automatically transfer to +standby power within 60 seconds after failure of normal +power. + +604.2.19.3 Two or more elevators. Where two or more +elevators are controlled by a common operating system, +all elevators shall automatically transfer to standby +power within 60 seconds after failure of normal power +where the standby power source is of sufficient capacity +to operate all elevators at the same time. Where the +standby power source is not of sufficient capacity to +operate all elevators at the same time, all elevators shall +transfer to standby power in sequence, return to the des- +ignated landing and disconnect from the standby power +source. After all elevators have been returned to the des- +ignated level, at least one elevator shall remain operable +from the standby power source. + +604.2.19.4 Venting. Where standby power is connected +to elevators, the machine room ventilation or air condi- +tioning shall be connected to the standby power source. + +604.3 Maintenance. Emergency and standby power systems +shall be maintained in accordance with NFPA 110 and NFPA +111 such that the system is capable of supplying service within +the time specified for the type and duration required. + +604.3.1 Schedule. Inspection, testing and maintenance of +emergency and standby power systems shall be in accor- +dance with an approved schedule established upon comple- +tion and approval of the system installation. + +604.3.2 Written record. Written records of the inspection, +testing and maintenance of emergency and standby power +systems shall include the date of service, name of the servic- +ing technician, a summary of conditions noted and a +detailed description of any conditions requiring correction +and what corrective action was taken. Such records shall be +kept on the premises served by the emergency or standby +power system and be available for inspection by the fire +code official. + +604.3.3 Switch maintenance. Emergency and standby +power system transfer switches shall be included in the +inspection, testing and maintenance schedule required by +Section 604.3.1. Transfer switches shall be maintained free +from accumulated dust and dirt. Inspection shall include +examination of the transfer switch contacts for evidence of + + + +deterioration. When evidence of contact deterioration is +detected, the contacts shall be replaced in accordance with +the transfer switch manufacturer's instructions. + +604.4 Operational inspection and testing. Emergency power +systems, including all appurtenant components shall be +inspected and tested under load in accordance with NFPA 110 +and NFPA 111. + +Exception: Where the emergency power system is used for +standby power or peak load shaving, such use shall be +recorded and shall be allowed to be substituted for sched- +uled testing of the generator set, provided that appropriate +records are maintained. + +604.4.1 Transfer switch test. The test of the transfer switch +shall consist of electrically operating the transfer switch +from the normal position to the alternate position and then +return to the normal position. + +604.5 Supervision of maintenance and testing. Routine +maintenance, inspection and operational testing shall be over- +seen by a properly instructed individual. + + + +SECTION 605 +ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, WIRING AND HAZARDS + +605.1 Abatement of electrical hazards. Identified electrical +hazards shall be abated. Identified hazardous electrical condi- +tions in permanent wiring shall be brought to the attention of +the code official responsible for enforcement of the ICC Elec- +trical Code. Electrical wiring, devices, appliances and other +equipment that is modified or damaged and constitutes an elec- +trical shock or fire hazard shall not be used. + +605.2 Illumination. Illumination shall be provided for service +equipment areas, motor control centers and electrical +panelboards. + +605.3 Working space and clearance. A working space of not +less than 30 inches (762 mm) in width, 36 inches (914 mm) in +depth and 78 inches (1981 mm) in height shall be provided in +front of electrical service equipment. Where the electrical ser- +vice equipment is wider than 30 inches (762 nmn), the working +space shall not be less than the width of the equipment. No stor- +age of any materials shall be located within the designated +working space. + +Exceptions: + +1. Where other dimensions are required or allowed by +the ICC Electrical Code. + +2. Access openings into attics or under-floor areas +which provide a minimum clear opening of 22 inches +(559 mm) by 30 inches (762 mm). + +605.3.1 Labeling. Doors into electrical control panel rooms +shall be marked with a plainly visible and legible sign stat- +ing ELECTRICAL ROOM or similar approved wording. +The disconnecting means for each service, feeder or branch +circuit originating on a switchboard or panelboard shall be +legibly and durably marked to indicate its purpose unless +such purpose is clearly evident. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE<^ + + + +49 + + + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +605.4 Multiplug adapters. Multiplug adapters, such as cube +adapters, unfused plug strips or any other device not complying +with the ICC Electrical Code shall be prohibited. + +605.4.1 Power tap design. Relocatable power taps shall be +of the polarized or grounded type, equipped with +overcurrent protection, and shall be listed in accordance +with UL 1363. + +605.4.2 Power supply. Relocatable power taps shall be +directly connected to a permanently installed receptacle. + +605.4.3 Installation. Relocatable power tap cords shall not +extend through walls, ceilings, floors, under doors or floor +coverings, or be subject to environmental or physical dam- +age. + +605.5 Extension cords. Extension cords and flexible cords +shall not be a substitute for permanent wiring. Extension cords +and flexible cords shall not be affixed to structures, extended +through walls, ceilings or floors, or under doors or floor cover- +ings, nor shall such cords be subject to environmental damage +or physical impact. Extension cords shall be used only with +portable appliances. + +605.5.1 Power supply. Extension cords shall be plugged +directly into an approved receptacle, power tap or multiplug +adapter and, except for approved multiplug extension cords, +shall serve only one portable appliance. + +605.5.2 Ampacity. The ampacity of the extension cords +shall not be less than the rated capacity of the portable appli- +ance supplied by the cord. + +605.5.3 Maintenance. Extension cords shall be maintained +in good condition without splices, deterioration or damage. + +605.5.4 Grounding. Extension cords shall be grounded +when serving grounded portable appliances. + +605.6 Unapproved conditions. Open junction boxes and +open- wiring splices shall be prohibited. Approved covers shall +be provided for all switch and electrical outlet boxes. + +605.7 Appliances. Electrical appliances and fixtures shall be +tested and listed in published reports of inspected electrical +equipment by an approved agency and installed and main- +tained in accordance with all instructions included as part of +such listing. + +605.8 Electrical motors. Electrical motors shall be maintained +free from excessive accumulations of oil, dirt, waste and +debris. + +605.9 Temporary wiring. Temporary wiring for electrical +power and lighting installations is allowed for a period not to +exceed 90 days. Temporary wiring methods shall meet the +applicable provisions of the ICC Electrical Code. + +Exception: Temporary wiring for electrical power and +lighting installations is allowed during periods of construc- +tion, remodeling, repair or demolition of buildings, struc- +tures, equipment or similar activities. + +605.9.1 Attachment to structures. Temporary wiring +attached to a structure shall be attached in an approved man- +ner. + + + +605.10 Portable, electric space heaters. Portable, electric +space heaters shall comply with Sections 605.10.1 through +605.10.4. + +605.10.1 Listed and labeled. Only listed and labeled porta- +ble, electric space heaters shall be used. + +605.10.2 Power supply. Portable, electric space heaters +shall be plugged directly into an approved receptacle. + +605.10.3 Extension cords. Portable, electric space heaters +shall not be plugged into extension cords. + +605.10.4 Prohibited areas. Portable, electric space heaters +shall not be operated within 3 feet (914 mm) of any combus- +tible materials. Portable, electric space heaters shall be +operated only in locations for which they are listed. + + + +SECTION 606 +MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION + +[M] 606.1 Scope. Refrigeration systems shall be installed in +accordance with the International Mechanical Code. + +[M] 606.2 Refrigerants. The use and purity of new, recovered, +and reclaimed refrigerants shall be in accordance with the +International Mechanical Code. + +[M] 606.3 Refrigerant classification. Refrigerants shall be +classified in accordance with the International Mechanical +Code. + +[M] 606.4 Change in refrigerant type. A change in the type of +refrigerant in a refrigeration system shall be in accordance with +the International Mechanical Code. + +606.5 Access. Refrigeration systems having a refrigerant cir- +cuit containing more than 220 pounds (100 kg) of Group Al or +30 pounds (14 kg) of any other group refrigerant shall be acces- +sible to the fire department at all times as required by the fire +code official. + +606.6 Testing of equipment. Refrigeration equipment and +systems having a refrigerant circuit containing more than 220 +pounds (100 kg) of Group A 1 or 30 pounds (14 kg) of any other +group refrigerant shall be subject to periodic testing in accor- +dance with Section 606.6.1. A written record of required test- +ing shall be maintained on the premises. Tests of emergency +devices or systems required by this chapter shall be conducted +by persons trained and qualified in refrigeration systems. + +606.6.1 Periodic testing. The following emergency devices +or systems shall be periodically tested in accordance with +the manufacturer's instructions and as required by the fire +code official. + +1. Treatment and flaring systems. + +2. Valves and appurtenances necessary to the operation +of emergency refrigeration control boxes. + +3. Fans and associated equipment intended to operate +emergency ventilation systems. + +4. Detection and alarm systems. + +606.7 Emergency signs. Refrigeration units or systems having +a refrigerant circuit containing more than 220 pounds (100 kg) +of Group Al or 30 pounds (14 kg) of any other group refriger- + + + +50 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +%. + + + +i + + + +ant shall be provided with approved emergency signs, charts, +and labels in accordance with NFPA 704. Hazard signs shall be +in accordance with the International Mechanical Code for the +classification of refrigerants listed therein. + +606.8 Refrigerant detector. Machinery rooms shall contain a +refrigerant detector with an audible and visual alarm. The +detector, or a sampling tube that draws air to the detector, shall +be located in an area where refrigerant from a leak will concen- +trate. The alarm shall be actuated at a value not greater than the +corresponding TLV-TWA values shown in the International +Mechanical Code for the refrigerant classification. Detectors +and alarms shall be- placed in approved locations. + +606.9 Remote controls. Remote control of the mechanical +equipment and appliances located in the machinery room shall +be provided at an approved location immediately outside the +machinery room and adjacent to its principal entrance. + +606.9.1 Refrigeration system. A clearly identified switch +of the break-glass type shall provide off-only control of +electrically energized equipment and appliances in the +machinery room, other than refrigerant leak detectors and +machinery room ventilation. + +Exception: In machinery rooms where only nonflam- +mable refrigerants are used, electrical equipment and +appliances, other than compressors, are not required to +be provided with a cut-off switch. + +606.9.2 Ventilation system. A clearly identified switch of +the break-glass type shall provide on-only control of the +machinery room ventilation fans. + +606.10 Emergency pressure control system. Refrigeration +systems containing more than 6.6 pounds (3 kg) of flammable, +toxic or highly toxic refrigerant or ammonia shall be provided +with an emergency pressure control system in accordance with +Sections 606.10.1 and 606.10.2. + +606.10.1 Automatic crossover valves. Each high- and +intermediate-pressure zone in a refrigeration system shall +be provided with a single automatic valve providing a cross- +over connection to a lower pressure zone. Automatic cross- +over valves shall comply with Sections 606.10.1.1 through +606.10.1.3. + +606.10.1.1 Overpressure limit setpoint. Automatic +crossover valves shall be arranged to automatically +relieve excess system pressure to a lower pressure zone if +the pressure in a high- or intermediate-pressure zone +rises to within 15 psi (108.4 kPa) of the set point for +emergency pressure-relief devices. + +606.10.1.2 Manual operation. When required by the +fire code official, automatic crossover valves shall be +capable of manual operation. + +606.10.1.3 System design pressure. Refrigeration sys- +tem zones that are connected to a higher pressure zone by +an automatic crossover valve shall be designed to safely +contain the maximum pressure that can be achieved by +interconnection of the two zones. + +606.10.2 Automatic emergency stop. An automatic emer- +gency stop feature shall be provided in accordance with +Sections 606.10.2.1 and 606.10.2.2. + + + +606.10.2.1 Operation of an automatic crossover +valve. Operation of an automatic crossover valve shall +cause all compressors on the effected system to immedi- +ately stop. Dedicated pressure-sensing devices located +immediately adjacent to crossover valves shall be per- +mitted as a means for determining operation of a valve. +To ensure that the automatic crossover valve system pro- +vides a redundant means of stopping compressors in an +overpressure condition, high-pressure cutout sensors +associated with compressors shall not be used as a basis +for determining operation of a crossover valve. + +606.10.2.2 Overpressure in low-pressure zone. The + +lowest pressure zone in a refrigeration system shall be +provided with a dedicated means of determining a rise in +system pressure to within 15 psi (103.4 kPa) of the +setpoint for emergency pressure-relief devices. Activa- +tion of the overpressure sensing device shall cause all +compressors on the effected system to immediately stop. + +606.11 Storage, use and handling. Flammable and combusti- +ble materials shall not be stored in machinery rooms for refrig- +eration systems having a refrigerant circuit containing more +than 220 pounds (100 kg) of Group Al or 30 pounds (14 kg) of +any other group refrigerant. Storage, use or handling of extra +refrigerant or refrigerant oils shall be as required by Chapters +27, 30, 32 and 34. + +Exception: This provision shall not apply to spare parts, +tools, and incidental materials necessary for the safe and +proper operation and maintenance of the system. + +606.12 Termination of relief devices. Pressure relief devices, +fusible plugs and purge systems for refrigeration systems con- +taining more than 6.6 pounds (3 kg) of flammable, toxic or +highly toxic refrigerants shall be provided with an approved +discharge system as required by Sections 606.12.1, 606.12.2 +and 606.12.3. Discharge piping and devices connected to the +discharge side of a fusible plug or rupture member shall have +provisions to prevent plugging the pipe in the event of the fus- +ible plug or rupture member functions. + +606.12.1 Flammable refrigerants. Systems containing +flammable refrigerants having a density equal to or greater +than the density of air shall discharge vapor to the atmo- +sphere only through an approved treatment system in accor- +dance with Section 606.12.4 or a flaring system in +accordance with Section 606.12.5. Systems containing +flammable refrigerants having a density less than the den- +sity of air shall be permitted to discharge vapor to the atmo- +sphere provided that the point of discharge is located +outside of the structure at not less than 15 feet (4572 mm) +above the adjoining grade level and not less than 20 feet +(6096 mm) from any window, ventilation opening or exit. + +606.12.2 Toxic and highly toxic refrigerants. Systems +containing toxic or highly toxic refrigerants shall discharge +vapor to the atmosphere only through an approved treat- +ment system in accordance with Section 606.12.4 or a flar- +ing system in accordance with Section 606.12.5. + +606.12.3 Ammonia refrigerant. Systems containing +ammonia refrigerant shall discharge vapor to the atmo- +sphere through an approved treatment system in accordance + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +51 + + + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +with Section 606.12.4, a flaring system in accordance with +Section 606.12.5, or through an approved ammonia diffu- +sion system in accordance with Section 606.12.6, or by +other approved means. + +Exceptions: + +1. Ammonia/water absorption systems containing +less than 22 pounds (10 kg) of ammonia and for +which the ammonia circuit is located entirely out- +doors. + +2. When the fire code official determines, on review +of an engineering analysis prepared in accordance +with Section 104.7.2, that a fire, health or environ- +mental hazard would not result from discharging +ammonia directly to the atmosphere. + +606.12.4 Treatment systems. Treatment systems shall be +designed to reduce the allowable discharge concentration of +the refrigerant gas to not more than 50 percent of the IDLH +at the point of exhaust. Treatment systems shall be in accor- +dance with Chapter 37. + +606.12.5 Flaring systems. Flaring systems for incineration +of flammable refrigerants shall be designed to incinerate the +entire discharge. The products of refrigerant incineration +shall not pose health or environmental hazards. Incineration +shall be automatic upon initiation of discharge, shall be +designed to prevent blowback, and shall not expose struc- +tures or materials to threat of fire. Standby fuel, such as LP +gas, and standby power shall have the capacity to operate for +one and one-half the required time for complete incineration +of refrigerant in the system. + +606.12.6 Ammonia diffusion systems. Annmonia diffu- +sion systems shall include a tank containing 1 gallon of +water for each pound of ammonia (4 L of water for each 1 kg +of ammonia) that will be released in 1 hour from the largest +relief device connected to the discharge pipe. The water +shall be prevented from freezing. The discharge pipe from +the pressure relief device shall distribute ammonia in the +bottom of the tank, but no lower than 33 feet (10 058 mm) +below the maximum liquid level. The tank shall contain the +volume of water and ammonia without overflowing. + +606.13 Discharge location for refrigeration machinery +room ventilation. Exhaust from mechanical ventilation sys- +tems serving refrigeration machinery rooms capable of +exceeding 25 percent of the LFL or 50 percent of the IDLH +shall be equipped with approved treatment systems to reduce +the discharge concentrations of flammable, toxic or highly +toxic refrigerants to those values or lower. + +606.14 Notification of refrigerant discharges. The fire code +official shall be notified immediately when a discharge +becomes reportable under state, federal or local regulations in +accordance with Section 2703.3. 1 . + +606.15 Records. A written record shall be kept of refrigerant +quantities brought into and removed from the premises. Such +records shall be available to the fire code official. + +606.16 Electrical equipment. Where refrigerants of Groups +A2, A3, B2 and B3, as defined in the International Mechanical +Code, are used, refrigeration machinery rooms shall conform + + + +to the Class I, Division 2 hazardous location classification +requirements of the ICC Electrical Code. + +Exception: Ammonia machinery rooms that are provided +with ventilation in accordance with Section 1106.3 of the +International Mechanical Code. + + + +SECTION 607 +ELEVATOR RECALL AND MAINTENANCE + +607.1 Required. Existing elevators with a travel distance of 25 +feet (7620 mm) or more above or below the main floor or other +level of a building and intended to serve the needs of emer- +gency personnel for fire-fighting or rescue purposes shall be +provided with emergency operation in accordance with ASME +A 17. 3. New elevators shall be provided with Phase I emer- +gency recall operation and Phase II emergency in-car operation +in accordance with ASME A17.1. + +[B] 607.2 Emergency signs. An approved pictorial sign of a +standardized design shall be posted adjacent to each elevator +call station on all floors instructing occupants to use the exit +stairways and not to use the elevators in case of fire. The sign +shall read: IN FIRE EMERGENCY, DO NOT USE ELEVA- +TOR. USE EXIT STAIRS. The emergency sign shall not be +required for elevators that are part of an accessible means of +egress complying with Section 1007.4. + +607.3 Elevator keys. Keys for the elevator car doors and +fire-fighter service keys shall be kept in an approved location +for immediate use by the fire department. + + + +SECTION 608 +STATIONARY STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS + +608.1 Scope. Stationary storage battery systems having an +electrolyte capacity of more than 50 gallons ( 1 89 L) for flooded +lead acid, nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) and valve-regulated lead +acid (VRLA), or 1,000 pounds (454 kg) for lithium-ion, used +for facility standby power, emergency power or uninterrupted +power supplies, shall comply with this section and Table 608. 1 . + +608.2 Safety caps. Safety caps for stationary storage battery +systems shall comply with Sections 608.2.1 and 608.2.2. + +608.2.1 Nonrecombinant batteries. Vented lead acid, +nickel-cadmium or other types of nonrecombinant batteries +shall be provided with safety venting caps. + +608.2.2 Recombinant batteries. VRLA batteries shall be +equipped with self-resealing flame-arresting safety vents. + +608.3 Thermal runaway. VRLA battery systems shall be pro- +vided with a listed device or other approved method to pre- +clude, detect and control thermal runaway. + +608.4 Room design and construction. Enclosure of station- +ary battery systems shall comply with the International Build- +ing Code. Battery systems shall be allowed to be in the same +room with the equipment they support. + +608.4,1 Separate rooms. When stationary batteries are +installed in a separate equipment room accessible only to +authorized personnel, they shall be permitted to be installed +on an open rack for ease of maintenance. + + + +• + + + +52 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +TABLE 608.1 +BATTERY REQUIREMENTS + + + +REQUIREMENT + + +NONRECOMBINANT BATTERIES + + +RECOMBINANT BAT I bRIES + + +Flooded Lead +Acid Batteries + + +Flooded Nickel-Cadmium +(Ni-Cd) Batteries + + +Valve Regulated Lead Acid +(VRLA) Batteries + + +Lithium-Ion Batteries + + +Safety caps + + +Venting caps +(608.2.1) + + +Venting caps +(608.2.1) + + +Self-resealing + +flame-arresting caps + +(608.2.2) + + +No caps + + +Thermal runaway +management + + +Not required + + +Not required + + +Required +(608.3) + + +Not required + + +Spill control + + +Required +(608.5) + + +Required +(608.5) + + +Not required + + +Not required + + +Neutralization + + +Required +(608.5.1) + + +Required +(608.5.1) + + +Required +(608.5.2) + + +Not required + + +Ventilation + + +Required +(608.6.1; 608.6.2) + + +Required +(608.6.1; 608.6.2) + + +Required +(608.6.1; 608.6.2) + + +Not required + + +Signage + + +Required +(608.7) + + +Required +(608.7) + + +Required +(608.7) + + +Required (608.7) + + +Seismic protection + + +Required +(608.8) + + +Required +(608.8) + + +Required +(608.8) + + +Required (608.8) + + +Smoke detection + + +Required +(608.9) + + +Required +(608.9) + + +Required +(608.9) + + +Required (608.9) + + + +•I + + + +608.4.2 Occupied work centers. When a system of VRLA, +lithium-ion, or other type of sealed, nonventing batteries is +situated in an occupied work center, it shall be allowed to be +housed in a noncombustible cabinet or other enclosure to +prevent access by unauthorized personnel. + +608.4.3 Cabinets. When stationary batteries are contained +in cabinets in occupied work centers, the cabinet enclosures +shall be located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the equipment +that they support. + +608.5 Spill control and neutralization. An approved method +and materials for the control and neutralization of a spill of +electrolyte shall be provided in areas containing lead-acid, +nickel-cadmium or other types of batteries with free-flowing +liquid electrolyte. For purposes of this paragraph, a "spill" is +defined as any unintentional release of electrolyte. + +Exception: VRLA, lithium-ion or other types of sealed bat- +teries with immobilized electrolyte shall not require spill +control. + +608.5.1 Nonrecombinant battery neutralization. For bat- +tery systems containing lead-acid, nickel-cadmium or other +types of batteries with free-flowing electrolyte, the method +and materials shall be capable of neutralizing a spill from +the largest lead-acid battery to a pH between 7.0 and 9.0. + +608.5.2 Recombinant battery neutralization. For VRLA + +or other types of sealed batteries with immobilized electro- +lyte, the method and material shall be capable of neutraliz- +ing a spill of 3 percent of the capacity of the largest VRLA +cell or block in the room to a pH between 7.0 and 9.0. + +Exception: Lithium-ion batteries shall not require neu- +tralization. + + + +608.6 Ventilation. Ventilation of stationary storage battery +systems shall comply with Sections 608.6.1 and 608.6.2. + +608.6.1 Room ventilation. Ventilation shall be provided in +accordance with the International Mechanical Code and the +following: + +1 . For flooded lead acid, flooded nickel-cadmium, and +VRLA batteries, the ventilation system shall be +designed to limit the maximum concentration of +hydrogen to 1 percent of the total volume of the room; +or + +2. Continuous ventilation shall be provided at a rate of +not less than 1 cubic foot per minute per square foot [ 1 +ftVmin/ft2 or 0.0051 mV(s • m^)] of floor area of the +room. + +Exception: Lithium-ion batteries shall not require venti- +lation. + +608.6.2 Cabinet ventilation. When VRLA batteries are +installed inside a cabinet, the cabinet shall be approved for +use in occupied spaces and shall be mechanically or natu- +rally vented by one of the following methods: + +1. The cabinet ventilation shall limit the maximum con- +centration of hydrogen to 1 percent of the total vol- +ume of the cabinet during the worst-case event of +simultaneous "boost" charging of all the batteries in +the cabinet; or + +2. When calculations are not available to substantiate +the ventilation rate, continuous ventilation shall be +provided at a rate of not less than 1 cubic foot per min- +ute per square foot [1 ft^/min/ft^ or 0.005 1 mV(s • m^)] + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +53 + + + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS + + + +of floor area covered by the cabinet. The room in +which the cabinet is installed shall also be ventilated +as required in Section 608.6.1. + +608.7 Signage. Signs shall comply with Sections 608.7.1 and +608.7.2. + +608.7.1 Equipment room and building signage. Doors +into electrical equipment rooms or buildings containing sta- +tionary battery systems shall be provided with approved +signs. The signs shall state that: + +1. The room contains energized battery systems. + +2. The room contains energized electrical circuits. + +3. The battery electrolyte solutions, where present, are +corrosive liquids. + +608.7.2 Cabinet signage. Cabinets shall have exterior +labels that identify the manufacturer and model number of +the system and electrical rating (voltage and current) of the +contained battery system. There shall be signs within the +cabinet that indicate the relevant electrical, chemical and +fire hazards. + +608.8 Seismic protection. The battery systems shall be seismi- +cally braced in accordance with the International Building +Code. + +608.9 Smoke detection. An approved automatic smoke detec- +tion system shall be installed in accordance with Section 907.2 +in rooms containing stationary battery systems. + + + +SECTION 609 +COMMERCIAL KITCHEN HOODS + +[M] 609.1 General. Commercial kitchen exhaust hoods shall +comply with the requirements of the International Mechanical +Code. + +[M] 609.2 Where required. A Type I hood shall be installed at +or above all commercial cooking appliances and domestic +cooking appliances used for commercial purposes that produce +grease vapors. + + + +54 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +CHAPTER 7 + +FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION + + + +SECTION 701 +GENERAL + +701.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall specify the +requirements for and the maintenance of fire-resistance-rated +construction and requirements for enclosing floor openings +and shafts in existing buildings. New construction shall comply +with the International Building Code. + + + +SECTION 702 +DEFINITIONS + +702.1 Terms defined in Chapter 2. Words and terms used in +this chapter and defined in Chapter 2 shall have the meanings +ascribed to them as defined therein. + + + +SECTION 703 +FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION + +703.1 Maintenance. The required fire-resistance rating of +fire-resistance-rated construction (including walls, firestops, +shaft enclosures, partitions, smoke barriers, floors, fire-resis- +tive coatings and sprayed fire-resistant materials applied to +structural members and fire-resistant joint systems) shall be +maintained. Such elements shall be properly repaired, restored +or replaced when damaged, altered, breached or penetrated. +Openings made therein for the passage of pipes, electrical con- +duit, wires, ducts, air transfer openings and holes made for any +reason shall be protected with approved methods capable of +resisting the passage of smoke and fire. Openings through +fire-resistance-rated assemblies shall be protected by self- or +automatic-closing doors of approved construction meeting the +fire protection requirements for the assembly. + +703.1.1 Fireblocking and draftstopping. Required +fireblocking and draftstopping in combustible concealed +spaces shall be maintained to provide continuity and integ- +rity of the construction. + +703.1.2 Smoke barriers. Required smoke barriers shall be +maintained to prevent the passage of smoke and all openings +protected with approved smoke barrier doors or smoke +dampers. + +703.2 Opening protectives. Opening protectives shall be +maintained in an operative condition in accordance with NFPA +80. Fire doors and smoke barrier doors shall not be blocked or +obstructed or otherwise made inoperable. Fusible links shall be +replaced promptly whenever fused or damaged. Fire door +assemblies shall not be modified. + +703.2.1 Signs. Where required by the fire code official, a +sign shall be permanently displayed on or near each fire +door in letters not less than 1 inch (25 mm) high to read as +follows: + +1. For doors designed to be kept normally open: FIRE +DOOR— DO NOT BLOCK. + + + +2. For doors designed to be kept normally closed: FIRE +DOOR— KEEP CLOSED. + +703.2.2 Hold-open devices and closers. Hold-open +devices and automatic door closers, where provided, shall +be maintained. During the period that such device is out of +service for repairs, the door it operates shall remain in the +closed position. + +703.2.3 Door operation. Swinging fire doors shall close +from the full-open position and latch automatically. The +door closer shall exert enough force to close and latch the +door from any partially open position. + +703.3 Ceilings. The hanging and displaying of salable goods +and other decorative materials from acoustical ceiling systems +that are part of a fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceil- +ing assembly, shall be prohibited. + +703.4 Testing. Horizontal and vertical sliding and rolling fire +doors shall be inspected and tested annually to confirm proper +operation and full closure. A written record shall be maintained +and be available to the fire code official. + + + +SECTION 704 +FLOOR OPENINGS AND SHAFTS + +704.1 Enclosure. Interior vertical shafts, including but not lim- +ited to stairways, elevator hoistways, service and utility shafts, +that connect two or more stories of a building shall be enclosed +or protected as specified in Table 704. 1 . + +704.2 Opening protectives. When openings are required to be +protected, opening protectives shall be maintained self-closing +or automatic-closing by smoke detection. Existing fus- +ible-link-type automatic door-closing devices are permitted if +the fusible link rating does not exceed 135 °F (57 °C). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +55 + + + +FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION + + + +TABLE 704.1 +VERTICAL OPENING PROTECTION REQUIRED + + + +OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION + + +CONDITIONS + + +PROTECTION REQUIRED + + +Group I + + +Vertical openings connecting two or more stories + + +1 -hour protection + + +All, other than Group I + + +Vertical openings connecting two stories + + +No protection required"'' + + +All, other than Group I + + +Vertical openings connecting three to five stories + + +1-hour protection or automatic sprinklers +throughout"'*' + + +All, other than Group I + + +Vertical openings connecting more than five stories + + +1 -hour protection"-'' + + +All + + +Mezzanines open to the floor below + + +No protection required"'' + + +All, other than Group I + + +Atriums and covered mall buildings + + +1-hour protection or automatic sprinklers +throughout + + +All, other than Groups B and M + + +Escalator openings connecting four or less stories in a +sprinklered building. Openings must be protected by a draft +curtain and closely spaced sprinklers in accordance with +NFPA 13 + + +No protection required + + +Group B and M + + +Escalator openings in a sprinklered building protected by a +draft curtain and closely spaced sprinklers in accordance with +NFPA 13 + + +No protection required + + + +a. Vertical opening protection is not required for Group R-3 occupancies. + +b. Vertical opening protection is not required for open parking ^rages and ramps. + + + +56 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +CHAPTER 8 + +INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS + + + +SECTION 801 +GENERAL + +801.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern inte- +rior finish, interior trim, furniture, furnishings, decorative +materials and decorative vegetation in buildings. Section 803 +shall be applicable to existing buildings. Sections 804 through +808 shall be applicable to new and existing buildings. + + + +SECTION 802 +DEFINITIONS + +802.1 Terms defined in Chapter 2. Words and terms used in +this chapter and defined in Chapter 2 shall have the meanings +ascribed to them as defined therein. + + + +SECTION 803 + +INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH AND TRIM + +IN EXISTING BUILDINGS + +803.1 GeneraL The provisions of this section shall limit the +allowable flame spread and smoke development of interior +wall and ceiling finishes and interior wall and ceiling trim in +existing buildings based on location and occupancy classifica- +tion. Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be classified in +accordance with Section 803 of the International Building +Code. Such materials shall be grouped in accordance with +ASTM E 84, as indicated in Section 803.1.1, or in accordance +with NFPA 286, as indicated in Section 803.1.2. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Materials having a thickness less than 0.036 inch (0.9 +mm) applied directly to the surface of walls and ceil- +ings. + +2. Exposed portions of structural members complying +with the requirements of buildings of Type IV con- +struction in accordance with the International Build- +ing Code shall not be subject to interior finish +requirements. + +803.1.1 Classification in accordance with ASTM E 84. + +Interior finish materials shall be grouped in the following +classes in accordance with their flame spread and +smoke-developed index when tested in accordance with +ASTM E 84. + +Class A: flame spread index 0-25; smoke-developed +index 0-450. + +Class B: flame spread index 26-75; smoke-developed +index 0-450. + +Class C: flame spread index 76-200; smoke-developed +index 0-450. + + + +803.1.2 Classification in accordance with NFPA 286. + +Interior wall or ceiling finishes, other than textiles, shall be +allowed to be tested in accordance with NFPA 286. Finishes +tested in accordance with NFPA 286 shall comply with Sec- +tion 803.1.2.1. Interior wall and ceiling finish materials, +other than textiles, tested in accordance with NFPA 286 and +meeting the acceptance criteria of Section 803.1.2.1, shall +be allowed to be used where a Class A classification in +accordance with ASTM E 84 is required. + +803.1.2.1 Acceptance criteria for interior finish mate- +rials tested to NFPA 286. During the 40 kW exposure, +the interior finish shall comply with Item 1 . During the +160 kW exposure, the interior finish shall comply with +Item 2. During the entire test, the interior finish shall +comply with Item 3. + +1. During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not +spread to the ceiUng. + +2. During the 160 kW exposure, the interior finish +shall comply with the following: + +2. 1 . Flame shall not spread to the outer extrem- +ity of the sample on any wall or ceiling. + +2.2. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall +not occur. + +3. The total smoke released throughout the NFPA +286 test shall not exceed 1,000 m^. + +803.2 Stability. Interior finish materials regulated by this chap- +ter shall be applied or otherwise fastened in such a manner that +such materials will not readily become detached where sub- +jected to room temperatures of 200°F (93°C) for not less than +30 minutes. + +803.3 Interior finish requirements based on occupancy. + +Interior wall and ceiling finish shall have a flame spread index +not greater than that specified in Table 803.3 for the group and +location designated. + +803.4 Fire-retardant coatings. The required flame spread or +smoke-developed index of surfaces in existing buildings shall +be allowed to be achieved by application of approved fire-retar- +dant coatings, paints or solutions to surfaces having a flame +spread index exceeding that allowed. Such applications shall +comply with NFPA 703 and the required fire-retardant proper- +ties shall be maintained or renewed in accordance with the +manufacturer's instructions. + +803.5 Textiles. Where used as interior wall or ceihng finish +materials, textiles, including materials having woven or +nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or similar surface, shall +comply with the requirements of this section. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +57 + + + +INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS + + + +TABLE 803.3 +INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH REQUIREMENTS BY OCCUPANCY'' + + + +GROUP + + +SPRINKLERED' + + +NONSPRINKLERED + + +Exit enclosures and +exit passageways"' *' + + +Corridors + + +Rooms and +enclosed spaces'^ + + +Exit enclosures and +exit passageways"' '' + + +Corridors + + +Rooms and +enclosed spaces'^ + + +A-1&A-2 + + +B + + +B + + +C + + +A + + +A" + + +B^ + + +A-3f- A-4, A-5 + + +B + + +B + + +C + + +A + + +A" + + +C + + +B,E,M,R-l,R-4 + + +B + + +C + + +c + + +A + + +B + + +C + + +F + + +C + + +C + + +c + + +B + + +C + + +C + + +H + + +B + + +B + + +eg + + +A + + +A + + +B + + +I-l + + +B + + +C + + +c + + +A + + +B + + +B + + +1-2 + + +B + + +B + + +Bh,i + + +A + + +A + + +B + + +1-3 + + +A + + +AJ + + +C + + +A + + +A + + +B + + +1-4 + + +B + + +B + + +Bh,i + + +A + + +A + + +B + + +R-2 + + +C + + +C + + +C + + +B + + +B + + +C + + +R-3 + + +C + + +C + + +c + + +C + + +C + + +C + + +S + + +C + + +C + + +C + + +B + + +B + + +C + + +U + + +No Restrictions + + +No Restrictions + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 ml + +a. Class C interior finish materials shall be allowed for wainscotting or paneling of not more than 1 ,000 square feet of applied surface area in the grade lobby where +applied directly to a noncombustible base or over furring strips applied to a noncombustible base and fireblocked as required by Section 803 .4 of the International +Building Code. + +b. In exit enclosures of buildings less than three stories in height of other than Group 1-3, Class B interior finish for nonsprinklered buildings and Class C for +sprinklered buildings shall be permitted. + +c. Requirements for rooms and enclosed spaces shall be based upon spaces enclosed by partitions. Where a fire-resistance rating is required for structural elements, +the enclosing partitions shall extend from the floor to the ceiling. Partitions that do not comply with this shall be considered as enclosing spaces and the rooms or +spaces on both sides shall be considered as one. In determining the applicable requirements for rooms and enclosed spaces, the specific occupancy thereof shall be +the governing factor regardless of the group classification of the building or structure. + +d. Lobby areas in Group A-1, A-2 and A-3 occupancies shall not be less than Class B materials. + +e. Class C interior finish materials shall be allowed in Group A occupancies with an occupant load of 300 persons or less. + +f. In places of religious worship, wood used for ornamental purposes, trusses, paneling or chancel furnishing shall be allowed. + +g. Class B material is required where the building exceeds two stories. + +h. Class C interior finish materials shall be allowed in administrative spaces. + +i. Class C interior finish materials shall be allowed in rooms with a capacity of four persons or less. + +j. Class B materials shall be allowed as wainscoting extending not more than 48 inches above the finished floor in corridors, +k. Finish materials as provided for in other sections of this code. + +1. Applies when the vertical exits, exit passageways, corridors or rooms and spaces are protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. + + + +803.5.1 Textile wall coverings. Textile wall coverings shall +comply with one of the following: + +1. The coverings shall have a Class A flame spread +index in accordance with ASTM E 84 and be pro- +tected by automatic sprinklers installed in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, + +2. The covering shall meet the criteria of Section +803.5.1.1 or 803.5.1.2 when tested in the manner +intended for use in accordance with NFPA 265 using +the product-mounting system, including adhesive, of +actual use, or + +3. The covering shall meet the criteria of Section +803.1.2.1 when tested in accordance with NFPA 286 +using the product-mounting system, including adhe- +sive, of actual use. + + + +803.5.1.1 Method A test protocol. During the Method +A protocol, flame shall not spread to the ceiling during +the 40 kW exposure. During the 150 kW exposure, the +textile wall covering shall comply with all of the follow- +ing: + +1 . Rame shall not spread to the outer extremity of the +sample on the 8-foot by 12-foot (203 nmi by 305 +mm) wall. + +2. The specimen shall not bum to the outer extremity +of the 2-foot- wide (610 mm) samples mounted in +the comer of the room. + +3. Buming droplets deemed capable of igniting tex- +tile wall coverings or that bum for 30 seconds or +more shall not form. + + + +58 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS + + + +«l + + + +•I + + + +4. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 265, shall not +occur. + +5. The maximum net instantaneous peak heat release +rate, determined by subtracting the burner output +from the maximum heat release rate, does not +exceed 300 kW. + +803.5.1.2 Method B test protocol. During the Method B +protocol, flames shall not spread to the ceiling at any time +during the 40 kW exposure. During the 150 kW expo- +sure, the textile wall covering shall comply with the fol- +lowing: + +1 . Flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of +the samples on the 8-foot by 12-foot (203 mm by +305 mm) walls. + +2. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 265, shall not +occur. + +803.6 Expanded vinyl wall or ceiling coverings. Expanded +vinyl wall or ceiling coverings shall comply with the require- +ments of either Section 803.6.1 or 803.6.2. + +803.6.1 General. Expanded vinyl wall or ceiling coverings +shall comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.2. +Expanded vinyl wall or ceiling coverings complying with +Section 803 .1.2 shall not be required to comply with Section +803.1.1. + +803.6.2 Compliance alternative. Expanded vinyl wall or +ceiUng coverings shall be allowed to comply with the +requirements for textile wall or ceiling coverings in Section +803.5. + +803.7 Foam plastic materials. Foam plastic materials shall +not be used as interior wall and ceiling finish unless specifically +allowed by Section 803.7.1 or 803.7.2. Foam plastic materials +shall not be used as interior trim unless specifically allowed by +Section 803.7.3. + +803.7.1 Combustibility characteristics. Foam plastic +materials shall be allowed on the basis of fire tests that sub- +stantiate their combustibility characteristics for the use +intended under actual fire conditions, as indicated in Section +2603.9 of the International Building Code. This section +shall apply both to exposed foam plastics and to foam plas- +tics used in conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing or +cover. + +803.7.2 Thermal barrier. Foam plastic material shall be +allowed if it is separated from the interior of the building by +a thermal barrier in accordance with Section 2603.4 of the +International Building Code. + +803.7.3 Trim. Foam plastic shall be allowed for trim not in +excess of 10 percent of the wall or ceiling area, provided +such trim is not less than 20 pounds per cubic foot (320 +kg/m^) in density; is limited to 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) in thick- +ness and 8 inches (203 mm) in width, and exhibits a flame +spread index not exceeding 75 when tested in accordance +with ASTM E 84. The smoke-developed index shall not be +limited. + + + +SECTION 804 + +INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING TRIM + +IN NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS + +804.1 Interior trim. Material, other than foam plastic, used as +interior trim shall have a minimum Class C flame spread and +smoke-developed index, when tested in accordance with +ASTM E 84, as described in Section 803.1.1. Combustible +trim, excluding handrails and guardrails, shall not exceed 10 +percent of the aggregate wall or ceiling area in which it is +located. + +804.2 Foam plastic. Foam plastic used as interior trim shall +comply with Sections 804.2.1 through 804.2.4. + +804.2.1 Density. The minimum density of the interior trim +shall be 20 pounds per cubic foot (320 kg/m^). + +804.2.2 Thickness. The maximum thickness of the interior +trim shall be 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) and the maximum width +shall be 8 inches (203 mm). + +804.2.3 Area limitation. The interior trim shall not consti- +tute more than 10 percent of the aggregate wall and ceiling +area of a room or space. + +804.2.4 Flame spread. The flame spread index shall not +exceed 75 where tested in accordance with ASTM E 84. The +smoke-developed index shall not be limited. + + + +SECTION 805 + +UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES + +IN NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS + +805.1 Group I-l, board and care facilities. The requirements +in Sections 805.1.1 through 805.1.2 shall apply to board and +care facilities classified in Group I-l. + +805.1.1 Upholstered furniture. Newly introduced uphol- +stered furniture shall meet the requirements of Sections +805.1.1.1 and 805.1.1.2. + +805.1.1.1 Ignition by cigarettes. Newly introduced +upholstered furniture shall be shown to resist ignition by +cigarettes as determined by tests conducted in accor- +dance with NFPA 260 and shall meet the requirements of +Class I. + +Exception: Upholstered furniture in rooms or spaces +protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system +installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +805.1.1.2 Heat release rate. Newly introduced uphol- +stered furniture shall have limited rates of heat release +when tested in accordance with ASTM E 1537 or Cali- +fornia Technical Bulletin 133, as follows: + +1. The peak rate of heat release for the single uphol- +stered furniture item shall not exceed 80 kW. + +Exception: Upholstered furniture in rooms or +spaces protected by an approved automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +59 + + + +INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS + + + +2. The total energy released by the single upholstered +furniture item during the first 5 minutes of the test +shall not exceed 24 megajoules (MJ). + +Exception: Upholstered furniture in rooms or +spaces protected by an approved automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1. + +805.1.1.3 Identification. Upholstered furniture shall +bear the label of an approved agency, confirming compli- +ance with the requirements of Sections 805.1.1.1 and +805.1.1.2. + +805.1.2 Mattresses. Newly introduced mattresses shall +meet the requirements of Sections 805.1.2.1 through +805.1.2.3. + +805.1.2.1 Ignition by cigarettes. Newly introduced +mattresses shall be shown to resist ignition by cigarettes +as determined by tests conducted in accordance with +DOC 16 CFR Part 1632 and shall have a char length not +exceeding 2 inches (51 mm). + +Exception: Mattresses in rooms or spaces protected +by an approved automatic sprinkler system installed +in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +805.1.2.2 Heat release rate. Newly introduced mat- +tresses shall have limited rates of heat release when +tested in accordance with ASTM E 1590 or California +Technical Bulletin 129, as follows: + +1. The peak rate of heat release for the single uphol- +stered furniture item shall not exceed 100 kW. + +Exception: Mattresses in rooms or spaces pro- +tected by an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +2. The total energy released by the single upholstered +furniture item during the first 1 minutes of the test +shall not exceed 25 MJ. + +Exception: Mattresses in rooms or spaces pro- +tected by an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +805.1.2.3 Identification. Mattresses shall bear the label +of an approved agency, confirming compliance with the +requirements of Sections 805.2.2.1 and 805.2.2.2. + +805.2 Group 1-2, nursing homes and hospitals. The require- +ments in Sections 805.2.1 through 805.2.2 shall apply to nurs- +ing homes and hospitals classified in Group 1-2. + +805.2.1 Upholstered furniture. Newly introduced uphol- +stered furniture shall meet the requirements of Sections +805.2.1.1 through 805.2.1.3. + +805.2.1.1 Ignition by cigarettes. Newly introduced +upholstered furniture shall be shown to resist ignition by +cigarettes as determined by tests conducted in accor- +dance with one of the following: (a) mocked-up compos- +ites of the upholstered furniture shall have a char length + + + +not exceeding 1.5 inches (38 mm) when tested in accor- +dance with NFPA 261 or (b) the components of the +upholstered furniture shall meet the requirements for +Class I when tested in accordance with NFPA 260. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Upholstered furniture belonging to the patient +in sleeping rooms of nursing homes (Group +1-2), provided that a smoke detector is installed +in such rooms. Battery-powered, single-station +smoke alarms shall be allowed. + +2. Upholstered furniture in rooms or spaces pro- +tected by an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +805.2.1.2 Heat release rate. Newly introduced uphol- +stered furniture shall have limited rates of heat release +when tested in accordance with ASTM E 1537 or Cali- +fornia Technical Bulletin 133, as follows: + +1 . The peak rate of heat release for the single uphol- +stered furniture item shall not exceed 80 kW. + +Exception: Upholstered furniture in rooms or +spaces protected by an approved automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1. + +2. The total energy released by the single upholstered +furniture item during the first 10 minutes of the test +shall not exceed 25 MJ. + +Exception: Upholstered furniture in rooms or +spaces protected by an approved automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1. + +805.2.1.3 Identification. Upholstered furniture shall +bear the label of an approved agency, confirming compli- +ance with the requirements of Sections 805.2.1.1 and +805.2.1.2. + +805.2.2 Mattresses. Newly introduced mattresses shall +meet the requirements of Sections 805.2.2.1 through +805.2.2.3. + +805.2.2.1 Ignition by cigarettes. Newly introduced +mattresses shall be shown to resist ignition by cigarettes +as determined by tests conducted in accordance with +DOC 16 CFR Part 1632 and shall have a char length not +exceeding 2 inches (51 mm). + +805.2.2.2 Heat release rate. Newly introduced mat- +tresses shall have limited rates of heat release when +tested in accordance with ASTM E 1590 or California +Technical Bulletin 129, as follows: + +1 . The peak rate of heat release for the single mattress +shall not exceed 100 kW. + +Exception: Mattresses in rooms or spaces pro- +tected by an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + + + +to + + + +60 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS + + + +•I + + + +2. The total energy released by the single mattress +during the first 10 minutes of the test shall not +exceed 25 MJ. + +Exception: Mattresses in rooms or spaces pro- +tected by an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +805.2.2.3 Identification. Mattresses shall bear the label +of an approved agency, confirming compliance with the +requirements of Sections 805.2.2.1 and 805.2.2.2. + +805.3 Group 1-3, detention and correction facilities. The + +requirements in Sections 805.3.1 through 805.3.2 shall apply +to detention and correction facilities classified in Group 1-3. + +805.3.1 Upholstered furniture. Newly introduced uphol- +stered furniture shall meet the requirements of Sections +805.3.1.1 through 805.3.1.3 + +805.3.1.1 Ignition by cigarettes. Newly introduced +upholstered furniture shall be shown to resist ignition by +cigarettes as determined by tests conducted in accor- +dance with one of the following: + +1 . Mocked-up composites of the upholstered furni- +ture shall have a char length not exceeding 1.5 +inches (38 mm) when tested in accordance with +NFPA261,or + +2. The components of the upholstered furniture shall +meet the requirements for Class I when tested in +accordance with NFPA 260. + +Exception: Upholstered furniture in rooms or +spaces protected by an approved automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1. + +805.3.1.2 Heat release rate. Newly introduced uphol- +stered furniture shall have limited rates of heat release +when tested in accordance with ASTM E 1537, as fol- +lows: + +1 . The peak rate of heat release for the single uphol- +stered furniture item shall not exceed 80 kW. + +Exceptions: + +1. In Use Condition I, II and III occupan- +cies, as defined in the International +Building Code, upholstered furniture in +rooms or spaces protected by approved +smoke detectors that initiate, without +delay, an alarm that is audible in that +room or space. + +2. Upholstered furniture in rooms or spaces +protected by an approved automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1. + +2. The total energy released by the single upholstered +furniture item during the first 10 minutes of the test +shall not exceed 25 MJ. + +Exception: Upholstered furniture in rooms or +spaces protected by an approved automatic + + + +sprinkler system installed in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1. + +805.3.1.3 Identification. Upholstered furniture shall +bear the label of an approved agency, confirming compli- +ance with the requirements of Sections 805.3.1.1 and +805.3.1.2. + +805.3.2 Mattresses. Newly introduced mattresses shall +meet the requirements of Sections 805.3.2.1 through +805.3.2.3. + +805.3.2.1 Ignition by cigarettes. Newly introduced +mattresses shall be shown to resist ignition by cigarettes +as determined by tests conducted in accordance with +DOC 16 CFR Part 1632 and shall have a char length not +exceeding 2 inches (51 mm). + +Exception: Mattresses in rooms or spaces protected +by an approved automatic sprinkler system installed +in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +805.3.2.2 Heat release rate. Newly introduced +mattresses shall have limited rates of heat release when +tested in accordance with ASTM E 1590 or California +Technical Bulletin 129, as follows: + +1 . The peak rate of heat release for the single mattress +shall not exceed 100 kW. + +Exception: Mattresses in rooms or spaces pro- +tected by an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +2. The total energy released by the single upholstered +furniture item during the first 10 minutes of the test +shall not exceed 25 MJ. + +Exception: Mattresses in rooms or spaces pro- +tected by an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +805.3.2.3 Identification. Mattresses shall bear the label +of an approved agency, confirming compliance with the +requirements of Sections 805.3.2.1 and 805.3.2.2. + + + +SECTION 806 + +DECORATIVE VEGETATION + +IN NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS + +806.1 Natural cut trees. Natural cut trees, where allowed by +this section, shall have the trunk bottoms cut off at least 0.5 inch +(12.7 mm) above the original cut and shall be placed in a sup- +port device complying with Section 806.1.2. + +806.1.1 Restricted occupancies. Natural cut trees shall be +prohibited in Group A, E, I-l, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, M, R-1, R-2 and +R-4 occupancies. + +Exceptions: + +1. Trees located in areas protected by an approved +automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 shall not be +prohibited in Groups A, E, M, R-1 and R-2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +61 + + + +INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS + + + +2. Trees shall be allowed within dwelling units in +Group R-2 occupancies. + +806.1.2 Support devices. The support device that holds the +tree in an upright position shall be of a type that is stable and +that meets all of the following criteria: + +1 . The device shall hold the tree securely and be of ade- +quate size to avoid tipping over of the tree. + +2. The device shall be capable of containing a minimum +two-day supply of water. + +3. The water level, when full, shall cover the tree stem at +least 2 inches (5 1 mm). The water level shall be main- +tained above the fresh cut and checked at least once +daily. + +806.1.3 Dryness. The tree shall be removed from the build- +ing whenever the needles or leaves fall off readily when a +tree branch is shaken or if the needles are brittle and break +when bent between the thumb and index finger. The tree +shall be checked daily for dryness. + +806.2 Artificial vegetation. Artificial decorative vegetation +shall meet the flame propagation performance criteria of NFPA +701. Meeting the flame propagation performance criteria of +NFPA 701 shall be documented and certified by the manufac- +turer in an approved manner. + +806.3 Obstruction of means of egress. The required width of +any portion of a means of egress shall not be obstructed by dec- +orative vegetation. + +806.4 Open flame. Candles and open flames shall not be used +on or near decorative vegetation. Natural cut trees shall be kept +a distance from heat vents and any open flame or heat-produc- +ing devices at least equal to the height of the tree. + +806.5 Electrical fixtures and wiring. The use of unHsted elec- +trical wiring and lighting on natural cut trees and artificial dec- +orative vegetation shall be prohibited. The use of electrical +wiring and lighting on artificial trees constructed entirely of +metal shall be prohibited. + + + +SECTION 807 + +DECORATIVE MATERIALS OTHER THAN + +DECORATIVE VEGETATION + +IN NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS + +807.1 General requirements. In occupancies in Groups A, E, +I and R-1 and dormitories in Group R-2, curtains, draperies, +hangings and other decorative materials suspended from walls +or ceilings shall meet the flame propagation performance crite- +ria of NFPA 701 in accordance with Section 806.2 or be +noncombustible. + +In Groups I- 1 and 1-2, combustible decorative materials shall +meet the flame propagation criteria of NFPA 701 unless the +decorative materials, including, but not limited to, photographs +and paintings, are of such limited quantities that a hazard of fire +development or spread is not present. In Group 1-3, combusti- +ble decorative materials are prohibited. + +Fixed or movable walls and partitions, paneling, wall pads +and crash pads, applied structurally or for decoration, acousti- +cal correction, surface insulation or other purposes, shall be + + + +considered interior finish if they cover 10 percent or more of +the wall or of the ceiling area, and shall not be considered deco- +rative materials or furnishings. + +In Group B and M occupancies, fabric partitions suspended +from the ceiling and not supported by the floor shall meet the +flame propagation performance criteria in accordance with +Section 807.2 and NFPA 701 or shall be noncombustible. + +807.1.1 Noncombustible materials. The permissible +amount of noncombustible decorative material shall not be +limited. + +807.1.2 Combustible decorative materials. The permissi- +ble amount of decorative materials meeting the flame propa- +gation performance criteria of NFPA 701 shall not exceed +10 percent of the aggregate area of walls and ceilings. + +Exceptions: + +1. In auditoriums in Group A, the permissible +amount of decorative material meeting the flame +propagation performance criteria of NFPA 701 +shall not exceed 50 percent of the aggregate area of +walls and ceiling where the building is equipped +throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler +system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, and +where the material is installed in accordance with +Section 803.4 of the International Building Code. + +2. The amount of fabric partitions suspended from +the ceiling and not supported by the floor in Group +B and M occupancies shall not be limited. + +807.2 Acceptance criteria and reports. Where required to be +flame resistant, decorative materials shall be tested by an +approved agency and meet the flame propagation performance +criteria of NFPA 701, or such materials shall be +noncombustible. Reports of test results shall be prepared in +accordance with NFPA 701 and furnished to the fire code offi- +cial upon request. + +807.3 Pyroxylin plastic. Imitation leather or other material +consisting of or coated with a pyroxylin or similarly hazardous +base shall not be used in Group A occupancies. + +807.4 Occupancy-based requirements. In occupancies in +Group A, E and 1-4 day care facilities, decorative materials +other than decorative vegetation shall comply with Sections +807.4.1 through 807.4.4.2. + +807.4.1 General. All of the following requirements shall +apply to all Group A and E occupancies and Group 1-4 day +care facilities regulated by Sections 807.4.2 through +807.4.4: + +1 . Explosive or highly flammable materials. Furnishings or +decorative materials of an explosive or highly flammable +character shall not be used. + +2. Fire-retardant coatings. Fire-retardant coatings in exist- +ing buildings shall be maintained so as to retain the effec- +tiveness of the treatment under service conditions +encountered in actual use. + +3. Obstructions. Furnishings or other objects shall not be +placed to obstruct exits, access thereto, egress therefrom +or visibility thereof. + + + +b + + + +62 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS + + + +807.4.2 Group A. The requirements in Sections 807.4.2.1 +through 807.4.2.3 shall apply to occupancies in Group A. + +807.4.2.1 Foam plastics. Exposed foam plastic materi- +als and unprotected materials containing foam plastic +used for decorative purposes, or stage scenery or exhibit +booths shall have a maximum heat release rate of 100 kW +when tested in accordance with UL 1975. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Individual foam plastic items or items contain- +ing foam plastic where the foam plastic does +not exceed 1 pound (0.45 kg) in weight. + +2. Cellular or foam plastic shall be allowed for +trim not in excess of 10 percent of the wall or +ceiling area, provided it is not less than 20 +pounds per cubic foot (320 kg/m^) in density; is +limited to 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) in thickness and 8 +inches (204 mm) in width; and complies with +the requirements for Class B interior wall and +ceiling finish, except that the smoke-developed +index shall not be limited. + +807.4.2.2 Motion picture screens. The screens upon +which motion pictures are projected in new and existing +buildings of Group A shall either meet the flame propa- +gation performance criteria of NFPA 701 or shall comply +with the requirements for a Class B interior finish in +accordance with Section 803 of the International Build- +ing Code. + +807.4.2.3 Wood use in Group A-3 places of religious +worship. In places of religious worship, wood used for +ornamental purposes, trusses, paneling or chancel fur- +nishing shall be allowed. + +807.4.3 Group E. The requirements in Sections 807.4.3.1 +and 807.4.3.2 shall apply to occupancies in Group E. + +807.4.3.1 Storage in corridors and lobbies. Clothing +and personal effects shall not be stored in corridors and +lobbies. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Corridors protected by an approved automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1. + +2. Corridors protected by an approved smoke +detection system installed in accordance with +Section 907. + +3. Storage in metal lockers, provided the mini- +mum required egress width is maintained. + +807.4.3.2 Artwork. Artwork and teaching materials +shall be limited on the walls of corridors to not more than +20 percent of the wall area. + +807.4.4 Group 1-4, day care facilities. The requirements in +Sections 807.4.4.1 and 807.4.4.2 shall apply to day care +facilities classified in Group 1-4. + + + +807.4.4.1 Storage in corridors and lobbies. Clothing +and personal effects shall not be stored in corridors and +lobbies. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Corridors protected by an approved automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1. + +2; Corridors protected by an approved smoke +detection system installed in accordance with +Section 907. + +3. Storage in metal lockers, provided the mini- +mum required egress width is maintained. + +807.4.4.2 Artwork. Artwork and teaching materials +shall be limited on walls of corridors to not more than 20 +percent of the wall area. + + + +SECTION 808 + +FURNISHINGS OTHER THAN UPHOLSTERED + +FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES OR DECORATIVE + +MATERIALS IN NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS + +808.1 Wastebaskets in Group 1-3, detention and correction +facilities. Wastebaskets and other waste containers, including +their lids, located in Group 1-3 detention and correction facili- +ties shall be constructed of noncombustible materials or of +materials that meet a peak rate of heat release not exceeding +300 kW/m2 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 1354 at +an incident heat flux of 50 kW/m^ in the horizontal orientation. +Metal wastebaskets and other metal waste containers with a +capacity of 20 gallons (75.7 L) or more shall be fisted in accor- +dance with UL 1315 and shall be provided with a +noncombustible lid. + +808.2 Signs. Foam plastic signs that are not affixed to interior +building surfaces shall have a maximum heat release rate of +150 kW when tested in accordance with UL 1975. + +Exception: Where the aggregate area of foam plastic signs +is less than 10 percent of the floor area or wall area of the +room or space in which the signs are located, whichever is +less, subject to the approval of the fire code official. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +63 + + + +64 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +CHAPTER 9 + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +SECTION 901 +GENERAL + +901.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall specify where +fire protection systems are required and shall apply to the +design, installation, inspection, operation, testing and mainte- +nance of all fire protection systems. + +901.2 Construction documents. The fire code official shall +have the authority to require construction documents and cal- +culations for all fire protection systems and to require permits +be issued for the installation, rehabilitation or modification of +any fire protection system. Construction documents for fire +protection systems shall be submitted for review and approval +prior to system installation. + +901.2.1 Statement of compliance. Before requesting final +approval of the installation, where required by the fire code +official, the installing contractor shall furnish a written +statement to the fire code official that the subject fire protec- +tion system has been installed in accordance with approved +plans and has been tested in accordance with the manufac- +turer's specifications and the appropriate installation stan- +dard. Any deviations from the design standards shall be +noted and copies of the approvals for such deviations shall +be attached to the written statement. + +901.3 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Section +105.6 and 105.7. + +901.4 Installation. Fire protection systems shall be maintained +in accordance with the original installation standards for that +system. Required systems shall be extended, altered, or aug- +mented as necessary to maintain and continue protection +whenever the building is altered, remodeled or added to. Alter- +ations to fire protection systems shall be done in accordance +with applicable standards. + +901.4.1 Required fire protection systems. Fire protection +systems required by this code or the International Building +Code shall be installed, repaired, operated, tested and main- +tained in accordance with this code. + +901.4.2 Nonrequired fire protection systems. Any fire +protection system or portion thereof not required by this +code or the International Building Code shall be allowed to +be furnished for partial or complete protection provided +such installed system meets the requirements of this code +and the International Building Code. + +901.4.3 Additional fire protection systems. In occupan- +cies of a hazardous nature, where special hazards exist in +addition to the normal hazards of the occupancy, or where +the fire code official determines that access for fire appara- +tus is unduly difficult, the fire code official shall have the +authority to require additional safeguards. Such safeguards +include, but shall not be limited to, the following: automatic +fire detection systems, fire alarm systems, automatic +fire-extinguishing systems, standpipe systems, or portable +or fixed extinguishers. Fire protection equipment required + + + +under this section shall be installed in accordance with this +code and the applicable referenced standards. + +901.4.4 Appearance of equipment. Any device that has the +physical appearance of life safety or fire protection equip- +ment but that does not perform that life safety or fire protec- +tion function, shall be prohibited. + +901.5 Installation acceptance testing. Fire detection and +alarm systems, fire-extinguishing systems, fire hydrant sys- +tems, fire standpipe systems, fire pump systems, private fire +service mains and all other fire protection systems and appurte- +nances thereto shall be subject to acceptance tests as contained +in the installation standards and as approved by the fire code +official. The fire code official shall be notified before any +required acceptance testing. + +901.5.1 Occupancy. It shall be unlawful to occupy any por- +tion of a building or structure until the required fire detec- +tion, alarm and suppression systems have been tested and +approved. + +901.6 Inspection, testing and maintenance. Fire detection, +alarm and extinguishing systems shall be maintained in an +operative condition at all times, and shall be replaced or +repaired where defective. Nonrequired fire protection systems +and equipment shall be inspected, tested and maintained or +removed. + +901.6.1 Standards. Fire protection systems shall be +inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with the ref- +erenced standards listed in Table 901.6.1. + + + +TABLE 901 .6.1 +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE STANDARDS + + + +SYSTEM + + +STANDARD + + +Portable fire extinguishers + + +NFPA 10 + + +Carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing system + + +NFPA 12 + + +Halon 1301 fire-extinguishing systems + + +NFPA 12A + + +Dry-chemical extinguishing systems + + +NFPA 17 + + +Wet-chemical extinguishing systems + + +NFPA 17A + + +Water-based fire protection systems + + +NFPA 25 + + +Fire alarm systems + + +NFPA 72 + + +Water-mist systems + + +NFPA 750 + + +Clean-agent extinguishing systems + + +NFPA 2001 + + + +901.6.2 Records. Records of all system inspections, tests and +maintenance required by the referenced standards shall be +maintained on the premises for a minimum of three years and +shall be copied to the fire code official upon request. + +901.6.2.1 Records information. Initial records shall +include the name of the installation contractor, type of com- +ponents installed, manufacturer of the components, location + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +65 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +and number of components installed per floor. Records shall +also include the manufacturers' operation and maintenance +instruction manuals. Such records shall be maintained on +the premises. + +901.7 Systems out of service. Where a required fire protection +system is out of service, the fire department and the fire code +official shall be notified immediately and, where required by +the fire code official, the building shall either be evacuated or +an approved fire watch shall be provided for all occupants left +unprotected by the shut down until the fire protection system +has been returned to service. + +Where utilized, fire watches shall be provided with at least +one approved means for notification of the fire department and +their only duty shall be to perform constant patrols of the pro- +tected premises and keep watch for fires. + +901.7.1 Impairment coordinator. The building owner +shall assign an impairment coordinator to comply with the +requirements of this section. In the absence of a specific +designee, the owner shall be considered the impairment +coordinator. + +901.7.2 Tag required. A tag shall be used to indicate that a +system, or portion thereof, has been removed from service. + +901.7.3 Placement of tag. The tag shall be posted at each +fire department connection, system control valve, fire alarm +control unit, fire alarm annunciator and fire command cen- +ter, indicating which system, or part thereof, has been +removed from service. The fire code official shall specify +where the tag is to be placed. + +901.7.4 Preplanned impairment programs. Preplanned +impairments shall be authorized by the impairment coordi- +nator. Before authorization is given, a designated individual +shall be responsible for verifying that all of the following +procedures have been implemented: + +1 . The extent and expected duration of the impairment +have been determined. + +2. The areas or buildings involved have been inspected +and the increased risks determined. + +3. Recommendations have been submitted to manage- +ment or building owner/manager. + +4. The fire department has been notified. + +5. The insurance carrier, the alarm company, building +owner/manager, and other authorities having juris- +diction have been notified. + +6. The supervisors in the areas to be affected have been +notified. + +7. A tag impairment system has been implemented. + +8. Necessary tools and materials have been assembled +on the impairment site. + +901.7.5 Emergency impairments. When unplanned +impairments occur, appropriate emergency action shall be +taken to minimize potential injury and damage. The impair- +ment coordinator shall implement the steps outlined in Sec- +tion 901. 7.4. + + + +901.7.6 Restoring systems to service. When impaired +equipment is restored to normal working order, the impair- +ment coordinator shall verify that all of the following proce- +dures have been implemented: + +1 . Necessary inspections and tests have been conducted +to verify that affected systems are operational. + +2. Supervisors have been advised that protection is +restored. + +3. The fire department has been advised that protection +is restored. + +4. The building owner/manager, insurance carrier, +alarm company and other involved parties have been +advised that protection is restored. + +5. The impairment tag has been removed. + +901.8 Removal of or tampering with equipment. It shall be +unlawful for any person to remove, tamper with or otherwise +disturb any fire hydrant, fire detection and alarm system, fire +suppression system, or other fire appliance required by this +code except for the purpose of extinguishing fire, training pur- +poses, recharging or making necessary repairs, or when +approved by the fire code official. + +901.8.1 Removal of or tampering with appurtenances. + +Locks, gates, doors, barricades, chains, enclosures, signs, +tags or seals which have been installed by or at the direction +of the fire code official shall not be removed, unlocked, +destroyed, tampered with or otherwise vandalized in any +manner. + +901.9 Recall of fire protection components. Any fire protec- +tion system component regulated by this code that is the subject +of a voluntary or mandatory recall under federal law shall be +replaced with approved, listed components in compliance with +the referenced standards of this code. The fire code official +shall be notified in writing by the building owner when the +recalled component parts have been replaced. + + + +SECTION 902 +DEFINITIONS + +902.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. A fire alarm sys +tem component such as a bell, horn, speaker, light, or text dis- +play that provides audible, tactile, or visible outputs, or any +combination thereof. + +ALARM SIGNAL. A signal indicating an emergency requir- +ing immediate action, such as a signal indicative of fire. + +ALARM VERIFICATION FEATURE. A feature of auto +matic fire detection and alarm systems to reduce unwanted +alarms wherein smoke detectors report alarm conditions for a +minimum period of time, or confirm alarm conditions within a +given time period, after being automatically reset, in order to be +accepted as a valid alarm-initiation signal. + +ANNUNCIATOR. A unit containing one or more indicator +lamps, alphanumeric displays, or other equivalent means in + + + +66 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +which each indication provides status information about a cir- +cuit, condition or location. + +AUDIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. A + +notification appliance that alerts by the sense of hearing. + +AUTOMATIC. As applied to fire protection devices, is a +device or system providing an emergency function without the +necessity for human intervention and activated as a result of a +predetermined temperature rise, rate of temperature rise, or +combustion products. + +AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. An + +approved system of devices and equipment which automati- +cally detects a fire and discharges an approved fire-extinguish- +ing agent onto or in the area of a fire. + +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM. A sprinkler system, +for fire protection purposes, is an integrated system of under- +ground and overhead piping designed in accordance with fire +protection engineering standards. The system includes a suit- +able water supply. The portion of the system above the ground +is a network of specially sized or hydraulically designed piping +installed in a structure or area, generally overhead, and to +which automatic sprinklers are connected in a systematic pat- +tern. The system is usually activated by heat from a fire and dis- +charges water over the fire area. + +AVERAGE AMBIENT SOUND LEVEL. The root mean +square, A-weighted sound pressure level measured over a +24-hour period. + +CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. A sys + +tern supplying carbon dioxide (CO2) from a pressurized vessel +through fixed pipes and nozzles. The system includes a man- +ual- or automatic-actuating mechanism. + +CLEAN AGENT. Electrically nonconducting, volatile, or +gaseous fire extinguishant that does not leave a residue upon +evaporation. + +CONSTANTLY ATTENDED LOCATION. A designated +location at a facility staffed by trained personnel on a continu- +ous basis where alarm or supervisory signals are monitored and +facilities are provided for notification of the fire department or +other emergency services. + +DELUGE SYSTEM. A sprinkler system employing open +sprinklers attached to a piping system connected to a water sup- +ply through a valve that is opened by the operation of a detec- +tion system installed in the same area as the sprinklers. When +this valve opens, water flows into the piping system and dis- +charges from all sprinklers attached thereto. + +DETECTOR, HEAT. A fire detector that senses heat pro- +duced by burning substances. Heat is the energy produced by +combustion that causes substances to rise in temperature. + +DRY-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT. A powder +composed of small particles, usually of sodium bicarbonate, +potassium bicarbonate, urea-potassium-based bicarbonate, +potassium chloride or monoammonium phosphate, with added +particulate material supplemented by special treatment to pro- +vide resistance to packing, resistance to moisture absorption +(caking) and the proper flow capabilities. + + + +EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM. A system to provide +indication and warning of emergency situations involving haz- +ardous materials. + +EMERGENCY VOICE/ALARM COMMUNICATIONS. + +Dedicated manual or automatic facilities for originating and +distributing voice instructions, as well as alert and evacuation +signals pertaining to a fire emergency, to the occupants of a +building. + +FIRE ALARM BOX, MANUAL. See "Manual fire alarm +box." + +FIRE ALARM CONTROL UNIT. A system component that +receives inputs from automatic and manual fire alarm devices +and is capable of supplying power to detection devices and +transponder(s) of off-premises transmitter(s). The control unit +is capable of providing a transfer of power to the notification +appliances and transfer of condition to relays of devices. + +FIRE ALARM SIGNAL. A signal initiated by a fire +alarm-initiating device such as a manual fire alarm box, auto- +matic fire detector, water-flow switch, or other device whose +activation is indicative of the presence of a fire or fire signature. + +FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. A system or portion of a combina- +tion system consisting of components and circuits arranged to +monitor and annunciate the status of fire alarm or supervisory +signal-initiating devices and to initiate the appropriate +response to those signals. + +[B] FIRE AREA. The aggregate floor area enclosed and +bounded by fire walls, fire barriers, exterior walls, or fire-resis- +tance-rated horizontal assemblies of a building. + +FIRE DETECTOR, AUTOMATIC. A device designed to +detect the presence of a fire signature and to initiate action. + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM. Approved devices, equip- +ment and systems or combinations of systems used to detect a +fire, activate an alarm, extinguish or control a fire, control or +manage smoke and products of a fire or any combination +thereof. + +FIRE SAFETY FUNCTIONS. Building and fire control +functions that are intended to increase the level of life safety for +occupants or to control the spread of the harmful effects of fire. + +FOAM-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. A special system dis- +charging a foam made from concentrates, either mechanically +or chemically, over the area to be protected. + +HALOGENATED EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. A + +fire-extinguishing system using one or more atoms of an ele- +ment from the halogen chemical series: fluorine, chlorine, bro- +mine and iodine. + +IMPAIRMENT COORDINATOR. The person responsible +for the maintenance of a particular fire protection system. + +INITIATING DEVICE. A system component that originates +transmission of a change-of-state condition, such as in a smoke +detector, manual fire alarm box, or supervisory switch. + +MANUAL FIRE ALARM BOX. A manually operated device +used to initiate an alarm signal. + +MULTIPLE-STATION ALARM DEVICE. Two or more +single-station alarm devices that can be interconnected such + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +67 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +that actuation of one causes all integral or separate audible +alarms to operate. It also can consist of one single-station alarm +device having connections to other detectors or to a manual fire +alarm box. + +MULTIPLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. Two or more +single-station alarm devices that are capable of interconnection +such that actuation of one causes all integral or separate audible +alarms to operate. + +NUISANCE ALARM. An alarm caused by mechanical fail- +ure, malfunction, improper installation, or lack of proper main- +tenance, or an alarm activated by a cause that cannot be +determined. + +RECORD DRAWINGS. Drawings ("as builts") that docu- +ment the location of all devices, appliances, wiring, sequences, +wiring methods, and connections of the components of a fire +alarm system as installed. + +SINGLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM. An assembly incor- +porating the detector, the control equipment, and the +alarm-sounding device in one unit, operated from a power sup- +ply either in the unit or obtained at the point of installation. + +[B] SLEEPING UNIT. A room or space in which people +sleep, which can also include permanent provisions for living, +eating, and either sanitation or kitchen facilities but not both. +Such rooms and spaces that are also part of a dwelling unit are +not sleeping units. + +SMOKE ALARM. A single- or multiple-station alarm +responsive to smoke and not connected to a system. + +SMOKE DETECTOR. A listed device that senses visible or +invisible particles of combustion. + +STANDPIPE SYSTEM, CLASSES OF. Standpipe classes +are as follows: + +Class I system. A system providing 2 '^-inch (64 mm) hose +connections to supply water for use by fire departments and +those trained in handling heavy fire streams. + +Class II system. A system providing IVj-inch (38 mm) +hose stations to supply water for use primarily by the build- +ing occupants or by the fire department during initial +response. + +Class III system. A system providing lV2-inch (38 mm) +hose stations to supply water for use by building occupants +and 2V2-inch (64 mm) hose connections to supply a larger +volume of water for use by fire departments and those +trained in handling heavy fire streams. + +STANDPIPE, TYPES OF. Standpipe types are as follows: + +Automatic dry. A dry standpipe system, normally filled +with pressurized air, that is arranged through the use of a +device, such as a dry pipe valve, to admit water into the sys- +tem piping automatically upon the opening of a hose valve. +The water supply for an automatic dry standpipe system +shall be capable of supplying the system demand. + +Automatic wet. A wet standpipe system that has a water +supply that is capable of supplying the system demand auto- +matically. + + + +Manual dry. A dry standpipe system that does not have a +permanent water supply attached to the system. Manual dry +standpipe systems require water from a fire department +pumper to be pumped into the system through the fire +department connection in order to supply the system +demand. + +Manual wet. A wet standpipe system connected to a water +supply for the purpose of maintaining water within the sys- +tem but which does not have a water supply capable of deliv- +ering the system demand attached to the system. Manual +wet standpipe systems require water from a fire department +pumper (or the like) to be pumped into the system in order to +supply the system demand. + +Semiautomatic dry. A dry standpipe system that is +arranged through the use of a device, such as a deluge valve, +to admit water into the system piping upon activation of a +remote control device located at a hose connection. A +remote control activation device shall be provided at each +hose connection. The water supply for a semiautomatic dry +standpipe system shall be capable of supplying the system +demand. + +SUPERVISING STATION. A facility that receives signals +and at which personnel are in attendance at all times to respond +to these signals. + +SUPERVISORY SERVICE. The service required to monitor +performance of guard tours and the operative condition of fixed +suppression systems or other systems for the protection of life +and property. + +SUPERVISORY SIGNAL. A signal indicating the need of +action in connection with the supervision of guard tours, the +fire suppression systems or equipment, or the maintenance fea- +tures of related systems. + +SUPERVISORY SIGNAL-INITIATING DEVICE. An ini + +tiating device such as a valve supervisory switch, water level +indicator, or low-air pressure switch on a dry-pipe sprinkler +system whose change of state signals an off-normal condition +and its restoration to normal of a fire protection or life safety +system; or a need for action in connection with guard tours, fire +suppression systems or equipment, or maintenance features of +related systems. + +TIRES, BULK STORAGE OF. Storage of tires where the +area available for storage exceeds 20,000 cubic feet (566 m^). + +TROUBLE SIGNAL. A signal initiated by the fire alarm sys- +tem or device indicative of a fault in a monitored circuit or com- +ponent. + +VISIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE. A + +notification appliance that alerts by the sense of sight. + +WET-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT. A solu- +tion of water and potassium-carbonate-based chemical, potas- +sium-acetate-based chemical or a combination thereof, +forming an extinguishing agent. + +WIRELESS PROTECTION SYSTEM. A system or a part +of a system that can transmit and receive signals without the aid +of wire. + + + +68 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +ZONE. A defined area within the protected premises. A zone +can define an area from which a signal can be received, an area +to which a signal can be sent, or an area in which a form of con- +trol can be executed. + +SECTION 903 +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS + +903.1 General. Automatic sprinkler systems shall comply +with this section. + +903.1.1 Alternative protection. Alternative automatic +fire-extinguishing systems complying with Section 904 +shall be permitted in lieu of automatic sprinkler protection +where recognized by the applicable standard and approved +by the fire code official. + +903.2 Where required. Approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tems in new buildings and structures shall be provided in the +locations described in this section. + +Exception: Spaces or areas in telecommunications build- +ings used exclusively for telecommunications equipment, +associated electrical power distribution equipment, batter- +ies and standby engines, provided those spaces or areas are +equipped throughout with an automatic fire alarm system +and are separated from the remainder of the building by fire +barriers consisting of not less than 1-hour fire-resis- +tance-rated walls and 2-hour fire-resistance-rated +floor/ceiling assemblies. + +903.2.1 Group A. An automatic sprinkler system shall be +provided throughout buildings and portions thereof used as +Group A occupancies as provided in this section. For Group +A-1, A-2, A-3, and A-4 occupancies, the automatic sprin- +kler system shall be provided throughout the floor area +where the Group A-1, A-2, A-3 or A-4 occupancy is +located, and in all floors between the Group A occupancy +and the level of exit discharge. For Group A-5 occupancies, +the automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in the +spaces indicated in Section 903.2.1.5. + +903.2.1.1 Group A-1. An automatic sprinkler system +shall be provided for Group A-1 occupancies where one +of the following conditions exists: + +1. The fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet (1115 +m2); + +2. The fire area has an occupant load of 300 or more; + +3. The fire area is located on a floor other than the +level of exit discharge; or + +4. The fire area contains a multitheater complex. + +903.2.1.2 Group A-2. An automatic sprinkler system +shall be provided for Group A-2 occupancies where one +of the following conditions exists: + +1. The fire area exceeds 5,000 square feet (465 m^); + +2. The fire area has an occupant load of 100 or more; +or + +3. The fire area is located on a floor other than the +level of exit discharge. + + + +903.2.1.3 Group A-3. An automatic sprinkler system +shall be provided for Group A-3 occupancies where one +of the following conditions exists: + +1. The fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet (1115 +m2); + +2. The fire area has an occupant load of 300 or more; +or + +3. The fire area is located on a floor other than the +level of exit discharge. + +Exception: Areas used exclusively as partici- +pant sports areas where the main floor area is +located at the same level as the level of exit dis- +charge of the main entrance and exit. + +903.2.1.4 Group A-4. An automatic sprinkler system +shall be provided for Group A-4 occupancies where one +of the following conditions exists: + +1. The fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet (1115 +m2); + +2. The fire area has an occupant load of 300 or more; +or + +3. The fire area is located on a floor other than the +level of exit discharge. + +Exception: Areas used exclusively as partici- +pant sports areas where the main floor area is +located at the same level as the level of exit dis- +charge of the main entrance and exit. + +903.2.1.5 Group A-5. An automatic sprinkler system +shall be provided for Group A-5 occupancies in the fol- +lowing areas: concession stands, retail areas, press +boxes, and other accessory use areas in excess of 1,000 +square feet (93 m^). + +903.2.2 Group E. An automatic sprinkler system shall be +provided for Group E occupancies as follows: + +1 . Throughout all Group E fire areas greater than 20,000 +square feet (1858 m^) in area. + +2. Throughout every portion of educational buildings +below the level of exit discharge. + +Exception: An automatic sprinkler system is not +required in any fire area or area below the level of +exit discharge where every classroom throughout +the building has at least one exterior exit door at +ground level. + +903.2.3 Group F-1. An automatic sprinkler system shall be +provided throughout all buildings containing a Group F-1 +occupancy where one of the following conditions exists: + +1. Where a Group F-1 fire area exceeds 12,000 square +feet (1115 m2); + +2. Where a Group F- 1 fire area is located more than three +stories above grade plane; or + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE" + + + +69 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +3. Where the combined area of all Group F-1 fire areas +on all floors, including any mezzanines, exceeds +24,000 square feet (2230 m^). + +903.2.3.1 Woodworking operations. An automatic +sprinkler system shall be provided throughout all Group +F-1 occupancy fire areas that contain woodworking +operations in excess of 2,500 square feet in area (232 m^) +which generate finely divided combustible waste or +which use finely divided combustible materials. + +903.2.4 Group H. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be +provided in high-hazard occupancies as required in Sec- +tions 903.2.4.1 through 903.2.4.3. + +903.2.4.1 General. An automatic sprinkler system shall +be installed in Group H occupancies. + +903.2.4.2 Group H-5 occupancies. An automatic sprin- +kler system shall be installed throughout buildings con- +taining Group H-5 occupancies. The design of the +sprinkler system shall not be less than that required under +the International Building Code for the occupancy haz- +ard classifications in accordance with Table 903.2.4.2. + +Where the design area of the sprinkler system consists +of a corridor protected by one row of sprinklers, the max- +imum number of sprinklers required to be calculated is +13. + +TABLE 903.2.4.2 +GROUP H-5 SPRINKLER DESIGN CRITERIA + + + +LOCATION + + +OCCUPANCY HAZARD +CLASSIFICATION + + +Fabrication areas + + +Ordinary Hazard Group 2 + + +Service corridors + + +Ordinary Hazard Group 2 + + +Storage rooms without dispensing + + +Ordinary Hazard Group 2 + + +Storage rooms with dispensing + + +Extra Hazard Group 2 + + +Corridors + + +Ordinary Hazard Group 2 + + + +903.2.4.3 Pyroxylin plastics. An automatic sprinkler +system shall be provided in buildings, or portions +thereof, where cellulose nitrate film or pyroxylin plastics +are manufactured, stored or handled in quantities +exceeding 100 pounds (45 kg). + +903.2.5 Group I. An automatic sprinkler system shall be +provided throughout buildings with a Group I fire area. + +Exception: An automatic sprinkler system installed in +accordance with Section 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3 shall be +allowed in Group I-l facilities. + +903.2.6 Group M. An automatic sprinkler system shall be +provided throughout buildings containing a Group M occu- +pancy where one of the following conditions exists: + +1. Where a Group M fire area exceeds 12,000 square +feet (1115 m2); + +2. Where a Group M fire area is located more than three +stories above grade plane; or + +3 . Where the combined area of all Group M fire areas on +all floors, including any mezzanines, exceeds 24,000 +square feet (2230 m^). + + + +903.2.6.1 High-piled storage. An automatic sprinkler +system shall be provided as required in Chapter 23 in all +buildings of Group M where storage of merchandise is in +high-piled or rack storage arrays. + +903.2.7 Group R. An automatic sprinkler system installed +in accordance with Section 903.3 shall be provided through- +out all buildings with a Group R fire area. + +903.2.8 Group S-1. An automatic sprinkler system shall be +provided throughout all buildings containing a Group S-1 +occupancy where one of the following conditions exists: + +1. A Group S-1 fire area exceeds 12,000 square feet +(1115 m2); + +2. A Group S-1 fire area is located more than three sto- +ries above grade plane; or + +3. The combined area of all Group S-1 fire areas on all +floors, including any mezzanines, exceeds 24,000 +square feet (2230 m^). + +903.2.8.1 Repair garages. An automatic sprinkler sys- +tem shall be provided throughout all buildings used as +repair garages in accordance with the International +Building Code, as follows: + +1 . Buildings two or more stories in height, including +basements, with a fire area containing a repair +garage exceeding 10,000 square feet (929 m^). + +2. One-story buildings with a fire area containing a +repair garage exceeding 12,000 square feet (1115 +m2). + +3. Buildings with a repair garage servicing vehicles +parked in the basement. + +903.2.8.2 Bulk storage of tires. Buildings and structures +where the area for the storage of tires exceeds 20,000 +cubic feet (566 m^) shall be equipped throughout with an +automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +903.2.9 Group S-2. An automatic sprinkler system shall be +provided throughout buildings classified as enclosed park- +ing garages in accordance with Section 406.4 of the Interna- +tional Building Code or where located beneath other +groups. + +Exception: Enclosed, parking garages located beneath +Group R-3 occupancies. + +903.2.9.1 Commercial parking garages. An automatic +sprinkler system shall be provided throughout buildings +used for storage of commercial trucks or buses where the +fire area exceeds 5,000 square feet (464 m^). + +903.2.10 Windowless stories in all occupancies. An auto- +matic sprinkler system shall be installed in the locations set +forth in Sections 903.2.10.1 through 903.2.10.1.3. + +Exception: Group R-3 and Group U. + +903.2.10.1 Stories and basements without openings. + +An automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in every +story or basement of all buildings where the floor area +exceeds 1,500 square feet (139.4 m^) and where there is + + + +70 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +not provided at least one of the following types of exte- +rior wall openings: + +1. Openings below grade that lead directly to ground +level by an exterior stairway complying with Sec- +tion 1009 or an outside ramp complying with Sec- +tion 1010. Openings shall be located in each 50 +linear feet (15 240 mm), or fraction thereof, of +exterior wall in the story on at least one side. + +2. Openings entirely above the adjoining ground +level totaling at least 20 square feet (1.86 m^) in +each 50 linear feet (15 240 mm), or fraction +thereof, of exterior wall in the story on at least one +side. + +903.2.10.1.1 Opening dimensions and access. + +Openings shall have a minimum dimension of not less +than 30 inches (762 mm). Such openings shall be +accessible to the fire department from the exterior and +shall not be obstructed in a manner that fire fighting or +rescue cannot be accomplished from the exterior. + +903.2.10.1.2 Openings on one side only. Where +openings in a story are provided on only one side and +the opposite wall of such story is more than 75 feet (22 +860 mm) from such openings, the story shall be +equipped throughout with an approved automatic +sprinkler system or openings as specified above shall +be provided on at least two sides of the story. + +903.2.10.1.3 Basements. Where any portion of a +basement is located more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) +from openings required by Section 903.2.10.1, the +basement shall be equipped throughout with an +approved automatic sprinkler system. + +903.2.10.2 Rubbish and linen chutes. An automatic +sprinkler system shall be installed at the top of rubbish +and linen chutes and in their terminal rooms. Chutes +extending through three or more floors shall have addi- +tional sprinkler heads installed within such chutes at +alternate floors. Chute sprinklers shall be accessible for +servicing. + +903.2.10.3 Buildings 55 feet or more in height. An + +automatic sprinkler system shall be installed throughout +buildings with a floor level having an occupant load of 30 +or more that is located 55 feet (16 764 mm) or more +above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access. + +Exceptions: + +1. Airport control towers. + +2. Open parking structures. + +3. Occupancies in Group F-2. + +903.2.11 During construction. Automatic sprinkler sys- +tems required during construction, alteration and demoli- +tion operations shall be provided in accordance with Section +1413. + +903.2.12 Other hazards. Automatic sprinkler protection +shall be provided for the hazards indicated in Sections +903.2.12.1 and 903.2.12.2. + + + +TABLE 903.2.13 +ADDITIONAL REQUIRED FDRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS + + + +SECTION + + +SUBJECT + + +914.2.1 + + +Covered malls + + +914.3.1 + + +High rise buildings + + +914.4.1 + + +Atriums + + +914.5.1 + + +Underground structures + + +914.6.1 + + +Stages + + +914.7.1 + + +Special amusement buildings + + +914.8.2,914.8.5 + + +Aircraft hangars + + +914.9 + + +Flammable finishes + + +914.10 + + +Drying rooms + + +1025.6.2.3 + + +Smoke-protected seating + + +1208.2 + + +Dry cleaning plants + + +1208.3 + + +Dry cleaning machines + + +1504.2 + + +Spray finishing in Group A, E, I or R + + +1504.4 + + +Spray booths and spray rooms + + +1505.2 + + +Dip-tank rooms in Group A, I or R + + +1505.4.1 + + +Dip tanks + + +1505.9.4 + + +Hardening and tempering tanks + + +1803.10 + + +HPM facilities + + +1803.10.1.1 + + +HPM work station exhaust + + +1803.10.2 + + +HPM gas cabinets and exhausted enclosures + + +1803.10.3 + + +HPM exit access corridor + + +1803.10.4 + + +HPM exhaust ducts + + +1803.10.4.1 + + +HPM noncombustible ducts + + +1803.10.4.2 + + +HPM combustible ducts + + +1907.3 + + +Lumber production conveyor enclosures + + +1908.7 + + +Recycling facility conveyor enclosures + + +2106.1 + + +Class A and B ovens + + +2106.2 + + +Class C and D ovens + + +2209.3.2.6.2 + + +Hydrogen motor fuel-dispensing area canopies + + +Table 2306.2 + + +Storage fire protection + + +2306.4 + + +Storage + + +2703.8.4.1 + + +Gas rooms + + +2703.8.5.3 + + +Exhausted enclosures + + +2704.5 + + +Indoor storage of hazardous materials + + +2705.1.8 + + +Indoor dispensing of hazardous materials + + +2804.4.1 + + +Aerosol warehouses + + +2806.3.2 + + +Aerosol display and merchandising areas + + +2904.5 + + +Storage of more than 1,000 cubic feet of loose +combustible fibers + + +3306.5.2.1 + + +Storage of smokeless propellant + + +3306.5.2.3 + + +Storage of small arms primers + + + +(continued) + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +71 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +TABLE 903.2.13— continued +ADDITIONAL REQUIRED FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS + + + +SECTION + + +SUBJECT + + +3404.3.7.5.1 + + +Flammable and combustible liquid storage +rooms + + +3404.3.8.4 + + +Flammable and combustible liquid storage +warehouses + + +3405.3.7.3 + + +Flammable and combustible liquid Group H-2 +or H-3 areas + + +3704.1.2 + + +Gas cabinets for highly toxic and toxic gas + + +3704.1.3 + + +Exhausted enclosures for highly toxic and toxic +gas + + +3704.2.2.6 + + +Gas rooms for highly toxic and toxic gas + + +3704.3.3 + + +Outdoor storage for highly toxic and toxic gas + + +4106.2.2 + + +Exhausted enclosures or gas cabinets for silane +gas + + +4204.1.1 + + +Pyroxylin plastic storage cabinets + + +4204.1.3 + + +Pyroxylin plastic storage vaults + + +4204.2 + + +Pyroxylin plastic storage and manufacturing + + + +903.2.12.1 Ducts conveying hazardous exhausts. + +Where required by the International Mechanical Code, +automatic sprinklers shall be provided in ducts convey- +ing hazardous exhaust, flammable or combustible mate- +rials. + +Exception: Ducts where the largest cross-sectional +diameter of the duct is less than 10 inches (254 mm). + +903.2.12.2 Commercial cooking operations. An auto- +matic sprinkler system shall be installed in a commercial +kitchen exhaust hood and duct system where an auto- +matic sprinkler system is used to comply with Section +904. + +903.2.13 Other required suppression systems. In addition +to the requirements of Section 903.2, the provisions indi- +cated in Table 903 .2.13 also require the installation of a sup- +pression system for certain buildings and areas. + +903.3 Installation requirements. Automatic sprinkler sys- +tems shall be designed and installed in accordance with Sec- +tions 903.3.1 through 903.3.7. + +903.3.1 Standards. Sprinkler systems shall be designed +and installed in accordance with Sections 903.3.1.1, +903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3. + +903.3.1.1 NFPA 13 sprinkler systems. Where the pro- +visions of this code require that a building or portion +thereof be equipped throughout with an automatic sprin- +kler system in accordance with this section, sprinklers +shall be installed throughout in accordance with NFPA +13 except as provided in Section 903.3.1.1.1. + +903.3.1.1.1 Exempt locations. Automatic sprinklers +shall not be required in the following rooms or areas +where such rooms or areas are protected with an +approved automatic fire detection system in accor- +dance with Section 907.2 that will respond to visible +or invisible particles of combustion. Sprinklers shall + + + +not be omitted from any room merely because it is +damp, of fire-resistance rated construction or contains +electrical equipment. + +1 . Any room where the application of water, or +flame and water, constitutes a serious life or fire +hazard. + +2. Any room or space where sprinklers are consid- +ered undesirable because of the nature of the +contents, when approved by the fire code offi- +cial. + +3. Generator and transformer rooms separated +from the remainder of the building by walls and +floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assemblies having +a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. + +4. In rooms or areas that are of noncombustible +construction with wholly noncombustible con- +tents. + +903.3.1.2 NFPA 13R sprinkler systems. Where +allowed in buildings of Group R, up to and including four +stories in height, automatic sprinkler systems shall be +installed throughout in accordance with NFPA 13R. + +903.3.1.2.1 Balconies and decks. Sprinkler protec- +tion shall be provided for exterior balconies, decks +and ground floor patios of dwelling units where the +building is of Type V construction. Sidewall sprin- +klers that are used to protect such areas shall be per- +mitted to be located such that their deflectors are +within 1 inch (25 rmn) to 6 inches (152 mm) below the +structural members and a maximum distance of 14 +inches (356 mm) below the deck of the exterior balco- +nies and decks that are constructed of open wood joist +construction. + +903.3.1.3 NFPA 13D sprinkler systems. Where +allowed, automatic sprinkler systems installed in one- +and two-family dwellings shall be installed throughout +in accordance with NFPA 13D. + +903.3.2 Quick-response and residential sprinklers. + +Where automatic sprinkler systems are required by this +code, quick-response or residential automatic sprinklers +shall be installed in the following areas in accordance with +Section 903.3.1 and their listings: + +1. Throughout all spaces within a smoke compartment +containing patient sleeping units in Group 1-2 in +accordance with the International Building Code. + +2. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R and I-l +occupancies. + +3. Light-hazard occupancies as defined in NFPA 13. + +903.3.3 Obstructed locations. Automatic sprinklers shall +be installed with due regard to obstructions that will delay +activation or obstruct the water distribution pattern. Auto- +matic sprinklers shall be installed in or under covered +kiosks, displays, booths, concession stands, or equipment +that exceeds 4 feet (1219 mm) in width. Not less than a +3 -foot (914 mm) clearance shall be maintained between +automatic sprinklers and the top of piles of combustible +fibers. + + + +72 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +Exception: Kitchen equipment under exhaust hoods +protected with a fire-extinguishing system in accordance +with Section 904. + +903.3.4 Actuation. Automatic sprinkler systems shall be +automatically actuated unless specifically provided for in +this code. + +903.3.5 Water supplies. Water supplies for automatic +sprinkler systems shall comply with this section and the +standards referenced in Section 903.3.1. The potable water +supply shall be protected against backflow in accordance +with the requirements of this section and the International +Plumbing Code. + +903.3.5.1 Domestic services. Where the domestic ser- +vice provides the water supply for the automatic sprin- +kler system, the supply shall be in accordance with this +section. + +903.3.5.1.1 Limited area sprinkler systems. Lim- +ited area sprinkler systems serving fewer than 20 +sprinklers on any single connection are permitted to +be connected to the domestic service where a wet +automatic standpipe is not available. Limited area +sprinkler systems connected to domestic water sup- +plies shall comply with each of the following require- +ments: + +1. Valves shall not be installed between the +domestic water riser control valve and the +sprinklers. + +Exception: An approved indicating control +valve supervised in the open position in +accordance with Section 903.4. + +2. The domestic service shall be capable of sup- +plying the simultaneous domestic demand and +the sprinkler demand required to be hydrauli- +cally calculated by NFPA 13, NFPA 13R or +NFPA 13D. + +903.3.5.1.2 Residential combination services. A + +single combination water supply shall be allowed pro- +vided that the domestic demand is added to the sprin- +kler demand as required by NFPA 13R. + +903.3.5.2 Secondary water supply. A secondary on-site +water supply equal to the hydraulically calculated sprin- +kler demand, including the hose stream requirement, +shall be provided for high-rise buildings in Seismic +Design Category C, D, E or F as determined by the Inter- +national Building Code. The secondary water supply +shall have a duration of not less than 30 minutes as deter- +mined by the occupancy hazard classification in accor- +dance with NFPA 13. + +Exception: Existing buildings. + +903.3.6 Hose threads. Fire hose threads and fittings used in +connection with automatic sprinkler systems shall be as pre- +scribed by the fire code official. + +903.3.7 Fire department connections. The location of fire +department connections shall be approved by the fire code +official. + + + +903.4 Sprinkler system monitoring and alarms. All valves +controlling the water supply for automatic sprinkler systems, +pumps, tanks, water levels and temperatures, critical air pres- +sures, and water-flow switches on all sprinkler systems shall be +electrically supervised. + +Exceptions: + +1. Automatic sprinkler systems protecting one- and +two-family dwellings. + +2. Limited area systems serving fewer than 20 sprin- +klers. + +3. Automatic sprinkler systems installed in accordance +with NFPA 1 3R where a common supply main is used +to supply both domestic water and the automatic +sprinkler system, and a separate shutoff valve for the +automatic sprinkler system is not provided. + +4. Jockey pump control valves that are sealed or locked +in the open position. + +5. Control valves to commercial kitchen hoods, paint +spray booths or dip tanks that are sealed or locked in +the open position. + +6. Valves controlling the fuel supply to fire pump +engines that are sealed or locked in the open position. + +7. Trim valves to pressure switches in dry, preaction and +deluge sprinkler systems that are sealed or locked in +the open position. + +903.4.1 Signals. Alarm, supervisory and trouble signals +shall be distinctly different and shall be automatically trans- +mitted to an approved central station, remote supervising +station or proprietary supervising station as defined in +NFPA 72 or, when approved by the fire code official, shall +sound an audible signal at a constantly attended location. + +Exceptions: + +1. Underground key or hub valves in roadway boxes +provided by the municipality or public utility are +not required to be monitored. + +2. Backflow prevention device test valves located in +limited area sprinkler system supply piping shall +be locked in the open position. In occupancies +required to be equipped with a fire alarm system, +the backflow preventer valves shall be electrically +supervised by a tamper switch installed in accor- +dance with NFPA 72 and separately annunciated. + +903.4.2 Alarms. Approved audible devices shall be con- +nected to every automatic sprinkler system. Such sprinkler +water-flow alarm devices shall be activated by water flow +equivalent to the flow of a single sprinkler of the smallest +orifice size installed in the system. Alarm devices shall be +provided on the exterior of the building in an approved loca- +tion. Where a fire alarm system is installed, actuation of the +automatic sprinkler system shall actuate the building fire +alarm system. + +903.4.3 Floor control valves. Approved supervised indi- +cating control valves shall be provided at the point of con- +nection to the riser on each floor in high-rise buildings. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +73 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +903.5 Testing and maintenance. Sprinkler systems shall be +tested and maintained in accordance with Section 901. + +903.6 Existing buildings. The provisions of this section are +intended to provide a reasonable degree of safety in existing +structures not complying with the minimum requirements of +the International Building Code by requiring installation of an +automatic fire-extinguishing system. + +903.6.1 Pyroxylin plastics. All structures occupied for the +manufacture or storage of articles of cellulose nitrate +(pyroxylin) plastic shall be equipped with an approved auto- +matic fire-extinguishing system. Vaults located within +buildings for the storage of raw pyroxylin shall be protected +with an approved automatic sprinkler system capable of dis- +charging 1.66 gallons per minute per square foot (68 +L/min/m^) over the area of the vault. + + + +SECTION 904 + +ALTERNATIVE AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING + +SYSTEMS + +904.1 General. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems, other +than automatic sprinkler systems, shall be designed, installed, +inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with the provi- +sions of this section and the applicable referenced standards. + +904.2 Where required. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems +installed as an alternative to the required automatic sprinkler +systems of Section 903 shall be approved by the fire code offi- +cial. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall not be consid- +ered alternatives for the purposes of exceptions or reductions +allowed by other requirements of this code. + +904.2.1 Commercial hood and duct systems. Each +required commercial kitchen exhaust hood and duct system +required by Section 610 to have a Type I hood shall be pro- +tected with an approved automatic fire-extinguishing sys- +tem installed in accordance with this code. + +904.3 Installation. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall +be installed in accordance with this section. + +904.3.1 Electrical wiring. Electrical wiring shall be in +accordance with the ICC Electrical Code. + +904.3.2 Actuation. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems +shall be automatically actuated and provided with a manual +means of actuation in accordance with Section 904.11.1. + +904.3.3 System interlocking. Automatic equipment inter- +locks with fuel shutoffs, ventilation controls, door closers, +window shutters, conveyor openings, smoke and heat vents, +and other features necessary for proper operation of the +fire-extinguishing system shall be provided as required by +the design and installation standard utilized for the hazard. + +904.3.4 Alarms and warning signs. Where alarms are +required to indicate the operation of automatic fire-extin- +guishing systems, distinctive audible, visible alarms and +warning signs shall be provided to warn of pending agent +discharge. Where exposure to automatic-extinguishing +agents poses a hazard to persons and a delay is required to +ensure the evacuation of occupants before agent discharge, +a separate warning signal shall be provided to alert occu- + + + +pants once agent discharge has begun. Audible signals shall +be in accordance with Section 907.10.2. + +904.3.5 Monitoring. Where a building fire alarm system is +installed, automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall be +monitored by the building fire alarm system in accordance +with NFPA 72. + +904.4 Inspection and testing. Automatic fire-extinguishing +systems shall be inspected and tested in accordance with the +provisions of this section prior to acceptance. + +904.4.1 Inspection. Prior to conducting final acceptance +tests, the following items shall be inspected: + +1 . Hazard specification for consistency with design haz- +ard. + +2. Type, location and spacing of automatic- and man- +ual-initiating devices. + +3. Size, placement and position of nozzles or discharge +orifices. + +4. Location and identification of audible and visible +alarm devices. + +5. Identification of devices with proper designations. + +6. Operating instructions. + +904.4.2 Alarm testing. Notification appliances, connec- +tions to fire alarm systems, and connections to approved +supervising stations shall be tested in accordance with this +section and Section 907 to verify proper operation. + +904.4.2.1 Audible and visible signals. The audibility +and visibility of notification appliances signaling agent +discharge or system operation, where required, shall be +verified. + +904.4.3 Monitor testing. Connections to protected pre- +mises and supervising station fire alarm systems shall be +tested to verify proper identification and retransmission of +alarms from automatic fire-extinguishing systems. + +904.5 Wet-chemical systems. Wet-chemical extinguishing +systems shall be installed, maintained, periodically inspected +and tested in accordance with NFPA 17A and their listing. + +904.5.1 System test. Systems shall be inspected and tested +for proper operation at 6-month intervals. Tests shall +include a check of the detection system, alarms and releas- +ing devices, including manual stations and other associated +equipment. Extinguishing system units shall be weighed +and the required amount of agent verified. Stored pres- +sure-type units shall be checked for the required pressure. +The cartridge of cartridge-operated units shall be weighed +and replaced at intervals indicated by the manufacturer. + +904.5.2 Fusible link maintenance. Fixed tempera- +ture-sensing elements shall be maintained to ensure proper +operation of the system. + +904.6 Dry-chemical systems. Dry-chemical extinguishing +systems shall be installed, maintained, periodically inspected +and tested in accordance with NFPA 17 and their listing. + +904.6.1 System test. Systems shall be inspected and tested +for proper operation at 6-month intervals. Tests shall +include a check of the detection system, alarms and releas- + + + +74 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +ing devices, including manual stations and other associated +equipment. Extinguishing system units shall be weighed, +and the required amount of agent verified. Stored pres- +sure-type units shall be checked for the required pressure. +The cartridge of cartridge-operated units shall be weighed +and replaced at intervals indicated by the manufacturer. + +904.6.2 Fusible link maintenance. Fixed tempera- +ture-sensing elements shall be maintained to ensure proper +operation of the system. + +904.7 Foam systems. Foam-extinguishing systems shall be +installed, maintained, periodically inspected and tested in +accordance with NFPA 11, NFPA 11 A and NFPA 16 and their +listing. + +904.7.1 System test. Foam-extinguishing systems shall be +inspected and tested at intervals in accordance with NFPA + +25. + +904.8 Carbon dioxide systems. Carbon dioxide extinguishing +systems shall be installed, maintained, periodically inspected +and tested in accordance with NFPA 12 and their listing. + +904.8.1 System test. Systems shall be inspected and tested +for proper operation at 12-month intervals. + +904.8.2 High-pressure cylinders. High-pressure cylinders +shall be weighed and the date of the last hydrostatic test shall +be verified at 6-month intervals. Where a container shows a +loss in original content of more than 10 percent, the cylinder +shall be refilled or replaced. + +904.8.3 Low-pressure containers. The liquid-level gauges +of low-pressure containers shall be observed at one-week +intervals. Where a container shows a content loss of more +than 10 percent, the container shall be refilled to maintain +the minimum gas requirements. + +904.8.4 System hoses. System hoses shall be examined at +12-month intervals for damage. Damaged hoses shall be +replaced or tested. At five-year intervals, all hoses shall be +tested. + +904.8.4.1 Test procedure. Hoses shall be tested at not +less than 2,500 pounds per square inch (psi) (17 238 kPa) +for high-pressure systems and at not less than 900 psi +(6206 kPa) for low-pressure systems. + +904.8.5 Auxiliary equipment. Auxiliary and supplemen- +tary components, such as switches, door and window +releases, interconnected valves, damper releases and sup- +plementary alarms, shall be manually operated at 12-month +intervals to ensure that such components are in proper oper- +ating condition. + +904.9 Halon systems. Halogenated extinguishing systems +shall be installed, maintained, periodically inspected and tested +in accordance with NFPA 12A and their listing. + +904.9.1 System test. Systems shall be inspected and tested +for proper operation at 12-month intervals. + +904.9.2 Containers. The extinguishing agent quantity and +pressure of containers shall be checked at 6-month intervals. +Where a container shows a loss in original weight of more +than 5 percent or a loss in original pressure (adjusted for +temperature) of more than 10 percent, the container shall be + + + +refilled or replaced. The weight and pressure of the con- +tainer shall be recorded on a tag attached to the container. + +904.9.3 System hoses. System hoses shall be examined at +12-month intervals for damage. Damaged hoses shall be +replaced or tested. At 5-year intervals, all hoses shall be +tested. + +904.9.3.1 Test procedure. For Halon 1301 systems, +hoses shall be tested at not less than 1,500 psi (10 343 +kPa) for 600 psi (4137 kPa) charging pressure systems +and not less than 900 psi (6206 kPa) for 360 psi (2482 +kPa) charging pressure systems. For Halon 1211 +hand-hose line systems, hoses shall be tested at 2,500 psi +(17 238 kPa) for high-pressure systems and 900 psi +(6206 kPa) for low-pressure systems. + +904.9.4 Auxiliary equipment. Auxiliary and supplemen- +tary components, such as switches, door and window +releases, interconnected valves, damper releases and sup- +plementary alarms, shall be manually operated at 12-month +intervals to ensure such components are in proper operating +condition. + +904.10 Clean-agent systems. Clean-agent fire-extinguishing +systems shall be installed, maintained, periodically inspected +and tested in accordance with NFPA 2001 and their listing. + +904.10.1 System test. Systems shall be inspected and tested +for proper operation at 12-month intervals. + +904.10.2 Containers. The extinguishing agent quantity and +pressure of the containers shall be checked at 6-month inter- +vals. Where a container shows a loss in original weight of +more than 5 percent or a loss in original pressure, adjusted +for temperature, of more than 10 percent, the container shall +be refilled or replaced. The weight and pressure of the con- +tainer shall be recorded on a tag attached to the container. + +904.10.3 System hoses. System hoses shall be examined at +12-month intervals for damage. Damaged hoses shall be +replaced or tested. All hoses shall be tested at 5-year inter- +vals. + +904.11 Commercial cooking systems. The automatic +fire-extinguishing system for commercial cooking systems +shall be of a type recognized for protection of commercial +cooking equipment and exhaust systems of the type and +arrangement protected. Preengineered automatic dry- and +wet-chemical extinguishing systems shall be tested in accor- +dance with UL 300 and Usted and labeled for the intended +application. Other types of automatic fire-extinguishing sys- +tems shall be listed and labeled for specific use as protection for +commercial cooking operations. The system shall be installed +in accordance with this code, its listing and the manufacturer's +installation instructions. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems +of the following types shall be installed in accordance with the +referenced standard indicated, as follows: + +1. Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems, NFPA 12. + +2. Automatic sprinkler systems, NFPA 13. + +3. Foam-water sprinkler system or foam- water spray sys- +tems, NFPA 16. + +4. Dry-chemical extinguishing systems, NFPA 17. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +75 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +5. Wet-chemical extinguishing systems, NFPA 17 A. + +Exception: Factory-built commercial cooking recirculat- +ing systems that are tested in accordance with UL 710B and +listed, labeled and installed in accordance with Section +304. 1 of the International Mechanical Code. + +904.11.1 Manual system operation. A manual actuation +device shall be located at or near a means of egress from the +cooking area a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) and a maxi- +mum of 20 feet (6096 mm) from the kitchen exhaust system. +The manual actuation device shall be installed not more than +48 inches (1200 mm) nor less than 42 inches (1067 mm) +above the floor and shall clearly identify the hazard pro- +tected. The manual actuation shall require a maximum force +of 40 pounds (178 N) and a maximum movement of 14 +inches (356 mm) to actuate the fire suppression system. + +Exception: Automatic sprinkler systems shall not be +required to be equipped with manual actuation means. + +904.11.2 System interconnection. The actuation of the fire +extinguishing system shall automatically shut down the fuel +or electrical power supply to the cooking equipment. The +fuel and electrical supply reset shall be manual. + +904.11.3 Carbon dioxide systems. When carbon dioxide +systems are used, there shall be a nozzle at the top of the ven- +tilating duct. Additional nozzles that are symmetrically +arranged to give uniform distribution shall be installed +within vertical ducts exceeding 20 feet (6096 mm) and hori- +zontal ducts exceeding 50 feet (15 240 mm). Dampers shall +be installed at either the top or the bottom of the duct and +shall be arranged to operate automatically upon activation +of the fire-extinguishing system. When the damper is +installed at the top of the duct, the top nozzle shall be imme- +diately below the damper. Automatic carbon dioxide +fire-extinguishing systems shall be sufficiently sized to pro- +tect all hazards venting through a common duct simulta- +neously. + +904.11.3.1 Ventilation system. Commercial-type cook- +ing equipment protected by an automatic carbon dioxide +extinguishing system shall be arranged to shut off the +ventilation system upon activation. + +904.11.4 Special provisions for automatic sprinkler sys- +tems. Automatic sprinkler systems protecting commer- +cial-type cooking equipment shall be supplied from a +separate, readily accessible, indicating-type control valve +that is identified. + +904.11.4.1 Listed sprinklers. Sprinklers used for the +protection of fryers shall be tested in accordance with UL +199E, listed for that application and installed in accor- +dance with their listing. + +904.11.5 Portable fire extinguishers for commercial +cooking equipment. Portable fire extinguishers shall be +provided within a 30-foot (9144 mm) travel distance of +commercial-type cooking equipment. Cooking equipment +involving vegetable or animal oils and fats shall be protected +by a Class K rated portable extinguisher. + +904.11.5.1 Portable fire extinguishers for solid fuel +cooking appliances. All solid fuel cooking appliances, + + + +whether or not under a hood, with fireboxes 5 cubic feet +(0.14 m^) or less in volume shall have a minimum +2.5-gallon (9 L) or two 1.5-gallon (6 L) Class K +wet-chemical portable fire extinguishers located in +accordance with Section 904.11.5. + +904.11.5.2 Class K portable fire extinguishers for +deep fat fryers. When hazard areas include deep fat fry- +ers, listed Class K portable fire extinguishers shall be +provided as follows: + +1 . For up to four fryers having a maximum cooking +medium capacity of 80 pounds (36.3 kg) each: One +Class K portable fire extinguisher of a minimum +1.5 gallon ( 6 L) capacity. + +2. For every additional group of four fryers having a +maximum cooking medium capacity of 80 pounds +(36.3 kg) each: One additional Class K portable +fire extinguisher of a minimum 1 .5 gallon (6 L) +capacity shall be provided. + +3. For individual fryers exceeding 6 square feet (0.55 +m^) in surface area: Class K portable fire +extinguishers shall be installed in accordance with +the extinguisher manufacturer's recommenda- +tions. + +904.11.6 Operations and maintenance. Commercial +cooking systems shall be operated and maintained in accor- +dance with this section. + +904.11.6.1 Ventilation system. The ventilation system +in connection with hoods shall be operated at the +required rate of air movement, and classified grease fil- +ters shall be in place when equipment under a kitchen +grease hood is used. + +904.11.6.2 Grease extractors. Where grease extractors +are installed, they shall be operated when the commer- +cial-type cooking equipment is used. + +904.11.6.3 Cleaning. Hoods, grease-removal devices, +fans, ducts and other appurtenances shall be cleaned at +intervals necessary to prevent the accumulation of +grease. Cleanings shall be recorded, and records shall +state the extent, time and date of cleaning. Such records +shall be maintained on the premises. + +904.11.6.4 Extinguishing system service. Automatic +fire-extinguishing systems shall be serviced at least +every 6 months and after activation of the system. +Inspection shall be by qualified individuals, and a certifi- +cate of inspection shall be forwarded to the fire code offi- +cial upon completion. + +904.11.6.5 Fusible link and sprinkler head replace- +ment. Fusible links and automatic sprinkler heads shall +be replaced at least annually, and other protection +devices shall be serviced or replaced in accordance with +the manufacturer's instructions. + +Exception: Frangible bulbs are not required to be +replaced annually. + + + +!• + + + +76 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +SECTION 905 +STANDPIPE SYSTEMS + +905.1 General. Standpipe systems shall be provided in new +buildings and structures in accordance with this section. Fire +hose threads used in connection with standpipe systems shall +be approved and shall be compatible with fire department hose +threads. The location of fire department hose connections shall +be approved. In buildings used for high-piled combustible stor- +age, fire protection shall be in accordance with Chapter 23. + +905.2 Installation standard. Standpipe systems shall be +installed in accordance with this section and NFPA 14. + +905.3 Required installations. Standpipe systems shall be +installed where required by Sections 905.3.1 through 905.3.7 +and in the locations indicated in Sections 905.4, 905.5 and +905.6. Standpipe systems are allowed to be combined with +automatic sprinkler systems. + +Exception: Standpipe systems are not required in Group +R-3 occupancies. + +905.3.1 Building height. Class III standpipe systems shall +be installed throughout buildings where the floor level of the +highest story is located more than 30 feet (9144 mm) above +the lowest level of the fire department vehicle access, or +where the floor level of the lowest story is located more than +30 feet (9144 mm) below the highest level of fire depart- +ment vehicle access. + +Exceptions: + +1. Class I standpipes are allowed in buildings +equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler +system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or +903.3.1.2. + +2. Class I manual standpipes are allowed in open +parking garages where the highest floor is located +not more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) above the low- +est level of fire department vehicle access. + +3. Class I manual dry standpipes are allowed in open +parking garages that are subject to freezing tem- +peratures, provided that the hose connections are +located as required for Class II standpipes in accor- +dance with Section 905.5. + +4. Class I standpipes are allowed in basements +equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler +system. + +5. In determining the lowest level of fire department +vehicle access, it shall not be required to consider: + +5.1. Recessed loading docks for four vehicles +or less, and + +5.2. Conditions where topography makes +access from the fire department vehicle to +the building impractical or impossible. + +905.3.2 Group A. Class I automatic wet standpipes shall be +provided in nonsprinklered Group A buildings having an +occupant load exceeding 1,000 persons. + + + +Exceptions: + +1. Open-air-seating spaces without enclosed spaces. + +2. Class I automatic dry and semiautomatic dry +standpipes or manual wet standpipes are allowed +in buildings where the highest floor surface used +for human occupancy is 75 feet (22 860 mm) or +less above the lowest level of fire department vehi- +cle access. + +905.3.3 Covered mall buildings. A covered mall building +shall be equipped throughout with a standpipe system +where required by Section 905.3.1. Covered mall buildings +not required to be equipped with a standpipe system by Sec- +tion 905 .3.1 shall be equipped with Class I hose connections +connected to a system sized to deliver water at 250 gallons +per minute (946.4 L/min) at the most hydraulically remote +outlet. Hose connections shall be provided at each of the fol- +lowing locations: + +1. Within the mall at the entrance to each exit passage- +way or corridor. + +2. At each floor-level landing within enclosed stairways +opening directly on the mall. + +3. At exterior public entrances to the mall. + +905.3.4 Stages. Stages greater than 1,000 square feet (93 +m^) in area shall be equipped with a Class III wet standpipe +system with IVj-inch and 2V2-inch (38 mm and 64 mm) +hose connections on each side of the stage. + +Exception: Where the building or area is equipped +throughout with an automatic sprinkler system, a IV2 +inch (38 mm) hose connection shall be installed in accor- +dance with NFR\ 13 or in accordance with NFR\ 14 for +Class II or III standpipes. + +905.3.4.1 Hose and cabinet. The 1 Vj-inch (38 mm) hose +connections shall be equipped with sufficient lengths of +1 V2-inch (38 mm) hose to provide fire protection for the +stage area. Hose connections shall be equipped with an +approved adjustable fog nozzle and be mounted in a cabi- +net or on a rack. + +905.3.5 Underground buildings. Underground buildings +shall be equipped throughout with a Class I automatic wet or +manual wet standpipe system. + +905.3.6 Helistops and heliports. Buildings with a helistop +or heliport that are equipped with a standpipe shall extend +the standpipe to the roof level on which the helistop or heli- +port is located in accordance with Section 1107.5. + +905.3.7 Marinas and boatyards. Marinas and boatyards +shall be equipped throughout with standpipe systems in +accordance with NFPA 303. + +905.4 Location of Class I standpipe hose connections. Class +I standpipe hose connections shall be provided in all of the fol- +lowing locations: + +1 . In every required stairway, a hose connection shall be +provided for each floor level above or below grade. Hose + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +77 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +connections shall be located at an intermediate floor +level landing between floors, unless otherwise approved +by the fire code official. + +2. On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit opening of a +horizontal exit. + +Exception: Where floor areas adjacent to a horizontal +exit are reachable from exit stairway hose connec- +tions by a 30-foot (9 144 mm) hose stream from a noz- +zle attached to 100 feet (30480 mm) of hose, a hose +connection shall not be required at the horizontal exit. + +3. In every exit passageway, at the entrance from the exit +passageway to other areas of a building. + +4. In covered mall buildings, adjacent to each exterior pub- +lic entrance to the mall and adjacent to each entrance +from an exit passageway or exit corridor to the mall. + +5 . Where the roof has a slope less than four units vertical in +12 units horizontal (33.3-percent slope), each standpipe +shall be provided with a hose connection located either +on the roof or at the highest landing of a stairway with +stair access to the roof. An additional hose connection +shall be provided at the top of the most hydraulically +remote standpipe for testing purposes. + +6. Where the most remote portion of a nonsprinklered floor +or story is more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) from a hose +connection or the most remote portion of a sprinklered +floor or story is more than 200 feet (60 960 mm) from a +hose connection, the fire code official is authorized to +require that additional hose connections be provided in +approved locations. + +905.4.1 Protection. Risers and laterals of Class I standpipe +systems not located within an enclosed stairway or pressur- +ized enclosure shall be protected by a degree of fire resis- +tance equal to that required for vertical enclosures in the +building in which they are located. + +Exception: In buildings equipped throughout with an +approved automatic sprinkler system, laterals that are not +located within an enclosed stairway or pressurized +enclosure are not required to be enclosed within +fire-resistance-rated construction. + +905.4.2 Interconnection. In buildings where more than one +standpipe is provided, the standpipes shall be intercon- +nected in accordance with NFPA 14. + +905.5 Location of Class II standpipe hose connections. + +Class 11 standpipe hose connections shall be accessible and +shall be located so that all portions of the building are within 30 +feet (9144 mm) of a nozzle attached to 100 feet (30 480 mm) of +hose. + +905.5.1 Groups A-1 and A-2. In Group A-1 and A-2 occu- +pancies with occupant loads of more than 1,000, hose con- +nections shall be located on each side of any stage, on each +side of the rear of the auditorium, on each side of the bal- +cony, and on each tier of dressing rooms. + +905.5.2 Protection. Fire-resistance-rated protection of ris- +ers and laterals of Class II standpipe systems is not required. + + + +905.5.3 Class II system 1-incli hose. A minimum 1-inch +(25 mm) hose shall be allowed to be used for hose stations in +light-hazard occupancies where investigated and listed for +this service and where approved by the fire code official. + +905.6 Location of Class III standpipe hose connections. + +Class III standpipe systems shall have hose connections +located as required for Class I standpipes in Section 905.4 and +shall have Class II hose connections as required in Section +905.5. + +905.6.1 Protection. Risers and laterals of Class HI +standpipe systems shall be protected as required for Class I +systems in accordance with Section 905.4.1. + +905.6.2 Interconnection. In buildings where more than one +Class III standpipe is provided, the standpipes shall be inter- +connected at the bottom. + +905.7 Cabinets. Cabinets containing fire-fighting equipment, +such as standpipes, fire hose, fire extinguishers or fire depart- +ment valves, shall not be blocked from use or obscured from +view. + +905.7.1 Cabinet equipment identification. Cabinets shall +be identified in an approved manner by a permanently +attached sign with letters not less than 2 inches (51 mm) +high in a color that contrasts with the background color, +indicating the equipment contained therein. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Doors not large enough to accommodate a written +sign shall be marked with a permanently attached +pictogram of the equipment contained therein. + +2. Doors that have either an approved visual identifi- +cation clear glass panel or a complete glass door +panel are not required to be marked. + +905.7.2 Locking cabinet doors. Cabinets shall be +unlocked. + +Exceptions: + +1. Visual identification panels of glass or other +approved transparent frangible material that is eas- +ily broken and allows access. + +2. Approved locking arrangements. + +3. Group 1-3 occupancies. + +905.8 Dry standpipes. Dry standpipes shall not be installed. + +Exception: Where subject to freezing and in accordance +with NFPA 14. + +905.9 Valve supervision. Valves controlling water supplies +shall be supervised in the open position so that a change in the +normal position of the valve will generate a supervisory signal +at the supervising station required by Section 903.4. Where a +fire alarm system is provided, a signal shall also be transmitted +to the control unit. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Valves to underground key or hub valves in roadway +boxes provided by the municipality or public utility +do not require supervision. + + + +78 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +• + + + +1 + + + +2. Valves locked in the normal position and inspected as +provided in this code in buildings not equipped with a +fire alarm system. . + +905.10 During construction. Standpipe systems required dur- +ing construction and demolition operations shall be provided in +accordance with Section 1413. + +905.11 Existing buildings. Existing structures with occupied +floors located more than 50 feet (15 240 mm) above or below +the lowest level of fire department access shall be equipped +with standpipes installed in accordance with Section 905. The +standpipes shall have 4n approved fire department connection +with hose connections at each floor level above or below the +lowest level of fire department access. The fire code official is +authorized to approve the installation of manual standpipe sys- +tems to achieve compliance with this section where the +responding fire department is capable of providing the required +hose flow at the highest standpipe outlet. + + + +SECTION 906 +PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS + +906.1 Where required. Portable fire extinguishers shall be +installed in the following locations. + +1. In new and existing Group A, B, E, F, H, I , M, R-1, R-2, +R-4 and S occupancies. + +Exception: In new and existing Group A, B and E +occupancies equipped throughout with quick- +response sprinklers, portable fire extinguishers shall +be required only in locations specified in Items 2 +through 6. + +2 . Within 30 feet (9 1 44 mm) of commercial cooking equip- +ment. + +« + +/ 3. In areas where flammable or combustible liquids are +\ stored, used or dispensed. + +*«4. On each floor of structures under construction, except +' Group R-3 occupancies, in accordance with Section +] 1415.1. + +^.5 . Where required by the sections indicated in Table 906. 1 . + +(p. Special-hazard areas, including but not limited to labora- +i tories, computer rooms and generator rooms, where +[ required by the fire code official. + +906,.2 General requirements. Portable fire extinguishers shall +be s elected, installed and maintained in accordance with this +sectjion and NFPA 10. + +Exceptions: + +1. The travel distance to reach an extinguisher shall not +apply to the spectator seating portions of Group A-5 +i occupancies. + +' 2. Thirty-day inspections shall not be required and +maintenance shall be allowed to be once every three +years for dryTchemical or halogenated agent portable +fire extinguishers that are supervised by a listed and +approved electronic monitoring device, provided that +all of the following conditions are met: + + + +2.1. Electronic monitoring shall confirm that +extinguishers are properly positioned, prop- +erly charged and unobstructed. + +2.2. Loss of power or circuit continuity to the elec- +tronic monitoring device shall initiate a trou- +ble signal. + +2.3. The extinguishers shall be installed inside of a +building or cabinet in a noncorrosive environ- +ment. + +2.4. Electronic monitoring devices and supervi- +sory circuits shall be tested every three years +when extinguisher maintenance is performed. + +2.5. A written log of required hydrostatic test dates +for extinguishers shall be maintained by the +owner to ensure that hydrostatic tests are con- +ducted at the frequency required by NFPA 10. + +906.3 Size and distribution. For occupancies that involve pri- +marily Class A fire hazards, the minimum sizes and distribu- +tion shall comply with Table 906.3(1). Fire extinguishers for +occupancies involving flammable or combustible liquids with +depths of less than or equal to 0.25-inch (6.35 mm) shall be +selected and placed in accordance with Table 906.3(2). Fire +extinguishers for occupancies involving flammable or com- +bustible liquids with a depth of greater than 0.25-inch (6.35 +nmi) or involving combustible metals shall be selected and +placed in accordance with NFPA 10. Extinguishers for Class C +fire hazards shall be selected and placed on the basis of the +anticipated Class A or Class B hazard. + +906.4 Cooking grease fires. Fire extinguishers provided for +the protection of cooking grease fires shall be of an approved +type compatible with the automatic fire-extinguishing system +agent and in accordance with Section 904.11.5. + +906.5 Conspicuous location. Portable fire extinguishers shall +be located in conspicuous locations where they will be readily +accessible and inmiediately available for use. These locations +shall be along normal paths of travel, unless the fire code offi- +cial determines that the hazard posed indicates the need for +placement away from normal paths of travel. + +906.6 Unobstructed and unobscured. Portable fire +extinguishers shall not be obstructed or obscured from view. In +rooms or areas in which visual obstruction cannot be com- +pletely avoided, means shall be provided to indicate the loca- +tions of extinguishers. + +906.7 Hangers and brackets. Hand-held portable fire +extinguishers, not housed in cabinets, shall be installed on the +hangers or brackets supplied. Hangers or brackets shall be +securely anchored to the mounting surface in accordance with +the manufacturer's installation instructions. + +906.8 Cabinets. Cabinets used to house portable fire +extinguishers shall not be locked. + +Exceptions: + +1. Where portable fire extinguishers subject to mali- +cious use or damage are provided with a means of +ready access. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +79 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +TABLE 906.1 +ADDITIONAL REQUIRED PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS + + + +SECTION + + +SUBJECT + + +303.5 + + +Asphalt kettles + + +307.5 + + +Open burning + + +308.4 + + +Open flames-torches + + +309.4 + + +Powered industrial trucks + + +1105.2 + + +Aircraft towing vehicles + + +1105.3 + + +Aircraft welding apparatus + + +1105.4 + + +Aircraft fuel-servicing tank vehicles + + +1105.5 + + +Aircraft hydrant fuel- servicing vehicles + + +1105.6 + + +Aircraft fuel-dispensing stations + + +1107.7 + + +Heliports and helistops + + +1208.4 + + +Dry cleaning plants + + +1415.1 + + +Buildings under construction or demolition + + +1417.3 + + +Roofing operations + + +1504.4.1 + + +Spray-finishing operations + + +1505.4.2 + + +Dip-tank operations + + +1506.4.2 + + +Powder-coating areas + + +1904.2 + + +Lumberyards/woodworking facilities + + +1908.8 + + +Recycling facilities + + +1909.5 + + +Exterior lumber storage + + +2003.5 + + +Organic-coating areas + + +2106.3 + + +Industrial ovens + + +2205.5 + + +Motor fuel-dispensing facilities + + +2210.6.4 + + +Marine motor fuel-dispensing facilities + + +2211.6 + + +Repair garages + + +2306.10 + + +Rack storage + + +2404.12 + + +Tents, canopies and membrane structures + + +2508.2 + + +Tire rebuilding/storage + + +2604.2.6 + + +Welding and other hot work + + +2903.6 + + +Combustible fibers + + +3308.11 + + +Fireworks + + +3403.2.1 + + +Flammable and combustible liquids, general + + +3404.3.3.1 + + +Indoor storage of flammable and combustible liquids + + +3404.3.7.5.2 + + +Liquid storage rooms for flammable and combustible +liquids + + +3405.4.9 + + +Solvent distillation units + + +3406.2.7 + + +Farms and construction sites — flammable and +combustible liquids storage + + +3406.4.10.1 + + +Bulk plants and terminals for flammable and +combustible hquids + + +3406.5.4.5 + + +Commercial, industrial, governmental or +manufacturing establishments — fuel dispensing + + +3406.6.4 + + +Tank vehicles for flammable and combustible liquids + + +3606.5.7 + + +Flammable solids + + +3808.2 + + +LP-gas + + + +2. In Group 1-3 occupancies and in mental health areas +in Group 1-2 occupancies, access to portable fire +extinguishers shall be permitted to be locked or to be +located in staff locations provided the staff has keys. + +906.9 Height above floor. Portable fire extinguishers having a +gross weight not exceeding 40 pounds (18 kg) shall be installed +so that its top is not more than 5 feet ( 1 524 mm) above the floor. +Hand-held portable fire extinguishers having a gross weight +exceeding 40 pounds (18 kg) shall be installed so that its top is +not more than 3.5 feet (1067 mm) above the floor. The clear- +ance between the floor and the bottom of installed hand-held +extinguishers shall not be less than 4 inches (102 mm). + +906.10 Wheeled units. Wheeled fire extinguishers shall be +conspicuously located in a designated location. + + + +TABLE 906.3(1) +FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR CLASS A FIRE HAZARDS + + + + + +LIGHT (Low) + +HAZARD +OCCUPANCY + + +ORDINARY + +(Moderate) + +HAZARD + +OCCUPANCY + + +EXTRA (High) + +HAZARD +OCCUPANCY + + +Minimum +Rated Single +Extinguisher + + +2-A'= + + +2-A + + +4-A^ + + +Maximum +Floor Area Per +Unit of A + + +3,000 , +square feet + + +1,500 +square feet + + +1,000 +square feet + + +Maximum +Floor Area For +Extinguisher'' + + +11,250 +square feet + + +11,250 +square feet + + +11,250 +square feet + + +Maximum +Travel Distance +to Extinguisher + + +75 feet + + +75 feet + + +75 feet + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^, 1 gallon = 3.785 L. , + +a. Two 2.5-gallon water-type extinguishers shall be deemed the equivalent c-f +one 4-A rated extinguisher. / + +b. Annex E.3.3 of NFPA 10 provides more details concerning application of t^^'ie +maximum floor area criteria. • + +c. Two water-type extinguishers each with a 1-A rating shall be deemed tihe +equivalent of one 2-A rated extinguisher for Light (Low) Hazard Occupan- +cies. + + + +TABLE 906.3(2) + +FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS WITH DEPTHS OfF + +LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.25-INCH + + + +TYPE OF HAZARD + + +BASIC MINIMUM + +EXTINGUISHER + +RATING + + +1 1 + +MAXIMUM TRAVEL + +DISTANCE TO + +EXTINGUISHERS + +(feet) + + +Light (Low) + + +5-B +10-B + + +30 +50 • + + +Ordinary (Moderate) + + +10-B +20-B + + +30 +50 + + +Extra (High) + + +40-B +< 80-B + + +30 +50 + + + +t + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +NOTE. For requirements on water-soluble flammable liquids and alternative +sizing criteria, see Section 4.3 of NFPA 10. + + + +80 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +SECTION 907 +FIRE ALARM AND DETECTION SYSTEMS + +907.1 General. This section covers the apphcation, installa- +tion, performance and maintenance of fire alarm systems and +their components in new and existing buildings and structures. +The requirements of Section 907.2 are applicable to new build- +ings and structures. The requirements of Section 907.3 are +applicable to existing buildings and structures. + +907.1.1 Construction documents. Construction docu- +ments for fire alarm systems shall be submitted for review +and approval prior to system installation. Construction doc- +uments shall include, but not be limited to, all of the follow- +ing: + +1 . A floor plan which indicates the use of all rooms. + +2. Locations of alarm-initiating and notification appli- +ances. + +3. Alarm control and trouble signaling equipment. + +4. Annunciation. + +5. Power connection. + +6. Battery calculations. + +7. Conductor type and sizes. + +8. Voltage drop calculations. + +9. Manufacturers, model numbers and listing informa- +tion for equipment, devices and materials. + +10. Details of ceiling height and construction. + +1 1 . The interface of fire safety control functions. + +907.1.2 Equipment. Systems and their components shall be +listed and approved for the purpose for which they are +installed. + +907.2 Where required — new buildings and structures. An + +approved manual, automatic or manual and automatic fire +alarm system installed in accordance with the provisions of this +code and NFPA 72 shall be provided in new buildings and +structures in accordance with Sections 907.2.1 through +907.2.23 and provide occupant notification in accordance with +Section 907.10, unless other requirements are provided by +another section of this code. Where automatic sprinkler protec- +tion installed in accordance with Section 903 .3 . 1 . 1 or 903 .3 . 1 .2 +is provided and connected to the building fire alarm system, +automatic heat detection required by this section shall not be +required. + +The automatic fire detectors shall be smoke detectors. +Where ambient conditions prohibit installation of automatic +smoke detection, other automatic fire detection shall be +allowed. + +907.2.1 Group A. A manual fire alarm system shall be +installed in Group A occupancies having an occupant load +of 300 or more. Portions of Group E occupancies occupied +for assembly purposes shall be provided with a fire alarm +system as required for the Group E occupancy. + +Exception: Manual fire alarm boxes are not required +where the building is equipped throughout with an auto- +matic sprinkler system and the alarm notification appli- +ances will activate upon sprinkler water flow. + + + +907.2.1.1 System initiation in Group A occupancies +with an occupant load of 1,000 or more. Activation of +the fire alarm in Group A occupancies with an occupant +load of 1,000 or more shall initiate a signal using an +emergency voice/alarm communications system in +accordance with NFPA 72. + +Exception: Where approved, the prerecorded +announcement is allowed to be manually deactivated +for a period of time, not to exceed 3 minutes, for the +sole purpose of allowing a live voice announcement +from an approved, constantly attended location. + +907.2.1.2 Emergency power. Emergency voice/alarm +communications systems shall be provided with an +approved emergency power source. + +907.2.2 Group B. A manual fire alarm system shall be +installed in Group B occupancies having an occupant load +of 500 or more persons or more than 100 persons above or +below the lowest level of exit discharge. + +Exception: Manual fire alarm boxes are not required +where the building is equipped throughout with an auto- +matic sprinkler system and the alarm notification appli- +ances will activate upon sprinkler water flow. + +907.2.3 Group E. A manual fire alarm system shall be +installed in Group E occupancies. When automatic sprin- +kler systems or smoke detectors are installed, such systems +or detectors shall be connected to the building fire alarm +system. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Group E occupancies with an occupant load of less +than 50. + +2. Manual fire alarm boxes are not required in Group +E occupancies where all of the following apply: + +2.1. Interior corridors are protected by smoke +detectors with alarm verification. + +2.2. Auditoriums, cafeterias, gymnasiums and +the like are protected by heat detectors or +other approved detection devices. + +2.3. Shops and laboratories involving dusts or +vapors are protected by heat detectors or +other approved detection devices. + +2.4. Off-premises monitoring is provided. + +2.5. The capability to activate the evacuation +signal from a central point is provided. + +2.6. In buildings where normally occupied +spaces are provided with a two-way com- +munication system between such spaces +and a constantly attended receiving station +from where a general evacuation alarm can +be sounded, except in locations specifi- +cally designated by the fire code official. + +3. Manual fire alarm boxes shall not be required in +Group E occupancies where the building is +equipped throughout with an approved automatic +sprinkler system, the notification appliances will + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +81 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +activate on sprinkler water flow and manual acti- +vation is provided from a normally occupied loca- +tion. + +907.2.4 Group F. A manual fire alarm system shall be +installed in Group F occupancies that are two or more sto- +ries in height and have an occupant load of 500 or more +above or below the lowest level of exit discharge. + +Exception: Manual fire alarm boxes are not required +where the building is equipped throughout with an auto- +matic sprinkler system and the alarm notification appli- +ances will activate upon sprinkler water flow. + +907.2.5 Group H. A manual fire alarm system shall be +installed in Group H-5 occupancies and in occupancies used +for the manufacture of organic coatings. An automatic +smoke detection system shall be installed for highly toxic +gases, organic peroxides and oxidizers in accordance with +Chapters 37, 39 and 40, respectively. + +907.2.6 Group I. A manual fire alarm system shall be +installed in Group I occupancies. An electrically super- +vised, automatic smoke detection system shall be provided +in accordance with Sections 907.2.6.1 and 907.2.6.2. + +Exception: Manual fire alarm boxes in resident or +patient sleeping areas of Group I-l and 1-2 occupancies +shall not be required at exits if located at all nurses' con- +trol stations or other constantly attended staff locations, +provided such stations are visible and continuously +accessible and that travel distances required in Section +907.4.1 are not exceeded. + +907.2.6.1 Group I-l. Corridors, habitable spaces other +than sleeping units and kitchens, and waiting areas that +are open to corridors shall be equipped with an automatic +smoke detection system. + +Exceptions: + +1. Smoke detection in habitable spaces is not +required where the facility is equipped through- +out with an automatic sprinkler system. + +2. Smoke detection is not required for exterior +balconies. + +907.2.6.2 Group 1-2. Corridors in nursing homes (both +intermediate care and skilled nursing facilities), detoxifi- +cation facilities and spaces permitted to be open to the +corridors by Section 407.2 of the International Building +Code shall be equipped with an automatic fire detection +system. Hospitals shall be equipped with smoke detec- +tion as required in Section 407.2 of the International +Building Code. + +Exceptions: + +1. Corridor smoke detection is not required in +smoke compartments that contain patient sleep- +ing units where patient sleeping units are pro- +vided with smoke detectors that comply with +UL 268. Such detectors shall provide a visual +display on the corridor side of each patient +sleeping unit and shall provide an audible and + + + +visual alarm at the nursing station attending +each unit. + +2. Corridor smoke detection is not required in +smoke compartments that contain patient sleep- +ing units where patient sleeping unit doors are +equipped with automatic door-closing devices +with integral smoke detectors on the unit sides +installed in accordance with their listing, pro- +vided that the integral detectors perform the +required alerting function. + +907.2.6.3 Group 1-3 occupancies. Group 1-3 occupan- +cies shall be equipped with a manual and automatic fire +alarm system installed for alerting staff. + +907.2.6.3.1 System initiation. Actuation of an auto- +matic fire-extinguishing system, a manual fire alarm +box or a fire detector shall initiate an approved fire +alarm signal which automatically notifies staff. +Presignal systems shall not be used. + +907.2.6.3.2 Manual fire alarm boxes. Manual fire +alarm boxes are not required to be located in accor- +dance with Section 907.4 where the fire alarm boxes +are provided at staff-attended locations having direct +supervision over areas where manual fire alarm boxes +have been omitted. + +Manual fire alarm boxes are allowed to be locked in +areas occupied by detainees, provided that staff mem- +bers are present within the subject area and have keys +readily available to operate the manual fire alarm +boxes. + +907.2.6.3.3 Smoke detectors. An approved auto- +matic smoke detection system shall be installed +throughout resident housing areas, including sleeping +units and contiguous day rooms, group activity spaces +and other common spaces normally accessible to resi- +dents. + +Exceptions: + +1. Other approved smoke-detection arrange- +ments providing equivalent protection, +including, but not limited to, placing detec- +tors in exhaust ducts from cells or behind +protective guards listed for the purpose, are +allowed when necessary to prevent damage +or tampering. + +2. Sleeping units in Use Conditions 2 and 3. + +3. Smoke detectors are not required in sleeping +units with four or fewer occupants in smoke +compartments that are equipped throughout +with an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem. + +907.2.7 Group M. A manual fire alarm system shall be +installed in Group M occupancies having an occupant load +of 500 or more persons or more than 100 persons above or +below the lowest level of exit discharge. The initiation of a + + + +82 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +signal from a manual fire alarm box shall initiate alarm noti- +fication appliances as required by Section 907.10. + +Exceptions: + +1 . A manual fire alarm system is required in covered +mall buildings complying with Section 402 of the +International Building Code. + +2 . Manual fire alarm boxes are not required where the +building is equipped throughout with an automatic +sprinkler system and the alarm notification appli- +ances will automatically activate upon sprinkler +water flow. + +907.2.7.1 Occupant notification. During times that the +building is occupied, the initiation of a signal from a +manual fire alarm box or from a water flow switch shall +not be required to activate the alarm notification appli- +ances when an alarm signal is activated at a constantly +attended location from which evacuation instructions +shall be initiated over an emergency voice/alarm com- +munication system installed in accordance with Section +907.2.12.2. ' + +The emergency voice/alarm communication system +shall be allowed to be used for other announcements, +provided the manual fire alarm use takes precedence +over any other use. + +907.2.8 Group R-1. Fire alarm systems shall be installed in +Group R-1 occupancies as required in Sections 907.2.8.1 +through 907.2.8.3. + +907.2.8.1 Manual fire alarm system. A manual fire +alarm system shall be installed in Group R-1 occupan- +cies. + +Exceptions: + +1. A manual fire alarm system is not required in +buildings not more than two stories in height +where all individual sleeping units and contigu- +ous attic and crawl spaces are separated from +each other and public or common areas by at +least 1-hour fire partitions and each individual +sleeping unit has an exit directly to a public +way, exit court or yard. + +2. Manual fire alarm boxes are not required +throughout the building when the following +conditions are met: + +2.1. The building is equipped throughout +with an automatic sprinkler system +installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. + +2.2. The notification apphances will acti- +vate upon sprinkler water flow; and + +2.3. At least one manual fire alarm box is +installed at an approved location. + + + +907.2.8.2 Automatic fire alarm system. An automatic +fire alarm system shall be installed throughout all interior +corridors serving sleeping units. + +Exception: An automatic fire detection system is not +required in buildings that do not have interior corri- +dors serving sleeping units and where each sleeping +unit has a means of egress door opening directly to an +exterior exit access that leads directly to an exit. + +907.2.8.3 Smoke alarms. Smoke alarms shall be +installed as required by Section 907.2.10. In buildings +that are not equipped throughout with an automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the smoke alarms in sleeping +units shall be connected to an emergency electrical sys- +tem and shall be annunciated by sleeping unit at a con- +stantly attended location from which the fire alarm +system is capable of being manually activated. + +907.2.9 Group R-2. A manual fire alarm system shall be +installed in Group R-2 occupancies where: + +1 . Any dwelling unit or sleeping unit is located three or +more stories above the lowest level of exit discharge; + +2. Any dwelling unit or sleeping unit is located more +than one story below the highest level of exit dis- +charge of exits serving the dwelling unit or sleeping +unit; or + +3. The building contains more than 16 dwelling units or +sleeping units. + +Exceptions: + +1 . A fire alarm system is not required in build- +ings not more than two stories in height +where all dwelling units or sleeping units +and contiguous attic and crawl spaces are +separated from each other and public or +common areas by at least 1-hour fire parti- +tions and each dwelling unit or sleeping unit +has an exit directly to a public way, exit court +or yard. + +2. Manual fire alarm boxes are not required +throughout the building when the following +conditions are met: + +2.1. The building is equipped throughout +with an automatic sprinkler system +in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2; and + +2.2. The notification appliances will acti- +vate upon sprinkler flow. + +3. A fire alarm system is not required in build- +ings that do not have interior corridors serv- +ing dwelling units and are protected by an +approved automatic sprinkler system +installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, provided that dwell- +ing units either have a means of egress door + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +83 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +Opening directly to an exterior exit access +that leads directly to the exits or are served +by open-ended corridors designed in accor- +dance with Section 1023.6, Exception 4. + +907.2.10 Single- and multiple-station smoke alarms. + +Listed single- and multiple-station smoke alarms comply- +ing with UL 217 shall be installed in accordance with the +provisions of this code and the household fire-waming +equipment provisions of NFPA 72. + +907.2.10.1 Where required. Single- or multiple-station +smoke alarms shall be installed in the locations described +in Sections 907.2.10.1.1 through 907.2.10.1.3. + +907.2.10.1.1 Group R-1. Single- or multiple-station +smoke alarms shall be installed in all of the following +locations in Group R-1: + +1. In sleeping areas. + +2 . In every room in the path of the means of egress +from the sleeping area to the door leading from +the sleeping unit. + +3. In each story within the sleeping unit, including +basements. For sleeping units with split levels +and without an intervening door between the +adjacent levels, a smoke alarm installed on the +upper level shall suffice for the adjacent lower +level provided that the lower level is less than +one full story below the upper level. + +907.2.10.1.2 Groups R-2, R-3, R-4 and I-l. Single +or multiple-station smoke alarms shall be installed +and maintained in Groups R-2, R-3, R-4 and I-l +regardless of occupant load at all of the following +locations: + +1 . On the ceiling or wall outside of each separate +sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of bed- +rooms. + +2. In each room used for sleeping purposes. + +3. In each story within a dwelling unit, including +basements but not including crawl spaces and +uninhabitable attics. In dwellings or dwelling +units with split levels and without an interven- +ing door between the adjacent levels, a smoke +alarm installed on the upper level shall suffice +for the adjacent lower level provided that the +lower level is less than one full story below the +upper level. + +907.2.10.1.3 Group I-l. Single- or multiple-station +smoke alarms shall be installed and maintained in +sleeping areas in Group I-l occupancies. + +Exception: Single- or multiple- station smoke +alarms shall not be required where the building is +equipped throughout with an automatic fire detec- +tion system in accordance with Section 907.2.6. + +907.2.10.2 Power source. In new construction, required +smoke alarms shall receive their primary power from the +building wiring where such wiring is served from a com- +mercial source and shall be equipped with a battery + + + +backup. Smoke alarms shall emit a signal when the bat- +teries are low. Wiring shall be permanent and without a +disconnecting switch other than as required for +overcurrent protection. + +Exception: Smoke alarms are not required to be +equipped with battery backup in Group R-1 where +they are connected to an emergency electrical system. + +907.2.10.3 Interconnection. Where more than one +smoke alarm is required to be installed within an individ- +ual dwelling unit or sleeping unit in Group R-2, R-3 or +R-4, or within an individual sleeping unit in Group R-1, +the smoke alarms shall be interconnected in such a man- +ner that the activation of one alarm will activate all of the +alarms in the individual unit. The alarm shall be clearly +audible in all bedrooms over background noise levels +with all intervening doors closed. + +907.2.10.4 Acceptance testing. When the installation of +the alarm devices is complete, each detector and inter- +connecting wiring for multiple-station alarm devices +shall be tested in accordance with the household fire +warning equipment provisions of NFPA 72. + +907.2.11 Special amusement buildings. An approved +automatic smoke detection system shall be provided in spe- +cial amusement buildings in accordance with this section. + +Exception: In areas where ambient conditions will cause +a smoke detection system to alarm, an approved alterna- +tive type of automatic detector shall be installed. + +907.2.11.1 Alarm. Activation of any single smoke +detector, the automatic sprinkler system or any other +automatic fire detection device shall immediately sound +an alarm at the building at a constantly attended location +from which emergency action can be initiated, including +the capability of manual initiation of requirements in +Section 907.2.11.2. + +907.2.11.2 System response. The activation of two or +more smoke detectors, a single smoke detector with +alarm verification, the automatic sprinkler system or +other approved fire detection device shall automatically: + +1. Cause illumination of the means of egress with +light of not less than 1 foot-candle (11 lux) at the +walking surface level; + +2. Stop any conflicting or confusing sounds and +visual distractions; and + +3. Activate an approved directional exit marking that +will become apparent in an emergency. + +Such system response shall also include activation of a +prerecorded message, clearly audible throughout the +special amusement building, instructing patrons to pro- +ceed to the nearest exit. Alarm signals used in conjunc- +tion with the prerecorded message shall produce a sound +which is distinctive from other sounds used during nor- +mal operation. + +The wiring to the auxiliary devices and equipment +used to accomplish the above fire safety functions shall +be monitored for integrity in accordance with NFPA 72. + + + +84 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +907.2.11.3 Emergency voice/alarm communication +system. An emergency voice/alarm communication sys- +tem, which is also allowed to serve as a public address +system, shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 72 +and be audible throughout the entire special amusement +building. + +907.2.12 High-rise buildings. Buildings with a floor used +for human occupancy located more than 75 feet (22 860 +mm) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle +access shall be provided with an automatic fire alarm system +and an emergency voice/alarm communication system in +accordance with Section 907.2.12.2. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Airport traffic control towers in accordance with +Section 907.2.22 and Section 412 of the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +2. Open parking garages in accordance with Section +406.3 of the International Building Code. + +3. Buildings with an occupancy in Group A-5 in +accordance with Section 303. 1 of the International +Building Code. + +4. Low-hazard special occupancies in accordance +with Section 503. 1 . 1 of the International Building +Code. + +5 . Buildings with an occupancy in Group H- 1 , H-2 or +H-3 in accordance with Section 415 of the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +907.2.12.1 Automatic fire detection. Smoke detectors +shall be provided in accordance with this section. Smoke +detectors shall be connected to an automatic fire alarm +system. The activation of any detector required by this +section shall operate the emergency voice/alarm commu- +nication system. Smoke detectors shall be located as fol- +lows: + +1. In each mechanical equipment, electrical, trans- +former, telephone equipment or similar room +which is not provided with sprinkler protection, +elevator machine rooms, and in elevator lobbies. + +2. In the main return air and exhaust air plenum of +each air-conditioning system having a capacity +greater than 2,000 cubic feet per minute (cfm) +(0.94 mVs). Such detectors shall be located in a +serviceable area downstream of the last duct inlet. + +3. At each connection to a vertical duct or riser serv- +ing two or more stories from a return air duct or +plenum of an air-conditioning system. In Group +R-1 and R-2 occupancies, a listed smoke detector +is allowed to be used in each return-air riser carry- +ing not more than 5,000 cfm (2.4 mVs) and serving +not more than 10 air-inlet openings. + +907.2.12.2 Emergency voice/alarm communication +system. The operation of any automatic fire detector, +sprinkler water-flow device or manual fire alarm box +shall automatically sound an alert tone followed by voice +instructions giving approved information and directions + + + +for a general or staged evacuation on a minimum of the +alarming floor, the floor above and the floor below in +accordance with the building's fire safety and evacuation +plans required by Section 404. Speakers shall be pro- +vided throughout the building by paging zones. As a +minimum, paging zones shall be provided as follows: + +1. Elevator groups. + +2. Exit stairways. + +3. Each floor. + +4. Areas of refuge as defined in Section 1002.1. + +Exception: In Group I-l and 1-2 occupancies, the +alarm shall sound in a constantly attended area and a +general occupant notification shall be broadcast over +the overhead page. + +907.2.12.2.1 Manual override. A manual override +for emergency voice communication shall be pro- +vided on a selective and all-call basis for all paging | +zones. + +907.2.12.2.2 Live voice messages. The emergency +voice/alarm communication system shall also have +the capability to broadcast live voice messages +through paging zones on a selective and all-call basis. | + +907.2.12.2.3 Standard. The emergency voice/alarm +communication system shall be designed and +installed in accordance with NFPA 72. + +907.2.12.3 Fire department communication system. + +An approved two-way, fire department communication +system designed and installed in accordance with NFPA +72 shall be provided for fire department use. It shall oper- +ate between a fire command center complying with Sec- +tion 509 and elevators, elevator lobbies, emergency and +standby power rooms, fire pump rooms, areas of refuge +and inside enclosed exit stairways. The fire department +communication device shall be provided at each floor +level within the enclosed exit stairway. + +Exception: Fire department radio systems where +approved by the fire department. + +907.2.13 Atriums connecting more than two stories. A + +fire alarm system shall be installed in occupancies with an +atrium that connects more than two stories. The system shall +be activated in accordance with Section 907.7. Such occu- +pancies in Group A, E or M shall be provided with an emer- +gency voice/alarm communication system complying with +the requirements of Section 907.2.12.2. + +907.2.14 High-piled combustible storage areas. An auto- +matic fire detection system shall be installed throughout +high-piled combustible storage areas where required by +Section 2306.5. + +907.2.15 Delayed egress locks. Where delayed egress +locks are installed on means of egress doors in accordance +with Section 1008.1.8.6, an automatic smoke or heat detec- +tion system shall be installed as required by that section. + +907.2.16 Aerosol storage uses. Aerosol storage rooms and +general-purpose warehouses containing aerosols shall be + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +85 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +provided with an approved manual fire alarm system where +required by this code. + +907.2.17 Lumber, wood structural panel and veneer +mills. Lumber, wood structural panel and veneer mills shall +be provided with a manual fire alarm system. + +907.2.18 Underground buildings with smoke exhaust +systems. Where a smoke exhaust system is installed in an +underground building in accordance with the International +Building Code, automatic fire detectors shall be provided in +accordance with this section. + +907.2.18.1 Smoke detectors. A minimum of one smoke +detector listed for the intended purpose shall be installed +in the following areas: + +1. Mechanical equipment, electrical, transformer, +telephone equipment, elevator machine or similar +rooms. + +2. Elevator lobbies. + +3. The main return and exhaust air plenum of each +air-conditioning system serving more than one +story and located in a serviceable area downstream +of the last duct inlet. + +4. Each connection to a vertical duct or riser serving +two or more floors from return air ducts or ple- +nums of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning +systems, except that in Group R occupancies, a +listed smoke detector is allowed to be used in each +return-air riser carrying not more than 5,000 cfm +(2.4 mVs) and serving not more than 10 air inlet +openings. + +907.2.18.2 Alarm required. Activation of the smoke +exhaust system shall activate an audible alarm at a con- +stantly attended location. + +907.2.19 Underground buildings. Where the lowest level +of a structure is more than 60 feet (18 288 mm) below the +lowest level of exit discharge, the structure shall be +equipped throughout with a manual fire alarm system, +including an emergency voice/alarm communication sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section 907.2.12.2. + +907.2.19.1 Public address system. Where a fire alarm +system is not required by Section 907.2, a public address +system shall be provided which shall be capable of trans- +mitting voice communications to the highest level of exit +discharge serving the underground portions of the struc- +ture and all levels below. + +907.2.20 Covered mall buildings. Covered mall buildings +exceeding 50,000 square feet (4645 m^) in total floor area +shall be provided with an emergency voice/alarm communi- +cation system. An emergency voice/alarm communication +system serving a mall, required or otherwise, shall be acces- +sible to the fire department. The system shall be provided in +accordance with Section 907.2.12.2. + +907.2.21 Residential aircraft hangars. A minimum of one +listed smoke alarm shall be installed within a residential air- +craft hangar as defined in the International Building Code +and shall be interconnected into the residential smoke alarm + + + +or other sounding device to provide an alarm which will be +audible in all sleeping areas of the dwelling. + +907.2.22 Airport traffic control towers. An automatic fire +detection system shall be provided in airport traffic control +towers. + +907.2.23 Battery rooms. An approved automatic smoke +detection system shall be installed in areas containing sta- +tionary storage battery systems having a liquid capacity of +more than 50 gallons (189 L). The detection system shall be +supervised by an approved central, proprietary, or remote +station service or a local alarm which will sound an audible +signal at a constantly attended location. + +907.3 Where required — retroactive in existing buildings +and structures. An approved manual, automatic or manual +and automatic fire alarm system shall be installed in existing +buildings and structures in accordance with Sections 907.3.1 +through 907.3.1.8. Where automatic sprinkler protection is +provided in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 +and connected to the building fire alarm system, automatic heat +detection required by this section shall not be required. + +An approved automatic fire detection system shall be +installed in accordance with the provisions of this code and +NFPA 72. Devices, combinations of devices, appliances and +equipment shall be approved. The automatic fire detectors shall +be smoke detectors, except an approved alternative type of +detector shall be installed in spaces such as boiler rooms where, +during normal operation, products of combustion are present in +sufficient quantity to actuate a smoke detector. + +907.3.1 Occupancy requirements. A fire alarm system +shall be installed in accordance with Sections 907.3.1.1 +through 907.3.1.8. + +Exception: Occupancies with an existing, previously +approved fire alarm system. + +907.3.1.1 Group E. A fire alarm system shall be +installed in existing Group E occupancies in accordance +with Section 907.2.3. + +Exceptions: + +1. A building with a maximum area of 1,000 +square feet (93 m^) that contains a single class- +room and is located no closer than 50 feet (15 +240 mm) from another building. + +2. Group E with an occupant load less than 50. + +907.3.1.2 Group I-l. A fire alarm system shall be +installed in existing Group LI residential care/assisted +living facilities. + +Exception: Where each sleeping room has a means of +egress door opening directly to an exterior egress bal- +cony that leads directly to the exits in accordance with +Section 1014.5, and the building is not more than +three stories in height. + +907.3.1.3 Group 1-2. A fire alarm system shall be +installed in existing Group L2 occupancies in accor- +dance with Section 907.2.6.2. + + + +86 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +907.3.1.4 Group 1-3. A fire alarm system shall be +installed in existing Group 1-3 occupancies in accor- +dance with Section 907.2.6.3. + +907.3.1.5 Group R-1 hotels and motels. A fire alarm +system shall be installed in existing Group R- 1 hotels and +motels more than three stories or with more than 20 +sleeping units. + +Exception: Buildings less than two stories in height +where all sleeping units, attics and crawl spaces are +separated by 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construc- +tion and each sleeping unit has direct access to a pub- +lic way, exit court or yard. + +907.3.1.6 Group R-1 boarding and rooming houses. A + +fire alarm system shall be installed in existing Group R- 1 +boarding and rooming houses. + +Exception: Buildings that have single-station smoke +alarms meeting or exceeding the requirements of Sec- +tion 907.2.10.1 and where the fire alarm system +includes at least one manual fire alarm box per floor +arranged to initiate the alarm. + +907.3.1.7 Group R-2. A fire alarm system shall be +installed in existing Group R-2 occupancies more than +three stories in height or with more than 16 dwelling +units or sleeping units. + +Exceptions: + +1. Where each living unit is separated from other +contiguous living units by fire barriers having a +fire-resistance rating of not less than 0.75 hour, +and where each living unit has either its own +independent exit or its own independent stair- +way or ramp discharging at grade. + +2. A separate fire alarm system is not required in +buildings that are equipped throughout with an +approved supervised automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section +903 .3. 1 . 1 or 903.3 . 1 .2 and having a local alarm +to notify all occupants. + +3. A fire alarm system is not required in buildings +that do not have interior corridors serving dwell- +ing units and are protected by an approved auto- +matic sprinkler system installed in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, provided +that dwelling units either have a means of egress +door opening directly to an exterior exit access +that leads directiy to the exits or are served by +open-ended corridors designed in accordance +with Section 1023.6, Exception 4. + +907.3.1.8 Group R-4. A fire alarm system shall be +installed in existing Group R-4 residential care/assisted +living facilities. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Where there are interconnected smoke alarms +meeting the requirements of Section 907.2.10 +and there is at least one manual fire alarm box + + + +per floor arranged to sound continuously the +smoke alarms. + +2. Other manually activated, continuously sound- +ing alarms approved by the fire code official. + +907.3.2 Single- and multiple-station smoke alarms. Sin- +gle- and multiple-station smoke alarms shall be installed in +existing Group R occupancies in accordance with Sections +907.3.2.1 through 907.3.2.3. + +907.3.2.1 General. Existing Group R occupancies not +already provided with single-station smoke alarms shall +be provided with approved single-station smoke alarms. +Installation shall be in accordance with Section +907.2.10, except as provided in Sections 907.3.2.2 and +907.3.2.3. + +907.3.2.2 Interconnection. Where more than one +smoke alarm is required to be installed within an individ- +ual dwelling unit in Group R-2, R-3 or R-4, or within an +individual sleeping unit in Group R-1, the smoke alarms +shall be interconnected in such a manner that the activa- +tion of one alarm will activate all of the alarms in the indi- +vidual unit. The alarm shall be clearly audible in all +bedrooms over background noise levels with all inter- +vening doors closed. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Interconnection is not required in buildings that +are not undergoing alterations, repairs or con- +struction of any kind. + +2. Smoke alarms in existing areas are not required +to be interconnected where alterations or +repairs do not result in the removal of interior +wall or ceiling finishes exposing the structure, +unless there is an attic, crawl space or basement +available which could provide access for inter- +connection without the removal of interior fin- +ishes. + +907.3.2.3 Power source. In Group R occupancies, sin- +gle-station smoke alarms shall receive their primary +power from the building wiring provided that such wir- +ing is served from a commercial source and shall be +equipped with a battery backup. Smoke alarms shall emit +a signal when the batteries are low. Wiring shall be per- +manent and without a disconnecting switch other than as +required for overcurrent protection. + +Exception: Smoke alarms are permitted to be solely +battery operated: in existing buildings where no con- +struction is taking place; in buildings that are not +served from a commercial power source; and in exist- +ing areas of buildings undergoing alterations or +repairs that do not result in the removal of interior +walls or ceiling finishes exposing the structure, unless +there is an attic, crawl space or basement available +which could provide access for building wiring with- +out the removal of interior finishes. + +907.4 Manual fire alarm boxes. Manual fire alarm boxes shall +be installed in accordance with Sections 907.4.1 through +907.4.5. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +87 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +907.4.1 Location. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be located +not more than 5 feet (1524 mm) from the entrance to each +exit. Additional manual fire alarm boxes shall be located so +that travel distance to the nearest box does not exceed 200 +feet (60 960 mm). + +907.4.2 Height. The height of the manual fire alarm boxes +shall be a minimum of 42 inches (1067 mm) and a maxi- +mum of 48 inches (1372 mm) measured vertically, from the +floor level to the activating handle or lever of the box. + +907.4.3 Color. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be red in color. + +907.4.4 Signs. Where fire alarm systems are not monitored +by a supervising station, an approved permanent sign shall +be installed adjacent to each manual fire alarm box that +reads: WHEN ALARM SOUNDS— CALL FIRE +DEPARTMENT. + +Exception: Where the manufacturer has permanently +provided this information on the manual fire alarm box. + +907.4.5 Protective covers. The fire code official is autho- +rized to require the installation of listed manual fire alarm +box protective covers to prevent malicious false alarms or to +provide the manual fire alarm box with protection from +physical damage. The protective cover shall be transparent +or red in color with a transparent face to permit visibility of +the manual fire alarm box. Each cover shall include proper +operating instructions. A protective cover that emits a local +alarm signal shall not be installed unless approved. + +907.5 Power supply. The primary and secondary power supply +for the fire alarm system shall be provided in accordance with +NFPA 72. + +907.6 Wiring. Wiring shall comply with the requirements of +the ICC Electrical Code and NFPA 72. Wireless protection +systems utilizing radio-frequency transmitting devices shall +comply with the special requirements for supervision of +low-power wireless systems in NFPA 72. + +907.7 Activation. Where an alarm notification system is +required by another section of this code, it shall be activated by: + +1 . Required automatic fire alarm system. + +2. Sprinkler water-flow devices. + +3. Required manual fire alarm boxes. + +907.8 Presignal system. Presignal systems shall not be +installed unless approved by the fire code official and the fire +department. Where a presignal system is installed, 24-hour +personnel supervision shall be provided at a location approved +by the fire department, in order that the alarm signal can be +actuated in the event of fire or other emergency. + +907.9 Zones. Each floor shall be zoned separately and a zone +shall not exceed 22,500 square feet (2090 m^). The length of +any zone shall not exceed 300 feet (91 440 mm) in any direc- +tion. + +Exception: Automatic sprinkler system zones shall not +exceed the area permitted by NFPA 13. + +907.9.1 Zoning indicator panel. A zoning indicator panel +and the associated controls shall be provided in an approved +location. The visual zone indication shall lock in until the + + + +system is reset and shall not be canceled by the operation of +an audible-alarm silencing switch. + +907.9.2 High-rise buildings. In buildings with a floor used +for human occupancy that is located more than 75 feet (22 +860 mm) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle +access, a separate zone by floor shall be provided for all of +the following types of alarm-initiating devices where pro- +vided: + +1. Smoke detectors. + +2. Sprinkler water-flow devices. + +3. Manual fire alarm boxes. + +4. Other approved types of automatic fire detection +devices or suppression systems. + +907.10 Alarm notification appliances. Alarm notification +appliances shall be provided and shall be listed for their pur- +pose. + +907.10.1 Visible alarms. Visible alarm notification appli- +ances shall be provided in accordance with Sections +907.10.1.1 through 907.10.1.4. + +Exceptions: + +1. Visible alarm notification appliances are not +required in alterations, except where an existing +fire alarm system is upgraded or replaced, or a new +fire alarm system is installed. + +2. Visible alarm notification appliances shall not be +required in exits as defined in Section 1002.1. + +907.10.1.1 Public and common areas. Visible alarm +notification appliances shall be provided in public areas +and common areas. + +907.10.1.2 Employee work areas. Where employee +work areas have audible alarm coverage, the notification +appliance circuits serving the employee work areas shall +be initially designed with a minimum of 20 percent spare +capacity to account for the potential of adding visible +notification appliances in the future to accommodate +hearing impaired employ ee(s). + +TABLE 907.10.1.3 +VISIBLE AND AUDIBLE ALARMS + + + +NUMBER OF SLEEPING +UNITS + + +SLEEPING ACCOMMODATIONS WITH +VISIBLE AND AUDIBLE ALARMS + + +6 to 25 + + +2 + + +26 to 50 + + +4 + + +51 to 75 + + +7 + + +76 to 100 + + +9 + + +101 to 150 + + +12 + + +151 to 200 + + +14 + + +201 to 300 + + +17 + + +301 to 400 + + +20 + + +401 to 500 + + +22 + + +501 to 1,000 + + +5% of total + + +1,001 and over + + +50 plus 3 for each 100 over 1,000 + + + +88 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +r> + + + +907.10.1.3 Groups I-l and R-1. Group I-l and R-1 +sleeping units in accordance with Table 907.10.1.3 shall +be provided with a visible alarm notification appliance, +activated by both the in-room smoke alarm and the build- +ing fire alarm system. + +907.10.1.4 Group R-2. In Group R-2 occupancies +required by Section 907 to have a fire alarm system, all +dwelling units and sleeping units shall be provided with +the capability to support visible alarm notification appli- +ances in accordance with ICC A117.1. + +907.10.2 Audible alarms. Audible alarm notification appli- +ances shall be provided and sound a distinctive sound that is +not to be used for any purpose other than that of a fire alarm. +The audible alarm notification appliances shall provide a +sound pressure level of 15 decibels (dBA) above the average +ambient sound level or 5 dBA above the maximum sound +level having a duration of at least 60 seconds, whichever is +greater, in every occupied space within the building. The +minimum sound pressure levels shall be: 70 dBA in occu- +pancies in Groups R and I-l ; 90 dBA in mechanical equip- +ment rooms; and 60 dBA in other occupancies. The +maximum sound pressure level for audible alarm notifica- +tion appliances shall be 120 dBA at the minimum hearing +distance from the audible appliance. Where the average +ambient noise is greater than 105 dBA, visible alarm notifi- +cation appliances shall be provided in accordance with +NFPA 72 and audible alarm notification appliances shall not +be required. + +Exception: Visible alarm notification appliances shall +be allowed in lieu of audible alarm notification appli- +ances in critical care areas of Group 1-2 occupancies. + +907.11 Fire safety functions. Automatic fire detectors utilized +for the purpose of performing fire safety functions shall be con- +nected to the building's fire alarm control panel where a fire +alarm system is required by Section 907.2. Detectors shall, +upon actuation, perform the intended function and activate the +alarm notification appliances or activate a visible and audible +supervisory signal at a constantly attended location. In build- +ings not required to be equipped with a fire alarm system, the +automatic fire detector shall be powered by normal electrical +service and, upon actuation, perform the intended function. +The detectors shall be located in accordance with NFPA 72. + +907.12 Duct smoke detectors. Duct smoke detectors shall be +connected to the building's fire alarm control panel when a fire +alarm system is provided. Activation of a duct smoke detector +shall initiate a visible and audible supervisory signal at a con- +stantly attended location. Duct smoke detectors shall not be +used as a substitute for required open area detection. + +Exceptions: + +1. The supervisory signal at a constantly attended +location is not required where duct smoke detec- +tors activate the building's alarm notification +appliances. + +2. In occupancies not required to be equipped with a +fire alarm system, actuation of a smoke detector +shall activate a visible and an audible signal in an + + + +approved location. Smoke detector trouble condi- +tions shall activate a visible or audible signal in an +approved location and shall be identified as air +duct detector trouble. + +907.13 Access. Access shall be provided to each detector for +periodic inspection, maintenance and testing. + +907.14 Fire-extinguishing systems. Automatic fire-extin- +guishing systems shall be connected to the building fire alarm +system where a fire alarm system is required by another section +of this code or is otherwise installed. + +907.15 Monitoring. Fire alarm systems required by this chap- I +ter or by the International Building Code shall be monitored by | +an approved supervising station in accordance with NFPA 72. + +Exception: Supervisory service is not required for: + +1. Single- and multiple-station smoke alarms required +by Section 907.2.10. + +2. Smoke detectors in Group 1-3 occupancies. + +3. Automatic sprinkler systems in one- and two-family +dwellings. + +907.16 Automatic telephone-dialing devices. Automaric +telephone-dialing devices used to transmit an emergency alarm +shall not be connected to any fire department telephone number +unless approved by the fire chief. + +907.17 Acceptance tests. Upon completion of the installation +of the fire alarm system, alarm notification appliances and cir- +cuits, alarm-initiating devices and circuits, supervisory-signal +initiating devices and circuits, signaling line circuits, and pri- +mary and secondary power supplies shall be tested in accor- +dance with NFPA 72. + +907.18 Record of completion. A record of completion in +accordance with NFPA 72 verifying that the system has been +installed in accordance with the approved plans and specifica- +tions shall be provided. + +907.19 Instructions. Operating, testing and maintenance +instructions and record drawings ("as builts") and equipment +specifications shall be provided at an approved location. + +907.20 Inspection, testing and maintenance. The mainte- +nance and testing schedules and procedures for fire alarm and +fire detection systems shall be in accordance with this section +and Chapter 10 of NFPA 72. + +907.20.1 Maintenance required. Whenever or wherever +any device, equipment, system, condition, arrangement, +level of protection or any other feature is required for com- +pliance with the provisions of this code, such device, equip- +ment, system, condition, arrangement, level of protection or +other feature shall thereafter be continuously maintained in +accordance with applicable NFPA requirements or as +directed by the fire code official. + +907.20.2 Testing. Testing shall be performed in accordance +with the schedules in Chapter 10 of NFPA 72 or more fre- +quently where required by the fire code official. Where +automatic testing is performed at least weekly by a remotely +monitored fire alarm control unit specifically listed for the + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +89 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +application, the manual testing frequency shall be permitted +to be extended to annual. + +Exception: evices or equipment that are inaccessible for +safety considerations shall be tested during scheduled +shutdowns where approved by the fire code official, but +not less than every 18 months. + +907.20.3 Detector sensitivity. Detector sensitivity shall be +checked within one year after installation and every alter- +nate year thereafter. After the second calibration test, where +sensitivity tests indicate that the detector has remained +within its listed and marked sensitivity range (or 4-percent +obscuration light grey smoke, if not marked), the length of +time between calibration tests shall be permitted to be +extended to a maximum of five years. Where the frequency +is extended, records of detector-caused nuisance alarms and +subsequent trends of these alarms shall be maintained. In +zones or areas where nuisance alarms show any increase +over the previous year, calibration tests shall be performed. + +907.20.4 Method. To ensure that each smoke detector is +within its listed and marked sensitivity range, it shall be +tested using either a calibrated test method, the manufac- +turer's calibrated sensitivity test instrument, listed control +equipment arranged for the purpose, a smoke detector/con- +trol unit arrangement whereby the detector causes a signal at +the control unit where its sensitivity is outside its acceptable +sensitivity range or other calibrated sensitivity test method +acceptable to the fire code official. Detectors found to have a +sensitivity outside the listed and marked sensitivity range +shall be cleaned and recalibrated or replaced. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Detectors listed as field adjustable shall be permit- +ted to be either adjusted within the listed and +marked sensitivity range and cleaned and +recalibrated or they shall be replaced. + +2. This requirement shall not apply to single-station +smoke alarms. + +907.20.4.1 Testing device. Detector sensitivity shall not +be tested or measured using a device that administers an +unmeasured concentration of smoke or other aerosol into +the detector. + +907.20.5 Maintenance, inspection and testing. The build- +ing owner shall be responsible for ensuring that the fire and +life safety systems are maintained in an operable condition +at all times. Service personnel shall meet the qualification +requirements of NFPA 72 for maintaining, inspecting and +testing such systems. A written record shall be maintained +and shall be made available to the fire code official. + + + +SECTION 908 +EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEMS + +908.1 Group H occupancies. Emergency alarms for the detec- +tion and notification of an emergency condition in Group H +occupancies shall be provided as required in Chapter 27. + +908.2 Group H-5 occupancy. Emergency alarms for notifica- +tion of an emergency condition in an HPM facility shall be pro- + + + +vided as required in Section 1803.12. A continuous gas detec- +tion system shall be provided for HPM gases in accordance +with Section 1803.13. + +908.3 Highly toxic and toxic materials. Where required by +Section 3704.2.2.10, a gas detection system shall be provided +for indoor storage and use of highly toxic and toxic compressed +gases. + +908.4 Ozone gas-generator rooms. A gas detection system +shall be provided in ozone gas-generator rooms in accordance +with Section 3705.3.2. + +908.5 Repair garages. A flammable-gas detection system +shall be provided in repair garages for vehicles fueled by +nonodorized gases in accordance with Section 2211.7.2. + +908.6 Refrigeration systems. Refrigeration system machin- +ery rooms shall be provided with a refrigerant detector in +accordance with Section 606.8. + + + +SECTION 909 +SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS + +909.1 Scope and purpose. This section applies to mechanical +or passive smoke control systems when they are required for +new buildings or portions thereof by provisions of the Interna- +tional Building Code or this code. The purpose of this section is +to establish minimum requirements for the design, installation +and acceptance testing of smoke control systems that are +intended to provide a tenable environment for the evacuation or +relocation of occupants. These provisions are not intended for +the preservation of contents, the timely restoration of opera- +tions, or for assistance in fire suppression or overhaul activities. +Smoke control systems regulated by this section serve a differ- +ent purpose than the smoke- and heat- venting provisions found +in Section 910. Mechanical smoke control systems shall not be +considered exhaust systems under Chapter 5 of the Interna- +tional Mechanical Code. + +909.2 General design requirements. Buildings, structures, or +parts thereof required by the International Building Code or +this code to have a smoke control system or systems shall have +such systems designed in accordance with the applicable +requirements of Section 909 and the generally accepted and +well-established principles of engineering relevant to the +design. The construction documents shall include sufficient +information and detail to describe adequately the elements of +the design necessary for the proper implementation of the +smoke control systems. These documents shall be accompa- +nied with sufficient information and analysis to demonstrate +compliance with these provisions. + +909.3 Special inspection and test requirements. In addition +to the ordinary inspection and test requirements to which build- +ings, structures and parts thereof are required to undergo, +smoke control systems subject to the provisions of Section 909 +shall undergo special inspections and tests sufficient to verify +the proper commissioning of the smoke control design in its +final installed condition. The design submission accompany- +ing the construction documents shall clearly detail procedures +and methods to be used and the items subject to such inspec- +tions and tests. Such commissioning shall be in accordance +with generally accepted engineering practice and, where possi- + + + +90 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +ble, based on published standards for the particular testing +involved. The special inspections and tests required by this sec- +tion shall be conducted under the same terms as in Section 1704 +of the International Building Code. + +909.4 Analysis. A rational analysis supporting the types of +smoke control systems to be employed, the methods of their +operations, the systems supporting them, and the methods of +construction to be utilized shall accompany the construction +documents submission and include, but not be limited to, the +items indicated in Sections 909.4.1 through 909.4.6. + +909.4.1 Stack effect. The system shall be designed such +that the maximum probable normal or reverse stack effect +will not adversely interfere with the system's capabilities. In +determining the maximum probable stack effect, altitude, +elevation, weather history and interior temperatures shall be +used. + +909.4.2 Temperature effect of fire. Buoyancy and expan- +sion caused by the design fire in accordance with Section +909.9 shall be analyzed. The system shall be designed such +that these effects do not adversely interfere with the sys- +tem's capabilities. + +909.4.3 Wind effect. The design shall consider the adverse +effects of wind. Such consideration shall be consistent with +the wind-loading provisions of the International Building +Code. + +909.4.4 Systems. The design shall consider the effects of +the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) sys- +tems on both smoke and fire transport. The analysis shall +include all permutations of systems status. The design shall +consider the effects of the fire on the heating, ventilating and +air-conditioning systems. + +909.4.5 Climate. The design shall consider the effects of +low temperatures on systems, property and occupants. Air +inlets and exhausts shall be located so as to prevent snow or +ice blockage. + +909.4.6 Duration of operation. All portions of active or +passive smoke control systems shall be capable of continued +operation after detection of the fire event for a period of not +less than either 20 minutes or 1 .5 times the calculated egress +time, whichever is less. + +909.5 Smoke barrier construction. Smoke barriers shall +comply with the International Building Code. Smoke barriers +shall be constructed and sealed to limit leakage areas exclusive +of protected openings. The maximum allowable leakage area +shall be the aggregate area calculated using the following leak- +age area ratios: + +1. Walls: AIA = 0.00100 + +2. Exit enclosures: A/A^ = 0.00035 + +3. All other shafts: A/A^ = 0.00150 + +4. Floors and roofs: A/A^ = 0.00050 +where: + +A = Total leakage area, square feet (m^). + +Ap = Unit floor or roof area of barrier, square feet (m^). + +A^ = Unit wall area of barrier, square feet (m^). + + + +The leakage area ratios shown do not include openings due +to doors, operable windows or similar gaps. These shall be +included in calculating the total leakage area. + +909.5.1 Leakage area. Total leakage area of the barrier is +the product of the smoke barrier gross area multiplied by the +allowable leakage area ratio, plus the area of other openings +such as gaps and operable windows. Compliance shall be +determined by achieving the minimum air pressure differ- +ence across the barrier with the system in the smoke control +mode for mechanical smoke control systems. Passive +smoke control systems tested using other approved means, +such as door fan testing, shall be as approved by the fire code +official. + +909.5.2 Opening protection. Openings in smoke barriers +shall be protected by automatic-closing devices actuated by +the required controls for the mechanical smoke control sys- +tem. Door openings shall be protected by fire door assem- +bhes complying with Section 715.4.3 of the International +Building Code. + +Exceptions: + +1. Passive smoke control systems with auto- +matic-closing devices actuated by spot-type +smoke detectors listed for releasing service I +installed in accordance with Section 907.10. I + +2. Fixed openings between smoke zones that are pro- +tected utilizing the airflow method. + +3 . In Group 1-2, where such doors are installed across +corridors, a pair of opposite-swinging doors with- +out a center mulhon shall be installed having +vision panels with fire protection-rated glazing I +materials in fire protection-rated frames, the area I +of which shall not exceed that tested. The doors I +shall be close-fitting within operational tolerances +and shall not have undercuts, louvers or grilles. +The doors shall have head and jamb stops, astra- +gals or rabbets at meeting edges and shall be auto- +matic-closing by smoke detection in accordance +with Section 715.4.7.3 of the International Build- +ing Code. Positive-latching devices are not +required. + +4. Group 1-3. + +5. Openings between smoke zones with clear ceiling +heights of 14 feet (4267 mm) or greater and +bank-down capacity of greater than 20 minutes as +determined by the design fire size. + +909.5,2.1 Ducts and air transfer openings. Ducts and +air transfer openings are required to be protected with a +minimum Class II, 250°F (121°C) smoke damper com- +plying with Section 716 of the International Building +Code. + +909.6 Pressurization method. The primary mechanical +means of controlling smoke shall be by pressure differences +across smoke barriers. Maintenance of a tenable environment +is not required in the smoke-control zone of fire origin. + +909.6.1 Minimum pressure difference. The minimum +pressure difference across a smoke barrier shall be + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +91 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +0.05-inch water gage (0.0124 kPa) in fully sprinklered +buildings. + +In buildings allowed to be other than fully sprinklered, +the smoke control system shall be designed to achieve pres- +sure differences at least two times the maximum calculated +pressure difference produced by the design fire. + +909.6.2 Maximum pressure difference. The maximum air +pressure difference across a smoke barrier shall be deter- +mined by required door-opening or closing forces. The +actual force required to open exit doors when the system is +in the smoke control mode shall be in accordance with Sec- +tion 1008.1.2. Opening and closing forces for other doors +shall be determined by standard engineering methods for +the resolution of forces and reactions. The calculated force +to set a side-hinged, swinging door in motion shall be deter- +mined by: + +F=Fa, + K{WAM')l2{W-d) (Equation 9-1) + +where: + +A = Door area, square feet (m^). + +d = Distance from door handle to latch edge of door, feet +(m). + +F = Total door opening force, pounds (N). + +F^^ = Force required to overcome closing device, pounds + +(N). + +K = Coefficient 5.2 (1.0). +W = Door width, feet (m). +AP= Design pressure difference, inches of water (Pa). + +909.7 Airflow design method. When approved by the fire +code official, smoke migration through openings fixed in a per- +manently open position, which are located between +smoke-control zones by the use of the airflow method, shall be +permitted. The design airflow shall be in accordance with this +section. Airflow shall be directed to limit smoke migration +from the fire zone. The geometry of openings shall be consid- +ered to prevent flow reversal from turbulent effects. + +909.7.1 Velocity. The minimum average velocity through a +fixed opening shall not be less than: + + + +v = 2ll.2[h(Tf-T,)/(Tf+460)V'^ +For SI: v= 119.9 [h {Tf- T,)IT^"^ +where: + + + +(Equation 9-2) + + + +h = Height of opening, feet (m). + +7} = Temperature of smoke, °F (K). + +Tg = Temperature of ambient air, °F (K). + +V = Air velocity, feet per minute (m/minute). + +909.7.2 Prohibited conditions. This method shall not be +employed where either the quantity of air or the velocity of +the airflow will adversely affect other portions of the smoke +control system, unduly intensify the fire, disrupt plume +dynamics or interfere with exiting. In no case shall airflow +toward the fire exceed 200 feet per minute (1.02 m/s). + + + +R=[Q/(Unq")V + + + +Where the formula in Section 909.7.1 requires airflows to +exceed this limit, the airflow method shall not be used. + +909.8 Exhaust method. When approved by the fire code offi- +cial, mechanical smoke control for large enclosed volumes, +such as in atriums or malls, shall be permitted to utilize the +exhaust method. Smoke control systems using the exhaust +method shall be designed in accordance with NFPA 92B. + +909.8.1 Smoke layer. The height of the lowest horizontal +surface of the accumulating smoke layer shall be main- +tained at least 6 feet (1829 mm) above any walking surface +that forms a portion of a required egress system within the +smoke zone. + +909.9 Design fire. The design fire shall be based on a rational I +analysis performed by the registered design professional and +approved by the fire code official. The design fire shall be +based on the analysis in accordance with Section 909.4 and this +section. + +909.9.1 Factors considered. The engineering analysis shall +include the characteristics of the fuel, fuel load, effects +included by the fire, and whether the fire is likely to be +steady or unsteady. + +909.9.2 Separation distance. Determination of the design I +fire shall include consideration of the type of fuel, fuel spac- I +ing and configuration. I + + + +(Equation 9-8) + + + +where: + +q" = Incident radiant heat flux required for nonpiloted +ignition, Btu/ft^ • s (W/m^). + +Q = Heat release from fire, Btu/s (kW). + +R = Separation distance from target to center of fuel pack- +age, feet (m). + +909.9.3 Heat-release assumptions. The analysis shall +make use of best available data from approved sources and +shall not be based on excessively stringent limitations of +combustible material. + +909.9.4 Sprinkler effectiveness assumptions. A docu- +mented engineering analysis shall be provided for condi- +tions that assume fire growth is halted at the time of +sprinkler activation. + +909.10 Equipment. Equipment including, but not limited to, +fans, ducts, automatic dampers and balance dampers shall be +suitable for their intended use, suitable for the probable expo- +sure temperatures that the rational analysis indicates, and as +approved by the fire code official. + +909.10.1 Exhaust fans. Components of exhaust fans shall +be rated and certified by the manufacturer for the probable +temperature rise to which the components will be exposed. +This temperature rise shall be computed by: + + + +T, = (QJmc) + m + + + +(Equation 9-9) + + + +where: + + + +Specific heat of smoke at smokelayer temperature, +Btu/lb°F • (kJ/kg • K). + + + +92 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +m = Exhaust rate, pounds per second (kg/s). + +Q^ = Convective heat output of fire, Btu/s (kW). + +T^ = Ambient temperature, °F (K). + +T^ = Smoke temperature, °F (K). + +Exception; Reduced T^ as calculated based on the assur- +ance of adequate dilution air. + +909.10.2 Ducts. Duct materials and joints shall be capable +of withstanding the probable temperatures and pressures to +which they are exposed as determined in accordance with +Section 909. 10. 1 . Ducts shall be constructed and supported +in accordance with the International Mechanical Code. +Ducts shall be leak tested to 1 .5 times the maximum design +pressure in accordance with nationally accepted practices. +Measured leakage shall not exceed 5 percent of design flow. +Results of such testing shall be a part of the documentation +procedure. Ducts shall be supported directly from fire-resis- +tance-rated structural elements of the building by substan- +tial, noncombustible supports. + +Exception: Flexible connections (for the purpose of +vibration isolation) complying with the International +Mechanical Code and which are constructed of approved +fire-resistance-rated materials. + +909.10.3 Equipment, inlets and outlets. Equipment shall +be located so as to not expose uninvolved portions of the +building to an additional fire hazard. Outside air inlets shall +be located so as to minimize the potential for introducing +smoke or flame into the building. Exhaust outlets shall be so +located as to minimize reintroduction of smoke into the +building and to limit exposure of the building or adjacent +buildings to an additional fire hazard. + +909.10.4 Automatic dampers. Automatic dampers, +regardless of the purpose for which they are installed within +the smoke control system, shall be listed and conform to the +requirements of approved recognized standards. + +909.10.5 Fans. In addition to other requirements, +belt-driven fans shall have 1 .5 times the number of belts +required for the design duty with the minimum number of +belts being two. Fans shall be selected for stable perfor- +mance based on normal temperature and, where applicable, +elevated temperature. Calculations and manufacturer's fan +curves shall be part of the documentation procedures. Fans +shall be supported and restrained by noncombustible +devices in accordance with the structural design require- +ments of Chapter 16 of the International Building Code. +Motors driving fans shall not be operated beyond their +nameplate horsepower (kilowatts) as determined from mea- +surement of actual current draw and shall have a minimum +service factor of 1.15. + +909.11 Power systems. The smoke control system shall be +supplied with two sources of power. Primary power shall be +from the normal building power system. Secondary power +shall be from an approved standby source complying with the +ICC Electrical Code. The standby power source and its transfer +switches shall be in a separate room from the normal power +transformers and switch gear and shall be enclosed in a room +constructed of not less than 1-hour fire barriers ventilated + + + +directly to and from the exterior. Power distribution from the +two sources shall be by independent routes. Transfer to full +standby power shall be automatic and within 60 seconds of fail- +ure of the primary power. The systems shall comply with this +code or the ICC Electrical Code. + +909.11.1 Power sources and power surges. Elements of +the smoke management system relying on volatile memo- +ries or the like shall be supplied with uninterruptable power +sources of sufficient duration to span 15-minute primary +power interruption. Elements of the smoke management +system susceptible to power surges shall be suitably pro- +tected by conditioners, suppressors or other approved +means. + +909.12 Detection and control systems. Fire detection systems +providing control input or output signals to mechanical smoke +control systems or elements thereof shall comply with the +requirements of Section 907. Such systems shall be equipped +with a control unit complying with UL 864 and listed as smoke +control equipment. + +Control systems for mechanical smoke control systems shall +include provisions for verification. Verification shall include +positive confirmation of actuation, testing, manual override, +the presence of power downstream of all disconnects and, +through a preprogrammed weekly test sequence, report abnor- +mal conditions audibly, visually and by printed report. + +909.12.1 Wiring. In addition to meeting requirements of +the ICC Electrical Code, all wiring, regardless of voltage, +shall be fully enclosed within continuous raceways. + +909.12.2 Activation. Smoke control systems shall be acti- +vated in accordance with this section. + +909.12.2.1 Pressurization, airflow or exhaust method. + +Mechanical smoke control systems using the pressuriza- +tion, airflow or exhaust method shall have completely +automatic control. + +909.12.2.2 Passive method. Passive smoke control sys- +tems actuated by approved spot-type detectors listed for +releasing service shall be permitted. + +909.12.3 Automatic control. Where completely automatic +control is required or used, the automatic-control sequences +shall be initiated from an appropriately zoned automatic +sprinkler system complying with Section 903.3 . 1.1, manual +controls that are readily accessible to the fire department, +and any smoke detectors required by the engineering analy- +sis. + +909.13 Control air tubing. Control air tubing shall be of suffi- +cient size to meet the required response times. Tubing shall be +flushed clean and dry prior to final connections and shall be +adequately supported and protected from damage. Tubing +passing through concrete or masonry shall be sleeved and pro- +tected from abrasion and electrolytic action. + +909.13.1 Materials. Control air tubing shall be hard drawn +copper, Type L, ACR in accordance with ASTM B 42, +ASTM B 43, ASTM B 68, ASTM B 88, ASTM B 251 and +ASTM B 280. Fittings shall be wrought copper or brass, sol- +der type, in accordance with ASME B 16.18 or ASME B +16.22. Changes in direction shall be made with appropriate + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +93 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +tool bends. Brass compression-type fittings shall be used at +final connection to devices; other joints shall be brazed +using a BCuP5 brazing alloy with solidus above 1,100°F +(593°C) and liquidus below 1,500°F (816°C). Brazing flux +shall be used on copper-to-brass joints only. + +Exception: Nonmetallic tubing used within control pan- +els and at the final connection to devices, provided all of +the following conditions are met: + +1 . Tubing shall be listed by an approved agency for +flame and smoke characteristics. + +2. Tubing and the connected device shall be com- +pletely enclosed within a galvanized or +paint-grade steel enclosure of not less than 0.030 +inch (0.76 mm) (No. 22 galvanized sheet gage) +thickness. Entry to the enclosure shall be by cop- +per tubing with a protective grommet of neoprene +or teflon or by suitable brass compression to +male-barbed adapter. + +3. Tubing shall be identified by appropriately docu- +mented coding. + +4. Tubing shall be neatly tied and supported within +enclosure. Tubing bridging cabinet and door or +moveable device shall be of sufficient length to +avoid tension and excessive stress. Tubing shall be +protected against abrasion. Tubing serving +devices on doors shall be fastened along hinges. + +909.13.2 Isolation from other functions. Control tubing +serving other than smoke control functions shall be isolated +by automatic isolation valves or shall be an independent sys- +tem. + +909.13.3 Testing. Control air tubing shall be tested at three +times the operating pressure for not less than 30 minutes +without any noticeable loss in gauge pressure prior to final +connection to devices. + +909.14 Marking and identification. The detection and con- +trol systems shall be clearly marked at all junctions, accesses +and terminations. + +909.15 Control diagrams. Identical control diagrams show- +ing all devices in the system and identifying their location and +function shall be maintained current and kept on file with the +fire code official, the fire department and in the fire command +center in a format and manner approved by the fire chief + +909.16 Fire-fighter's smoke control panel. A fire-fighter's +smoke control panel for fire department emergency response +purposes only shall be provided and shall include manual con- +trol or override of automatic control for mechanical smoke +control systems. The panel shall be located in a fire command +center complying with Section 509 in high-rise buildings or +buildings with smoke-protected assembly seating. In all other +buildings, the fire-fighter's smoke control panel shall be +installed in an approved location adjacent to the fire alarm con- +trol panel. The fire-fighter's smoke control panel shall comply +with Sections 909.16.1 through 909.16.3. + +909.16.1 Smoke control systems. Fans within the building +shall be shown on the fire-fighter's control panel. A clear +indication of the direction of airflow and the relationship of + + + +components shall be displayed. Status indicators shall be +provided for all smoke control equipment, annunciated by +fan and zone and by pilot-lamp-type indicators as follows: + +1 . Fans, dampers and other operating equipment in their +normal status — ^WHITE. + +2. Fans, dampers and other operating equipment in their +off or closed status — RED. + +3. Fans, dampers and other operating equipment in their +on or open status — GREEN. + +4. Fans, dampers and other operating equipment in a +fault status— YELLOW/AMBER. + +909.16.2 Smoke control panel. The fire-fighter's control +panel shall provide control capability over the complete +smoke-control system equipment within the building as fol- +lows: + +1 . ON-AUTO-OFF control over each individual piece +of operating smoke control equipment that can also be +controlled from other sources within the building. +This includes stairway pressurization fans; smoke +exhaust fans; supply, return and exhaust fans; eleva- +tor shaft fans; and other operating equipment used or +intended for smoke control purposes. + +2. OPEN-AUTO-CLOSE control over individual +dampers relating to smoke control and that are also +controlled from other sources within the building. + +3. ON-OFF or OPEN-CLOSE control over smoke con- +trol and other critical equipment associated with a fire +or smoke emergency and that can only be controlled +from the fire-fighter's control panel. + +Exceptions: + +1. Complex systems, where approved, where +the controls and indicators are combined to +control and indicate all elements of a single +smoke zone as a unit. + +2. Complex systems, where approved, where +the control is accomplished by computer +interface using approved, plain English +commands. + +909.16.3 Control action and priorities. The fire-fighter's +control panel actions shall be as follows: + +1. ON-OFF and OPEN-CLOSE control actions shall +have the highest priority of any control point within +the building. Once issued from the fire-fighter's con- +trol panel, no automatic or manual control from any +other control point within the building shall contra- +dict the control action. Where automatic means are +provided to interrupt normal, nonemergency equip- +ment operation or produce a specific result to safe- +guard the building or equipment (i.e., duct freezestats, +duct smoke detectors, high-temperature cutouts, tem- +perature-actuated linkage and similar devices), such +means shall be capable of being overridden by the +fire-fighter's control panel. The last control action as +indicated by each fire-fighter's control panel switch +position shall prevail. In no case shall control actions + + + +94 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +require the smoke control system to assume more +than one configuration at any one time. + +Exception: Power disconnects required by the +ICC Electrical Code. + +2. Only the AUTO position of each three-position +fire-fighter's control panel switch shall allow auto- +matic or manual control action from other control +points within the building. The AUTO position shall +be the NORMAL, nonemergency, building control +position. Where a fire-fighter's control panel is in the +AUTO position, the actual status of the device (on, +off, open, closed) shall continue to be indicated by the +status indicator described above. When directed by an +automatic signal to assume an emergency condition, +the NORMAL position shall become the emergency +condition for that device or group of devices within +the zone. In no case shall control actions require the +smoke control system to assume more than one con- +figuration at any one time. + +909.17 System response time. Smoke-control system activa- +tion shall be initiated immediately after receipt of an appropri- +ate automatic or manual activation command. Smoke control +systems shall activate individual components (such as dampers +and fans) in the sequence necessary to prevent physical damage +to the fans, dampers, ducts and other equipment. For purposes +of smoke control, the fire-fighter's control panel response time +shall be the same for automatic or manual smoke control action +initiated from any other building control point. The total +response time, including that necessary for detection, shut- +down of operating equipment and smoke control system +startup, shall allow for full operational mode to be achieved +before the conditions in the space exceed the design smoke +condition. The system response time for each component and +their sequential relationships shall be detailed in the required +rational analysis and verification of their installed condition +reported in the required final report. + +909.18 Acceptance testing. Devices, equipment, components +and sequences shall be individually tested. These tests, in addi- +tion to those required by other provisions of this code, shall +consist of determination of function, sequence and, where +applicable, capacity of their installed condition. + +909.18.1 Detection devices. Smoke or fire detectors that are +a part of a smoke control system shall be tested in accor- +dance with Chapter 9 in their installed condition. When +applicable, this testing shall include verification of airflow +in both minimum and maximum conditions. + +909.18.2 Ducts. Ducts that are part of a smoke control sys- +tem shall be traversed using generally accepted practices to +determine actual air quantities. + +909.18.3 Dampers. Dampers shall be tested for function in +their installed condition. + +909.18.4 Inlets and outlets. Inlets and outlets shall be read +using generally accepted practices to determine air quanti- +ties. + +909.18.5 Fans. Fans shall be examined for correct rotation. +Measurements of voltage, amperage, revolutions per min- +ute and belt tension shall be made. + + + +909.18.6 Smoke barriers. Measurements using inclined +manometers or other approved calibrated measuring +devices shall be made of the pressure differences across +smoke barriers. Such measurements shall be conducted for +each possible smoke control condition. + +909.18.7 Controls. Each smoke zone, equipped with an +automatic-initiation device, shall be put into operation by +the actuation of one such device. Each additional device +within the zone shall be verified to cause the same sequence +without requiring the operation of fan motors in order to +prevent damage. Control sequences shall be verified +throughout the system, including verification of override +from the fire-fighter's control panel and simulation of +standby power conditions. + +909.18.8 Special inspections for smoke control. Smoke +control systems shall be tested by a special inspector. + +909.18.8.1 Scope of testing. Special inspections shall be +conducted in accordance with the following: + +1 . During erection of ductwork and prior to conceal- +ment for the purposes of leakage testing and +recording of device location. + +2. Prior to occupancy and after sufficient completion +for the purposes of pressure-difference testing, +flow measurements, and detection and control ver- +ification. + +909.18.8.2 Qualifications. Special inspection agencies +for smoke control shall have expertise in fire protection +engineering, mechanical engineering and certification as +air balancers. + +909.18.8.3 Reports. A complete report of testing shall +be prepared by the special inspector or special inspection +agency. The report shall include identification of all +devices by manufacturer, nameplate data, design values, +measured values and identification tag or mark. The +report shall be reviewed by the responsible registered +design professional and, when satisfied that the design +intent has been achieved, the responsible registered +design professional shall seal, sign and date the report. + +909.18.8.3.1 Report filing. A copy of the final report +shall be filed with the fire code official and an identi- +cal copy shall be maintained in an approved location +at the building. + +909.18.9 Identification and documentation. Charts, +drawings and other documents identifying and locating +each component of the smoke control system, and describ- +ing their proper function and maintenance requirements, +shall be maintained on file at the building as an attachment +to the report required by Section 909.18.8.3. Devices shall +have an approved identifying tag or mark on them consistent +with the other required documentation and shall be dated +indicating the last time they were successfully tested and by +whom. + +909.19 System acceptance. Buildings, or portions thereof, +required by this code to comply with this section shall not be +issued a certificate of occupancy until such time that the fire +code official determines that the provisions of this section have + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +95 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +been fully complied with and that the fire department has +received satisfactory instruction on the operation, both auto- +matic and manual, of the system. + +Exception: In buildings of phased construction, a tempo- +rary certificate of occupancy, as approved by the fire code +official, shall be allowed, provided that those portions of the +building to be occupied meet the requirements of this sec- +tion and that the remainder does not pose a significant haz- +ard to the safety of the proposed occupants or adjacent +buildings. + +909.20 Maintenance. Smoke control systems shall be main- +tained to ensure to a reasonable degree that the system is capa- +ble of controlling smoke for the duration required. The system +shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's +instructions and Sections 909.20.1 through 909.20.5. + +909.20.1 Schedule. A routine maintenance and operational +testing program shall be initiated immediately after the +smoke control system has passed the acceptance tests. A +written schedule for routine maintenance and operational +testing shall be established. + +909.20.2 Written record. A. written record of smoke con- +trol system testing and maintenance shall be maintained on +the premises. The written record shall include the date of the +maintenance, identification of the servicing personnel and +notification of any unsatisfactory condition and the correc- +tive action taken, including parts replaced. + +909.20.3 Testing. Operational testing of the smoke control +system shall include all equipment such as initiating +devices, fans, dampers, controls, doors and windows. + +909.20.4 Dedicated smoke control systems. Dedicated +smoke control systems shall be operated for each control +sequence semiannually. The system shall also be tested +under standby power conditions. + +909.20.5 Nondedicated smoke control systems. + +Nondedicated smoke control systems shall be operated for +each control sequence annually. The system shall also be +tested under standby power conditions. + + + +SECTION 910 +SMOKE AND HEAT VENTS + +910.1 General. Where required by this code or otherwise +installed, smoke and heat vents or mechanical smoke exhaust +systems and draft curtains shall conform to the requirements of +this section. + +Exceptions: + +1. Frozen food warehouses used solely for storage of +Class I and II commodities where protected by an +approved automatic sprinkler system. + +2. Where areas of buildings are equipped with early sup- +pression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers, automatic +smoke and heat vents shall not be required within +these areas. + +I 910.2 Where required. Smoke and heat vents shall be +installed in the roofs of one-story buildings or portions thereof + + + +occupied for the uses set forth in Sections 910.2.1 through +910.2.3. + +910.2.1 Group F-1 or S-1. Buildings and portions thereof +used as a Group F-1 or S-1 occupancy having more than +50,000 square feet (4645 m^) of undivided area. + +Exception: Group S-1 aircraft repair hangars. + +910.2.2 High-piled combustible storage. Buildings and +portions thereof containing high-piled combustible stock or +rack storage in any occupancy group when required by Sec- +tion 2306.7. + +910.2.3 Exit access travel distance increase. Buildings +and portions thereof used as a Group F-1 or S-1 occupancy +where the maximum exit access travel distance is increased +in accordance with Section 1016.2. + +910.3 Design and installation. The design and installation of +smoke and heat vents and draft curtains shall be as specified in +Sections 910.3.1 through 910.3.5.2 and Table 910.3. + +910.3.1 Design. Smoke and heat vents shall be listed and I +labeled to indicate compliance with UL 793. I + +910.3.2 Vent operation. Smoke and heat vents shall be +capable of being operated by approved automatic and man- +ual means. Automatic operation of smoke and heat vents +shall conform to the provisions of Sections 910.3.2.1 I +through 910.3.2.3. | + +910.3.2.1 Gravity-operated drop out vents. Automatic +smoke and heat vents containing heat- sensitive glazing +designed to shrink and drop out of the vent opening when +exposed to fire shall fully open within 5 minutes after the +vent cavity is exposed to a simulated fire represented by a +time-temperature gradient that reaches an air tempera- +ture of 500°F (260°C) within 5 minutes. + +910.3.2.2 Sprinklered buildings. Where installed in +buildings equipped with an approved automatic sprin- +kler system, smoke and heat vents shall be designed to +operate automatically. + +910.3.2.3 Nonsprinklered buildings. Where installed +in buildings not equipped with an approved automatic +sprinkler system, smoke and heat vents shall operate +automatically by actuation of a heat-responsive device +rated at between 100°F (56°C) and 220°F (122°C) above +ambient. + +Exception: Gravity-operated drop out vents comply- +ing with Section 910.3.2.1. + +910.3.3 Vent dimensions. The effective venting area shall +not be less than 16 square feet (1.5 m^) with no dimension +less than 4 feet (1219 mm), excluding ribs or gutters having +a total width not exceeding 6 inches (152 mm). + +910.3.4 Vent locations. Smoke and heat vents shall be +located 20 feet (6096 mm) or more from adjacent lot lines +and fire walls and 10 feet (3048 mm) or more from fire bar- +rier walls. Vents shall be uniformly located within the roof +area above high-piled storage areas, with consideration +given to roof pitch, draft curtain location, sprinkler location +and structural members. + + + +96 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +TABLE 910.3 +REQUIREMENTS FOR DRAFT CURTAINS AND SMOKE AND HEAT VENTS^ + + + +OCCUPANCY GROUP +AND COMMODITY +CLASSIFICATION + + +DESIGNATED + +STORAGE HEIGHT + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DRAFT + +CURTAIN DEPTH + +(feet) + + +MAXIMUM AREA + +FORMED BY DRAFT + +CURTAINS + +(square feet) + + +VENT-AREA-TO + +FLOOR-AREA + +RATIO'' + + +MAXIMUM SPACING + +OF VENT CENTERS + +(feet) + + +maximum distance + +to vents from + +wall or draft + +curtain" + +(feet) + + +Group F-1 and S-1 + + +— + + +0.2 X H'' +but>4 + + +50,000 + + +1:100 + + +120 + + +60 + + +High-piled storage + +(see Section 910.2.3) + +I-IV + +(Option 1) + + +<20 + + +6 + + +10,000 + + +1:100 + + +100 + + +60 + + +> 20 < 40 + + +6 + + +8,000 + + +1:75 + + +100 + + +55 + + +High-piled storage + +(see Section 910.2.3) + +I-IV + +(Option 2) + + +<20 + + +4 + + +3,000 + + +1:75 + + +100 + + +55 + + +> 20 < 40 + + +4 + + +3,000 + + +1:50 + + +100 + + +50 + + +High-piled storage + +(see Section 910.2.3) + +High hazard + +(Option 1) + + +<20 + + +6 + + +6,000 + + +1:50 + + +100 + + +50 + + +> 20 < 30 + + +6 + + +6,000 + + +1:40 + + +90 + + +45 + + +High-piled storage + +(see Section 910.2.3) + +High hazard + +(Option 2) + + +<20 + + +4 + + +4,000 + + +1:50 + + +100 + + +50 + + +>20<30 + + +4 + + +2,000 + + +1:30 + + +75 + + +40 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^. + +a. Requirements for rack storage heights in excess of those indicated shall be in accordance with Chapter 23. For solid-piled storage heights in excess of those indi- +cated, an approved engineered design shall be used. + +b. The distance specified is the maximum distance from any vent in a particular draft curtained area to walls or draft curtains which form the perimeter of the draft cur- +tained area. + +c. Where draft curtains are not required, the vent area to floor area ratio shall be calculated based on a minimum draft curtain depth of 6 feet (Option 1). + +d. "H" is the height of the vent, in feet, above the floor. + + + +910.3.5 Draft curtains. Where required, draft curtains shall +be provided in accordance with this section. + +Exception: Where areas of buildings are equipped with +ESFR sprinklers, draft curtains shall not be provided +within these areas. Draft curtains shall only be provided +at the separation between the ESFR sprinklers and the +conventional sprinklers. + +910.3.5.1 Construction. Draft curtains shall be con- +structed of sheet metal, lath and plaster, gypsum board or +other approved materials that provide equivalent perfor- +mance to resist the passage of smoke. Joints and connec- +tions shall be smoke tight. + +910.3.5.2 Location and depth. The location and mini- +mum depth of draft curtains shall be in accordance with +Table 910.3. + +910.4 Mechanical smoke exhaust. Where approved by the +fire code official, engineered mechanical smoke exhaust shall +be an acceptable alternative to smoke and heat vents. + +910.4.1 Location. Exhaust fans shall be uniformly spaced +within each draft-curtained area and the maximum distance +between fans shall not be greater than 1 00 feet (30 480 mm). + +910.4.2 Size. Fans shall have a maximum individual capac- +ity of 30,000 cfm (14.2 mVs). The aggregate capacity of +smoke exhaust fans shall be determined by the equation: + + + +C=Ax 300 + + + +(Equation 9-10) + + + +where: + +C = Capacity of mechanical ventilation required, in cubic +feet per minute (mVs). + +A = Area of roof vents provided in square feet (m^) in +accordance with Table 910.3. + +910.4.3 Operation. Mechanical smoke exhaust fans shall +be automatically activated by the automatic sprinkler sys- +tem or by heat detectors having operating characteristics +equivalent to those described in Section 910.3.2. Individual +manual controls for each fan unit shall also be provided. + +910.4.4 Wiring and control. Wiring for operation and con- +trol of smoke exhaust fans shall be connected ahead of the +main disconnect and protected against exposure to tempera- +tures in excess of 1,000°F (538°C) for a period of not less +than 15 minutes. Controls shall be located so as to be imme- +diately accessible to the fire service from the exterior of the +building and protected against interior fire exposure by fire +barriers having a fire-resistance rating not less than 1 hour. + +910.4.5 Supply air. Supply air for exhaust fans shall be pro- +vided at or near the floor level and shall be sized to provide a +minimum of 50 percent of required exhaust. Openings for +supply air shall be uniformly distributed around the periph- +ery of the area served. + +910.4.6 Interlocks. On combination comfort air-han- +dling/smoke removal systems or independent comfort + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +97 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +air-handling systems, fans shall be controlled to shut down +in accordance with the approved smoke control sequence. + + + +SECTION 911 +EXPLOSION CONTROL + +911.1 General. Explosion control shall be provided in the fol- +lowing locations: + +1 . Where a structure, room or space is occupied for pur- +poses involving explosion hazards as identified in Table +911.1. + + + +2. Where quantities of hazardous materials specified in +Table 911.1 exceed the maximum allowable quantities +in Table 2703.1.1(1). + +Such areas shall be provided with explosion (deflagration) +venting, explosion (deflagration) prevention systems, or barri- +cades in accordance with this section and NFPA 69, or NFPA +495 as applicable. Deflagration venting shall not be utilized as +a means to protect buildings from detonation hazards. + +911.2 Required deflagration venting. Areas that are required +to be provided with deflagration venting shall comply with the +following: + +1. Walls, ceilings and roofs exposing surrounding areas +shall be designed to resist a minimum internal pressure + + + +TABLE 911.1 +EXPLOSION CONTROL REQUIREMENTS + + + +MATERIAL + + +CLASS + + +EXPLOSION CONTROL METHODS + + +Barricade +construction + + +Explosion (deflagration) venting + +or explosion (deflagration) + +prevention systems + + +Hazard Category + + +Combustible dusts^ + + +— + + +Not required + + +Required + + +Cryogenic fluids + + +Flammable + + +Not required + + +Required + + +Explosives + + +Division 1.1 +Division 1.2 +Division 1.3 +Division 1.4 +Division 1.5 +Division 1.6 + + +Required +Required +Not required +Not required +Required +Required + + +Not required +Not required +Required +Required +Not required +Not required + + +Flammable gas + + +Gaseous +Liquefied + + +Not required +Not required + + +Required +Required + + +Flammable liquids + + +lA'' + + +Not required +Not required + + +Required +Required + + +Organic peroxides + + +Unclassified detonable + +I + + +Required +Required + + +Not permitted +Not permitted + + +Oxidizer liquids and solids + + +4 + + +Required + + +Not permitted + + +Pyrophoric + + +Gases + + +Not required + + +Required + + +Unstable (reactive) + + +4 + +3 detonable + +3 nondetonable + + +Required + +Required + +Not required + + +Not permitted + +Not permitted + +Required + + +Water-reactive liquids and solids + + +3 + +2<= + + +Not required +Not required + + +Required +Required + + +Special Uses + + +Acetylene generator rooms + + +— + + +Not required + + +Required + + +Grain processing + + +— + + +Not required + + +Required + + +Liquefied petroleum gas distribution facilities + + +— + + +Not required + + +Required + + +Where explosion hazards exist'' + + +Detonation +Deflagration + + +Required +Not required + + +Not permitted +Required + + + +a. Combustible dusts that are generated during manufacturing or processing. See definition of Combustible Dust in Chapter 2. + +b. Storage or use. + +c. In open use or dispensing. + +d. Rooms containing dispensing and use of hazardous materials when an explosive environment can occur because of the characteristics or nature of the hazardous +materials or as a result of the dispensing or use process. + +e. A method of explosion control shall be provided when Class 2 water-reactive materials can form potentially explosive mixtures. + + + +98 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +of 100 pounds per square foot (psf) (4788 Pa). The mini- +mum internal design pressure shall not be less than five +times the maximum internal relief pressure specified in +Section 91 1.2, Items. + +2. Deflagration venting shall be provided only in exterior +walls and roofs. + +Exception: Where sufficient exterior wall and roof +venting cannot be provided because of inadequate +exterior wall or roof area, deflagration venting shall +be allowed by specially designed shafts vented to the +exterior of the building. + +3. Deflagration venting shall be designed to prevent unac- +ceptable structural damage. Where relieving a deflagra- +tion, vent closures shall not produce projectiles of +sufficient velocity and mass to cause life threatening +injuries to the occupants or other persons on the property +or adjacent public ways. + +4. The aggregate clear area of vents and venting devices +shall be governed by the pressure resistance of the con- +struction assemblies specified in Item 1 of this section +and the maximum internal pressure allowed by Item 5 of +this section. + +5. Vents shall be designed to withstand loads in accordance +with the International Building Code. Vents shall consist +of any one or any combination of the following to relieve +at a maximum internal pressure of 20 pounds per square +foot (958 Pa), but not less than the loads required by the +International Building Code: + +5.1. Exterior walls designed to release outward. + +5.2. Hatch covers. + +5.3. Outward swinging doors. + +5.4. Roofs designed to uplift. + +5.5. Venting devices listed for the purpose. + +6. Vents designed to release from the exterior walls or roofs +of the building when venting a deflagration shall dis- +charge directly to the exterior of the building where an +unoccupied space not less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) in +width is provided between the exterior walls of the build- +ing and the property line. + +Exception: Vents complying with Item 7 of this sec- +tion. + +7. Vents designed to remain attached to the building when +venting a deflagration shall be so located that the dis- +charge opening shall not be less than 10 feet (3048 mm) +vertically from window openings and exits in the build- +ing and 20 feet (6096 mm) horizontally from exits in the +building, from window openings and exits in adjacent +buildings on the same property, and from the property +line. + +8. Discharge from vents shall not be into the interior of the +building. + +911.3 Explosion prevention systems. Explosion prevention +systems shall be of an approved type and installed in accor- +dance with the provisions of this code and NFPA 69. + + + +911.4 Barricades. Barricades shall be designed and installed +in accordance with NFPA 495. + + + +SECTION 912 +FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTIONS + +912.1 Installation. Fire department connections shall be +installed in accordance with the NFPA standard applicable to +the system design and shall comply with Sections 912.2 +through 912.6. + +912.2 Location. With respect to hydrants, driveways, build- +ings and landscaping, fire department connections shall be so +located that fire apparatus and hose connected to supply the +system will not obstruct access to the buildings for other fire +apparatus. The location of fire department connections shall be +approved. + +912.2.1 Visible location. Fire department connections shall +be located on the street side of buildings, fully visible and +recognizable from the street or nearest point of fire depart- +ment vehicle access or as otherwise approved by the fire +code official. + +912.2.2 Existing buildings. On existing buildings, wher- +ever the fire department connection is not visible to +approaching fire apparatus, the fire department connection +shall be indicated by an approved sign mounted on the street +front or on the side of the building. Such sign shall have the +letters "FDC" at least 6 inches (152 mm) high and words in +letters at least 2 inches (51 mm) high or an arrow to indicate +the location. All such signs shall be subject to the approval +of the fire code official. + +912.3 Access. Immediate access to fire department connec- +tions shall be maintained at all times and without obstruction +by fences, bushes, trees, walls or any other object for a mini- +mum of 3 feet (914 mm). + +912.3.1 Locking fire department connection caps. The + +fire code official is authorized to require locking caps on fire +department connections for water-based fire protection sys- +tems where the responding fire department carries appropri- +ate key wrenches for removal. + +912.4 Signs. A metal sign with raised letters at least 1 inch (25 +mm) in size shall be mounted on all fire department connec- +tions serving automatic sprinklers, standpipes or fire pump +connections. Such signs shall read: AUTOMATIC SPRIN- +KLERS or STANDPIPES or TEST CONNECTION or a com- +bination thereof as applicable. + +912.5 Backflow protection. The potable water supply to auto- +matic sprinkler and standpipe systems shall be protected +against backflow as required by the International Plumbing +Code. + +912.6 Inspection, testing and maintenance. All fire depart- +ment connections shall be periodically inspected, tested and +maintained in accordance with NFPA 25. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +99 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +SECTION 913 +FIRE PUMPS + +913.1 General. Where provided, fire pumps shall be installed +in accordance with this section and NFPA 20. + +913.2 Protection against interruption of service. The fire +pump, driver, and controller shall be protected in accordance +with NFPA 20 against possible interruption of service through +damage caused by explosion, fire, flood, earthquake, rodents, +insects, windstorm, freezing, vandalism and other adverse con- +ditions. + +913.3 Temperature of pump room. Suitable means shall be +provided for maintaining the temperature of a pump room or +pump house, where required, above 40°F (5°C). + +913.3.1 Engine manufacturer's recommendation. Tem- +perature of the pump room, pump house or area where +engines are installed shall never be less than the minimum +recommended by the engine manufacturer. The engine +manufacturer's recommendations for oil heaters shall be +followed. + +913.4 Valve supervision. Where provided, the fire pump suc- +tion, discharge and bypass valves, and the isolation valves on +the backflow prevention device or assembly shall be super- +vised open by one of the following methods. + +1 . Central-station, proprietary or remote-station signaling +service. + +2. Local signaling service that will cause the sounding of an +audible signal at a constantly attended location. + +3. Locking valves open. + +4. Sealing of valves and approved weekly recorded inspec- +tion where valves are located within fenced enclosures +under the control of the owner. + +913.4.1 Test outlet valve supervision. Fire pump test outlet +valves shall be supervised in the closed position. + +913.5 Testing and maintenance. Fire pumps shall be +inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with the +requirements of this section and NFPA 25. + +913.5.1 Acceptance test. Acceptance testing shall be done +in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 20. + +913.5.2 Generator sets. Engine generator sets supplying +emergency or standby power to fire pump assemblies shall +be periodically tested in accordance with NFPA 110. + +913.5.3 Transfer switches. Automatic transfer switches +shall be periodically tested in accordance with NFPA 1 10. + +913.5.4 Pump room environmental conditions. Tests of +pump room environmental conditions, including heating, +ventilation and illumination shall be made to ensure proper +manual or automatic operation of the associated equipment. + + + +SECTION 914 + +FIRE PROTECTION BASED ON SPECIAL DETAILED + +REQUIREMENTS OF USE AND OCCUPANCY + +914.1 General. This section shall specify where fire protection +systems are required based on the detailed requirements of use +and occupancy of the International Building Code. + +914.2 Covered mall buildings. Covered mall buildings shall +comply with Sections 914.2.1 through 914.2.4. + +914.2.1 Automatic sprinkler system. The covered mall +building and buildings connected shall be equipped +throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accor- +dance with Section 903.1.1, which shall comply with the +following: + +1 . The automatic sprinkler system shall be complete and +operative throughout occupied space in the covered +mall building prior to occupancy of any of the tenant +spaces. Unoccupied tenant spaces shall be similarly +protected unless provided with approved alternate +protection. + +2. Sprinkler protection for the mall shall be independent +from that provided for tenant spaces or anchors. +Where tenant spaces are supplied by the same system, +they shall be independently controlled. + +Exception: An automatic sprinkler system shall +not be required in spaces or areas of open parking +garages constructed in accordance with Section + +406.2 of the International Building Code. + +914.2.2 Standpipe system. The covered mall building shall +be equipped throughout with a standpipe system in accor- +dance with Section 905. + +914.2.3 Emergency voice/alarm communication system. + +Covered mall buildings exceeding 50,000 square feet (4645 +m^) in total floor area shall be provided with an emergency +voice/alarm communication system. Emergency +voice/alarm communication systems serving a mall, +required or otherwise, shall be accessible to the fire depart- +ment. The system shall be provided in accordance with Sec- +tion 907.2.12.2. + +914.2.4 Fire department access to equipment. Rooms or +areas containing controls for air-conditioning systems, +automatic fire-extinguishing systems or other detection, +suppression or control elements shall be identified for use +by the fire department. + +914.3 High-rise buildings. High-rise buildings shall comply +with Sections 914.3.1 through 914.3.5. + +914.3.1 Automatic sprinkler system. Buildings and struc- +tures shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprin- +kler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and a +secondary water supply where required by Section +903.3.5.2. + +Exception: An automatic sprinkler system shall not be +required in spaces or areas of: + +1 . Open parking garages in accordance with Section + +406.3 of the International Building Code. + + + +100 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +2. Telecommunication equipment buildings used +exclusively for telecommunications equipment, +associated electrical power distribution equip- +ment, batteries and standby engines, provided that +those spaces or areas are equipped throughout with +an automatic fire detection system in accordance +with Section 907.2 and are separated from the +remainder of the building with fire barriers con- +sisting of not less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated +walls and 2-hour fire-resistance-rated floor/ceiling +assemblies. + +914.3.2 Automatic fire detection. Smoke detection shall +be provided in accordance with Section 907.2.12.1. + +914.3.3 Emergency voice/alarm communication system. + +An emergency voice/alarm communication system shall be +provided in accordance with Section 907.2.12.2. + +914.3.4 Fire department communication system. A + +two-way fire department communication system shall be +provided for fire department use in accordance with Section +907.2.12.3. + +914.3.5 Fire command. A fire command center complying +with Section 509 shall be provided in a location approved by +the fire department. + +914.4 Atriums. Atriums shall comply with Sections 914.4.1 +and 914.4.2. + +914.4.1 Automatic sprinWer system. An approved auto- +matic sprinkler system shall be installed throughout the +entire building. + +Exceptions: + +1. That area of a building adjacent to or above the +atrium need not be sprinklered, provided that por- +tion of the building is separated from the atrium +portion by not less than a 2-hour fire barrier. + +2. Where the ceilings of the atrium are more than 55 +feet (16 764 mm) above the floor, sprinkler protec- +tion at the ceiling of the atrium is not required. + +914.4.2 Fire alarm system. A fire alarm system shall be +provided where required by Section 907.2.13. + +914.5 Underground buildings. Underground buildings shall +comply with Sections 914.5.1 through 914.5.6. + +914.5.1 Automatic sprinkler system. The highest level of +exit discharge serving the underground portions of the +building and all levels below shall be equipped with an auto- +matic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. Water-flow switches and control valves shall be +supervised in accordance with Section 903.4. + +914.5.2 Smoke control system. A smoke control system is +required to control the migration of products of combustion +in accordance with Section 909 and provisions of this sec- +tion. Smoke control shall restrict movement of smoke to the +general area of fire origin and maintain means of egress in a +usable condition. + +914.5.3 Compartment smoke control system. Where +compartmentation is required by Section 405.4 of the Inter- +national Building Code, each compartment shall have an + + + +independent smoke-control system. The system shall be +automatically activated and capable of manual operation in +accordance with Section 907.2.18. + +914.5.4 Fire alarm system. A fire alarm system shall be +provided where required by Section 907.2.19. + +914.5.5 Public address. A pubhc address system shall be +provided where required by Section 907.2.19.1. + +914.5.6 Standpipe system. The underground building shall +be provided throughout with a standpipe system in accor- +dance with Section 905. + +914.6 Stages. Stages shall comply with Sections 914.6.1 and +914.6.2. + +914.6.1 Automatic sprinkler system. Stages shall be +equipped with an automatic fire-extinguishing system in +accordance with Chapter 9. Sprinklers shall be installed +under the roof and gridiron and under all catwalks and gal- +leries over the stage. Sprinklers shall be installed in dressing +rooms, performer lounges, shops and storerooms accessory +to such stages. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Sprinklers are not required under stage areas less +than 4 feet (1219 mm) in clear height utilized +exclusively for storage of tables and chairs, pro- +vided the concealed space is separated from the +adjacent spaces by not less than Vg-inch (15.9 mm) +Type X gypsum board. + +2. Sprinklers are not required for stages 1 ,000 square +feet (93 m^) or less in area and 50 feet (15 240 mm) +or less in height where curtains, scenery or other +combustible hangings are not retiractable verti- +cally. Combustible hangings shall be limited to a +single main curtain, borders, legs and a single +backdrop. + +3 . Sprinklers are not required within portable orches- +tra enclosures on stages. + +914.6.2 Standpipe system. Standpipe systems shall be pro- +vided in accordance with Section 905. + +914.7 Special amusement buildings. Special amusement +buildings shall comply with Sections 914.7.1 and 914.7.2. + +914.7.1 Automatic sprinkler system. Special amusement +buildings shall be equipped throughout with an automatic +sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. +Where the special amusement building is temporary, the +sprinkler water supply shall be of an approved temporary +means. + +Exception: Automatic sprinklers are not required where +the total floor area of a temporary special amusement +building is less than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) and the +travel distance from any point to an exit is less than 50 +feet (15 240 mm). + +914.7.2 Automatic fire detection. Special amusement +buildings shall be equipped with an automatic fire detection +system in accordance with Section 907.2.11. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +101 + + + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + + + +914.8 Aircraft-related occupancies. Aircraft-related occu- +pancies shall comply with Sections 914.8.1 through 914.8.5. + +914.8.1 Automatic fire detection systems. Airport traffic +control towers shall be provided with an automatic fire +detection system installed in accordance with Section +907.2. + +914.8.2 Fire suppression. Aircraft hangars shall be pro- +vided with fire suppression as required by NFPA 409. + +Exception: Group II hangars, as defined in NFPA 409, +storing private aircraft without major maintenance or +overhaul are exempt from foam suppression require- +ments. + +914.8.3 Finisliing. The process of "doping," involving the +use of a volatile flammable solvent, or of painting shall be +carried on in a separate detached building equipped with +automatic fire-extinguishing equipment in accordance with +Section 903. + +914.8.4 Residential aircraft hangar smoke alarms. + +Smoke alarms shall be provided within residential aircraft +hangars in accordance with Section 907.2.21. + +914.8.5 Aircraft paint hangar fire suppression. Aircraft +paint hangars shall be provided with fire suppression as +required by NFPA 409. + +914.9 Application of flammable finishes. An automatic +fire-extinguishing system shall be provided in all spray, dip and +immersing spaces and storage rooms, and shall be installed in +accordance with Chapter 9. + +914.10 Drying rooms. Drying rooms designed for high-haz- +ard materials and processes, including special occupancies as +provided for in Chapter 4 of the International Building Code, +shall be protected by an approved automatic fire-extinguishing +system complying with the provisions of Chapter 9. + + + +102 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 10 + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +SECTION 1001 +ADMINISTRATION + +1001.1 General. Buildings or portions thereof shall be pro- +vided with a means of egress system as required by this chapter. +The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, con- +struction and arrangement of means of egress components +required to provide an approved means of egress from struc- +tures and portions thereof. Sections 1003 through 1026 shall +apply to new construction. Sections 1027 and 1028 shall apply +to existing buildings. + +Exception: Detached one- and two-family dwellings and +multiple single-family dwellings (townhouses) not more +than three stories above grade plane in height with a separate +means of egress and their accessory structures shall comply +with the International Residential Code. + +1001.2 Minimum requirements. It shall be unlawful to alter a +building or structure in a manner that will reduce the number of +exits or the capacity of the means of egress to less than required +by this code.. + + + +[BISECTION 1002 +DEFINITIONS + +1002.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS. A continuous and +unobstructed way of egress travel from any accessible point in +a building or facility to a public way. + +AISLE. An exit access component that defines and provides a +path of egress travel. + +AISLE ACCESSWAY. That portion of an exit access that +leads to an aisle. + +ALTERNATING TREAD DEVICE. A device that has a +series of steps between 50 and 70 degrees (0.87 and 1.22 rad) +from horizontal, usually attached to a center support rail in an +alternating manner so that the user does not have both feet on +the same level at the same time. + +AREA OF REFUGE. An area where persons unable to use +stairways can remain temporarily to await instructions or assis- +tance during emergency evacuation. + +BLEACHERS. Tiered seating facilities. + +COMMON PATH OF EGRESS TRAVEL. That portion of +exit access which the occupants are required to traverse before +two separate and distinct paths of egress travel to two exits are +available. Paths that merge are common paths of travel. Com- +mon paths of egress travel shall be included within the permit- +ted travel distance. + +CORRIDOR. An enclosed exit access component that defines +and provides a path of egress travel to an exit. + + + +DOOR, BALANCED. A door equipped with double-pivoted +hardware so designed as to cause a semicounterbalanced swing +action when opening. + +EGRESS COURT. A court or yard which provides access to a +public way for one or more exits. + +EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE OPENING. An + +operable window, door or other similar device that provides for +a means of escape and access for rescue in the event of an emer- +gency. + +EXIT. That portion of a means of egress system which is sepa- +rated from other interior spaces of a building or structure by +fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives as +required to provide a protected path of egress travel between +the exit access and the exit discharge. Exits include exterior exit +doors at ground level, exit enclosures, exit passageways, exte- +rior exit stairs, exterior exit ramps and horizontal exits. + +EXIT, HORIZONTAL. A path of egress travel from one +building to an area in another building on approximately the +same level, or a path of egress travel through or around a wall or +partition to an area on approximately the same level in the same +building, which affords safety from fire and smoke from the +area of incidence and areas communicating therewith. + +EXIT ACCESS. That portion of a means of egress system that +leads from any occupied portion of a building or structure to an +exit. + +EXIT DISCHARGE. That portion of a means of egress sys- +tem between the termination of an exit and a public way. + +EXIT DISCHARGE, LEVEL OR The horizontal plane +located at the point at which an exit terminates and an exit dis- +charge begins. + +EXIT ENCLOSURE. An exit component that is separated +from other interior spaces of a building or structure by +fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives, and +provides for a protected path of egress travel in a vertical or hor- +izontal direction to the exit discharge or the public way. + +EXIT PASSAGEWAY. An exit component that is separated +from all other interior spaces of a building or structure by +fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives, and +provides for a protected path of egress travel in a horizontal +direction to the exit discharge or the public way. + +FIRE EXIT HARDWARE. Panic hardware that is listed for +use on fire door assemblies. + +FLOOR AREA, GROSS. The floor area within the inside per- +imeter of the exterior walls of the building under consideration, +exclusive of vent shafts and courts, without deduction for corri- +dors, stairways, closets, the thickness of interior walls, col- +umns or other features. The floor area of a building, or portion +thereof, not provided with surrounding exterior walls shall be +the usable area under the horizontal projection of the roof or + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +103 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +floor above. The gross floor area shall not include shafts with +no openings or interior courts. + +FLOOR AREA, NET. The actual occupied area not including +unoccupied accessory areas such as corridors, stairways, toilet +rooms, mechanical rooms and closets. + +FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING. Tiered seating +facilities having an overall shape and size that are capable of +being reduced for purposes of moving or storing. + +GRANDSTAND. Tiered seating facilities. + +GUARD. A building component or a system of building com- +ponents located at or near the open sides of elevated walking +surfaces that minimizes the possibility of a fall from the walk- +ing surface to a lower level. + +HANDRAIL. A horizontal or sloping rail intended for grasp- +ing by the hand for guidance or support. + +MEANS OF EGRESS. A continuous and unobstructed path +of vertical and horizontal egress travel from any occupied por- +tion of a building or structure to a public way. A means of +egress consists of three separate and distinct parts: the exit +access, the exit and the exit discharge. + +MERCHANDISE PAD. A merchandise pad is an area for dis- +play of merchandise surrounded by aisles, permanent fixtures +or walls. Merchandise pads contain elements such as nonfixed +and moveable fixtures, cases, racks, counters and partitions as +indicated in Section 105.2 of the International Building Code +from which customers browse or shop. + +NOSING. The leading edge of treads of stairs and of landings +at the top of stairway flights. + +OCCUPANT LOAD. The number of persons for which the +means of egress of a building or portion thereof is designed. + +PANIC HARDWARE. A door-latching assembly incorporat- +ing a device that releases the latch upon the application of a +force in the direction of egress travel. + +PUBLIC WAY. A street, alley or other parcel of land open to +the outside air leading to a street, that has been deeded, dedi- +cated or otherwise permanently appropriated to the public for +public use and which has a clear width and height of not less +than 10 feet (3048 mm). + +RAMP. A walking surface that has a running slope steeper than +one unit vertical in 20 units horizontal (5 -percent slope). + +SCISSOR STAIR. Two interlocking stairways providing two +separate paths of egress located within one stairwell enclosure. + +SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY SEATING. Seating +served by means of egress that is not subject to smoke accumu- +lation within or under a structure. + +STAIR. A change in elevation, consisting of one or more ris- +ers. + +STAIRWAY. One or more flights of stairs, either exterior or +interior, with the necessary landings and platforms connecting +them, to form a continuous and uninterrupted passage from one +level to another. + +STAIRWAY, EXTERIOR. A stairway that is open on at least +one side, except for required structural columns, beams, hand- + + + +rails and guards. The adjoining open areas shall be either yards, +courts or public ways. The other sides of the exterior stairway +need not be open. + +STAIRWAY, INTERIOR. A stairway not meeting the defini- +tion of an exterior stairway. + +STAIRWAY, SPIRAL. A stairway having a closed circular +form in its plan view with uniform section-shaped treads +attached to and radiating from a minimum-diameter supporting +column. + +WINDER. A tread with nonparallel edges. + + + +[BISECTION 1003 +GENERAL MEANS OF EGRESS + +1003.1 Applicability. The general requirements specified in +Sections 1003 through 1013 shall apply to all three elements of +the means of egress system, in addition to those specific +requirements for the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge +detailed elsewhere in this chapter. + +1003.2 Ceiling height. The means of egress shall have a ceiling +height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches (2286 mm). | + +Exceptions: + +1. Sloped ceilings in accordance with Section 1208.2 of +the International Building Code. + +2. Ceilings of dwelling units and sleeping units within +residential occupancies in accordance with Section +1208.2 of the International Building Code. + +3. Allowable projections in accordance with Section +1003.3. + +4. Stair headroom in accordance with Section 1009.2. + +5. Door height in accordance with Section 1008.1.1. + +1003.3 Protruding objects. Protruding objects shall comply +with the requirements of Sections 1003.3.1 through 1003.3.4. + +1003.3.1 Headroom. Protruding objects are permitted to +extend below the minimum ceiling height required by Sec- +tion 1003.2 provided a minimum headroom of 80 inches +(2032 mm) shall be provided for any walking surface, +including walks, corridors, aisles and passageways. Not +more than 50 percent of the ceiling area of a means of egress +shall be reduced in height by protruding objects. + +Exception: Door closers and stops shall not reduce +headroom to less than 78 inches (1981 mm). + +A barrier shall be provided where the vertical clearance is +less than 80 inches (2032 mm) high. The leading edge of +such a barrier shall be located 27 inches (686 mm) maxi- +mum above the floor. + +1003.3.2 Free-standing objects. A free-standing object +mounted on a post or pylon shall not overhang that post or +pylon more than 4 inches (102 mm) where the lowest point +of the leading edge is more than 27 inches (686 mm) and +less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface. +Where a sign or other obstruction is mounted between posts +or pylons and the clear distance between the posts or pylons + + + +104 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +is greater than 12 inches (305 mm), the lowest edge of such +sign or obstruction shall be 27 inches (685 mm) maximum +or 80 inches (2030 mm) minimum above the finished floor +or ground. + +Exception: This requirement shall not apply to sloping +portions of handrails serving stairs and ramps. + +1003.3.3 Horizontal projections. Structural elements, fix- +tures or furnishings shall not project horizontally from +either side more than 4 inches (102 mm) over any walking +surface between the heights of 27 inches (686 mm) and 80 +inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface. + +Exception: Handrails serving stairs and ramps are per- +mitted to protrude 4.5 inches (114 mm) from the wall. + +1003.3.4 Clear width. Protruding objects shall not reduce +the minimum clear width of accessible routes as required in +Section 1 104 of the International Building Code. + +1003.4 Floor surface. Walking surfaces of the means of egress +shall have a slip-resistant surface and be securely attached. + +1003.5 Elevation change. Where changes in elevation of less +than 12 inches (305 mm) exist in the means of egress, sloped +surfaces shall be used. Where the slope is greater than one unit +vertical in 20 units horizontal (5-percent slope), ramps comply- +ing with Section 1010 shall be used. Where the difference in +elevation is 6 inches (152 mm) or less, the ramp shall be +equipped with either handrails or floor finish materials that +contrast with adjacent floor finish materials. + +Exceptions: + +1 . A single step with a maximum riser height of 7 inches +(178 nam) is permitted for buildings with occupancies +in Groups F, H, R-2 and R-3 and Groups S and U at +exterior doors not required to be accessible by Chap- +ter 1 1 of the International Building Code. + +2. A stair with a single riser or with two risers and a tread +is permitted at locations not required to be accessible +by Chapter 1 1 of the International Building Code, +provided that the risers and treads comply with Sec- +tion 1009.3, the minimum depth of the tread is 13 +inches (330 mm) and at least one handrail complying +with Section 1012 is provided within 30 inches (762 +mm) of the centerline of the normal path of egress +travel on the stair. + +3. A step is permitted in aisles serving seating that has a +difference in elevation less than 12 inches (305 mm) +at locations not required to be accessible by Chapter +1 1 of the International Building Code, provided that +the risers and treads comply with Section 1025. 1 1 and +the aisle is provided with a handrail complying with +Section 1025.13. + +Any change in elevation in a corridor serving +nonambulatory persons in a Group 1-2 occupancy shall be by +means of a ramp or sloped walkway. + +1003.6 Means of egress continuity. The path of egress travel +along a means of egress shall not be interrupted by any building +element other than a means of egress component as specified in +this chapter. Obstructions shall not be placed in the required + + + +width of a means of egress except projections permitted by this +chapter. The required capacity of a means of egress system +shall not be diminished along the path of egress travel. + +1003.7 Elevators, escalators and moving walks. Elevators, +escalators and moving walks shall not be used as a component of +a required means of egress from any other part of the building. + +Exception: Elevators used as an accessible means of egress +in accordance with Section 1007.4. + + + +[BISECTION 1004 +OCCUPANT LOAD + +1004.1 Design occupant load. In determining means of egress +requirements, the number of occupants for whom means of +egress facilities shall be provided shall be determined in accor- +dance with this section. Where occupants from accessory areas +egress through a primary space, the calculated occupant load +for the primary space shall include the total occupant load of +the primary space plus the number of occupants egressing +through it from the accessory area. + +1004.1.1 Areas without fixed seating. The number of +occupants shall be computed at the rate of one occupant per +unit of area as prescribed in Table 1004. 1.1. For areas with- +out fixed seating, the occupant load shall not be less than +that number determined by dividing the floor area under +consideration by the occupant per unit of area factor +assigned to the occupancy as set forth in Table 1004.1.1. +Where an intended use is not hsted in Table 1004.1.1, the +building official shall establish a use based on a listed use +that most nearly resembles the intended use. + +Exception: Where approved by the building official, the +actual number of occupants for whom each occupied +space, floor or building is designed, although less than +those determined by calculation, shall be permitted to be +used in the determination of the design occupant load. + +1004.2 Increased occupant load. The occupant load permitted in +any building, or portion thereof, is permitted to be increased from +that number established for the occupancies in Table 1004.1.1, +provided that all other requirements of the code are also met +based on such modified number and the occupant load does not +exceed one occupant per 7 square feet (0.65 m^) of occupiable +floor space. Where required by the fire code official, an approved +aisle, seating or fixed equipment diagram substantiating any +increase in occupant load shall be submitted. Where required by +the fire code official, such diagram shall be posted. + +1004.3 Posting of occupant load. Every room or space that is +an assembly occupancy shall have the occupant load of the +room or space posted in a conspicuous place, near the main exit +or exit access doorway from the room or space. Posted signs +shall be of an approved legible permanent design and shall be +maintained by the owner or authorized agent. + +1004.4 Exiting from multiple levels. Where exits serve more +than one floor, only the occupant load of each floor considered +individually shall be used in computing the required capacity +of the exits at that floor, provided that the exit capacity shall not +decrease in the direction of egress travel. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +105 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +TABLE 1004.1.1 +MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA ALLOWANCES PER OCCUPANT + + +FUNCTION OF SPACE + + +FLOOR AREA IN SO. +FT. PER OCCUPANT + + +Agricultural building + + +300 gross + + +Aircraft hangars + + +500 gross + + +Airport terminal +Baggage claim +Baggage handling +Concourse +Waiting areas + + +20 gross +300 gross +100 gross + +15 gross + + +Assembly + +Gaming floors (keno, slots, etc.) + + +1 1 gross + + +Assembly with fixed seats + + +See Section 1004.7 + + +Assembly without fixed seats + +Concentrated (chairs only — not fixed) + +Standing space + +Unconcentrated (tables and chairs) + + +7 net +5 net +15 net + + +Bowling centers, allow 5 persons for each +lane including 15 feet of runway, and for +additional areas + + +7 net + + +Business areas + + +100 gross + + +Courtrooms — other than fixed seating areas + + +40 net + + +Day care + + +35 net + + +Dormitories + + +50 gross + + +Educational +Classroom area +Shops and other vocational room areas + + +20 net +50 net + + +Exercise rooms + + +50 gross + + +H-5 Fabrication and manufacturing areas + + +200 gross + + +Industrial areas + + +100 gross + + +Institutional areas + +Inpatient treatment areas +Outpatient areas +Sleeping areas + + +240 gross +100 gross +120 gross + + +Kitchens, commercial + + +200 gross + + +Library + +Reading rooms +Stack area + + +50 net +100 gross + + +Locker rooms + + +50 gross + + +Mercantile + +Areas on other floors +Basement and grade floor areas +Storage, stock, shipping areas + + +60 gross +30 gross +300 gross + + +Parking garages + + +200 gross + + +Residential + + +200 gross + + +Skating rinks, swimming pools +Rink and pool +Decks + + +50 gross +15 gross + + +Stages and platforms + + +15 net + + +Accessory storage areas, mechanical +equipment room + + +300 gross + + +Warehouses + + +500 gross + + + +1004.5 Egress convergence. Where means of egress from +floors above and below converge at an intermediate level, the +capacity of the means of egress from the point of convergence +shall not be less than the sum of the two floors. + +1004.6 Mezzanine levels. The occupant load of a mezzanine +level with egress onto a room or area below shall be added to +that room or area's occupant load, and the capacity of the exits +shall be designed for the total occupant load thus established. + +1004.7 Fixed seating. For areas having fixed seats and aisles, +the occupant load shall be determined by the number of fixed +seats installed therein. The occupant load for areas in which +fixed seating is not installed, such as waiting spaces and wheel- +chair spaces, shall be determined in accordance with Section +1004.1.1 and added to the number of fixed seats. + +For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms, the +occupant load shall not be less than the number of seats based +on one person for each 1 8 inches (457 mm) of seating length. + +The occupant load of seating booths shall be based on one +person for each 24 inches (610 mm) of booth seat length mea- +sured at the backrest of the seating booth. + +1004.8 Outdoor areas. Yards, patios, courts and similar out- +door areas accessible to and usable by the building occupants +shall be provided with means of egress as required by this chap- +ter. The occupant load of such outdoor areas shall be assigned +by the fire code official in accordance with the anticipated use. +Where outdoor areas are to be used by persons in addition to the +occupants of the building, and the path of egress travel from the +outdoor areas passes through the building, means of egress +requirements for the building shall be based on the sum of the +occupant loads of the building plus the outdoor areas. + +Exceptions: + +1. Outdoor areas used exclusively for service of the +building need only have one means of egress. + +2. Both outdoor areas associated with Group R-3 and +individual dwelling units of Group R-2. + +1004.9 Multiple occupancies. Where a building contains two +or more occupancies, the means of egress requirements shall +apply to each portion of the building based on the occupancy of +that space. Where two or more occupancies utilize portions of +the same means of egress system, those egress components +shall meet the more stringent requirements of all occupancies +that are served. + + + +[BISECTION 1005 +EGRESS WIDTH + +1005.1 Minimum required egress width. The means of +egress width shall not be less than required by this section. The +total width of means of egress in inches (rmn) shall not be less +than the total occupant load served by the means of egress mul- +tiplied by the factors in Table 1 005 . 1 and not less than specified +elsewhere in this code. Multiple means of egress shall be sized +such that the loss of any one means of egress shall not reduce +the available capacity to less than 50 percent of the required +capacity. The maximum capacity required from any story of a + + + +For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^ + + + +106 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +building shall be maintained to the termination of the means of + +egress. + +Exception: Means of egress complying with Section 1025. + + + +TABLE 1005.1 +EGRESS WIDTH PER OCCUPANT SERVED + + + +OCCUPANCY + + +WITHOUT +SPRINKLER SYSTEM + + +WITH +SPRINKLER SYSTEM' + + +Stairways +(inches per +occupant) + + +Other egress + +components + +(inches per + +occupant) + + +Stairways +(inches per +occupant) + + +Other egress + +components + +(inches per + +occupant) + + +Occupancies +other than those +Usted below + + +0.3 + + +0.2 + + +0.2 + + +0.15 + + +Hazardous: H-1, +H-2, H-3 and H-4 + + +0.7 + + +0.4 + + +0.3 + + +0.2 + + +Institutional: 1-2 + + +NA + + +NA + + +0.3 + + +0.2 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm. NA = Not applicable. + +a. Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accor- +dance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. + +1005.2 Door encroachment. Doors opening into the path of +egress travel shall not reduce the required width to less than +one-half during the course of the swing. When fully open, the +door shall not project more than 7 inches (178 mm) into the +required width. + +Exception: The restrictions on a door swing shall not apply +to doors within individual dwelling units and sleeping units +of Group R-2 and dwelling units of Group R-3. + + + +In the event of power supply failure, an emergency electrical +system shall automatically illuminate the following areas: + +1. Aisles and unenclosed egress stairways in rooms and +spaces that require two or more means of egress. + +2. Corridors, exit enclosures and exit passageways in build- +ings required to have two or more exits. + +3 . Exterior egress components at other than the level of exit +discharge until exit discharge is accomplished for build- +ings required to have two or more exits. + +4. Interior exit discharge elements, as permitted in Section +1024. 1 , in buildings required to have two or more exits. + +5. Exterior landings, as required by Section 1008.1.5, for +exit discharge doorways in buildings required to have +two or more exits. + +The emergency power system shall provide power for a +duration of not less than 90 minutes and shall consist of storage +batteries, unit equipment or an on-site generator. The installa- +tion of the emergency power system shall be in accordance +with Section 2702 of the International Building Code. + +1006.4 Performance of system. Emergency lighting facilities +shall be arranged to provide initial illumination that is at least +an average of 1 foot-candle (11 lux) and a minimum at any +point of 0.1 foot-candle (1 lux) measured along the path of +egress at floor level. Illumination levels shall be permitted to +decline to 0.6 foot-candle (6 lux) average and a minimum at +any point of 0.06 foot-candle (0.6 lux) at the end of the emer- +gency lighting time duration. A maximum- to-minimum illu- +mination uniformity ratio of 40 to 1 shall not be exceeded. + + + +[BISECTION 1006 +MEANS OF EGRESS ILLUMINATION + +1006.1 Illumination required. The means of egress, including +the exit discharge, shall be illuminated at all times the building +space served by the means of egress is occupied. + +Exceptions: + +1. Occupancies in Group U. + +2. Aisle accessways in Group A. + +3. Dwelling units and sleeping units in Groups R-1, R-2 +and R-3. + +4. Sleeping units of Group I occupancies. + +1006.2 Illumination level. The means of egress illumination +level shall not be less than 1 foot-candle (11 lux) at the walking +surface level. + +Exception: For auditoriums, theaters, concert or opera halls +and similar assembly occupancies, the illumination at the +walking surface level is permitted to be reduced during per- +formances to not less than 0,2 foot-candle (2.15 lux), pro- +vided that the required illumination is automatically +restored upon activation of a premises' fire alarm system +where such system is provided. + +1006.3 Illumination emergency power. The power supply for +means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the +premises' electrical supply. + + + +[BISECTION 1007 +ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS + +1007.1 Accessible means of egress required. Accessible +means of egress shall comply with this section. Accessible +spaces shall be provided with not less than one accessible +means of egress. Where more than one means of egress is +required by Section 1015.1 or 1019.1 from any accessible +space, each accessible portion of the space shall be served by +not less than two accessible means of egress. + +Exceptions: + +1. Accessible means of egress are not required in alter- +ations to existing buildings. + +2. One accessible means of egress is required from an +accessible mezzanine level in accordance with Sec- +tion 1007.3, 1007.4 or 1007.5. + +3. In assembly spaces with sloped floors, one accessible +means of egress is required from a space where the +common path of travel of the accessible route for +access to the wheelchair spaces meets the require- +ments in Section 1025.8. + +1007.2 Continuity and components. Each required accessi- +ble means of egress shall be continuous to a public way and +shall consist of one or more of the following components: + +1. Accessible routes complying with Section 1104 of the +International Building Code. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ + + + +107 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +2. Stairways within vertical exit enclosures complying with +Sections 1007.3 and 1020. + +3. Exterior exit stairways complying with Sections 1007.3 +and 1023. + +4. Elevators complying with Section 1007.4. + +5. Platform lifts complying with Section 1007.5. + +6. Horizontal exits complying with Section 1021. + +7. Ramps complying with Section 1010. + +8. Areas of refuge complying with Section 1007.6. +Exceptions: + +1 . Where the exit discharge is not accessible, an exterior +area for assisted rescue must be provided in accor- +dance with Section 1007.8. + +2. Where the exit stairway is open to the exterior, the +accessible means of egress shall include either an area +of refuge in accordance with Section 1007.6 or an +exterior area for assisted rescue in accordance with +Section 1007.8. + +1007.2.1 Elevators required. In buildings where a required +accessible floor is four or more stories above or below a +level of exit discharge, at least one required accessible +means of egress shall be an elevator complying with Section +1007.4. + +Exceptions: + +1. In buildings equipped throughout with an auto- +matic sprinkler system installed in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator +shall not be required on floors provided with a hor- +izontal exit and located at or above the level of exit +discharge. + +2. In buildings equipped throughout with an auto- +matic sprinkler system installed in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator +shall not be required on floors provided with a +ramp conforming to the provisions of Section +1010. + +11007.3 Exit stairways. In order to be considered part of an +accessible means of egress, an exit stairway shall have a clear +width of 48 inches (1219 mm) minimum between handrails +and shall either incorporate an area of refuge within an +enlarged floor-level landing or shall be accessed from either an +area of refuge complying with Section 1007.6 or a horizontal +exit. + +Exceptions: + +1. Unenclosed exit stairways as permitted by Section +1020.1 are permitted to be considered part of an +accessible means of egress. + +12. The area of refuge is not required at unenclosed exit +stairways as permitted by Section 1020. 1 in buildings +or facilities that are equipped throughout with an + + + +automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance I +with Section 903.3.1.1. H + +3. The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between +handrails is not required at exit stairways in buildings | +or facilities equipped throughout with an automatic +sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1 or 903.3. 1.2. + +4. The clear width of 48 inches (1219 mm) between +handrails is not required for exit stairways accessed I +from a horizontal exit. + +5 . Areas of refuge are not required at exit stairways serv- +ing open parking garages. + +1007.4 Elevators. In order to be considered part of an accessi- +ble means of egress, an elevator shall comply with the emer- +gency operation and signaling device requirements of Section +2.27 of ASME A17.1. Standby power shall be provided in +accordance with Section 604.2.5 of this code and Section 3003 +of the International Building Code. The elevator shall be +accessed from either an area of refuge complying with Section +1007.6 or a horizontal exit. + +Exception: Elevators are not required to be accessed from +an area of refuge or horizontal exit in open parking garages. + +1007.5 Platform lifts. Platform (wheelchair) lifts shall not *" +serve as part of an accessible means of egress, except where +allowed as part of a required accessible route in Section 1 109.7, +Items 1 through 9 of the International Building Code. Standby +power shall be provided in accordance with Section 604.2.6 +for platform lifts permitted to serve as part of a means of egress. + +1007.5.1 Openness. Platform lifts on an accessible means +of egress shall not be installed in a fully enclosed or fire- +rated shaft. + +1007.6 Areas of refuge. Every required area of refuge shall be +accessible from the space it serves by an accessible means of +egress. The maximum travel distance from any accessible +space to an area of refuge shall not exceed the travel distance +permitted for the occupancy in accordance with Section +1016.1. Every required area of refuge shall have direct access +to an enclosed stairway complying with Sections 1007.3 and +1020.1 or an elevator complying with Section 1007.4. Where +an elevator lobby is used as an area of refuge, the shaft and +lobby shall comply with Section 1020.1.7 for smokeproof +enclosures except where the elevators are in an area of refuge +formed by a horizontal exit or smoke barrier. + +1007.6.1 Size. Each area of refuge shall be sized to accom- +modate one wheelchair space of 30 inches by 48 inches (762 +mm by 1 2 1 9 mm) for each 200 occupants or portion thereof, +based on the occupant load of the area of refuge and areas +served by the area of refuge. Such wheelchair spaces shall +not reduce the required means of egress width. Access to +any of the required wheelchair spaces in an area of refuge +shall not be obstructed by more than one adjoining wheel- +chair space. + +1007.6.2 Separation. Each area of refuge shall be separated +from the remainder of the story by a smoke barrier comply- + + + +108 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + + +ing with Section 709 of the International Building Code or a +horizontal exit complying with Section 1021. Each area of +refuge shall be designed to minimize the intrusion of smoke. + +Exception: Areas of refuge located within a vertical +exit enclosure. + +1007.6.3 Two-way communication. Areas of refuge shall +be provided with a two-way communication system +between the area of refuge and a central control point. If the +central control point is not constantly attended, the area of +refuge shall also have controlled access to a public tele- +phone system. Location of the central control point shall be +approved by the fire department. The two-way communica- +tion system shall include both audible and visible signals. + +1007.6.4 Instructions. In areas of refuge that have a +two-way emergency communications system, instructions +on the use of the area under emergency conditions shall be +posted adjoining the communications system. The instruc- +tions shall include all of the following: + +1. Directions to find other means of egress. + +2. Persons able to use the exit stairway do so as soon as +possible, unless they are assisting others. + +3. Information on planned availability of assistance in +the use of stairs or supervised operation of elevators +and how to summon such assistance. + +4. Directions for use of the emergency communications +system. + +1007.6.5 Identification. Each door providing access to an +area of refuge from an adjacent floor area shall be identified +by a sign complying with ICC A117.1, stating: AREA OF +REFUGE, and including the International Symbol of +Accessibility. Where exit sign illumination is required by +Section 101 1.2, the area of refuge sign shall be illuminated. +Additionally, tactile signage complying with ICC A 11 7.1 +shall be located at each door to an area of refuge. + +1007.7 Signage. At exits and elevators serving a required +accessible space but not providing an approved accessible +means of egress, signage shall be installed indicating the loca- +tion of accessible means of egress. + +1007.8 Exterior area for assisted rescue. The exterior area for +assisted rescue must be open to the outside air and meet the +requirements of Section 1007.6.1. Separation walls shall com- +ply with the requirements of Section 704 of the International +Building Code for exterior walls. Where walls or openings are +between the area for assisted rescue and the interior of the +building, the building exterior walls within 10 feet (3048 mm) +horizontally of a nonrated wall or unprotected opening shall +have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 hour. Openings +within such exterior walls shall be protected by opening +protectives having a fire protection rating of not less than ^/^ +hour. This construction shall extend vertically from the ground +to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor level of the area for +assisted rescue or to the roof line, whichever is lower. + +1007.8.1 Openness. The exterior area for assisted rescue +shall be at least 50 percent open, and the open area above the +guards shall be so distributed as to minimize the accumula- +tion of smoke or toxic gases. + + + +1007.8.2 Exterior exit stairway. Exterior exit stairways +that are part of the means of egress for the exterior area for +assisted rescue shall provide a clear width of 48 inches +(1219 mm) between handrails. + +1007.8.3 Identification. Exterior areas for assisted rescue +shall have identification as required for area of refuge that +complies with Section 1007.6.5. + + + +[BISECTION 1008 +DOORS, GATES AND TURNSTILES + +1008.1 Doors. Means of egress doors shall meet the require- +ments of this section. Doors serving a means of egress system +shall meet the requirements of this section and Section 1017.2. +Doors provided for egress purposes in numbers greater than +required by this code shall meet the requirements of this sec- +tion. + +Means of egress doors shall be readily distinguishable from +the adjacent construction and finishes such that the doors are +easily recognizable as doors. Mirrors or similar reflecting +materials shall not be used on means of egress doors. Means of +egress doors shall not be concealed by curtains, drapes, decora- +tions or similar materials. + +1008.1.1 Size of doors. The minimum width of each door +opening shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof and +shall provide a clear width of not less than 32 inches (813 +mm). Clear openings of doorways with swinging doors +shall be measured between the face of the door and the stop, +with the door open 90 degrees (1 .57 rad). Where this section +requires a minimum clear width of 32 inches (813 mm) and +a door opening includes two door leaves without a mullion, +one leaf shall provide a clear opening width of 32 inches +(813 mm). The maximum width of a swinging door leaf +shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) nominal. Means of egress +doors in a Group 1-2 occupancy used for the movement of +beds shall provide a clear width not less than 41.5 inches +(1054 mm). The height of doors shall not be less than 80 +inches (2032 mm). + +Exceptions: + +1 . The minimum and maximum width shall not apply +to door openings that are not part of the required +means of egress in Group R-2 and R-3 occupan- +cies. + +2. Door openings to resident sleeping units in Group +1-3 occupancies shall have a clear width of not less +than 28 inches (711 mm). + +3. Door openings to storage closets less than 10 +square feet (0.93 m^) in area shall not be limited by +the minimum width. + +4. Width of door leafs in revolving doors that comply +with Section 1008.1.3.1 shall not be hmited. + +5. Door openings within a dwelling unit or sleeping +unit shall not be less than 78 inches (1981 mm) in +height. + +6. Exterior door openings in dwelling units and +sleeping units, other than the required exit door. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +109 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +shall not be less than 76 inches (1930 mm) in +height. + +7. In other than Group R-1 occupancies, the mini- +mum widths shall not apply to interior egress doors +within a dwelling unit or sleeping unit that is not +required to be an Accessible unit, Type A unit or +Type B unit. + +8. Door openings required to be accessible within +Type B units shall have a minimum clear width of +31.75 inches (806 mm). + +1008.1.1.1 Projections into clear width. There shall not +be projections into the required clear width lower than 34 +inches (864 mm) above the floor or ground. Projections +into the clear opening width between 34 inches (864 +mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) above the floor or ground +shall not exceed 4 inches (102 mm). + +1008.1.2 Door swing. Egress doors shall be side-hinged +swinging. + +Exceptions: + +1. Private garages, office areas, factory and storage +areas with an occupant load of 10 or less. + +2. Group 1-3 occupancies used as a place of deten- +tion. + +3. Critical or intensive care patient rooms within +suites of health care facilities. + +4. Doors within or serving a single dwelling unit in +Groups R-2 and R-3. + +5. In other than Group H occupancies, revolving +doors complying with Section 1008.1.3.1. + +6. In other than Group H occupancies, horizontal +sliding doors complying with Section 1008.1.3.3 +are permitted in a means of egress. + +7. Power-operated doors in accordance with Section +1008.1.3.2. + +8. Doors serving a bathroom within an individual +sleeping unit in Group R-1. + +Doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel where +serving an occupant load of 50 or more persons or a Group +H occupancy. + +The opening force for interior side-swinging doors with- +out closers shall not exceed a 5-pound (22 N) force. For +other side-swinging, sliding and folding doors, the door +latch shall release when subjected to a 15-pound (67 N) +force. The door shall be set in motion when subjected to a +30-pound (133 N) force. The door shall swing to a full-open +position when subjected to a 15-pound (67 N) force. Forces +shall be applied to the latch side. + +1008.1.3 Special doors. Special doors and security grilles +shall comply with the requirements of Sections 1008.1.3.1 +through 1008.1.3.5. + + + +1008.1.3.1 Revolving doors. Revolving doors shall +comply with the following: + +1 . Each revolving door shall be capable of collapsing +into a bookfold position with parallel egress paths +providing an aggregate width of 36 inches (914 +mm). + +2. A revolving door shall not be located within 10 +feet (3048 mm) of the foot of or top of stairs or +escalators. A dispersal area shall be provided +between the stairs or escalators and the revolving +doors. + +3. The revolutions per minute (rpm) for a revolving +door shall not exceed those shown in Table +1008.1.3.1. + +4. Each revolving door shall have a side-hinged +swinging door which complies with Section +1008.1 in the same wall and within 10 feet (3048 +mm) of the revolving door. + +TABLE 1008.1.3.1 +REVOLVING DOOR SPEEDS + + + +INSIDE DIAMETER +(feet-inches) + + +POWER-DRIVEN-TYPE + +SPEED CONTROL + +(rpm) + + +MANUAL-TYPE + +SPEED CONTROL + +(rpm) + + +6-6 + + +11 + + +12 + + +7-0 + + +10 + + +11 + + +7-6 + + +9 + + +11 + + +8-0 + + +9 + + +10 + + +8-6 + + +8 + + +9 + + +9-0 + + +8 + + +9 + + +9-6 + + +7 + + +8 + + +10-0 + + +7 + + +8 + + + +For Sr. 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +1008.1.3.1.1 Egress component. A revolving door +used as a component of a means of egress shall com- +ply with Section 1008.1.3.1 and the following three +conditions: + +1. Revolving doors shall not be given credit for +more than 50 percent of the required egress +capacity. + +2. Each revolving door shall be credited with no +more than a 50-person capacity. + +3. Each revolving door shall be capable of being +collapsed when a force of not more than 130 +pounds (572) is applied within 3 inches (76 +mm) of the outer edge of a wing. + +1008.1.3.1.2 Other than egress component. A + +revolving door used as other than a component of a +means of egress shall comply with Section +1008.1.3.1. The collapsing force of a revolving door + + + +110 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +not used as a component of a means of egress shall not +be more than 180 pounds (801 N). + +Exception: A collapsing force in excess of 180 +pounds (801 N) is permitted if the collapsing force +is reduced to not more than 130 pounds (572) +when at least one of the following conditions is sat- +isfied: + +1 . There is a power failure or power is removed +to the device holding the door wings in posi- +tion. + +2. There is an actuation of the automatic sprin- +kler system where such system is provided. + +3. There is an actuation of a smoke detection +system which is installed in accordance with +Section 907 to provide coverage in areas +within the building which are within 75 feet +(22 860 mm) of the revolving doors. + +4. There is an actuation of a manual control +switch, in an approved location and clearly +defined, which reduces the holding force to +below the 130-pound (572) force level. + +1008.1.3.2 Power-operated doors. Where means of +egress doors are operated by power, such as doors with a +photoelectric-actuated mechanism to open the door upon +the approach of a person, or doors with power-assisted +manual operation, the design shall be such that in the +event of power failure, the door is capable of being +opened manually to permit means of egress travel or +closed where necessary to safeguard means of egress. +The forces required to open these doors manually shall +not exceed those specified in Section 1008.1.2, except +that the force to set the door in motion shall not exceed 50 +pounds (220 N). The door shall be capable of swinging +from any position to the full width of the opening in +which such door is installed when a force is applied to the +door on the side from which egress is made. +Full-power-operated doors shall comply with BHMA +A156.10. Power-assisted and low-energy doors shall +comply with BHMA A156.19. + +Exceptions: + +1. Occupancies in Group 1-3. + +2. Horizontal sliding doors complying with Sec- +tion 1008.1.3.3. + +3. For a biparting door in the emergency breakout +mode, a door leaf located within a multiple-leaf +opening shall be exempt from the minimum +32-inch (813 mm) single-leaf requirement of +Section 1008. 1 .1, provided a minimum 32-inch +(813 mm) clear opening is provided when the +two biparting leaves meeting in the center are +broken out. + +1008.1.3.3 Horizontal sliding doors. In other than +Group H occupancies, horizontal sliding doors permitted +to be a component of a means of egress in accordance + + + +with Exception 5 to Section 1008.1.2 shall comply with +all of the following criteria: + +1. The doors shall be power operated and shall be +capable of being operated manually in the event of +power failure. + +2. The doors shall be openable by a simple method +from both sides without special knowledge or +effort. + +3. The force required to operate the door shall not +exceed 30 pounds (133 N) to set the door in motion +and 15 pounds (67 N) to close the door or open it to +the minimum required width. + +4. The door shall be openable with a force not to +exceed 15 pounds (67 N) when a force of 250 +pounds (1100 N) is applied perpendicular to the +door adjacent to the operating device. + +5. The door assembly shall comply with the applica- +ble fire protection rating and, where rated, shall be +self-closing or automatic closing by smoke detec- +tion in accordance with Section 715.4.7.3 of the +International Building Code, shall be installed in +accordance with NFPA 80 and shall comply with +Section 715. + +6. The door assembly shall have an integrated +standby power supply. + +7. The door assembly power supply shall be electri- +cally supervised. + +8. The door shall open to the minimum required +width within 10 seconds after activation of the +operating device. + +1008.1.3.4 Access-controlled egress doors. The + +entrance doors in a means of egress in buildings with an +occupancy in Group A, B, E, M, R-1 or R-2 and entrance +doors to tenant spaces in occupancies in Groups A, B, E, +M, R-1 and R-2 are permitted to be equipped with an +approved entrance and egress access control system +which shall be installed in accordance with all of the fol- +lowing criteria: + +1. A sensor shall be provided on the egress side +arranged to detect an occupant approaching the +doors. The doors shall be arranged to unlock by a +signal from or loss of power to the sensor. + +2. Loss of power to that part of the access control sys- +tem which locks the doors shall automatically +unlock the doors. + +3. The doors shall be arranged to unlock from a man- +ual unlocking device located 40 inches to 48 +inches (1016 mm to 1 2 1 9 mm) vertically above the +floor and within 5 feet (1524 mm) of the secured +doors. Ready access shall be provided to the man- +ual unlocking device and the device shall be +clearly identified by a sign that reads "PUSH TO +EXIT." When operated, the manual unlocking +device shall result in direct interruption of power +to the lock — independent of the access control sys- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +111 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +tern electronics — and the doors shall remain +unlocked for a minimum of 30 seconds. + +4. Activation of the building fire alarm system, if +provided, shall automatically unlock the doors, +and the doors shall remain unlocked until the fire +alarm system has been reset. + +5. Activation of the building automatic sprinkler or +fire detection system, if provided, shall automati- +cally unlock the doors. The doors shall remain +unlocked until the fire alarm system has been reset. + +6. Entrance doors in buildings with an occupancy in +Group A, B, E or M shall not be secured from the +egress side during periods that the building is open +to the general public. + +1008.1.3.5 Security grilles. In Groups B, F, M and S, +horizontal sliding or vertical security grilles are permit- +ted at the main exit and shall be openable from the inside +without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort +during periods that the space is occupied. The grilles +shall remain secured in the full-open position during the +period of occupancy by the general public. Where two or +more means of egress are required, not more than +one-half of the exits or exit access doorways shall be +equipped with horizontal sliding or vertical security +grilles. + +1008.1.4 Floor elevation. There shall be a floor or landing +on each side of a door. Such floor or landing shall be at the +same elevation on each side of the door. Landings shall be +level except for exterior landings, which are permitted to +have a slope not to exceed 0.25 unit vertical in 12 units hori- +zontal (2-percent slope). + +Exceptions: + +1 . Doors serving individual dwelling units in Groups +R-2 and R-3 where the following apply: + +1 .1 . A door is permitted to open at the top step +of an interior flight of stairs, provided the +door does not swing over the top step. + +1.2. Screen doors and storm doors are permit- +ted to swing over stairs or landings. + +2. Exterior doors as provided for in Section 1003.5, +Exception 1, and Section 1018.2, which are not on +an accessible route. + +3. In Group R-3 occupancies not required to be +Accessible units. Type A units or Type B units, the +landing at an exterior doorway shall not be more +than 7.75 inches (197 mm) below the top of the +threshold, provided the door, other than an exterior +storm or screen door, does not swing over the land- +ing. + +4. Variations in elevation due to differences in finish +materials, but not more than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm). + +5. Exterior decks, patios or balconies that are part of +Type B dwelling units, have impervious surfaces +and that are not more than 4 inches (102 mm) + + + +below the finished floor level of the adjacent inte- +rior space of the dwelling unit. + +1008.1.5 Landings at doors. Landings shall have a width +not less than the width of the stairway or the door, whichever +is greater. Doors in the fully open position shall not reduce a +required dimension by more than 7 inches (178 mm). When +a landing serves an occupant load of 50 or more, doors in +any position shall not reduce the landing to less than +one-half its required width. Landings shall have a length +measured in the direction of travel of not less than 44 inches +(1118 mm). + +Exception: Landing length in the direction of travel in +Groups R-3 and U and within individual units of Group +R-2 need not exceed 36 inches (914 mm). + +1008.1.6 Thresholds. Thresholds at doorways shall not +exceed 0.75 inch (19. 1 mm) in height for sliding doors serv- +ing dwelling units or 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) for other doors. +Raised thresholds and floor level changes greater than 0.25 +inch (6.4 mm) at doorways shall be beveled with a slope not +greater than one unit vertical in two units horizontal +(50-percent slope). + +Exception: The threshold height shall be limited to 7.75 +inches (197 mm) where the occupancy is Group R-2 or +R-3; the door is an exterior door that is not a component +of the required means of egress; the door, other than an +exterior storm or screen door does not swing over the +landing or step; and the doorway is not on an accessible +route as required by Chapter 11 of the International +Building Code and is not part of an Accessible unit. Type +A unit or Type B unit. + +1008.1.7 Door arrangement. Space between two doors in a +series shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) minimum plus the +width of a door swinging into the space. Doors in a series +shall swing either in the same direction or away from the +space between the doors. + +Exceptions: + +1 . The minimum distance between horizontal sliding +power-operated doors in a series shall be 48 inches +(1219 mm). + +2. Storm and screen doors serving individual dwell- +ing units in Groups R-2 and R-3 need not be spaced +48 inches (1219 mm) from the other door. + +3. Doors within individual dwelling units in Groups +R-2 and R-3 other than within Type A dwelling +units. + +1008.1.8 Door operations. Except as specifically permitted +by this section egress doors shall be readily openable from +the egress side without the use of a key or special knowledge +or effort. + +1008.1.8.1 Hardware. Door handles, pulls, latches, +locks and other operating devices on doors required to be +accessible by Chapter 1 1 of the International Building +Code shall not require tight grasping, tight pinching or +twisting of the wrist to operate. + + + +112 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1008.1.8.2 Hardware height. Door handles, pulls, +latches, locks and other operating devices shall be +installed 34 inches (864 mm) minimum and 48 inches +(1219 mm) maximum above the finished floor. Locks +used only for security purposes and not used for normal +operation are permitted at any height. + +Exception: Access doors or gates in barrier walls and +fences protecting pools, spas and hot tubs shall be per- +mitted to have operable parts of the release of latch on +self-latching devices at 54 inches (1370 mm) maxi- +mum above the finished floor or ground, provided the +self-latching devices are not also self-locking devices +operated by means of a key, electronic opener or inte- +gral combination lock. + +1008.1.8.3 Locks and latches. Locks and latches shall +be permitted to prevent operation of doors where any of +the following exists: + +1 . Places of detention or restraint. + +2. In buildings in occupancy Group A having an +occupant load of 300 or less. Groups B, F, M and S, +and in places of religious worship, the main exte- +rior door or doors are permitted to be equipped +with key-operated locking devices from the egress +side provided: + +2.1. The locking device is readily distinguish- +able as locked, + +2.2. A readily visible durable sign is posted on +the egress side on or adjacent to the door +stating: THIS DOOR TO REMAIN +UNLOCKED WHEN BUILDING IS +OCCUPIED. The sign shall be in letters 1 +inch (25 mm) high on a contrasting back- +ground, + +2.3. The use of the key-operated locking device +is revokable by the fire code official for +due cause. + +3. Where egress doors are used in pairs, approved +automatic flush bolts shall be permitted to be used, +provided that the door leaf having the automatic +flush bolts has no doorknob or surface-mounted +hardware. + +4. Doors from individual dwelling or sleeping units +of Group R occupancies having an occupant load +of 10 or less are permitted to be equipped with a +night latch, dead bolt or security chain, provided +such devices are openable from the inside without +the use of a key or tool. + +1008.1.8.4 Bolt locks. Manually operated flush bolts or +surface bolts are not permitted. + +Exceptions: + +1 . On doors not required for egress in individual +dwelling units or sleeping units. + + + +2. Where a pair of doors serves a storage or equip- +ment room, manually operated edge- or sur- +face-mounted bolts are permitted on the +inactive leaf. + +1008.1.8.5 Unlatching. The unlatching of any door or I +leaf shall not require more than one operation. I + +Exceptions: + +1 . Places of detention or restraint. + +2. Where manually operated bolt locks are permit- +ted by Section 1008.1.8.4. + +3. Doors with automatic flush bolts as permitted +by Section 1008.1.8.3, Exception 3. + +4. Doors from individual dwelling units and +sleeping units of Group R occupancies as per- +mitted by Section 1008.1.8.3, Exception 4. + +1008.1.8.6 Delayed egress locks. Approved, listed, +delayed egress locks shall be permitted to be installed on +doors serving any occupancy except Group A, E and H +occupancies in buildings that are equipped throughout +with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1 or an approved automatic smoke or +heat detection system installed in accordance with Sec- +tion 907, provided that the doors unlock in accordance +with Items 1 through 6 below. A building occupant shall +not be required to pass through more than one door +equipped with a delayed egress lock before entering an +exit. + +1. The doors unlock upon actuation of the automatic +sprinkler system or automatic fire detection sys- +tem. + +2. The doors unlock upon loss of power controlling +the lock or lock mechanism. + +3. The door locks shall have the capability of being +unlocked by a signal from the fire command cen- +ter. + +4. The initiation of an irreversible process which will +release the latch in not more than 15 seconds when +a force of not more than 15 pounds (67 N) is +applied for 1 second to the release device. Initia- +tion of the irreversible process shall activate an +audible signal in the vicinity of the door. Once the +door lock has been released by the application of +force to the releasing device, relocking shall be by +manual means only. + +Exception: Where approved, a delay of not +more than 30 seconds is permitted. + +5. A sign shall be provided on the door located above +and within 12 inches (305 mm) of the release +device reading: PUSH UNTIL ALARM +SOUNDS. DOOR CAN BE OPENED IN 15 [30] +SECONDS. + +6. Emergency lighting shall be provided at the door. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +113 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1008.1.8.7 Stairway doors. Interior stairway means of +egress doors shall be openable from both sides without +the use of a key or special knowledge or effort. + +Exceptions: + +1. Stairway discharge doors shall be openable +from the egress side and shall only be locked +from the opposite side. + +2. This section shall not apply to doors arranged in +accordance with Section 403. 12 of the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +3. In stairways serving not more than four stories, +doors are permitted to be locked from the side +opposite the egress side, provided they are +openable from the egress side and capable of +being unlocked simultaneously without +unlatching upon a signal from the fire com- +mand center, if present, or a signal by emer- +gency personnel from a single location inside +the main entrance to the building. + +1008.1.9 Panic and fire exit hardware. Where panic and +fire exit hardware is installed, it shall comply with the fol- +lowing: + +1. The actuating portion of the releasing device shall +extend at least one-half of the door leaf width. + +2. The maximum unlatching force shall not exceed 15 +pounds (67 N). + +Each door in a means of egress from a Group A or E occu- +pancy having an occupant load of 50 or more and any Group +H occupancy shall not be provided with a latch or lock +unless it is panic hardware or fire exit hardware. + +Exception: A main exit of a Group A occupancy in com- +phance with Section 1008.1.8.3, Item 2. + +Electrical rooms with equipment rated 1,200 amperes or +more and over 6 feet (1829 mm) wide that contain +overcurrent devices, switching devices or control devices +with exit access doors must be equipped with panic hard- +ware and doors must swing in the direction of egress. + +If balanced doors are used and panic hardware is +required, the panic hardware shall be the push-pad type and +the pad shall not extend more then one-half the width of the +door measured from the latch side. + +1008.2 Gates. Gates serving the means of egress system shall +comply with the requirements of this section. Gates used as a +component in a means of egress shall conform to the applicable +requirements for doors. + +Exception: Horizontal sliding or swinging gates exceeding +the 4-foot (1219 mm) maximum leaf width limitation are +permitted in fences and walls surrounding a stadium. + +1008.2.1 Stadiums. Panic hardware is not required on gates +surrounding stadiums where such gates are under constant +immediate supervision while the public is present, and +where safe dispersal areas based on 3 square feet (0.28 m^) +per occupant are located between the fence and enclosed +space. Such required safe dispersal areas shall not be +located less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from the enclosed + + + +space. See Section 1024.6 for means of egress from safe dis- +persal areas. + +1008.3 l\irnstiles. Turnstiles or similar devices that restrict +travel to one direction shall not be placed so as to obstruct any +required means of egress. + +Exception: Each turnstile or similar device shall be credited +with no more than a 50-person capacity where all of the fol- +lowing provisions are met: + +1. Each device shall turn free in the direction of egress +travel when primary power is lost, and upon the man- +ual release by an employee in the area. + +2. Such devices are not given credit for more than 50 +percent of the required egress capacity. + +3. Each device is not more than 39 inches (991 mm) +high. + +4. Each device has at least 16.5 inches (419 mm) clear +width at and below a height of 39 inches (991 mm) +and at least 22 inches (559 mm) clear width at heights +above 39 inches (991 mm). + +Where located as part of an accessible route, turnstiles shall +have at least 36 inches (914 mm) clear at and below a height of +34 inches (864 mm), at least 32 inches (813 mm) clear width +between 34 inches (864 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) and +shall consist of a mechanism other than a revolving device. + +1008.3.1 High turnstile. Turnstiles more than 39 inches +(991 mm) high shall meet the requirements for revolving +doors. + +1008.3.2 Additional door. Where serving an occupant load +greater than 300, each turnstile that is not portable shall have +a side-hinged swinging door which conforms to Section +1008.1 within 50 feet (15 240 mm). + + + +[BISECTION 1009 +STAIRWAYS + +1009.1 Stairway width. The width of stairways shall be deter- +mined as specified in Section 1005.1, but such width shall not +be less than 44 inches (1118 mm). See Section 1007.3 for +accessible means of egress stairways. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 50 +shall have a width of not less than 36 inches (914 +ram). + +2. Spiral stairways as provided for in Section 1009.8. + +3. Aisle stairs complying with Section 1025. + +4. Where an incline platform lift or stairway chairlift is +installed on stairways serving occupancies in Group +R-3, or within dwelling units in occupancies in Group +R-2, a clear passage width not less than 20 inches (508 +mm) shall be provided. If the seat and platform can be +folded when not in use, the distance shall be measured +from the folded position. + +1009.2 Headroom. Stairways shall have a minimum head- +room clearance of 80 inches (2032 mm) measured vertically + + + +114 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1 + + + +from a line connecting the edge of the nosings. Such headroom +shall be continuous above the stairway to the point where the +line intersects the landing below, one tread depth beyond the +bottom riser. The minimum clearance shall be maintained the +full width of the stairway and landing. + +Exception: Spiral stairways complying with Section +1009.8 are permitted a 78-inch (1981 mm) headroom clear- +ance. + +1009.3 Stair treads and risers. Stair riser heights shall be 7 +inches (178 mm) maximum and 4 inches (102 mm) minimum. +Stair tread depths shall be 1 1 inches (279 mm) minimum. The +riser height shall be measured vertically between the leading +edges of adjacent treads. The tread depth shall be measured +horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projec- +tion of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread's leading +edge. Winder treads shall have a minimum tread depth of 1 1 +inches (279 nun) measured at a right angle to the tread's lead- +ing edge at a point 12 inches (305 mm) from the side where the +treads are narrower and a minimum tread depth of 10 inches +(254 mm). + +Exceptions: + +1 . Alternating tread devices in accordance with Section +1009.9. + +2. Spiral stairways in accordance with Section 1009.8. + +3. Aisle stairs in assembly seating areas where the stair +pitch or slope is set, for sightline reasons, by the slope +of the adjacent seating area in accordance with Sec- +tion 1025.11.2. + +4. In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling units in +Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U occupancies +that are accessory to a Group R-3 occupancy or acces- +sory to individual dwelling units in Group R-2 occu- +pancies; the maximum riser height shall be 7.75 +inches (197 mm); the minimum tread depth shall be +10 inches (254 mm); the minimum winder tread depth +at the walk line shall be 10 inches (254 mm); and the +minimum winder tread depth shall be 6 inches (152 +mm). A nosing not less than 0.75 inch (19.1 mm) but +not more than 1 .25 inches (32 mm) shall be provided +on stairways with solid risers where the tread depth is +less than 11 inches (279 mm). + +5. See Section 1027.10 for the replacement of existing +stairways. + +1009.3.1 Winder treads. Winder treads are not permitted in +means of egress stairways except within a dwelling unit. + +Exceptions: + +1. Curved stairways in accordance with Section +1009.7. + +2. Spiral stairways in accordance with Section +1009.8. + +1009.3.2 Dimensional uniformity. Stair treads and risers +shall be of uniform size and shape. The tolerance between +the largest and smallest riser height or between the largest +and smallest tread depth shall not exceed 0.375 inch (9.5 +mm) in any flight of stairs. The greatest winder tread depth + + + +at the 12-inch (305 mm) walk line within any flight of stairs +shall not exceed the smallest by more than 0.375 inch (9.5 +mm) measured at a right angle to the tread's leading edge. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Nonuniform riser dimensions of aisle stairs com- +plying with Section 1025.11.2. + +2. Consistently shaped winders, complying with +Section 1009.3, differing from rectangular treads +in the same stairway flight. + +Where the bottom or top riser adjoins a sloping public +way, walkway or driveway having an established grade and +serving as a landing, the bottom or top riser is permitted to +be reduced along the slope to less than 4 inches (102 mm) in +height, with the variation in height of the bottom or top riser +not to exceed one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal +(8-percent slope) of stairway width. The nosings or leading +edges of treads at such nonuniform height risers shall have a +distinctive marking stripe, different from any other nosing +marking provided on the stair flight. The distinctive mark- +ing stripe shall be visible in descent of the stair and shall +have a slip-resistant surface. Marking stripes shall have a +width of at least 1 inch (25 mm) but not more than 2 inches +(51 mm). + +1009.3.3 Profile. The radius of curvature at the leading edge +of the tread shall be not greater than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm). +Beveling of nosings shall not exceed 0.5 inch (12.7 mm). +Risers shall be solid and vertical or sloped from the under- +side of the leading edge of the tread above at an angle not +more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from the vertical. The lead- +ing edge (nosings) of treads shall project not more than 1 .25 +inches (32 mm) beyond the tread below and all projections +of the leading edges shall be of uniform size, including the +leading edge of the floor at the top of a flight. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Solid risers are not required for stairways that are +not required to comply with Section 1007.3, pro- +vided that the opening between treads does not +permit the passage of a sphere with a diameter of 4 +inches (102 mm). + +2. Solid risers are not required for occupancies in +Group 1-3. + +1009.4 Stairway landings. There shall be a floor or landing at +the top and bottom of each stairway. The width of landings +shall not be less than the width of stairways they serve. Every +landing shall have a minimum dimension measured in the +direction of travel equal to the width of the stairway. Such +dimension need not exceed 48 inches (1219 mm) where the +stairway has a straight run. + +Exceptions: + +1. Aisle stairs complying with Section 1025. + +2. Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the +landing to less than one-half the required width. +When fully open, the door shall not project more than +7 inches (178 mm) into a landing. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE<^ + + + +115 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1009.5 Stairway construction. All stairways shall be built of +materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of +construction of the building, except that wood handrails shall +be permitted for all types of construction. + +1009.5.1 Stairway walking surface. The walking surface +of treads and landings of a stairway shall not be sloped +steeper than one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-per- +cent slope) in any direction. Stairway treads and landings +shall have a solid surface. Finish floor surfaces shall be +securely attached. + +Exception: In Group F, H and S occupancies, other than +areas of parking structures accessible to the public, open- +ings in treads and landings shall not be prohibited pro- +vided a sphere with a diameter of 1.125 inches (29 mm) +cannot pass through the opening. + +1009.5.2 Outdoor conditions. Outdoor stairways and out- +door approaches to stairways shall be designed so that water +will not accumulate on walking surfaces. + +1009.5.3 Enclosures under stairways. The walls and soffits +within enclosed usable spaces under enclosed and unen- +closed stairways shall be protected by 1-hour fire-resis- +tance-rated construction or the fire-resistance rating of the +stairway enclosure, whichever is greater. Access to the +enclosed space shall not be directly from within the stair +enclosure. + +Exception: Spaces under stairways serving and con- +tained within a single residential dwelling unit in Group +R-2 or R-3 shall be permitted to be protected on the +enclosed side with 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board. + +There shall be no enclosed usable space under exterior +exit stairways unless the space is completely enclosed in +1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction. The open space +under exterior stairways shall not be used for any purpose. + +1009.6 Vertical rise. A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical +rise greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or +landings. + +Exception: Aisle stairs complying with Section 1025. + +1009.7 Curved stairways. Curved stairways with winder +treads shall have treads and risers in accordance with Section +1009.3 and the smallest radius shall not be less than twice the +required width of the stairway. + +Exception: The radius restriction shall not apply to curved +stairways for occupancies in Group R-3 and within individ- +ual dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2. + +1009.8 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways are permitted to be +used as a component in the means of egress only within dwell- +ing units or from a space not more than 250 square feet (23 m^) +in area and serving not more than five occupants, or from gal- +leries, catwalks and gridirons in accordance with Section +1015.6. + +A spiral stairway shall have a 7.5 inch (191 mm) minimum +clear tread depth at a point 12 inches (305 mm) from the narrow +edge. The risers shall be sufficient to provide a headroom of 78 +inches (1981 mm) minimum, but riser height shall not be more + + + +than 9.5 inches (241 mm). The minimum stairway width shall +be 26 inches (660 mm). + +1009.9 Alternating tread devices. Alternating tread devices +are limited to an element of a means of egress in buildings of +Groups F, H and S from a mezzanine not more than 250 square +feet (23 m^) in area and which serves not more than five occu- +pants; in buildings of Group 1-3 from a guard tower, observa- +tion station or control room not more than 250 square feet (23 +m^) in area and for access to unoccupied roofs. + +1009.9.1 Handrails of alternating tread devices. Hand- +rails shall be provided on both sides of alternating tread +devices and shall comply with Section 1012. + +1009.9.2 Treads of alternating tread devices. Alternating +tread devices shall have a minimum projected tread of 5 +inches (127 mm), a minimum tread depth of 8.5 inches (216 +mm), a minimum tread width of 7 inches (178 mm) and a +maximum riser height of 9.5 inches (241 mm). The initial +tread of the device shall begin at the same elevation as the +platform, landing or floor surface. + +Exception: Alternating tread devices used as an element +of a means of egress in buildings from a mezzanine area +not more than 250 square feet (23 m^) in area which +serves not more than five occupants shall have a mini- +mum projected tread of 8.5 inches (216 mm) with a mini- +mum tread depth of 10.5 inches (267 mm). The rise to the +next alternating tread surface should not be more than 8 +inches (203 mm). + +1009.10 Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each +side and shall comply with Section 1012. Where glass is used +to provide the handrail, the handrail shall also comply with +Section 2407 of the International Building Code. + +Exceptions: + +1. Aisle stairs complying with Section 1025 provided +with a center handrail need not have additional hand- +rails. + +2. Stairways within dwelling units, spiral stairways and +aisle stairs serving seating only on one side are per- +mitted to have a handrail on one side only. + +3 . Decks, patios and walkways that have a single change +in elevation where the landing depth on each side of +the change of elevation is greater than what is +required for a landing do not require handrails. + +4. In Group R-3 occupancies, a change in elevation con- +sisting of a single riser at an entrance or egress door +does not require handrails. + +5. Changes in room elevations of only one riser within +dwelling units and sleeping units in Group R-2 and +R-3 occupancies do not require handrails. + +1009.11 Stairway to roof. In buildings located four or more +stories in height above grade plane, one stairway shall extend to I +the roof surface, unless the roof has a slope steeper than four +units vertical in 12 units horizontal (3 3 -percent slope). In +buildings without an occupied roof, access to the roof from the +top story shall be permitted to be by an alternating tread device. + + + +116 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1009.11.1 Roof access. Where a stairway is provided to a +roof, access to the roof shall be provided through a pent- +house complying with Section 1509.2 of the International +Building Code. + +Exception: In buildings without an occupied roof, +access to the roof shall be permitted to be a roof hatch or +trap door not less than 16 square feet (1 .5 m^) in area and +having a minimum dimension of 2 feet (610 mm). + +1009.11.2 Protection at roof hatch openings. Where the +roof hatch opening providing the required access is located +within 10 feet (3049 mm) of the roof edge, such roof access +or roof edge shall be protected by guards installed in accor- +dance with the provisions of Section 1013. + + + +[BISECTION 1010 +RAMPS + +1010.1 Scope. The provisions of this section shall apply to +ramps used as a component of a means of egress. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Other than ramps that are part of the accessible routes +providing access in accordance with Sections 1 108.2 +through 1108.2.3 and 1108.2.5 of the International +Building Code, ramped aisles within assembly rooms +or spaces shall conform with the provisions in Section +1025.11. + +2. Curb ramps shall comply with ICC Al 17.1. + +3. Vehicle ramps in parking garages for pedestrian exit +access shall not be required to comply with Sections +1010.3 through 1010.9 when they are not an accessi- +ble route serving accessible parking spaces, other +required accessible elements or part of an accessible +means of egress. + +1010.2 Slope. Ramps used as part of a means of egress shall +have a running slope not steeper than one unit vertical in 12 +units horizontal (8-percent slope). The slope of other pedes- +trian ramps shall not be steeper than one unit vertical in eight +units horizontal (12.5-percent slope). + +Exception: An aisle ramp slope in occupancies of Group A +shall comply with Section 1025.11. + +1010.3 Cross slope. The slope measured perpendicular to the +direction of travel of a ramp shall not be steeper than one unit +vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope). + +1010.4 Vertical rise. The rise for any ramp run shall be 30 +inches (762 mm) maximum. + +1010.5 Minimum dimensions. The minimum dimensions of +means of egress ramps shall comply with Sections 1010.5.1 +through 1010.5.3. + +1010.5.1 Width. The minimum width of a means of egress +ramp shall not be less than that required for corridors by +Section 1017.2. The clear width of a ramp and the clear +width between handrails, if provided, shall be 36 inches +(914 mm) minimum. + + + +1010.5.2 Headroom. The minimum headroom in all parts +of the means of egress ramp shall not be less than 80 inches +(2032 mm). + +1010.5.3 Restrictions. Means of egress ramps shall not +reduce in width in the direction of egress travel. Projections +into the required ramp and landing width are prohibited. +Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the clear +width to less than 42 inches (1067 mm). + +1010.6 Landings. Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and +top of each ramp, points of turning, entrance, exits and at doors. +Landings shall comply with Sections 1010.6.1 through +1010.6.5. + +1010.6.1 Slope. Landings shall have a slope not steeper than +one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in +any direction. Changes in level are not permitted. + +1010.6.2 Width. The landing shall be at least as wide as the +widest ramp run adjoining the landing. + +1010.6.3 Length. The landing length shall be 60 inches +(1525 mm) minimum. + +Exceptions: + +1. Landings in nonaccessible Group R-2 and R-3 +individual dwelling units are permitted to be 36 +inches (914 mm) minimum. + +2. Where the ramp is not a part of an accessible route, +the length of the landing shall not be required to be +more than 48 inches (1220 mm) in the direction of +travel. + +1010.6.4 Change in direction. Where changes in direction +of travel occur at landings provided between ramp runs, the +landing shall be 60 inches by 60 inches (1524 mm by 1524 +mm) minimum. + +Exception: Landings in nonaccessible Group R-2 and +R-3 individual dwelling units are permitted to be 36 +inches by 36 inches (914 mm by 914 mm) minimum. + +1010.6.5 Doorways. Where doorways are located adjacent +to a ramp landing, maneuvering clearances required by ICC +Al 17.1 are permitted to overlap the required landing area. + +1010.7 Ramp construction. All ramps shall be built of materi- +als consistent with the types permitted for the type of construc- +tion of the building, except that wood handrails shall be +permitted for all types of construction. Ramps used as an exit +shall conform to the applicable requirements of Sections +1020.1 through 1020.1.3 for exit enclosures. + +1010.7.1 Ramp surface. The surface of ramps shall be of +slip-resistant materials that are securely attached. + +1010.7.2 Outdoor conditions. Outdoor ramps and outdoor +approaches to ramps shall be designed so that water will not +accumulate on walking surfaces. + +1010.8 Handrails. Ramps with a rise greater than 6 inches +(152 mm) shall have handrails on both sides. Handrails shall +comply with Section 1012. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +117 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1010.9 Edge protection. Edge protection complying with Sec- +tions 1010.9.1 or 1010.9.2 shall be provided on each side of +ramp runs and at each side of ramp landings. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Edge protection is not required on ramps that are not +required to have handrails, provided they have flared +sides that comply with the ICC A117.1 curb ramp +provisions. + +2. Edge protection is not required on the sides of ramp +landings serving an adjoining ramp run or stairway. + +3. Edge protection is not required on the sides of ramp +landings having a vertical dropoff of not more than +0.5 inch (12.7 mm) within 10 inches (254 mm) hori- +zontally of the required landing area. + +1010.9.1 Curb, rail, wall or barrier. A curb, rail, wall or +barrier shall be provided that prevents the passage of a +4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere, where any portion of the +sphere is within 4 inches (102 mm) of the floor or ground +surface. + +1010.9.2 Extended floor or ground surface. The floor or +ground surface of the ramp run or landing shall extend 12 +inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the inside face of a +handrail complying with Section 1012. + +1010.10 Guards. Guards shall be provided where required by +Section 1013 and shall be constructed in accordance with Sec- +tion 1013. + + + +[BISECTION 1011 +EXIT SIGNS + +1011.1 Where required. Exits and exit access doors shall be +marked by an approved exit sign readily visible from any direc- +tion of egress travel. Access to exits shall be marked by readily +visible exit signs in cases where the exit or the path of egress +travel is not immediately visible to the occupants. Exit sign +placement shall be such that no point in a corridor is more than +100 feet (30 480 mm) or the listed viewing distance for the sign, +whichever is less, from the nearest visible exit sign. + +Exceptions: + +1. Exit signs are not required in rooms or areas that +require only one exit or exit access. + +2. Main exterior exit doors or gates that are obviously +and clearly identifiable as exits need not have exit +signs where approved by the fire code official. + +3. Exit signs are not required in occupancies in Group U +and individual sleeping units or dwelling units in +Group R-l,R-2 or R-3. + +4. Exit signs are not required in sleeping areas in occu- +pancies in Group 1-3. + +5. In occupancies in Groups A-4 and A-5, exit signs are +not required on the seating side of vomitories or open- +ings into seating areas where exit signs are provided +in the concourse that are readily apparent from the +vomitories. Egress lighting is provided to identify + + + +each vomitory or opening within the seating area in an +emergency. + +1011.2 Illumination. Exit signs shall be internally or exter- +nally illuminated. + +Exception: Tactile signs required by Section 1011.3 need +not be provided with illumination. + +1011.3 Tactile exit signs. A tactile sign stating EXIT and com- +plying with ICC A117.1 shall be provided adjacent to each +door to an egress stairway, an exit passageway and the exit dis- +charge. + +1011.4 Internally illuminated exit signs. Internally illumi- +nated exit signs shall be listed and labeled and shall be installed +in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and Section +2702 of the International Building Code. Exit signs shall be +illuminated at all times. + +1011.5 Externally illuminated exit signs. Externally illumi- +nated exit signs shall comply with Sections 1011.5.1 through +1011.5.3. + +1011.5.1 Graphics. Every exit sign and directional exit sign +shall have plainly legible letters not less than 6 inches (152 +mm) high with the principal strokes of the letters not less +than 0.75 inch (19.1 mm) wide. The word "EXIT" shall +have letters having a width not less than 2 inches (5 1 mm) +wide, except the letter "I," and the minimum spacing +between letters shall not be less than 0.375 inch (9.5 mm). +Signs larger than the minimum established in this section +shall have letter widths, strokes and spacing in proportion to +their height. + +The word "EXIT" shall be in high contrast with the back- +ground and shall be clearly discernible when the means of +exit sign illumination is or is not energized. If a chevron +directional indicator is provided as part of the exit sign, the +construction shall be such that the direction of the chevron +directional indicator cannot be readily changed. + +1011.5.2 Exit sign illumination. The face of an exit sign +illuminated from an external source shall have an intensity +of not less than 5 foot-candles (54 lux). + +1011.5.3 Power source. Exit signs shall be illuminated at +all times. To ensure continued illumination for a duration of +not less than 90 minutes in case of primary power loss, the +sign illumination means shall be connected to an emergency +power system provided from storage batteries, unit equip- +ment or an on-site generator. The installation of the emer- +gency power system shall be in accordance with Section +2702 of the International Building Code. + +Exception: Approved exit sign illumination means that +provide continuous illumination independent of external +power sources for a duration of not less than 90 minutes, +in case of primary power loss, are not required to be con- +nected to an emergency electrical system. + + + +[BISECTION 1012 +HANDRAILS + +1012.1 Where required. Handrails for stairways and ramps +shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accordance + + + +r + + + +118 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE** + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +with Section 1607.7 of the International Building Code. Hand- +rails required for stairways by Section 1009.10 shall comply +with Sections 1012.2 through 1012.8. Handrails required for +ramps by Section 1010.8 shall comply with Sections 1012.2 +through 1012.7. + +1012.2 Height. Handrail height, measured above stair tread +nosings, or finish surface of ramp slope shall be uniform, not +less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more than 38 inches (965 +mm). + +I 1012.3 Handrail graspability. Handrails with a circular +cross-section shall have an outside diameter of at least 1 .25 +inches (32 mm) and not greater than 2 inches (51 mm) or shall +provide equivalent graspability. If the handrail is not circular, it +shall have a perimeter dimension of at least 4 inches (102 mm) +and not greater than 6.25 inches (160 mm) with a maximum +cross-section dimension of 2.25 inches (57 mm). Edges shall +have a minimum radius of 0.01 inch (0.25 mm). + +I 1012.4 Continuity. Handrail-gripping surfaces shall be con- +tinuous, without interruption by newel posts or other obstruc- +tions. + +Exceptions: + +1. Handrails within dwelling units are permitted to be +interrupted by a newel post at a stair landing. + +2. Within a dwelling unit, the use of a volute, turnout or +starting easing is allowed on the lowest tread. + +3. Handrail brackets or balusters attached to the bottom +surface of the handrail that do not project horizontally +beyond the sides of the handrail within 1.5 inches (38 +mm) of the bottom of the handrail shall not be consid- +ered obstructions. For each 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) of +additional handrail perimeter dimension above 4 +inches (102 mm), the vertical clearance dimension of +1.5 inches (38 mm) shall be permitted to be reduced +by 0.125 inch (3 mm). + +1012.5 Handrail extensions. Handrails shall return to a wall, +guard or the walking surface or shall be continuous to the hand- +rail of an adjacent stair flight or ramp run. At stairways where +handrails are not continuous between flights, the handrails +shall extend horizontally at least 12 inches (305 mm) beyond +the top riser and continue to slope for the depth of one tread +beyond the bottom riser. At ramps where handrails are not con- +tinuous between runs, the handrail shall extend horizontally +above the landing 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the +top and bottom ramps. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Handrails within a dwelling unit that is not required to +be accessible need extend only from the top riser to +the bottom riser. + +2. Aisle handrails in Group A occupancies in accor- +dance with Section 1025.13. + +1012.6 Clearance. Clear space between a handrail and a wall +or other surface shall be a minimum of 1.5 inches (38 mm). A +handrail and a wall or other surface adjacent to the handrail +shall be free of any sharp or abrasive elements. + + + +1012.7 Projections. On ramps, the clear width between hand- +rails shall be 36 inches (914 mm) minimum. Projections into +the required width of stairways and ramps at each handrail shall +not exceed 4.5 inches (114 mm) at or below the handrail height. +Projections into the required width shall not be limited above +the minimum headroom height required in Section 1009.2. + +1012.8 Intermediate handrails. Stairways shall have +intermediate handrails located in such a manner so that all por- +tions of the stairway width required for egress capacity are +within 30 inches (762 mm) of a handrail. On monumental +stairs, handrails shall be located along the most direct path of +egress travel. + + + +[BISECTION 1013 +GUARDS + +1013.1 Where required. Guards shall be located along +open-sided walking surfaces, mezzanines, industrial equip- +ment platforms, stairways, ramps and landings that are located +more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. +Guards shall be adequate in strength and attachment in accor- +dance with Section 1607.7 of the International Building Code. I +Where glass is used to provide a guard or as a portion of the I +guard system, the guard shall also comply with Section 2407 of I +the International Building Code. Guards shall also be located +along glazed sides of stairways, ramps and landings that are +located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade +below where the glazing provided does not meet the strength +and attachment requirements in Section 1607.7 of the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +Exception: Guards are not required for the following loca- +tions: + +1. On the loading side of loading docks or piers. + +2. On the audience side of stages and raised platforms, +including steps leading up to the stage and raised plat- +forms. + +3. On raised stage and platform floor areas, such as run- +ways, ramps and side stages used for entertainment or +presentations. + +4. At vertical openings in the performance area of stages +and platforms. + +5. At elevated walking surfaces appurtenant to stages +and platforms for access to and utilization of special +lighting or equipment. + +6. Along vehicle service pits not accessible to the public. + +7. In assembly seating where guards in accordance with +Section 1025.14 are permitted and provided. + +1013.2 Height. Guards shall form a protective barrier not less +than 42 inches (1067 mm) high, measured vertically above the +leading edge of the tread, adjacent walking surface or adjacent +seatboard. + +Exceptions: + +1. For occupancies in Group R-3, and within individual I +dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, guards I +whose top rail also serves as a handrail shall have a + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +119 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +height not less than 34 inches (864 mm) and not more +than 38 inches (965 mm) measured vertically from +the leading edge of the stair tread nosing. + +2. The height in assembly seating areas shall be in accor- +dance with Section 1025.14. + +1013.3 Opening limitations. Open guards shall have balusters +or ornamental patterns such that a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) +sphere cannot pass through any opening up to a height of 34 +inches (864 mm). From a height of 34 inches (864 mm) to 42 +inches (1067 mm) above the adjacent walking surfaces, a +sphere 8 inches (203 mm) in diameter shall not pass. + +Exceptions: + +1 . The triangular openings formed by the riser, tread and +bottom rail at the open side of a stairway shall be of a +maximum size such that a sphere of 6 inches (152 +mm) in diameter cannot pass through the opening. + +2. At elevated walking surfaces for access to and use of +electrical, mechanical or plumbing systems or equip- +ment, guards shall have balusters or be of solid mate- +rials such that a sphere with a diameter of 21 inches +(533 mm) cannot pass through any opening. + +3. In areas that are not open to the public within occu- +pancies in Group 1-3, F, H or S, balusters, horizontal +intermediate rails or other construction shall not per- +mit a sphere with a diameter of 21 inches (533 mm) to +pass through any opening. + +4. In assembly seating areas, guards at the end of aisles +where they terminate at a fascia of boxes, balconies +and galleries shall have balusters or ornamental pat- +terns such that a 4-inch-diameter (102 mm) sphere +cannot pass through any opening up to a height of 26 +inches (660 mm). From a height of 26 inches (660 +mm) to 42 inches (1067 mm) above the adjacent +walking surfaces, a sphere 8 inches (203 mm) in +diameter shall not pass. + + + +5. Within individual dwelling units and sleeping units in +Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies, openings for +required guards on the sides of stair treads shall not +allow a sphere of 4.375 inches (111 mm) to pass +through. + +1013.4 Screen porches. Porches and decks which are enclosed +with insect screening shall be provided with guards where the +walking surface is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above +the floor or grade below. + +1013.5 Mechanical equipment. Guards shall be provided where +appUances, equipment, fans, roof hatch openings or other compo- +nents that require service are located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of +a roof edge or open side of a walking surface and such edge or +open side is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the +floor, roof or grade below. The guard shall be constructed so as to +prevent the passage of a 21-inch-diam.eter (533 mm) sphere. The +guard shall extend not less than 30 inches (762 mm) beyond each +end of such appUance, equipment, fan or component. + +1013.6 Roof access. Guards shall be provided where the roof +hatch opening is located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of a roof +edge or open side of a walking surface and such edge or open + + + +side is located more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor, +roof or grade below. The guard shall be constructed so as to pre- +vent the passage of a 21 -inch-diameter (533 mm) sphere. + + + +[BISECTION 1014 +EXIT ACCESS + +1014.1 General. The exit access arrangement shall comply +with Sections 1014 through 1017 and the applicable provisions +of Sections 1003 through 1013. + +1014.2 Egress through intervening spaces. Egress through +intervening spaces shall comply with this section. + +1. Egress from a room or space shall not pass through +adjoining or intervening rooms or areas, except where +such adjoining rooms or areas are accessory to the area +served, are not a high-hazard occupancy and provide a +discernible path of egress travel to an exit. + +Exception: Means of egress are not prohibited +through adjoining or intervening rooms or spaces in a +Group H, S or F occupancy when the adjoining or +intervening rooms or spaces are the same or a lesser +hazard occupancy group. + +2. Egress shall not pass through kitchens, storage rooms, +closets or spaces used for similar purposes. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Means of egress are not prohibited through a +kitchen area serving adjoining rooms constitut- +ing part of the same dwelling unit or sleeping +unit. + +2. Means of egress are not prohibited through +stockrooms in Group M occupancies when all +of the following are met: + +2.1. The stock is of the same hazard classifi- +cation as that found in the main retail +area; + +2.2. Not more than 50 percent of the exit +access is through the stockroom; + +2.3. The stockroom is not subject to locking +from the egress side; and + +2.4. There is a demarcated, minimum +44-inch- wide (1118 mm) aisle defined +by full or partial height fixed walls or +similar construction that will maintain +the required width and lead directly +from the retail area to the exit without +obstructions. + +3. An exit access shall not pass through a room +that can be locked to prevent egress. + +4. Means of egress from dwelling units or sleep- +ing areas shall not lead through other sleeping +areas, toilet rooms or bathrooms. + +1014.2.1 Multiple tenants. Where more than one tenant +occupies any one floor of a building or structure, each tenant +space, dwelling unit and sleeping unit shall be provided with + + + +120 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +access to the required exits without passing through adja- +cent tenant spaces, dwelling units and sleeping units. + +Exception: Means of egress shall not be prohibited +through adjoining tenant space where such rooms or +spaces occupy less than 10 percent of the area of the ten- +ant space through which they pass; are the same or simi- +lar occupancy group; a discemable path of egress travel +to an exit is provided; and the means of egress into the +adjoining space is not subject to locking from the egress +side. A required means of egress serving the larger tenant +space shall not pass through the smaller tenant space or +spaces. + +1014.2.2 Group 1-2. Habitable rooms or suites in Group 1-2 +occupancies shall have an exit access door leading directly +to a corridor. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Rooms with exit doors opening directly to the out- +side at ground level. + +2. Patient sleeping rooms are permitted to have one +intervening room if the intervening room is not +used as an exit access for more than eight patient +beds. + +3. Special nursing suites are permitted to have one +intervening room where the arrangement allows +for direct and constant visual supervision by nurs- +ing personnel. + +4. For rooms other than patient sleeping rooms located +within a suite, exit access travel from within the +suite shall be permitted through one intervening +room where the travel distance to the exit access +door is not greater than 100 feet (30 480 mm). + +5. For rooms other than patient sleeping rooms +located within a suite, exit access travel from +within the suite shall be permitted through two +intervening rooms where the travel distance to the +exit access door is not greater than 50 feet (15 240 +mm). + +Suites of sleeping rooms shall not exceed 5,000 square +feet (465 m^). Suites of rooms other than patient sleeping +rooms shall not exceed 10,000 square feet (929 m^). Any +patient sleeping room, or any suite that includes patient +sleeping rooms, of more than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) shall +have at least two exit access doors remotely located from +each other. Any room or suite of rooms other than patient +sleeping rooms of more than 2,500 square feet (232 m^) +shall have at least two access doors remotely located from +each other. The travel distance between any point in a Group +1-2 occupancy and an exit access door in the room shall not +exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm). The travel distance between +any point in a suite of sleeping rooms and an exit access door +of that suite shall not exceed 100 feet (30 480 mm). + +1014.3 Common path of egress travel. In occupancies other +than Groups H-1, H-2 and H-3, the common path of egress +travel shall not exceed 75 feet (22 860 mm). In Group H-1, H-2 +and H-3 occupancies, the common path of egress travel shall + + + +not exceed 25 feet (7620 mm). For common path of egress +travel in Group A occupancies having fixed seating, see Sec- +tion 1025.8. + +Exceptions: + +1. The length of a common path of egress travel in +Group B, F and S occupancies shall not be more than +100 feet (30 480 mm), provided that the building is +equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +2. Where a tenant space in Group B, S and U occupan- +cies has an occupant load of not more than 30, the +length of a common path of egress travel shall not be +more than 100 feet (30 480 mm). + +3. The length of a common path of egress travel in a +Group 1-3 occupancy shall not be more than 100 feet +(30 480 mm). + +4. The length of a common path of egress travel in a +Group R-2 occupancy shall not be more than 125 feet +(38 100 mm), provided that the building is protected +throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +1014.4 Aisles. Aisles serving as a portion of the exit access in +the means of egress system shall comply with the requirements +of this section. Aisles shall be provided from all occupied por- +tions of the exit access which contain seats, tables, furnishings, +displays and similar fixtures or equipment. Aisles serving +assembly areas, other than seating at tables, shall comply with +Section 1025. Aisles serving reviewing stands, grandstands +and bleachers shall also comply with Section 1025. + +The required width of aisles shall be unobstructed. + +Exception: Doors, when fully opened, and handrails shall +not reduce the required width by more than 7 inches (178 +mm). Doors in any position shall not reduce the required +width by more than one-half. Other nonstructural projec- +tions such as trim and similar decorative features are permit- +ted to project into the required width 1.5 inches (38 mm) +from each side. + +1014.4.1 Aisles in Groups B and M. In Group B and M +occupancies, the minimum clear aisle width shall be deter- +mined by Section 1005.1 for the occupant load served, but +shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm). + +Exception: Nonpublic aisles serving less than 50 people +and not required to be accessible by Chapter 1 1 of the +International Building Code need not exceed 28 inches +(711 mm) in width. + +1014.4.2 Aisle accessways in Group M. An aisle +accessway shall be provided on at least one side of each ele- +ment within the merchandise pad. The minimum clear +width for an aisle accessway not required to be accessible +shall be 30 inches (762 mm). The required clear width of the +aisle accessway shall be measured perpendicular to the ele- +ments and merchandise within the merchandise pad. The +30-inch (762 mm) minimum clear width shall be maintained +to provide a path to an adjacent aisle or aisle accessway. The + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +121 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +common path of travel shall not exceed 30 feet (9144 mm) +from any point in the merchandise pad. + +Exception: For areas serving not more than 50 occu- +pants, the common path of travel shall not exceed 75 feet +(22 880 mm). + +1014.4.3 Seating at tables. Where seating is located at a +table or counter and is adjacent to an aisle or aisle +accessway, the measurement of required clear width of the +aisle or aisle accessway shall be made to a line 19 inches +(483 mm) away from and parallel to the edge of the table or +counter. The 19-inch (483 mm) distance shall be measured +perpendicular to the side of the table or counter. In the case +of other side boundaries for aisle or aisle accessways, the +clear width shall be measured to walls, edges of seating and +tread edges, except that handrail projections are permitted. + +Exception: Where tables or counters are served by fixed +seats, the width of the aisle accessway shall be measured +from the back of the seat. + +1014.4.3.1 Aisle accessway for tables and seating. + +Aisle accessways serving arrangements of seating at +tables or counters shall have sufficient clear width to con- +form to the capacity requirements of Section 1005.1 but +shall not have less than the appropriate minimum clear +width specified in Section 1014.4.3.2. + +1014.4.3.2 Table and seating accessway width. Aisle +accessways shall provide a minimum of 12 inches (305 +mm) of width plus 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) of width for each +additional 1 foot (305 mm), or fraction thereof, beyond +12 feet (3658 mm) of aisle accessway length measured +from the center of the seat farthest from an aisle. + +Exception: Portions of an aisle accessway having a +length not exceeding 6 feet (1829 mm) and used by a +total of not more than four persons. + +1014.4.3.3 Table and seating aisle accessway length. + +The length of travel along the aisle accessway shall not +exceed 30 feet (9144 mm) from any seat to the point +where a person has a choice of two or more paths of +egress travel to separate exits. + +1014.5 Egress balconies. Balconies used for egress purposes +shall conform to the same requirements as corridors for width, +headroom, dead ends and projections. + +1014.5.1 Wall separation. Exterior egress balconies shall +be separated from the interior of the building by walls and +opening protectives as required for corridors. + +Exception: Separation is not required where the exterior +egress balcony is served by at least two stairs and a +dead-end travel condition does not require travel past an +unprotected opening to reach a stair. + +1014.5.2 Openness. The long side of an egress balcony +shall be at least 50 percent open, and the open area above the +guards shall be so distributed as to minimize the accumula- +tion of smoke or toxic gases. + + + +[BISECTION 1015 +EXIT AND EXIT ACCESS DOORWAYS + +1015.1 Exit or exit access doorways required. Two exits or +exit access doorways from any space shall be provided where +one of the following conditions exists: + +1. The occupant load of the space exceeds the values in +Table 1015.1. + +2. The common path of egress travel exceeds the limita- +tions of Section 1014.3. + +3. Where required by Sections 1015.3, 1015.4 and 1015.5. + +Exception: Group 1-2 occupancies shall comply with Sec- +tion 1014.2.2. + +TABLE 1015.1 +SPACES WITH ONE MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +OCCUPANCY + + +MAXIMUM OCCUPANT LOAD + + +A, B, E\ F, M, U + + +49 + + +H-1, H-2, H-3 + + +3 + + +H-4,H-5, 1-1,1-3, 1-4, R + + +10 + + +S + + +29 + + + +a. Day care maximum occupant load is 10. + +1015.1.1 Three or more exits. Access to three or more exits +shall be provided from a floor area where required by Sec- +tion 1019.1. + +1015.2 Exit or exit access doorway arrangement. Required +exits shall be located in a manner that makes their availability +obvious. Exits shall be unobstructed at all times. Exit and exit +access doorways shall be arranged in accordance with Sections +1015.2.1 and 1015.2.2. + +1015.2.1 Two exits or exit access doorways. Where two +exits or exit access doorways are required from any portion +of the exit access, the exit doors or exit access doorways +shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than +one-half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal +dimension of the building or area to be served measured in a +straight line between exit doors or exit access doorways. +Interlocking or scissor stairs shall be counted as one exit +stairway. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Where exit enclosures are provided as a portion +of the required exit and are interconnected by a +1-hour fire-resistance-rated corridor conform- +ing to the requirements of Section 1017, the +required exit separation shall be measured along +the shortest direct line of travel within the corri- +dor. + +2. Where a building is equipped throughout with an +automatic sprinkler system in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the separation dis- +tance of the exit doors or exit access doorways +shall not be less than one-third of the length of the +maximum overall diagonal dimension of the area +served. + + + +122 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +•I + + + +1015.2.2 Three or more exits or exit access doorways. + +Where access to three or more exits is required, at least two +exit doors or exit access doorways shall be arranged in +accordance with the provisions of Section 1015.2.1. + +1015.3 Boiler, incinerator and furnace rooms. Two exit +access doorways are required in boiler, incinerator and furnace +rooms where the area is over 500 square feet (46 m^) and any +fuel-fired equipment exceeds 400,000 British thermal units +(Btu) (422 000 KJ) input capacity. Where two exit access door- +ways are required, one is permitted to be a fixed ladder or an +alternating tread device. Exit access doorways shall be sepa- +rated by a horizontal distance equal to one-half the length of the +maximum overall diagonal dimension of the room. + +1015.4 Refrigeration machinery rooms. Machinery rooms +larger than 1,000 square feet (93 m^) shall have not less than +two exits or exit access doors. Where two exit access doorways +are required, one such doorway is permitted to be served by a +fixed ladder or an alternating tread device. Exit access door- +ways shall be separated by a horizontal distance equal to +one-half the maximum horizontal dimension of room. + +All portions of machinery rooms shall be within 150 feet (45 +720 mm) of an exit or exit access doorway. An increase in travel +distance is permitted in accordance with Section 1016.1. + +Doors shall swing in the direction of egress travel, regardless +of the occupant load served. Doors shall be tight fitting and +self-closing. + +1015.5 Refrigerated rooms or spaces. Rooms or spaces hav- +ing a floor area of 1 ,000 square feet (93 m^) or more, containing +a refrigerant evaporator and maintained at a temperature below +68°F (20°C), shall have access to not less than two exits or exit +access doors. + +Travel distance shall be determined as specified in Section +1016.1, but all portions of a refrigerated room or space shall be +within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of an exit or exit access door +where such rooms are not protected by an approved automatic +sprinkler system. Egress is allowed through adjoining refriger- +ated rooms or spaces. + +Exception: Where using refrigerants in quantities limited +to the amounts based on the volume set forth in the Interna- +tional Mechanical Code. + +1015.6 Stage means of egress. Where two means of egress are +required, based on the stage size or occupant load, one means +of egress shall be provided on each side of the stage. + +1015.6.1 Gallery, gridiron and catwalk means of egress. + +The means of egress from lighting and access catwalks, gal- +leries and gridirons shall meet the requirements for occu- +pancies in Group F-2. + +Exceptions: + +1. A minimum width of 22 inches (559 mm) is per- +mitted for lighting and access catwalks. + +2. Spiral stairs are permitted in the means of egress. + + + +3. Stairways required by this subsection need not be +enclosed. + +4. Stairways with a minimum width of 22 inches (559 +mm), ladders, or spiral stairs are permitted in the +means of egress. + +5 . A second means of egress is not required from these +areas where a means of escape to a floor or to a roof +is provided. Ladders, alternating tread devices or +spiral stairs are permitted in the means of escape. + +6. Ladders are permitted in the means of egress. + + + +[BISECTION 1016 +EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE + +1016.1 Travel distance limitations. Exits shall be so located +on each story such that the maximum length of exit access +travel, measured from the most remote point within a story to +the entrance to an exit along the natural and unobstructed path +of egress travel, shall not exceed the distances given in Table +1016.1. + +Where the path of exit access includes unenclosed stairways +or ramps within the exit access or includes unenclosed exit +ramps or stairways as permitted in Section 1020. 1 , the distance +of travel on such means of egress components shall also be +included in the travel distance measurement. The measurement +along stairways shall be made on a plane parallel and tangent to +the stair tread nosings in the center of the stairway. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Travel distance in open parking garages is permitted +to be measured to the closest riser of open stairs. + +2. In outdoor facihties with open exit access compo- +nents and open exterior stairs or ramps, travel dis- +tance is permitted to be measured to the closest riser +of a stair or the closest slope of the ramp. + +3. Where an exit stair is permitted to be unenclosed in +accordance with Exception 8 or 9 of Section 1020.1, +the travel distance shall be measured from the most +remote point within a building to an exit discharge. + +1016.2 Roof vent increase. In buildings that are one story in +height, equipped with automatic heat and smoke roof vents +complying with Section 910 and equipped throughout with an +automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section +903 .3 . 1.1, the maximum exit access travel distance shall be 400 +feet (122 m) for occupancies in Group F-1 or S-1. + +1016.3 Exterior egress balcony increase. Travel distances +specified in Section 1016. 1 shall be increased up to an additional +100 feet (30 480 mm) provided the last portion of the exit access +leading to the exit occurs on an exterior egress balcony con- +structed in accordance with Section 1014.5. The length of such +balcony shall not be less than the amount of the increase taken. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +123 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +TABLE 1016.1 +EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE^ + + + +OCCUPANCY + + +WITHOUT SPRINKLER + +SYSTEM + +(feet) + + +WITH SPRINKLER + +SYSTEM" + +(feet) + + +A,E,F-1,I-1,M, +R,S-1 + + +200 + + +250 + + +B + + +200 + + +300 + + +F-2, S-2, U + + +300 + + +400 + + +H-1 + + +Not Permitted + + +75 + + +H-2 + + +Not Permitted + + +100 + + +H-3 + + +Not Permitted + + +150 + + +H-4 + + +Not Permitted + + +175 + + +H-5 + + +Not Permitted + + +200 + + +1-2, 1-3, 1-4 + + +150 + + +200 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. See the following sections for modifications to exit access travel distance +requirements: + +Section 402 of the International Building Code: For the distance limitation +in malls. + +Section 404 of the International Building Code: For the distance limitation +through an atrium space. + +Section 1016.2 For increased limitations in Groups F-1 and S-1. +Section 1025.7: For increased limitation in assembly seating. +Section 1025.7: For increased limitation for assembly open-air seating. +Section 1019.2: For buildings with one exit. + +Chapter 3 1 of the International Building Code: For the limitation in tempo- +rary structures. + +b. Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accor- +dance with Section 903 .3 . 1 . 1 or 903 .3 . 1.2. See Section 903 for occupancies +where automatic sprinkler systems in accordance with Section 903 .3 . 1 .2 are +permitted. + + + +[BISECTION 1017 +CORRIDORS + +1017.1 Construction. Corridors shall be fire-resistance rated +in accordance with Table 1017.1. The corridor walls required +to be fire-resistance rated shall comply with Section 708 of the +International Building Code for fire partitions. + + + +Exceptions: + + + +1. + + + +A fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors in +an occupancy in Group E where each room that is used +for instruction has at least one door directly to the exte- +rior and rooms for assembly purposes have at least + + + +one-half of the required means of egress doors opening +directly to the exterior. Exterior doors specified in this +exception are required to be at ground level. + +2. A fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors +contained within a dwelling or sleeping unit in an +occupancy in Group R. + +3. A fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors in +open parking garages. + +4. A fire-resistance rating is not required for corridors in +an occupancy in Group B which is a space requiring +only a single means of egress complying with Section +1015.1. + +1017.2 Corridor width. The minimum corridor width shall be +as determined in Section 1005.1, but not less than 44 inches +(1118 mm). + +Exceptions: + +1 . Twenty-four inches (610 mm) — For access to and uti- +lization of electrical, mechanical or plumbing sys- +tems or equipment. + +2. Thirty-six inches (914 nmi) — With a required occu- +pant capacity of less than 50. + +3. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) — Within a dwelling unit. + +4. Seventy-two inches (1829 mm) — In Group E with a +corridor having a required capacity of 100 or more. + +5. Seventy-two inches (1829 mm) — In corridors serv- +ing surgical Group I, health care centers for ambula- +tory patients receiving outpatient medical care, which +causes the patient to be not capable of self-preserva- +tion. + +6. Ninety-six inches (2438 mm) — In Group 1-2 in areas +where required for bed movement. + +1017.3 Dead ends. Where more than one exit or exit access +doorway is required, the exit access shall be arranged such that +there are no dead ends in corridors more than 20 feet (6096 +mm) in length. + +Exceptions: + +1 . In occupancies in Group 1-3 of Occupancy Condition +2, 3 or 4 (see Section 202), the dead end in a corridor +shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm). + + + +TABLE 1017.1 +CORRIDOR FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING + + + +OCCUPANCY + + +OCCUPANT LOAD SERVED BY CORRIDOR + + +REQUIRED FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING (hours) + + +Without sprinkler system + + +With sprinkler system"^ + + +H-1, H-2, H-3 + + +All + + +Not Permitted + + +1 + + +H-4, H-5 + + +Greater than 30 + + +Not Permitted + + +1 + + +A, B, E, F, M, S, U + + +Greater than 30 + + +1 + + + + + +R + + +Greater than 10 + + +Not Permitted + + +0.5 + + +I-2^ 1-4 + + +All + + +Not Permitted + + + + + +I-l, 1-3 + + +All + + +Not Permitted + + +I'' + + + +a. For requirements for occupancies in Group 1-2, see Section 407.3 of the International Building Code. + +b. For a reduction in the fire-resistance rating for occupancies in Group 1-3, see Section 408.7 of the International Building Code. + +c. Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 where allowed. + + + +124 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +2. In occupancies in Groups B and F where the building +is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler +system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, the +length of dead-end corridors shall not exceed 50 feet +(15 240 mm). + +3. A dead-end corridor shall not be limited in length +where the length of the dead-end corridor is less than +2.5 times the least width of the dead-end corridor. + +1017.4 Air movement in corridors. Corridors shall not serve +as supply, return, exhaust, relief or ventilation air ducts. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Use of a corridor as a source of makeup air for exhaust +systems in rooms that open directly onto such corri- +dors, including toilet rooms, bathrooms, dressing +rooms, smoking lounges and janitor closets, shall be +permitted, provided that each such corridor is directly +supplied with outdoor air at a rate greater than the rate +of makeup air taken from the corridor. + +2. Where located within a dwelling unit, the use of corri- +dors for conveying return air shall not be prohibited. + +3. Where located within tenant spaces of 1,000 square +feet (93 m^) or less in area, utilization of corridors for +conveying return air is permitted. + +1017.4.1 Corridor ceiling. Use of the space between the +corridor ceiling and the floor or roof structure above as a +return air plenum is permitted for one or more of the follow- +ing conditions: + +1. The corridor is not required to be of fire-resis- +tance-rated construction; + +2. The corridor is separated from the plenum by +fire-resistance-rated construction; + +3. The air-handling system serving the corridor is shut +down upon activation of the air-handling unit smoke +detectors required by the International Mechanical +Code. + +4. The air-handling system serving the corridor is shut +down upon detection of sprinkler waterflow where +the building is equipped throughout with an auto- +matic sprinkler system; or + +5. The space between the corridor ceiling and the floor or +roof structure above the corridor is used as a compo- +nent of an approved engineered smoke control system. + +1017.5 Corridor continuity. Fire-resistance-rated corridors +shall be continuous from the point of entry to an exit, and shall +not be interrupted by intervening rooms. + +Exception: Foyers, lobbies or reception rooms constructed +as required for corridors shall not be construed as interven- +ing rooms. + + + +[BISECTION 1018 +EXITS + +1018.1 General. Exits shall comply with Sections 101 8 +through 1023 and the applicable requirements of Section 1003 +through 1013. An exit shall not be used for any purpose that + + + +interferes with its function as a means of egress. Once a given +level of exit protection is achieved, such level of protection +shall not be reduced until arrival at the exit discharge. + +1018.2 Exterior exit doors. Buildings or structures used for +human occupancy shall have at least one exterior door that +meets the requirements of Section 1008.1.1. + +1018.2.1 Detailed requirements. Exterior exit doors shall +comply with the applicable requirements of Section 1 008 . 1 . + +1018.2.2 Arrangement. Exterior exit doors shall lead +directly to the exit discharge or the public way. + + + +[BISECTION 1019 +NUMBER OF EXITS AND CONTINUITY + +1019.1 Minimum number of exits. All rooms and spaces +within each story shall be provided with and have access to the +minimum number of approved independent exits required by +Table 1019.1 based on the occupant load of the story, except as +modified in Section 1015.1 or 1019.2. For the purposes of this +chapter, occupied roofs shall be provided with exits as required +for stories. The required number of exits from any story, base- +ment or individual space shall be maintained until arrival at +grade or the public way. + +TABLE 1019.1 +MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS FOR OCCUPANT LOAD + + + +OCCUPANT LOAD +(persons per story) + + +MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS +(per story) + + +1-500 + + +2 + + +501-1,000 + + +3 + + +More than 1,000 + + +4 + + + +1019.1.1 Parking structures. Parking structures shall not +have less than two exits from each parking tier, except that +only one exit is required where vehicles are mechanically +parked. Vehicle ramps shall not be considered as required +exits unless pedestrian facilities are provided. + +1019.1.2 Helistops. The means of egress from helistops +shall comply with the provisions of this chapter, provided +that landing areas located on buildings or structures shall +have two or more exits. For landing platforms or roof areas +less than 60 feet (18 288 mm) long, or less than 2,000 square +feet (186 m^) in area, the second means of egress is permit- +ted to be a fire escape or ladder leading to the floor below. + +1019.2 Buildings with one exit. Only one exit shall be +required in buildings as described below: + +1. Buildings described in Table 1019.2, provided that the +building has not more than one level below the first story +above grade plane. + +2. Buildings of Group R-3 occupancy. + +3. Single-level buildings with the occupied space at the +level of exit discharge provided that the story or space +complies with Section 1015.1 as a space with one means +of egress. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +125 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +TABLE 1019.2 +BUILDINGS WITH ONE EXIT + + + +OCCUPANCY + + +MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF + +BUILDING ABOVE + +GRADE PLANE + + +MAXIMUM OCCUPANTS + +(OR DWELLING UNITS) PER + +FLOOR AND + +TRAVEL DISTANCE + + +A, B'', E^ F, M, U + + +1 Story + + +49 occupants and 75 feet +travel distance + + +H-2, H-3 + + +1 Story + + +3 occupants and 25 feet +travel distance + + +H-4, H-5, 1, R + + +1 Story + + +10 occupants and 75 feet +travel distance + + +S^ + + +1 Story + + +29 occupants and 100 +feet travel distance + + +B^ F, M, S^ + + +2 Stories + + +30 occupants and 75 feet +travel distance + + +R-2 + + +2 Stories'^ + + +4 dwelling units and 50 +feet travel distance + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. For the required number of exits for open parking structures, see Section +1019.1.1. + +b. For the required number of exits for air traffic control towers, see Section 412.1 +of the International Building Code. + +c. Buildings classified as Group R-2 equipped throughout with an automatic +sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and pro- +vided with emergency escape and rescue openings in accordance with Sec- +tion 1026 shall have a maximum height of three stories above grade plane. + +d. Buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accor- +dance with Section 903.3.1.1 with an occupancy in Group B shall have a +maximum travel distance of 100 feet. + +e. Day care maximum occupant load is 10. + + + +1019.3 Exit continuity. Exits shall be continuous from the +point of entry into the exit to the exit discharge. + +1019.4 Exit door arrangement. Exit door arrangement shall +meet the requirements of Sections 1015.2 through 1015.2.2. + + + +[BISECTION 1020 +VERTICAL EXIT ENCLOSURES + +1020.1 Enclosures required. Interior exit stairways and inte- +rior exit ramps shall be enclosed with fire barriers constructed +in accordance with Section 706 of the International Building +Code or horizontal assemblies constructed in accordance with +Section 7 11 of the International Building Code, or both. Exit +enclosures shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 +hours where connecting four stories or more and not less than 1 +hour where connecting less than four stories. The number of +stories connected by the exit enclosure shall include any base- +ments but not any mezzanines. An exit enclosure shall not be +used for any purpose other than means of egress. + +Exceptions: + +1 . In all occupancies, other than Group H and I occupan- +cies, a stairway is not required to be enclosed when +the stairway serves an occupant load of less than 10 +and the stairway complies with either Item 1 . 1 or 1 .2. +In all cases, the maximum number of connecting open +stories shall not exceed two. + + + +1.1. The stairway is open to not more than one +story above the story at the level of exit dis- +charge, or + +1.2. The stairway is open to not more than one +story below the story at the level of exit dis- +charge. + +2. Exits in buildings of Group A-5 where all portions of +the means of egress are essentially open to the outside +need not be enclosed. + +3. Stairways serving and contained within a single resi- +dential dwelling unit or sleeping unit in Group R-1, +R-2 or R-3 occupancies are not required to be +enclosed. + +4. Stairways that are not a required means of egress ele- +ment are not required to be enclosed where such stair- +ways comply with Section 707.2 of the International +Building Code. + +5. Stairways in open parking structures that serve only +the parking structure are not required to be enclosed. + +6. Stairways in Group 1-3 occupancies, as provided for +in Section 408.3.6 of the International Building Code, +are not required to be enclosed. + +7. Means of egress stairways as required by Section +410.5.3 of the International Building Code are not +required to be enclosed. + +8. In other than Group H and I occupancies, a maximum +of 50 percent of egress stairways serving one adjacent +floor are not required to be enclosed, provided at least +two means of egress are provided from both floors +served by the unenclosed stairways. Any two such +interconnected floors shall not be open to other floors. +Unenclosed exit stairways shall be remotely located +as required in Section 1015.2. + +9. In other than Group H and I occupancies, interior +egress stairways serving only the first and second sto- +ries of a building equipped throughout with an auto- +matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section +903.3. 1 . 1 are not required to be enclosed, provided at +least two means of egress are provided from both +floors served by the unenclosed stairways. Such inter- +connected stories shall not be open to other stories. +Unenclosed exit stairways shall be remotely located +as required in Section 1015.2. + +1020.1.1 Openings and penetrations. Exit enclosure +opening protectives shall be in accordance with the require- +ments of Section 715 of the International Building Code. + +Except as permitted in Section 402.4.6 of the Interna- +tional Building Code, openings in exit enclosures other than +unprotected exterior openings shall be limited to those nec- +essary for exit access to the enclosure from normally occu- +pied spaces and for egress from the enclosure. + +Where interior exit enclosures are extended to the exte- +rior of a building by an exit passageway, the door assembly +from the exit enclosure to the exit passageway shall be pro- +tected by a fire door assembly conforming to the require- +ments in Section 715.4 of the International Building Code. + + + +126 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +Fire door assemblies in exit enclosures shall comply with +Section 715.4.4 of the International Building Code. + +Elevators shall not open into an exit enclosure. + +1020.1.2 Penetrations. Penetrations into and openings +through an exit enclosure are prohibited except for required +exit doors, equipment and ductwork necessary for inde- +pendent pressurization, sprinkler piping, standpipes, elec- +trical raceway for fire department communication systems +and electrical raceway serving the exit enclosure and termi- +nating at a steel box not exceeding 16 square inches (0.010 +m^). Such penetrations shall be protected in accordance with +Section 712 of the International Building Code. There shall +be no penetrations or communication openings, whether +protected or not, between adjacent exit enclosures. + +1020.1.3 Ventilation. Equipment and ductwork for exit +enclosure ventilation as permitted by Section 1020. 1 .2 shall +comply with one of the following items: + +1. Such equipment and ductwork shall be located exte- +rior to the building and shall be directly connected to +the exit enclosure by ductwork enclosed in construc- +tion as required for shafts. + +2. Where such equipment and ductwork is located +within the exit enclosure, the intake air shall be taken +directly from the outdoors and the exhaust air shall be +discharged directly to the outdoors, or such air shall +be conveyed through ducts enclosed in construction +as required for shafts. + +3. Where located within the building, such equipment +and ductwork shall be separated from the remainder +of the building, including other mechanical equip- +ment, with construction as required for shafts. + +In each case, openings into the fire-resistance-rated con- +struction shall be limited to those needed for maintenance +and operation and shall be protected by opening protectives +in accordance with Section 715 of the International Build- +ing Code for shaft enclosures. + +Exit enclosure ventilation systems shall be independent +of other building ventilation systems. + +1020.1.4 Exit enclosure exterior walls. Exterior walls of an +exit enclosure shall comply with the requirements of Section +704 of the International Building Code for exterior walls. +Where nonrated walls or unprotected openings enclose the +exterior of the stairway and the walls or openings are exposed +by other parts of the building at an angle of less than 180 +degrees (3.14 rad), the building exterior walls within 10 feet +(3048 mm) horizontally of a nonrated wall or unprotected +opening shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 1 +hour. Openings within such exterior walls shall be protected +by opening protectives having a fire protection rating of not +less than ^/^ hour. This construction shall extend vertically +from the ground to a point 10 feet (3048 mm) above the top- +most landing of the stairway or to the roof hne, whichever is +lower. + +1020.1.5 Discharge identification barrier. A stairway in +an exit enclosure shall not continue below the level of exit +discharge unless an approved barrier is provided at the level +of exit discharge to prevent persons from unintentionally + + + +continuing into levels below. Directional exit signs shall be +provided as specified in Section 1011. + +1020.1.6 Stairway floor number signs. A sign shall be +provided at each floor landing in interior exit enclosures +connecting more than three stories designating the floor +level, the terminus of the top and bottom of the stair enclo- +sure and the identification of the stair. The signage shall also +state the story of, and the direction to the exit discharge and +the availability of roof access from the stairway for the fire +department. The sign shall be located 5 feet (1524 mm) +above the floor landing in a position that is readily visible +when the doors are in the open and closed positions. + +1020.1.7 Smokeproof enclosures. In buildings required to +comply with Section 403 or 405 of thQ International Building +Code, each of the exits of a building that serves stories where +the floor surface is located more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) +above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access or +more than 30 feet (9144 mm) below the level of exit dis- +charge serving such floor levels shall be a smokeproof +enclosure or pressurized stairway in accordance with Sec- +tion 909.20. + +1020.1.7.1 Enclosure exit. A smokeproof enclosure or +pressurized stairway shall exit into a public way or into +an exit passageway, yard or open space having direct +access to a public way. The exit passageway shall be +without other openings and shall be separated from the +remainder of the building by 2-hour fire-resistance-rated +construction. + +Exceptions: + +1. Openings in the exit passageway serving a +smokeproof enclosure are permitted where the +exit passageway is protected and pressurized in +the same manner as the smokeproof enclosure, +and openings are protected as required for +access from other floors. + +2. Openings in the exit passageway serving a pres- +surized stairway are permitted where the exit +passageway is protected and pressurized in the +same manner as the pressurized stairway. + +3. A smokeproof enclosure or pressurized stair- +way shall be permitted to egress through areas +on the level of discharge or vestibules as per- +mitted by Section 1024. + +1020.1.7.2 Enclosure access. Access to the stairway +within a smokeproof enclosure shall be by way of a vesti- +bule or an open exterior balcony. + +Exception: Access is not required by way of a vesti- +bule or exterior balcony for stairways using the pres- +surization alternative complying with Section +909.20.5. + + + +[BISECTION 1021 +EXIT PASSAGEWAYS + +1021.1 Exit passageway. Exit passageways serving as an exit +component in a means of egress system shall comply with the + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +127 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +requirements of this section. An exit passageway shall not be +used for any purpose other than as a means of egress. + +1021.2 Width. The width of exit passageways shall be deter- +mined as specified in Section 1005.1 but such width shall not +be less than 44 inches (1118 mm), except that exit passageways +serving an occupant load of less than 50 shall not be less than +36 inches (914 mm) in width. + +The required width of exit passageways shall be unob- +structed. + +Exception: Doors, when fully opened, and handrails, shall +not reduce the required width by more than 7 inches (178 +mm). Doors in any position shall not reduce the required +width by more than one-half. Other nonstructural projec- +tions such as trim and similar decorative features are permit- +ted to project into the required width 1 .5 inches (38 mm) on +each side. + +1021.3 Construction. Exit passageway enclosures shall have +walls, floors and ceilings of not less than 1-hour fire-resistance +rating, and not less than that required for any connecting exit +enclosure. Exit passageways shall be constructed as fire barri- +ers in accordance with Section 706 of the International Building +Code. + +1021.4 Openings and penetrations. Exit passageway opening +protectives shall be in accordance with the requirements of +Section 715 of the International Building Code. + +Except as permitted in Section 402.4.6 of the International +Building Code, openings in exit passageways other than unex- +posed exterior openings shall be limited to those necessary for +exit access to the exit passageway from normally occupied +spaces and for egress from the exit passageway. + +Where interior exit enclosures are extended to the exterior of a +building by an exit passageway, the door assembly from the exit +enclosure to the exit passageway shall be protected by a fire door +conforming to the requirements in Section 715.4 of the Interna- +tional Building Code. Fire door assemblies in exit passageways +shall comply with Section 715.4.4 of the International Building +Code. + +Elevators shall not open into an exit passageway. + +1021.5 Penetrations. Penetrations into and openings through +an exit passageway are prohibited except for required exit +doors, equipment and ductwork necessary for independent +pressurization, sprinkler piping, standpipes, electrical raceway +for fire department communication and electrical raceway +serving the exit passageway and terminating at a steel box not +exceeding 16 square inches (0.010 m^). Such penetrations shall +be protected in accordance with Section 712 of the Interna- +tional Building Code. There shall be no penetrations or commu- +nicating openings, whether protected or not, between adjacent +exit passageways. + + + +[BISECTION 1022 +HORIZONTAL EXITS + +1022.1 Horizontal exits. Horizontal exits serving as an exit in +a means of egress system shall comply with the requirements of +this section. A horizontal exit shall not serve as the only exit +from a portion of a building, and where two or more exits are + + + +required, not more than one-half of the total number of exits or +total exit width shall be horizontal exits. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Horizontal exits are permitted to comprise two-thirds +of the required exits from any building or floor area +for occupancies in Group 1-2. + +2. Horizontal exits are permitted to comprise 100 per- +cent of the exits required for occupancies in Group +1-3. At least 6 square feet (0.6 m^) of accessible space +per occupant shall be provided on each side of the hor- +izontal exit for the total number of people in adjoining +compartments. + +Every fire compartment for which credit is allowed in con- +nection with a horizontal exit shall not be required to have a +stairway or door leading directly outside, provided the adjoin- +ing fire compartments have stairways or doors leading directly +outside and are so arranged that egress shall not require the +occupants to return through the compartment from which +egress originates. + +The area into which a horizontal exit leads shall be provided +with exits adequate to meet the occupant requirements of this +chapter, but not including the added occupant capacity +imposed by persons entering it through horizontal exits from +another area. At least one of its exits shall lead directly to the +exterior or to an exit enclosure. + +1022.2 Separation. The separation between buildings or ref- +uge areas connected by a horizontal exit shall be provided by a +fire wall complying with Section 705 of the International Build- +ing Code or a fire barrier complying with Section 706 of the +International Building Code and having a fire-resistance rating +of not less than 2 hours. Opening protectives in horizontal exit +walls shall also comply with Section 715 of the International +Building Code. The horizontal exit separation shall extend ver- +tically through all levels of the building unless floor assemblies I +have a fire-resistance rating of not less than 2 hours with no I +unprotected openings. + +Exception: A fire-resistance rating is not required at hori- +zontal exits between a building area and an above-grade +pedestrian walkway constructed in accordance with Section +3104 of the International Building Code, provided that the +distance between connected buildings is more than 20 feet +(6096 mm). + +Horizontal exit walls constructed as fire barriers shall be +continuous from exterior wall to exterior wall so as to divide +completely the floor served by the horizontal exit. + +1022.3 Opening protectives. Fire doors in horizontal exits +shall be self-closing or automatic-closing when activated by a +smoke detector in accordance with Section 715.4.7.3 of the I +International Building Code. Doors, where located in a +cross-corridor condition, shall be automatic-closing by activa- +tion of a smoke detector installed in accordance with Section +715.4.7.3 of the International Building Code. + +1022.4 Capacity of refuge area. The refuge area of a horizon- |( +tal exit shall be a space occupied by the same tenant or a public I +area and each such refuge area shall be adequate to accommo- +date the original occupant load of the refuge area plus the occu- + + + +128 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + + +pant load anticipated from the adjoining compartment. The +anticipated occupant load from the adjoining compartment +shall be based on the capacity of the horizontal exit doors enter- +ing the refuge area. The capacity of the refuge area shall be +computed based on a net floor area allowance of 3 square feet +(0.2787 m^) for each occupant to be accommodated therein. + +Exception: The net floor area allowable per occupant shall +be as follows for the indicated occupancies: + +1 . Six square feet (0.6 m^) per occupant for occupancies +in Group 1-3. + +2. Fifteen square feet (1 .4 m^) per occupant for ambula- +tory occupancies in Group 1-2. + +3. Thirty square feet (2.8 m^) per occupant for +nonambulatory occupancies in Group 1-2. + + + +[BISECTION 1023 +EXTERIOR EXIT RAMPS AND STAIRWAYS + +1023.1 Exterior exit ramps and stairways. Exterior exit +ramps and stairways serving as an element of a required means +of egress shall comply with this section. + +Exception: Exterior exit ramps and stairways for outdoor +stadiums complying with Section 1019.1, Exception 2. + +1023.2 Use in a means of egress. Exterior exit ramps and stair- +ways shall not be used as an element of a required means of +egress for Group 1-2 occupancies. For occupancies in other +than Group 1-2, exterior exit ramps and stairways shall be per- +mitted as an element of a required means of egress for buildings +not exceeding six stories above grade plane or having occupied +floors more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) above the lowest level of +fire department vehicle access. + +1023.3 Open side. Exterior exit ramps and stairways serving as +an element of a required means of egress shall be open on at +least one side. An open side shall have a minimum of 35 square +feet (3.3 m^) of aggregate open area adjacent to each floor level +and the level of each intermediate landing. The required open +area shall be located not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) above +the adjacent floor or landing level. + +1023.4 Side yards. The open areas adjoining exterior exit +ramps or stairways shall be either yards, courts or public ways; +the remaining sides are permitted to be enclosed by the exterior +walls of the building. + +1023.5 Location. Exterior exit ramps and stairways shall be +located in accordance with Section 1023.3. + +1023.6 Exterior ramps and stairway protection. Exterior +exit ramps and stairways shall be separated from the interior of +the building as required in Section 1020.1. Openings shall be +limited to those necessary for egress from normally occupied +spaces. + +Exceptions: + +1. Separation from the interior of the building is not +required for occupancies, other than those in Group +R- 1 or R-2, in buildings that are no more than two sto- +ries above grade plane where the level of exit dis- +charge is the first story above grade plane. + + + +2. Separation from the interior of the building is not +required where the exterior ramp or stairway is served +by an exterior ramp and/or balcony that connects two +remote exterior stairways or other approved exits +with a perimeter that is not less than 50 percent open. +To be considered open, the opening shall be a mini- +mum of 50 percent of the height of the enclosing wall, +with the top of the openings no less than 7 feet (2134 +mm) above the top of the balcony. + +3. Separation from the interior of the building is not +required for an exterior ramp or stairway located in a +building or structure that is permitted to have unen- +closed interior stairways in accordance with Section +1020.1. + +4. Separation from the interior of the building is not +required for exterior ramps or stairways connected to +open-ended corridors, provided that Items 4.1 +through 4.4 are met: + +4.1. The building, including corridors and ramps +and/or stairs, shall be equipped throughout +with an automatic sprinkler system in accor- +dance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. + +4.2. The open-ended corridors comply with Sec- +tion 1017. + +4.3. The open-ended corridors are connected on +each end to an exterior exit ramp or stairway +complying with Section 1023. + +4.4. At any location in an open-ended corridor +where a change of direction exceeding 45 de- +grees (0.79 rad) occurs, a clear opening of not +less than 35 square feet (3.3 m^) or an exterior +ramp or stairway shall be provided. Where +clear openings are provided, they shall be lo- +cated so as to minimize the accumulation of +smoke or toxic gases. + + + +[BISECTION 1024 +EXIT DISCHARGE + +1024.1 General. Exits shall discharge directly to the exterior of +the building. The exit discharge shall be at grade or shall pro- +vide direct access to grade. The exit discharge shall not reenter +a building. + +Exceptions: + +1 . A maximum of 50 percent of the number and capacity +of the exit enclosures is permitted to egress through +areas on the level of discharge provided all of the fol- +lowing are met: + +1.1. Such exit enclosures egress to a free and un- +obstructed way to the exterior of the building, +which way is readily visible and identifiable +from the point of termination of the exit enclo- +sure. + +1 .2. The entire area of the level of discharge is sep- +arated from areas below by construction con- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +129 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +forming to the fire-resistance rating for the +exit enclosure. + +1.3. The egress path from the exit enclosure on the +level of discharge is protected throughout by +an approved automatic sprinkler system. All +portions of the level of discharge with access +to the egress path shall either be protected +throughout with an automatic sprinkler sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, or separated from the +egress path in accordance with the require- +ments for the enclosure of exits. + +2. A maximum of 50 percent of the number and capacity +of the exit enclosures is permitted to egress through a +vestibule provided all of the following are met: + +2.1. The entire area of the vestibule is separated +from areas below by construction conforming +to the fire-resistance rating for the exit enclo- +sure. + +2.2. The depth from the exterior of the building is +not greater than 10 feet (3048 mm) and the +length is not greater than 30 feet (9144 mm). + +2.3. The area is separated from the remainder of +the level of exit discharge by construction +providing protection at least the equivalent of +approved wired glass in steel frames. + +2.4. The area is used only for means of egress and +exits directly to the outside. + +3. Stairways in open parking garages complying with +Section 1020.1, Exception 5, are permitted to egress +through the open parking garage at the level of exit +discharge. + +1024.2 Exit discharge capacity. The capacity of the exit dis- +charge shall be not less than the required discharge capacity of +the exits being served. + +1024.3 Exit discharge location. Exterior balconies, stairways +and ramps shall be located at least 10 feet (3048 mm) from +adjacent lot lines and from other buildings on the same lot +unless the adjacent building exterior walls and openings are +protected in accordance with Section 704 of the International +Building Code based on fire separation distance. + +1024.4 Exit discharge components. Exit discharge compo- +nents shall be sufficiently open to the exterior so as to minimize +the accumulation of smoke and toxic gases. + +1024.5 Egress courts. Egress courts serving as a portion of the +exit discharge in the means of egress system shall comply with +the requirements of Section 1024. + +1024.5.1 Width. The width of egress courts shall be deter- +mined as specified in Section 1005.1, but such width shall +not be less than 44 inches (1118 mm), except as specified +herein. Egress courts serving Group R-3 and U occupancies +shall not be less than 36 inches (914 mm) in width. + + + +The required width of egress courts shall be unobstructed +to a height of 7 feet (2134 mm). + +Exception: Doors, when fully opened, and handrails +shall not reduce the required width by more than 7 inches +(178 mm). Doors in any position shall not reduce the +required width by more than one-half. Other +nonstructural projections such as trim and similar deco- +rative features are permitted to project into the required +width 1.5 inches (38 mm) from each side. + +Where an egress court exceeds the minimum required +width and the width of such egress court is then reduced +along the path of exit travel, the reduction in width shall be +gradual. The transition in width shall be affected by a guard +not less than 36 inches (914 mm) in height and shall not cre- +ate an angle of more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) with respect +to the axis of the egress court along the path of egress travel. +In no case shall the width of the egress court be less than the +required minimum. + +1024.5.2 Construction and openings. Where an egress +court serving a building or portion thereof is less than 10 +feet (3048 mm) in width, the egress court walls shall have +not less than 1-hour fire-resistance-rated construction for a +distance of 10 feet (3048 mm) above the floor of the court. +Openings within such walls shall be protected by opening +protectives having a fire protection rating of not less than V4 +hour. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Egress courts serving an occupant load of less than +10. + +2. Egress courts serving Group R-3 . | + +1024.6 Access to a public way. The exit discharge shall pro- +vide a direct and unobstructed access to a public way. + +Exception: Where access to a pubhc way cannot be pro- +vided, a safe dispersal area shall be provided where all of the +following are met: + +1 . The area shall be of a size to accommodate at least +5 square feet (0.28 m^) for each person. + +2. The area shall be located on the same lot at least 50 I +feet (15 240 mm) away from the building requiring I + +egress. ' + +3. The area shall be permanently maintained and +identified as a safe dispersal area. + +4. The area shall be provided with a safe and unob- +structed path of travel from the building. + + + +[BISECTION 1025 +ASSEMBLY + +1025.1 General. Occupancies in Group A which contain seats, +tables, displays, equipment or other material shall comply with +this section. + +1025.1.1 Bleachers. Bleachers, grandstands, and folding +and telescopic seating shall comply with ICC 300. + + + +130 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1025.2 Assembly main exit. Group A occupancies that have +an occupant load of greater than 300 shall be provided with a +main exit. The main exit shall be of sufficient width to accom- +modate not less than one-half of the occupant load, but such +width shall not be less than the total required width of all means +of egress leading to the exit. Where the building is classified as +a Group A occupancy, the main exit shall front on at least one +street or an unoccupied space of not less than 10 feet (3048 +mm) in width that adjoins a street or public way. + +Exception: In assembly occupancies where there is no +well-defined main exit or where multiple main exits are pro- +vided, exits shall be permitted to be distributed around the +perimeter of the building provided that the total width of +egress is not less than 100 percent of the required width. + +1025.3 Assembly other exits. In addition to having access to a +main exit, each level in a Group A occupancy having an occu- +pant load greater than 300 shall be provided with additional +means of egress that shall provide an egress capacity for at least +one-half of the total occupant load served by that level and +comply with Section 1015.2. + +Exception: In assembly occupancies where there is no +well-defined main exit or where multiple main exits are pro- +vided, exits shall be permitted to be distributed around the +perimeter of the building, provided that the total width of +egress is not less than 100 percent of the required width. + +1025.4 Foyers and lobbies. In Group A-1 occupancies, where +persons are admitted to the building at times when seats are not +available and are allowed to wait in a lobby or similar space, +such use of lobby or similar space shall not encroach upon the +required clear width of the means of egress. Such waiting areas +shall be separated from the required means of egress by sub- +stantial permanent partitions or by fixed rigid railings not less +than 42 inches (1067 mm) high. Such foyer, if not directly con- +nected to a public street by all the main entrances or exits, shall +have a straight and unobstructed corridor or path of travel to +every such main entrance or exit. + +1025.5 Interior balcony and gallery means of egress. For + +balconies or galleries having a seating capacity of 50 or more +located in Group A occupancies, at least two means of egress +shall be provided, with one from each side of every balcony or +gallery and at least one leading directly to an exit. + +1025.5.1 Enclosure of balcony openings. Interior stairways +and other vertical openings shall be enclosed in an exit + + + +enclosure as provided in Section 1020.1, except that stair- +ways are permitted to be open between the balcony and the +main assembly floor in occupancies such as theaters, places +of religious worship and auditoriums. At least one accessi- +ble means of egress is required from a balcony or gallery +level containing accessible seating locations in accordance +with Section 1007.3 or 1007.4. + +1025.6 Width of means of egress for assembly. The clear width +of aisles and other means of egress shall comply with Section +1025.6. 1 where smoke-protected seating is not provided and with +Section 1025.6.2 or 1025.6.3 where smoke-protected seating is +provided. The clear width shall be measured to walls, edges of +seating and tread edges except for permitted projections. + +1025.6.1 Without smoke protection. The clear width of +the means of egress shall provide sufficient capacity in +accordance with all of the following, as applicable: + +1 . At least 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) of width for each occupant +served shall be provided on stairs having riser heights +7 inches (178 mm) or less and tread depths 1 1 inches +(279 mm) or greater, measured horizontally between +tread nosings. + +2. At least 0.005 inch (0.127 mm) of additional stair +width for each occupant shall be provided for each 0. 10 +inch (2.5 mm) of riser height above 7 inches (178 mm). + +3. Where egress requires stair descent, at least 0.075 +inch (1.9 mm) of additional width for each occupant +shall be provided on those portions of stair width hav- +ing no handrail within a horizontal distance of 30 +inches (762 mm). + +4. Ramped means of egress, where slopes are steeper +than one unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8-percent +slope), shall have at least 0.22 inch (5.6 mm) of clear +width for each occupant served. Level or ramped +means of egress, where slopes are not steeper than one +unit vertical in 12 units horizontal (8-percent slope), +shall have at least 0.20 inch (5.1 mm) of clear width +for each occupant served. + +1025.6.2 Smoke-protected seating. The clear width of the +means of egress for smoke-protected assembly seating shall +not be less than the occupant load served by the egress ele- +ment multiphed by the appropriate factor in Table 1025.6.2. +The total number of seats specified shall be those within the +space exposed to the same smoke-protected environment. + + + +TABLE 1025.6.2 +WIDTH OF AISLES FOR SMOKE-PROTECTED ASSEMBLY + + + +TOTAL NUMBER OF +SEATS IN THE SMOKE- +PROTECTED ASSEMBLY +OCCUPANCY + + +INCHES OF CLEAR WIDTH PER SEAT SERVED + + +Stairs and aisle steps with +handrails within 30 inches + + +Stairs and aisle steps +without handrails +within 30 inches + + +Passageways, doorways + +and ramps not steeper + +than 1 in 10 in slope + + +Ramps steeper +than 1 in 10 in slope + + +Equal to or less than 5,000 + + +0.200 + + +0.250 + + +0.150 + + +0.165 + + +10,000 + + +0.130 + + +0.163 + + +0.100 + + +0.110 + + +15,000 + + +0.096 + + +0.120 + + +0.070 + + +0.077 + + +20,000 + + +0.076 + + +0.095 + + +0.056 + + +0.062 + + +Equal to or greater than 25,000 + + +0.060 + + +0.075 + + +0.044 + + +0.048 + + + +For SI: 1 inch - 25.4 mm. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +131 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +Interpolation is permitted between the specific values +shown. A life safety evaluation, complying with NFPA 101, +shall be done for a facility utilizing the reduced width +requirements of Table 1025.6.2 for smoke-protected assem- +bly seating. + +Exception: For an outdoor smoke-protected assembly +with an occupant load not greater than 18,000, the clear +width shall be determined using the factors in Section +1025.6.3. + +1025.6.2.1 Smoke control. Means of egress serving a +smoke-protected assembly seating area shall be provided +with a smoke control system complying with Section +909 or natural ventilation designed to maintain the +smoke level at least 6 feet (1829 mm) above the floor of +the means of egress. + +1025.6.2.2 Roof height. A smoke-protected assembly +seating area with a roof shall have the lowest portion of +the roof deck not less than 15 feet (4572 mm) above the +highest aisle or aisle accessway. + +Exception: A roof canopy in an outdoor stadium +shall be permitted to be less than 15 feet (4572 mm) +above the highest aisle or aisle accessway provided +that there are no objects less than 80 inches (2032 +mm) above the highest aisle or aisle accessway. + +1025.6.2.3 Automatic sprinklers. Enclosed areas with +walls and ceilings in buildings or structures containing +smoke-protected assembly seating shall be protected +with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accor- +dance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +Exceptions: + +1 . The floor area used for contests, performances +or entertainment provided the roof construction +is more than 50 feet (15 240 mm) above the +floor level and the use is restricted to low fire +hazard uses. + +2. Press boxes and storage facilities less than +1,000 square feet (93 m^) in area. + +3 . Outdoor seating facilities where seating and the +means of egress in the seating area are essen- +tially open to the outside. + +1025.6.3 Width of means of egress for outdoor +smoke-protected assembly. The clear width in inches +(mm) of aisles and other means of egress shall be not less +than the total occupant load served by the egress element +multiphed by 0.08 (2.0 mm) where egress is by aisles and +stairs and multiplied by 0.06 (1.52 mm) where egress is by +ramps, corridors, tunnels or vomitories. + +Exception: The clear width in inches (mm) of aisles and +other means of egress shall be permitted to comply with +Section 1025.6.2 for the number of seats in the outdoor +smoke-protected assembly where Section 1025.6.2 per- +mits less width. + +1025.7 Travel distance. Exits and aisles shall be so located that +the travel distance to an exit door shall not be greater than 200 +feet (60 960 mm) measured along the line of travel in + + + +nonsprinklered buildings. Travel distance shall not be more +than 250 feet (76 200 nun) in sprinklered buildings. Where +aisles are provided for seating, the distance shall be measured +along the aisles and aisle accessway without travel over or on +the seats. + +Exceptions: + +1. Smoke-protected assembly seating: The travel dis- +tance from each seat to the nearest entrance to a +vomitory or concourse shall not exceed 200 feet (60 +960 mm). The travel distance from the entrance to the +vomitory or concourse to a stair, ramp or walk on the +exterior of the building shall not exceed 200 feet (60 +960 mm). + +2. Open-air seating: The travel distance from each seat +to the building exterior shall not exceed 400 feet (122 +m). The travel distance shall not be limited in facilities +of Type I or II construction. + +1025.8 Common path of travel. The common path of egress +travel shall not exceed 30 feet (9144 mm) from any seat to a +point where an occupant has a choice of two paths of egress +travel to two exits. + +Exceptions: + +1 . For areas serving less than 50 occupants, the common +path of egress travel shall not exceed 75 feet (22 860 +mm). + +2. For smoke-protected assembly seating, the common +path of egress travel shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240 +mm). + +1025.8.1 Path through adjacent row. Where one of the +two paths of travel is across the aisle through a row of seats +to another aisle, there shall be not more than 24 seats +between the two aisles, and the minimum clear width +between rows for the row between the two aisles shall be 12 +inches (305 mm) plus 0.6 inch (15.2 mm) for each addi- +tional seat above seven in the row between aisles. + +Exception: For smoke-protected assembly seating there +shall not be more than 40 seats between the two aisles +and the minimum clear width shall be 12 inches (305 +mm) plus 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) for each additional seat. + +1025.9 Assembly aisles are required. Every occupied portion +of any occupancy in Group A that contains seats, tables, dis- +plays, similar fixtures or equipment shall be provided with +aisles leading to exits or exit access doorways in accordance +with this section. Aisle accessways for tables and seating shall +comply with Section 1014.4.3. + +1025.9.1 Minimum aisle width. The minimum clear width +for aisles shall be as shown: + +1. Forty-eight inches (1219 mm) for aisle stairs having +seating on each side. + +Exception: Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the +aisle serves less than 50 seats. + +2. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for aisle stairs having +seating on only one side. + + + +132 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +3. Twenty-three inches (584 nun) between an aisle stair +handrail or guard and seating where the aisle is subdi- +vided by a handrail. + +4. Forty-two inches (1067 mm) for level or ramped +aisles having seating on both sides. + +Exceptions: + +1. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the aisle +serves less than 50 seats. + +2. Thirty inches (762 mm) where the aisle does +not serve more than 14 seats. + +5. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for level or ramped aisles +having seating on only one side. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Thirty inches (762 mm) where the aisle does +not serve more than 14 seats. + +2. Twenty-three inches (584 mm) between an +aisle stair handrail and seating where an aisle +does not serve more than five rows on one +side. + +1025.9.2 Aisle width. The aisle width shall provide suffi- +cient egress capacity for the number of persons accommo- +dated by the catchment area served by the aisle. The +catchment area served by an aisle is that portion of the total +space that is served by that section of the aisle. In establish- +ing catchment areas, the assumption shall be made that there +is a balanced use of all means of egress, with the number of +persons in proportion to egress capacity. + +1025.9.3 Converging aisles. Where aisles converge to form +a single path of egress travel, the required egress capacity of +that path shall not be less than the combined required capac- +ity of the converging aisles. + +1025.9.4 Uniform width. Those portions of aisles, where +egress is possible in either of two directions, shall be uni- +form in required width. + +1025.9.5 Assembly aisle termination. Each end of an aisle +shall terminate at cross aisle, foyer, doorway, vomitory or +concourse having access to an exit. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Dead-end aisles shall not be greater than 20 feet +(6096 mm) in length. + +2. Dead-end aisles longer than 20 feet (6096 mm) are +permitted where seats beyond the 20-foot (6096 +mm) dead-end aisle are no more than 24 seats from +another aisle, measured along a row of seats hav- +ing a minimum clear width of 12 inches (305 mm) +plus 0.6 inch (15.2 mm) for each additional seat +above seven in the row. + +3. For smoke-protected assembly seating, the +dead-end aisle length of vertical aisles shall not +exceed a distance of 21 rows. + +4. For smoke-protected assembly seating, a longer +dead-end aisle is permitted where seats beyond the +21 -row dead-end aisle are not more than 40 seats +from another aisle, measured along a row of seats + + + +having an aisle accessway with a minimum clear +width of 12 inches (305 mm) plus 0.3 inch (7.6 +mm) for each additional seat above seven in the +row. + +1025.9.6 Assembly aisle obstructions. There shall be no +obstructions in the required width of aisles except for hand- +rails as provided in Section 1025.13. + +1025.10 Clear width of aisle accessways serving seating. + +Where seating rows have 14 or fewer seats, the minimum clear +aisle accessway width shall not be less than 12 inches (305 +mm) measured as the clear horizontal distance from the back of +the row ahead and the nearest projection of the row behind. +Where chairs have automatic or self-rising seats, the measure- +ment shall be made with seats in the raised position. Where any +chair in the row does not have an automatic or self-rising seat, +the measurements shall be made with the seat in the down posi- +tion. For seats with folding tablet arms, row spacing shall be +determined with the tablet arm down. + +1025.10.1 Dual access. For rows of seating served by aisles +or doorways at both ends, there shall not be more than 100 +seats per row. The minimum clear width of 12 inches (305 +mm) between rows shall be increased by 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) +for every additional seat beyond 14 seats, but the minimum +clear width is not required to exceed 22 inches (559 mm). + +Exception: For smoke-protected assembly seating, the +row length limits for a 12-inch- wide (305 mm) aisle +accessway, beyond which the aisle accessway minimum +clear width shall be increased, are in Table 1025.10.1. + +TABLE 1025.10.1 + +SMOKE-PROTECTED + +ASSEMBLY AISLE ACCESSWAYS + + + +TOTAL NUMBER OF +SEATS IN THE SMOKE- +PROTECTED ASSEMBLY +OCCUPANCY + + +MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SEATS PER ROW + +PERMITTED TO HAVE A MINIMUM 12-INCH + +CLEAR WIDTH AISLE ACCESSWAY + + +Aisle or doorway at +both ends of row + + +Aisle or doorway at +one end of row only + + +Less than 4,000 + + +14 + + +7 + + +4,000 + + +15 + + +7 + + +7,000 + + +16 + + +8 + + +10,000 + + +17 + + +8 + + +13,000 + + +18 + + +9 + + +16,000 + + +19 + + +9 + + +19,000 + + +20 + + +10 + + +22,000 and greater + + +21 + + +11 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm. + +1025.10.2 Single access. For rows of seating served by an +aisle or doorway at only one end of the row, the minimum +clear width of 12 inches (305 mm) between rows shall be +increased by 0.6 inch (15.2 mm) for every additional seat +beyond seven seats, but the minimum clear width is not +required to exceed 22 inches (559 mm). + +Exception: For smoke-protected assembly seating, the +row length limits for a 12-inch- wide (305 mm) aisle +accessway, beyond which the aisle accessway minimum +clear width shall be increased, are in Table 1025.10.1. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +133 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1025.11 Assembly aisle walking surfaces. Aisles with a slope +not exceeding one unit vertical in eight units horizontal +(12.5-percent slope) shall consist of a ramp having a slip-resis- +tant walking surface. Aisles with a slope exceeding one unit +vertical in eight units horizontal (12.5-percent slope) shall con- +sist of a series of risers and treads that extends across the full +width of aisles and complies with Sections 1025.11.1 through +1025.11.3. + +1025.11.1 Treads. Tread depths shall be a minimum of 11 +inches (279 mm) and shall have dimensional uniformity. + +Exception: The tolerance between adjacent treads shall +not exceed 0.188 inch (4.8 mm). + +1025.11.2 Risers. Where the gradient of aisle stairs is to be +the same as the gradient of adjoining seating areas, the riser +height shall not be less than 4 inches (102 mm) nor more +than 8 inches (203 mm) and shall be uniform within each +flight. + +Exceptions: + +1. Riser height nonuniformity shall be limited to the +extent necessitated by changes in the gradient of +the adjoining seating area to maintain adequate +sightlines. Where nonuniformities exceed 0.188 +inch (4.8 mm) between adjacent risers, the exact +location of such nonuniformities shall be indicated +with a distinctive marking stripe on each tread at +the nosing or leading edge adjacent to the nonuni- +form risers. Such stripe shall be a minimum of 1 +inch (25 mm), and a maximum of 2 inches (51 +mm), wide. The edge marking stripe shall be dis- +tinctively different from the contrasting marking +stripe. + +2. Riser heights not exceeding 9 inches (229 mm) +shall be permitted where they are necessitated by +the slope of the adjacent seating areas to maintain +sightlines. + +1025.11.3 Tread contrasting marking stripe. A contrast- +ing marking stripe shall be provided on each tread at the nos- +ing or leading edge such that the location of each tread is +readily apparent when viewed in descent. Such stripe shall +be a minimum of 1 inch (25 mm), and a maximum of 2 +inches (5 1 mm), wide. + +Exception: The contrasting marking stripe is permitted +to be omitted where tread surfaces are such that the loca- +tion of each tread is readily apparent when viewed in +descent. + +1025.12 Seat stability. In places of assembly, the seats shall be +securely fastened to the floor. + +Exceptions: + +1. In places of assembly or portions thereof without +ramped or tiered floors for seating and with 200 or +fewer seats, the seats shall not be required to be fas- +tened to the floor. + +2. In places of assembly or portions thereof with seating +at tables and without ramped or tiered floors for seat- + + + +ing, the seats shall not be required to be fastened to the +floor. + +3. In places of assembly or portions thereof without +ramped or tiered floors for seating and with greater +than 200 seats, the seats shall be fastened together in +groups of not less than three or the seats shall be +securely fastened to the floor. + +4. In places of assembly where flexibility of the seating +arrangement is an integral part of the design and func- +tion of the space and seating is on tiered levels, a max- +imum of 200 seats shall not be required to be fastened +to the floor. Plans showing seating, tiers and aisles +shall be submitted for approval. + +5. Groups of seats within a place of assembly separated +from other seating by railings, guards, partial height +walls or similar barriers with level floors and having +no more than 14 seats per group shall not be required +to be fastened to the floor. + +6. Seats intended for musicians or other performers and +separated by railings, guards, partial height walls or +similar barriers shall not be required to be fastened to +the floor. + +1025.13 Handrails. Ramped aisles having a slope exceeding +one unit vertical in 15 units horizontal (6.7-percent slope) and +aisle stairs shall be provided with handrails located either at the +side or within the aisle width. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Handrails are not required for ramped aisles having a +gradient no greater than one unit vertical in eight units +horizontal (12.5-percent slope) and seating on both +sides. + +2. Handrails are not required if, at the side of the aisle, +there is a guard that complies with the graspability +requirements of handrails. + +1025.13.1 Discontinuous handrails. Where there is seat- +ing on both sides of the aisle, the handrails shall be discon- +tinuous with gaps or breaks at intervals not exceeding five +rows to facilitate access to seating and to permit crossing +from one side of the aisle to the other. These gaps or breaks +shall have a clear width of at least 22 inches (559 mm) and +not greater than 36 inches (914 mm), measured horizon- +tally, and the handrail shall have rounded terminations or +bends. + +1025.13.2 Intermediate handrails. Where handrails are +provided in the middle of aisle stairs, there shall be an addi- +tional intermediate handrail located approximately 12 inches +(305 mm) below the main handrail. + +1025.14 Assembly guards. Assembly guards shall comply +with Sections 1025.14.1 through 1025.14.3. + +1025.14.1 Cross aisles. Cross aisles located more than 30 +inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below shall have +guards in accordance with Section 1013. + +Where an elevation change of 30 inches (762 nmi) or less +occurs between a cross aisle and the adjacent floor or grade + + + +134 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +below, guards not less than 26 inches (660 mm) above the +aisle floor shall be provided. + +Exception: Where the backs of seats on the front of the +cross aisle project 24 inches (610 mm) or more above the +adjacent floor of the aisle, a guard need not be provided. + +1025.14.2 Sightline-constrained guard heights. Unless +subject to the requirements of Section 1025.14.3, a fascia or +railing system in accordance with the guard requirements of +Section 1013 and having a minimum height of 26 inches +(660 mm) shall be provided where the floor or footboard +elevation is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or +grade below and the fascia or railing would otherwise inter- +fere with the sightlines of immediately adjacent seating. At +bleachers, a guard must be provided where the floor or foot- +board elevation is more than 24 inches (610 mm) above the +floor or grade below and the fascia or railing would other- +wise interfere with the sightlines of the immediately adja- +cent seating. + +1025.14.3 Guards at the end of aisles. A fascia or railing +system complying with the guard requirements of Section +1013 shall be provided for the full width of the aisle where +the foot of the aisle is more than 30 inches (762 mm) above +the floor or grade below. The fascia or railing shall be a min- +imum of 36 inches (914 mm) high and shall provide a mini- +mum 42 inches (1067 mm) measured diagonally between +the top of the rail and the nosing of the nearest tread. + +1025.15 Bench seating. Where bench seating is used, the num- +ber of persons shall be based on one person for each 18 inches +(457 mm) of length of the bench. + + + +[BISECTION 1026 +EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE + +1026.1 General. In addition to the means of egress required by +this chapter, provisions shall be made for emergency escape +and rescue in Group R and I-l occupancies. Basements and +sleeping rooms below the fourth story above grade plane shall +have at least one exterior emergency escape and rescue opening +in accordance with this section. Where basements contain one +or more sleeping rooms, emergency egress and rescue open- +ings shall be required in each sleeping room, but shall not be +required in adjoining areas of the basement. Such openings +shall open directly into a public way or to a yard or court that +opens to a public way. + +Exceptions: + +1. In other than Group R-3 occupancies, buildings +equipped throughout with an approved automatic +sprinkler system in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. + +2. In other than Group R-3 occupancies, sleeping rooms +provided with a door to a fire-resistance-rated corri- +dor having access to two remote exits in opposite +directions. + +3. The emergency escape and rescue opening is permit- +ted to open onto a balcony within an atrium in accor- +dance with the requirements of Section 404 of the +International Building Code, provided the balcony + + + +provides access to an exit and the dwelling unit or +sleeping unit has a means of egress that is not open to +the atrium. + +4. Basements with a ceiling height of less than 80 inches +(2032 mm) shall not be required to have emergency +escape and rescue windows. + +5 . High-rise buildings in accordance with Section 403 of +the International Building Code. + +6. Emergency escape and rescue openings are not +required from basements or sleeping rooms that have +an exit door or exit access door that opens directly into +a public way or to a yard, court or exterior exit bal- +cony that opens to a public way. + +7. Basements without habitable spaces and having no +more than 200 square feet (1 8.6 m^) in floor area shall +not be required to have emergency escape windows. + +1026.2 Minimum size. Emergency escape and rescue open- +ings shall have a minimum net clear opening of 5.7 square feet +(0.53 m2). + +Exception: The minimum net clear opening for emergency +escape and rescue grade-floor openings shall be 5 square +feet (0.46 m^). + +1026.2.1 Minimum dimensions. The minimum net clear +opening height dimension shall be 24 inches (610 mm). The +minimum net clear opening width dimension shall be 20 +inches (508 mm). The net clear opening dimensions shall be +the result of normal operation of the opening. + +1026.3 Maximum height from floor. Emergency escape and +rescue openings shall have the bottom of the clear opening not +greater than 44 inches (1118 mm) measured from the floor. + +1026.4 Operational constraints. Emergency escape and res- +cue openings shall be operational from the inside of the room +without the use of keys or tools. Bars, grilles, grates or similar +devices are permitted to be placed over emergency escape and +rescue openings provided the minimum net clear opening size +complies with Section 1026.2 and such devices shall be +releasable or removable from the inside without the use of a +key, tool or force greater than that which is required for normal +operation of the escape and rescue opening. Where such bars, +grilles, grates or similar devices are installed in existing build- +ings, smoke alarms shall be installed in accordance with Sec- +tions 907.2.10 regardless of the valuation of the alteration. + +1026.5 Window wells. An emergency escape and rescue open- +ing with a finished sill height below the adjacent ground level +shall be provided with a window well in accordance with Sec- +tions 1026.5.1 and 1026.5.2. + +1026.5.1 Minimum size. The minimum horizontal area of +the window well shall be 9 square feet (0.84 m^), with a min- +imum dimension of 36 inches (914 mm). The area of the +window well shall allow the emergency escape and rescue +opening to be fully opened. + +1026.5.2 Ladders or steps. Window wells with a vertical +depth of more than 44 inches (1118 mm) shall be equipped +with an approved permanently affixed ladder or steps. Lad- +ders or rungs shall have an inside width of at least 12 inches +(305 mm), shall project at least 3 inches (76 mm) from the + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +135 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +wall and shall be spaced not more than 18 inches (457 mm) +on center (o.c.) vertically for the full height of the window +well. The ladder or steps shall not encroach into the required +dimensions of the window well by more than 6 inches (152 +mm). The ladder or steps shall not be obstructed by the +emergency escape and rescue opening. Ladders or steps +required by this section are exempt from the stairway +requirements of Section 1009. + + + +SECTION 1027 +MEANS OF EGRESS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS + +1027.1 General. Means of egress in existing buildings shall +comply with Sections 1003 through 1026, except as amended +in Section 1027. + +Exception: Mean of egress conforming to the requirements +of the building code under which they were constructed +shall be considered as complying means of egress if, in the +opinion of the fire code official, they do not constitute a dis- +tinct hazard to life. + +1027.2 Elevators, escalators and moving walks. Elevators, +escalators and moving walks shall not be used as a component +of a required means of egress. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Elevators used as an accessible means of egress where +allowed by Section 1007.4. + +2. Previously approved escalators and moving walks in +existing buildings. + +1027.3 Exit sign illumination. Exit signs shall be internally or +externally illuminated. The face of an exit sign illuminated +from an external source, shall have an intensity of not less than +5 foot-candles (54 lux). Internally illuminated signs shall pro- +vide equivalent luminance and be listed for the purpose. + +Exception: Approved self-luminous signs that provide +evenly illuminated letters shall have a minimum luminance +of 0.06 foot-lamberts (0.21 cd/m^). + +1027.4 Power source. Where emergency illumination is +required in Section 1027.5, exit signs shall be visible under +emergency illumination conditions. + +Exception: Approved signs that provide continuous illumi- +nation independent of external power sources are not +required to be connected to an emergency electrical system. + +1027.5 Illumination emergency power. The power supply for +means of egress illumination shall normally be provided by the +premises' electrical supply. In the event of power supply fail- +ure, illumination shall be automatically provided from an +emergency system for the following occupancies where such +occupancies require two or more means of egress: + +I 1. Group A having 50 or more occupants. + +Exception: Assembly occupancies used exclusively +as a place of worship and having an occupant load of +less than 300. + +2. Group B buildings three or more stories in height, build- +ings with 100 or more occupants above or below the + + + +level of exit discharge, or buildings with 1,000 or more +total occupants. + +3. Group E in interior stairs, corridors, windowless areas +with student occupancy, shops and laboratories. + +4. Group F having more than 100 occupants. + +Exception: Buildings used only during daylight +hours which are provided with windows for natural +light in accordance with the International Building +Code. + +5. Group I. + +6. Group M. + +Exception: Buildings less than 3,000 square feet +(279 m^) in gross sales area on one story only, exclud- +ing mezzanines. + +7. Group R-1. + +Exception: Where each sleeping unit has direct +access to the outside of the building at grade. + +8. Group R-2. + +Exception: Where each dwelling unit or sleeping unit +has direct access to the outside of the building at +grade. + +9. Group R-4. + +Exception: Where each sleeping unit has direct +access to the outside of the building at ground level. + +The emergency power system shall provide power for not +less than 60 minutes and consist of storage batteries, unit +equipment or an on-site generator. The installation of the emer- +gency power system shall be in accordance with Section 604. + +1027.6 Guards. Guards complying with this section shall be +provided at the open sides of means of egress that are more than +30 inches (762 mm) above the floor or grade below. + +1027.6.1 Height of guards. Guards shall form a protective +barrier not less than 42 inches (1067 mm) high. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Existing guards on the open side of stairs shall be +not less than 30 inches (760 mm) high. + +2. Existing guards within dwelling units shall be not +less than 36 inches (910 mm) high. + +3. Existing guards in assembly seating areas. + +1027.6.2 Opening limitations. Open guards shall have bal- +usters or ornamental patterns such that a 6-inch diameter +(152 mm) sphere cannot pass through any opening up to a +height of 34 inches (864 mm). + +Exceptions: + +1 . At elevated walking surfaces for access to, and use +of electrical, mechanical or plumbing systems or +equipment, guards shall have balusters or be of +solid materials such that a sphere with a diameter +of 21 inches (533 mm) cannot pass through any +opening. + + + +136 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +2. In occupancies in Group 1-3, F, H or S, the clear +distance between intermediate rails measured at +right angles to the rails shall not exceed 21 inches +(533 mm). + +3. Approved existing open guards. + +1027.7 Size of doors. The minimum width of each door open- +ing shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof and shall +provide a clear width of not less than 28 inches (711 mm). +Where this section requires a minimum clear width of 28 +inches (711 mm) and a door opening includes two door leaves +without a mullion, one leaf shall provide a clear opening width +of 28 inches (711 mm). The maximum width of a swinging +door leaf shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) nominal. Means of +egress doors in an occupancy in Group 1-2 used for the move- +ment of beds shall provide a clear width not less than 41.5 +inches (1054 mm). The height of doors shall not be less than 80 +inches (2032 mm). + +Exceptions: + +1 . The minimum and maximum width shall not apply to +door openings that are not part of the required means +of egress in occupancies in Groups R-2 and R-3. + +2. Door openings to storage closets less than 10 square +feet (0.93 m^) in area shall not be limited by the mini- +mum width. + +3. Width of door leafs in revolving doors that comply +with Section 1008.1.3.1 shall not be limited. + +4. Door openings within a dwelling unit shall not be less +than 78 inches (1981 mm) in height. + +5. Exterior door openings in dwelling units, other than +the required exit door, shall not be less than 76 inches +(1930 mm) in height. + +6. Exit access doors serving a room not larger than 70 +square feet (6.5 m^) shall be not less than 24 inches +(610 mm) in door width. + +1027.8 Opening force for doors. The opening force for inte- +rior side-swinging doors without closers shall not exceed a +5-pound (22 N) force. For other side-swinging, sliding and +folding doors, the door latch shall release when subjected to a +force of not more than 15 pounds (66 N). The door shall be set +in motion when subjected to a force not exceeding a 30-pound +(133 N) force. The door shall swing to a full-open position +when subjected to a force of not more than 50 pounds (222 N). +Forces shall be applied to the latch side. + +1027.9 Revolving doors. Revolving doors shall comply with +the following: + +1. A revolving door shall not be located within 10 feet +(3048 mm) of the foot or top of stairs or escalators. A dis- +persal area shall be provided between the stairs or escala- +tors and the revolving doors. + +2. The revolutions per minute for a revolving door shall not +exceed those shown in Table 1027.9. + + + +3. Each revolving door shall have a conforming +side-hinged swinging door in the same wall as the +revolving door and within 10 feet (3048 mm). + +Exceptions: + +1 . A revolving door is permitted to be used without an +adjacent swinging door for street floor elevator lob- +bies provided a stairway, escalator or door from other +parts of the building does not discharge through the +lobby and the lobby does not have any occupancy or +use other than as a means of travel between elevators +and a street. + +2. Existing revolving doors where the number of revolv- +ing doors does not exceed the number of swinging +doors within 20 feet (6096 mm). + +TABLE 1027.9 +REVOLVING DOOR SPEEDS + + + +INSIDE DIAMETER + + +POWER-DRIVEN-TYPE +SPEED CONTROL (RPM) + + +MANUAL-TYPE +SPEED CONTROL (RPM) + + +6'6" + + +11 + + +12 + + +TO" + + +10 + + +11 + + +7'6" + + +9 + + +11 + + +8'0" + + +9 + + +10 + + +8'6" + + +8 + + +9 + + +9'0" + + +8 + + +9 + + +9'6" + + +7 + + +8 + + +lO'O" + + +7 + + +8 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +1027.9.1 Egress component. A revolving door used as a +component of a means of egress shall comply with Section +1027.9 and all of the following conditions: + +1. Revolving doors shall not be given credit for more +than 50 percent of the required egress capacity. + +2. Each revolving door shall be credited with not more +than a 50-person capacity. + +3. Revolving doors shall be capable of being collapsed +when a force of not more than 130 pounds (578 N) is +applied within 3 inches (76 mm) of the outer edge of a +wing. + +1027.10 Stair dimensions for existing stairs. Existing stairs +in buildings shall be permitted to remain if the rise does not +exceed 8.25 inches (210 mm) and the run is not less than 9 +inches (229 mm). Existing stairs can be rebuilt. + +Exception: Other stairs approved by the fire code official. + +1027.10.1 Stair dimensions for replacement stairs. The + +replacement of an existing stairway in a structure shall not +be required to comply with the new stairway requirements +of Section 1009 where the existing space and construction +will not allow a reduction in pitch or slope. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +137 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1027.11 Winders. Existing winders shall be allowed to remain +in use if they have a minimum tread depth of 6 inches (152 mm) +and a minimum tread depth of 9 inches (229 mm) at a point 12 +inches (305 mm) from the narrowest edge. + +1027.12 Circular stairways. Existing circular stairs shall be +allowed to continue in use provided the minimum depth of +tread is 10 inches (254 mm) and the smallest radius shall not be +less than twice the width of the stairway. + +1027.13 Stairway handrails. Stairways shall have handrails +on at least one side. Handrails shall be located so that all por- +tions of the stairway width required for egress capacity are +within 44 inches (1118 mm) of a handrail. + +Exception: Aisle stairs provided with a center handrail are +not required to have additional handrails. + +1027.13.1 Height. Handrail height, measured above stair +tread nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 inches (762 +mm) and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm). + +1027.14 Slope of ramps. Ramp runs utilized as part of a means +of egress shall have a running slope not steeper than one unit +vertical in ten units horizontal (10-percent slope). The slope of +other ramps shall not be steeper than one unit vertical in eight +units horizontal (12.5-percent slope). + +1027.15 Width of ramps. Existing ramps are permitted to +have a minimum width of 30 inches (762 mm) but not less than +the width required for the number of occupants served as deter- +mined by Section 1005.1. + +1027.16 Fire escape stairs. Fire escape stairs shall comply +with Sections 1027.16.1 through 1027.16.7. + +1027.16.1 Existing means of egress. Fire escape stairs +shall be permitted in existing buildings but shall not consti- +tute more than 50 percent of the required exit capacity. + +1027.16.2 Protection of openings. Openings within 10 feet +(3048 mm) of fire escape stairs shall be protected by fire +door assemblies having a minimum V4-hour fire-resistance +rating. + +Exception: In buildings equipped throughout with an +approved automatic sprinkler system, opening protec- +tion is not required. + +1027.16.3 Dimensions. Fire escape stairs shall meet the +minimum width, capacity, riser height and tread depth as +specified in Section 1027.10. + +1027.16.4 Access. Access to a fire escape from a corridor +shall not be through an intervening room. Access to a fire +escape stair shall be from a door or window meeting the cri- +teria of Table 1005.1. Access to a fire escape stair shall be +directly to a balcony, landing or platform. These shall be no +higher than the floor or window sill level and no lower than 8 +inches (203 mm) below the floor level or 18 inches (457 +mm) below the window sill. + +1027.16.5 Materials and strength. Components of fire +escape stairs shall be constructed of noncombustible materi- +als. + + + +Fire escape stairs and balconies shall support the dead +load plus a live load of not less than 100 pounds per square +foot (4.78 kN/m^). Fire escape stairs and balconies shall be +provided with a top and intermediate handrail on each side. + +The fire code official is authorized to require testing or +other satisfactory evidence that an existing fire escape stair +meets the requirements of this section. + +1027.16.6 Termination. The lowest balcony shall not be +more than 18 feet (5486 mm) from the ground. Fire escape +stairs shall extend to the ground or be provided with coun- +terbalanced stairs reaching the ground. + +Exception: For fire escape stairs serving 10 or fewer +occupants, an approved fire escape ladder is allowed to +serve as the termination for a fire escape stairs. + +1027.16.7 Maintenance. Fire escapes shall be kept clear +and unobstructed at all times and shall be maintained in +good working order. + +1027.17 Corridors. Corridors serving an occupant load +greater than 30 and the openings therein shall provide an effec- +tive barrier to resist the movement of smoke. Transoms, lou- +vers, doors and other openings shall be closed or be +self-closing. + +Exceptions: + +1. Corridors in occupancies other than in Group H, +which are equipped throughout with an approved +automatic sprinkler system. + +2. Patient room doors in corridors in occupancies in +Group 1-2 where smoke barriers are provided in +accordance with the International Building Code. + +3. Corridors in occupancies in Group E where each +room utilized for instruction or assembly has at least +one-half of the required means of egress doors open- +ing directly to the exterior of the building at ground +level. + +4. Corridors that are in accordance with the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +1027.17.1 Corridor openings. Openings in corridor walls +shall comply with the requirements of the International +Building Code. + +Exceptions: + +1. Where 20-minute fire door assemblies are +required, solid wood doors at least 1.75 inches (44 +mm) thick or insulated steel doors are allowed. + +2. Openings protected with fixed wire glass set in +steel frames. + +3. Openings covered with 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) gyp- +sum wallboard or 0.75-inch (19.1 mm) plywood +on the room side. + +4. Opening protection is not required when the build- +ing is equipped throughout with an approved auto- +matic sprinkler system. + + + +138 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1027.17.2 Dead ends. Where more than one exit or exit +access doorway is required, the exit access shall be arranged +such that dead ends do not exceed the limits specified in +Table 1027.17.2. + +Exception: A dead-end passageway or corridor shall not +be limited in length where the length of the dead-end pas- +sageway or corridor is less than 2.5 times the least width +of the dead-end passageway or corridor. + +1027.17.3 Exit access travel distance. Exits shall be +located so that the maximum length of exit access travel, +measured from the most remote point to an approved exit +along the natural and unobstructed path of egress travel, +does not exceed the distances given in Table 1027.17.2. + + + +1027.17.4 Common path of egress travel. The common +path of egress travel shall not exceed the distances given +Table 1027.17.2. + +1027.18 Stairway discharge identification. A stairway in an +exit enclosure which continues below the level of exit dis- +charge shall be arranged and marked to make the direction of +egress to a public way readily identifiable. + +Exception: Stairs that continue one-half story beyond the +level of exit discharge need not be provided with barriers +where the exit discharge is obvious. + +1027.19 Exterior stairway protection. Exterior exit stairs +shall be separated from the interior of the building as required + + + +TABLE 1027.17.2 +COMMON PATH, DEAD-END AND TRAVEL DISTANCE LIMITS (by occupancy) + + + +OCCUPANCY + + +COMMON PATH LIMIT + + +DEAD-END LIMIT + + +TRAVEL DISTANCE LIMIT + + +Unsprinklered +(feet) + + +Sprinklered +(feet) + + +Unsprinklered +(feet) + + +Sprinklered +(feet) + + +Unsprinklered +(feet) + + +Sprinklered +(feet) + + +Group A + + +20/75'' + + +20/75^ + + +20'' + + +20'' + + +200 + + +250 + + +Group B + + +75 + + +100 + + +50 + + +50 + + +200 + + +250 + + +Group E + + +75 + + +75 + + +20 + + +20 + + +200 + + +250 + + +Groups F- 1,8-1'' + + +75 + + +100 + + +50 + + +50 + + +200 + + +250 + + +Groups F-2, S-2'' + + +75 + + +100 + + +50 + + +50 + + +300 + + +400 + + +Group H-1 + + +25 + + +25 + + + + + + + + +75 + + +75 + + +Group H-2 + + +50 + + +100 + + + + + + + + +75 + + +100 + + +Group H-3 + + +50 + + +100 + + +20 + + +20 + + +100 + + +150 + + +Group H-4 + + +75 + + +75 + + +20 + + +20 + + +150 + + +175 + + +Group H-5 + + +75 + + +75 + + +20 + + +50 + + +150 + + +200 + + +Group I- 1 + + +75 + + +75 + + +20 + + +20 + + +200 + + +250 + + +Group 1-2 (Health Care) + + +NR + + +NR + + +NR + + +NR + + +150 + + +200^^ + + +Group 1-3 (Detention and +Correctional — Use Conditions II, +III, IV, V + + +100 + + +100 + + +NR + + +NR + + +150^ + + +200= + + +Group 1-4 (Day Care Centers) + + +NR + + +NR + + +20 + + +20 + + +200 + + +250 + + +Group M (Covered Mall) + + +75 + + +100 + + +50 + + +50 + + +200 + + +400 + + +Group M (Mercantile) + + +75 + + +100 + + +50 + + +50 + + +200 + + +250 + + +Group R-1 (Hotels) + + +75 + + +75 + + +50 + + +50 + + +200 + + +250 + + +Group R-2 (Apartments) + + +75 + + +75 + + +50 + + +50 + + +200 + + +250 + + +Group R-3 (One- and +Two-Family); Group R-4 +(Residential Care/Assisted Living) + + +NR + + +NR + + +NR + + +NR + + +NR + + +NR + + +Group U + + +75 + + +75 + + +20 + + +20 + + +200 + + +250 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. 20 feet for common path serving 50 or more persons; 75 feet for common path serving less than 50 persons. + +b. See Section 1025.9.5 for dead-end aisles in Group A occupancies. + +c. This dimension is for the total travel distance, assuming incremental portions have fully utihzed their allowable maximums. For travel distance within the room, +and from the room exit access door to the exit, see the appropriate occupancy chapter. + +d. See the International Building Code for special requirements on spacing of doors in aircraft hangars. +NR = No requirements. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +139 + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +in Section 1023.6. Openings shall be limited to those necessary +for egress from normally occupied spaces. + +Exceptions: + +1. Separation from the interior of the building is not +required for buildings that are two stories or less +above grade where the level of exit discharge is the +first story above grade. + +2. Separation from the interior of the building is not +required where the exterior stairway is served by an +exterior balcony that connects two remote exterior +stairways or other approved exits, with a perimeter +that is not less than 50 percent open. To be considered +open, the opening shall be a minimum of 50 percent of +the height of the enclosing wall, with the top of the +opening not less than 7 feet (2134 mm) above the top +of the balcony. + +3. Separation from the interior of the building is not +required for an exterior stairway located in a building +or structure that is permitted to have unenclosed inte- +rior stairways in accordance with Section 1020.1. + +4. Separation from the interior of the building is not +required for exterior stairways connected to +open-ended corridors, provided that: + +4.1. The building, including corridors and stairs, is +equipped throughout with an automatic sprin- +kler system in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. + +4.2. The open-ended corridors comply with Sec- +tion 1017. + +4.3. The open-ended corridors are connected on +each end to an exterior exit stairway comply- +ing with Section 1023.1. + +4.4. At any location in an open-ended corridor +where a change of direction exceeding 45 de- +grees occurs, a clear opening of not less than +35 square feet (3 m^) or an exterior stairway +shall be provided. Where clear openings are +provided, they shall be located so as to mini- +mize the accumulation of smoke or toxic +gases. + +1027.20 Minimum aisles width. The minimum clear width of +aisles shall be: + +1. Forty-two inches (1067 mm) for aisle stairs having seat- +ing on each side. + +Exception: Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the +aisle serves less than 50 seats. + +2. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for stepped aisles having +seating on only one side. + +Exception: Thirty inches (760 mm) for catchment +areas serving not more than 60 seats. + +3. Twenty inches (508 mm) between a stepped aisle hand- +rail or guard and seating when the aisle is subdivided by +the handrail. + + + +4. Forty-two inches (1067 mm) for level or ramped aisles +having seating on both sides. + +Exception: Thirty-six inches (914 mm) where the +aisle serves less than 50 seats. + +5. Thirty-six inches (914 mm) for level or ramped aisles +having seating on only one side. + +Exception: Thirty inches (760 mm) for catchment +areas serving not more than 60 seats. + +6. Twenty-three inches (584 mm) between a stepped stair +handrail and seating where an aisle does not serve more +than five rows on one side. + +1027.21 Stairway floor number signs. Existing stairs shall be +marked in accordance with Section 1020.1.6. + + + +SECTION 1028 +MAINTENANCE OF THE MEANS OF EGRESS + +1028.1 General. The means of egress for buildings or portions +thereof shall be maintained in accordance with this section. + +1028.2 Reliability. Required exit accesses, exits or exit dis- +charges shall be continuously maintained free from obstruc- +tions or impediments to full instant use in the case of fire or +other emergency when the areas served by such exits are occu- +pied. Security devices affecting means of egress shall be sub- +ject to approval of the fire code official. + +1028.3 Obstructions. A means of egress shall be free from +obstructions that would prevent its use, including the accumu- +lation of snow and ice. + +1028.4 Exit signs. Exit signs shall be installed and maintained +in accordance with Section 1011. Decorations, furnishings, +equipment or adjacent signage that impairs the visibility of exit +signs, creates confusion or prevents identification of the exit +shall not be allowed. + +1028.5 Furnishings and decorations. Furnishings, decora- +tions or other objects shall not be placed so as to obstruct exits, +access thereto, egress therefrom, or visibility thereof. Hang- +ings and draperies shall not be placed over exit doors or other- +wise be located to conceal or obstruct an exit. Mirrors shall not +be placed on exit doors. Mirrors shall not be placed in or adja- +cent to any exit in such a manner as to confuse the direction of +exit. + +1028.6 Emergency escape openings. Required emergency +escape openings shall be maintained in accordance with the +code in effect at the time of construction, and the following: +Required emergency escape and rescue openings shall be oper- +ational from the inside of the room without the use of keys or +tools. Bars, grilles, grates or similar devices are allowed to be +placed over emergency escape and rescue openings provided +the minimum net clear opening size complies with the code that +was in effect at the time of construction and such devices shall +be releasable or removable from the inside without the use of a +key, tool or force greater than that which is required for normal +operation of the escape and rescue opening. + + + +140 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +MEANS OF EGRESS + + + +1 + + + +1028.7 Testing and maintenance. All two-way communica- +tion systems for areas of refuge shall be inspected and tested on +a yearly basis to verify that all components are operational. +When required, the tests shall be conducted in the presence of +the fire code official. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 141 + + + +142 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +CHAPTER 11 + +AVIATION FACILITIES + + + +SECTION 1101 +GENERAL + +1101.1 Scope. Airports, heliports, helistops and aircraft han- +gars shall be in accordance with this chapter. + +1101.2 Regulations not covered. Regulations not specifically +contained herein pertaining to airports, aircraft maintenance, +aircraft hangars and appurtenant operations shall be in accor- +dance with nationally recognized standards. + +1101.3 Permits. For permits to operate aircraft-refueling vehi- +cles, application of flammable or combustible finishes, and hot +work, see Section 105.6. + + + +SECTION 1102 +DEFINITIONS + +1102.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +AIRCRAFT OPERATION AREA (AOA). Any area used or +intended for use for the parking, taxiing, takeoff, landing or +other ground-based aircraft activity. + +AIRPORT. An area of land or structural surface that is used, or +intended for use, for the landing and taking off of aircraft with +an overall length greater than 39 feet (1 1 887 mm) and an over- +all exterior fuselage width greater than 6.6 feet (2012 mm), and +any appurtenant areas that are used or intended for use for air- +port buildings and other airport facilities. + +HELIPORT. An area of land or water or a structural surface +that is used, or intended for use, for the landing and taking off +of helicopters, and any appurtenant areas which are used, or +intended for use, for heliport buildings and other heliport facili- +ties. + +HELISTOP. The same as "Heliport," except that no fueling, +defueling, maintenance, repairs or storage of helicopters is per- +mitted. + + + +SECTION 1103 +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS + +1103.1 Sources of ignition. Open flames, flame-producing +devices and other sources of ignition shall not be permitted in a +hangar, except in approved locations or in any location within +50 feet (15 240 mm) of an aircraft-fueling operation. + +1103.2 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited in aircraft-refu- +eling vehicles, aircraft hangars and aircraft operation areas +used for cleaning, paint removal, painting operations or fuel- +ing. "No Smoking" signs shall be provided in accordance with +Section 310. + +Exception: Designated and approved smoking areas. + + + +1103.3 Housekeeping. The aircraft operation area (AOA) and +related areas shall be kept free from combustible debris at all +times. + +1103.4 Fire department access. Fire apparatus access roads +shall be provided and maintained in accordance with Chapter +5. Fire apparatus access roads and aircraft parking positions +shall be designed in a manner so as to preclude the possibility +of fire vehicles traveling under any portion of a parked aircraft. + +1103.5 Dispensing of flammable and combustible liquids. + +The dispensing, transferring and storage of flammable and +combustible liquids shall be in accordance with this chapter +and Chapter 34. Aircraft motor vehicle fuel-dispensing stations +shall be in accordance with Chapter 22. + +1103.6 Combustible storage. Combustible materials stored in +aircraft hangars shall be stored in approved locations and con- +tainers. + +1103.7 Hazardous material storage. Hazardous materials +shall be stored in accordance with Chapter 27. + + + +SECTION 1104 +AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE + +1104.1 Transferring flammable and combustible liquids. + +Flammable and combustible liquids shall not be dispensed into +or removed from a container, tank, vehicle or aircraft except in +approved locations. + +1104.2 Application of flammable and combustible liquid +flnishes. The application of flammable or Class II combustible +liquid finishes is prohibited unless both of the following condi- +tions are met: + +1 . The application of the liquid finish is accomplished in an +approved location. + +2. The application methods and procedures are in accor- +dance with Chapter 15. + +1104.3 Cleaning parts. Class I A flammable liquids shall not +be used to clean aircraft, aircraft parts or aircraft engines. +Cleaning with other flammable and combustible liquids shall +be in accordance with Section 3405.3.6. + +1104.4 Spills. This section shall apply to spills of flammable +and combustible liquids and other hazardous materials. Fuel +spill control shall also comply with Section 1106.11. + +1104.4.1 Cessation of work. Activities in the affected area +not related to the mitigation of the spill shall cease until the +spilled material has been removed or the hazard has been +mitigated. + +1104.4.2 Vehicle movement. Aircraft or other vehicles +shall not be moved through the spill area until the spilled +material has been removed or the hazard has been mitigated. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +143 + + + +AVIATION FACILITIES + + + +1104.4.3 Mitigation. Spills shall be reported, documented +and mitigated in accordance with the provisions of this +chapter and Section 2703.3. + +1104.5 Running engines. Aircraft engines shall not be run in +aircraft hangars except in approved engine test areas. + +1104.6 Open flame. Repairing of aircraft requiring the use of +open flames, spark-producing devices or the heating of parts +above 500°F (260°C) shall only be done outdoors or in an area +complying with the provisions of the International Building +Code for a Group F-1 occupancy. + + + +SECTION 1105 +PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS + +1105.1 General. Portable fire extinguishers suitable for flam- +mable or combustible liquid and electrical-type fires shall be +provided as specified in Sections 1105.2 through 1105.6 and +Section 906. Extinguishers required by this section shall be +inspected and maintained in accordance with Section 906. + +1105.2 On towing vehicles. Vehicles used for towing aircraft +shall be equipped with a minimum of one listed portable fire +extinguisher complying with Section 906 and having a mini- +mum rating of 20-B:C. + +1105.3 On welding apparatus. Welding apparatus shall be +equipped with a minimum of one listed portable fire extin- +guisher complying with Section 906 and having a minimum +rating of 2-A:20-B:C. + +1105.4 On aircraft fuel-servicing tank vehicles. Aircraft +fuel-servicing tank vehicles shall be equipped with a minimum +of two listed portable fire extinguishers complying with Sec- +tion 906, each having a minimum rating of 20-B:C. A portable +fire extinguisher shall be readily accessible from either side of +the vehicle. + +1105.5 On hydrant fuel-servicing vehicles. Hydrant fuel-ser- +vicing vehicles shall be equipped with a minimum of one listed +portable fire extinguisher complying with Section 906, and +having a minimum rating of 20-B:C. + +1105.6 At fuel-dispensing stations. Portable fire +extinguishers at fuel-dispensing stations shall be located such +that pumps or dispensers are not more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) +from one such extinguisher. Fire extinguishers shall be pro- +vided as follows: + +1 . Where the open-hose discharge capacity of the fueling +system is not more than 200 gallons per minute (13 L/s), +a minimum of two listed portable fire extinguishers com- +plying with Section 906 and having a minimum rating of +20-B:C shall be provided. + +2. Where the open-hose discharge capacity of the fueling +system is more than 200 gallons per minute (13 L/s) but +not more than 350 gallons per minute (22 L/s), a mini- +mum of one listed wheeled extinguisher complying with +Section 906 and having a minimum extinguishing rating +of 80-B:C, and a minimum agent capacity of 125 pounds +(57 kg), shall be provided. + +3. Where the open-hose discharge capacity of the fueling +system is more than 350 gallons per minute (22 L/s), a + + + +minimum of two listed wheeled extinguishers comply- +ing with Section 906 and having a minimum rating of +80-B:C each, and a minimum capacity agent of 125 +pounds (57 kg) of each, shall be provided. + +1105.7 Fire extinguisher access. Portable fire extinguishers +required by this chapter shall be accessible at all times. Where +necessary, provisions shall be made to clear accumulations of +snow, ice and other forms of weather-induced obstructions. + +1105.7.1 Cabinets. Cabinets and enclosed compartments +used to house portable fire extinguishers shall be clearly +marked with the words FIRE EXTINGUISHER in letters at +least 2 inches (5 1 mm) high. Cabinets and compartments +shall be readily accessible at all times. + +1105.8 Reporting use. Use of a fire extinguisher under any cir- +cumstances shall be reported to the manager of the airport and +the fire code official immediately after use. + + + +SECTION 1106 +AIRCRAFT FUELING + +1106.1 Aircraft motor vehicle fuel-dispensing stations. Air- +craft motor vehicle fuel-dispensing stations shall be in accor- +dance with Chapter 22. + +1106.2 Airport fuel systems. Airport fuel systems shall be +designed and constructed in accordance with NFPA 407. + +1106.3 Construction of aircraft-fueling vehicles and acces- +sories. Aircraft-fueling vehicles shall comply with this section +and shall be designed and constructed in accordance with +NFPA 407. + +1106.3.1 Transfer apparatus. Aircraft-fueling vehicles +shall be equipped and maintained with an approved transfer +apparatus. + +1106.3.1.1 Internal combustion type. Where such +transfer apparatus is operated by an individual unit of the +intemal-combustion-motor type, such power unit shall +be located as remotely as practicable from pumps, pip- +ing, meters, air eliminators, water separators, hose reels, +and similar equipment, and shall be housed in a separate +compartment from any of the aforementioned items. The +fuel tank in connection therewith shall be suitably +designed and installed, and the maximum fuel capacity +shall not exceed 5 gallons (19 L) where the tank is +installed on the engine. The exhaust pipe, muffler and tail +pipe shall be shielded. + +1106.3.1.2 Gear operated. Where operated by gears or +chains, the gears, chains, shafts, bearings, housing and +all parts thereof shall be of an approved design and shall +be installed and maintained in an approved manner. + +1106.3.1.3 Vibration isolation. Flexible connections +for the purpose of eliminating vibration are allowed if the +material used therein is designed, installed and main- +tained in an approved manner, provided such connec- +tions do not exceed 24 inches (610 mm) in length. + +1106.3.2 Pumps. Pumps of a positive-displacement type +shall be provided with a bypass relief valve set at a pressure +of not more than 35 percent in excess of the normal working + + + +144 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +AVIATION FACILITIES + + + +pressure of such unit. Such units shall be equipped and +maintained with a pressure gauge on the discharge side of +the pump. + +1106.3.3 Dispensing hoses and nozzles. Hoses shall be +designed for the transferring of hydrocarbon liquids and +shall not be any longer than necessary to provide efficient +fuel transfer operations. Hoses shall be equipped with an +approved shutoff nozzle. Fuel-transfer nozzles shall be +self-closing and designed to be actuated by hand pressure +only. Notches and other devices shall not be used for hold- +ing a nozzle valve handle in the open position. Nozzles shall +be equipped with a bonding cable complete with proper +attachment for aircraft to be serviced. + +1106.3.4 Protection of electrical equipment. Electric wir- +ing, switches, lights and other sources of ignition, when +located in a compartment housing piping, pumps, air +eliminators, water separators, hose reels or similar equip- +ment, shall be enclosed in a vapor-tight housing. Electrical +motors located in such a compartment shall be of a type +approved for use as specified in ICC Electrical Code. + +1106.3.5 Venting of equipment compartments. Compart- +ments housing piping, pumps, air eliminators, water separa- +tors, hose reels and similar equipment shall be adequately +ventilated at floor level or within the floor itself. + +1106.3.6 Accessory equipment. Ladders, hose reels and +similar accessory equipment shall be of an approved type +and constructed substantially as follows: + +1 . Ladders constructed of noncombustible material are +allowed to be used with or attached to aircraft-fueling +vehicles, provided the manner of attachment or use of +such ladders is approved and does not constitute an +additional fire or accident hazard in the operation of +such fueling vehicles. + +2. Hose reels used in connection with fueling vehicles +shall be constructed of noncombustible materials and +shall be provided with a packing gland or other device +which will preclude fuel leakage between reels and +fuel manifolds. + +1106.3.7 Electrical bonding provisions. Transfer appara- +tus shall be metallically interconnected with tanks, chassis, +axles and springs of aircraft-fueling vehicles. + +1106.3.7.1 Bonding cables. Aircraft-fueling vehicles +shall be provided and maintained with a substantial +heavy-duty electrical cable of sufficient length to be +bonded to the aircraft to be serviced. Such cable shall be +metallically connected to the transfer apparatus or chas- +sis of the aircraft-fueling vehicle on one end and shall be +provided with a suitable metal clamp on the other end, to +be fixed to the aircraft. + +1106.3.7.2 Bonding cable protection. The bonding +cable shall be bare or have a transparent protective sleeve +and be stored on a reel or in a compartment provided for +no other purpose. It shall be carried in such a manner that +it will not be subjected to sharp kinks or accidental break- +age under conditions of general use. + + + +1106.3.8 Smoking. Smoking in aircraft-fueling vehicles is +prohibited. Signs to this effect shall be conspicuously +posted in the driver's compartment of all fueling vehicles. + +1106.3.9 Smoking equipment. Smoking equipment such +as cigarette lighters and ash trays shall not be provided in +aircraft-fueling vehicles. + +1106.4 Operation, maintenance and use of aircraft-fueling +vehicles. The operation, maintenance and use of aircraft-fuel- +ing vehicles shall be in accordance with Sections 1106.4.1 +through 1 106.4.4 and other applicable provisions of this chap- +ter. + +1106.4.1 Proper maintenance. Aircraft-fueling vehicles +and all related equipment shall be properly maintained and +kept in good repair. Accumulations of oil, grease, fuel and +other flammable or combustible materials is prohibited. +Maintenance and servicing of such equipment shall be +accomplished in approved areas. + +1106.4.2 Vehicle integrity. Tanks, pipes, hoses, valves and +other fuel delivery equipment shall be maintained leak free +at all times. + +1106.4.3 Removal from service. Aircraft-fueling vehicles +and related equipment which are in violation of Section +1106.4.1 or 1106.4.2 shall be immediately defueled and +removed from service and shall not be returned to service +until proper repairs have been made. + +1106.4.4 Operators. Aircraft-fueling vehicles that are +operated by a person, firm or corporation other than the +permittee or the permittee's authorized employee shall be +provided with a legible sign visible from outside the vehicle +showing the name of the person, firm or corporation operat- +ing such unit. + +1106.5 Fueling and defueling. Aircraft-fueling and defueling +operations shall be in accordance with Sections 1106.5.1 +through 1106.5.5. + +1106.5.1 Positioning of aircraft fuel-servicing vehicles. + +Aircraft-fueling vehicles shall not be located, parked or per- +mitted to stand in a position where such unit would obstruct +egress from an aircraft should a fire occur during fuel-trans- +fer operations. Tank vehicles shall not be located, parked or +permitted to stand under any portion of an aircraft. + +1106.5.1.1 Fueling vehicle egress. A clear path shall be +maintained for aircraft-fueling vehicles to provide for +prompt and timely egress from the fueling area. + +1106.5.1.2 Aircraft vent openings. A clear space of at +least 10 feet (3048 mm) shall be maintained between air- +craft fuel-system vent openings and any part or portion +of an aircraft- fueling vehicle. + +1106.5.1.3 Parking. Prior to leaving the cab, the air- +craft-fueling vehicle operator shall ensure that the park- +ing brake has been set. At least two chock blocks not less +than 5 inches by 5 inches by 12 inches (127 mm by 127 +mm by 305 mm) in size and dished to fit the contour of +the tires shall be utilized and positioned in such a manner +as to preclude movement of the vehicle in any direction. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +145 + + + +AVIATION FACILITIES + + + +1106.5.2 Electrical bonding. Aircraft-fueling vehicles +shall be electrically bonded to the aircraft being fueled or +defueled. Bonding connections shall be made prior to mak- +ing fueling connections and shall not be disconnected until +the fuel-transfer operations are completed and the fuehng +connections have been removed. + +Where a hydrant service vehicle or cart is used for fuel- +ing, the hydrant coupler shall be connected to the hydrant +system prior to bonding the fueling equipment to the air- +craft. + +1106.5.2.1 Conductive hose. In addition to the bonding +cable required by Section 1106.5.2, conductive hose +shall be used for all fueling operations. + +1106.5.2.2 Bonding conductors on transfer nozzles. + +Transfer nozzles shall be equipped with approved bond- +ing conductors which shall be clipped or otherwise posi- +tively engaged with the bonding attachment provided on +the aircraft adjacent to the fuel tank cap prior to removal +of the cap. + +Exception: In the case of overwing fueling where no +appropriate bonding attachment adjacent to the fuel +fill port has been provided on the aircraft, the fueling +operator shall touch the fuel tank cap with the nozzle +spout prior to removal of the cap. The nozzle shall be +kept in contact with the fill port until fueling is com- +pleted. + +1106.5.2.3 Funnels. Where required, metal funnels are +allowed to be used during fueling operations. Direct con- +tact between the fueling receptacle, the funnel and the +fueling nozzle shall be maintained during the fueling +operation. + +1106.5.3 Training. Aircraft-fueling vehicles shall be +attended and operated only by persons instructed in meth- +ods of proper use and operation and who are qualified to use +such fueling vehicles in accordance with minimum safety +requirements. + +1106.5.3.1 Fueling hazards. Fuel-servicing personnel +shall know and understand the hazards associated with +each type of fuel dispensed by the airport fueling-system +operator. + +1106.5.3.2 Fire safety training. Employees of fuel +agents who fuel aircraft, accept fuel shipments or other- +wise handle fuel shall receive approved fire safety train- +ing. + +1106.5.3.2.1 Fire extinguisher training. Fuel-ser- +vicing personnel shall receive approved training in +the operation of fire-extinguishing equipment. + +1106.5.3.2.2 Documentation. The airport fuel- +ing-system operator shall maintain records of all +training administered to its employees. These records +shall be made available to the fire code official on +request. + +1106.5.4 Transfer personnel. During fuel-transfer opera- +tions, a qualified person shall be in control of each transfer +nozzle and another qualified person shall be in immediate + + + +control of the fuel-pumping equipment to shut off or +otherwise control the flow of fuel from the time fueling +operations are begun until they are completed. + +Exceptions: + +1 . For underwing refueling, the person stationed at +the point of fuel intake is not required. + +2. For overwing refueling, the person stationed at the +fuel pumping equipment shall not be required +where the person at the fuel dispensing device is +within 75 feet (22 800 mm) of the emergency shut- +off device, is not on the wing of the aircraft and has +a clear and unencumbered path to the fuel pumping +equipment; and, the fuel dispensing line does not +exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm) in length. + +The fueling operator shall monitor the panel of the fuel- +ing equipment and the aircraft control panel during pressure +fueling or shall monitor the fill port during overwing fuel- +ing. + +1106.5.5 Fuel flow control. Fuel flow-control valves shall +be operable only by the direct hand pressure of the operator. +Removal of the operator's hand pressure shall cause an +immediate cessation of the flow of fuel. + +1106.6 Emergency fuel shutoff. Emergency fuel shutoff con- +trols and procedures shall comply with Sections 1106.6.1 +through 1106.6.4. + +1106.6.1 Accessibility. Emergency fuel shutoff controls +shall be readily accessible at all times when the fueling sys- +tem is being operated. + +1106.6.2 Notification of the fire department. The fuel- +ing-system operator shall establish a procedure by which +the fire department will be notified in the event of an activa- +tion of an emergency fuel shutoff control. + +1106.6.3 Determining cause. Prior to reestablishment of +normal fuel flow, the cause of fuel shutoff conditions shall +be determined and corrected. + +1106.6.4 Testing. Emergency fuel shutoff devices shall be +operationally tested at intervals not exceeding three months. +The fueling-system operator shall maintain suitable records +of these tests. + +1106.7 Protection of hoses. Before an aircraft-fueling vehicle +is moved, fuel transfer hoses shall be properly placed on the +approved reel or in the compartment provided, or stored on the +top decking of the fueling vehicle if proper height rail is pro- +vided for security and protection of such equipment. +Fuel-transfer hose shall not be looped or draped over any part +of the fueling vehicle, except as herein provided. Fuel-transfer +hose shall not be dragged when such fueling vehicle is moved +from one fueling position to another. + +1106.8 Loading and unloading. Aircraft-fueling vehicles +shall be loaded only at an approved loading rack. Such loading +racks shall be in accordance with Section 3406.5.1.12. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Aircraft-refueling units may be loaded from the fuel +tanks of an aircraft during defueling operations. + + + +146 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +AVIATION FACILITIES + + + +2. Fuel transfer between tank vehicles is allowed to be +performed in accordance with Section 3406.6 when +the operation is at least 200 feet (60 960 mm) from an +aircraft. + +The fuel cargo of such units shall be unloaded only by +approved transfer apparatus into the fuel tanks of aircraft, +underground storage tanks or approved gravity storage tanks. + +1106.9 Passengers. Passenger traffic is allowed during the +time fuel transfer operations are in progress, provided the fol- +lowing provisions are strictly enforced by the owner of the air- +craft or the owner's authorized employee: + +1 . Smoking and producing an open flame in the cabin of the +aircraft or the outside thereof within 50 feet (15 240 mm) +of such aircraft shall be prohibited. + +A qualified employee of the aircraft owner shall be +responsible for seeing that the passengers are not +allowed to smoke when remaining aboard the aircraft or +while going across the ramp from the gate to such air- +craft, or vice versa. + +2. Passengers shall not be permitted to linger about the +plane, but shall proceed directly between the loading +gate and the aircraft. + +3. Passenger loading stands or walkways shall be left in +loading position until all fuel transfer operations are +completed. + +4. Fuel transfer operations shall not be performed on the +main exit side of any aircraft containing passengers +except when the owner of such aircraft or a capable and +qualified employee of such owner remains inside the air- +craft to direct and assist the escape of such passengers +through regular and emergency exits in the event fire +should occur during fuel transfer operations. + +1106.10 Sources of ignition. Smoking and producing open +flames within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of a point where fuel is +being transferred shall be prohibited. Electrical and +motor-driven devices shall not be connected to or disconnected +from an aircraft at any time fueling operations are in progress +on such aircraft. + +1106.11 Fuel spill prevention and procedures. Fuel spill pre- +vention and the procedures for handling spills shall comply +with Sections 1106.11.1 through 1106.11.7. + +1106.11.1 Fuel-service equipment maintenance. Aircraft +fuel-servicing equipment shall be maintained and kept free +from leaks. Fuel- servicing equipment that malfunctions or +leaks shall not be continued in service. + +1106.11.2 Transporting fuel nozzles. Fuel nozzles shall be +carried utilizing appropriate handles. Dragging fuel nozzles +along the ground shall be prohibited. + +1106.11.3 Drum fueling. Fueling from drums or other con- +tainers having a capacity greater than 5 gallons (19 L) shall +be accomplished with the use of an approved pump. + +1106.11.4 Fuel spill procedures. The fueling-system oper- +ator shall establish procedures to follow in the event of a fuel + + + +spill. These procedures shall be comprehensive and shall +provide for at least all of the following: + +1 . Upon observation of a fuel spill, the aircraft-fueling +operator shall immediately stop the delivery of fuel +by releasing hand pressure from the fuel flow-control +valve. + +2. Failure of the fuel control valve to stop the continued +spillage of fuel shall be cause for the activation of the +appropriate emergency fuel shutoff device. + +3. A supervisor for the fueling-system operator shall +respond to the fuel spill area immediately. + +1106.11.5 Notification of the fire department. The fire +department shall be notified of any fuel spill which is con- +sidered a hazard to people or property or which meets one or +more of the following criteria: + +1. Any dimension of the spill is greater than 10 feet +(3048 mm). + +2. The spill area is greater than 50 square feet (4.65 m^). + +3. The fuel flow is continuous in nature. + +1106.11.6 Investigation required. An investigation shall +be conducted by the fueling-system operator of all spills +requiring notification of the fire department. The investiga- +tion shall provide conclusive proof of the cause and verifica- +tion of the appropriate use of emergency procedures. Where +it is determined that corrective measures are necessary to +prevent future incidents of the same nature, they shall be +implemented immediately. + +1106.11.7 Multiple fuel delivery vehicles. Simultaneous +delivery of fuel from more than one aircraft-fueling vehicle +to a single aircraft-fueling manifold is prohibited unless +proper backflow prevention devices are installed to prevent +fuel flow into the tank vehicles. + +1106.12 Aircraft engines and heaters. Operation of aircraft +onboard engines and combustion heaters shall be terminated +prior to commencing fuel service operations and shall remain +off until the fuel-servicing operation is completed. + +Exception: In an emergency, a single jet engine is allowed +to be operated during fuel servicing where all of the follow- +ing conditions are met: + +1 . The emergency shall have resulted from an onboard +failure of the aircraft's auxiliary power unit. + +2. Restoration of auxiliary power to the aircraft by +ground support services is not available. + +3. The engine to be operated is either at the rear of the +aircraft or on the opposite side of the aircraft from the +fuel seiTice operation. + +4. The emergency operation is in accordance with a +written procedure approved by the fire code official. + +1106.13 Vehicle and equipment restrictions. During aircraft- +fueling operations, only the equipment actively involved in the +fueling operation is allowed within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of the + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +147 + + + +AVIATION FACILITIES + + + +aircraft being fueled. Other equipment shall be prohibited in +this area until the fueling operation is complete. + +Exception: Aircraft-fueling operations utilizing sin- +gle-point refueling with a sealed, mechanically locked fuel +line connection and the fuel is not a Class I flammable liq- +uid. + +A clear space of at least 10 feet (3048 mm) shall be main- +tained between aircraft fuel-system vent openings and any part +or portion of aircraft- servicing vehicles or equipment. + +1106.13.1 Overwing fueling. Vehicles or equipment shall +not be allowed beneath the trailing edge of the wing when +aircraft fueling takes place over the wing and the aircraft +fuel-system vents are located on the upper surface of the +wing. + +1106.14 Electrical equipment. Electrical equipment, includ- +ing but not limited to, battery chargers, ground or auxiliary +power units, fans, compressors or tools, shall not be operated, +nor shall they be connected or disconnected from their power +source, during fuel service operations. + +1106.14.1 Other equipment. Electrical or other spark-pro- +ducing equipment shall not be used within 10 feet (3048 +mm) of fueling equipment, aircraft fill or vent points , or spill +areas unless that equipment is intrinsically safe and +approved for use in an explosive atmosphere. + +1106.15 Open flames. Open flames and open-flame devices +are prohibited within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of any aircraft +fuel-servicing operation or fueling equipment. + +1106.15.1 Other areas. The fire code official is authorized +to establish other locations where open flames and +open-flame devices are prohibited. + +1106.15.2 Matches and lighters. Personnel assigned to +and engaged in fuel-servicing operations shall not carry +matches or lighters on or about their person. Matches or +lighters shall be prohibited in, on or about aircraft-fueling +equipment. + +1106.16 Lightning procedures. The fire code official is autho- +rized to require the airport authority and the fueling-system +operator to establish written procedures to follow when light- +ning flashes are detected on or near the airport. These proce- +dures shall establish criteria for the suspension and resumption +of aircraft-fueling operations. + +1106.17 Fuel-transfer locations. Aircraft fuel-transfer opera- +tions shall be prohibited indoors. + +Exception: In aircraft hangars built in accordance with the +provisions of the International Building Code for Group +F-1 occupancies, aircraft fuel-transfer operations are +allowed where: + +1 . Necessary to accomplish aircraft fuel-system mainte- +nance operations. Such operations shall be performed +in accordance with nationally recognized standards; +or + +2. The fuel being used has a flash point greater than +100°F (37.8°C). + + + +1106.17.1 Position of aircraft. Aircraft being fueled shall +be positioned such that any fuel system vents and other fuel +tank openings are a minimum of: + +1 . Twenty-five feet (7620 mm) from buildings or struc- +tures other than jet bridges; and + +2. Fifty feet (15 240 mm) from air intake vents for +boiler, heater or incinerator rooms. + +1106.17.2 Fire equipment access. Access for fire service +equipment to aircraft shall be maintained during fuel-ser- +vicing operations. + +1106.18 Defueling operations. The requirements for fueling +operations contained in this section shall also apply to aircraft +defueling operations. Additional procedures shall be estab- +lished by the fueling-system operator to prevent overfilling of +the tank vehicle used in the defueling operation. + +1106.19 Maintenance of aircraft-fueling hose. Aircraft-fuel- +ing hoses shall be maintained in accordance with Sections +1106.19.1 through 1106.19.4. + +1106.19.1 Inspections. Hoses used to fuel or defuel aircraft +shall be inspected periodically to ensure their serviceability +and suitability for continued service. The fuel-service oper- +ator shall maintain records of all tests and inspections per- +formed on fueling hoses. Hoses found to be defective or +otherwise damaged shall be immediately removed from ser- +vice. + +1106.19.1.1 Daily inspection. Each hose shall be +inspected daily. This inspection shall include a complete +visual scan of the exterior for evidence of damage, blis- +tering or leakage. Each coupling shall be inspected for +evidence of leaks, slippage or misalignment. + +1106.19.1.2 Monthly inspection. A more thorough +inspection, including pressure testing, shall be accom- +plished for each hose on a monthly basis. This inspection +shall include examination of the fuel delivery inlet screen +for rubber particles, which indicates problems with the +hose lining. + +1106.19.2 Damaged hose. Hose that has been subjected to +severe abuse shall be immediately removed from service. +Such hoses shall be hydrostatically tested prior to being +returned to service. + +1106.19.3 Repairing hose. Hoses are allowed to be +repaired by removing the damaged portion and recoupling +the undamaged end. When recoupling hoses, only cou- +plings designed and approved for the size and type of hose in +question shall be used. Hoses repaired in this manner shall +be visually inspected and hydrostatically tested prior to +being placed back in service. + +1106.19.4 New hose. New hose shall be visually inspected +prior to being placed into service. + +1106.20 Aircraft fuel-servicing vehicles parking. Unat- +tended aircraft fuel-servicing vehicles shall be parked in areas +that provide for both the unencumbered dispersal of vehicles in +the event of an emergency and the control of leakage such that +adjacent buildings and storm drains are not contaminated by +leaking fuel. + + + +148 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +AVIATION FACILITIES + + + +1106.20.1 Parking area design. Parking areas for tank +vehicles shall be designed and utilized such that a clearance +of 10 feet (3048 mm) is maintained between each parked +vehicle for fire department access. In addition, a minimum +clearance of 50 feet (15 240 mm) shall be maintained +between tank vehicles and parked aircraft and structures +other than those used for the maintenance and/or garaging +of aircraft fuel-servicing vehicles. + +1106.21 Radar equipment. Aircraft fuel-servicing operations +shall be prohibited while the weather-mapping radar of that air- +craft is operating. + +Aircraft fuel-servicing or other operations in which flamma- +ble liquids, vapors or mists may be present shall not be con- +ducted within 300 feet (91 440 mm) of an operating aircraft +surveillance radar. + +Aircraft fuel-servicing operations shall not be conducted +within 300 feet (91 440 mm) of airport flight traffic surveil- +lance radar equipment. + +Aircraft fuel-servicing or other operations in which flamma- +ble liquids, vapors or mists may be present shall not be con- +ducted within 100 feet (30 480 mm) of airport ground traffic +surveillance radar equipment. + +1106.21.1 Direction of radar beams. The beam from +ground radar equipment shall not be directed toward fuel +storage or loading racks. + +Exceptions: + +1. Fuel storage and loading racks in excess of 300 +feet (9 1 440 mm) from airport flight traffic surveil- +lance equipment. + +2. Fuel storage and loading racks in excess of 100 +feet (30 480 mm) from airport ground traffic sur- +veillance equipment. + + + +or heliport is located. All portions of the helistop and heliport +area shall be within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of a 2.5-inch (63.5 +mm) outlet on a Class I or III standpipe. + +1107.6 Foam protection. Foam fire-protection capabilities +shall be provided for rooftop heliports. Such systems shall be +designed, installed and maintained in accordance with the +applicable provisions of Sections 903, 904 and 905. + +1107.7 Fire extinguishers. A minimum of one portable fire +extinguisher having a minimum 80-B:C rating shall be pro- +vided for each permanent takeoff and landing area and for the +aircraft parking areas. Installation, inspection and maintenance +of these extinguishers shall be in accordance with Section 906. + +1107.8 Federal approval. Before operating helicopters from +helistops and heliports, approval shall be obtained from the +Federal Aviation Administration. + + + +SECTION 1107 +HELISTOPS AND HELIPORTS + +1107.1 General. Helistops and heliports shall be maintained in +accordance with Sections 1107. 2 through 1107.8. Helistops +and heliports on buildings shall be constructed in accordance +with the International Building Code. + +1107.2 Clearances. The touchdown area shall be surrounded +on all sides by a clear area having minimum average width at +roof level of 15 feet (4572 mm) but no width less than 5 feet +(1524 mm). The clear area shall be maintained. + +1107.3 Flammable and Class II combustible liquid spillage. + +Landing areas on structures shall be maintained so as to confine +flammable or Class II combustible liquid spillage to the land- +ing area itself, and provisions shall be made to drain such spill- +age away from exits or stairways serving the helicopter landing +area or from a structure housing such exit or stairway. + +1107.4 Exits. Exits and stairways shall be maintained in accor- +dance with Section 412.5 of the International Building Code. + +1107.5 Standpipe systems. Where a building with a rooftop +helistop or heliport is equipped with a standpipe system, the +system shall be extended to the roof level on which the helistop + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +149 + + + +150 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 12 + +DRY CLEANING + + + +SECTION 1201 +GENERAL + +1201.1 Scope. Dry cleaning plants and their operations shall +comply with the requirements of this chapter. + +1201.2 Permit required. Permits shall be required as set forth +in Section 105.6. + + + +SECTION 1202 +DEFINITIONS + +1202.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +DRY CLEANING. The process of removing dirt, grease, +paints and other stains from such items as wearing apparel, tex- +tiles, fabrics and rugs by use of nonaqueous liquids (solvents). + +DRY CLEANING PLANT. A facility in which dry cleaning +and associated operations are conducted, including the office, +receiving area and storage rooms. + +DRY CLEANING ROOM. An occupiable space within a +building used for performing dry cleaning operations, the +installation of solvent-handling equipment or the storage of dry +cleaning solvents. + +DRY CLEANING SYSTEM. Machinery or equipment in +which textiles are immersed or agitated in solvent or in which +dry cleaning solvent is extracted from textiles. + +SOLVENT OR LIQUID CLASSIFICATIONS. A method +for classifying solvents or liquids according to the following +classes: + +Class I solvents. Liquids having a flash point below 100°F +(38°C). + +Class II solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above +100°F (38°C) and below 140°F (60°C). + +Class IIIA solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or +above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93°C). + +Class IIIB solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above +200°F (93°C). + +Class IV solvents. Liquids classified as nonflammable. + + + +SECTION 1203 +CLASSIFICATIONS + +1203.1 Solvent classification. Dry cleaning solvents shall be +classified according to their flash points as follows: + +1 . Class I solvents are liquids having a flash point below +100°F (38°C). + +2. Class II solvents are liquids having a flash point at or +above 100°F (38°C) and below 140°F (60°C). + + + +3. Class IIIA solvents are liquids having a flash point at or +above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93°C). + +4. Class IIIB solvents are liquids having a flash point at or +above 200°F (93°C). + +5 . Class IV solvents are liquids classified as nonflammable. + +1203.2 Classification of dry cleaning plants and systems. + +Dry cleaning plants and systems shall be classified based on the +solvents used as follows: + +1 . Type I — systems using Class I solvents. + +2. Type II — systems using Class II solvents. + +3. Type III- A — systems using Class IIIA solvents. + +4. Type III-B — systems using Class IIIB solvents. + +5. Type IV — systems using Class IV solvents in which dry +cleaning is not conducted by the public. + +6. Type V — systems using Class IV solvents in which dry +cleaning is conducted by the public. + +Spotting and pretreating operations conducted in accor- +dance with Section 1206 shall not change the type of the dry +cleaning plant. + +1203.2.1 Multiple solvents. Dry cleaning plants using +more than one class of solvent for dry cleaning shall be clas- +sified based on the numerically lowest solvent class. + +1203.3 Design. The occupancy classification, design and con- +struction of dry cleaning plants shall comply with the applica- +ble requirements of the International Building Code. + + + +SECTION 1204 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +1204.1 Prohibited use. Type I dry cleaning plants shall be pro- +hibited. Limited quantities of Class I solvents stored and used +in accordance with this section shall not be prohibited in dry +cleaning plants. + +1204.2 Building services. Building services and systems shall +be designed, installed and maintained in accordance with this +section and Chapter 6. + +1204.2.1 Ventilation. Ventilation shall be provided in +accordance with Section 502 of the International Mechani- +cal Code and DDL 29 CFR Part 1910. 1000, where applica- +ble. + +1204.2.2 Heating. In Type II dry cleaning plants, heating +shall be by indirect means using steam, hot water or hot oil +only. + +1204.2.3 Electrical wiring and equipment. Electrical wir- +ing and equipment in dry cleaning rooms or other locations +subject to flammable vapors shall be installed in accordance +with the ICC Electrical Code. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +151 + + + +DRY CLEANING + + + +1204.2.4 Bonding and grounding. Storage tanks, treat- +ment tanks, filters, pumps, piping, ducts, dry cleaning units, +stills, tumblers, drying cabinets and other such equipment, +where not inherently electrically conductive, shall be +bonded together and grounded. Isolated equipment shall be +grounded. + + + +SECTION 1205 +OPERATING REQUIREMENTS + +1205.1 General. The operation of dry cleaning systems shall +comply with the requirements of Sections 1205.1.1 through +1205.3. + +1205.1.1 Written instructions. Written instructions cover- +ing the proper installation and safe operation and use of +equipment and solvent shall be given to the buyer. + +1205.1.1.1 Type II, III-A, III-B and IV systems. In + +Type II, III-A, III-B and IV dry cleaning systems, +machines shall be operated in accordance with the oper- +ating instructions furnished by the machinery manufac- +turer. Employees shall be instructed as to the hazards +involved in their departments and in the work they per- +form. + +1205.1.1.2 Type V systems. Operating instructions for +customer use of Type V dry cleaning systems shall be +conspicuously posted in a location near the dry cleaning +unit. A telephone number shall be provided for emer- +gency assistance. + +1205.1.2 Equipment identification. The manufacturer +shall provide nameplates on dry cleaning machines indicat- +ing the class of solvent for which each machine is designed. + +1205.1.3 Open systems prohibited. Dry cleaning by +immersion and agitation in open vessels shall be prohibited. + +1205.1.4 Prohibited use of solvent. The use of solvents +with a flash point below that for which a machine is +designed or listed shall be prohibited. + +1205.1.5 Equipment maintenance and housekeeping. + +Proper maintenance and operating practices shall be +observed in order to prevent the leakage of solvent or the +accumulation of lint. The handling of waste material gener- +ated by dry cleaning operations and the maintenance of +facilities shall comply with the provisions of this section. + +1205.1.5.1 Floors. Class I and II liquids shall not be used +for cleaning floors. + +1205.1.5.2 Filters. Filter residue and other residues con- +taining solvent shall be handled and disposed of in cov- +ered metal containers. + +1205.1.5.3 Lint. Lint and refuse shall be removed from +traps daily, deposited in approved waste cans, removed +from the premises, and disposed of safely. At all other +times, traps shall be held securely in place. + +1205.1.5.4 Customer areas. In Type V dry cleaning sys- +tems, customer areas shall be kept clean. + + + +1205.2 Type II systems. Special operating requirements for +Type II dry cleaning systems shall comply with the provisions +of Sections 1205.2.1 through 1205.2.3. + +1205.2.1 Inspection of materials. Materials to be dry +cleaned shall be searched thoroughly and foreign materials, +including matches and metallic substances, shall be +removed. + +1205.2.2 Material transfer. In removing materials from the +washer, provisions shall be made for minimizing the drip- +ping of solvent on the floor. Where materials are transferred +from a washer to a drain tub, a nonferrous metal drip apron +shall be placed so that the apron rests on the drain tub and the +cylinder of the washer. + +1205.2.3 Ventilation. A mechanical ventilation system +which is designed to exhaust 1 cubic foot of air per minute +for each square foot of floor area [0.0058 mV(s • m^)] shall +be installed in dry cleaning rooms and in drying rooms. The +ventilation system shall operate automatically when the dry +cleaning equipment is in operation and shall have manual +controls at an approved location. + +1205.3 Type IV and V systems. Type IV and V dry cleaning +systems shall be provided with an automatically activated +exhaust ventilation system to maintain a minimum of 100 feet +per minute (0.51 m/s) air velocity through the loading door +when the door is opened. Such systems for dry cleaning equip- +ment shall comply with the International Mechanical Code. + +Exception: Dry cleaning units are not required to be pro- +vided with exhaust ventilation where an exhaust hood is +installed immediately outside of and above the loading door +which operates at an airflow rate as follows: + + + +where: + + + +(Equation 12-1) + + + +Q = flow rate exhausted through the hood, cubic feet per +minute (m^/s). + +A^o= area of the loading door, square feet (m^). + + + +SECTION 1206 +SPOTTING AND PRETREATING + +1206.1 General. Spotting and pretreating operations and +equipment shall comply with the provisions of Sections 1206.2 +through 1206.5. + +1206.2 Type I solvents. The maximum quantity of Type I sol- +vents permitted at any work station shall be 1 gallon (4 L). +Class I solvents shall be stored in approved safety cans or in +sealed DOTn-approved metal shipping containers of not more +than 1 -gallon (4 L) capacity. Dispensing shall be from +approved safety cans. + +1206.3 Type II and III solvents. Scouring, brushing, and spot- +ting and pretreating shall be conducted with Class II or III sol- +vents. The maximum quantity of Type II or III solvents +permitted at any work station shall be 1 gallon (4 L). In other +than a Group H-2 occupancy, the aggregate quantities of sol- +vents shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantity per +control area for use-open system. + + + +152 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +DRY CLEANING + + + +1206.3.1 Spotting tables. Scouring, brushing or spotting +tables on which articles are soaked in solvent shall have a +liquid-tight top with a curb on all sides not less than 1 inch +(25 mm) high. The top of the table shall be pitched to ensure +thorough draining to a 1.5-inch (38 mm) drain connected to +an approved container. + +1206.3.2 Special handling. When approved, articles that +cannot be washed in the usual washing machines are +allowed to be cleaned in scrubbing tubs. Scrubbing tubs +shall comply with the following: + +1 . Only Class II or III liquids shall be used. + +2. The total amount of solvent used in such open con- +tainers shall not exceed 3 gallons (11 L). + +3. Scrubbing tubs shall be secured to the floor. + +4. Scrubbing tubs shall be provided with permanent 1 .5- +inch (38 mm) drains. Such drain shall be provided +with a trap and shall be connected to an approved con- +tainer. + +1206.3.3 Ventilation. Scrubbing tubs, scouring, brushing +or spotting operations shall be located such that solvent +vapors are captured and exhausted by the ventilating sys- +tem. + +1206.3.4 Bonding and grounding. Metal scouring, brush- +ing and spotting tables and scrubbing tubs shall be perma- +nently and effectively bonded and grounded. + +1206.4 Type IV systems. Flammable and combustible liquids +used for spotting operations shall be stored in approved safety +cans or in sealed DOTn-approved metal shipping containers of +not more than 1 gallon (4 L) in capacity. Dispensing shall be +from approved safety cans. Aggregate amounts shall not +exceed 10 gallons (38 L). + +1206.5 Type V systems. Spotting operations using flammable +or combustible liquids are prohibited in Type V dry cleaning +systems. + + + +SECTION 1207 +DRY CLEANING SYSTEMS + +1207.1 General equipment requirements. Dry cleaning sys- +tems, including dry cleaning units, washing machines, stills, +drying cabinets, tumblers, and their appurtenances, including +pumps, piping, valves, filters and solvent coolers, shall be +installed and maintained in accordance with NFPA 32. The +construction of buildings in which such systems are located +shall comply with the requirements of this section and the +International Building Code. B:C portable fire extinguishers +shall be provided near the doors inside dry cleaning rooms con- +taining Type II, Type III-A and Type III-B dry cleaning sys- +tems. + +1207.2 Type II systems. Type II dry cleaning and solvent tank +storage rooms shall not be located below grade or above the +lowest floor level of the building and shall comply with Sec- +tions 1207.2.1 through 1207.2.3. + +Exception: Solvent storage tanks installed underground, in +vaults or in special enclosures in accordance with Chapter +34. + + + +1207.2.1 Fire-fighting access. Type II dry cleaning plants +shall be located so that access is provided and maintained +from one side for fire-fighting and fire control purposes in +accordance with Section 503. + +1207.2.2 Number of means of egress. Type II dry cleaning +rooms shall have not less than two means of egress doors +located at opposite ends of the room, at least one of which +shall lead directly to the outside. + +1207.2.3 Spill control and secondary containment. + +Curbs, drains, or other provisions for spill control and sec- +ondary containment shall be provided in accordance with +Section 2704.2 to collect solvent leakage and fire protection +water and direct it to a safe location. + +1207.3 Solvent storage tanks. Solvent storage tanks for Class +II, IIIA and IIIB liquids shall conform to the requirements of +Chapter 34 and be located underground or outside, above +ground. + +Exception: As provided in NFPA 32 for inside storage or +treatment tanks. + + + +SECTION 1208 +FIRE PROTECTION + +1208.1 General. Where required by this section, fire protec- +tion systems, devices and equipment shall be installed, +inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with Chapter 9. + +1208.2 Automatic sprinkler system. An automatic sprinkler +system shall be installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 +throughout dry cleaning plants containing Type II, Type III-A +or Type III-B dry cleaning systems. + +1208.3 Automatic fire-extinguishing systems. Type II dry +cleaning units, washer-extractors, and drying tumblers in Type +II dry cleaning plants shall be provided with an approved auto- +matic fire-extinguishing system installed and maintained in +accordance with Chapter 9. + +Exception: Where approved, a manual steam jet not less +than 0.75 inch (19 mm) with a continuously available steam +supply at a pressure not less than 15 pounds per square inch +gauge (psig) (103 kPa) is allowed to be substituted for the +automatic fire-extinguishing system. + +1208.4 Portable fire extinguishers. Portable fire +extinguishers shall be selected, installed and maintained in +accordance with this section and Section 906. A minimum of +two 2-A:10-B:C portable fire extinguishers shall be provided +near the doors inside dry cleaning rooms containing Type II, +Type III-A and Type III-B dry cleaning systems. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +153 + + + +154 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 13 + +COMBUSTIBLE DUST-PRODUCING OPERATIONS + + + +SECTION 1301 +GENERAL + +1301.1 Scope. The equipment, processes and operations +involving dust explosion hazards shall comply with the provi- +sions of this chapter. + +1301.2 Permits. Permits shall be required for combustible +dust-producing operations as set forth in Section 105.6. + + + +SECTION 1302 +DEFINITIONS + +1302.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meaning shown herein. + +COMBUSTIBLE DUST. Finely divided solid material which +is 420 microns or less in diameter and which, when dispersed in +air in the proper proportions, could be ignited by a flame, spark +or other source of ignition. Combustible dust will pass through +a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve. + + + +TABLE 1304.1 +EXPLOSION PROTECTION STANDARDS + + + +STANDARD + + +SUBJECT + + +NFPA61 + + +Agricultural and Food Products + + +NFPA69 + + +Explosion Prevention + + +NFPA85 + + +Boiler and Combustion System Hazards + + +NFPA 120 + + +Coal Preparation Plants + + +NFPA484 + + +Combustible Metals, Metal Powders and • +Metal Dusts + + +NFPA 654 + + +Manufacturing, Processing and Handling of +Combustible Particulate Solids + + +NFPA 655 + + +Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions + + +NFPA 664 + + +Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Wood +Processing and Woodworking Facilities + + +ICC Electrical Code + + +Electrical Installations + + + +SECTION 1303 +PRECAUTIONS + +1303.1 Sources of ignition. Smoking or the use of heating or +other devices employing an open flame, or the use of spark- +producing equipment is prohibited in areas where combustible +dust is generated, stored, manufactured, processed or handled. + +1303.2 Housekeeping. Accumulation of combustible dust +shall be kept to a minimum in the interior of buildings. Accu- +mulated combustible dust shall be collected by vacuum clean- +ing or other means that will not place combustible dust into +suspension in air. Forced air or similar methods shall not be +used to remove dust from surfaces. + + + +SECTION 1304 +EXPLOSION PROTECTION + +1304.1 Standards. The fire code official is authorized to +enforce applicable provisions of the codes and standards listed +in Table 1304.1 to prevent and control dust explosions. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +155 + + + +1 56 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +CHAPTER 14 + +FIRE SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION + + + +SECTION 1401 +GENERAL + +1401.1 Scope. This chapter shall apply to structures in the +course of construction, alteration, or demolition, including +those in underground locations. Compliance with NFPA 241 is +required for items not specifically addressed herein. + +1401.2 Purpose. This chapter prescribes minimum safeguards +for construction, alteration, and demolition operations to pro- +vide reasonable safety to life and property from fire during +such operations. + + + +SECTION 1402 +DEFINITIONS + +1402.1 Terms defined in Chapter 2. Words and terms used in +this chapter and defined in Chapter 2 shall have the meanings +ascribed to them as defined therein. + + + +SECTION 1403 +TEMPORARY HEATING EQUIPMENT + +1403.1 Listed. Temporary heating devices shall be listed and +labeled in accordance with the International Mechanical Code +or the International Fuel Gas Code. Installation, maintenance +and use of temporary heating devices shall be in accordance +with the terms of the listing. + +1403.2 Oil-fired heaters. Oil-fired heaters shall comply with +Section 603. + +1403.3 LP-gas heaters. Fuel supplies for liquefied-petroleum +gas-fired heaters shall comply with Chapter 38 and the Interna- +tional Fuel Gas Code. + +1403.4 Refueling. Refueling operations for liquid-fueled +equipment or appliances shall be conducted in accordance with +Section 3405. The equipment or appliance shall be allowed to +cool prior to refueling. + +1403.5 Installation. Clearance to combustibles from tempo- +rary heating devices shall be maintained in accordance with the +labeled equipment. When in operation, temporary heating +devices shall be fixed in place and protected from damage, +dislodgement or overturning in accordance with the manufac- +turer's instructions. + +1403.6 Supervision. The use of temporary heating devices +shall be supervised and maintained only by competent person- +nel. + + + +SECTION 1404 +PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + +1404.1 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited except in +approved areas. Signs shall be posted in accordance with Sec- +tion 310. In approved areas where smoking is permitted, + + + +approved ashtrays shall be provided in accordance with Sec- +tion 310. + +1404.2 Waste disposal. Combustible debris shall not be accu- +mulated within buildings. Combustible debris, rubbish and +waste material shall be removed from buildings at the end of +each shift of work. Combustible debris, rubbish and waste +material shall not be disposed of by burning on the site unless +approved. + +1404.3 Open burning. Open burning shall comply with Sec- +tion 307. + +1404.4 Spontaneous ignition. Materials susceptible to spon- +taneous ignition, such as oily rags, shall be stored in a listed dis- +posal container. + +1404.5 Fire watch. When required by the fire code official for +building demolition that is hazardous in nature, qualified per- +sonnel shall be provided to serve as an on-site fire watch. Fire +watch personnel shall be provided with at least one approved +means for notification of the fire department and their sole duty +shall be to perform constant patrols and watch for the occur- +rence of fire. + +1404.6 Cutting and welding. Operations involving the use of +cutting and welding shall be done in accordance with Chapter +26. + +1404.7 Electrical. Temporary wiring for electrical power and +lighting installations used in connection with the construction, +alteration or demolition of buildings, structures, equipment or +similar activities shall comply with the ICC Electrical Code. + + + +SECTION 1405 +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + +1405.1 Storage of flammable and combustible liquids. Stor- +age of flammable and combustible liquids shall be in accor- +dance with Section 3404. + +1405.2 Class I and Class II liquids. The storage, use and han- +dling of flammable and combustible liquids at construction +sites shall be in accordance with Section 3406.2. Ventilation +shall be provided for operations involving the application of +materials containing flammable solvents. + +1405.3 Housekeeping. Flammable and combustible liquid +storage areas shall be maintained clear of combustible vegeta- +tion and waste materials. Such storage areas shall not be used +for the storage of combustible materials. + +1405.4 Precautions against fire. Sources of ignition and +smoking shall be prohibited in flammable and combustible liq- +uid storage areas. Signs shall be posted in accordance with Sec- +tion 310. + +1405.5 Handling at point of final use. Class I and II liquids +shall be kept in approved safety containers. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +157 + + + +FIRE SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION + + + +1405,6 Leakage and spills. Leaking vessels shall be immedi- +ately repaired or taken out of service and spills shall be cleaned +up and disposed of properly. + + + +SECTION 1406 +FLAMMABLE GASES + +1406.1 Storage and handling. The storage, use and handling +of flammable gases shall comply with Chapter 35. + + + +SECTION 1407 +EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS + +1407.1 Storage and handling. Explosive materials shall be +stored, used and handled in accordance with Chapter 33. + +1407.2 Supervision. Blasting operations shall be conducted in +accordance with Chapter 33. + +1407.3 Demolition using explosives. Approved fire hoses for +use by demolition personnel shall be maintained at the demoli- +tion site whenever explosives are used for demolition. Such fire +hoses shall be connected to an approved water supply and shall +be capable of being brought to bear on post-detonation fires +anywhere on the site of the demolition operation. + + + +SECTION 1408 + +OWNER'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FIRE + +PROTECTION + +1408.1 Program superintendent. The owner shall designate a +person to be the Fire Prevention Program Superintendent who +shall be responsible for the fire prevention program and ensure +that it is carried out through completion of the project. The fire +prevention program superintendent shall have the authority to +enforce the provisions of this chapter and other provisions as +necessary to secure the intent of this chapter. Where guard ser- +vice is provided, the superintendent shall be responsible for the +guard service. + +1408.2 Prefire plans. The fire prevention program superinten- +dent shall develop and maintain an approved prefire plan in +cooperation with the fire chief. The fire chief and the fire code +official shall be notified of changes affecting the utilization of +information contained in such prefire plans. + +1408.3 Training. Training of responsible personnel in the use +of fire protection equipment shall be the responsibility of the +fire prevention program superintendent. + +1408.4 Fire protection devices. The fire prevention program +superintendent shall determine that all fire protection equip- +ment is maintained and serviced in accordance with this code. +The quantity and type of fire protection equipment shall be +approved. + +1408.5 Hot work operations. The fire prevention program +superintendent shall be responsible for supervising the permit +system for hot work operations in accordance with Chapter 26. + +1408.6 Impairment of fire protection systems. Impairments +to any fire protection system shall be in accordance with Sec- +tion 901. + + + +1408.7 Temporary covering of fire protection devices. Cov- +erings placed on or over fire protection devices to protect them +from damage during construction processes shall be immedi- +ately removed upon the completion of the construction pro- +cesses in the room or area in which the devices are installed. + + + +SECTION 1409 +FIRE REPORTING + +1409.1 Emergency telephone. Readily accessible emergency +telephone facilities shall be provided in an approved location at +the construction site. The street address of the construction site +and the emergency telephone number of the fire department +shall be posted adjacent to the telephone. + + + +SECTION 1410 +ACCESS FOR FIRE FIGHTING + +1410.1 Required access. Approved vehicle access for fire +fighting shall be provided to all construction or demolition +sites. Vehicle access shall be provided to within 100 feet (30 +480 mm) of temporary or permanent fire department connec- +tions. Vehicle access shall be provided by either temporary or +permanent roads, capable of supporting vehicle loading under +all weather conditions. Vehicle access shall be maintained until +permanent fire apparatus access roads are available. + +1410.2 Key boxes. Key boxes shall be provided as required by +Chapters. + + + +SECTION 1411 +MEANS OF EGRESS + +[B] 1411.1 Stairways required. Where a building has been +constructed to a height greater than 50 feet (15 240 mm) or four +stories, or where an existing building exceeding 50 feet (15 240 +mm) in height is altered, at least one temporary lighted stairway +shall be provided unless one or more of the permanent stair- +ways are erected as the construction progresses. + +1411.2 Maintenance. Required means of egress shall be +maintained during construction and demolition, remodeling or +alterations and additions to any building. + +Exception: Approved temporary means of egress systems +and facilities. + +[B] 1411.3 Stairway floor number signs.Temporary stairway +floor number signs shall be provided in accordance with the +requirements of Section 1012.1.7. + + + +SECTION 1412 +WATER SUPPLY FOR FIRE PROTECTION + +1412.1 When required. An approved water supply for fire +protection, either temporary or permanent, shall be made avail- +able as soon as combustible material arrives on the site. + + + +158 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +FIRE SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION + + + +SECTION 1413 +STANDPIPES + +1413.1 Where required. Buildings four or more stories in +height shall be provided with not less than one standpipe for +use during construction. Such standpipes shall be installed +when the progress of construction is not more than 40 feet (12 +192 mm) in height above the lowest level of fire department +access. Such standpipe shall be provided with fire department +hose connections at accessible locations adjacent to usable +stairs. Such standpipes shall be extended as construction pro- +gresses to within one floor of the highest point of construction +having secured decking or flooring. + +1413.2 Buildings being demolished. Where a building is +being demolished and a standpipe is existing within such a +building, such standpipe shall be maintained in an operable +condition so as to be available for use by the fire department. +Such standpipe shall be demolished with the building but shall +not be demolished more than one floor below the floor being +demohshed. + +1413.3 Detailed requirements. Standpipes shall be installed +in accordance with the provisions of Section 905. + +Exception: Standpipes shall be either temporary or perma- +nent in nature, and with or without a water supply, provided +that such standpipes comply with the requirements of Sec- +tion 905 as to capacity, outlets and materials. + + + +SECTION 1414 +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM + +1414.1 Completion before occupancy. In buildings where an +automatic sprinkler system is required by this code or the Inter- +national Building Code, it shall be unlawful to occupy any por- +tion of a building or structure until the automatic sprinkler +system installation has been tested and approved, except as +provided in Section 105.3.3. + +1414.2 Operation of valves. Operation of sprinkler control +valves shall be allowed only by properly authorized personnel +and shall be accompanied by notification of duly designated +parties. When the sprinkler protection is being regularly turned +off and on to facilitate connection of newly completed seg- +ments, the sprinkler control valves shall be checked at the end +of each work period to ascertain that protection is in service. + + + +SECTION 1416 +MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT + +1416.1 Conditions of use. Intemal-combustion-powered con- +struction equipment shall be used in accordance with all of the +following conditions: + +1 . Equipment shall be located so that exhausts do not dis- +charge against combustible material. + +2. Exhausts shall be piped to the outside of the building. + +3. Equipment shall not be refueled while in operation. + +4. Fuel for equipment shall be stored in an approved area +outside of the building. + + + +SECTION 1417 +SAFEGUARDING ROOFING OPERATIONS + +1417.1 General. Roofing operations utilizing heat-producing +systems or other ignition sources shall be performed by a con- +tractor licensed and bonded for the type of roofing process to be +performed. + +1417.2 Asphalt and tar kettles. Asphalt and tar kettles shall be +operated in accordance with Section 303. + +1417.3 Fire extinguishers for roofing operations. Fire +extinguishers shall comply with Section 906. There shall be not +less than one multipurpose portable fire extinguisher with a +minimum 3- A 40-B:C rating on the roof being covered or +repaired. + + + +SECTION 1415 +PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS + +1415.1 Where required. Structures under construction, alter- +ation or demolition shall be provided with not less than one +approved portable fire extinguisher in accordance with Section +906 and sized for not less than ordinary hazard as follows: + +1 . At each stairway on all floor levels where combustible +materials have accumulated. + +2. In every storage and construction shed. + +3. Additional portable fire extinguishers shall be provided +where special hazards exist including, but not limited to, +the storage and use of flammable and combustible liq- +uids. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +159 + + + +160 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 15 + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +SECTION 1501 +GENERAL + +1501.1 Scope. This chapter shall apply to locations or areas +where any of the following activities are conducted: + +1 . The application of flammable or combustible paint, var- +nish, lacquer, stain, fiberglass resins or other flammable +or combustible liquid applied by means of spray appara- +tus in continuous or intermittent processes. + +2. Dip-tank operations in which articles or materials are +passed through contents of tanks, vats or containers of +flammable or combustible liquids, including coating, +finishing, treatment and similar processes. + +3. The application of combustible powders when applied +by powder spray guns, electrostatic powder spray guns, +fluidized beds or electrostatic fluidized beds. + +4. Floor surfacing or finishing operations in areas exceed- +ing 350 square feet (32.5 m^). + +5 . The apphcation of dual-component coatings or Class I or +II liquids when applied by brush or roller in quantities +exceeding 1 gallon (4 L). + +6. Spraying and dipping operations. + +1501.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tions 105.6 and 105.7. + + + +SECTION 1502 +DEFINITIONS + +1502.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +DETEARING. A process for rapidly removing excess wet +coating material from a dipped or coated object or material by +passing it through an electrostatic field. + +DIP TANK. A tank, vat or container of flammable or combus- +tible liquid in which articles or materials are immersed for the +purpose of coating, finishing, treating and similar processes. + +ELECTROSTATIC FLUIDIZED BED. A container holding +powder coating material that is aerated from below so as to +form an air-supported expanded cloud of such material that is +electrically charged with a charge opposite to that of the object +to be coated. Such object is transported through the container +immediately above the charged and aerated materials in order +to be coated. + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES. Material coatings in which the +material being applied is a flammable liquid, combustible liq- +uid, combustible powder or flammable or combustible gel +coating. + +FLAMMABLE VAPOR AREA. An area in which the con- +centration of flammable constituents (vapor, gas, fume, mist or + + + +dust) in air exceeds 25 percent of their lower flanMnable limit +(LFL) because of the flammable finish processes operation. It +shall include: + +1 . The interior of spray booths. + +2. The interior of ducts exhausting from spraying pro- +cesses. + +3. Any area in the direct path of spray or any area contain- +ing dangerous quantities of air-suspended powder, com- +bustible residue, dust, deposits, vapor or mists as a result +of spraying operations. + +4. The area in the vicinity of dip tanks, drain boards or asso- +ciated drying, conveying or other equipment during +operation or shutdown periods. + +The fire code official is authorized to determine the extent of +the flammable vapor area, taking into consideration the mate- +rial characteristics of the flammable materials, the degree of +sustained ventilation and the nature of the operations. + +FLUIDIZED BED. A container holding powder coating +material that is aerated from below so as to form an air-sup- +ported expanded cloud of such material through which the pre- +heated object to be coated is immersed and transported. + +LIMITED SPRAYING SPACE. An area in which operations +for touch-up or spot painting of a surface area of 9 square feet +(0.84 m^) or less are conducted. + +RESIN APPLICATION AREA. An area where reinforced +plastics are used to manufacture products by hand lay-up or +spray-fabrication methods. + +ROLL COATING. The process of coating, spreading and +impregnating fabrics, paper or other materials as they are +passed directly through a tank or trough containing flammable +or combustible liquids, or over the surface of a roller revolving +partially submerged in a flammable or combustible liquid. + +SPRAY BOOTH. A mechanically ventilated appliance of +varying dimensions and construction provided to enclose or +accommodate a spraying operation and to confine and limit the +escape of spray vapor and residue and to exhaust it safely. + +SPRAY ROOM. A room designed to accommodate spraying +operations constructed in accordance with the International +Building Code and separated from the remainder of the build- +ing by a minimum 1-hour fire barrier. + +SPRAYING SPACE. An area in which dangerous quantities +of flammable vapors or combustible residues, dusts or deposits +are present due to the operation of spraying processes. The fire +code official is authorized to define the limits of the spraying +space in any specific case. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +161 + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +SECTION 1503 +PROTECTION OF OPERATIONS + +1503.1 General. Operations covered by this chapter shall be +protected as required by Sections 1503.2 through 1503.4.4. + +1503.2 Sources of ignition. Protection against sources of igni- +tion shall be provided in accordance with Sections 1503.2.1 +through 1503.2.8. + +1503.2.1 Electrical wiring and equipment. Electrical wir- +ing and equipment shall comply with this chapter and the +ICC Electrical Code. + +1503.2.1.1 Flammable vapor areas. Electrical wiring +and equipment in flammable vapor areas shall be of an +explosionproof type approved for use in such hazardous +locations. Such areas shall be considered to be Class I, +Division 1 or Class H, Division 1 hazardous locations in +accordance with the ICC Electrical Code. + +1503.2.1.2 Areas subject to deposits of residues. Elec- +trical equipment, flanomable vapor areas or drying oper- +ations that are subject to splashing or dripping of liquids +shall be specifically approved for locations containing +deposits of readily ignitable residue and explosive +vapors. + +Exceptions: + +1 . This provision shall not apply to wiring in rigid +conduit, threaded boxes or fittings not contain- +ing taps, splices or terminal connections. + +2. This provision shall not apply to electrostatic +equipment allowed by Section 1507. + +In resin application areas, electrical wiring and equip- +ment that is subject to deposits of combustible residues +shall be listed for such exposure and shall be installed as +required for hazardous (classified) locations. Electrical +wiring and equipment not subject to deposits of combus- +tible residues shall be installed as required for ordinary +hazard locations. + +1503.2.1.3 Areas adjacent to spray booths. Electrical +wiring and equipment located outside of, but within 5 +feet (1524 mm) horizontally and 3 feet (914 mm) verti- +cally of openings in a spray booth or a spray room, shall +be approved for Class I, Division 2 or Class II, Division 2 +hazardous locations, whichever is applicable. + +1503.2.1.4 Areas subject to overspray deposits. Elec- +trical equipment in flanmiable vapor areas located such +that deposits of combustible residues could readily accu- +mulate thereon shall be specifically approved for loca- +tions containing deposits of readily ignitable residue and +explosive vapors in accordance with the ICC Electrical +Code. + +Exceptions: + +1. Wiring in rigid conduit. + +2. Boxes or fittings not containing taps, splices or +terminal connections. + +3. Equipment allowed by Sections 1504 and 1507 +and Chapter 21. + + + +1503.2.2 Open flames and sparks. Open flames and +spark-producing devices shall not be located in flammable +vapor areas and shall not be located within 20 feet (6096 +mm) of such areas unless separated by a permanent parti- +tion. + +Exception: Drying and baking apparatus complying +with Section 1504.6.1.2. + +1503.2.3 Hot surfaces. Heated surfaces having a tempera- +ture sufficient to ignite vapors shall not be located in flam- +mable vapor areas. Space-heating appliances, steam pipes +or hot surfaces in a flammable vapor area shall be located +such that they are not subject to accumulation of deposits of +combustible residues. + +Exception: Drying apparatus complying with Section +1504.6.1.2. + +1503.2.4 Equipment enclosures. Equipment or apparatus +that is capable of producing sparks or particles of hot metal +that would fall into a flammable vapor area shall be totally +enclosed. + +1503.2.5 Grounding. Metal parts of spray booths, exhaust +ducts and piping systems conveying Class I or II liquids +shall be electrically grounded in accordance with the ICC +Electrical Code. Metallic parts located in resin application +areas, including but not limited to exhaust ducts, ventilation +fans, spray application equipment, workpieces and piping, +shall be electrically grounded. + +1503.2.6 Smoking prohibited. Smoking shall be prohib- +ited in flammable vapor areas and hazardous materials stor- +age rooms associated with flammable finish processes. "No +Smoking" signs complying with Section 310 shall be con- +spicuously posted in such areas. + +1503.2.7 Welding warning signs. Welding, cutting and +similar spark-producing operations shall not be conducted +in or adjacent to flammable vapor areas or dipping or coat- +ing operations unless precautions have been taken to pro- +vide safety. Conspicuous signs with the following warning +shall be posted in the vicinity of flammable vapor areas, dip- +ping operations and paint storage rooms: + +NO WELDING + +THE USE OF WELDING OR CUTTING + +EQUIPMENT IN OR NEAR THIS AREA + +IS DANGEROUS BECAUSE OF FIRE + +AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS. WELDING + +AND CUTTING SHALL BE DONE ONLY + +UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE + +PERSON IN CHARGE. + +1503.2.8 Powered industrial trucks. Powered industrial +trucks used in electrically classified areas shall be listed for +such use. + +1503.3 Storage, use and handling of flammable and com- +bustible liquids. The storage, use and handling of flanmiable +and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with this section +and Chapter 34. + +1503.3.1 Use. Containers supplying spray nozzles shall be +of a closed type or provided with metal covers, which are +kept closed. Containers not resting on floors shall be on + + + +!• + + + +162 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +1 + + + +noncombustible supports or suspended by wire cables. Con- +tainers supplying spray nozzles by gravity flow shall not +exceed 10 gallons (37.9 L) in capacity. + +1503.3.2 Valves. Containers and piping to which a hose or +flexible connection is attached shall be provided with a +shutoff valve at the connection. Such valves shall be kept +shut when hoses are not in use. + +1503.3.3 Pumped liquid supplies. Where flammable or +combustible liquids are supplied to spray nozzles by posi- +tive displacement pumps, pump discharge lines shall be +provided with an approved relief valve discharging to pump +suction or a safe detached location. + +1503.3.4 Liquid transfer. Where a flammable mixture is +transferred from one portable container to another, a bond +shall be provided between the two containers. At least one +container shall be grounded. Piping systems for Class I and +II liquids shall be permanently grounded. + +1503.3.5 Class I liquids as solvents. Class I Hquids used as +solvents shall be used in spray gun and equipment cleaning +machines that have been listed and approved for such pur- +pose or shall be used in spray booths or spray rooms in +accordance with Sections 1503.3.5.1 and 1503.3.5.2. + +1503.3.5.1 Listed devices. Cleaning machines for spray +guns and equipment shall not be located in areas open to +the public and shall be separated from ignition sources in +accordance with their listings or by a distance of 3 feet +(914 mm), whichever is greater. The quantity of solvent +used in a machine shall not exceed the design capacity of +the machine. + +1503.3.5.2 Within spray booths and spray rooms. + +When solvents are used for cleaning spray nozzles and +auxiliary equipment within spray booths and spray +rooms, the ventilating equipment shall be operated dur- +ing cleaning. + +1503.3.6 Class II and III liquids. Solvents used outside of +spray booths, spray rooms or listed and approved spray gun +and equipment cleaning machines shall be restricted to +Class II and III liquids. + +1503.4 Operations and maintenance. Flammable vapor +areas, exhaust fan blades and exhaust ducts shall be kept free +from the accumulation of deposits of combustible residues. +Where excessive residue accumulates in such areas, spraying +operations shall be discontinued until conditions are corrected. + +1503.4.1 Tools. Scrapers, spuds and other tools used for +cleaning purposes shall be constructed of nonsparking +materials. + +1503.4.2 Residue. Residues removed during cleaning and +debris contaminated with residue shall be immediately +removed from the premises and properly disposed. + +1503.4.3 Waste cans. Approved metal waste cans equipped +with self-closing lids shall be provided wherever rags or +waste are impregnated with finishing material. Such rags +and waste shall be deposited therein immediately after +being utilized. The contents of waste cans shall be properly +disposed of at least once daily and at the end of each shift. + + + +1503.4.4 Solvent recycling. Solvent distillation equipment +used to recycle and clean dirty solvents shall comply with +Section 3405.4. + + + +SECTION 1504 +SPRAY FINISHING + +1504.1 General. The application of flammable or combustible +liquids by means of spray apparatus in continuous or intermit- +tent processes shall be in accordance with the requirements of +Sections 1503 and 1504. + +1504.2 Location of spray-finishing operations. Spray finish- +ing operations conducted in buildings used for Group A, E, I or +R occupancies shall be located in a spray room protected with +an approved automatic sprinkler system installed in accor- +dance with Section 903.3 . 1 . 1 and separated vertically and hori- +zontally from other areas in accordance with the International +Building Code. In other occupancies, spray-finishing opera- +tions shall be conducted in a spray room, spray booth or spray- +ing space approved for such use. + +Exceptions: + +1. Automobile undercoating spray operations and +spray-on automotive lining operations conducted in +areas with approved natural or mechanical ventilation +shall be exempt from the provisions of Section 1504 +when approved and where utilizing Class IIIA or IIIB +combustible liquids. + +2. In buildings other than Group A, E, I or R occupan- +cies, approved limited spraying space in accordance +with Section 1504.9. + +3. Resin application areas used for manufacturing of +reinforced plastics complying with Section 1509 shall +not be required to be located in a spray room, spray +booth or spraying space. + +1504.3 Design and construction. Design and construction of +spray rooms, spray booths and spray spaces shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 1504.3 through 1504.3.3.1. + +1504.3.1 Spray rooms. Spray rooms shall be constructed +and designed in accordance with this section and the Inter- +national Building Code, and shall comply with Sections +1504.4 through 1504.8. + +1504.3.1.1 Floor. Combustible floor construction in +spray rooms shall be covered by approved, +noncombustible, nonsparking material, except where +combustible coverings, including but not limited to thin +paper or plastic and strippable coatings, are utilized over +noncombustible materials to facilitate cleaning opera- +tions in spray rooms. + +1504.3.2 Spray booths. The design and construction of +spray booths shall be in accordance with Sections +1504.3.2.1 through 1504.3.2.6, Sections 1504.4 through +1504.8 and NFPA 33. + +1504.3.2.1 Construction. Spray booths shall be con- +structed of approved noncombustible materials. Alumi- +num shall not be used. Where walls or ceiling assemblies +are constructed of sheet metal, single-skin assemblies + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +163 + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +shall be no thinner than 0.0478 inch (18 gage) (1.2 mm) +and each sheet of double-skin assemblies shall be no +thinner than 0.0359 inch (20 gage) (0.9 mm). Structural +sections of spray booths are allowed to be sealed with +latex-based or similar caulks and sealants. + +1504.3.2.2 Surfaces. The interior surfaces of spray +booths shall be smooth; shall be constructed so as to per- +mit the free passage of exhaust air from all parts of the +interior, and to facilitate washing and cleaning; and shall +be designed to confine residues within the booth. Alumi- +num shall not be used. + +1504.3.2.3 Floor. Combustible floor construction in +spray booths shall be covered by approved, +noncombustible, nonsparking material, except where +combustible coverings, including but not limited to thin +paper or plastic and strippable coatings, are utilized over +noncombustible materials to facilitate cleaning opera- +tions in spray booths. + +1504.3.2.4 Means of egress. Means of egress shall be +provided in accordance with Chapter 10. + +Exception: Means of egress doors from +premanufactured spray booths shall not be less than +30 inches (762 nmi) in width by 80 inches (2032 mm) +in height. + +1504.3.2.5 Clear space. Spray booths shall be installed +so that all parts of the booth are readily accessible for +cleaning. A clear space of not less than 3 feet (914 mm) +shall be maintained on all sides of the spray booth. This +clear space shall be kept free of any storage or combusti- +ble construction. + +Exceptions: + +1. This requirement shall not prohibit locating a +spray booth closer than 3 feet (914 mm) to or +directly against an interior partition, wall or +floor/ceiling assembly that has a fire-resistance +rating of not less than 1 hour, provided the spray +booth can be adequately maintained and +cleaned. + +2. This requirement shall not prohibit locating a +spray booth closer than 3 feet (914 mm) to an +exterior wall or a roof assembly, provided the +wall or roof is constructed of noncombustible +material and the spray booth can be adequately +maintained and cleaned. + +1504.3.2.6 Size. The aggregate area of spray booths in a +building shall not exceed the lesser of 10 percent of the +area of any floor of a building or the basic area allowed +for a Group H-2 occupancy without area increases, as set +forth in the International Building Code. The area of an +individual spray booth in a building shall not exceed the +lesser of the aggregate size limit or 1,500 square feet +(139 m2). + +Exception: One individual booth not exceeding 500 +square feet (46 m^). + +1504.3.3 Spraying spaces. Spraying spaces shall be +designed and constructed in accordance with the Interna- + + + +tional Building Code and Sections 1504.3.3.1 and 1504.4 +and through 1504.8 of this code. + +1504.3.3.1 Floor. Combustible floor construction in +spraying spaces shall be covered by approved, noncom- +bustible nonsparking material, except where combusti- +ble coverings, such as thin paper or plastic and strippable +coatings, are utilized over noncombustible materials to +facilitate cleaning operations in spraying spaces. + +1504.4 Fire protection. Spray booths and spray rooms shall be +protected by an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system +complying with Chapter 9. Protection shall also extend to +exhaust plenums, exhaust ducts and both sides of dry filters +when such filters are used. + +1504.4.1 Fire extinguishers. Portable fire extinguishers +complying with Section 906 shall be provided for spraying +areas in accordance with the requirements for an extra +(high) hazard occupancy. + +1504.5 Housekeeping, maintenance and storage of hazard- +ous materials. Housekeeping, maintenance, storage and use of +hazardous materials shall be in accordance with Sections +1503.3, 1503.4, 1504.5.1 and 1504.5.2. + +1504.5.1 Different coatings. Spray booths, spray rooms +and spraying spaces shall not be alternately utilized for dif- +ferent types of coating materials where the combination of +materials is conducive to spontaneous ignition, unless all +deposits of one material are removed from the booth, room +or space and exhaust ducts prior to spraying with a different +material. + +1504.5.2 Protection of sprinklers. Automatic sprinklers +installed in flammable vapor areas shall be protected from +the accumulation of residue from spraying operations in an +approved manner. Bags used as a protective covering shall +be 0.003-inch-thick (0.076 mm) polyethylene or cellophane +or shall be thin paper. Automatic sprinklers contaminated +by overspray particles shall be replaced with new automatic +sprinklers. + +1504.6 Sources of ignition. Control of sources of ignition shall +be in accordance with Sections 1503.2 and 1504.6.1 through +1504.6.2.4. + +1504.6.1 Drying operations. Spray booths and spray +rooms shall not be alternately used for the purpose of drying +by arrangements or methods that could cause an increase in +the surface temperature of the spray booth or spray room +except in accordance with Sections 1504.6.1.1 and +1504.6.1.2. Except as specifically provided in this section, +drying or baking units utilizing a heating system having +open flames or that are capable of producing sparks shall not +be installed in a flammable vapor areas. + +1504.6.1.1 Spraying procedure. The spraying proce- +dure shall use low- volume spray application. + +1504.6.1.2 Drying apparatus. Fixed drying apparatus +shall comply with this chapter and the applicable provi- +sions of Chapter 21. When recirculation ventilation is +provided in accordance with Section 1504.7.2, the heat- +ing system shall not be within the recirculation air path. + + + +164 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +• + + + +1504.6.1.2.1 Interlocks. The spraying apparatus, +drying apparatus and ventilating system for the spray +booth or spray room shall be equipped with interlocks +arranged to: + +1. Prevent operation of the spraying apparatus +while drying operations are in progress. + +2. Purge spray vapors from the spray booth or +spray room for a period of not less than 3 min- +utes before the drying apparatus is rendered +operable. + +3. Have the ventilating system maintain a safe +atmosphere within the spray booth or spray +room during the drying process and automati- +cally shut off drying apparatus in the event of a +failure of the ventilating system. + +4. Shut off the drying apparatus automatically if +the air temperature within the booth exceeds +200°F (93°C). + +1504.6.1.2.2 Portable infrared apparatus. When a +portable infrared drying apparatus is used, electrical +wiring and portable infrared drying equipment shall +comply with the ICC Electrical Code. Electrical +equipment located within 1 8 inches (457 mm) of floor +level shall be approved for Class I, Division 2 hazard- +ous locations. Metallic parts of drying apparatus shall +be electrically bonded and grounded. During spray- +ing operations, portable drying apparatus and electri- +cal connections and wiring thereto shall not be located +within spray booths, spray rooms or other areas where +spray residue would be deposited thereon. + +1504.6.2 Illumination. Where spraying spaces, spray +rooms or spray booths are illuminated through glass panels +or other transparent materials, only fixed luminaires shall be +utilized as a source of illumination. + +1504.6.2.1 Glass panels. Panels for luminaires or for +observation shall be of heat-treated glass, wired glass or +hammered wire glass and shall be sealed to confine +vapors, mists, residues, dusts and deposits to the flamma- +ble vapor area. Panels for luminaires shall be separated +from the luminaire to prevent the surface temperature of +the panel from exceeding 200°F (93°C). + +1504.6.2.2 Exterior luminaires. Luminaires attached to +the walls or ceilings of a flammable vapor area, but out- +side of any classified area and separated from the flam- +mable vapor areas by vapor-tight glass panels, shall be +suitable for use in ordinary hazard locations. Such +luminaires shall be serviced from outside the flammable +vapor areas. + +1504.6.2.3 Integral luminaires. Luminaires that are an +integral part of the walls or ceiling of a flancimable vapor +area are allowed to be separated from the flammable +vapor area by glass panels that are an integral part of the +luminaire. Such luminaires shall be listed for use in Class +I, Division 2 or Class II, Division 2 locations, whichever +is applicable, and also shall be suitable for accumulations +of deposits of combustible residues. Such luminaires are + + + +allowed to be serviced from inside the flammable vapor +area. + +1504.6.2.4 Portable electric lamps. Portable electric +lamps shall not be used in flammable vapor areas during +spraying operations. Portable electric lamps used during +cleaning or repairing operations shall be of a type +approved for hazardous locations. + +1504.7 Ventilation. Mechanical ventilation of flammable +vapor areas shall be provided in accordance with Section 510 +of the International Mechanical Code. + +1504.7.1 Operation. Mechanical ventilation shall be kept +in operation at all times while spraying operations are being +conducted and for a sufficient time thereafter to allow +vapors from drying coated articles and finishing material +residue to be exhausted. Spraying equipment shall be inter- +locked with the ventilation of the flammable vapor areas +such that spraying operations cannot be conducted unless +the ventilation system is in operation. + +1504.7.2 Recirculation. Air exhausted from spraying oper- +ations shall not be recirculated. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Air exhausted from spraying operations is allowed +to be recirculated as makeup air for unmanned +spray operations, provided that: + +1.1. The solid particulate has been removed. + +1.2. The vapor concentration is less than 25 +percent of the LFL. + +1.3. Approved equipment is used to monitor +the vapor concentration. + +1.4. When the vapor concentration exceeds 25 +percent of the LFL, the following shall +occur: + +a. An alarm shall sound; and + +b. Spray operations shall automatically +shut down. + +1.5. In the event of shutdown of the vapor con- +centration monitor, 100 percent of the air +volume specified in Section 510 of the +International Mechanical Code is auto- +matically exhausted. + +2. Air exhausted from spraying operations is allowed +to be recirculated as makeup air to manned spray- +ing operations where all of the conditions provided +in Exception 1 are included in the installation and +documents have been prepared to show that the +installation does not pose a life safety hazard to +personnel inside the spray booth, spraying space or +spray room. + +1504.7.3 Air velocity. Ventilation systems shall be +designed, installed and maintained such that the average air +velocity over the open face of the booth, or booth cross sec- +tion in the direction of airflow during spraying operations, +shall not be less than 100 feet per minute (0.51 m/s). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +165 + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +1504.7.4 Ventilation obstruction. Articles being sprayed +shall be positioned in a manner that does not obstruct collec- +tion of overspray. + +1504.7.5 Independent ducts. Each spray booth and spray +room shall have an independent exhaust duct system dis- +charging to the outside. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Multiple spray booths having a combined frontal +area of 1 8 square feet (1 .67 m^) or less are allowed +to have a coimnon exhaust when identical spray +finishing material is used in each booth. If more +than one fan serves one booth, fans shall be inter- +connected such that all fans will operate simulta- +neously. + +2. Where treatment of exhaust is necessary for air +pollution control or for energy conservation, ducts +shall be allowed to be manifolded if all of the fol- +lowing conditions are met: + +2. 1 . The sprayed materials used are compatible +and will not react or cause ignition of the +residue in the ducts. + +2.2. Nitrocellulose-based finishing material +shall not be used. + +2.3. A filtering system shall be provided to +reduce the amount of overspray carried +into the duct manifold. + +2.4. Automatic sprinkler protection shall be +provided at the junction of each booth +exhaust with the manifold, in addition to +the protection required by this chapter. + +1504.7.6 Termination point. The termination point for +exhaust ducts discharging to the atmosphere shall not be +less than the following distances: + +1. Ducts conveying explosive or flammable vapors, +fumes or dusts: 30 feet (9144 nran) from the property +line; 10 feet (3048 mm) from openings into the build- +ing; 6 feet (1829 mm) from exterior walls and roofs; +30 feet (9144 mm) from combustible walls or open- +ings into the building that are in the direction of the +exhaust discharge; 10 feet (3048 nun) above adjoin- +ing grade. + +2. Other product-conveying outlets: 10 feet (3048 mm) +from the property line; 3 feet (914 mm) from exterior +walls and roofs; 10 feet (3048 mm) from openings +into the building; 10 feet (3048 mm) above adjoining +grade. + +1504.7.7 Fan motors and belts. Electric motors driving +exhaust fans shall not be placed inside booths or ducts. Fan +rotating elements shall be nonferrous or nonsparking or the +casing shall consist of, or be lined with, such material. Belts +shall not enter the duct or booth unless the belt and pulley +within the duct are tightly enclosed. + +1504.7.8 Filters. Air intake filters that are part of a wall or +ceiling assembly shall be listed as Class I or II in accordance +with UL 900. Exhaust filters shall be required. + + + +1504.7.8.1 Supports. Supports and holders for filters +shall be constructed of noncombustible materials. + +1504.7.8.2 Attachment. Overspray collection filters +shall be readily removable and accessible for cleaning or +replacement. + +1504.7.8.3 Maintaining air velocity. Visible gauges, +audible alarms or pressure-activated devices shall be +installed to indicate or ensure that the required air veloc- +ity is maintained. + +1504.7.8.4 Filter rolls. Spray booths equipped with a fil- +ter roll that is automatically advanced when the air veloc- +ity is reduced to less than 100 feet per minute (0.51 m/s) +shall be arranged to shut down the spraying operation if +the filter roll fails to advance automatically. + +1504.7.8.5 Filter disposal. Discarded filter pads shall be +immediately removed to a safe, detached location or +placed in a noncombustible container with a tight-fitting +lid and disposed of properly. + +1504.7.8.6 Spontaneous ignition. Spray booths using +dry filters shall not be used for spraying materials that are +highly susceptible to spontaneous heating and ignition. +Filters shall be changed prior to spraying materials that +could react with other materials previously collected. An +example of a potentially reactive combination includes +lacquer when combined with varnishes, stains or prim- +ers. + +1504.7.8.7 Waterwash spray booths. Waterwash spray +booths shall be of an approved design so as to prevent +excessive accumulation of deposits in ducts and residue +at duct outlets. Such booths shall be arranged so that air +and overspray are drawn through a continuously flowing +water curtain before entering an exhaust duct to the +building exterior. + +1504.8 Interlocks. Interlocks for spray application finishes +shall be in accordance with Sections 1504.8 through 1504.8.2. + +1504.8.1 Automated spray application operations. + +Where protecting automated spray application operations, +automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall be equipped +with an approved interlock feature that will, upon discharge +of the system, automatically stop the spraying operations +and workpiece conveyors into and out of the flammable +vapor areas. Where the building is equipped with a fire +alarm system, discharge of the automatic fire-extinguishing +system shall also activate the building alarm notification +appliances. + +1504.8.1.1 Alarm station. A manual fire alarm and +emergency system shutdown station shall be installed to +serve each flammable vapor area. When activated, the +station shall accomplish the functions indicated in Sec- +tion 1504.8.1. + +1504.8.1.2 Alarm station location. At least one manual +fire alarm and emergency system shutdown station shall +be readily accessible to operating personnel. Where +access to this station is likely to involve exposure to dan- +ger, an additional station shall be located adjacent to an +exit from the area. + + + +I» + + + +166 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +1504.8.2 Ventilation interlock prohibited. Air makeup +and flammable vapor area exhaust systems shall not be +interlocked with the fire alarm system and shall remain in +operation during a fire alarm condition. + +Exception: Where the type of fire-extinguishing system +used requires such ventilation to be discontinued, air +makeup and exhaust systems shall shut down and damp- +ers shall close. + +1504.9 Limited spraying spaces. Limited spraying spaces +shall comply with Sections 1504.9.1 through 1504.9.4. + +1504.9.1 Job size. The aggregate surface area to be sprayed +shall not exceed 9 square feet (0.84 m^). + +1504.9.2 Frequency. Spraying operations shall not be of a +continuous nature. + +1504.9.3 Ventilation. Positive mechanical ventilation pro- +viding a minimum of six complete air changes per hour shall +be installed. Such system shall meet the requirements of this +code for handling flammable vapor areas. Explosion vent- +ing is not required. + +1504.9.4 Electrical wiring. Electrical wiring within 10 feet +(3048 mm) of the floor and 20 feet (6096 mm) horizontally +of the limited spraying space shall be designed for Class I, +Division 2 locations in accordance with the ICC Electrical +Code. + + + +SECTION 1505 +DIPPING OPERATIONS + +1505.1 General. Dip-tank operations shall comply with the +requirements of Section 1503 and this section. + +1505.2 Location of dip-tank operations. Dip-tank operations +conducted in buildings used for Group A, I or R occupancies +shall be located in a room designed for that purpose, equipped +with an approved automatic sprinkler system and separated +vertically and horizontally from other areas in accordance with +the International Building Code. + +1505.3 Construction of dip tanks. Dip tanks shall be con- +structed in accordance with Sections 1505.3.1 through +1505.3.4.3 and NFPA 34. Dip tanks, including drain boards, +shall be constructed of noncombustible material and their sup- +ports shall be of heavy metal, reinforced concrete or masonry. + +1505.3.1 Overflow. Dip tanks greater than 150 gallons (568 +L) in capacity or 10 square feet (0.93 m^) in liquid surface +area shall be equipped with a trapped overflow pipe leading +to an approved location outside the building. The bottom of +the overflow connection shall not be less than 6 inches (152 +mm) below the top of the tank. + +1505.3.2 Bottom drains. Dip tanks greater than 500 gallons +(1893 L) in hquid capacity shall be equipped with bottom +drains that are arranged to automatically and manually drain +the tank quickly in the event of a fire unless the viscosity of +the liquid at normal atmospheric temperature makes this +impractical. Manual operation shall be from a safe, accessi- +ble location. Where gravity flow is not practicable, auto- +matic pumps shall be provided. Such drains shall be trapped + + + +and discharged to a closed, vented salvage tank or to an +approved outside location. + +Exception: Dip tanks containing Class IIIB combustible +liquids where the liquids are not heated above room tem- +perature and the process area is protected by automatic +sprinklers. + +1505.3.3 Dipping liquid temperature control. Protection +against the accumulation of vapors, self-ignition and exces- +sively high temperatures shall be provided for dipping liq- +uids that are heated directly or heated by the surfaces of the +object being dipped. + +1505.3.4 Dip-tank covers. Dip-tank covers allowed by +Section 1505.4.1 shall be capable of manual operation and +shall be automatic closing by approved automatic-closing +devices designed to operate in the event of a fire. + +1505.3.4.1 Construction. Covers shall be constructed of +noncombustible material or be of a tin-clad type with +enclosing metal applied with locked joints. + +1505.3.4.2 Supports. Chain or wire rope shall be uti- +lized for cover supports or operating mechanisms. + +1505.3.4.3 Closed covers. Covers shall be kept closed +when tanks are not in use. + +1505.4 Fire protection. Dip-tank operations shall be protected +in accordance with Sections 1505.4.1 through 1504.4.2. + +1505.4.1 Fixed fire-extinguishing equipment. An + +approved automatic fire-extinguishing system or dip-tank +cover in accordance with Section 1505.7 shall be provided +for the following dip tanks: + +1. Dip tanks less than 150 gallons (568 L) in capacity or +10 square feet (0.93 m^) in liquid surface area. + +2. Dip tanks containing a liquid with a flash point below +1 10°F (43 °C) used in such manner that the liquid tem- +perature could equal or be greater than its flash point +from artificial or natural causes, and having both a +capacity of more than 10 gallons (37.9 L) and a liquid +surface area of more than 4 square feet (0.37 m^). + +1505.4.1.1 Fire-extinguishing system. An approved +automatic fire-extinguishing system shall be provided +for dip tanks with a 150-gallon (568 L) or more capacity +or 10 square feet (0.93 m^) or larger in a liquid surface +area. Fire-extinguishing system design shall be in accor- +dance with NFPA 34. + +1505.4.2 Portable fire extinguishers. Areas in the vicinity +of dip tanks shall be provided with portable fire +extinguishers complying with Section 906 and suitable for +flammable and combustible liquid fires as specified for +extra (high) hazard occupancies. + +1505.5 Housekeeping, maintenance and storage of hazard- +ous materials. Housekeeping, maintenance, storage and use of +hazardous materials shall be in accordance with Sections +1503.3 and 1503.4. + +1505.6 Sources of ignition. Control of sources of ignition shall +be in accordance with Section 1503.2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +167 + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +1505.7 Ventilation of flammable vapor areas. Flammable +vapor areas shall be provided with mechanical ventilation ade- +quate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors. +Required ventilation systems shall be arranged such that the +failure of any ventilating fan shall automatically stop the dip- +ping conveyor system. + +1505.8 Conveyor interlock. Dip tanks utilizing a conveyor +system shall be arranged such that in the event of a fire, the con- +veyor system shall automatically cease motion and the required +tank bottom drains shall open. + +1505.9 Hardening and tempering tanks. Hardening and tem- +pering tanks shall comply with Sections 1505.3 through +1505.3.3, 1505.4.2 and 1505.8 but shall be exempt from other +provisions of Section 1505. + +1505.9.1 Location. Tanks shall be located as far as practical +from furnaces and shall not be located on or near combusti- +ble floors. + +1505.9.2 Hoods. Tanks shall be provided with a +noncombustible hood and vent or other approved venting +means, terminating outside of the structure to serve as a vent +in case of a fire. Such vent ducts shall be treated as flues and +proper clearances shall be maintained from combustible +materials. + +1505.9.3 Alarms. Tanks shall be equipped with a high-tem- +perature limit switch arranged to sound an alarm when the +temperature of the quenching medium reaches 50°F (10°C) +below the flash point. + +1505.9.4 Fire protection. Hardening and tempering tanks +greater than 500 gallons (1893 L) in capacity or 25 square +feet (2.3 m^) in liquid surface area shall be protected by an +approved automatic fire-extinguishing system complying +with Chapter 9. + +1505.9.5 Use of air pressure. Air under pressure shall not +be used to fill or agitate oil in tanks. + +1505.10 Flow-coating operations. Flow-coating operations +shall comply with the requirements for dip tanks. The area of +the sump and any areas on which paint flows shall be consid- +ered to be the area of a dip tank. + +1505.10.1 Paint supply. Paint shall be supplied by a gravity +tank not exceeding 10 gallons (38 L) in capacity or by direct +low-pressure pumps arranged to shut down automatically in +case of a fire by means of approved heat-actuated devices. + +1505.11 Roll-coating operations. Roll-coating operations +shall comply with Section 1505.10. In roll-coating operations +utilizing flammable or combustible liquids, sparks from static +electricity shall be prevented by electrically bonding and +grounding all metallic rotating and other parts of machinery +and equipment and by the installation of static collectors, or by +maintaining a conductive atmosphere such as a high relative +humidity. + + + +SECTION 1506 +POWDER COATING + +1506.1 General. Operations using finely ground particles of +protective finishing material applied in dry powder form by a + + + +fluidized bed, an electrostatic fluidized bed, powder spray guns +or electrostatic powder spray guns shall comply with this +section. In addition to Section 1506, Section 1507 shall apply +to fixed electrostatic equipment used in powder coating opera- +tions. + +1506.2 Location. Powder coating operations shall be con- +ducted in enclosed rooms constructed and protected in accor- +dance with Section 1506. + +1506.3 Construction of powder coating rooms and booths. + +Powder coating rooms and booths shall be constructed of +noncombustible materials, enclosed powder coating facilities +that are ventilated or ventilated spray booths complying with +Section 1504.3.2. + +Exception: Listed spray-booth assemblies that are con- +structed of other materials shall be allowed. + +1506.4 Fire protection. Areas used for powder coating shall +be protected by an approved automatic fire-extinguishing sys- +tem complying with Chapter 9. + +1506.4.1 Additional protection for fixed systems. Auto- +mated powder application equipment shall be protected by +the installation of an approved, supervised flame detection +apparatus that shall react to the presence of flame within 0.5 +second and shall accomplish all of the following: + +1. Shutting down of energy supplies (electrical and +compressed air) to conveyor, ventilation, application, +transfer and powder collection equipment. + +2. Closing of segregation dampers in associated +ductwork to interrupt airflow from application equip- +ment to powder collectors. + +3. Activation of an alarm that is audible throughout the +powder coating room or booth. + +1506.4.2 Fire extinguishers. Portable fire extinguishers +complying with Section 906 shall be provided for areas used +for powder coating in accordance with the requirements for +an extra hazard occupancy. + +1506.5 Operation and maintenance. Powder coating areas +shall be kept free from the accumulation of powder coating +dusts, including horizontal surfaces such as ledges, beams, +pipes, hoods, booths and floors. + +1506.5.1 Cleaning. Surfaces shall be cleaned in such a man- +ner so as to avoid scattering dusts to other places or creating +dust clouds. Vacuum sweeping equipment shall be of a type +approved for use in hazardous locations. + +1506.6 Sources of ignition. Control of sources of ignition shall +be in accordance with Sections 1503.2 and 1506.6.1 through +1506.6.4. + +1506.6.1 Drying, curing and fusion equipment. Drying, +curing and fusion equipment shall comply with Chapter 2 1 . + +1506.6.2 Spark-producing metals. Iron or spark-produc- +ing metals shall be prevented from being introduced into the +powders being applied by magnetic separators, filter- type +separators or by other approved means. + + + +168 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +1506.6.3 Preheated parts. When parts are heated prior to +coating, the temperature of the parts shall not exceed the +ignition temperature of the powder to be used. + +1506.6.4 Grounding and bonding. Precautions shall be +taken to minimize the possibility of ignition by static electri- +cal sparks through static bonding and grounding, where +possible, of powder transport, application and recovery +equipment. + +1506.7 Ventilation. Exhaust ventilation shall be sufficient to +maintain the atmosphere below one-half the minimum explo- +sive concentration for the material being applied. Nondepos- +ited, air-suspended powders shall be removed through exhaust +ducts to the powder recovery system. + + + +SECTION 1507 +ELECTROSTATIC APPARATUS + +1507.1 General. Electrostatic apparatus and devices used in +connection with paint- spraying and paint-detearing operations +shall be of an approved type. + +1507.2 Location and clear space. A space of at least twice the +sparking distance shall be maintained between goods being +painted or deteared and electrodes, electrostatic atomizing +heads or conductors. A sign stating the sparking distance shall +be conspicuously posted near the assembly. + +1507.3 Construction of equipment. Electrodes and elec- +trostatic atomizing heads shall be of approved construction, +rigidly supported in permanent locations and effectively insu- +lated from ground. Insulators shall be nonporous and noncom- +bustible. + +1507.3.1 Barriers. Booths, fencing, railings or guards shall +be placed about the equipment such that either by their loca- +tion or character, or both, isolation of the process is main- +tained from plant storage and personnel. Railings, fencing +and guards shall be of conductive material, adequately +grounded and shall be at least 5 feet (1524 mm) from pro- +cessing equipment. + +1507.4 Fire protection. Areas used for electrostatic spray fin- +ishing with fixed equipment shall be protected with an +approved automatic fire-extinguishing system complying with +Chapter 9 and Section 1507.4.1. + +1507.4.1 Protection for automated liquid electrostatic +spray application equipment. Automated liquid electro- +static spray application equipment shall be protected by the +installation of an approved, supervised flame detection +apparatus that shall, in the event of ignition, react to the +presence of flame within 0.5 second and shall accomplish +all of the following: + +1 . Activation of a local alarm in the vicinity of the spray- +ing operation and activation of the building alarm sys- +tem, if such a system is provided. + +2. Shutting down of the coating material delivery sys- +tem. + +3. Termination of all spray application operations. + +4. Stopping of conveyors into and out of the flammable +vapor areas. + + + +5. Disconnection of power to the high- voltage elements +in the tlanunable vapor areas and disconnection of +power to the system. + +1507.5 Housekeeping, maintenance and storage of hazard- +ous materials. Housekeeping, maintenance, storage and use of +hazardous materials shall be in accordance with Sections +1503.3, 1503.4 and Sections 1507.5.1 and 507.5.2. + +1507.5.1 Maintenance. Insulators shall be kept clean and +dry. Drip plates and screens subject to paint deposits shall be +removable and taken to a safe place for cleaning. + +1507.5.2 Signs. Signs shall be posted to provide the follow- +ing information: + +1 . Designate the process zone as dangerous with respect +to fire and accident. + +2. Identify the grounding requirements for all electri- +cally conductive objects in the flammable vapor area, +including persons. + +3. Restrict access to qualified personnel only. + +1507.6 Sources of ignition. Transformers, power packs, con- +trol apparatus and all other electrical portions of the equipment, +except high-voltage grids and electrostatic atomizing heads +and connections, shall be located outside of the flammable +vapor areas or shall comply with Section 1503.2. + +1507.7 Ventilation. The flammable vapor area shall be venti- +lated in accordance with Section 1504.7. + +1507.8 Emergency shutdown. Electrostatic apparatus shall be +equipped with automatic controls operating without time delay +to disconnect the power supply to the high- voltage transformer +and signal the operator under any of the following conditions: + +1 . Stoppage of ventilating fans or failure of ventilating +equipment from any cause. + +2. Stoppage of the conveyor carrying articles past the +high- voltage grid. + +3 . Occurrence of a ground or an imminent ground at any +point of the high- voltage system. + +4. Reduction of clearance below that required in Section +1507.2. + +1507.9 Ventilation interlock. Hand electrostatic equipment +shall be interlocked with the ventilation system for the spraying +area so that the equipment cannot be operated unless the venti- +lating system is in operation. + + + +SECTION 1508 + +ORGANIC PEROXIDES AND + +DUAL-COMPONENT COATINGS + +1508.1 General. Spraying operations involving the use of +organic peroxides and other dual-component coatings shall be +in accordance with the requirements of Section 1503 and this +section. + +1508.2 Use of organic peroxide coatings. Spraying opera- +tions involving the use of organic peroxides and other +dual-component coatings shall be conducted in approved +sprinklered spray booths complying with Section 1504.3.2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +169 + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +1508.3 Equipment. Spray guns and related handling equip- +ment used with organic peroxides shall be of a type manufac- +tured for such use. + +1508.3.1 Pressure tanks. Separate pressure vessels and +inserts specifically for the application shall be used for the +resin and for the organic peroxide, and shall not be inter- +changed. Organic peroxide pressure tank inserts shall be +constructed of stainless steel or polyethylene. + +1508.4 Housekeeping, maintenance, storage and use of haz- +ardous materials. Housekeeping, maintenance, storage and +use of hazardous materials shall be in accordance with Sections +1503.3 and 1503.4 and Sections 1508.4.1 through 1508.4.7. + +1508.4.1 Contamination prevention. Organic peroxide +initiators shall not be contaminated with foreign substances. + +1508.4.2 Spilled material. Spilled organic peroxides shall +be promptly removed so there are no residues. Spilled mate- +rial absorbed by using a noncombustible absorbent shall be +promptly disposed of in accordance with the manufacturer's +recommendation. + +1508.4.3 Residue control. Materials shall not be contami- +nated by dusts and overspray residues resulting from the +sanding or spraying of finishing materials containing +organic peroxides. + +1508.4.4 Handling. Handling of organic peroxides shall be +conducted in a manner that avoids shock and friction that +produces decomposition and violent reaction hazards. + +1508.4.5 Mixing. Organic peroxides shall not be mixed +directly with accelerators or promoters. + +1508.4.6 Personnel qualifications. Personnel working +with organic peroxides and dual-component coatings shall +be specifically trained to work with these materials. + +1508.4.7 Storage. The storage of organic peroxides shall +comply with Chapter 39. + +1508.5 Sources of ignition. Only nonsparking tools shall be +used in areas where organic peroxides are stored, mixed or +applied. + + + +SECTION 1509 + +INDOOR MANUFACTURING OF + +REINFORCED PLASTICS + +1509.1 General. Indoor manufacturing processes involving +spray or hand application of reinforced plastics and using more +than 5 gallons (19 L) of resin in a 24-hour period shall be in +accordance with this section. + +1509.2 Resin application equipment. Equipment used for +spray application of resin shall be installed and used in accor- +dance with Sections 1508 and 1509. + +1509.3 Fire protection. Resin application areas shall be pro- +tected by an automatic sprinkler system. The sprinkler system +design shall not be less than that required for Ordinary Hazard, +Group 2, with a minimum design area of 3,000 square feet (279 +m^). Where the materials or storage arrangements are required +by other regulations to be provided with a higher level of sprin- + + + +kler system protection, the higher level of sprinkler system +protection shall be provided. + +1509.4 Housekeeping, maintenance, storage and use of haz- +ardous materials. Housekeeping, maintenance, storage and +use of hazardous materials shall be in accordance with Sections +1503.3 and 1503.4 and Sections 1509.4.1 through 1509.4.3. + +1509.4.1 Handling of excess catalyzed resin. A + +noncombustible, open-top container shall be provided for +disposal of excess catalyzed resin. Excess catalyzed resin +shall be drained into the container while still in the liquid +state. Enough water shall be provided in the container to +maintain a minimum 2-inch (5 1 mm) water layer over the +contained resin. + +1509.4.2 Control of overchop. In areas where chopper +guns are used, exposed wall and floor surfaces shall be cov- +ered with paper, polyethylene film or other approved mate- +rial to allow for removal of overchop. Overchop shall be +allowed to cure for not less than 4 hours prior to removal. + +1509.4.2.1 Disposal. Following removal, used wall and +floor covering materials required by Section 1509.4.2 +shall be placed in a noncombustible container and +removed from the facility. + +1509.4.3 Storage and use of hazardous materials. Stor- +age and use of organic peroxides shall be in accordance with +Section 1508 and Chapter 39. Storage and use of flammable +and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with Chapter +34. Storage and use of unstable (reactive) materials shall be +in accordance with Chapter 43. + +1509.5 Sources of ignition in resin application areas. + +Sources of ignition in resin application areas shall comply with +Section 1503.2. + +1509.6 Ventilation. Mechanical ventilation shall be provided +throughout resin application areas in accordance with Section +1504.7. The ventilation rate shall be adequate to maintain the +concentration of flammable vapors in the resin application area +at or below 25 percent of the LFL. + +Exception: Mechanical ventilation is not required for +buildings that have 75 percent of the perimeter unenclosed. + +1509.6.1 Local ventilation. Local ventilation shall be pro- +vided inside of workpieces where personnel will be under or +inside of the workpiece. + + + +SECTION 1510 +FLOOR SURFACING AND FINISHING OPERATIONS + +1510.1 Scope. Floor surfacing and finishing operations +exceeding 350 square feet (33 m^) and using Class I or II liquids +shall comply with Sections 1510.2 through 1510.5. + +1510.2 Mechanical system operation. Heating, ventilation +and air-conditioning systems shall not be operated during +resurfacing or refinishing operations or within 4 hours of the +application of flammable or combustible liquids. + +1510.3 Business operation. Floor surfacing and finishing +operations shall not be conducted while an establishment is +open to the public. + + + +170 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES + + + +1510.4 Ignition sources. The power shall be shut down to all +electrical sources of ignition within the flammable vapor area, +unless those devices are classified for use in Class I, Division 1 +hazardous locations. + +1510.5 Ventilation. To prevent the accumulation of flammable +vapors, mechanical ventilation at a minimum rate of 1 cubic +foot per minute per square foot [0.00508 m^ /(s • m^)] of area +being finished shall be provided. Such exhaust shall be by +approved temporary or portable means. Vapors shall be +exhausted to the exterior of the building. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 171 + + + +172 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 16 + +FRUIT AND CROP RIPENING + + + +SECTION 1601 +GENERAL + +1601.1 Scope. Ripening processes where ethylene gas is intro- +duced into a room to promote the ripening of fruits, vegetables +and other crops shall comply with this chapter. + +Exception: Mixtures of ethylene and one or more inert +gases in concentrations which prevent the gas from reaching +greater than 25 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL) +when released to the atmosphere. + +1601.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + +1601.3 Ethylene generators. Approved ethylene generators +shall be operated and maintained in accordance with Section +1606. + + + +1604.5 Heating. Heating shall be by indirect means utilizing +low-pressure steam, hot water, or warm air. + +Exception: Electric or fuel-fired heaters approved for use in +hazardous (classified) locations which are installed and +operated in accordance with the applicable provisions of the +ICC Electrical Code, the International Mechanical Code or +the International Fuel Gas Code. + + + +SECTION 1605 +COMBUSTIBLE WASTE + +1605.1 Housekeeping. Empty boxes, cartons, pallets and other +combustible waste shall be removed from ripening rooms or +enclosures and disposed of at regular intervals in accordance +with Chapter 3. + + + +SECTION 1602 +DEFINITIONS + +1602.1 Terms defined in Chapter 2. Words and terms used in +this chapter and defined in Chapter 2 shall have the meanings +ascribed to them as defined therein. + + + +SECTION 1603 +ETHYLENE GAS + +1603.1 Location. Ethylene gas shall be discharged only into +approved rooms or enclosures designed and constructed for +this purpose. + +1603.2 Dispensing. Valves controlling discharge of ethylene +shall provide positive and fail-closed control of flow and shall +be set to limit the concentration of gas in air below 1,000 parts +per million (ppm). + + + +SECTION 1604 +SOURCES OF IGNITION + +1604.1 Ignition prevention. Sources of ignition shall be con- +trolled or protected in accordance with this section and Chapter +3. + +1604.2 Electrical wiring and equipment. Electrical wiring +I and equipment, including luminaires, shall be approved for use + +in Class I, Division 2, Group C hazardous (classified) loca- +tions. + +1604.3 Static electricity. Containers, piping and equipment +used to dispense ethylene shall be bonded and grounded to pre- +vent the discharge of static sparks or arcs. + +1604.4 Lighting. Lighting shall be by approved electric lamps +or luminaires only. + + + +SECTION 1606 +ETHYLENE GENERATORS + +1606.1 Ethylene generators. Ethylene generators shall be +listed and labeled by an approved testing laboratory, approved +by the fire code official and used only in approved rooms in +accordance with the ethylene generator manufacturer's +instructions. The listing evaluation shall include documenta- +tion that the concentration of ethylene gas does not exceed 25 +percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL). + +1606.2 Ethylene generator rooms. Ethylene generators shall +be used in rooms having a volume of not less than 1,000 cubic +feet (28 m^). Rooms shall have air circulation to ensure even +distribution of ethylene gas and shall be free from sparks, open +flames or other ignition sources. + + + +SECTION 1607 +WARNING SIGNS + +1607.1 When required. Approved warning signs indicating +the danger involved and necessary precautions shall be posted +on all doors and entrances to the premises. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +173 + + + +174 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +• + + + +CHAPTER 17 + +FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING + + + +SECTION 1701 +GENERAL + +1701.1 Scope. Fumigation and thennal insecticidal fogging +operations within structures shall comply with this chapter. + +1701.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 1702 +DEFINITIONS + +1702.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +FUMIGANT. A substance which by itself or in combination +with any other substance emits or liberates a gas, fume or vapor +utilized for the destruction or control of insects, fungi, vermin, +germs, rats or other pests, and shall be distinguished from +insecticides and disinfectants which are essentially effective in +the solid or liquid phases. Examples are methyl bromide, ethyl- +ene dibromide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon disulfide and +sulfuryl fluoride. + +FUMIGATION. The utilization within an enclosed space of a +fumigant in concentrations that are hazardous or acutely toxic +to humans. + +THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING. The utilization +of insecticidal liquids passed through thermal fog-generating +units where, by means of heat, pressure and turbulence, such +liquids are transformed and discharged in the form of fog or +mist blown into an area to be treated. + + + +SECTION 1703 +FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS + +1703.1 General. Structures in which fumigation and thermal +insecticidal fogging operations are conducted shall comply +with the fire protection and safety requirements of Sections + +1703.2 through 1703.7. + +1703.2 Sources of ignition. Fires, open flames and similar +sources of ignition shall be eliminated from the space under +fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging. Heating, where +needed, shall be of an approved type. + +1703.2.1 Electricity. Electricity shall be shut off. + +Exception: Circulating fans that have been specifically +designed for utilization in hazardous atmospheres and +installed in accordance with the ICC Electrical Code. + +1703.3 Notification. The fire code official and fire chief shall +be notified in writing at least 24 hours before the structure is to +be closed in connection with the utilization of any toxic or +flammable fumigant. Notification shall give the location of the +enclosed space to be fumigated or fogged, the occupancy, the +fumigants or insecticides to be utilized, the person or persons + + + +responsible for the operation, and the date and time at which +the operation will begin. Notice of any fumigation or thermal +insecticidal fogging shall be served with sufficient advance +notice to the occupants of the enclosed space involved to enable +the occupants to evacuate the premises. + +1703.3.1 Warning signs. Approved warning signs indicat- +ing the danger, type of chemical involved and necessary pre- +cautions shall be posted on all doors and entrances to the +premises and upon all gangplanks and ladders from the +deck, pier or land to the ship. Such notices shall be printed in +red ink on a white background. Letters in the headlines shall +be at least 2 inches (5 1 mm) in height and shall state the date +and time of the operation, the name and address of the per- +son, the name of the operator in charge, and a warning stat- +ing that the occupied premises shall be vacated at least 1 +hour before the operation begins and shall not be reentered +until the danger signs have been removed by the proper +authorities. + +1703.3.2 Breathing apparatus. Persons engaged in the +business of fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging shall +maintain and have available approved protective breathing +apparatus. + +1703.3.3 Watch personnel. During the period fumigation +is in progress, except when fumigation is conducted in a +gas-tight vault or tank, a capable, alert watcher shall remain +on duty at the entrance or entrances to the enclosed fumi- +gated space until after the fumigation is completed and the +premises properly ventilated and safe for occupancy. Suffi- +cient watchers shall be provided to prevent persons from +entering the enclosed space under fumigation without being +observed. + +1703.4 Thermal insecticidal fogging liquids. Thermal insec- +ticidal fogging liquids with a flash point below 100°F (38°C) +shall not be utilized. + +1703.5 Sealing of buildings. Paper and other similar materials +that do not meet the flame propagation performance criteria of +NFPA 701 shall not be used to wrap or cover a building in +excess of that required for the sealing of cracks, casements and +similar openings. + +1703.6 Venting and cleanup. At the end of the exposure +period, fumigators shall safely and properly ventilate the pre- +mises and contents; properly dispose of fumigant containers, +residues, debris and other materials used for such fumigation; +and clear obstructions from gas-fired appliance vents. + +1703.7 Flammable fumigants restricted. The use of carbon +disulfide and hydrogen cyanide shall be restricted to agricul- +tural fumigation. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +175 + + + +1 76 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +• + + + +CHAPTER 18 + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITIES + + + +SECTION 1801 +GENERAL + +1801.1 Scope. Semiconductor fabrication facilities and com- +parable research and development areas classified as Group +H-5 shall comply with this chapter and the International Build- +ing Code. The use, storage and handling of hazardous materials +in Group H-5 shall comply with this chapter, other applicable +provisions of this code and the International Building Code. + +1801.2 Application. The requirements set forth in this chapter +are requirements specific only to Group H-5 and shall be +applied as exceptions or additions to applicable requirements +set forth elsewhere in this code. + +1801.3 Multiple hazards. Where a material poses multiple +hazards, all hazards shall be addressed in accordance with Sec- +tion 2701.1. + +1801.4 Existing buildings and existing fabrication areas. + +Existing buildings and existing fabrication areas shall comply +with this chapter, except that transportation and handling of +HPM in exit access corridors and exit enclosures shall be +allowed when in compliance with Section 1805.3.2 and the +International Building Code. + +1801.5 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 1802 +DEFINITIONS + +1802.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +CONTINUOUS GAS DETECTION SYSTEM. A gas + +detection system where the analytical instrument is maintained +in continuous operation and sampling is performed without +interruption. Analysis is allowed to be performed on a cyclical +basis at intervals not to exceed 30 minutes. + +EMERGENCY CONTROL STATION. An approved loca +tion on the premises where signals from emergency equipment +are received and which is staffed by trained personnel. + +FABRICATION AREA. An area within a semiconductor fab- +rication facility and related research and development areas in +which there are processes using hazardous production materi- +als. Such areas are allowed to include ancillary rooms or areas +such as dressing rooms and offices that are directly related to +the fabrication area processes. + +HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION MATERIAL (HPM). A + +solid, Hquid or gas associated with semiconductor manufactur- +ing that has a degree-of-hazard rating in health, flammability or +reactivity of Class 3 or 4 as ranked by NFFA 704 and which is +used directly in research, laboratory or production processes +which have as their end product materials that are not hazardous. + + + +HPM FLAMMABLE LIQUID. An HPM liquid that is +defined as either a Class I flammable liquid or a Class II or +Class IIIA combustible liquid. + +HPM ROOM. A room used in conjunction with or serving a +Group H-5 occupancy, where HPM is stored or used and which +is classified as a Group H-2, H-3 or H-4 occupancy. + +PASS-THROUGH. An enclosure installed in a wall with a +door on each side that allows chemicals, HPM, equipment, and +parts to be transferred from one side of the wall to the other. + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITY. A + +building or a portion of a building in which electrical circuits or +devices are created on solid crystalline substances having elec- +trical conductivity greater than insulators but less than conduc- +tors. These circuits or devices are commonly known as +semiconductors. + +SERVICE CORRIDOR. A fully enclosed passage used for +transporting HPM and purposes other than required means of +egress. + +TOOL. A device, storage container, workstation, or process +machine used in a fabrication area. + +WORKSTATION. A defined space or an independent princi- +pal piece of equipment using HPM within a fabrication area +where a specific function, laboratory procedure or research +activity occurs. Approved or listed hazardous materials storage +cabinets, flammable liquid storage cabinets or gas cabinets +serving a workstation are included as part of the workstation. A +workstation is allowed to contain ventilation equipment, fire +protection devices, detection devices, electrical devices and +other processing and scientific equipment. + + + +SECTION 1803 +GENERAL SAFETY PROVISIONS + +1803.1 Emergency control station. An emergency control +station shall be provided in accordance with Sections 1803.1.1 +through 1803.1.3. + +1803.1.1 Location. The emergency control station shall be +located on the premises at an approved location outside the +fabrication area. + +1803.1.2 Staffing. Trained personnel shall continuously +staff the emergency control station. + +1803.1.3 Signals. The emergency control station shall receive +signals from emergency equipment and alarm and detection +systems. Such emergency equipment and alarm and detection +systems shall include, but not be limited to, the following +where such equipment or systems are required to be provided +either in this chapter or elsewhere in this code: + +1. Automatic sprinkler system alarm and monitoring +systems. + +2. Manual fire alarm systems. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +177 + + + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITIES + + + +3. Emergency alarm systems. + +4. Continuous gas detection systems. + +5. Smoke detection systems. + +6. Emergency power system. + +7. Automatic detection and alarm systems for +pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reactive liquids +required by Section 1805.2.3.5. + +8. Exhaust ventilation flow alarm devices for +pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reactive liquids +cabinet exhaust ventilation systems required by Sec- +tion 1805.2.3.5. + +1803.2 Systems, equipment and processes. Systems, equip- +ment and processes shall be in accordance with Sections +1803.2.1 through 1803.2.3.2. + +1803.2.1 Application. Systems, equipment and processes +shall include, but not be limited to, containers, cylinders, +tanks, piping, tubing, valves and fittings. + +1803.2.2 General requirements. In addition to the require- +ments in Section 1803.2, systems, equipment and processes +shall also comply with Section 2703.2, other applicable pro- +visions of this code, the International Building Code and the +International Mechanical Code. + +1803.2.3 Additional requirements for HPM supply pip- +ing. In addition to the requirements in Section 1803.2, HPM +supply piping and tubing for HPM gases and liquids shall +comply with this section. + +1803.2.3.1 General requirements. The requirements +set forth in Section 2703.2.2.2 shall apply to supply pip- +ing and tubing for HPM gases and liquids. + +1803.2.3.2 Health-hazard ranking 3 or 4 HPM. Sup- +ply piping and tubing for HPM gases and liquids having a +health-hazard ranking of 3 or 4 shall be welded through, +except for connections located within a ventilation +enclosure if the material is a gas, or an approved method +of drainage or containment provided for connections if +the material is a liquid. + +1803.3 Construction requirements. Construction of semi- +conductor fabrication facilities shall be in accordance with +Sections 1803.3.1 through 1803.3.9. + +1803.3.1 Fabrication areas. Construction and location of +fabrication areas shall comply with the International Build- +ing Code. + +1803.3.2 Pass-throughs in exit access corridors. + +Pass-throughs in exit access corridors shall be constructed +in accordance with the International Building Code. + +1803.3.3 Liquid storage rooms. Liquid storage rooms shall +comply with Chapter 34 and the International Building Code. + +1803.3.4 HPM rooms. HPM rooms shall comply with the +International Building Code. + +1803.3.5 Gas cabinets. Gas cabinets shall comply with +Section 2703.8.6. + +1803.3.6 Exhausted enclosures. Exhausted enclosures +shall comply with Section 2703.8.5. + + + +1803.3.7 Gas rooms. Gas rooms shall comply with Section +2703.8.4. + +1803.3.8 Service corridors. Service corridors shall comply +with Section 1805.3 and the International Building Code. + +1803.3.9 Cabinets containing pyrophoric liquids or +water-reactive Class 3 liquids. Cabinets in fabrication +areas containing pyrophoric liquids or Class 3 water-reac- +tive liquids in containers or in amounts greater than 0.5 gal- +lon (2 L) shall comply with Section 1805.2.3.5. + +1803.4 Emergency plan. An emergency plan shall be estab- +lished as set forth in Section 408.4. + +1803.5 Maintenance of equipment, machinery and pro- +cesses. Maintenance of equipment, machinery and processes +shall comply with Section 2703.2.6. + +1803.6 Security of areas. Areas shall be secured in accordance +with Section 2703.9.2. + +1803.7 Electrical wiring and equipment. Electrical wiring +and equipment in HPM facilities shall comply with Sections +1803.7.1 through 1803.7.3. + +1803.7.1 Fabrication areas. Electrical wiring and equip- +ment in fabrication areas shall comply with the ICC Electri- +cal Code. + +1803.7.2 Workstations. Electrical equipment and devices +within 5 feet (1524 mm) of workstations in which flamma- +ble or pyrophoric gases or flammable liquids are used shall +comply with the ICC Electrical Code for Class I, Division 2 +hazardous locations. Workstations shall not be energized +without adequate exhaust ventilation in accordance with +Section 1803.14. + +Exception: Class I, Division 2 hazardous electrical +equipment is not required when the air removal from the +workstation or dilution will prevent the accumulation of +flammable vapors and fumes on a continuous basis. + +1803.7.3 Hazardous production material (HPM) rooms, +gas rooms and liquid storage rooms. Electrical wiring and +equipment in HPM rooms, gas rooms and liquid storage +rooms shall comply with the ICC Electrical Code. + +1803.8 Exit access corridors and exit enclosures. Hazardous +materials shall not be used or stored in exit access corridors or +exit access enclosures. + +1803.9 Service corridors. Hazardous materials shall not be +used in an open-system use condition in service corridors. + +1803.10 Automatic sprinkler system. An approved automatic +sprinkler system shall be provided in accordance with Sections +1803.10.1 through 1803.10.5 and Chapter 9. + +1803.10.1 Workstations and tools. The design of the sprin- +kler system in the area shall take into consideration the spray +pattern and the effect on the equipment. + +1803.10.1.1 Combustible workstations. A sprinkler +head shall be installed within each branch exhaust con- +nection or individual plenums of workstations of com- +bustible construction. The sprinkler head in the exhaust +connection or plenum shall be located not more than 2 +feet (610 mm) from the point of the duct connection or + + + +178 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITIES + + + +the connection to the plenum. When necessary to prevent +corrosion, the sprinkler head and connecting piping in +the duct shall be coated with approved or listed corro- +sion-resistant materials. The sprinkler head shall be +accessible for periodic inspection. + +Exceptions: + +1. Approved alternative automatic fire-extin- +guishing systems are allowed. Activation of +such systems shall deactivate the related pro- +cessing equipment. + +2. Process equipment which operates at tempera- +tures exceeding 932°F (500°C) and is provided +with automatic shutdown capabilities for haz- +ardous materials. + +3. Exhaust ducts 10 inches (254 mm) or less in +diameter from flammable gas storage cabinets +that are part of a workstation. + +4. Ducts listed or approved for use without inter- +nal automatic sprinkler protection. + +1803.10.1.2 Combustible tools. Where the horizontal +surface of a combustible tool is obstructed from ceiling +sprinkler discharge, automatic sprinkler protection that +covers the horizontal surface of the tool shall be provided. + +Exceptions: + +1. An automatic gaseous fire-extinguishing local +surface apphcation system shall be allowed as an +alternative to sprinklers. Gaseous-extinguishing +systems shall be actuated by infrared (IR) or +ultraviolet/infrared (UVIR) optical detectors. + +2. Tools constructed of materials that are listed or +approved for use without internal fire extin- +guishing system protection. + +1803.10.2 Gas cabinets and exhausted enclosures. An + +approved automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in +gas cabinets and exhausted enclosures containing HPM +compressed gases. + +Exception: Gas cabinets located in an HPM room other +than those cabinets containing pyrophoric gases. + +1803.10.3 Pass-throughs in existing exit access corri- +dors. Pass-throughs in existing exit access corridors shall be +protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system. + +1803.10.4 Exhaust ducts for HPM. An approved auto- +matic sprinkler system shall be provided in exhaust ducts +conveying gases, vapors, fumes, mists or dusts generated +from HPM in accordance with this section and the Interna- +tional Mechanical Code. + +1803.10.4.1 Metallic and noncombustible nonmetal- +lic exhaust ducts. An approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem shall be provided in metallic and noncombustible +nonmetallic exhaust ducts when all of the following con- +ditions apply: + +1 . When the largest cross-sectional diameter is equal +to or greater than 10 inches (254 mm). + +2. The ducts are within the building. + + + +3. The ducts are conveying flammable gases, vapors | +or fumes. + +1803.10.4.2 Combustible nonmetallic exhaust ducts. + +An approved automatic sprinkler system shall be pro- +vided in combustible nonmetallic exhaust ducts when +the largest cross-sectional diameter of the duct is equal to +or greater than 10 inches (254 mm). + +Exceptions: + +1 . Ducts listed or approved for applications with- +out automatic sprinkler system protection. + +2. Ducts not more than 12 feet (3658 mm) in +length installed below ceiling level. + +1803.10.4.3 Exhaust connections and plenums of +combustible workstations. Automatic fire-extinguish- +ing system protection for exhaust connections and ple- +nums of combustible workstations shall comply with +Section 1803.14.1. + +1803.10.4.4 Exhaust duct sprinkler system require- +ments. Automatic sprinklers installed in exhaust duct +systems shall be hydraulically designed to provide 0.5 +gallons per minute (gpm) (1.9 L/min) over an area +derived by multiplying the distance between the sprin- +klers in a horizontal duct by the width of the duct. Mini- +mum discharge shall be 20 gpm (76 L/min) per sprinkler +from the five hydraulically most remote sprinklers. + +1803.10.4.4.1 Sprinkler head locations. Automatic +sprinklers shall be installed at 12-foot (3658 mm) +intervals in horizontal ducts and at changes in direc- +tion. In vertical runs, automatic sprinklers shall be +installed at the top and at alternate floor levels. + +1803.10.4.4.2 Control valve. A separate indicating +control valve shall be provided for sprinklers installed +in exhaust ducts. + +1803.10.4.4.3 Drainage. Drainage shall be provided +to remove sprinkler water discharged in exhaust ducts. + +1803.10.4.4.4 Corrosive atmospheres. Where cor- +rosive atmospheres exist, exhaust duct sprinklers and +pipe fittings shall be manufactured of corrosion- +resistant materials or coated with approved materials. + +1803.10.4.4.5 Maintenance and inspection. Sprin- +klers in exhaust ducts shall be accessible for periodic +inspection and maintenance. + +1803.10.5 Sprinkler alarms and supervision. Automatic +sprinkler systems shall be electrically supervised and pro- +vided with alarms in accordance with Chapter 9. Automatic +sprinkler system alarm and supervisory signals shall be +transmitted to the emergency control station. + +1803.11 Manual fire alarm system. A manual fire alarm sys- +tem shall be installed throughout buildings containing a Group +H-5 occupancy. Activation of the alarm system shall initiate a +local alarm and transmit a signal to the emergency control sta- +tion. Manual fire alarm systems shall be designed and installed +in accordance with Section 907. + +1803.12 Emergency alarm system. Emergency alarm sys- +tems shall be provided in accordance with Sections 1803.12.1 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +179 + + + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITIES + + + +through 1803.12.3, Section 2704.9 and Section 2705.4.4. The +maximum allowable quantity per control area provisions of +Section 2704.1 shall not apply to emergency alarm systems +required for HPM. + +1803.12.1 Where required. Emergency alarm systems +shall be provided in the areas indicated in Sections +1803.12.1.1 through 1803.12.1.3. + +1803.12.1.1 Service corridors. An approved emergency +alarm system shall be provided in service corridors, with +at least one alarm device in the service corridor. + +1803.12.1.2 Exit access corridors and exit enclosures. + +Emergency alarms for exit access corridors and exit +enclosures shall comply with Section 2705.4.4. + +1803.12.1.3 Liquid storage rooms, HPM rooms and +gas rooms. Emergency alarms for liquid storage rooms, +HPM rooms and gas rooms shall comply with Section +2704.9. + +1803.12.2 Alarm-initiating devices. An approved emer- +gency telephone system, local alarm manual pull stations, or +other approved alarm-initiating devices are allowed to be +used as emergency alarm-initiating devices. + +1803.12.3 Alarm signals. Activation of the emergency +alarm system shall sound a local alarm and transmit a signal +to the emergency control station. + +1803.13 Continuous gas detection systems. A continuous gas +detection system shall be provided for HPM gases when the +physiological warning threshold level of the gas is at a higher +level than the accepted permissible exposure limit (PEL) for +the gas and for flammable gases in accordance with Sections +1803.13.1 through 1803.13.2.2. + +1803.13.1 Where required. A continuous gas detection +system shall be provided in the areas identified in Sections +1803.13.1.1 through 1803.13.1.4. + +1803.13.1.1 Fabrication areas. A continuous gas detec- +tion system shall be provided in fabrication areas when +gas is used in the fabrication area. + +1803.13.1.2 HPM rooms. A continuous gas detection +system shall be provided in HPM rooms when gas is used +in the room. + +1803.13.1.3 Gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures and +gas rooms. A continuous gas detection system shall be +provided in gas cabinets and exhausted enclosures. A +continuous gas detection system shall be provided in gas +rooms when gases are not located in gas cabinets or +exhausted enclosures. + +1803.13.1.4 Exit access corridors. When gases are +transported in piping placed within the space defined by +the walls of an exit access corridor and the floor or roof +above the exit access corridor, a continuous gas detection +system shall be provided where piping is located and in +the exit access corridor. + +Exception: A continuous gas detection system is not +required for occasional transverse crossings of the +corridors by supply piping which is enclosed in a fer- +rous pipe or tube for the width of the corridor. + + + +1803.13.2 Gas detection system operation. The continu- +ous gas detection system shall be capable of monitoring the +room, area or equipment in which the gas is located at or +below the permissible exposure limit (PEL) or ceiling limit +of the gas for which detection is provided. For flammable +gases, the monitoring detection threshold level shall be +vapor concentrations in excess of 20 percent of the lower +flammable limit (LFL). Monitoring for highly toxic and +toxic gases shall also comply with Chapter 37. + +1803.13.2.1 Alarms. The gas detection system shall ini- +tiate a local alarm and transmit a signal to the emergency +control station when a short-term hazard condition is +detected. The alarm shall be both visible and audible and +shall provide warning both inside and outside the area +where the gas is detected. The audible alarm shall be dis- +tinct from all other alarms. + +1803.13.2.2 Shut off of gas supply. The gas detection +system shall automatically close the shutoff valve at the +source on gas supply piping and tubing related to the sys- +tem being monitored for which gas is detected when a +short-term hazard condition is detected. Automatic clo- +sure of shutoff valves shall comply with the following: + +1. Where the gas-detection sampling point initiating +the gas detection system alarm is within a gas cabi- +net or exhausted enclosure, the shutoff valve in the +gas cabinet or exhausted enclosure for the specific +gas detected shall automatically close. + +2. Where the gas-detection sampling point initiating +the gas detection system alarm is within a room +and compressed gas containers are not in gas cabi- +nets or exhausted enclosure, the shutoff valves on +all gas lines for the specific gas detected shall auto- +matically close. + +3. Where the gas-detection sampling point initiating +the gas detection system alarm is within a piping +distribution manifold enclosure, the shutoff valve +supplying the manifold for the compressed gas +container of the specific gas detected shall auto- +matically close. + +Exception: Where the gas-detection sampling point +initiating the gas detection system alarm is at the use +location or within a gas valve enclosure of a branch line +downstream of a piping distribution manifold, the shut- +off valve for the branch line located in the piping distri- +bution manifold enclosure shall automatically close. + +1803.14 Exhaust ventilation systems for HPM. Exhaust venti- +lation systems and materials for exhaust ducts utihzed for the +exhaust of HPM shall comply with Sections 1803.14.1 through +1 803. 14.3, other applicable provisions of this code, the Interna- +tional Building Code and the International Mechanical Code. + +1803.14.1 Where required. Exhaust ventilation systems +shall be provided in the following locations in accordance +with the requirements of this section and the International +Building Code: + +1. Fabrication areas: Exhaust ventilation for fabrication +areas shall comply with the International Building + + + +180 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITIES + + + +Code. The fire code official is authorized to require +additional manual control switches. + +2. Workstations: A ventilation system shall be provided +to capture and exhaust gases, fumes and vapors at +workstations. + +3. Liquid storage rooms: Exhaust ventilation for liquid +storage rooms shall comply with Section 2704.3.1 +and the International Building Code. + +4. HPM rooms: Exhaust ventilation for HPM rooms +shall comply with Section 2704.3.1 and the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +5. Gas cabinets: Exhaust ventilation for gas cabinets +shall comply with Section 2703.8.6.2. The gas cabi- +net ventilation system is allowed to connect to a work- +station ventilation system. Exhaust ventilation for gas +cabinets containing highly toxic or toxic gases shall +also comply with Chapter 37. + +6. Exhausted enclosures: Exhaust ventilation for +exhausted enclosures shall comply with Section +2703.8.5.2. Exhaust ventilation for exhausted enclo- +sures containing highly toxic or toxic gases shall also +comply with Chapter 37. + +7. Gas rooms: Exhaust ventilation for gas rooms shall +comply with Section 2703.8.4.2. Exhaust ventilation +for gas cabinets containing highly toxic or toxic gases +shall also comply with Chapter 37. + +8. Cabinets containing pyrophoric liquids or Class 3 +water-reactive liquids: Exhaust ventilation for cabi- +nets in fabrication areas containing pyrophoric liq- +uids or Class 3 water-reactive liquids shall be as +required in Section 1805.2.3.5. + +1803.14.2 Penetrations. Exhaust ducts penetrating fire barrier +assembhes shall be contained in a shaft of equivalent fire-resis- +tance-rated construction. Exhaust ducts shall not penetrate fire +walls. Fire dampers shall not be installed in exhaust ducts. + +1803.14.3 Treatment systems. Treatment systems for +highly toxic and toxic gases shall comply with Chapter 37. + +1803.15 Emergency power system. An emergency power +system shall be provided in Group H-5 occupancies where +required by Section 604. The emergency power system shall be +designed to supply power automatically to required electrical +systems when the normal supply system is interrupted. + +1803.15.1 Required electrical systems. Emergency power +shall be provided for electrically operated equipment and +connected control circuits for the following systems: + +1. HPM exhaust ventilation systems. + +2. HPM gas cabinet ventilation systems. + +3. HPM exhausted enclosure ventilation systems. + +4. HPM gas room ventilation systems. + +5. HPM gas detection systems. + +6. Emergency alarm systems. + +7. Manual fire alarm systems. + + + +8. Automatic sprinkler system monitoring and alarm +systems. + +9. Automatic alarm and detection systems for +pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reactive liq- +uids required in Section 1805.2.3.5. + +10. Flow alarm switches for pyrophoric liquids and +Class 3 water-reactive liquids cabinet exhaust venti- +lation systems required in Section 1805.2.3.5. + +1 1 . Electrically operated systems required elsewhere in +this code or in the International Building Code +applicable to the use, storage or handling of HPM. + +1803.15.2 Exhaust ventilation systems. Exhaust ventila- +tion systems are allowed to be designed to operate at not less +than one-half the normal fan speed on the emergency power +system when it is demonstrated that the level of exhaust will +maintain a safe atmosphere. + + + +SECTIOIM1804 +STORAGE + +1804.1 General. Storage of hazardous materials shall comply +with Section 1803 and this section and other applicable provi- +sions of this code. + +1804.2 Fabrication areas. Hazardous materials storage and +the maximum quantities of hazardous materials in use and stor- +age allowed in fabrication areas shall be in accordance with +Sections 1804.2.1 through 1804.2.2.1. + +1804.2.1 Location of HPM storage in fabrication areas. + +Storage of HPM in fabrication areas shall be within +approved or listed storage cabinets, gas cabinets, exhausted +enclosures or within a workstation as follows. + +1. Flammable and combustible liquid storage cabinets +shall comply with Section 3404.3.2. + +2. Hazardous materials storage cabinets shall comply +with Section 2703.8.7. + +3. Gas cabinets shall comply with Section 2703.8.6. Gas +cabinets for highly toxic or toxic gases shall also com- +ply with Section 3704.1.2. + +4. Exhausted enclosures shall comply with Section +2703.8.5. Exhausted enclosures for highly toxic or +toxic gases shall also comply with Section 3704. 1.3. + +5. Workstations shall comply with Section 1805.2.2. + +1804.2.2 Maximum aggregate quantities in fabrication +areas. The aggregate quantities of hazardous materials +stored or used in a single fabrication area shall be limited as +specified in this section. + +Exception: Fabrication areas containing quantities of +hazardous materials not exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantities per control area established by Sections +2703.1.1, 3404.3.4 and 3404.3.5. + +1804.2.2.1 Storage and use in fabrication areas. The + +maximum quantities of hazardous materials stored or +used in a single fabrication area shall not exceed the +quantities set forth in Table 1804.2.2.1. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +181 + + + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITIES + + + +TABLE 1804.2.2.1 +QUANTITY LIMITS FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN A SINGLE FABRICATION AREA IN GROUP H-5' + + +HAZARD CATEGORY + + +SOLIDS +(pounds/square foot) + + +LIQUIDS +(gallons/square foot) + + +GAS +(cubic feet@NTP/square foot) + + +PHYSICAL-HAZARD MATERIALS + + +Combustible dust + + +Noteb + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +Combustible fiber +Loose +Baled + + +Noteb +Notes b, c + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +Combustible liquid +Class II +Class IIIA +Class IIIB +Combination Class I, II and IIIA + + +Not Applicable + + +0.01 + +0.02 + +Not Limited + +0.04 + + +Not Applicable + + +Cryogenic gas +Flammable +Oxidizing + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +Noted +1.25 + + +Explosives + + +Noteb + + +Noteb + + +Noteb + + +Flammable gas +Gaseous +Liquefied + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +Noted +Noted + + +Flammable liquid +Class lA +Class IB +Class IC + +Combination Class lA, IB and IC +Combination Class I, II and IIIA + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.0025 +0.025 +0.025 +0.025 +0.04 + + +Not Applicable + + +Flammable solid + + +0.001 + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +Organic peroxide + +Unclassified detonable + +Class I + +Class II + +Class III + +Class IV + +Class V + + +Noteb + +Noteb + +0.025 + +0.1 + +Not Limited + +Not Limited + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +Oxidizing gas +Gaseous +Liquefied +Combination of Gaseous and Liquefied + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +1.25 +1.25 +1.25 + + +Oxidizer +Class 4 +Class 3 +Class 2 +Class 1 +Combination oxidizer Class 1, 2, 3 + + +Noteb +0.003 +0.003 +0.003 +0.003 + + +Noteb +0.03 +0.03 +0.03 +0.03 + + +Not +Applicable + + +Pyrophoric + + +Noteb + + +0.00125 + + +Notes d and e + + +Unstable reactive +Class 4 +Class 3 +Class 2 +Class 1 + + +Noteb + +0.025 + +0.1 + +Not Limited + + +Noteb + +0.0025 + +0.01 + +Not Limited + + +Noteb + +Noteb + +Noteb + +Not Limited + + +Water reactive +Class 3 +Class 2 +Class 1 + + +Noteb + +0.25 + +Not Limited + + +0.00125 + +0.025 + +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + + +(continued) + + + +182 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITIES + + + +TABLE 1804.2.2.1— continued +QUANTITY LIMITS FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN A SINGLE FABRICATION AREA IN GROUP H-5' + + + +SOLIDS +HAZARD CATEGORY (pounds/square foot) + + +LIQUIDS GAS +(gallons/square foot) (cubic feet@NTP/square foot) + + +HEALTH-HAZARD MATERIALS + + +Corrosives + + +Not Limited + + +Not Limited + + +Not Limited + + +Highly toxics + + +Not Limited + + +Not Limited + + +Noted + + +Toxics + + +Not Limited + + +Not Limited + + +Noted + + + +For SI: 1 pound per square foot = 4.882 kg/m^, 1 gallon per square foot = 40.7 L/m^, 1 cubic foot @ NTP/square foot = 0.305 m^ @NTP/m^, +1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m^. + +a. Hazardous materials within piping shall not be included in the calculated quantities. + +b. Quantity of hazardous materials in a single fabrication shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control area in Tables 2703. 1 .1(1) and 2703 . 1 . 1 (2). + +c. Densely packed baled cotton that complies with the packing requirements of ISO 8115 shall not be included in this material class. + +d. The aggregate quantity of flammable, pyrophoric, toxic and highly toxic ^ses shall not exceed 9,000 cubic feet at NTP. + +e. The aggregate quantity of pyrophoric gases in the building shall not exceed the amounts set forth in Table 2703.8.2. + + + +•I + + + +1804.3 Indoor storage outside of fabrication areas. The + +indoor storage of hazardous materials outside of fabrication +areas shall be in accordance with Sections 1804.3.1 through +1804.3.3. + +1804.3.1 HPM storage. The indoor storage of HPM in +quantities greater than those listed in Section 2703.1.1 and +3404.3.4 shall be in a room complying with the require- +ments of the International Building Code and this code for a +liquid storage room, HPM room or gas room as appropriate +for the materials stored. + +1804.3.2 Other hazardous materials storage. The indoor +storage of other hazardous materials shall comply with Sec- +tions 2701, 2703 and 2704 and other applicable provisions +of this code. + +1804.3.3 Separation of incompatible hazardous materi- +als. Incompatible hazardous materials in storage shall be +separated from each other in accordance with Section +2703.9.8. + + + +SECTION 1805 +USE AND HANDLING + +1805.1 General. The use and handling of hazardous materials +shall comply with this section, Section 1803 and other applica- +ble provisions of this code. + +1805.2 Fabrication areas. The use of hazardous materials in +fabrication areas shall be in accordance with Sections 1805.2.1 +through 1805.2.3.5. + +1805.2.1 Location of HPM in use in fabrication areas. + +Hazardous production materials in use in fabrication areas +shall be within approved or listed gas cabinets, exhausted +enclosures or a workstation. + +1805.2.2 Maximum aggregate quantities in fabrication +areas. The aggregate quantities of hazardous materials in a +single fabrication area shall comply with Section 1804.2.2, +and Table 1 804.2.2. 1 . The quantity of HPM in use at a work- +station shall not exceed the quantities listed in Table +1805.2.2. + + + +1805.2.2.1 Protection of vessels. Vessels containing +HPM located in or connected to a workstation shall be +protected from physical damage and shall not project +from the workstation. Hazardous gas and liquid vessels +located within a workstation shall be protected from +seismic forces in an approved manner in accordance +with the International Building Code. Protection for +HPM compressed gases shall also comply with Chapter +30. + +1805.2.2.2 Drainage and containment for HPM liq- +uids. Each workstation utilizing HPM liquids shall have +all of the following: + +1 . Drainage piping systems connected to a compati- +ble system for disposition of such liquids. + +2. The work surface provided with a slope or other +means for directing spilled materials to the con- +tainment or drainage system. + +3. An approved means of containing or directing +spilled or leaked liquids to the drainage system. + +1805.2.2.3 Clearances. Workstations where HPM is +used shall be provided with horizontal servicing clear- +ances of not less than 3 feet (914 mm) for electrical +equipment, gas cylinder connections and similar hazard- +ous conditions. These clearances shall apply only to nor- +mal operational procedures and not to repair or +maintenance-related work. + +1805.2.3 Workstations. Workstations in fabrication areas +shall be in accordance with Sections 1805.2.3.1 through +1805.2.3.5. + +1805.2.3.1 Construction. Workstations in fabrication +areas shall be constructed of materials compatible with +the materials used and stored at the workstation. The por- +tion of the workstation that serves as a cabinet for HPM +gases and HPM flammable liquids shall be +noncombustible and, if of metal, shall be not less than +0.0478-inch (18 gage) (1.2 mm) steel. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +183 + + + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITIES + + + +TABLE 1805.2.2 +MAXIMUM QUANTITIES OF HPM AT A WORKSTATION^ + + + +HPM CLASSIFICATION + + +STATE + + +MAXIMUM QUANTITY + + +Flammable, highly toxic, +pyrophoric and toxic combined + + +Gas + + +3 cylinders + + +Flammable + + +Liquid +Solid + + +15 gallons^' ''• = +5 pounds''' '^ + + +Corrosive + + +Gas +Liquid + +Solid + + +3 cylinders + +Use-open system + +25gallons''''' + +Use-closed system: + +150gallons^'^'f + +20 pounds''' = + + +Highly toxic + + +Liquid +Solid + + +15 gallons"''' +5 pounds'" + + +Oxidizer + + +Gas +Liquid + +Solid + + +3 cylinders +Use-open system + +12 gallons'' + +Use-closed system + +60 gallons '''^ + +20 pounds''''' + + +Pyrophoric + + +Liquid +Solid + + +0.5 gallon''' g +See Table 1804.2.2.1 + + +Toxic + + +Liquid +Solid + + +Use-open system +15 gallons" + +Use-closed system +60 gallons "'" +5 pounds'''" + + +Unstable reactive Class 3 + + +Liquid +Solid + + +0.5 gallon'''" +5 pounds''' " + + +Water-reactive Class 3 + + +Liquid +Solid + + +0,5 gallon''' g +See Table 1804.2.2.1 + + + +For SL 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L. + +a. DOT shipping containers with capacities of greater than 5.3 gallons shall not +be located within a workstation. + +b. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent for closed +system operations. When Note c also applies, the increase for both notes +shall be allowed. + +c. Quantities shall be allowed to be increased 100 percent when workstations +are internally protected with an approved automatic frre-extinguishing or +suppression system complying with Chapter 9. When Note b also applies, +the increase for both notes shall be allowed. When Note f also applies, the +maximum increase allowed for both Notes c and f shall not exceed 100 per- +cent. + +d. Allowed only in workstations that are internally protected with an approved +automatic fire-extinguishing or fire protection system complying with +Chapter 9 and compatible with the reactivity of materials in use at the work- +station. + +e. The quantity limits apply only to materials classified as HPM. + +f . Quantities shall be allowed to be increased 1 00 percent for nonflammable, +noncombustible corrosive liquids when the materials of construction for +workstations are listed or approved for use without internal fire-extin- +guishing or suppression system protection. When Note c also applies, the +maximum increase allowed for both Notes c and f shall not exceed 1 00 per- +cent. + +g. A maximum quantity of 5.3 gallons shall be allowed at a workstation when +conditions are in accordance with Section 1805.2.3.5. + +1805.2.3.2 Protection of vessels. Vessels containing +hazardous materials located in or connected to a work- +station shall be protected as follows: + +1 . HPM: Vessels containing HPM shall be protected +from physical damage and shall not project from +the workstation. + +2. Hazardous cryogenic fluids, gases and liquids: +Hazardous cryogenic fluid, gas and liquid vessels + + + +located within a workstation shall be protected +from seismic forces in an approved manner in +accordance with the International Building Code. + +3. Compressed gases: Protection for compressed gas +vessels shall also comply with Section 3003.5. + +4. Cryogenic fluids: Protection for cryogenic fluid +vessels shall also comply with Section 3203.3. + +1805.2.3.3 Drainage and containment for HPM liq- +uids. Each workstation utilizing HPM liquids shall have +all of the following: + +1 . Drainage piping systems connected to a compati- +ble system for disposition of such liquids; + +2. The work surface provided with a slope or other +means for directing spilled materials to the con- +tainment or drainage system; and + +3. An approved means of containing or directing +spilled or leaked liquids to the drainage system. + +1805.2.3.4 Clearances. Workstations where HPM is +used shall be provided with horizontal servicing clear- +ances of not less than 3 feet (914 mm) for electrical +equipment, gas-cylinder connections and similar hazard- +ous conditions. These clearances shall apply only to nor- +mal operational procedures and not to repair- or +maintenance-related work. + +1805.2.3.5 Pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reac- +tive liquids. Pyrophoric liquids and Class 3 water-reac- +tive liquids in containers greater than 0.5-gallon (2 L) but +not exceeding 5.3-gallon (20 L) capacity shall be +allowed at workstations when located inside cabinets +and the following conditions are met: + +1. Maximum amount per cabinet: The maximum +amount per cabinet shall be limited to 5.3 gallons +(20 L). + +2. Cabinet construction: Cabinets shall be con- +structed in accordance with the following: + +2.1. Cabinets shall be constructed of not less +than 0.097-inch (2.5 mm) (12 gauge) steel. + +2.2. Cabinets shall be permitted to have +self-closing limited access ports or +noncombustible windows that provide +access to equipment controls. + +2.3. Cabinets shall be provided with self- or +manual-closing doors. Manual-closing +doors shall be equipped with a door switch +that will initiate local audible and visual +alarms when the door is in the open posi- +tion. + +3. Cabinet exhaust ventilation system: An exhaust +ventilation system shall be provided for cabinets +and shall comply with the following: + +3.1. The system shall be designed to operate at +a negative pressure in relation to the sur- +rounding area. + + + +• + + + +184 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITIES + + + +•I + + + +3.2. The system shall be equipped with a pres- +sure monitor and a flow switch alarm mon- +itored at the on-site emergency control +station. + +4. Cabinet spill containment: Spill containment shall +be provided in each cabinet, with the spill contain- +ment capable of holding the contents of the aggre- +gate amount of liquids in containers in each +cabinet. + +5 . Valves : Valves in supply piping between the prod- +uct containers in the cabinet and the workstation +served by the containers shall fail in the closed +position upon power failure, loss of exhaust venti- +lation and upon actuation of the fire control sys- +tem. + +6. Fire detection system: Each cabinet shall be +equipped with an automatic fire detection system +complying with the following conditions: + +6. 1 . Automatic detection system: UV/IR, high- +sensitivity smoke detection (HSSD) or +other approved detection systems shall be +provided inside each cabinet. + +6.2. Automatic shutoff: Activation of the +detection system shall automatically close +the shutoff valves at the source on the liq- +uid supply. + +6.3. Alarms and signals: Activation of the +detection system shall initiate a local alarm +within the fabrication area and transmit a +signal to the emergency control station. +The alarms and signals shall be both visual +and audible. + +1805.3 Transportation and handling. The transportation and +handling of hazardous materials shall comply with Sections +1805.3.1 through 1805.3.4.1 and other applicable provisions of +this code. + +1805.3.1 Exit corridors access and exit enclosures. Exit +access corridors and exit enclosures in new buildings or +serving new fabrication areas shall not contain HPM except +as permitted for exit access corridors by Section 415.8.6.3 +of the International Building Code. + +1805.3.2 Transport in existing exit access corridors. + +When existing fabrication areas are altered or modified in +existing buildings, HPM is allowed to be transported in +existing exit access corridors when such exit access corri- +dors comply with the International Building Code. Trans- +portation in exit access corridors shall comply with Section +2703.10. + +1805.3.3 Service corridors. When a new fabrication area is +constructed, a service corridor shall be provided where it is +necessary to transport HPM from a liquid storage room, +HPM room, gas room or from the outside of a building to the +perimeter wall of a fabrication area. Service corridors shall +be designed and constructed in accordance with the Interna- +tional Building Code. + + + +1805.3.4 Carts and trucks. Carts and trucks used to trans- +port HPM in exit acess corridors and exit enclosures in +existing buildings shall comply with Section 2703.10.3. + +1805.3.4.1 Identification. Carts and trucks shall be +marked to indicate the contents. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +185 + + + +186 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 19 + +LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING FACILITIES + + + +SECTION 1901 +GENERAL + +1901.1 Scope. The storage, manufacturing and processing of +timber, lumber, plywood, veneers and byproducts shall be in +accordance with this chapter. + +1901.2 Permit. Permits shall be required as set forth in Section +105.6. + + + +SECTION 1902 +DEFINITIONS + +1902.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +COLD DECK. A pile of unfinished cut logs. + +FINES. Small pieces or splinters of wood byproducts that will +pass through a 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) screen. + +HOGGED MATERIALS. Wood waste materials produced +from the lumber production process. + +PLYWOOD and VENEER MILLS. Facilities where raw +wood products are processed into finished wood products, +including waferboard, oriented strandboard, fiberboard, com- +posite wood panels and plywood. + +RAW PRODUCT. A mixture of natural materials such as tree, +brush trimmings, or waste logs and stumps. + +STATIC PILES. Piles in which processed wood product is +mounded and is not being turned or moved. + +TIMBER and LUMBER PRODUCTION FACILITIES. + +Facilities where raw wood products are processed into finished +wood products. + + + +SECTION 1903 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +1903.1 Open yards. Open yards required by the International +Building Code shall be maintained around structures. + +1903.2 Dust control. Equipment or machinery located inside +buildings which generates or emits combustible dust shall be +provided with an approved dust collection and exhaust system +installed in accordance with Chapter 13 and the International +Mechanical Code. Equipment or systems that are used to col- +lect, process or convey combustible dusts shall be provided +with an approved explosion control system. + +1903.2.1 Explosion venting. Where a dust explosion haz- +ard exists in equipment rooms, buildings or other enclo- +sures, such areas shall be provided with explosion + + + +(deflagration) venting or an approved explosion suppres- +sion system complying with Section 911. + +1903.3 Waste removal. Sawmills, planning mills and other +woodworking plants shall be equipped with a waste removal +system that will collect and remove sawdust and shavings. +Such systems shall be installed in accordance with Chapter 13 +and the International Mechanical Code. + +Exception: Manual waste removal when approved. + +1903.3.1 Housekeeping. Provisions shall be made for a +systematic and thorough cleaning of the entire plant at suffi- +cient intervals to prevent the accumulations of combustible +dust and spilled combustible or flammable liquids. + +1903.3.2 Metal scrap. Provision shall be made for sepa- +rately collecting and disposing of any metal scrap so that +such scrap will not enter the wood handling or processing +equipment. + +1903.4 Electrical equipment. Electrical wiring and equip- +ment shall comply with the ICC Electrical Code. + +1903.5 Control of ignition sources. Protection from ignition +sources shall be provided in accordance with Sections 1903.5. 1 +through 1903.5.3. + +1903.5.1 Cutting and welding. Cutting and welding shall +comply with Chapter 26. + +1903.5.2 Static electricity. Static electricity shall be pre- +vented from accumulating on machines and equipment sub- +ject to static electricity buildup by permanent grounding and +bonding wires or other approved means. + +1903.5.3 Smoking. Where smoking constitutes a fire haz- +ard, the fire code official is authorized to order the owner or +occupant to post approved "No Smoking" signs complying +with Section 3 10. The fire code official is authorized to des- +ignate specific locations where smoking is allowed. + +1903.6 Fire apparatus access roads. Fire apparatus access +roads shall be provided for buildings and facilities in accor- +dance with Section 503. + +1903.7 Access plan. Where storage pile configurations could +change because of changes in product operations and process- +ing, the access plan shall be submitted for approval when +required by the fire code official. + + + +SECTION 1904 +FIRE PROTECTION + +1904.1 Fire alarms. An approved means for transmitting +alarms to the fire department shall be provided in timber and +lumber production mills and plywood and veneer mills. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +187 + + + +LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING FACILITIES + + + +1904.1.1 Manual fire alarms. A manual fire alarm system +complying with Section 907.2 shall be installed in areas of +timber and lumber production mills and for plywood and +veneer mills that contain product dryers. + +Exception: Where dryers or other sources of ignition are +protected by a supervised automatic sprinkler system +complying with Section 903. + +1904.2 Portable fire extinguishers and hose. Portable fire +extinguishers or standpipes and hose supplied from an +approved water system shall be provided within 50 feet (15 240 +mm) of travel distance to any machine producing shavings or +sawdust. Extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with +Section 906 for extra-high hazards. + +1904.3 Automatic sprinkler systems. Automatic sprinkler +systems shall be installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + + + +SECTION 1905 + +PLYWOOD, VENEER AND COMPOSITE + +BOARD MILLS + +1905.1 General. Plant operations of plywood, veneer and +composite board mills shall comply with this section. + +1905.2 Dryer protection. Dryers shall be protected through- +out by an approved, automatic deluge water-spray suppression +system complying with Chapter 9. Deluge heads shall be +inspected quarterly for pitch buildup. Deluge heads shall be +flushed during regular maintenance for functional operation. +Manual activation valves shall be located within 75 feet (22 860 +mm) of the drying equipment. + +1905.3 Thermal oil-heating systems. Facilities that use heat +transfer fluids to provide process equipment heat through +piped, indirect heating systems shall comply with this code and +NFPA 664. + + + +SECTION 1906 +LOG STORAGE AREAS + +1906.1 General. Log storage areas shall comply with this sec- +tion. + +1906.2 Cold decks. Cold decks shall not exceed 500 feet +(152.4 m) in length, 300 feet (91 440 mm) in width and 20 feet +(6096 mm) in height. Cold decks shall be separated from adja- +cent cold decks or other exposures by a minimum of 100 feet +(30 480 mm). + +Exception: The size of cold decks shall be determined by +the fire code official where the decks are protected by spe- +cial fire protection including, but not limited to, additional +fire flow, portable turrets and deluge sets, and hydrant hose +houses equipped with approved fire-fighting equipment +capable of reaching the entire storage area in accordance +with Chapter 9. + +1906.3 End stops. Log and pole piles shall be stabilized by +approved means. + + + +SECTION 1907 + +STORAGE OF WOOD CHIPS AND HOGGED + +MATERIAL ASSOCIATED WITH TIMBER AND + +LUMBER PRODUCTION FACILITIES + +1907.1 General. The storage of wood chips and hogged mate- +rials associated with timber and lumber production facilities +shall comply with this section. + +1907.2 Size of piles. Piles shall not exceed 60 feet (1 8 288 mm) +in height, 300 feet (91 440 mm) in width and 500 feet (152 m) +in length. Piles shall be separated from adjacent piles or other +exposures by approved fire apparatus access roads. + +Exception: The fire code official is authorized to allow the +pile size to be increased when additional fire protection is +provided in accordance with Chapter 9. The increase shall +be based on the capabilities of the system installed. + +1907.3 Pile fire protection. Automatic sprinkler protection +shall be provided in conveyor tunnels and combustible enclo- +sures that pass under a pile. Combustible or enclosed conveyor +systems shall be equipped with an approved automatic sprin- +kler system. + +1907.4 Material-handling equipment. Approved mate- +rial-handling equipment shall be readily available for moving +wood chips and hogged material. + +1907.5 Emergency plan. The owner or operator shall develop +a plan for monitoring, controlling and extinguishing spot fires. +The plan shall be submitted to the fire code official for review +and approval. + + + +SECTION 1908 + +STORAGE AND PROCESSING OF WOOD CHIPS, + +HOGGED MATERIAL, FINES, COMPOST AND RAW + +PRODUCT ASSOCIATED WITH YARD WASTE AND + +RECYCLING FACILITIES + +1908.1 General. The storage and processing of wood chips, +hogged materials, fines, compost and raw product produced +from yard waste, debris and recycling facilities shall comply +with this section. + +1908.2 Storage site. Storage sites shall be level and on solid +ground or other all-weather surface. Sites shall be thoroughly +cleaned before transferring wood products to the site. + +1908.3 Size of piles. Piles shall not exceed 25 feet (7620 mm) +in height, 150 feet (45 720 mm) in width and 250 feet (76 200 +mm) in length. + +Exception: The fire code official is authorized to allow the +pile size to be increased when additional fire protection is +provided in accordance with Chapter 9. The increase shall +be based upon the capabilities of the system installed. + +1908.4 Pile separation. Piles shall be separated from adjacent +piles by approved fire apparatus access roads. + +1908.5 Combustible waste. The storage, accumulation and +handling of combustible materials and control of vegetation +shall comply with Chapter 3. + +1908.6 Static pile protection. Static piles shall be monitored +by an approved means to measure temperatures within the + + + +188 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING FACILITIES + + + +Static piles. Internal pile temperatures shall be monitored and +recorded weekly. Records shall be kept on file at the facility and +made available for inspection. An operational plan indicating +procedures and schedules for the inspection, monitoring and +restricting of excessive internal temperatures in static piles +shall be submitted to the fire code official for review and +approval. + +1908.7 Pile fire protection. Automatic sprinkler protection +shall be provided in conveyor tunnels and combustible enclo- +sures that pass under a pile. Combustible conveyor systems and +enclosed conveyor systems shall be equipped with an approved +automatic sprinkler system. + +1908.8 Fire extinguishers. Portable fire extinguishers com- +plying with Section 906 and with a minimum rating of +4-A:60-B:C shall be provided on all vehicles and equipment +operating on piles and at all processing equipment. + +1908.9 Material-handling equipment. Approved mate- +rial-handling equipment shall be available for moving wood +chips, hogged material, wood fines and raw product during +fire-fighting operations. + +1908.10 Emergency plan. The owner or operator shall +develop a plan for monitoring, controlling and extinguishing +spot fires and submit the plan to the fire code official for review +and approval. + + + +SECTION 1909 + +EXTERIOR STORAGE OF FINISHED + +LUMBER PRODUCTS + +1909.1 General. Exterior storage of finished lumber products +shall comply with this section. + +1909.2 Size of piles. Exterior lumber storage shall be arranged +to form stable piles with a maximum height of 20 feet (6096 +mm). Piles shall not exceed 150,000 cubic feet (4248 m^) in +volume. + +1909.3 Fire apparatus access roads. Fire apparatus access +roads in accordance with Section 503 shall be located so that a +maximum grid system unit of 50 feet by 150 feet (15 240 mm +by 45 720 mm) is established. + +1909.4 Security. Permanent lumber storage areas shall be sur- +rounded with an approved fence. Fences shall be a minimum of +6 feet (1829 mm) in height. + +Exception: Lumber piles inside of buildings and produc- +tion mills for lumber, plywood and veneer. + +1909.5 Fire protection. An approved hydrant and hose system +or portable fire-extinguishing equipment suitable for the fire +hazard involved shall be provided for open storage yards. +Hydrant and hose systems shall be installed in accordance with +NFPA 24. Portable fire extinguishers complying with Section +906 shall be located so that the travel distance to the nearest unit +does not exceed 75 feet (22 860 mm). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +189 + + + +190 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 20 + +MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC COATINGS + + + +SECTION 2001 +GENERAL + +2001.1 Scope. Organic coating manufacturing processes shall +comply with this chapter except that this chapter shall not apply +to processes manufacturing nonflammable or water-thinned +coatings or to operations applying coating materials. + +2001.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + +2001.3 Maintenance. Structures and their service equipment +shall be maintained in accordance with this code and NFPA 35 . + + + +SECTION 2002 +DEFINITIONS + +2002.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meaning shown herein. + +ORGANIC COATING. A hquid mixture of binders such as +alkyd, nitrocellulose, acrylic or oil, and flammable and com- +bustible solvents such as hydrocarbon, ester, ketone or alcohol, +which, when spread in a thin film, convert to a durable protec- +tive and decorative finish. + + + +SECTION 2003 +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS + +2003.1 Building features. Manufacturing of organic coatings +shall be done only in buildings that do not have pits or base- +ments. + +2003.2 Location. Organic coating manufacturing operations +and operations incidental to or connected with organic coating +manufacturing shall not be located in buildings having other +occupancies. + +2003.3 Fire-fighting access. Organic coating manufacturing +operations shall be accessible from at least one side for the pur- +pose of fire control. Approved aisles shall be maintained for the +unobstructed movement of personnel and fire suppression +equipment. + +2003.4 Fire protection systems. Fire protection systems shall +be installed, maintained, periodically inspected and tested in +accordance with Chapter 9. + +2003.5 Portable fire extinguishers. A minimum of one porta- +ble fire extinguisher complying with Section 906 for extra haz- +ard shall be provided in organic coating areas. + +2003.6 Open flames. Open flames and direct-fired heating +devices shall be prohibited in areas where flammable vapor-air +mixtures exist. + +2003.7 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited in accordance +with Section 310. + + + +2003.8 Power equipment. Power-operated equipment and +industrial trucks shall be of a type approved for the location. + +2003.9 Tank maintenance. The cleaning of tanks and vessels +that have contained flammable or combustible liquids shall be +performed under the supervision of persons knowledgeable of +the fire and explosion potential. + +2003.9.1 Repairs. Where necessary to make repairs involv- +ing "hot work," the work shall be authorized by the respon- +sible individual before the work begins. + +2003.9.2 Empty containers. Empty flammable or combus- +tible liquid containers shall be removed to a detached, out- +side location and, if not cleaned on the premises, the empty +containers shall be removed from the plant as soon as practi- +cal. + +2003.10 Drainage. Drainage facilities shall be provided to +direct flammable and combustible liquid leakage and fire pro- +tection water to an approved location away from the building, +any other structure, storage area or adjoining premises. + +2003.11 Alarm system. An approved fire alarm system shall +be provided in accordance with Section 907. + + + +SECTION 2004 +ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND PROTECTION + +2004.1 Wiring and equipment. Electrical wiring and equip- +ment shall comply with this chapter and shall be installed in +accordance with the ICC Electrical Code. + +2004.2 Hazardous locations. Where Class I liquids are +exposed to the air, the design of equipment and ventilation of +structures shall be such as to limit the Class I, Division 1, loca- +tions to the following: + +1. Piping trenches. + +2. The interior of equipment. + +3. The immediate vicinity of pumps or equipment loca- +tions, such as dispensing stations, open centrifuges, plate +and frame filters, opened vacuum filters, change cans +and the surfaces of open equipment. The immediate +vicinity shall include a zone extending from the vapor +liberation point 5 feet (1524 mm) horizontally in all +directions and vertically from the floor to a level 3 feet +(914 mm) above the highest point of vapor liberation. + +2004.2.1 Other locations. Locations within the confines of +the manufacturing room where Class I liquids are handled +shall be Class I, Division 2 except locations indicated in +Section 2004.2. + +2004.2.2 Ordinary equipment. Ordinary electrical equip- +ment, including switchgear, shall be prohibited except +where installed in a room maintained under positive pres- +sure with respect to the hazardous area. The air or other +media utilized for pressurization shall be obtained from a + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +191 + + + +MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC COATINGS + + + +source that will not cause any amount or type of flammable +vapor to be introduced into the room. + +2004.3 Bonding. Equipment including, but not limited to, +tanks, machinery and piping, shall be bonded and connected to +a ground where an ignitable mixture is capable of being pres- +ent. + +2004.3.1 Piping. Electrically isolated sections of metallic +piping or equipment shall be grounded or bonded to the +other grounded portions of the system. + +2004.3.2 Vehicles. Tank vehicles loaded or unloaded +through open connections shall be grounded and bonded to +the receiving system. + +2004.3.3 Containers. Where a flammable mixture is trans- +ferred from one portable container to another, a bond shall +be provided between the two containers, and one shall be +grounded. + +2004.4 Ground. Metal framing of buildings shall be grounded +with resistance of not more than 5 ohms. + + + +SECTION 2005 +PROCESS STRUCTURES + +2005.1 Design. Process structures shall be designed and con- +structed in accordance with the International Building Code. + +2005.2 Fire apparatus access. Fire apparatus access comply- +ing with Section 503 shall be provided for the purpose of fire +control to at least one side of organic coating manufacturing +operations. + +2005.3 Drainage. Drainage facilities shall be provided in +accordance with Section 2003.10 where topographical condi- +tions are such that flammable and combustible liquids are capa- +ble of flowing from the organic coating manufacturing +operation so as to constitute a fire hazard to other premises. + +2005.4 Explosion control. Explosion control shall be pro- +vided in areas subject to potential deflagration hazards as indi- +cated in NFPA 35. Explosion control shall be provided in +accordance with Section 911. + +2005.5 Ventilation. Enclosed structures in which Class I liq- +uids are processed or handled shall be ventilated at a rate of not +less than 1 cubic foot per minute per square foot (0.00508 mV s +• m^) of solid floor area. Ventilation shall be accomplished by +exhaust fans that take suction at floor levels and discharge to a +safe location outside the structure. Noncontaminated intake air +shall be introduced in such a manner that all portions of solid +floor areas are provided with continuous uniformly distributed +air movement. + +2005.6 Heating. Heating provided in hazardous areas shall be +by indirect means. Ignition sources such as open flames or +electrical heating elements, except as provided for in Section +2004, shall not be permitted within the structure. + + + +SECTION 2006 +PROCESS MILLS AND KETTLES + +2006.1 Mills. Mills, operating with close clearances, which +process flammable and heat-sensitive materials, such as + + + +nitrocellulose, shall be located in a detached building or in a +noncombustible structure without other occupancies. The +amount of nitrocellulose or other flammable material brought +into the area shall not be more than the amount required for a +batch. + +2006.2 Mixers. Mixers shall be of the enclosed type or, where +of the open type, shall be provided with properly fitted covers. +Where flow is by gravity, a shutoff valve shall be installed as +close as practical to the mixer, and a control valve shall be pro- +vided near the end of the fill pipe. + +2006.3 Open kettles. Open kettles shall be located in an out- +side area provided with a protective roof; in a separate structure +of noncombustible construction; or separated from other areas +by a noncombustible wall having a fire -resistance rating of at +least 2 hours. + +2006.4 Closed kettles. Contact-heated kettles containing sol- +vents shall be equipped with safety devices that, in case of a +fire, will turn off the process heat, turn on the cooling medium +and inject inert gas into the kettle. + +2006.4.1 Vaporizer location. The vaporizer section of +heat-transfer systems that heat closed kettles containing sol- +vents shall be remotely located. + +2006.5 Kettle controls. The kettle and thin-down tank shall be +instrumented, controlled and interlocked so that any failure of +the controls will result in a safe condition. The kettle shall be +provided with a pressure-rupture disc in addition to the primary +vent. The vent piping from the rupture disc shall be of mini- +mum length and shall discharge to an approved location. The +thin-down tank shall be adequately vented. Thinning opera- +tions shall be provided with an adequate vapor removal system. + + + +SECTION 2007 +PROCESS PIPING + +2007.1 Design. All piping, valves and fittings shall be designed +for the working pressures and structural stresses to which the +piping, valves and fittings will be subjected, and shall be of +steel or other material approved for the service intended. + +2007.2 Valves. Valves shall be of an indicating type. Terminal +valves on remote pumping systems shall be of the dead-man +type, shutting off both the pump and the flow of solvent. + +2007.3 Support. Piping systems shall be supported adequately +and protected against physical damage. Piping shall be pitched +to avoid unintentional trapping of liquids, or approved drains +shall be provided. + +2007.4 Connectors. Approved flexible connectors shall be +installed where vibration exists or frequent movement is neces- +sary. Hose at dispensing stations shall be of an approved type. + +2007.5 Tests. Before being placed in service, all piping shall be +free of leaks when tested for a minimum of 30 minutes at not +less than 1.5 times the working pressure or a minimum of 5 +pounds per square inch gauge (psig) (35 kPa) at the highest +point in the system. + + + +192 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +SECTION 2008 +RAW MATERIALS IN PROCESS AREAS + +2008.1 Nitrocellulose quantity. The amount of nitrocellulose +brought into the operating area shall not exceed the amount +required for a work shift. Nitrocellulose spillage shall be +promptly swept up and disposed of properly. + +2008.2 Organic peroxides quantity. Organic peroxides +brought into the operating area shall be in the original shipping +container. When in the operating area, the organic peroxide +shall not be placed in locations exposed to ignition sources, +heat or mechanical shocks. + + + +SECTION 2009 +RAW MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS + +2009.1 General. The storage, handling and use of flammable +and combustible liquids in process areas shall be in accordance +with Chapter 34. + +2009.2 Tank storage. Tank storage for flammable and com- +bustible liquids located inside of structures shall be limited to +storage areas at or above grade which are separated from the +processing area in accordance with the International Building +Code. Processing equipment containing flammable and com- +bustible liquids and storage in quantities essential to the conti- +nuity of the operations shall not be prohibited in the processing +area. + +2009.3 Tank vehicle. Tank car and tank vehicle loading and +unloading stations for Class I liquids shall be separated from +the processing area, other plant structures, nearest lot line of +property that can be built upon or pubhc thoroughfare by a min- +imum clear distance of 25 feet (7620 mm). + +2009.3.1 Loading. Loading and unloading structures and +platforms for flammable and combustible liquids shall be +designed and installed in accordance with Chapter 34. + +2009.3.2 Safety. Tank cars for flammable liquids shall be +unloaded such that the safety to persons and property is +ensured. Tank vehicles for flammable and combustible liq- +uids shall be loaded and unloaded in accordance with Chap- +ter 34. + +2009.4 Nitrocellulose storage. Nitrocellulose storage shall be +located on a detached pad or in a separate structure or a room +enclosed in accordance with the International Building Code. +The nitrocellulose storage area shall not be utilized for any +other purpose. Electrical wiring and equipment installed in +storage areas adjacent to process areas shall comply with Sec- +tion 2004.2. + +2009.4.1 Containers. Nitrocellulose shall be stored in +closed containers. Barrels shall be stored on end and not +more than two tiers high. Barrels or other containers of +nitrocellulose shall not be opened in the main storage struc- +ture but at the point of use or other location intended for that +purpose. + +2009.4.2 Spills. Spilled nitrocellulose shall be promptly +wetted with water and disposed of by use or burning in the +open at an approved detached location. + + + +MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC COATINGS + + + +2009.5 Organic peroxide storage. The storage of organic per- +oxides shall be in accordance with Chapter 39. + +2009.5.1 Size. The size of the package containing organic +peroxide shall be selected so that, as nearly as practical, full +packages are utilized at one time. Spilled peroxide shall be +promptly cleaned up and disposed of as specified by the +supplier. + +2009.6 Finished products. Finished products that are flamma- +ble or combustible liquids shall be stored outside of structures, +in a separate structure, or in a room separated from the process- +ing area in accordance with the International Building Code. +The storage of finished products shall be in tanks or closed con- +tainers in accordance with Chapter 34. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +193 + + + +194 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +CHAPTER 21 + +INDUSTRIAL OVENS + + + +SECTION 2101 +GENERAL + +2101.1 Scope. This chapter shall apply to the installation and +operation of industrial ovens and furnaces. Industrial ovens +and furnaces shall comply with the applicable provisions of +NFPA 86, the International Fuel Gas Code, International +Mechanical Code and this chapter. The terms "ovens" and "fur- +naces" are used interchangeably in this chapter. + +2101.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tions 105.6 and 105.7. + + + +SECTION 2102 +DEFINITIONS + +2102.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +FURNACE CLASS A. An oven or furnace that has heat utili- +zation equipment operating at approximately atmospheric +pressure wherein there is a potential explosion or fire hazard +that could be occasioned by the presence of flammable +volatiles or combustible materials processed or heated in the +furnace. + +Note: Such flammable volatiles or combustible materials +can, for instance, originate from the following: + +1. Paints, powders, inks, and adhesives from finishing +processes, such as dipped, coated, sprayed and +impregnated materials. + +2. The substrate material. + +3. Wood, paper and plastic pallets, spacers or packaging +materials. + +4. Polymerization or other molecular rearrangements. + +Potentially flammable materials, such as quench oil, +water-borne finishes, cooling oil or cooking oils, that pres- +ent a hazard are ventilated according to Class A standards. + +FURNACE CLASS B. An oven or furnace that has heat utili- +zation equipment operating at approximately atmospheric +pressure wherein there are no flammable volatiles or combusti- +ble materials being heated. + +FURNACE CLASS C. An oven or furnace that has a potential +hazard due to a flammable or other special atmosphere being +used for treatment of material in process. This type of furnace +can use any type of heating system and includes a special atmo- +sphere supply system. Also included in the Class C classifica- +tion are integral quench furnaces and molten salt bath furnaces. + +FURNACE CLASS D. An oven or furnace that operates at +temperatures from above ambient to over 5,000°F (2760°C) +and at pressures normally below atmospheric using any type of +heating system. These furnaces can include the use of special +processing atmospheres. + + + +SECTION 2103 +LOCATION + +2103.1 Ventilation. Enclosed rooms or basements containing +industrial ovens or furnaces shall be provided with combustion +air in accordance with the International Mechanical Code and +the International Fuel Gas Code, and with ventilation air in +accordance with the International Mechanical Code. + +2103.2 Exposure. When locating ovens, oven heaters and +related equipment, the possibility of fire resulting from over- +heating or from the escape of fuel gas or fuel oil and the possi- +bility of damage to the building and injury to persons resulting +from explosion shall be considered. + +2103.3 Ignition source. Industrial ovens and furnaces shall be +located so as not to pose an ignition hazard to flammable +vapors or mists or combustible dusts. + +2103.4 Temperatures. Roofs and floors of ovens shall be insu- +lated and ventilated to prevent temperatures at combustible +ceilings and floors from exceeding 160°F (71°C). + + + +SECTION 2104 +FUEL PIPING + +2104.1 Fuel-gas piping. Fuel-gas piping serving industrial +ovens shall comply with the International Fuel Gas Code. Pip- +ing for other fuel sources shall comply with this section. + +2104.2 Shutoff valves. Each industrial oven or furnace shall be +provided with an approved manual fuel shutoff valve in accor- +dance with the International Mechanical Code or the Interna- +tional Fuel Gas Code. + +2104.2.1 Fuel supply lines. Valves for fuel supply fines +shall be located within 6 feet (1829 mm) of the appliance +served. + +Exception: When approved and the valve is located in +the same general area as the appliance served. + +2104.3 Valve position. The design of manual fuel shutoff +valves shall incorporate a permanent feature which visually +indicates the open or closed position of the valve. Manual fuel +shutoff valves shall not be equipped with removable handles or +wrenches unless the handle or wrench can only be installed par- +allel with the fuel line when the valve is in the open position. + + + +SECTION 2105 +INTERLOCKS + +2105.1 Shut down. Interlocks shall be provided for Class A +ovens so that conveyors or sources of flammable or combusti- +ble materials shall shut down if either the exhaust or +recirculation air supply fails. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +195 + + + +INDUSTRIAL OVENS + + + +SECTION 2106 +FIRE PROTECTION + +2106.1 Required protection. Class A and B ovens which con- +tain, or are utilized for the processing of, combustible materials +shall be protected by an approved automatic fire-extinguishing +system complying with Chapter 9. + +2106.2 Fixed fire-extinguishing systems. Fixed fire-extin- +guishing systems shall be provided for Class C or D ovens to +protect against such hazards as overheating, spillage of molten +salts or metals, quench tanks, ignition of hydraulic oil and +escape of fuel. It shall be the user's responsibihty to consult +with the fire code official concerning the necessary require- +ments for such protection. + +2106.3 Fire extinguishers. Portable fire extinguishers com- +plying with Section 906 shall be provided not closer than 15 +feet (4572 mm) or a maximum of 50 feet (15 240 mm) or in +accordance with NFPA 10. This shall apply to the oven and +related equipment. + + + +SECTION 2107 +OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE + +2107.1 Furnace system information. An approved, clearly +worded, and prominently displayed safety design data form or +manufacturer's nameplate shall be provided stating the safe +operating condition for which the furnace system was +designed, built, altered or extended. + +2107.2 Oven nameplate. Safety data for Class A solvent atmo- +sphere ovens shall be furnished on the manufacturer's name- +plate. The nameplate shall provide the following design data: + +1 . The solvent used. + +2. The number of gallons (liters) used per batch or per hour +of solvent entering the oven. + +3. The required purge time. + +4. The oven operating temperature. + +5. The exhaust blower rating for the number of gallons +(liters) of solvent per hour or batch at the maximum oper- +ating temperature. + +Exception: For low-oxygen ovens, the maximum +allowable oxygen concentration shall be included in +place of the exhaust blower ratings. + +2107.3 Training. Operating, maintenance and supervisory +personnel shall be thoroughly instructed and trained in the +operation of ovens or furnaces. + +2107.4 Equipment maintenance. Equipment shall be main- +tained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. + + + +196 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ + + + +CHAPTER 22 + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +SECTION 2201 +GENERAL + +2201.1 Scope. Automotive motor fuel-dispensing facilities, +marine motor fuel-dispensing facilities, fleet vehicle motor +fuel-dispensing facilities and repair garages shall be in accor- +dance with this chapter and the International Building Code, +International Fuel Gas Code and the International Mechanical +Code. Such operations shall include both operations that are +accessible to the public and private operations. + +2201.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + +2201.3 Construction documents. Construction documents +shall be submitted for review and approval prior to the installa- +tion or construction of automotive, marine or fleet vehicle +motor fuel-dispensing facilities and repair garages in accor- +dance with Section 105.4. + +2201.4 Indoor motor fuel-dispensing facilities. Motor +fuel-dispensing facilities located inside buildings shall comply +with the International Building Code and NFPA 30A. + +2201.4.1 Protection of floor openings in indoor motor +fuel-dispensing facilities. Where motor fuel-dispensing +facilities are located inside buildings and the dispensers are +located above spaces within the building, openings beneath +dispensers shall be sealed to prevent the flow of leaked fuel +to lower building spaces. + +2201.5 Electrical. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be +suitable for the locations in which they are installed and shall +comply with Section 605, NFPA 30A and the ICC Electrical +Code. + +2201.6 Heat-producing appliances. Heat-producing appli- +ances shall be suitable for the locations in which they are +installed and shall comply with NFPA 30A and the Interna- +tional Fuel Gas Code or the International Mechanical Code. + + + +SECTION 2202 +DEFINITIONS + +2202.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +AUTOMOTIVE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACIL- +ITY. That portion of property where flammable or combustible +liquids or gases used as motor fuels are stored and dispensed +from fixed equipment into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles. + +DISPENSING DEVICE, OVERHEAD TYPE. A dispens- +ing device that consists of one or more individual units +intended for installation in conjunction with each other, +mounted above a dispensing area typically within the motor +fuel-dispensing facility canopy structure, and characterized by +the use of an overhead hose reel. + + + +FLEET VEHICLE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING +FACILITY. That portion of a commercial, industrial, govern- +mental or manufacturing property where liquids used as fuels +are stored and dispensed into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles +that are used in connection with such businesses, by persons +within the employ of such businesses. + +LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG). A fluid in the liquid +state composed predominantly of methane and which may con- +tain minor quantities of ethane, propane, nitrogen or other +components normally found in natural gas. + +MARINE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITY. That +portion of property where flammable or combustible liquids or +gases used as fuel for watercraft are stored and dispensed from +fixed equipment on shore, piers, wharves, floats or barges into +the fuel tanks of watercraft and shall include all other facilities +used in connection therewith. + +REPAIR GARAGE. A building, structure or portion thereof +used for servicing or repairing motor vehicles. + +SELF-SERVICE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACIL- +ITY. That portion of motor fuel-dispensing facility where liq- +uid motor fuels are dispensed from fixed approved dispensing +equipment into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles by persons +other than a motor fuel-dispensing facility attendant. + + + +SECTION 2203 +LOCATION OF DISPENSING DEVICES + +2203.1 Location of dispensing dsevices. Dispensing devices +shall be located as follows: + +1. Ten feet (3048 mm) or more from lot lines. + +2. Ten feet (3048 mm) or more from buildings having com- +bustible exterior wall surfaces or buildings having +noncombustible exterior wall surfaces that are not part of +a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated assembly or buildings hav- +ing combustible overhangs. + +Exception: Canopies constructed in accordance with +the International Building Code providing weather +protection for the fuel islands. + +3. Such that all portions of the vehicle being fueled will be +on the premises of the motor fuel-dispensing facility. + +4. Such that the nozzle, when the hose is fully extended, +will not reach within 5 feet (1524 mm) of building open- +ings. + +5. Twenty feet (6096 mm) or more from fixed sources of +ignition. + +2203.2 Emergency disconnect switches. An approved, +clearly identified and readily accessible emergency disconnect +switch shall be provided at an approved location, to stop the +transfer of fuel to the fuel dispensers in the event of a fuel spill +or other emergency. An emergency disconnect switch for exte- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +197 + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +rior fuel dispensers shall be located within 100 feet (30 480 +mm) of, but not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) from, the fuel dis- +pensers. For interior fuel-dispensing operations, the emer- +gency disconnect switch shall be installed at an approved +location. Such devices shall be distinctly labeled as: EMER- +GENCY FUEL SHUTOFF. Signs shall be provided in +approved locations. + + + +SECTION 2204 +DISPENSING OPERATIONS + +2204.1 Supervision of dispensing. The dispensing of fuel at +motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall be conducted by a quali- +fied attendant or shall be under the supervision of a qualified +attendant at all times or shall be in accordance with Section +2204.3. + +2204.2 Attended self-service motor fuel-dispensing facili- +ties. Attended self-service motor fuel -dispensing facilities +shall comply with Sections 2204.2.1 through 2204.2.5. +Attended self-service motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall +have at least one qualified attendant on duty while the facility is +open for business. The attendant's primary function shall be to +supervise, observe and control the dispensing of fuel. The +attendant shall prevent the dispensing of fuel into containers +that do not comply with Section 2204.4.1, control sources of +ignition, give immediate attention to accidental spills or +releases, and be prepared to use fire extinguishers. + +2204.2.1 Special-type dispensers. Approved special-dis- +pensing devices and systems such as, but not limited to, +card- or coin-operated and remote-preset types, are allowed +at motor fuel-dispensing facilities provided there is at least +one qualified attendant on duty while the facility is open to +the public. Remote preset-type devices shall be set in the +"off' position while not in use so that the dispenser cannot +be activated without the knowledge of the attendant. + +2204.2.2 Emergency controls. Approved emergency con- +trols shall be provided in accordance with Section 2203.2. + +2204.2.3 Operating instructions. Dispenser operating +instructions shall be conspicuously posted in approved loca- +tions on every dispenser. + +2204.2.4 Obstructions to view. Dispensing devices shall +be in clear view of the attendant at all times. Obstructions +shall not be placed between the dispensing area and the +attendant. + +2204.2.5 Communications. The attendant shall be able to +communicate with persons in the dispensing area at all +times. An approved method of communicating with the fire +department shall be provided for the attendant. + +2204.3 Unattended self-service motor fuel-dispensing facil- +ities. Unattended self-service motor fuel -dispensing facilities +shall comply with Sections 2204.3.1 through 2204.3.7. + +2204.3.1 General. Where approved, unattended self-ser- +vice motor fuel-dispensing facilities are allowed. As a con- +dition of approval, the owner or operator shall provide, and +be accountable for, daily site visits, regular equipment +inspection and maintenance. + + + +2204.3.2 Dispensers. Dispensing devices shall comply +with Section 2206.7. Dispensing devices operated by the +insertion of coins or currency shall not be used unless +approved. + +2204.3.3 Emergency controls. Approved emergency con- +trols shall be provided in accordance with Section 2203.2. +Emergency controls shall be of a type which is only manu- +ally resettable. + +2204.3.4 Operating instructions. Dispenser operating +instructions shall be conspicuously posted in approved loca- +tions on every dispenser and shall indicate the location of +the emergency controls required by Section 2204.3.3. + +2204.3.5 Emergency procedures. An approved emergency +procedures sign, in addition to the signs required by Section +2205.6, shall be posted in a conspicuous location and shall +read: + +IN CASE OF FIRE, SPILL OR RELEASE + +1. USE EMERGENCY PUMP SHUTOFF + +2. REPORT THE ACCIDENT! + +FIRE DEPARTMENT TELEPHONE NO. + + + +FACILITY ADDRESS + + + +2204.3.6 Communications. A telephone not requiring a +coin to operate or other approved, clearly identified means +to notify the fire department shall be provided on the site in a +location approved by the fire code official. + +2204.3.7 Quantity limits. Dispensing equipment used at +unsupervised locations shall comply with one of the follow- +ing: + +1. Dispensing devices shall be programmed or set to +limit uninterrupted fuel delivery to 25 gallons (95 L) +and require a manual action to resume delivery. + +2. The amount of fuel being dispensed shall be limited in +quantity by a preprogrammed card as approved. + +2204.4 Dispensing into portable containers. The dispensing +of flammable or combustible liquids into portable approved +containers shall comply with Sections 2204.4.1 through +2204.4.3. + +2204.4.1 Approved containers required. Class I, II and +IIIA liquids shall not be dispensed into a portable container +unless such container is of approved material and construc- +tion, and has a tight closure with screwed or spring-loaded +cover so designed that the contents can be dispensed with- +out spilling. Liquids shall not be dispensed into portable +tanks or cargo tanks. + +2204.4.2 Nozzle operation. A hose nozzle valve used for +dispensing Class I liquids into a portable container shall be +in compliance with Section 2206.7.6 and be manually held +open during the dispensing operation. + +2204.4.3 Location of containers being filled. Portable +containers shall not be filled while located inside the trunk, +passenger compartment or truck bed of a vehicle. + + + +198 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +SECTION 2205 +OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS + +2205.1 Tank filling operations for Class I, II or IIIA liquids. + +Delivery operations to tanks for Class I, II or IIIA liquids shall +comply with Sections 2205. 1 . 1 through 2205. 1 .3 and the appH- +cable requirements of Chapter 34. + +2205.1.1 Delivery vehicle location. Where liquid delivery +to above-ground storage tanks is accomplished by posi- +tive-pressure operation, tank vehicles shall be positioned a +minimum of 25 feet (7620 mm) from tanks receiving Class I +liquids and 15 feet (4572 mm) from tanks receiving Class II +and IIIA liquids. + +2205.1.2 Tank capacity calculation. The driver, operator +or attendant of a tank vehicle shall, before making delivery +to a tank, determine the unfilled, available capacity of such +tank by an approved gauging device. + +2205.1.3 Tank fill connections. Delivery of flammable hq- +uids to tanks more than 1,000 gallons (3785 L) in capacity +shall be made by means of approved liquid- and vapor-tight +connections between the delivery hose and tank fill pipe. +Where tanks are equipped with any type of vapor recovery +system, all connections required to be made for the safe and +proper functioning of the particular vapor recovery process +shall be made. Such connections shall be made liquid and +vapor tight and remain connected throughout the unloading +process. Vapors shall not be discharged at grade level during +delivery. + +2205.2 Equipment maintenance and inspection. Motor +fuel-dispensing facility equipment shall be maintained in +proper working order at all times in accordance with Sections +2205.2.1 through 2205.2.3. + +2205.2.1 Dispensing devices. Where maintenance to Class +I liquid dispensing devices becomes necessary and such +maintenance could allow the accidental release or ignition +of liquid, the following precautions shall be taken before +such maintenance is begun: + +1. Only persons knowledgeable in performing the +required maintenance shall perform the work. + +2. Electrical power to the dispensing device and pump +serving the dispenser shall be shut off at the main +electrical disconnect panel. + +3. The emergency shutoff valve at the dispenser, where +installed, shall be closed. + +4. Vehicle traffic and unauthorized persons shall be pre- +vented from coming within 12 feet (3658 mm) of the +dispensing device. + +2205.2.2 Emergency shutoff valves. Automatic emer- +gency shutoff valves required by Section 2206.7.4 shall be +checked not less than once per year by manually tripping the +hold-open linkage. + +2205.2.3 Leak detectors. Leak detection devices required +by Section 2206.7.7.1 shall be checked and tested at least +annually in accordance with the manufacturer's specifica- +tions to ensure proper installation and operation. + + + +2205.3 Spill control. Provisions shall be made to prevent liq- +uids spilled during dispensing operations from flowing into +buildings. Acceptable methods include, but shall not be limited +to, grading driveways, raising doorsills, or other approved +means. + +2205.4 Sources of ignition. Smoking and open flames shall be +prohibited in areas where fuel is dispensed. The engines of +vehicles being fueled shall be shut off during fueling. Electrical +equipment shall be in accordance with the ICC Electrical +Code. + +2205.5 Fire extinguishers. Approved portable fire +extinguishers complying with Section 906 with a minimum +rating of 2-A:20-B:C shall be provided and located such that an +extinguisher is not more than 75 feet (22 860 mm) from pumps, +dispensers or storage tank fill-pipe openings. + +2205.6 Warning signs. Warning signs shall be conspicuously +posted within sight of each dispenser in the fuel-dispensing +area and shall state the following: + +1. No smoking. + +2. Shut off motor. + +3 . Discharge your static electricity before fueling by touch- +ing a metal surface away from the nozzle. + +4. To prevent static charge, do not reenter your vehicle +while gasoline is pumping. + +5. If a fire starts, do not remove nozzle — back away imme- +diately. + +6. It is unlawful and dangerous to dispense gasoline into +unapproved containers. + +7. No filling of portable containers in or on a motor vehicle. +Place container on ground before filling. + +2205.7 Control of brush and debris. Fenced and diked areas +surrounding above-ground tanks shall be kept free from vege- +tation, debris and other material that is not necessary to the +proper operation of the tank and piping system. + +Weeds, grass, brush, trash and other combustible materials +shall be kept not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from fuel-han- +dling equipment. + + + +SECTION 2206 + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID MOTOR + +FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES + +2206.1 General. Storage of flammable and combustible liq- +uids shall be in accordance with Chapter 34 and this section. + +2206.2 Method of storage. Approved methods of storage for +Class I, II and IIIA liquid fuels at motor fuel-dispensing facili- +ties shall be in accordance with Sections 2206.2.1 through +2206.2.5. + +2206.2.1 Underground tanks. Underground tanks for the +storage of Class I, II and IIIA liquid fuels shall comply with +Chapter 34. + +2206.2.1.1 Inventory control for underground tanks. + +Accurate daily inventory records shall be maintained and +reconciled on underground fuel storage tanks for indica- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +199 + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +tion of possible leakage from tanks and piping. The +records shall be kept at the premises or made available +for inspection by the fire code official within 24 hours of +a written or verbal request and shall include records for +each product showing daily reconciliation between +sales, use, receipts and inventory on hand. Where there is +more than one system consisting of tanks serving sepa- +rate pumps or dispensers for a product, the reconciliation +shall be ascertained separately for each tank system. A +consistent or accidental loss of product shall be immedi- +ately reported to the fire code official. + +2206.2.2 Above-ground tanks located inside buildings. + +Above-ground tanks for the storage of Class I, II and IIIA +liquid fuels are allowed to be located in buildings. Such +tanks shall be located in special enclosures complying with +Section 2206.2.6, in a liquid storage room or a liquid storage +warehouse complying with Chapter 34, or shall be listed +and labeled as protected above-ground tanks. + +2206.2.3 Above-ground tanks located outside, above +grade. Above-ground tanks shall not be used for the storage +of Class I, II or IIIA liquid motor fuels except as provided by +this section. + +1. Above-ground tanks used for outside, above-grade +storage of Class I liquids shall be listed and labeled as +protected above-ground tanks and be in accordance +with Chapter 34. Such tanks shall be located in accor- +dance with Table 2206.2.3. + +2. Above-ground tanks used for above-grade storage of +Class II or IIIA liquids are allowed to be protected +above-ground tanks or, when approved by the fire + + + +code official, other above-ground tanks that comply +with Chapter 34. Tank locations shall be in accor- +dance with Table 2206.2.3. + +3. Tanks containing fuels shall not exceed 12,000 gal- +lons (45 420 L) in individual capacity or 48,000 gal- +lons (181 680 L) in aggregate capacity. Installations +with the maximum allowable aggregate capacity shall +be separated from other such installations by not less +than 100 feet (30 480 mm). + +4. Tanks located at farms, construction projects, or rural +areas shall comply with Section 3406.2. + +2206.2.4 Above-ground tanks located in above-grade +vaults or below-grade vaults. Above-ground tanks used +for storage of Class I, II or IIIA liquid motor fuels are +allowed to be installed in vaults located above grade or +below grade in accordance with Section 3404.2.8 and shall +comply with Sections 2206.2.4.1 and 2206.2.4.2. Tanks in +above-grade vaults shall also comply with Table 2206.2.3. + +2206.2.4.1 Tank capacity limits. Tanks storing Class I +and Class II liquids at an individual site shall be lim- +ited to a maximum individual capacity of 15,000 gal- +lons (56 775 L) and an aggregate capacity of 48,000 +gallons (181 680 L). + +2206.2.4.2 Fleet vehicle motor fuel-dispensing facili- +ties. Tanks storing Class II and Class IIIA liquids at a +fleet vehicle motor fuel-dispensing facility shall be lim- +ited to a maximum individual capacity of 20,000 gallons +(75 700 L) and an aggregate capacity of 80,000 gallons +(302 BOOL). + + + +TABLE 2206.2.3 +MINIMUM SEPARATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ABOVE-GROUND TANKS + + + +CLASS OF LIQUID +AND TANK TYPE + + +INDIVIDUAL TANK +CAPACITY +(gallons) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +FROM NEAREST + +IMPORTANT + +BUILDING ON SAME + +PROPERTY + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +FROM NEAREST + +FUEL DISPENSER + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE +FROM LOT LINE + +THAT IS OR CAN BE + +BUILT UPON, + +INCLUDING THE + +OPPOSITE SIDE OF + +A PUBLIC WAY (feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +FROM NEAREST + +SIDE OF ANY + +PUBLIC WAY + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +BETWEEN TANKS + +(feet) + + +Class I protected + +above-ground + +tanks + + +Less than or equal +to 6,000 + + +5 + + +25^ + + +15 + + +5 + + +3 + + +Greater than 6,000 + + +15 + + +25'' + + +25 . + + +15 + + +3 + + +Class II and III +protected +above-ground +tanks + + +Same as Class I + + +Same as Class I + + +Same as Class I + + +Same as Class I + + +Same as Class I + + +Same as Class I + + +Tanks in vaults + + +0-20,000 + + +O'' + + + + + +O'' + + + + + +Separate + +compartment + +required for each + +tank + + +Other tanks + + +AH + + +50 + + +50 + + +100 + + +50 + + +3 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon = 3.785 L. + +a. At fleet vehicle motor fuel-dispensing facilities, no minimum separation distance is required. + +b. Underground vaults shall be located such that they will not be subject to loading from nearby structures, or they shall be designed to accommodate applied loads +from existing or future structures that can be built nearby. + + + +200 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +2206.2.5 Portable tanks. Where approved by the fire code +official, portable tanks are allowed to be temporarily used in +conjunction with the dispensing of Class I, II or IIIA liquids +into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles or motorized equip- +ment on premises not normally accessible to the public. The +approval shall include a definite time limit. + +2206.2.6 Special enclosures. Where installation of tanks in +accordance with Section 3404.2.11 is impractical, or +because of property or building limitations, tanks for liquid +motor fuels are allowed to be installed in buildings in special +enclosures in accordance with all of the following: + +1 . The special enclosure shall be liquid tight and vapor +tight. + +2. The special enclosure shall not contain backfill. + +3 . Sides, top and bottom of the special enclosure shall be +of reinforced concrete at least 6 inches (152 mm) +thick, with openings for inspection through the top +only. + +4. Tank connections shall be piped or closed such that +neither vapors nor liquid can escape into the enclosed +space between the special enclosure and any tanks +inside the special enclosure. + +5 . Means shall be provided whereby portable equipment +can be employed to discharge to the outside any +vapors which might accumulate inside the special +enclosure should leakage occur. + +6. Tanks containing Class I, II or IIIA liquids inside a +special enclosure shall not exceed 6,000 gallons +(22 7 1 L) in individual capacity or 1 8,000 gallons +(68 130 L) in aggregate capacity. + +7. Each tank within special enclosures shall be sur- +rounded by a clear space of not less than 3 feet (910 +mm) to allow for maintenance and inspection. + +2206.3 Security. Above-ground tanks for the storage of liquid +motor fuels shall be safeguarded from public access or unau- +thorized entry in an approved manner. + +2206.4 Physical protection. Guard posts complying with Sec- +tion 312 or other approved means shall be provided to protect +above-ground tanks against impact by a motor vehicle unless +the tank is listed as a protected above-ground tank with vehicle +impact protection. + +2206.5 Secondary containment. Above-ground tanks shall be +provided with drainage control or diking in accordance with +Chapter 34. Drainage control and diking is not required for +listed secondary containment tanks. Secondary containment +systems shall be monitored either visually or automatically. +Enclosed secondary containment systems shall be provided +with emergency venting in accordance with Section +2206.6.2.5. + +2206.6 Piping, valves, fittings and ancillary equipment for +use with flammable or combustible liquids. The design, fab- +rication, assembly, testing and inspection of piping, valves, fit- +tings and ancillary equipment for use with flammable or +combustible liquids shall be in accordance with Chapter 34 and +Sections 2206.6. 1 through 2206.6.3. + + + +2206.6.1 Protection from damage. Piping shall be located +such that it is protected from physical damage. + +2206.6.2 Piping, valves, fittings and ancillary equipment +for above-ground tanks for Class I, II and IIIA liquids. + +Piping, valves, fittings and ancillary equipment for +above-ground tanks shall comply with Sections 2206.6.2.1 +through 2206.6.2.6. + +2206.6.2.1 Tank openings. Tank openings for +above-ground tanks shall be through the top only. + +2206.6.2.2 Fill-pipe connections. The fill pipe for +above-ground tanks shall be provided with a means for +making a direct connection to the tank vehicle's +fuel-delivery hose so that the delivery of fuel is not +exposed to the open air during the filling operation. +Where any portion of the fill pipe exterior to the tank +extends below the level of the top of the tank, a check +valve shall be installed in the fill pipe not more than 12 +inches (305 mm) from the fill-hose connection. + +2206.6.2.3 Overfill protection. Overfill protection shall +be provided for above-ground flammable and combusti- +ble liquid storage tanks in accordance with Sections +3404.2.7.5.8 and 3404.2.9.6.6. + +2206.6.2.4 Siphon prevention. An approved antisiphon +method shall be provided in the piping system to prevent +flow of liquid by siphon action. + +2206.6.2.5 Emergency relief venting. Above-ground +storage tanks, tank compartments and enclosed second- +ary containment spaces shall be provided with emer- +gency relief venting in accordance with Chapter 34. + +2206.6.2.6 Spill containers. A spill container having a +capacity of not less than 5 gallons (19 L) shall be pro- +vided for each fill connection. For tanks with a top fill +connection, spill containers shall be noncombustible and +shall be fixed to the tank and equipped with a manual +drain valve that drains into the primary tank. For tanks +with a remote fill connection, a portable spill container is +allowed. + +2206.6.3 Piping, valves, fittings and ancillary equipment +for underground tanks. Piping, valves, fittings and ancil- +lary equipment for underground tanks shall comply with +Chapter 34 and NFPA 30A. + +2206.7 Fuel-dispensing systems for flammable or combus- +tible liquids. The design, fabrication and installation of +fuel-dispensing systems for flammable or combustible liquid +fuels shall be in accordance with Sections 2206.7.1 through +2206.7.9.2.4. + +2206.7.1 Listed equipment. Electrical equipment, dispens- +ers, hose, nozzles and submersible or subsurface pumps +used in fuel-dispensing systems shall be listed. + +2206.7.2 Fixed pumps required. Class I and II liquids shall +be transferred from tanks by means of fixed pumps designed +and equipped to allow control of the flow and prevent leak- +age or accidental discharge. + +2206.7.3 Mounting of dispensers. Dispensing devices +except those installed on top of a protected above-ground + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +201 + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +tank that qualifies as vehicle-impact resistant, shall be pro- +tected against physical damage by mounting on a concrete +island 6 inches (152 mm) or more in height, or shall be pro- +tected in accordance with Section 312. Dispensing devices +shall be installed and securely fastened to their mounting +surface in accordance with the dispenser manufacturer's +instructions. Dispensing devices installed indoors shall be +located in an approved position where they cannot be struck +by an out-of-control vehicle descending a ramp or other +slope. + +2206.7.4 Dispenser emergency valve. An approved auto- +matic emergency shutoff valve designed to close in the +event of a fire or impact shall be properly installed in the liq- +uid supply line at the base of each dispenser supplied by a +remote pump. The valve shall be installed so that the shear +groove is flush with or within '/2 inch (12.7 mm) of the top of +the concrete dispenser island and there is clearance pro- +vided for maintenance purposes around the valve body and +operating parts. The valve shall be installed at the liquid sup- +ply line inlet of each overhead-type dispenser. Where +installed, a vapor return line located inside the dispenser +housing shall have a shear section or approved flexible con- +nector for the liquid supply line emergency shutoff valve to +function. Emergency shutoff valves shall be installed and +maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instruc- +tions, tested at the time of initial installation and at least +yearly thereafter in accordance with Section 2205.2.2. + +2206.7.5 Dispenser hose. Dispenser hoses shall be a maxi- +mum of 18 feet (5486 mm) in length unless otherwise +approved. Dispenser hoses shall be listed and approved. +When not in use, hoses shall be reeled, racked or otherwise +protected from damage. + +2206.7.5.1 Breakaway devices. Dispenser hoses for +Class I and II liquids shall be equipped with a listed +emergency breakaway device designed to retain liquid +on both sides of a breakaway point. Such devices shall be +installed and maintained in accordance with the manu- +facturer's instructions. Where hoses are attached to +hose-retrieving mechanisms, the emergency breakaway +device shall be located between the hose nozzle and the +point of attachment of the hose-retrieval mechanism to +the hose. + +2206.7.6 Fuel delivery nozzles. A listed automatic-clos- +ing-type hose nozzle valve with or without a latch-open +device shall be provided on island-type dispensers used for +dispensing Class I, II or IIIA liquids. + +Overhead-type dispensing units shall be provided with a +listed automatic-closing-type hose nozzle valve without a +latch-open device. + +Exception: A listed automatic-closing-type hose nozzle +valve with latch-open device is allowed to be used on +overhead-type dispensing units where the design of the +system is such that the hose nozzle valve will close auto- +matically in the event the valve is released from a fill +opening or upon impact with a driveway. + +2206.7.6.1 Special requirements for nozzles. Where +dispensing of Class I, II or IIIA liquids is performed, a + + + +listed automatic-closing-type hose nozzle valve shall be +used incorporating all of the following features: + +1 . The hose nozzle valve shall be equipped with an +integral latch-open device. + +2. When the flow of product is normally controlled +by devices or equipment other than the hose nozzle +valve, the hose nozzle valve shall not be capable of +being opened unless the delivery hose is pressur- +ized. If pressure to the hose is lost, the nozzle shall +close automatically. + +Exception: Vapor recovery nozzles incorporat- +ing insertion interlock devices designed to +achieve shutoff on disconnect from the vehicle +fill pipe. + +3. The hose nozzle shall be designed such that the +nozzle is retained in the fill pipe during the filling +operation. + +4. The system shall include listed equipment with a +feature that causes or requires the closing of the +hose nozzle valve before the product flow can be +resumed or before the hose nozzle valve can be +replaced in its normal position in the dispenser. + +2206.7.7 Remote pumping systems. Remote pumping sys- +tems for liquid fuels shall comply with Sections 2206.7.7.1 +and 2206.7.7.2. + +2206.7.7.1 Leak detection. Where remote pumps are +used to supply fuel dispensers, each pump shall have +installed on the discharge side a listed leak detection +device that will detect a leak in the piping and dispensers +and provide an indication. A leak detection device is not +required if the piping from the pump discharge to under +the dispenser is above ground and visible. + +2206.7.7.2 Location. Remote pumps installed above +grade, outside of buildings, shall be located not less than +10 feet (3048 mm) from lines of adjoining property that +can be built upon and not less than 5 feet ( 1 524 mm) from +any building opening. Where an outside pump location is +impractical, pumps are permitted to be installed inside +buildings as provided for dispensers in Section 2201.4 +and Chapter 34. Pumps shall be substantially anchored +and protected against physical damage. + +2206.7.8 Gravity and pressure dispensing. Flammable +liquids shall not be dispensed by gravity from tanks, drums, +barrels or similar containers. Flammable or combustible liq- +uids shall not be dispensed by a device operating through +pressure within a storage tank, drum or container. + +2206.7.9 Vapor-recovery and vapor-processing systems. + +Vapor-recovery and vapor-processing systems shall be in +accordance with Sections 2206.7.9. 1 through 2206.7.9.2.4. + +2206.7.9.1 Vapor-balance systems. Vapor-balance sys- +tems shall comply with Sections 2206.7.9.1.1 through +2206.7.9.1.5. + +2206.7.9.1.1 Dispensing devices. Dispensing +devices incorporating provisions for vapor recovery +shall be listed and labeled. When existing listed or + + + +202 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +labeled dispensing devices are modified for vapor +recovery, such modifications shall be listed by report +by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. The list- +ing by report shall contain a description of the compo- +nent parts used in the modification and recommended +method of installation on specific dispensers. Such +report shall be made available on request of the fire +code official. + +Means shall be provided to shut down fuel dispens- +ing in the event the vapor return line becomes +blocked. + +2206.7.9.1.2 Vapor-return line closeoff. An accept- +able method shall be provided to close off the vapor +return line from dispensers when the product is not +being dispensed. + +2206.7.9.1.3 Piping. Piping in vapor-balance systems +shall be in accordance with Sections 3403.6, 3404.2.9 +and 3404.2.1 1. Nonmetallic piping shall be installed +in accordance with the manufacturer's installation +instructions. + +Existing and new vent piping shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3403.6 and 3404.2. Vapor return +piping shall be installed in a manner that drains back +to the tank, without sags or traps in which liquid can +become trapped. If necessary, because of grade, con- +densate tanks are allowed in vapor return piping. Con- +densate tanks shall be designed and installed so that +they can be drained without opening. + +2206.7.9.1.4 Flexible joints and shear joints. Flexi- +ble joints shall be installed in accordance with Section +3403.6.9. + +An approved shear joint shall be rigidly mounted +and connected by a union in the vapor return piping at +the base of each dispensing device. The shear joint +shall be mounted flush with the top of the surface on +which the dispenser is mounted. + +2206.7.9.1.5 Testing. Vapor return lines and vent pip- +ing shall be tested in accordance with Section +3403.6.3. + +2206.7.9.2 Vapor-processing systems. Vapor-process- +ing systems shall comply with Sections 2206.7.9.2.1 +through 2206.7.9.2.4. + +2206.7.9.2.1 Equipment. Equipment in vapor-pro- +cessing systems, including hose nozzle valves, vapor +pumps, flame arresters, fire checks or systems for pre- +vention of flame propagation, controls and vapor-pro- +cessing equipment, shall be individually listed for the +intended use in a specified manner. + +Vapor-processing systems that introduce air into +the underground piping or storage tanks shall be pro- +vided with equipment for prevention of flame propa- +gation that has been tested and listed as suitable for +the intended use. + +2206.7.9.2.2 Location. Vapor-processing equipment +shall be located at or above grade. Sources of ignition +shall be located not less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) + + + +from fuel-transfer areas and not less than 18 inches +(457 mm) above tank fill openings and tops of dis- +penser islands. Vapor-processing units shall be +located not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from the near- +est building or lot line of a property which can be built +upon. + +Exception: Where the required distances to build- +ings, lot lines or fuel-transfer areas cannot be +obtained, means shall be provided to protect +equipment against fire exposure. Acceptable +means shall include but not be limited to: + +1. Approved protective enclosures, which +extend at least 1 8 inches (457 mm) above the +equipment, constructed of fire-resistant or +noncombustible materials; or + +2. Fire protection using an approved water- +spray system. + +Vapor-processing equipment shall be located a +minimum of 20 feet (6096 mm) from dispensing +devices. Processing equipment shall be protected +against physical damage by guardrails, curbs, protec- +tive enclosures or fencing. Where approved protec- +tive enclosures are used, approved means shall be +provided to ventilate the volume within the enclosure +to prevent pocketing of flammable vapors. + +Where a downslope exists toward the location of +the vapor-processing unit from a fuel-transfer area, +the fire code official is authorized to require addi- +tional separation by distance and height. + +2206.7.9.2.3 Installation. Vapor-processing units +shall be securely mounted on concrete, masonry or +structural steel supports on concrete or other +noncombustible foundations. Vapor-recovery and +vapor-processing equipment is allowed to be installed +on roofs when approved. + +2206.7.9.2.4 Piping. Piping in a mechanical-assist +system shall be in accordance with Sections 3403.6. + + + +SECTION 2207 + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS MOTOR + +FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES + +2207.1 General. Motor fuel-dispensing facilities for liquefied +petroleum gas (LP-gas) fuel shall be in accordance with this +section and Chapter 38. + +2207.2 Approvals. Storage vessels and equipment used for the +storage or dispensing of LP-gas shall be approved or listed in +accordance with Sections 2207.2.1 and 2207.2.2. + +2207.2.1 Approved equipment. Containers, pressure relief +devices (including pressure relief valves), pressure regula- +tors and piping for LP-gas shall be approved. + +2207.2.2 Listed equipment. Hoses, hose connections, +vehicle fuel connections, dispensers, LP-gas pumps and +electrical equipment used for LP-gas shall be listed. + +2207.3 Attendants. Motor fuel-dispensing operations for +LP-gas shall be conducted by qualified attendants or in accor- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +203 + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +dance with Section 2207.6 by persons trained in the proper +handling of LP-gas. + +2207.4 Location of dispensing operations and equipment. + +In addition to the requirements of Section 2206.7, the point of +transfer for LP-gas dispensing operations shall be 25 feet (7620 +mm) or more from buildings having combustible exterior wall +surfaces, buildings having noncombustible exterior wall sur- +faces that are not part of a 1-hour fire-resistance-rated assem- +bly, or buildings having combustible overhangs, lot lines of +property which could be built on, public streets, or sidewalks +and railroads; and at least 10 feet (3048 mm) from driveways +and buildings having noncombustible exterior wall surfaces +that are part of a fire-resistance-rated assembly having a rating +of 1 hour or more. + +Exception: The point of transfer for LP-gas dispensing +operations need not be separated from canopies that are con- +structed in accordance with the International Building Code +and which provide weather protection for the dispensing +equipment. + +LP-gas containers shall be located in accordance with Chap- +ter 38. LP-gas storage and dispensing equipment shall be +located outdoors and in accordance with Section 2206.7. + +2207.5 Installation of LP-gas dispensing devices and equip- +ment. The installation and operation of LP-gas dispensing sys- +tems shall be in accordance with Sections 2207.5.1 through +2207.5.3 and Chapter 38. LP-gas dispensers and dispensing +stations shall be installed in accordance with the manufac- +turer's specifications and their listing. + +2207.5.1 Valves. A manual shutoff valve and an excess +flow-control check valve shall be located in the liquid line +between the pump and the dispenser inlet where the dis- +pensing device is installed at a remote location and is not +part of a complete storage and dispensing unit mounted on a +common base. + +An excess flow-control check valve or an emergency +shutoff valve shall be installed in or on the dispenser at the +point at which the dispenser hose is connected to the liquid +piping. A differential backpressure valve shall be consid- +ered equivalent protection. + +A listed shutoff valve shall be located at the discharge end +of the transfer hose. + +2207.5.2 Hoses. Hoses and piping for the dispensing of +LP-gas shall be provided with hydrostatic relief valves. The +hose length shall not exceed 18 feet (5486 mm). An +approved method shall be provided to protect the hose +against mechanical damage. + +2207.5.3 Vehicle impact protection. Vehicle impact pro- +tection for LP-gas storage containers, pumps and dispensers +shall be provided in accordance with Section 2206.4. + +2207.6 Private fueling of motor vehicles. Self-service LP-gas +dispensing systems, including key, code and card lock dispens- +ing systems, shall not be open to the public and shall be limited +to the filling of permanently mounted fuel containers on +LP-gas powered vehicles. + + + +In addition to the requirements of Sections 2205 and 2206.7, +self-service LP-gas dispensing systems shall be in accordance +with the following: + +1 . The system shall be provided with an emergency shutoff +switch located within 100 feet (30 480 mm) of, but not +less than 20 feet (6096 mm) from, dispensers. + +2. The owner of the LP-gas motor fuel-dispensing facility +shall provide for the safe operation of the system and the +training of users. + +2207.7 Overfilling. LP-gas containers shall not be filled in +excess of the fixed outage installed by the manufacturer or the +weight stamped on the tank. + + + +SECTION 2208 + +COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS MOTOR + +FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES + +2208.1 General. Motor fuel-dispensing facilities for com- +pressed natural gas (CNG) fuel shall be in accordance with this +sectionand Chapter 30. + +2208.2 Approvals. Storage vessels and equipment used for the +storage, compression or dispensing of CNG shall be approved +or fisted in accordance with Sections 2208.2.1 and 2208.2.2. + +2208.2.1 Approved equipment. Containers, compressors, +pressure relief devices (including pressure relief valves), +and pressure regulators and piping used for CNG shall be +approved. + +2208.2.2 Listed equipment. Hoses, hose connections, dis- +pensers, gas detection systems and electrical equipment +used for CNG shall be listed. Vehicle-fueling connections +shall be listed and labeled. + +2208.3 Location of dispensing operations and equipment. + +Compression, storage and dispensing equipment shall be +located above ground, outside. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Compression, storage or dispensing equipment shall +be allowed in buildings of noncombustible construc- +tion, as set forth in the International Building Code, +which are unenclosed for three quarters or more of the +perimeter. + +2. Compression, storage and dispensing equipment +shall be allowed indoors or in vaults in accordance +with Chapter 30. + + + +I + + + +2208.3.1 Location on property. In addition to the require- +ments of Section 2203. 1 , compression, storage and dispens- +ing equipment not located in vaults complying with Chapter I +30 shall be installed as follows: | + +1. Not beneath power lines. + +2. Ten feet (3048 mm) or more from the nearest building +or lot line that could be built on, public street, side- +walk or source of ignition. + +Exception: Dispensing equipment need not be +separated from canopies that are constructed in + + + +204 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +accordance with the International Building Code +and that provide weather protection for the dis- +pensing equipment. + +3. Twenty-five feet (7620 mm) or more from the nearest +rail of any railroad track and 50 feet (15 240 mm) or +more from the nearest rail of any railroad main track +or any railroad or transit line where power for train +propulsion is provided by an outside electrical source, +such as third rail or overhead catenary. + +4. Fifty feet (15 240 mm) or more from the vertical plane +below the nearest overhead wire of a trolley bus line. + +2208.4 Private fueling of motor vehicles. Self-service +CNG-dispensing systems, including key, code and card lock +dispensing systems, shall be limited to the filling of perma- +nently mounted fuel containers on CNG-powered vehicles. + +In addition to the requirements in Section 2205, the owner of +a self-service CNG motor fuel-dispensing facility shall ensure +the safe operation of the system and the training of users. + +2208.5 Pressure regulators. Pressure regulators shall be +designed and installed or protected so that their operation will +not be affected by the elements (freezing rain, sleet, snow or +ice), mud or debris. The protection is allowed to be an integral +part of the regulator. + +2208.6 Valves. Gas piping to equipment shall be provided with +a remote, readily accessible manual shutoff valve. + +2208.7 Emergency shutdown control. An emergency shut- +down control shall be located within 75 feet (22 860 mm) of, +but not less than 25 feet (7620 mm) from, dispensers and shall +also be provided in the compressor area. Upon activation, the +emergency shutdown system shall automatically shut off the +power supply to the compressor and close valves between the +main gas supply and the compressor and between the storage +containers and dispensers. + +2208.8 Discharge of CNG from motor vehicle fuel storage +containers. The discharge of CNG from motor vehicle fuel +cylinders for the purposes of maintenance, cylinder certifica- +tion, calibration of dispensers or other activities shall be in +accordance with Sections 2208.8.1 through 2208.8.1.2.6. + +2208.8.1 Methods of discharge. The discharge of CNG +from motor vehicle fuel cylinders shall be accomplished +through a closed transfer system in accordance with Section +2208.8.1.1 or an approved method of atmospheric venting +in accordance with Section 2208.8.1.2. + +2208.8.1.1 Closed transfer system. A documented pro- +cedure that explains the logical sequence for discharging +the cylinder shall be provided to the fire code official for +review and approval. The procedure shall include what +actions the operator will take in the event of a low-pres- +sure or high-pressure natural gas release during the dis- +charging activity. A drawing illustrating the arrangement +of piping, regulators and equipment settings shall be pro- +vided to the fire code official for review and approval. +The drawing shall illustrate the piping and regulator +arrangement and shall be shown in spatial relation to the +location of the compressor, storage vessels and emer- +gency shutdown devices. + + + +2208.8.1.2 Atmospheric venting. Atmospheric venting +of CNG shall comply with Sections 2208.8.1.2.1 +through 2208.8.1.2.6. + +2208.8.1.2.1 Plans and specifications. A drawing +illustrating the location of the vessel support, piping, +the method of grounding and bonding, and other +requirements specified herein shall be provided to the +fire code official for review and approval. + +2208.8.1.2.2 Cylinder stability. A method of rigidly +supporting the vessel during the venting of CNG shall +be provided. The selected method shall provide not +less than two points of support and shall prevent the +horizontal and lateral movement of the vessel. The +system shall be designed to prevent the movement of +the vessel based on the highest gas-release velocity +through valve orifices at the vessel's rated pressure +and volume. The structure or appurtenance shall be +constructed of noncombustible materials. + +2208.8.1.2.3 Separation. The structure or appurte- +nance used for stabilizing the cylinder shall be sepa- +rated from the site equipment, features and exposures +and shall be located in accordance with Table +2208.8.1.2.3. + +TABLE 2208.8.1 .2.3 +SEPARATION DISTANCE FOR ATMOSPHERIC VENTING OF CNG + + + +EQUIPMENT OR FEATURE + + +MINIMUM SEPARATION +(feet) + + +Buildings + + +25 + + +Building openings + + +25 + + +Lot lines + + +15 + + +Public ways _j + + +15 + + +Vehicles + + +25 + + +CNG compressor and storage vessel* + + +25 + + +CNG dispensers + + +25 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + + + +2208.8.1.2.4 Grounding and bonding. The structure +or appurtenance used for supporting the cylinder shall +be grounded in accordance with the ICC Electrical +Code. The cylinder valve shall be bonded prior to the +commencement of venting operations. + +2208.8.1.2.5 Vent tube. A vent tube that will divert +the gas flow to atmosphere shall be installed on the +cylinder prior to commencement of the venting and +purging operation. The vent tube shall be constructed +of pipe or tubing materials approved for use with +CNG in accordance with Chapter 30. + +The vent tube shall be capable of dispersing the gas +a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) above grade level. +The vent tube shall not be provided with a rain cap or +other feature which would limit or obstruct the gas +flow. + +At the connection fitting of the vent tube and the +CNG cylinder, a listed bidirectional detonation flame +arrester shall be provided. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +205 + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +2208.8.1.2.6 Signage. Approved "No Smoking" +signs complying with Section 310 shall be posted +within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the cylinder support +structure or appurtenance. Approved CYLINDER +SHALL BE BONDED signs shall be posted on the +cylinder support structure or appurtenance. + + + +SECTION 2209 + +HYDROGEN MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING + +AND GENERATION FACILITIES + +2209.1 General. Hydrogen motor fuel-dispensing and genera- +tion facilities shall be in accordance with this section and Chap- + +I ter 35. Where a fuel-dispensing facility also includes a repair +garage, the repair operation shall comply with Section 221 1. + +2209.2 Equipment. Equipment used for the generation, com- +pression, storage or dispensing of hydrogen shall be designed +for the specific application in accordance with Sections +2209.2.1 through 2209.2.3. + +12209.2.1 Approved equipment. Cyhnders, containers and +tanks; pressure relief devices, including pressure valves; +hydrogen vaporizers; pressure regulators; and piping used +for gaseous hydrogen systems shall be designed and con- + +Istructed in accordance with Section 3003, 3203 or NFPA +55. + +2209.2.2 Listed equipment. Hoses, hose connections, +compressors, hydrogen generators, dispensers, detection +systems and electrical equipment used for hydrogen shall be +listed for use with hydrogen. Hydrogen motor fueling con- +nections shall be listed and labeled for use with hydrogen. + +2209.2.3 Electrical equipment. Electrical installations +shall be in accordance with the ICC Electrical Code. + +2209.3 Location on property. In addition to the requirements +of Section 2203.1, generation, compression, storage and dis- +pensing equipment shall be located in accordance with Sec- +tions 2209.3.1 through Section 2209.3.3. + +12209.3.1 Separation from outdoor exposure hazards. +Generation, compression and dispensing equipment shall +be separated from other fuels or equivalent risks to life, +safety and buildings or public areas in accordance with +Table 2209.3.1. + +Exception: Closed systems with a hydrogen capacity of +3,000 cubic feet (85 m^) or less at NTP. + +2209.3.1.1 Barrier wall construction-gaseous hydro- +gen. The outdoor separation shall be allowed to be +reduced to 5 feet (1524 mm) where a 2-hour fire barrier +interrupts the line of sight between equipment, other than +dispensers, and the exposure within the radial distance as +indicated by the tabular value. The height of the barrier +shall be a minimum of 6 feet ( 1 829 nmi), but not less than +1.5 times the height of the equipment, measured verti- +cally. The length of the wall shall be not less than 1.5 +times the maximum diameter or length of the tank. + +2209.3.1.2 Location of equipment. Equipment shall be +located from the enclosing walls at a distance not less +than one tank diameter. When horizontal tanks are used, + + + +the distance from any one enclosing wall shall be not less +than one-half the length of the tank or a minimum of 5 +feet (1524 mm). + +2209.3.2 Location of dispensing operations and equip- +ment. Generation, compression, storage and dispensing +equipment shall be located in accordance with Sections I +2209.3.2.1 through 2209.3.2.6.3. I + + + +TABLE 2209.3.1 + +MINIMUM SEPARATION FOR GASEOUS + +HYDROGEN DISPENSERS, COMPRESSORS, + +GENERATORS AND STORAGE VESSELS + + + +OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT OR FEATURE + + +DISTANCE^ +(feet) + + +Building — Noncombustible walls + + +10b,c + + +Building — Combustible walls + + +25b, c + + +Public sidewalks and parked vehicles + + +15b, c + + +Lot line + + +10" + + +Air intake openings + + +25'' + + +Wall openings located less than 25 feet above grade + + +20'* + + +Wall openings located 25 feet or more above grade + + +25'' + + +Outdoor public assembly + + +25" + + +Ignition source^ + + +10 + + +Above-ground flammable or combustible liquid +storage — diked in accordance with Section +3404.2.9.6, distance to dike wall + + +20 + + +Above-ground flammable or combustible liquid +storage — not diked in accordance with Section +3404.2.9.6, distance to tank + + +50 + + +Underground flammable or combustible liquid +storage — distance to vent or fill opening + + +20 + + +Flammable gas storage (other than hydrogen) — +with emergency shutoff interconnected with the +hydrogen system + + +25 + + +Above-ground flammable gas storage (other than +hydrogen) — without emergency shutoff +interconnected with the hydrogen system + + +50 + + +Combustible waste material (see Section 304.1.1) + + +50" + + +Vertical plane of the nearest overhead electric wire +of an electric trolley, train or bus line + + +50 + + +Vertical plane of the nearest wire of overhead +electrical power distribution lines + + +5 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m^. + +a. The applicability of tabular distance is in terms of a radius that defines a +hemisphere from the source when not interrupted by an intervening fire bar- +rier without through penetrations. + +b. See Section 2209.3.1.1. + +c. The dispenser and point of transfer for dispensing need not be separated +from canopies constructed in accordance with Section 406.5 of the Interna- +tional Building Code and constructed in a manner that prevents the accumu- +lation of hydrogen gas. + +d. Measured along the natural and unobstructed line of travel (e.g., around pro- +tective walls, around comers of buildings). + +e. Ignition sources include appliance burner igniters, hot work and hot surfaces +capable of igniting flammable vapors. + + + +206 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +•I + + + +2209.3.2.1 Outdoors. Generation, compression, storage +or dispensing equipment shall be allowed outdoors in +accordance with Section 2209.3.1. + +2209.3.2.2 Weather protection. Generation, compres- +sion, storage or dispensing equipment shall be allowed +under weather protection in accordance with the require- +ments of Section 2704.13 and constructed in a manner +that prevents the accumulation of hydrogen gas. + +2209.3.2.3 Indoors. Generation, compression, storage +and dispensing equipment shall be located in indoor +rooms or areas constructed in accordance with the +requirements of the International Building Code, the +International Fuel Gas Code and the International +Mechanical Code and one of the following: + +1. Inside a building in a hydrogen cutoff room +designed and constructed in accordance with Sec- +tion 420 of the International Building Code. + +2. Inside a building not in a hydrogen cutoff room +where the gaseous hydrogen system is listed and +labeled for indoor installation and installed in +accordance with the manufacturer's installation +instructions. + +3. Inside a building in a dedicated hydrogen fuel dis- +pensing area having an aggregate hydrogen deliv- +ery capacity no greater than 12 standard cubic feet +per minute (SCFM) and designed and constructed +in accordance with Section 703.1 of the Interna- +tional Fuel Gas Code. + +2209.3.2.3.1 Maintenance. Gaseous hydrogen sys- +tems and detection devices shall be maintained in +accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. + +2209.3.2.3.2 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited +in hydrogen cutoff rooms. "No Smoking" signs shall +be provided at all entrances to hydrogen cutoff rooms. + +2209.3.2.3.3 Ignition source control. Open flames, +flame-producing devices and other sources of igni- +tion shall be controlled in accordance with Chapter + +35. + +2209.3.2.3.4 Housekeeping. Hydrogen cutoff rooms +shall be kept free from combustible debris and stor- +age. + +2209.3.2.4 Gaseous hydrogen storage. Storage of gas- +eous hydrogen shall be in accordance with Chapters 30 +and 35. + +2209.3.2.5 Liquefied hydrogen storage. Storage of liq- +uefied hydrogen shall be in accordance with Chapter 32. + +2209.3.2.5.1 Location on property. In addition to the +requirements of Section 2203.1, above-ground lique- +fied hydrogen storage containers, compression and +vaporization equipment serving motor fuel-dispens- +ing operations shall be located 25 feet (7620 mm) +from buildings having combustible exterior wall sur- +faces; buildings having noncombustible exterior wall +surfaces that are not part of a 1-hour fire-resis- +tance-rated assembly; wall openings; lot lines of + + + +property that could be built on; public streets and +parked vehicles. + +2209.3.2.5.1.1 Barrier wall construction-lique- +fied hydrogen. The outdoor separation distance +shall be permitted to be reduced to 5 feet (1524 +mm) where a 2-hour fire barrier interrupts the line +of sight between equipment, other than dispensers, +and the exposure within the radial distance as indi- +cated by the tabular value. The height of the barrier +shall be a minimum of 6 feet (1829 mm) but no less +than 1 .5 times the height of equipment, other than +the cryogenic storage vessel, measured vertically. +The length of the wall shall be no less than 1.5 +times the maximum diameter or length of the tank. +The 2-hour fire banier shall not have more than +two sides at approximately 90-degree (1.57 rad) +directions, or three sides with connecting angles of +approximately 135 degrees (2.36 rad). When fire +barrier walls on three sides are used, piping and +control systems serving stationary tanks shall be +located at the open side of the enclosure created by +the barrier walls. + +2209.3.2.5.1.2 Location of equipment. Equip- +ment shall be located from the enclosing walls at a +distance not less than one tank diameter. When +horizontal tanks are used the distance from any one +enclosing wall shall be not less than one-half the +length of the tank or a minimum of 5 feet (1524 +mm). + +2209.3.2.6 Canopy tops. Gaseous hydrogen compres- +sion and storage equipment located on top of motor +fuel-dispensing facility canopies shall be in accordance +with Sections 2209.3.2.6.1 through 2209.3.2.6.3, Chap- +ters 30 and 35 and the International Fuel Gas Code. + +2209.3.2.6.1 Construction. Canopies shall be con- +structed in accordance with the motor fuel-dispensing +facility canopy requirements of Section 406 of the +International Building Code. + +2209.3.2.6.2 Fire-extinguishing systems. Fuel-dis- +pensing areas under canopies shall be equipped +throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem in accordance with Section 903 .3 . 1.1. The design +of the sprinkler system shall not be less than that +required for Extra Hazard Group 2 occupancies. +Operation of the sprinkler system shall activate the +emergency functions of Sections 2209.3.2.6.2.1 and +2209.3.2.6.2.2. + +2209.3.2.6.2.1 Emergency discharge. Operation +of the automatic sprinkler system shall activate an +automatic emergency discharge system, which +will discharge the hydrogen gas from the equip- +ment on the canopy top through the vent pipe sys- +tem. + +2209.3.2.6.2.2 Emergency shutdown control. + +Operation of the automatic sprinkler system shall +activate the emergency shutdown control required +by Section 2209.5.3. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +207 + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +2209.3.2.6.3 Signage. Approved signage having +2-inch (51 mm) block letters shall be affixed at +approved locations on the exterior of the canopy +structure stating: CANOPY TOP HYDROGEN +STORAGE. + +2209.3.3 Canopies. Dispensing equipment need not be sep- +I arated from canopies of Type I or II construction that are + +constructed in a manner that prevents the accumulation of +I hydrogen gas and in accordance with Section 406.5 of the + +International Building Code. + +2209.4 Dispensing into motor vehicles at self-service hydro- +gen motor fuel-dispensing facilities. Self-service hydrogen +motor fuel-dispensing systems, including key, code and card +lock dispensing systems, shall be limited to the filling of per- +manently mounted fuel containers on hydrogen-powered vehi- +cles. + +In addition to the requirements in Section 2211, the owner of +a self-service hydrogen motor fuel-dispensing facihty shall +provide for the safe operation of the system through the institu- +tion of a fire safety plan submitted in accordance with Section +404, the training of employees and operators who use and +maintain the system in accordance with Section 406, and provi- +sions for hazard communication in accordance with Section +407. + +2209.5 Safety precautions. Safety precautions at hydrogen +motor fuel-dispensing and generation facilities shall be in +accordance with Sections 2209.5.1 through 2209.5.4.3.6. + +2209.5.1 Protection from vehicles. Guard posts or other +approved means shall be provided to protect hydrogen stor- +age systems and use areas subject to vehicular damage in +accordance with Section 312. + +12209.5.2 Emergency shutoff valves. A manual emergency +shutoff valve shall be provided to shut down the flow of gas +from the hydrogen supply to the piping system. + + + +2209.5.2.1 Identification. Manual emergency shutoff +valves shall be identified and the location shall be clearly +visible, accessible and indicated by means of a sign. + +2209.5.3 Emergency shutdown controls. In addition to the +manual emergency shutoff valve required by Section +2209.5.2, a remotely located, manually activated emer- +gency shutdown control shall be provided. An emergency +shutdown control shall be located within 75 feet (22 860 +mm) of, but not less than 25 feet (7620 mm) from, dispens- +ers and hydrogen generators. + +2209.5.3.1 System requirements. Activation of the +emergency shutdown control shall automatically shut off +the power supply to all hydrogen storage, compression +and dispensing equipment; shut off natural gas or other +fuel supply to the hydrogen generator; and close valves +between the main supply and the compressor and +between the storage containers and dispensing equip- +ment. + +2209.5.4 Venting of hydrogen systems. Hydrogen systems +shall be equipped with pressure relief devices that will | +relieve excessive internal pressure in accordance with Sec- +tions 2209.5.4.1 through 2209.5.4.3.6. | + +2209.5.4.1 Location of discharge. Hydrogen vented +from vent pipe systems serving pressure relief devices or +purging systems shall not be discharged inside buildings +or under canopies used for weather protection. + +2209.5.4.2 Pressure relief devices. Portions of the sys- +tem subject to overpressure shall be protected by pres- +sure relief devices designed and installed in accordance +with the requirements of CGA S-1.1, S-1.2, S-1.3 or the +ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, as applicable. +Containers used for the storage of liquefied hydrogen +shall be provided with pressure relief devices in accor- +dance with Section 3203.2. + + + +Vent +Pipe + + + +t + +H + + + +Vent +Pipe + + + +i + + + +1.25D + + + +ground + + + +Lot +Line + + + +Structure + +or +Equipment + + + +t + +H + +i + + + +Structure + +or +Equipment + + + +D + + + +ground + + + +H = Minimum height in feet of vent pipe above the ground or above any structure or equipment within distance (D) where personnel might be present. +D = Distance in feet to adjacent structure or equipment where personnel might be present. + +FIGURE 2209.5.4.3.4 +HYDROGEN VENT PIPE HEIGHT (H) VERSUS DISTANCE (D) REQUIREMENTS + + + +208 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +•I + + + +2209.5.4.2.1 Minimum rate of discharge. The mini- +mum flow capacity of pressure relief devices on +hydrogen storage containers shall be at least the +capacity required by Section 2209.5.4.2 or the capac- +ity required to accommodate a hydrogen compressor +that fails to shut down or unload, whichever is greater. + +2209.5.4.3 Vent pipe. Stationary containers and tanks +shall be provided with a vent pipe system that will divert +gas discharged from pressure relief devices to the atmo- +sphere. Vent pipe systems serving pressure relief devices +and purging systems used for operational control shall be +designed and constructed in accordance with Sections +2209.5.4.3.1 through 2209.5.4.3.6. + +2209.5.4.3.1 Materials of construction. The vent +pipe system shall be constructed of materials +approved for hydrogen service in accordance with +ASME B3 1 .3 for the rated pressure, volume and tem- +perature of gas to be transported. The vent piping +shall be designed for the maximum backpressure +within the pipe, but not less than 335 pounds per +square inch gauge (psig) (2310 kPa). + +2209.5.4.3.2 Structural support. The vent pipe sys- +tem shall be supported to prevent structural collapse +and shall be provided with a rain cap or other feature +that would not limit or obstruct the gas flow from +venting vertically upward. + +2209.5.4.3.3 Obstructions. A means shall be provided +to prevent water, ice and other debris from accumulating +inside the vent pipe or obstructing the vent pipe. + +2209.5.4.3.4 Height of vent and separation. The + +height (//) and separation distance (D) of the vent pipe +shall meet the criteria set forth in Table 2209.5.4.3.4 +for the combinations of maximum hydrogen flow +rates and vent stack opening diameters listed. Alter- + + + +native venting systems shall be allowed when in +accordance with Section 2209.5.4.3.6. + +2209.5.4.3.5 Maximum flow rate. The vent pipe sys- +tem shall be sized based on the maximum flow rate for +the system served and be specified on the construction +documents. The maximum flow rate shall be deter- +mined in accordance with the requirements of CGA +S-1.3 using the aggregate gas flow rate from all con- +nected vent, purge and relief devices that operate simul- +taneously during a venting operation, purging operation +or emergency relief event. + +2209.5.4.3.6 Alternative venting systems. Where +alternative venting systems are used in lieu of the +requirements of Section 2209.5.4.3.5, an analysis of +radiant heat exposures and hydrogen concentrations +shall be provided. The analysis of exposure to radiant +heat shall assume a wind speed of 30 feet/second +(9.14 m/sec) and provide a design that limits radiant +heat exposure to the maximum values shown in Table +2209.5.4.3.6(1). The analysis of exposure to hydro- +gen concentration shall provide a design that limits +the maximum hydrogen concentration to the values +shown in Table 2209.5.4.3.6(2). + + + +SECTION 2210 +MARINE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES + +2210.1 General. The construction of marine motor fuel-dis- +pensing facilities shall be in accordance with the International +Building Code andNFPA 30A. The storage of Class I, II or fllA +liquids at marine motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall be in +accordance with this chapter and Chapter 34. + +2210.2 Storage and handling. The storage and handling of +Class I, II or IIIA hquids at marine motor fuel-dispensing facil- +ities shall be in accordance with Sections 2210.2.1 through +2210.2.3. + + + +TABLE 2209.5.4.3.4 + +VENT PIPE HEIGHT AND SEPARATION DISTANCE + +VERSUS HYDROGEN FLOW RATE AND VENT PIPE DIAMETER ^'"='''«' + + + +HYDROGEN +FLOW RATE + + +< 500 CFM +at NTP9 + + +> 500 to < 1,000 CFM +at NTP9 + + +> 1,000 to < 2,000 +CFM at NTP9 + + +> 2,000 to < 5,000 +CFM at NTP'' + + +> 5,000 to < 10,000 +CFM at NTP" + + +> 10,000 to < 20,000 +CFM at NTP" + + +Height (ft) + + +8 + + +8 + + +12 + + +17 + + +25 + + +36 + + +Distance (ft) + + +13 + + +17 + + +26 + + +40 + + +53 + + +81 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 Btu/ft^ = 3.153W/m2, 1 foot/second = 304.8 mm/sec. + +a. Minimum distance to property line is 1.25D. + +b. Designs seeking to achieve greater heights with commensurate reductions in separation distances shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering prac- +tice. + +c. With this table personnel on the ground or on the building and/or equipment are exposed to a maximum of 1 ,500 Btu/hr. ft'^jand are assumed to be provided with a +means to escape to a shielded area within 3 minutes, including the case of a 30 ft./sec. wind. + +d. Designs seeking to achieve greater radiant exposures to noncombustible equipment shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice. + +e. The analysis reflected in this table does not permit hydrogen air mixtures that would exceed one-half of the lower flammable limit (LFL) for hydrogen (2 percent by +volume) at the building or equipment, including the case of a 30 ft./sec. wind. + +f. See Figure 2209.5.4.3.4. + +g. For vent pipe diameters up to and including 2 inches. +h. For vent pipe diameters up to and including 3 inches. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +209 + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +TABLE 2209.5.4.3.6(1) +MAXIMUM RADIANT HEAT EXPOSURE + + + +EXPOSED OBJECT + + +MAXIMUM RADIANT HEAT + + +TIME DURATION (minutes) + + +Personnel + + +1,500 Btu/hr-ft2 (4732 W/m^) + + +3 + + +Noncombustible equipment + + +8,000 Btu/hr-ft^ (25 237 W/m^) + + +Any + + +Lot line + + +500 Btu/hr-ft2 (1577 W/m2) + + +Any + + + +TABLE 2209.5.4.3.6(2) +MAXIMUM HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION EXPOSURE + + + +EXPOSED OBJECT + + +MAXIMUM HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION + + +Personnel, buildings or equipment + + +50% LFL within a distance of D and H of Table 2209.5.4.3.4 + + +Lot line + + +50% LFL within 1.25 times the distance of D and H of Table 2209.5.4.3.4 + + + +2210.2.1 Class I, II or IIIA liquid storage. Class I, II or +III A liquids stored inside of buildings used for marine motor +fuel-dispensing facilities shall be stored in approved con- +tainers or portable tanks. Storage of Class I liquids shall not +exceed 10 gallons (38 L). + +Exception: Storage in liquid storage rooms in accor- +dance with Section 3404.3.7. + +2210.2.2 Class II or IIIA liquid storage and dispensing. + +Class II or IIIA liquids stored or dispensed inside of build- +ings used for marine motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall +be stored in and dispensed from approved containers or por- +table tanks. Storage of Class II and IIIA liquids shall not +exceed 120 gallons (454 L). + +2210.2.3 Heating equipment. Heating equipment installed +in Class I, II or IIIA liquid storage or dispensing areas shall +comply with Section 2201.6. + +2210.3 Dispensing. The dispensing of liquid fuels at marine +motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall comply with Sections +2210.3.1 through 2210.3.5. + +2210.3.1 General. Wharves, piers or floats at marine motor +fuel-dispensing facilities shall be used exclusively for the +dispensing or transfer of petroleum products to or from +marine craft, except that transfer of essential ship stores is +allowed. + +2210.3.2 Supervision. Marine motor fuel-dispensing facil- +ities shall have an attendant or supervisor who is fully aware +of the operation, mechanics and hazards inherent to fueling +of boats on duty whenever the facility is open for business. +The attendant's primary function shall be to supervise, +observe and control the dispensing of Class I, II or IIIA hq- +uids or flammable gases. + +2210.3.3 Hoses and nozzles. Dispensing of Class I, II or +IIIA liquids into the fuel tanks of marine craft shall be by +means of an approved-type hose equipped with a listed +automatic-closing nozzle without a latch-open device. + +Hoses used for dispensing or transferring Class I, II or +IIIA liquids, when not in use, shall be reeled, racked or oth- +erwise protected from mechanical damage. + +2210.3.4 Portable containers. Class I, II or IIIA liquids +shall not be dispensed into a portable container unless such +container is approved. + + + +2210.3.5 Liquefied petroleum gas. Liquefied petroleum +gas cylinders shall not be filled at marine motor fuel-dis- +pensing facilities unless approved. Approved storage facili- +ties for LP-gas cylinders shall be provided. See also Section + +2207. + +2210.4 Fueling of marine vehicles at other than approved +marine motor fuel-dispensing facilities. Fueling of floating +marine craft with Class I fuels at other than a marine motor +fuel-dispensing facility is prohibited. Fueling of floating +marine craft with Class II or III fuels at other than a marine +motor fuel-dispensing facility shall be in accordance with all of +the following: + +1. The premises and operations shall be approved by the +fire code official. + +2. Tank vehicles and fueling operations shall comply with +Section 3406.6. + +3. The dispensing nozzle shall be of the listed auto- +matic-closing type without a latch-open device. + +4. Nighttime deliveries shall only be made in lighted areas. + +5 . The tank vehicle flasher lights shall be in operation while +dispensing. + +6. Fuel expansion space shall be left in each fuel tank to pre- +vent overflow in the event of temperature increase. + +2210.5 Fire prevention regulations. General fire safety regu- +lations for marine motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall comply +with Sections 2210.5.1 through 2210.5.7. + +2210.5.1 Housekeeping. Marine motor fuel-dispensing +facilities shall be maintained in a neat and orderly manner. +Accumulations of rubbish or waste oils in excessive +amounts shall be prohibited. + +2210.5.2 Spills. Spills of Class I, II or IIIA liquids at or on +the water shall be reported immediately to the fire depart- +ment and jurisdictional authorities. + +2210.5.3 Rubbish containers. Metal containers with +tight-fitting or self-closing metal lids shall be provided for +the temporary storage of combustible trash or rubbish. + +2210.5.4 Marine vessels and craft. Vessels or craft shall +not be made fast to fuel docks serving other vessels or craft +occupying a berth at a marine motor fuel-dispensing facility. + + + +210 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +2210.5.5 Sources of ignition. Construction, maintenance, +repair and reconditioning work involving the use of open +flames, arcs or spark-producing devices shall not be per- +formed at marine motor fuel-dispensing facilities or within +50 feet (15 240 mm) of the dispensing facilities, including +piers, wharves or floats, except for emergency repair work +approved in writing by the fire code official. Fueling shall +not be conducted at the pier, wharf or float during the course +of such emergency repairs. + +2210.5.5.1 Smoking. Smoking or open flames shall be +prohibited within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of fueling opera- +tions. "No Smoking" signs complying with Section 310 +shall be posted conspicuously about the premises. Such +signs shall have letters not less than 4 inches (102 mm) in +height on a background of contrasting color. + +2210.5.6 Preparation of tanks for fueling. Boat owners +and operators shall not offer their craft for fueling unless the +tanks being filled are properly vented to dissipate fumes to +the outside atmosphere. + +2210.5.7 Warning signs. Warning signs shall be promi- +nently displayed at the face of each wharf, pier or float at +such elevation as to be clearly visible from the decks of +marine craft being fueled. Such signs shall have letters not +less than 3 inches (76 mm) in height on a background of +contrasting color bearing the following or approved equiva- +lent wording: + +WARNING + +NO SMOKING— STOP ENGINE WHILE FUELING, + +SHUT OFF ELECTRICITY. + +DO NOT START ENGINE UNTIL AFTER BELOW +DECK SPACES ARE VENTILATED. + +2210.6 Fire protection. Fire protection features for marine +motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall comply with Sections +2210.6.1 through 2210.6.4. + +2210.6.1 Standpipe hose stations. Fire hose, where pro- +vided, shall be enclosed within a cabinet, and hose stations +shall be labeled: FIRE HOSE— EMERGENCY USE +ONLY. + +2210.6.2 Obstruction of fire protection equipment. + +Materials shall not be placed on a pier in such a manner as to +obstruct access to fire-fighting equipment or piping system +control valves. + +2210.6.3 Access. Where the pier is accessible to vehicular +traffic, an unobstructed roadway to the shore end of the +wharf shall be maintained for access by fire apparatus. + +2210.6.4 Portable fire extinguisliers. Portable fire +extinguishers in accordance with Section 906, each having a +minimum rating of 20-B:C, shall be provided as follows: + +1 . One on each float. + +2. One on the pier or wharf within 25 feet (7620 mm) of +the head of the gangway to the float, unless the office +is within 25 feet (7620 mm) of the gangway or is on +the float and an extinguisher is provided thereon. + + + +SECTION 2211 +REPAIR GARAGES + +2211.1 General. Repair garages shall comply with this section +and the International Building Code. Repair garages for vehi- +cles that use more than one type of fuel shall comply with the +applicable provisions of this section for each type of fuel used. + +Where a repair garage also includes a motor fuel-dispensing +facility, the fuel-dispensing operation shall comply with the +requirements of this chapter for motor fuel-dispensing facili- +ties. + +2211.2 Storage and use of flammable and combustible liq- +uids. The storage and use of flammable and combustible liq- +uids in repair garages shall comply with Chapter 34 and +Sections 2211.2.1 through 2211.2.4. + +2211.2.1 Cleaning of parts. Cleaning of parts shall be con- +ducted in listed and approved parts-cleaning machines in +accordance with Chapter 34. + +2211.2.2 Waste oil, motor oil and other Class IIIB liq- +uids. Waste oil, motor oil and other Class IIIB liquids shall +be stored in approved tanks or containers, which are allowed +to be stored and dispensed from inside repair garages. + +2211.2.2.1 Tank location. Tanks storing Class IIIB hq- +uids in repair garages are allowed to be located at, below +or above grade, provided that adequate drainage or con- +tainment is provided. + +2211.2.2.2 Liquid classification. Crankcase drainings +shall be classified as Class IIIB liquids unless otherwise +determined by testing. + +2211.2.3 Drainage and disposal of liquids and oil-soaked +waste. Garage floor drains, where provided, shall drain to +approved oil separators or traps discharging to a sewer in +accordance with the International Plumbing Code. Con- +tents of oil separators, traps and floor drainage systems shall +be collected at sufficiently frequent intervals and removed +from the premises to prevent oil from being carried into the +sewers. + +2211.2.3.1 Disposal of liquids. Crankcase drainings and +liquids shall not be dumped into sewers, streams or on +the ground, but shall be stored in approved tanks or con- +tainers in accordance with Chapter 34 until removed +from the premises. + +2211.2.3.2 Disposal of oily waste. Self-closing metal +cans shall be used for oily waste. + +2211.2.4 Spray finishing. Spray finishing with flammable +or combustible liquids shall comply with Chapter 15. + +2211.3 Sources of ignition. Sources of ignition shall not be +located within 18 inches (457 mm) of the floor and shall com- +ply with Chapters 3 and 26. + +2211.3.1 Equipment. Apphances and equipment installed +in a repair garage shall comply with the provisions of the +International Building Code, the International Mechanical +Code and the ICC Electrical Code. + +2211.3.2 Smoking. Smoking shall not be allowed in repair +garages except in approved locations. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +211 + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +2211.4 Below-grade areas. Pits and below-grade work areas +in repair garages shall comply with Sections 22 11. 4.1 through +2211.4.3. + +2211.4.1 Construction. Pits and below-grade work areas +shall be constructed in accordance with the International +Building Code. + +2211.4.2 Means of egress. Pits and below-grade work areas +shall be provided with means of egress in accordance with +Chapter 10. + +2211.4.3 Ventilation. Where Class I Hquids or LP-gas are +stored or used within a building having a basement or pit +wherein flammable vapors could accumulate, the basement +or pit shall be provided with mechanical ventilation in +accordance with the International Mechanical Code, at a +minimum rate of 1.5 cubic feet per minute per square foot +(cfm/ft^) [0.008 mV(s • m^)] to prevent the accumulation of +flammable vapors. + +2211.5 Preparation of veliicles for repair. For vehicles pow- +ered by gaseous fuels, the fuel shutoff valves shall be closed +prior to repairing any portion of the vehicle fuel system. + +Vehicles powered by gaseous fuels in which the fuel system +has been damaged shall be inspected and evaluated for fuel sys- +tem integrity prior to being brought into the repair garage. The +inspection shall include testing of the entire fuel delivery sys- +tem for leakage. + +2211.6 Fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishers shall be pro- +vided in accordance with Section 906. + +2211.7 Repair garages for vehicles fueled by +lighter-than-air fuels. Repair garages for the conversion and +repair of vehicles which use CNG, liquefied natural gas (LNG), +hydrogen or other lighter-than-air motor fuels shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2211.7 through 2211.7.2.3 in addition to +the other requirements of Section 22 11. + +Exception: Repair garages where work is not performed on +the fuel system and is limited to exchange of parts and main- +tenance requiring no open flame or welding. + +2211.7.1 Ventilation. Repair garages used for the repair of +natural gas- or hydrogen-fueled vehicles shall be provided +with an approved mechanical ventilation system. The +mechanical ventilation system shall be in accordance with +the International Mechanical Code and Sections 221 1 .7. 1 . 1 +and 2211.7.1.2. + +Exception: Repair garages with natural ventilation +when approved. + +2211.7.1.1 Design. Indoor locations shall be ventilated +utilizing air supply inlets and exhaust outlets arranged to +provide uniform air movement to the extent practical. +Inlets shall be uniformly arranged on exterior walls near +floor level. Outlets shall be located at the high point of +the room in exterior walls or the roof. + +Ventilation shall be by a continuous mechanical venti- +lation system or by a mechanical ventilation system acti- +vated by a continuously monitoring natural gas detection +system or, for hydrogen, a continuously monitoring +flammable gas detection system, each activating at a gas + + + +concentration of not more than 25 percent of the lower +flammable limit (LFL). In all cases, the system shall shut +down the fueling system in the event of failure of the ven- +tilation system. + +The ventilation rate shall be at least 1 cubic foot per +minute per 12 cubic feet (0.00139 m^ x m^) of room vol- +ume. + +2211.7.1.2 Operation. The mechanical ventilation sys- +tem shall operate continuously. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Mechanical ventilation systems that are inter- +locked with a gas detection system designed in +accordance with Sections 2211.7.2 through +2211.7.2.3. + +2. Mechanical ventilation systems in repair +garages that are used only for repair of vehicles +fueled by liquid fuels or odorized gases, such as +CNG, where the ventilation system is electri- +cally interlocked with the lighting circuit. + +2211.7.2 Gas detection system. Repair garages used for +repair of vehicles fueled by nonodorized gases, such as +hydrogen and nonodorized LNG, shall be provided with an +approved flammable gas detection system. + +2211.7.2.1 System design. The flammable gas detection +system shall be calibrated to the types of fuels or gases +used by vehicles to be repaired. The gas detection system +shall be designed to activate when the level of flammable +gas exceeds 25 percent of the lower flammable limit +(LFL). Gas detection shall also be provided in lubrica- +tion or chassis repair pits of repair garages used for +repairing nonodorized LNG-fueled vehicles. + +2211.7.2.2 Operation. Activation of the gas detection +system shall result in all the following: + +1 . Initiation of distinct audible and visual alarm sig- +nals in the repair garage. + +2. Deactivation of all heating systems located in the +repair garage. + +3. Activation of the mechanical ventilation system, +when the system is interlocked with gas detection. + +2211.7.2.3 Failure of the gas detection system. Failure +of the gas detection system shall result in the deactivation +of the heating system, activation of the mechanical venti- +lation system and where the system is interlocked with +gas detection and causes a trouble signal to sound in an +approved location. + +2211.8 Defueling of hydrogen from motor vehicle fuel stor- +age containers. The discharge or defueling of hydrogen from +motor vehicle fuel storage tanks for the purpose of mainte- +nance, cylinder certification, calibration of dispensers or other +activities shall be in accordance with Sections 2211.8.1 +through 2211.8.1.2.4. + +2211.8.1 Methods of discharge. The discharge of hydro- +gen from motor vehicle fuel storage tanks shall be accom- +plished through a closed transfer system in accordance with + + + +<• + + + +212 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES AND REPAIR GARAGES + + + +Section 221 1.8.1.1 or an approved method of atmospheric +venting in accordance with Section 2211.8.1.2. + +2211.8.1.1 Closed transfer system. A documented pro- +cedure that explains the logic sequence for discharging +the storage tank shall be provided to the code official for +review and approval. The procedure shall include what +actions the operator is required to take in the event of a +low-pressure or high-pressure hydrogen release during +discharging activity. Schematic design documents shall +be provided illustrating the arrangement of piping, regu- +lators and equipment settings. The construction docu- +ments shall illustrate the piping and regulator +arrangement and shall be shown in spatial relation to the +location of the compressor, storage vessels and emer- +gency shutdown devices. + +2211.8.1.2 Atmospheric venting of hydrogen from +motor vehicle fuel storage containers. When atmo- +spheric venting is used for the discharge of hydrogen +from motor vehicle fuel storage tanks , such venting shall +be in accordance with Sections 2211.8.1.2.1 through +2211.8.1.2.4. + +2211.8.1.2.1 Defueling equipment required at +vehicle maintenance and repair facilities. All facili- +ties for repairing hydrogen systems on hydrogen- +fueled vehicles shall have equipment to defuel vehicle +storage tanks. Equipment used for defueling shall be +listed and labeled for the intended use. + +2211.8.1.2.1.1 Manufacturer's equipment +required. Equipment supplied by the vehicle man- +ufacturer shall be used to connect the vehicle stor- +age tanks to be defueled to the vent pipe system. + +2211.8.1.2.1.2 Vent pipe maximum diameter. + +Defueling vent pipes shall have a maximum inside +diameter of 1 inch (25 mm) and be installed in +accordance with Section 2209.5.4. + +2211.8.1.2.1.3 Maximum flow rate. The maxi- +mum rate of hydrogen flow through the vent pipe +system shall not exceed 1,000 cfm at NTP (0.47 +mVs) and shall be controlled by means of the man- +ufacturer's equipment, at low pressure and without +adjustment. + +2211.8.1.2.1.4 Isolated use. The vent pipe used +for defueling shall not be connected to another +venting system used for any other purpose. + +2211.8.1.2.2 Construction documents. Construc- +tion documents shall be provided illustrating the +defueling system to be utilized. Plan details shall be of +sufficient detail and clarity to allow for evaluation of +the piping and control systems to be utilized and +include the method of support for cylinders, contain- +ers or tanks to be used as part of a closed transfer sys- +tem, the method of grounding and bonding, and other +requirements specified herein. + +2211.8.1.2.3 Stability of cylinders, containers and +tanks. A method of rigidly supporting cylinders, con- +tainers or tanks used during the closed transfer system + + + +discharge or defueling of hydrogen shall be provided. +The method shall provide not less than two points of +support and shall be designed to resist lateral move- +ment of the receiving cylinder, container or tank. The +system shall be designed to resist movement of the +receiver based on the highest gas-release velocity +through valve orifices at the receiver's rated service +pressure and volume. Supporting structure or appur- +tenance used to support receivers shall be constructed +of noncombustible materials in accordance with the +International Building Code. + +2211.8.1.2.4 Grounding and bonding. Cylinders, +containers or tanks and piping systems used for +defueling shall be bonded and grounded. Structures +or appurtenances used for supporting the cylinders, +containers or tanks shall be grounded in accordance +with the ICC Electrical Code. The valve of the vehicle +storage tank shall be bonded with the defueling sys- +tem prior to the commencement of discharge or +defueling operations. + +2211.8.2 Repair of hydrogen piping. Piping systems con- +taining hydrogen shall not be opened to the atmosphere for +repair without first purging the piping with an inert gas to +achieve 1 percent hydrogen or less by volume. Defueling +operations and exiting purge flow shall be vented in accor- +dance with Section 2211.8.1.2. + +2211.8.3 Purging. Each individual manufactured compo- +nent of a hydrogen generating, compression, storage or dis- +pensing system shall have a label affixed as well as a +description in the installation and owner's manuals describ- +ing the procedure for purging air from the system during +startup, regular maintenance and for purging hydrogen from +the system prior to disassembly (to admit air). + +For the interconnecting piping between the individual +manufactured components, the pressure rating must be at +least 20 times the absolute pressure present in the piping +when any hydrogen meets any air. + +2211.8.3.1 System purge required. After installation, +repair or maintenance, the hydrogen piping system shall +be purged of air in accordance with the manufacturer's +procedure for purging air from the system. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +213 + + + +214 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 23 + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + + + +SECTION 2301 +GENERAL + +2301.1 Scope. High-piled combustible storage shall be in +accordance with this chapter. In addition to the requirements of +this chapter, the following material-specific requirements shall +apply: + +1. Aerosols shall be in accordance with Chapter 28. + +2. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be in accor- +dance with Chapter 34. + +3 . Hazardous materials shall be in accordance with Chapter + +27. + +4. Storage of combustible paper records shall be in accor- +I dance with NFPA 1 3 and NFPA 230. + +5 . Storage of combustible fibers shall be in accordance with +Chapter 29. + +6. Storage of miscellaneous combustible material shall be +in accordance with Chapter 3. + +2301.2 Permits. A permit shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + +2301.3 Construction documents. At the time of building per- +mit application for new structures designed to accommodate +high-piled storage or for requesting a change of occu- +pancy/use, and at the time of application for a storage permit, +plans and specifications shall be submitted for review and +approval. In addition to the information required by the Inter- +national Building Code, the storage permit submittal shall +include the information specified in this section. Following +approval of the plans, a copy of the approved plans shall be +maintained on the premises in an approved location. The plans +shall include the following: + +1. Floor plan of the building showing locations and +dimensions of high-piled storage areas. + +2. Usable storage height for each storage area. + +3. Number of tiers within each rack, if applicable. + +4. Commodity clearance between top of storage and the +sprinkler deflector for each storage arrangement. + +5. Aisle dimensions between each storage array. + +6. Maximum pile volume for each storage array. + +7. Location and classification of commodities in accor- +dance with Section 2303. + +8. Location of commodities which are banded or encapsu- +lated. + +9. Location of required fire department access doors. + +10. Type of fire suppression and fire detection systems. + +1 1 . Location of valves controlling the water supply of ceil- +ing and in-rack sprinklers. + + + +12. Type, location and specifications of smoke removal +and curtain board systems. + +13. Dimension and location of transverse and longitudinal +flue spaces. + +14. Additional information regarding required design fea- +tures, commodities, storage arrangement and fire pro- +tection features within the high-piled storage area shall +be provided at the time of permit, when required by the +fire code official. + +2301.4 Evacuation plan. When required by the fire code offi- +cial, an evacuation plan for public accessible areas and a sepa- +rate set of plans indicating location and width of aisles, location +of exits, exit access doors, exit signs, height of storage, and +locations of hazardous materials shall be submitted at the time +of permit application for review and approval. Following +approval of the plans, a copy of the approved plans shall be +maintained on the premises in an approved location. + + + +SECTION 2302 +DEFINITIONS + +2302.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +ARRAY. The configuration of storage. Characteristics consid- +ered in defining an array include the type of packaging, flue +spaces, height of storage and compactness of storage. + +ARRAY, CLOSED. A storage configuration having a 6-inch +(152 mm) or smaller width vertical flue space that restricts air +movement through the stored commodity. + +BIN BOX. A five-sided container with the open side facing an +aisle. Bin boxes are self-supporting or supported by a structure +designed so that little or no horizontal or vertical space exists +around the boxes. + +COMMODITY. A combination of products, packing materi- +als and containers. + +DRAFT CURTAIN. A structure arranged to limit the spread +of smoke and heat along the underside of the ceiling or roof. + +EARLY SUPPRESSION FAST-RESPONSE (ESFR) +SPRINKLER. A sprinkler listed for early suppression +fast-response performance. + +EXPANDED PLASTIC. A foam or cellular plastic material +having a reduced density based on the presence of numerous +small cavities or cells dispersed throughout the material. + +EXTRA-HIGH-RACK COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE. + +Storage on racks of Class I, II, III or IV commodities which +exceed 40 feet (12 192 mm) in height and storage on racks of +high-hazard commodities which exceed 30 feet (9144 mm) in +height. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +215 + + + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + + + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE. Storage of +combustible materials in closely packed piles or combustible +materials on pallets, in racks or on shelves where the top of +storage is greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) in height. When +required by the fire code official, high-piled combustible stor- +age also includes certain high-hazard commodities, such as +rubber tires. Group A plastics, flammable liquids, idle pallets +and similar commodities, where the top of storage is greater +than 6 feet (1829 mm) in height. + +HIGH-PILED STORAGE AREA. An area within a building +which is designated, intended, proposed or actually used for +high-piled combustible storage. + +LONGITUDINAL FLUE SPACE. The flue space between +rows of storage perpendicular to the direction of loading. + +MANUAL STOCKING METHODS. Stocking methods uti- +lizing ladders or other nonmechanical equipment to move +stock. + +MECHANICAL STOCKING METHODS. Stocking meth +ods utilizing motorized vehicles or hydraulic jacks to move +stock. + +SHELF STORAGE. Storage on shelves less than 30 inches +(762 mm) deep with the distance between shelves not exceed- +ing 3 feet (914 mm) vertically. For other shelving arrange- +ments, see the requirements for rack storage. + +SOLID SHELVING. Shelving that is solid, slatted or of other +construction located in racks and which obstructs sprinkler dis- +charge down into the racks. + +TRANSVERSE FLUE SPACE. The space between rows of +storage parallel to the direction of loading. + + + +SECTION 2303 +COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION + +2303.1 Classification of commodities. Commodities shall be +classified as Class I, II, III, IV or high hazard in accordance +with this section. Materials listed within each commodity clas- +sification are assumed to be unmodified for improved combus- +tibility characteristics. Use of flame-retarding modifiers or the +physical form of the material could change the classification. +See Section 2303.7 for classification of Group A, B and C plas- +tics. + +2303.2 Class I commodities. Class I commodities are essen- +tially noncombustible products on wooden or nonexpanded +polyethylene solid deck pallets, in ordinary corrugated cartons +with or without single-thickness dividers, or in ordinary paper +wrappings with or without pallets. Class I commodities are +allowed to contain a limited amount of Group A plastics in +accordance with Section 2303.7.4. Examples of Class I com- +modities include, but are not limited to, the following: + +Alcoholic beverages not exceeding 20-percent alcohol + +Appliances noncombustible, electrical + +Cement in bags + +Ceramics + +Dairy products in nonwax-coated containers (excluding +botdes) + + + +Dry insecticides + +Foods in noncombustible containers + +Fresh fruits and vegetables in nonplastic trays or containers + +Frozen foods + +Glass + +Glycol in metal cans + +Gypsum board + +Inert materials, bagged + +Insulation, noncombustible + +Noncombustible liquids in plastic containers having less +than a 5-gallon (19 L) capacity + +Noncombustible metal products + +2303.3 Class II commodities. Class II commodities are Class I +products in slatted wooden crates, solid wooden boxes, multi- +ple-thickness paperboard cartons or equivalent combustible +packaging material with or without pallets. Class II commodi- +ties are allowed to contain a limited amount of Group A plastics +in accordance with Section 2303.7.4. Examples of Class II +commodities include, but are not limited to, the following: + +Alcoholic beverages not exceeding 20-percent alcohol, in +combustible containers + +Foods in combustible containers + +Incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs in cartons + +Thinly coated fine wire on reels or in cartons + +2303.4 Class III commodities. Class III commodities are +commodities of wood, paper, natural fiber cloth, or Group C +plastics or products thereof, with or without pallets. Products +are allowed to contain limited amounts of Group A or B plas- +tics, such as metal bicycles with plastic handles, pedals, seats +and tires. Group A plastics shall be limited in accordance with +Section 2303.7.4. Examples of Class III commodities include, +but are not limited to, the following: + +Aerosol, Level 1 (see Chapter 28) + +Combustible fiberboard + +Cork, baled + +Feed, bagged + +Fertilizers, bagged + +Food in plastic containers + +Furniture: wood, natural fiber, upholstered, nonplastic, +wood or metal with plastic-padded and covered arm rests + +Glycol in combustible containers not exceeding 25 percent + +Lubricating or hydraulic fluid in metal cans + +Lumber + +Mattresses, excluding foam rubber and foam plastics + +Noncombustible liquids in plastic containers having a +capacity of more than 5 gallons (19 L) + +Paints, oil base, in metal cans + +Paper, waste, baled + + + +216 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ + + + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + + + +Paper and pulp, horizontal storage, or vertical storage that is +banded or protected with approved wrap + +Paper in cardboard boxes + +Pillows, excluding foam rubber and foam plastics + +Plastic-coated paper food containers + +Plywood + +Rags, baled + +Rugs, without foam backing + +Sugar, bagged + +Wood, baled + +Wood doors, frames and cabinets + +Yams of natural fiber and viscose + +2303.5 Class IV commodities. Class IV commodities are +Class I, II or III products containing Group A plastics in ordi- +nary corrugated cartons and Class 1, 11 and III products, with +Group A plastic packaging, with or without pallets. Group B +plastics and free-flowing Group A plastics are also included in +this class. The total amount of nonfree-flowing Group A plas- +tics shall be in accordance with Section 2303.7.4. Examples of +Class IV commodities include, but are not limited to, the fol- +lowing: + +Aerosol, Level 2 (see Chapter 28) + +Alcoholic beverages, exceeding 20-percent but less than +80-percent alcohol, in cans or bottles in cartons. + +Clothing, synthetic or nonviscose + +Combustible metal products (solid) + +Furniture, plastic upholstered + +Furniture, wood or metal with plastic covering and padding + +Glycol in combustible containers (greater than 25 percent +and less than 50 percent) + +Linoleum products + +Paints, oil base in combustible containers + +Pharmaceutical, alcoholic elixirs, tonics, etc. + +Rugs, foam back + +Shingles, asphalt + +Thread or yam, synthetic or nonviscose + +2303.6 High-hazard commodities. High-hazard commodi- +ties are high-hazard products presenting special fire hazards +beyond those of Class I, II, III or IV. Group A plastics not other- +wise classified are included in this class. Examples of +high-hazard commodities include, but are not limited to, the +following: + +Aerosol, Level 3 (see Chapter 28) + +Alcoholic beverages, exceeding 80-percent alcohol, in bot- +tles or cartons + +Commodities of any class in plastic containers in carousel +storage + +Flammable solids (except solid combustible metals) + +Glycol in combustible containers (50 percent or greater) + + + +Lacquers, which dry by solvent evaporation, in metal cans +or cartons + +Lubricating or hydraulic fluid in plastic containers + +Mattresses, foam mbber or foam plastics + +Pallets and flats which are idle combustible + +Paper, asphalt, rolled, horizontal storage + +Paper, asphalt, rolled, vertical storage + +Paper and pulp, rolled, in vertical storage which is unhanded +or not protected with an approved wrap + +Pillows, foam mbber and foam plastics + +Pyroxylin + +Rubber tires + +Vegetable oil and butter in plastic containers + +2303.7 Classification of plastics. Plastics shall be designated +as Group A, B or C in accordance with this section. + +2303.7.1 Group A plastics. Group A plastics are plastic +materials having a heat of combustion that is much higher +than that of ordinary combustibles, and a burning rate higher +than that of Group B plastics. Examples of Group A plastics +include, but are not limited to, the following: + +ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer) + +Acetal (polyformaldehyde) + +Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate) + +Butyl mbber + +EPDM (ethylene propylene mbber) + +FRP (fiberglass-reinforced polyester) + +Natural mbber (expanded) + +Nitrile mbber (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber) + +PET or PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) + +Polybutadiene + +Polycarbonate + +Polyester elastomer + +Polyethylene + +Polypropylene + +Polystyrene (expanded and unexpanded) + +Polyurethane (expanded and unexpanded) + +PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than 15 percent +plasticized, e.g., coated fabric unsupported film) + +SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) + +SBR (styrene butadiene mbber) + +2303.7.2 Group B plastics. Group B plastics are plastic +materials having a heat of combustion and a buming rate +higher than that of ordinary combustibles, but not as high as +those of Group A plastics. Examples of Group B plastics +include, but are not limited to, the following: + +Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, +ethyl cellulose) + +Chloroprene mbber + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +217 + + + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + + + +Fluoroplastics (ECTFE, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene +copolymer; ETFE, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copoly- +mer; FEP, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer) + +Natural rubber (nonexpanded) + +Nylon (Nylon 6, Nylon 6/6) + +PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than 5 -percent, but not +exceeding 15 -percent plasticized) + +Silicone rubber + +2303.7.3 Group C plastics. Group C plastics are plastic +materials having a heat of combustion and a burning rate +similar to those of ordinary combustibles. Examples of +Group C plastics include, but are not limited to, the follow- +ing: + +Fluoroplastics (PCTFE, polychlorotrifluoroethylene; +PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene) + +Melamine (melamine formaldehyde) + +Phenol + +PVC (polyvinyl chloride, rigid or plasticized less than 5 +percent, e.g., pipe, pipe fittings) + +PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride) + +PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) + +PVF (polyvinyl fluoride) + +Urea (urea formaldehyde) + +2303.7.4 Limited quantities of Group A plastics in mixed +commodities. Figure 2303.7.4 shall be used to determine +the quantity of Group A plastics allowed to be stored in a +package or carton or on a pallet without increasing the com- +modity classification. + + + +SECTION 2304 +DESIGNATION OF HIGH-PILED STORAGE AREAS + +2304.1 General. High-piled storage areas, and portions of +high-piled storage areas intended for storage of a different +commodity class than adjacent areas, shall be designed and +specifically designated to contain Class I, Class II, Class III, +Class IV or high-hazard commodities. The designation of a +high-piled combustible storage area, or portion thereof +intended for storage of a different commodity class, shall be +based on the highest hazard commodity class stored except as +provided in Section 2304.2. + +2304.2 Designation based on engineering analysis. The des- +ignation of a high-piled combustible storage area, or portion +thereof, is allowed to be based on a lower hazard class than that +of the highest class of commodity stored when a limited quan- +tity of the higher hazard commodity has been demonstrated by +engineering analysis to be adequately protected by the auto- +matic sprinkler system provided. The engineering analysis +shall consider the ability of the sprinkler system to deliver the +higher density required by the higher hazard commodity. The +higher density shall be based on the actual storage height of the +pile or rack and the minimum allowable design area for sprin- +kler operation as set forth in the density /area figures provided + + + +in NFPA 13. The contiguous area occupied by the higher haz- +ard commodity shall not exceed 120 square feet (111 m^) and +additional areas of higher hazard commodity shall be separated +from other such areas by 25 feet (7620 mm) or more. The sprin- +kler system shall be capable of delivering the higher density +over a minimum area of 900 square feet (84 m^) for wet pipe +systems and 1,200 square feet (11 m^) for dry pipe systems. +The shape of the design area shall be in accordance with Sec- +tion 903. + + + +SECTION 2305 +HOUSEKEEPING AND MAINTENANCE + +2305.1 Rack structures. The structural integrity of racks shall +be maintained. + +2305.2 Ignition sources. Clearance from ignition sources shall +be provided in accordance with Section 305. + +2305.3 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited. Approved "No +Smoking" signs shall be conspicuously posted in accordance +with Section 310. + +2305.4 Aisle maintenance. When restocking is not being con- +ducted, aisles shall be kept clear of storage, waste material and +debris. Fire department access doors, aisles and exit doors shall +not be obstructed. During restocking operations using manual +stocking methods, a minimum unobstructed aisle width of 24 +inches (610 mm) shall be maintained in 48-inch (1219 mm) or +smaller aisles, and a minimum unobstructed aisle width of +one-half of the required aisle width shall be maintained in +aisles greater than 48 inches (1219 mm). During mechanical +stocking operations, a minimum unobstructed aisle width of 44 +inches (1118 mm) shall be maintained in accordance with Sec- +tion 2306.9. + +2305.5 Pile dimension and height limitations. Pile dimen- +sions and height limitations shall comply with Section 2307.3. + +2305.6 Arrays. Arrays shall comply with Section 2307.4. + +2305.7 Flue spaces. Flue spaces shall comply with Section +2308.3. + + + +SECTION 2306 + +GENERAL FIRE PROTECTION AND + +LIFE SAFETY FEATURES + +2306.1 General. Fire protection and life safety features for +high-piled storage areas shall be in accordance with Sections + +2306.2 through 2306.10. + +2306.2 Extent and type of protection. Where required by +Table 2306.2, fire detection systems, smoke and heat removal, +draft curtains and automatic sprinkler design densities shall +extend the lesser of 15 feet (4572 mm) beyond the high-piled +storage area or to a permanent partition. Where portions of +high-piled storage areas have different fire protection require- +ments because of commodity, method of storage or storage +height, the fire protection features required by Table 2306.2 +within this area shall be based on the most restrictive design +requirements. + + + +218 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + + + +O + +H +CO + +< + +_l +Q. + +Q +LU +Q + +Z + +X + +LU + +LL +O +LU + + + +O +> + +>- +CO + + + +LU +O + +LU +Q. + + + +30 + + + +25 + + + +20 + + + +15 + + + +10 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + +CLASSIFY +HIGH-HAZ +COMMODI + + +AS + +ARD + +TY + + + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + +CLASSIFY +AS CLASS +COMMODI" + + +\ +TY \ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +CLASSIFY; +CLASS 1. II. +COMMODII + + +^S +OR III + +FY + + +:r + + + + + + + +■D + +m + +73 +O + +m + + + +03 + +-< + + + +m + +O + +I + +H + +o + +m +X + +z + +D + +m +o + +"D + +l— + +> + +CO + +H + +o + + + + + + + +10 + + + +15 + + + +20 + + + +25 + + + + + + + +PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF UNEXPANDED PLASTIC' + +FIGURE 2303.7.4 +MIXED COMMODITIES^" + +a. This figure is intended to determine the commodity classification of a mixed commodity in a package, carton or on a pallet where plastics are involved. + +b. The following is an example of how to apply the figure: A package containing a Class IH commodity has 12-percent Group A expanded plastic by volume. The +weight of the unexpanded Group A plastic is 1 percent. This commodity is classified as a Class IV commodity. If the weight of the unexpanded plastic is increased +to 14 percent, the classification changes to a high-hazard commodity + + + +c. Percent by volume = + + + +Volume of plastic in pallet load +Total volume of pallet load, including pallet + + + +d. Percent by weight = + + + +Weight of plastic in pallet load +Total weight of pallet load, including pallet + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +219 + + + +HiGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + + + + + + + +TABLE 2306.2 +GENERAL FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS + + + + + + +COIMIUIODITY +CLASS + + +SIZE OF HIGH-PILED + +STORAGE AREA^ + +(square feet) + +(see Sections 2306.2 + +and 2306.4) + + +ALL STORAGE AREAS +(See Sections 2306, 2307 and 2308)" + + +SOLID-PILED STORAGE, SHELF + +STORAGE AND PALLETIZED STORAGE + +(see Section 2307.3) + + +Automatic fire- +extinguishing + +system +(see Section + +2306.4) + + +Fire + +detection + +system + +(see Section + +2306.5) + + +Building + +access + +(see Section + +2306.6) + + +Smoke and + +heat removal + +(see Section + +2306.7) + + +Draft + +curtains + +(see Section + +2306.7) + + +Maximum pile + +dimension*^ + +(feet) + + +Maximum + +permissible + +storage + +height'' + +(feet) + + +Maximum +pile volume +(cubic feet) + + +I-IV + + +0-500 + + +Not +Required^ + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required^ + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +501-2,500 + + +Not +Required^ + + +Yes' + + +Not +Required^ + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +100 + + +40 + + +100,000 + + +2,501-12,000 +Public accessible + + +Yes + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required^ + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +100 + + +40 + + +400,000 + + +2,501-12,000 + +Nonpublic accessible + +(Option 1) + + +Yes + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required^ + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +100 + + +40 + + +400,000 + + +2,501-12,000 + +Nonpublic accessible + +(Option 2) + + +Not +Required" + + +Yes + + +Yes + + +Yes" + + +YesJ + + +100 + + +30^ + + +200,000 + + +12,001-20,000 + + +Yes + + +Not +Required + + +Yes + + +YesJ + + +Not +Required + + +100 + + +40 + + +400,000 + + +20,001-500,000 + + +Yes + + +Not +Required + + +Yes + + +YesJ + + +Not +Required + + +100 + + +40 + + +400,000 + + +Greater than +500,0008 + + +Yes + + +Not +Required + + +Yes + + +YesJ + + +Not +Required + + +100 + + +40 + + +400,000 + + +High +hazard + + +0-500 + + +Not +Required'' + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required^ + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +50 + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +501-2,500 +Public accessible + + +Yes + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required*^ + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +50 + + +30 + + +75,000 + + +501-2,500 + +Nonpublic accessible + +(Option 1) + + +Yes + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required^ + + +Not +Required + + +Not +Required + + +50 + + +30 + + +75,000 + + +501-2,500 + +Nonpublic accessible + +(Option 2) + + +Not +Required'' + + +Yes + + +Yes + + +YesJ + + +YesJ + + +50 + + +20 + + +50,000 + + +2,501-300,000 + + +Yes + + +Not +Required + + +Yes + + +Yesi + + +Not +Required + + +50 + + +30 + + +75,000 + + +300,00 l-500,000g'*' + + +Yes + + +Not +Required + + +Yes + + +YesJ + + +Not +Required + + +50 + + +30 + + +75,000 + + + +For SL 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m^ , 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^. + +a. When automatic sprinklers are required for reasons other than those in Chapter 23, the portion of the sprinkler system protecting the high-piled storage area shaU be +designed and installed in accordance with Sections 2307 and 2308. + +b. For aisles, see Section 2306.9. + +c. Piles shall be separated by aisles complying with Section 2306.9. + +d. For storage in excess of the height indicated, special fire protection shall be provided in accordance with Note g when required by the fire code official. See also +Chapters 28 and 34 for special limitations for aerosols and flammable and combustible liquids, respecfively. + +e. Secdon 503 shall apply for fire apparatus access. + +f. For storage exceeding 30 feet in height, Option 1 shall be used. + +g. Special fire protection provisions including, but not limited to, fire protection of exposed steel columns; increased sprinkler density; additional in-rack sprinklers, +without associated reductions in ceiling sprinkler density; or additional fire department hose connections shall be provided when required by the fire code official. + +h. High-piled storage areas shall not exceed 500,000 square feet. A 2-hour fire wall constructed in accordance with the International Building Code shall be used to + +divide high-piled storage exceeding 500,000 square feet in area, +i. Not required when an automatic fire-extinguishing system is designed and installed to protect the high-piled storage area in accordance with Sections 2307 and + +2308. +j. Not requked when storage areas are protected by early suppression last response (ESFR) sprinkler systems installed in accordance with NFPA 13. + + + +220 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + + + +2306.3 Separation of high-piled storage areas. High-piled +storage areas shall be separated from other portions of the +building where required by Sections 2306.3.1 through +2306.3.2.2. + +2306.3.1 Separation from other uses. Mixed occupancies +shall be separated in accordance with the International +Building Code. + +2306.3.2 Multiple high-piled storage areas. Multiple +high-piled storage areas shall be in accordance with Section +2306.3.2.1 or 2306.3.2.2. + +2306.3.2.1 Aggregate area. The aggregate of all +high-piled storage areas within a building shall be used +for the application of Table 2306.2 unless such areas are +separated from each other by 1-hour fire barrier walls +constructed in accordance with the International Build- +ing Code. Openings in such walls shall be protected by +opening protective assemblies having a 1-hour fire pro- +tection rating. + +2306.3.2.2 Multiclass high-piled storage areas. + +High-piled storage areas classified as Class I through IV +not separated from high-piled storage areas classified as +high hazard shall utilize the aggregate of all high-piled +storage areas as high hazard for the purposes of the appli- +cation of Table 2306.2. To be considered as separated, +1-hour fire barrier walls shall be constructed in accor- +dance with ihQ International Building Code. Openings in +such walls shall be protected by opening protective +assemblies having a 1-hour fire protection rating. + +Exception: As provided for in Section 2304.2. + +2306.4 Automatic sprinklers. Automatic sprinkler systems +shall be provided in accordance with Sections 2307, 2308 and +2309. + +2306.5 Fire detection. Where fire detection is required by +Table 2306.2, an approved automatic fire detection system +shall be installed throughout the high-piled storage area. The +system shall be monitored and be in accordance with Section +907. + +2306.6 Building access. Where building access is required by +Table 2306.2, fire apparatus access roads in accordance with +Section 503 shall be provided within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of +all portions of the exterior walls of buildings used for +high-piled storage. + +Exception: Where fire apparatus access roads cannot be +installed because of topography, railways, waterways, +non-negotiable grades or other similar conditions, the fire +code official is authorized to require additional fire protec- +tion. + +2306.6.1 Access doors. Where building access is required +by Table 2306.2, fire department access doors shall be pro- +vided in accordance with this section. Access doors shall be +accessible without the use of a ladder. + +2306.6.1.1 Number of doors required. A minimum of +one access door shall be provided in each 100 lineal feet +(30 480 mm), or fraction thereof, of the exterior walls +which face required fire apparatus access roads. + + + +2306.6.1.2 Door size and type. Access doors shall not +be less than 3 feet (914 mm) in width and 6 feet 8 inches +(2032 mm) in height. Roll-up doors shall not be used +unless approved. + +2306.6.1.3 Locking devices. Only approved locking +devices shall be used. + +2306.7 Smoke and heat removal. Where smoke and heat +removal are required by Table 2306.2, smoke and heat vents +shall be provided in accordance with Section 910. Where draft +curtains are required by Table 2306.2, they shall be provided in +accordance with Section 910.3.4. + +2306.8 Fire department hose connections. Where exit pas- +sageways are required by the International Building Code for +egress, a Class I standpipe system shall be provided in accor- +dance with Section 905. + +2306.9 Aisles. Aisles providing access to exits and fire depart- +ment access doors shall be provided in high-piled storage areas +exceeding 500 square feet (46 m^), in accordance with Sections +2306.9.1 through 2306.9.3. Aisles separating storage piles or +racks shall comply with NFPA 13. Aisles shall also comply +with Chapter 10. + +Exception: Where aisles are precluded by rack storage sys- +tems, alternate methods of access and protection are +allowed when approved. + +2306.9.1 Width. Aisle width shall be in accordance with +Sections 2306.9.1.1 and 2306.9.1.2. + +Exceptions: + +1. Aisles crossing rack structures or storage piles, +which are used only for employee access, shall be a +minimum of 24 inches (610 ram) wide. + +2. Aisles separating shelves classified as shelf stor- +age shall be a minimum of 30 inches (762 mm) +wide. + +2306.9.1.1 Sprinklered buildings. Aisles in sprinklered +buildings shall be a minimum of 44 inches (1118 mm) +wide. Aisles shall be a minimum of 96 inches (2438 mm) +wide in high-piled storage areas exceeding 2,500 square +feet (232 m^) in area, that are accessible to the public and +designated to contain high-hazard commodities. + +Exception: Aisles in high-piled storage areas exceed- +ing 2,500 square feet (232 m^) in area, that are acces- +sible to the public and designated to contain +high-hazard commodities, are protected by a sprin- +kler system designed for multiple-row racks of +high-hazard conmiodities shall be a minimum of 44 +inches (1118 mm) wide. + +Aisles shall be a minimum of 96 inches (2438 mm) +wide in areas accessible to the public where mechanical +stocking methods are used. + +2306.9.1.2 Nonsprinklered buildings. Aisles in +nonsprinklered buildings shall be a minimum of 96 +inches (2438 nrni) wide. + +2306.9.2 Clear height. The required aisle width shall +extend from floor to ceiling. Rack structural supports and +catwalks are allowed to cross aisles at a minimum height of + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +221 + + + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + + + +6 feet 8 inches (2032 mm) above the finished floor level, +provided that such supports do not interfere with fire depart- +ment hose stream trajectory. + +2306.9.3 Dead ends. Dead-end aisles shall be in accordance +with Chapter 10. + +2306.10 Portable fire extinguishers. Portable fire +extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with Section +906. + + + +SECTION 2307 +SOLID-PILED AND SHELF STORAGE + +2307.1 General. Shelf storage and storage in solid piles, solid +piles on pallets and bin box storage in bin boxes not exceeding +5 feet (1524 mm) in any dimension, shall be in accordance with +Sections 2306 and this section. + +2307.2 Fire protection. Where automatic sprinklers are +required by Table 2306.2, an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem shall be installed throughout the building or to 1-hour fire +barrier walls constructed in accordance with the International +Building Code. Openings in such walls shall be protected by +opening protective assemblies having 1-hour fire protection +ratings. The design and installation of the automatic sprinkler +system and other applicable fire protection shall be in accor- +dance with the International Building Code and NFPA 13. + +2307.2.1 Shelf storage. Shelf storage greater than 12 feet +(3658 mm) but less than 1 5 feet (4572 mm) in height shall be +in accordance with the fire protection requirements set forth +in NFPA 13. Shelf storage 15 feet (4572 mm) or more in +height shall be protected in an approved manner with spe- +cial fire protection, such as in-rack sprinklers. + +2307.3 Pile dimension and height limitations. Pile dimen- +sions, the maximum permissible storage height and pile vol- +ume shall be in accordance with Table 2306.2. + +2307.4 Array. Where an automatic sprinkler system design +utilizes protection based on a closed array, array clearances +shall be provided and maintained as specified by the standard +used. + + + +2308.2.1 Plastic pallets and shelves. Storage on plastic +pallets or plastic shelves shall be protected by approved spe- +cially engineered fire protection systems. + +Exception: Plastic pallets listed and labeled in accor- +dance with UL 2335 shall be treated as wood pallets for +determining required sprinkler protection. + +2308.2.2 Racks with solid shelving. Racks with solid +shelving having an area greater than 32 square feet (3 m^), +measured between approved flue spaces at all four edges of +the shelf, shall be in accordance with this section. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Racks with mesh, grated, slatted or similar shelves +having uniform openings not more than 6 inches +(152 mm) apart, comprised of at least 50 percent of +the overall shelf area, and with approved flue +spaces are allowed to be treated as racks without +solid shelves. + +2. Racks used for the storage of combustible paper +records, with solid shelving, shall be in accordance +with NFPA 13. + +2308.2.2.1 Fire protection. Fire protection for racks +with solid shelving shall be in accordance with NFPA 13. + +2308.3 Flue spaces. Flue spaces shall be provided in accor- +dance with Table 2308.3. Required flue spaces shall be main- +tained. + +2308.4 Column protection. Steel building columns shall be +protected in accordance with NFPA 230. + +2308.5 Extra-high-rack storage systems. Approval of the +fire code official shall be obtained prior to installing +extra-high-rack combustible storage. + +2308.5.1 Fire protection. Buildings with extra-high-rack +combustible storage shall be protected with a specially engi- +neered automatic sprinkler system. Extra-high-rack com- +bustible storage shall be provided with additional special +fire protection, such as separation from other buildings and +additional built-in fire protection features and fire depart- +ment access, when required by the fire code official. + + + +SECTION 2308 +RACK STORAGE + +2308.1 General. Rack storage shall be in accordance with Sec- +tion 2306 and this section. Bin boxes exceeding 5 feet (1524 +mm) in any dimension shall be regulated as rack storage. + +2308.2 Fire protection. Where automatic sprinklers are +required by Table 2306.2, an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem shall be installed throughout the building or to 1-hour fire +barrier walls constructed in accordance with the International +Building Code. Openings in such walls shall be protected by +opening protective assemblies having 1-hour fire protection +ratings. The design and installation of the automatic sprinkler +system and other applicable fire protection shall be in accor- +dance with Section 903.3.1.1 and the International Building +Code. + + + +SECTION 2309 +AUTOMATED STORAGE + +2309.1 General. Automated storage shall be in accordance +with this section. + +2309.2 Automatic sprinklers. Where automatic sprinklers are +required by Table 2306.2, the building shall be equipped +throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in +accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +2309.3 Carousel storage. High-piled storage areas having +greater than 500 square feet (46 m^) of carousel storage shall be +provided with automatic shutdown in accordance with one of +the following: + +1 . An automatic smoke detection system installed in accor- +dance with Section 907, with coverage extending 15 feet +(4575 mm) in all directions beyond unenclosed carousel +storage systems and which sounds a local alarm at the + + + +222 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + + + +operator's station and stops the carousel storage system +upon the activation of a single detector. + +2. An automatic smoke detection system installed in accor- +dance with Section 907 and within enclosed carousel +storage systems, which sounds a local alarm at the opera- +tor' s station and stops the carousel storage system upon +the activation of a single detector. + +3. A single dead-man-type control switch that allows the +operation of the carousel storage system only when the +operator is present. The switch shall be in the same room +as the carousel storage system and located to provide for +observation of the carousel system. + + + +SECTION 2310 +SPECIALTY STORAGE + +2310.1 General. Records storage facilities used for the rack or +shelf storage of combustible paper records greater than 12 feet +(3658 mm) in height shall be in accordance with Sections 2306 +and 2308 and NFPA 13 and NFPA 230. Palletized storage of +records shall be in accordance with Section 2307. + + + +TABLE 2308.3 +REQUIRED FLUE SPACES FOR RACK STORAGE + + + +RACK +CONFIGURATION + + + + + + +SPRINKLER AT THE CEILING WITH OR WITHOUT +MINIMUM IN-RACK SPRINKLERS + + +IN-RACK + +SPRINKLERS AT + +EVERY TIER + + +NONSPRINKLERED + + +AUTOMATIC* smiNM-cn +PROTECTION + + +< 25 feet + + +> 25 feet + + +Any height + + +Any height + + +Storage height + + +Option 1 + + +Option 2 + + +Single-row rack + + +Transverse +flue space + + +Size'' + + +3 inches + + +Not Applicable + + +3 inches + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Vertically +aligned + + +Not Required + + +Not Applicable + + +Yes + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Required + + +Longitudinal flue space + + +Not Required + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Double-row +rack + + +Transverse +flue space + + +Size'' + + +6 inches^ + + +3 inches + + +3 inches + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Vertically +aligned + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Yes + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Required + + +Longitudinal flue space + + +Not Required + + +6 inches + + +6 inches + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Multi-row rack + + +Transverse +flue space + + +Size'' + + +6 inches + + +Not Applicable + + +6 inches + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Vertically +aligned + + +Not Required + + +Not Applicable + + +Yes + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Required + + +Longitudinal flue space + + +Not Required + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. Three-inch transverse flue spaces shall be provided at + +b. Random variations are allowed, provided that the con + + + +least every 10 feet where ESFR sprinkler protection is provided, +figuration does not obstruct water penetration. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +223 + + + +224 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 24 + +TENTS, CANOPIES AND OTHER MEMBRANE STRUCTURES + + + +SECTION 2401 +GENERAL + +2401.1 Scope. Tents, canopies and membrane structures shall +comply with this chapter. The provisions of Section 2403 are +applicable only to temporary membrane structures. The provi- +sions of Section 2404 are applicable to temporary and perma- +nent membrane structures. + + + +SECTION 2402 +DEFINITIONS + +2402.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +AIR-SUPPORTED STRUCTURE. A structure wherein the +shape of the structure is attained by air pressure, and occupants +of the structure are within the elevated pressure area. + +CANOPY. A structure, enclosure or shelter constructed of fab- +ric or pliable materials supported by any manner, except by air +or the contents it protects, and is open without sidewalls or +drops on 75 percent or more of the perimeter. + +MEMBRANE STRUCTURE. An air-inflated, air-supported, +cable or frame-covered structure as defined by the Interna- +tional Building Code and not otherwise defined as a tent or can- +opy. See Chapter 31 of the International Building Code. + +TENT. A structure, enclosure or shelter constructed of fabric +or pliable material supported by any manner except by air or +the contents that it protects. + + + +SECTION 2403 + +TEMPORARY TENTS, CANOPIES AND MEMBRANE + +STRUCTURES + +2403.1 General. All temporary tents, canopies and membrane +structures shall comply with this section. + +2403.2 Approval required. Tents and membrane structures +having an area in excess of 200 square feet (19 m^) and cano- +pies in excess of 400 square feet (37 m^) shall not be erected, +operated or maintained for any purpose without first obtaining +a permit and approval from the fire code official. + +Exceptions: + +1. Tents used exclusively for recreational camping pur- +poses. + +2. Fabric canopies open on all sides which comply with +all of the following: + +2.1. Individual canopies having a maximum size +of 700 square feet (65 m^). + +2.2. The aggregate area of multiple canopies +placed side by side without a fire break clear- + + + +ance of 12 feet (3658 mm), not exceeding 700 +square feet (65 m^) total. + +2.3. A minimum clearance of 12 feet (3658 mm) to +all structures and other tents. + +2403.3 Place of assembly. For the purposes of this chapter, a +place of assembly shall include a circus, carnival, tent show, +theater, skating rink, dance hall or other place of assembly in or +under which persons gather for any purpose. + +2403.4 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tions 105.6 and 105.7. + +2403.5 Use period. Temporary tents, air-supported, +air-inflated or tensioned membrane structures and canopies +shall not be erected for a period of more than 1 80 days within a | +12-month period on a single premises. + +2403.6 Construction documents. A detailed site and floor +plan for tents, canopies or membrane structures with an occu- +pant load of 50 or more shall be provided with each application +for approval. The tent, canopy or membrane structure floor +plan shall indicate details of the means of egress facilities, seat- +ing capacity, arrangement of the seating and location and type +of heating and electrical equipment. + +2403.7 Inspections. The entire tent, air-supported, air-inflated +or tensioned membrane structure system shall be inspected at +regular intervals, but not less than two times per permit use +period, by the permittee, owner or agent to determine that the +installation is maintained in accordance with this chapter. + +Exception: Permit use periods of less than 30 days. + +2403.7.1 Inspection report. When required by the fire code +official, an inspection report shall be provided and shall +consist of maintenance, anchors and fabric inspections. + +2403.8 Access, location and parking. Access location and +parking for temporary tents, canopies and membrane struc- +tures shall be in accordance with this section. + +2403.8.1 Access. Fire apparatus access roads shall be pro- +vided in accordance with Section 503. + +2403.8.2 Location. Tents, canopies or membrane structures +shall not be located within 20 feet (6096 mm) of lot lines, +buildings, other tents, canopies or membrane structures, +parked vehicles or internal combustion engines. For the pur- +pose of determining required distances, support ropes and +guy wires shall be considered as part of the temporary mem- +brane structure, tent or canopy. + +Exceptions: + +1. Separation distance between membrane struc- +tures, tents and canopies not used for cooking, is +not required when the aggregate floor area does +not exceed 15,000 square feet (1394 m^). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +225 + + + +TENTS, CANOPIES AND OTHER MEMBRANE STRUCTURES + + + +2. Membrane structures, tents or canopies need not +be separated from buildings when all of the follow- +ing conditions are met: + +2.1. The aggregate floor area of the membrane +structure, tent or canopy shall not exceed +10,000 square feet (929 m^). + +2.2. The aggregate floor area of the building +and membrane structure, tent or canopy +shall not exceed the allowable floor area +including increases as indicated in the +International Building Code. + +2.3. Required means of egress provisions are +provided for both the building and the +membrane structure, tent or canopy, +including travel distances. + +2.4. Fire apparatus access roads are provided in +accordance with Section 503. + +2403.8.3 Location of structures in excess of 15,000 +square feet in area. Membrane structures having an area of +15,000 square feet (1394 m^) or more shall be located not +less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from any other tent or struc- +ture as measured from the sidewall of the tent or membrane +structure unless joined together by a corridor. + +2403.8.4 Connecting corridors. Tents or membrane struc- +tures are allowed to be joined together by means of corri- +dors. Exit doors shall be provided at each end of such +corridor. On each side of such corridor and approximately +opposite each other, there shall be provided openings not +less than 12 feet (3658 mm) wide. + +2403.8.5 Fire break. An unobstructed fire break passage- +way or fire road not less than 12 feet (3658 mm) wide and +free from guy ropes or other obstructions shall be main- +tained on all sides of all tents, canopies and membrane struc- +tures unless otherwise approved by the fire code official. + +2403.9 Anchorage required. Tents, canopies or membrane +structures and their appurtenances shall be adequately roped, +braced and anchored to withstand the elements of weather and +prevent against collapsing. Documentation of structural stabil- +ity shall be furnished to the fire code official on request. + +2403.10 Temporary air-supported and air-inflated mem- +brane structures. Temporary air-supported and air-inflated +membrane structures shall be in accordance with Sections +2403.10.1 through 2403.10.4. + +2403.10.1 Door operation. During high winds exceeding +50 miles per hour (22 m/s) or in snow conditions, the use of +doors in air-supported structures shall be controlled to avoid +excessive air loss. Doors shall not be left open. + +2403.10.2 Fabric envelope design and construction. + +Air-supported and air-inflated structures shall have the +design and construction of the fabric envelope and the +method of anchoring in accordance with Architectural Fab- +ric Structures Institute ASI 77. + +2403.10.3 Blowers. An air-supported structure used as a +place of assembly shall be furnished with not less than two +blowers, each of which has adequate capacity to maintain +full inflation pressure with normal leakage. The design of + + + +the blower shall be so as to provide integral limiting pres- +sure at the design pressure specified by the manufacturer. + +2403.10.4 Auxiliary power. Places of public assembly for +more than 200 persons shall be furnished with either a fully +automatic auxiliary engine-generator set capable of power- +ing one blower continuously for 4 hours, or a supplementary +blower powered by an internal combustion engine which +shall be automatic in operation. + +2403.11 Seating arrangements. Seating in tents, canopies or +membrane structures shall be in accordance with Chapter 10. + +2403.12 Means of egress. Means of egress for temporary tents, +canopies and membrane structures shall be in accordance with +Sections 2403.12.1 through 2403.12.8. + +2403.12.1 Distribution. Exits shall be spaced at approxi- +mately equal intervals around the perimeter of the tent, can- +opy or membrane structure, and shall be located such that all +points are 100 feet (30 480 mm) or less from an exit. + +2403.12.2 Number. Tents, canopies or membrane struc- +tures or a usable portion thereof shall have at least one exit +and not less than the number of exits required by Table +2403.12.2. The total width of means of egress in inches +(mm) shall not be less than the total occupant load served by +a means of egress multiplied by 0.2 inches (5 mm) per per- +son. + +TABLE 2403.12.2 + +MINIMUM NUMBER OF MEANS OF EGRESS AND MEANS OF + +EGRESS WIDTHS FROM TEMPORARY MEMBRANE + +STRUCTURES, TENTS AND CANOPIES + + + +OCCUPANT +LOAD + + +MINIMUM + +NUMBER OF + +MEANS OF + +EGRESS + + +MINIMUM WIDTH + +OF EACH MEANS + +OF EGRESS + +(inches) + + +MINIMUM WIDTH + +OF EACH MEANS + +OF EGRESS + +(inches) + + +Tent or Canopy + + +Membrane +Structure + + +10 to 199 + + +2 + + +72 + + +36 + + +200 to 499 + + +3 + + +72 + + +72 + + +500 to 999 + + +4 + + +96 + + +72 + + +1,000 to 1,999 + + +5 + + +120 + + +96 + + +2,000 to 2,999 + + +6 + + +120 + + +96 + + +Over 3,000^ + + +7 + + +120 + + +96 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm. + +a. When the occupant load exceeds 3,000, the total width of means of egress (in + +inches) shall not be less than the total occupant load multiplied by 0.2 inches + +per person. + +2403.12.3 Exit openings from tents. Exit openings from +tents shall remain open unless covered by a flame-resistant +curtain. The curtain shall comply with the following +requirements: + +1 . Curtains shall be free sliding on a metal support. The +support shall be a minimum of 80 inches (2032 mm) +above the floor level at the exit. The curtains shall be +so arranged that, when open, no part of the curtain +obstructs the exit. + +2. Curtains shall be of a color, or colors, that contrasts +with the color of the tent. + + + +226 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +TENTS, CANOPIES AND OTHER MEMBRANE STRUCTURES + + + +2403.12.4 Doors. Exit doors shall swing in the direction of +exit travel. To avoid hazardous air and pressure loss in +air-supported membrane structures, such doors shall be +automatic closing against operating pressures. Opening +force at the door edge shall not exceed 15 pounds (66 N). + +2403.12.5 Aisle. The width of aisles without fixed seating +shall be in accordance with the following: + +1 . In areas serving employees only, the minimum aisle +width shall be 24 inches (610 mm) but not less than +the width required by the number of employees +served. + +2. In public areas, smooth-surfaced, unobstructed aisles +having a minimum width of not less than 44 inches +(1118 mm) shall be provided from seating areas, and +aisles shall be progressively increased in width to pro- +vide, at all points, not less than 1 foot (305 mm) of +aisle width for each 50 persons served by such aisle at +that point. + +2403.12.5.1 Arrangement and maintenance. The + +arrangement of aisles shall be subject to approval by the +fire code official and shall be maintained clear at all times +during occupancy. + +2403.12.6 Exit signs. Exits shall be clearly marked. Exit +signs shall be installed at required exit doorways and where +otherwise necessary to indicate clearly the direction of +egress when the exit serves an occupant load of 50 or more. + +2403.12.6.1 Exit sign illumination. Exit signs shall be +of an approved self-luminous type or shall be internally +or externally illuminated by luminaires supplied in the +following manner: + +1. Two separate circuits, one of which shall be sepa- +rate from all other circuits, for occupant loads of +300 or less; or + +2. Two separate sources of power, one of which shall +be an approved emergency system, shall be pro- +vided when the occupant load exceeds 300. Emer- +gency systems shall be supplied from storage +batteries or from the on-site generator set, and the +system shall be installed in accordance with the +ICC Electrical Code. + +2403.12.7 Means of egress illumination. Means of egress +shall be illuminated with light having an intensity of not less +than 1 foot-candle (11 lux) at floor level while the structure +is occupied. Fixtures required for means of egress illumina- +tion shall be supplied from a separate circuit or source of +power. + +2403.12.8 Maintenance of means of egress. The required +width of exits, aisles and passageways shall be maintained at +all times to a public way. Guy wires, guy ropes and other +support members shall not cross a means of egress at a +height of less than 8 feet (2438 mm). The surface of means +of egress shall be maintained in an approved manner. + + + +SECTION 2404 + +TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT TENTS, + +CANOPIES AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES + +2404.1 General. All tents, canopies and membrane structures, +both temporary and permanent, shall be in accordance with this +section. Permanent tents, canopies and membrane structures +shall also comply with the International Building Code. + +2404.2 Flame propagation performance treatment. Before +a permit is granted, the owner or agent shall file with the fire +code official a certificate executed by an approved testing labo- +ratory certifying that the tents; canopies and membrane struc- +tures and their appurtenances; sidewalls, drops and tarpaulins; +floor coverings, bunting and combustible decorative materials +and effects, including sawdust when used on floors or passage- +ways, shall be composed of material meeting the flame propa- +gation performance criteria of NFPA 701 or shall be treated +with a flame retardant in an approved manner and meet the +flame propagation performance criteria of NFPA 701, and that +such flame propagation performance criteria are effective for +the period specified by the permit. + +2404.3 Label. Membrane structures, tents or canopies shall +have a permanently affixed label bearing the identification of +size and fabric or material type. + +2404.4 CertiJRcation. An affidavit or affirmation shall be sub- +mitted to the fire code official and a copy retained on the pre- +mises on which the tent or air-supported structure is located. +The affidavit shall attest to the following information relative to +the flame propagation performance criteria of the fabric: | + +1 . Names and address of the owners of the tent, canopy or +air-supported structure. + +2. Date the fabric was last treated with flame-retardant | +solution. + +3. Trade name or kind of chemical used in treatment. + +4. Name of person or firm treating the material. + +5. Name of testing agency and test standard by which the +fabric was tested. + +2404.5 Combustible materials. Hay, straw, shavings or simi- +lar combustible materials shall not be located within any tent, +canopy or membrane structure containing an assembly occu- +pancy, except the materials necessary for the daily feeding and +care of animals. Sawdust and shavings utilized for a public per- +formance or exhibit shall not be prohibited provided the saw- +dust and shavings are kept damp. Combustible materials shall +not be permitted under stands or seats at any time. The areas +within and adjacent to the tent or air-supported structure shall +be maintained clear of all combustible materials or vegetation +that could create a fire hazard within 20 feet (6096 mm) of the +structure. Combustible trash shall be removed at least once a +day from the structure during the period the structure is occu- +pied by the public. + +2404.6 Smoking. Smoking shall not be permitted in tents, can- +opies or membrane structures. Approved "No Smoking" signs +shall be conspicuously posted in accordance with Section 310. + +2404.7 Open or exposed flame. Open flame or other devices +emitting flame, fire or heat or any flammable or combustible +liquids, gas, charcoal or other cooking device or any other + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +227 + + + +TENTS, CANOPIES AND OTHER MEMBRANE STRUCTURES + + + +unapproved devices shall not be permitted inside or located +within 20 feet (6096 mm) of the tent, canopy or membrane +structures while open to the public unless approved by the fire +code official. + +2404.8 Fireworks. Fireworks shall not be used within 100 feet +(30 480 mm) of tents, canopies or membrane structures. + +2404.9 Spot lighting. Spot or effect lighting shall only be by +electricity, and all combustible construction located within 6 +feet (1829 mm) of such equipment shall be protected with +approved noncombustible insulation not less than 9.25 inches +(235 mm) thick. + +2404.10 Safety film. Motion pictures shall not be displayed in +tents, canopies or membrane structures unless the motion pic- +ture film is safety film. + +2404.11 Clearance. There shall be a minimum clearance of at +least 3 feet (914 mm) between the fabric envelope and all con- +tents located inside the tent or membrane structure. + +2404.12 Portable fire extinguishers. Portable fire +extinguishers shall be provided as required by Section 906. + +2404.13 Fire protection equipment. Fire hose lines, water +supplies and other auxiliary fire equipment shall be maintained +at the site in such numbers and sizes as required by the fire code +official. + +2404.14 Occupant load factors. The occupant load allowed in +an assembly structure, or portion thereof, shall be determined +in accordance with Chapter 10. + +2404.15 Heating and cooking equipment. Heating and cook- +ing equipment shall be in accordance with Sections 2404.15.1 +through 2404.15.7. + +2404.15.1 Installation. Heating or cooking equipment, +tanks, piping, hoses, fittings, valves, tubing and other +related components shall be installed as specified in the +International Mechanical Code and the International Fuel +Gas Code, and shall be approved by the fire code official. + +2404.15.2 Venting. Gas, liquid and solid fuel-burning +equipment designed to be vented shall be vented to the out- +side air as specified in the International Fuel Gas Code and +the International Mechanical Code. Such vents shall be +equipped with approved spark arresters when required. +Where vents or flues are used, all portions of the tent, can- +opy or membrane structure shall be not less than 12 inches +(305 mm) from the flue or vent. + +2404.15.3 Location. Cooking and heating equipment shall +not be located within 1 feet (3048 mm) of exits or combus- +tible materials. + +2404.15.4 Operations. Operations such as warming of +foods, cooking demonstrations and similar operations that +use solid flammables, butane or other similar devices which +do not pose an ignition hazard, shall be approved. + +2404.15.5 Cooking tents. Tents where cooking is per- +formed shall be separated from other tents, canopies or +membrane structures by a minimum of 20 feet (6096 mm). + +2404.15.6 Outdoor cooking. Outdoor cooking that pro- +duces sparks or grease-laden vapors shall not be performed + + + +within 20 feet (6096 mm) of a tent, canopy or membrane +structure. + +2404.15.7 Electrical heating and cooking equipment. + +Electrical cooking and heating equipment shall comply +with the ICC Electrical Code. + +2404.16 LP-gas. The storage, handling and use of LP-gas and +LP-gas equipment shall be in accordance with Sections +2406.16.1 through 2404.16.3. + +2404.16.1 General. LP-gas equipment such as tanks, pip- +ing, hoses, fittings, valves, tubing and other related compo- +nents shall be approved and in accordance with Chapter 38 +and with the International Fuel Gas Code. + +2404.16.2 Location of containers. LP-gas containers shall +be located outside. Safety release valves shall be pointed +away from the tent, canopy or membrane structure. + +2404.16.2.1 Containers 500 gallons or less. Portable +LP-gas containers with a capacity of 500 gallons (1893 +L) or less shall have a minimum separation between the +container and structure not less than 10 feet (3048 mm). + +2404.16.2.2 Containers more than 500 gallons. Porta- +ble LP-gas containers with a capacity of more than 500 +gallons (1893 L) shall have a minimum separation +between the container and structures not less than 25 feet +(7620 mm). + +2404.16.3 Protection and security. Portable LP-gas con- +tainers, piping, valves and fittings which are located outside +and are being used to fuel equipment inside a tent, canopy or +membrane structure shall be adequately protected to pre- +vent tampering, damage by vehicles or other hazards and +shall be located in an approved location. Portable LP-gas +containers shall be securely fastened in place to prevent +unauthorized movement. + +2404.17 Flammable and combustible liquids. The storage of +flammable and combustible liquids and the use of flanmia- +ble-liquid-fueled equipment shall be in accordance with Sec- +tions 2404.17.1 through 2404.17.3. + +2404.17.1 Use. Flammable-liquid-fueled equipment shall +not be used in tents, canopies or membrane structures. + +2404.17.2 Flammable and combustible liquid storage. + +Flammable and combustible liquids shall be stored outside +in an approved manner not less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) +from tents, canopies or membrane structures. Storage shall +be in accordance with Chapter 34. + +2404.17.3 Refueling. Refueling shall be performed in an +approved location not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) from +tents, canopies or membrane structures. + +2404.18 Display of motor vehicles. Liquid- and gas-fueled +vehicles and equipment used for display within tents, canopies +or membrane structures shall be in accordance with Sections +2404.18.1 through 2404.18.5.3. + +2404.18.1 Batteries. Batteries shall be disconnected in an +appropriate manner. + +2404.18.2 Fuel systems. Vehicles or equipment shall not be +fueled or defueled within the tent, canopy or membrane +structure. + + + +228 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +TENTS, CANOPIES AND OTHER MEMBRANE STRUCTURES + + + +2404.18.2.1 Quantity limit. Fuel in the fuel tank shall +not exceed one-quarter of the tank capacity or 5 gallons +(19 L), whichever is less. + +2404.18.2.2 Inspection. Fuel systems shall be inspected +for leaks. + +2404.18.2.3 Closure. Fuel tank openings shall be locked +and sealed to prevent the escape of vapors. + +2404.18.3 Location. The location of vehicles or equipment +shall not obstruct means of egress. + +2404.18.4 Places of assembly. When a compressed natural +gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LP-gas) powered +vehicle is parked inside a place of assembly, all the follow- +ing conditions shall be met: + +1 . The quarter-turn shutoff valve or other shutoff valve +on the outlet of the CNG or LP-gas container shall be +closed and the engine shall be operated until it stops. +Valves shall remain closed while the vehicle is +indoors. + +2. The hot lead of the battery shall be disconnected. + +3. Dual-fuel vehicles equipped to operate on gasoline +and CNG or LP-gas shall comply with this section and +Sections 2404.18.1 through 2404.18.5.3 for gaso- +line-powered vehicles. + +2404.18.5 Competitions and demonstrations. Liquid- +and gas-fueled vehicles and equipment used for competition +or demonstration within a tent, canopy or membrane struc- +ture shall comply with Sections 2404.18.5.1 through +2404.18.5.3. + +2404.18.5.1 Fuel storage. Fuel for vehicles or equip- +ment shall be stored in approved containers in an +approved location outside of the structure in accordance +with Section 2404.17.2. + +2404.18.5.2 Fueling. Refuehng shall be performed out- +side of the structure in accordance with Section +2404.17.3. + +2404.18.5.3 Spills. Fuel spills shall be cleaned up imme- +diately. + +2404.19 Separation of generators. Generators and other +internal combustion power sources shall be separated from +tents, canopies or membrane structures by a minimum of 20 +feet (6096 mm) and shall be isolated from contact with the pub- +lic by fencing, enclosure or other approved means. + +2404.20 Standby personnel. When, in the opinion of the fire +code official, it is essential for public safety in a tent, canopy or +membrane structure used as a place of assembly or any other +use where people congregate, because of the number of per- +sons, or the nature of the performance, exhibition, display, con- +test or activity, the owner, agent or lessee shall employ one or +more qualified persons, as required and approved, to remain on +duty during the times such places are open to the public, or +when such activity is being conducted. + +Before each performance or the start of such activity, +standby personnel shall keep diligent watch for fires during the +time such place is open to the public or such activity is being +conducted and take prompt measures for extinguishment of + + + +fires that occur and assist in the evacuation of the public from +the structure. + +There shall be trained crowd managers or crowd manager +supervisors at a ratio of one crowd manager/supervisor for +every 250 occupants, as approved. + +2404.21 Vegetation removal. Combustible vegetation shall be +removed from the area occupied by a tent, canopy or membrane +structure, and from areas within 30 feet (9144 mm) of such +structures. + +2404.22 Waste material. The floor surface inside tents, cano- +pies or membrane structures and the grounds outside and +within a 30-foot (9144 mm) perimeter shall be kept clear of +combustible waste. Such waste shall be stored in approved con- +tainers until removed from the premises. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +229 + + + +230 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 25 + +TIRE REBUILDING AND TIRE STORAGE + + + +SECTION 2501 +GENERAL + +2501.1 Scope. Tire rebuilding plants, tire storage and tire +byproduct facilities shall comply with this chapter, other appli- +cable requirements of this code and NFPA 13 and NFPA 230. +Tire storage in buildings shall also comply with Chapter 23. + +2501.2 Permit required. Permits shall be required as set forth +in Section 105.6. + + + +SECTION 2502 +DEFINITIONS + +2502.1 Terms defined in Chapter 2. Words and terms used in +this chapter and defined in Chapter 2 shall have the meanings +ascribed to them as defined therein. + + + +SECTION 2503 +TIRE REBUILDING + +2503.1 Construction. Tire rebuilding plants shall comply with +the requirements of the International Building Code, as to con- +struction, separation from other buildings or other portions of +the same building, and protection. + +2503.2 Location. Buffing operations shall be located in a room +separated from the remainder of the building housing the tire +rebuilding or tire recapping operations by a 1 -hour fire barrier. + +Exception: Buffing operations are not required to be sepa- +rated where all of the following conditions are met: + +1. Buffing operations are equipped with an approved +continuous automatic water-spray system directed at +the point of cutting action; + +2. Buffing machines are connected to particle-collecting +systems providing a minimum air movement of 1 ,500 +cubic feet per minute (cfm) (0.7 1 mVs) in volume and +4,500 feet per minute (fpm) (23 m/s) in-line velocity; +and + +3. The collecting system shall discharge the rubber par- +ticles to an approved outdoor noncombustible or +fire-resistant container, which is emptied at frequent +intervals to prevent overflow. + +2503.3 Cleaning. The buffing area shall be cleaned at frequent +intervals to prevent the accumulation of rubber particles. + +2503.4 Spray rooms and booths. Each spray room or spray +booth where flammable or combustible solvents are applied, +shall comply with Chapter 15. + + + +SECTION 2504 +PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE + +2504.1 Open burning. Open burning is prohibited in tire stor- +age yards. + + + +2504.2 Sources of heat. Cutting, welding or heating devices +shall not be operated in tire storage yards. + +2504.3 Smoking prohibited. Smoking is prohibited in tire +storage yards, except in designated areas. + +2504.4 Power lines. Tire storage piles shall not be located +beneath electrical power lines having a voltage in excess of 750 +volts or that supply power to fire emergency systems. + +2504.5 Fire safety plan. The owner or individual in charge of +the tire storage yard shall be required to prepare and submit to +the fire code official a fire safety plan for review and approval. +The fire safety plan shall include provisions for fire department +vehicle access. At least one copy of the fire safety plan shall be +prominently posted and maintained at the storage yard. + +2504.6 Telephone number. The telephone number of the fire +department and location of the nearest telephone shall be +posted conspicuously in attended locations. + + + +SECTION 2505 +OUTDOOR STORAGE + +2505.1 Individual piles. Tire storage shall be restricted to indi- +vidual piles not exceeding 5,000 square feet (464.5 m^) of con- +tinuous area. Piles shall not exceed 50,000 cubic feet (1416 m^) +in volume or 10 feet (3048 mm) in height. + +2505.2 Separation of piles. Individual tire storage piles shall +be separated from other piles of salvage by a clear space of at +least 40 feet (12 192 mm). + +2505.3 Distance between piles of other stored products. Tire +storage piles shall be separated by a clear space of at least 40 +feet (12 192 mm) from piles of other stored product. + +2505.4 Distance from lot lines and buildings. Tire storage +piles shall be located at least 50 feet (15 240 mm) from lot lines +and buildings. + +2505.5 Fire breaks. Storage yards shall be maintained free +from combustible ground vegetation for a distance of 40 feet +(12 192 mm) from the stored material to grass and weeds; and +for a distance of 100 feet (30 480 mm) from the stored product +to brush and forested areas. + +2505.6 Volume more than 150,000 cubic feet. Where the bulk +volume of stored product is more than 150,000 cubic feet (4248 +m^), storage arrangement shall be in accordance with the fol- +lowing: + +1. Individual storage piles shall comply with size and sepa- +ration requirements in Sections 2505.1 through 2505.5. + +2. Adjacent storage piles shall be considered a group, and +the aggregate volume of storage piles in a group shall not +exceed 150,000 cubic feet (4248 m^). + +Separation between groups shall be at least 75 feet (22 860 +m) wide. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +231 + + + +TIRE REBUILDING AND TIRE STORAGE + + + +2505.7 Location of storage. Outdoor waste tire storage shall +not be located under bridges, elevated trestles, elevated road- +ways or elevated railroads. + + + +SECTION 2506 +FIRE DEPARTMENT ACCESS + +2506.1 Required access. New and existing tire storage yards +shall be provided with fire apparatus access roads in accor- +dance with Section 503 and this section. + +2506.2 Location. Fire apparatus access roads shall be located +within all pile clearances identified in Sections 2505.4 and +within all fire breaks required in Section 2505.5. Access road- +ways shall be within 150 feet (45 720 mm) of any point in the +storage yard where storage piles are located, at least 20 feet +(6096 mm) from any storage pile. + + + +SECTION 2507 +FENCING + +2507.1 Where required. Where the bulk volume of stored +material is more than 20,000 cubic feet (566 m^), a firmly +anchored fence or other approved method of security that con- +trols unauthorized access to the storage yard shall surround the +storage yard. + +2507.2 Construction. The fence shall be constructed of +approved materials and shall be at least 6 feet (1829 mm) high +and provided with gates at least 20 feet (6096 mm) wide. + +2507.3 Locking. All gates to the storage yard shall be locked +when the storage yard is not staffed. + +2507.4 Unobstructed. Gateways shall be kept clear of obstruc- +tions and be fully openable at all times. + + + +SECTION 2508 +FIRE PROTECTION + +2508.1 Water supply. A public or private fire protection water +supply shall be provided in accordance with Section 508. The +water supply shall be arranged such that any part of the storage +yard can be reached by using not more than 500 feet (152 m) of +hose. + +2508.2 Fire extinguishers. Buildings or structures shall be +provided with portable fire extinguishers in accordance with +Section 906. Fuel-fired vehicles operating in the storage yard +shall be equipped with a minimum 2-A:20-B:C rated portable +fire extinguisher. + + + +SECTION 2509 +INDOOR STORAGE ARRANGEMENT + +2509.1 Pile dimensions. Where tires are stored on-tread, the +dimension of the pile in the direction of the wheel hole shall not +be more than 50 feet (15 240 mm). Tires stored adjacent to or +along one wall shall not extend more than 25 feet (7620 mm) +from that wall. Other piles shall not be more than 50 feet (15 +240 mm) in width. + + + +232 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 26 + +WELDING AND OTHER HOT WORK + + + +SECTION 2601 +GENERAL + +2601.1 Scope. Welding, cutting, open torches and other hot +work operations and equipment shall comply with this chapter. + +2601.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + +2601.3 Restricted areas. Hot work shall only be conducted in +areas designed or authorized for that purpose by the personnel +responsible for a Hot Work Program. Hot work shall not be +conducted in the following areas unless approval has been +obtained from the fire code official: + +1 . Areas where the sprinkler system is impaired. + +2. Areas where there exists the potential of an explosive +atmosphere, such as locations where flammable gases, +liquids or vapors are present. + +3. Areas with readily ignitable materials, such as storage of +large quantities of bulk sulfur, baled paper, cotton, lint, +dust or loose combustible materials. + +4. On board ships at dock or ships under construction or +repair. + +5. At other locations as specified by the fire code official. + +2601.4 Cylinders and containers. Compressed gas cylinders +and fuel containers shall comply with this chapter and Chapter +30. + +2601.5 Design and installation of oxygen-fuel gas systems. + +An oxygen-fuel gas system with two or more manifolded cylin- +ders of oxygen shall be in accordance with NFPA 51. + + + +SECTION 2602 +DEFINITIONS + +2602.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +HOT WORK. Operations including cutting, welding. Thermit +welding, brazing, soldering, grinding, thermal spraying, thaw- +ing pipe, installation of torch-applied roof systems or any other +similar activity. + +HOT WORK AREA. The area exposed to sparks, hot slag, +radiant heat, or convective heat as a result of the hot work. + +HOT WORK EQUIPMENT. Electric or gas welding or cut- +ting equipment use for hot work. + +HOT WORK PERMITS. Permits issued by the responsible +person at the facility under the hot work permit program per- +mitting welding or other hot work to be done in locations +referred to in Section 2603.3 and pre-permitted by the fire code +official. + + + +HOT WORK PROGRAM. A permitted program, carried out +by approved facilities-designated personnel, allowing thern to +oversee and issue permits for hot work conducted by their per- +sonnel or at their facility. The intent is to have trained, on-site, +responsible personnel ensure that required hot work safety +measures are taken to prevent fires and fire spread. + +RESPONSIBLE PERSON. A person trained in the safety and +fire safety considerations concerned with hot work. Responsi- +ble for reviewing the sites prior to issuing permits as part of the +hot work permit program and following up as the job pro- +gresses. + +TORCH-APPLIED ROOF SYSTEM. Bituminous roofing +systems using membranes that are adhered by heating with a +torch and melting asphalt back coating instead of mopping hot +asphalt for adhesion. + + + +SECTION 2603 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +2603.1 General. Hot work conditions and operations shall +comply with this chapter. + +2603.2 Temporary and fixed hot work areas. Temporary and +fixed hot work areas shall comply with this section. + +2603.3 Hot work program permit. Hot work permits, issued +by an approved responsible person under a hot work program, +shall be available for review by the fire code official at the time +the work is conducted and for 48 hours after work is complete. + +2603.4 Qualifications of operators. A permit for hot work +operations shall not be issued unless the individuals in charge +of performing such operations are capable of performing such +operations safely. Demonstration of a working knowledge of +the provisions of this chapter shall constitute acceptable evi- +dence of compliance with this requirement. + +2603.5 Records. The individual responsible for the hot work +area shall maintain "prework check" reports in accordance +with Section 2604.3.1. These reports shall be maintained on +the premises for a minimum of 48 hours after work is com- +plete. + +2603.6 Signage. Visible hazard identification signs shall be +provided where required by Chapter 27. Where the hot work +area is accessible to persons other than the operator of the hot +work equipment, conspicuous signs shall be posted to warn +others before they enter the hot work area. Such signs shall dis- +play the following warning: + +CAUTION + +HOT WORK IN PROGRESS + +STAY CLEAR. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +233 + + + +WELDING AND OTHER HOT WORK + + + +SECTION 2604 +FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS + +2604.1 Protection of combustibles. Protection of combusti- +bles shall be in accordance with Sections 2604.1.1 through +2604.1.9. + +2604.1.1 Combustibles. Hot work areas shall not contain +combustibles or shall be provided with appropriate shield- +ing to prevent sparks, slag or heat from igniting exposed +combustibles. + +2604.1.2 Openings. Openings or cracks in walls, floors, +ducts or shafts within the hot work area shall be tightly cov- +ered to prevent the passage of sparks to adjacent combusti- +ble areas, or shielded by metal fire-resistant guards, or +curtains shall be provided to prevent passage of sparks or +slag. + +2604.1.3 Housekeeping. Floors shall be kept clean within +the hot work area. + +2604.1.4 Conveyor systems. Conveyor systems that are +capable of carrying sparks to distant combustibles shall be +shielded or shut down. + +2604.1.5 Partitions. Partitions segregating hot work areas +from other areas of the building shall be noncombustible. In +fixed hot work areas, the partitions shall be securely con- +nected to the floor such that no gap exists between the floor +and the partition. Partitions shall prevent the passage of +sparks, slag, and heat from the hot work area. + +2604.1.6 Floors. Fixed hot work areas shall have floors with +noncombustible surfaces. + +2604.1.7 Precautions in hot work. Hot work shall not be +performed on containers or equipment that contains or has +contained flammable liquids, gases or solids until the con- +tainers and equipment have been thoroughly cleaned, +inerted or purged; except that "hot tapping" shall be allowed +on tanks and pipe lines when such work is to be conducted +by approved personnel. + +2604.1.8 Sprinkler protection. Automatic sprinkler pro- +tection shall not be shut off while hot work is performed. +Where hot work is performed close to automatic sprinklers, +noncombustible barriers or damp cloth guards shall shield +the individual sprinkler heads and shall be removed when +the work is completed. If the work extends over several +days, the shields shall be removed at the end of each work- +day. The fire code official shall approve hot work where +sprinkler protection is impaired. + +2604.1.9 Fire detection systems. Approved special precau- +tions shall be taken to avoid accidental operation of auto- +matic fire detection systems. + +2604.2 Fire watch. Fire watches shall be established and con- +ducted in accordance with Sections 2604.2. 1 through 2604.2.6. + +2604.2.1 When required. A fire watch shall be provided +during hot work activities and shall continue for a minimum +of 30 minutes after the conclusion of the work. The fire code +official, or the responsible manager under a hot work pro- +gram, is authorized to extend the fire watch based on the +hazards or work being performed. + + + +Exception: Where the hot work area has no fire hazards +or combustible exposures. + +2604.2.2 Location. The fire watch shall include the entire +hot work area. Hot work conducted in areas with vertical or +horizontal fire exposures that are not observable by a single +individual shall have additional personnel assigned to fire +watches to ensure that exposed areas are monitored. + +2604.2.3 Duties. Individuals designated to fire watch duty +shall have fire-extinguishing equipment readily available +and shall be trained in the use of such equipment. Individu- +als assigned to fire watch duty shall be responsible for extin- +guishing spot fires and communicating an alarm. + +2604.2.4 Fire training. The individuals responsible for per- +forming the hot work and individuals responsible for pro- +viding the fire watch shall be trained in the use of portable +fire extinguishers. + +2604.2.5 Fire hoses. Where hoselines are required, they +shall be connected, charged and ready for operation. + +2604.2.6 Fire extinguisher. A minimum of one portable +fire extinguisher complying with Section 906 and with a +minimum 2-A:20-B:C rating shall be readily accessible +within 30 feet (9144 mm) of the location where hot work is +performed. + +2604.3 Area reviews. Before hot work is permitted and at least +once per day while the permit is in effect, the area shall be +inspected by the individual responsible for authorizing hot +work operations to ensure that it is a fire safe area. Information +shown on the permit shall be verified prior to signing the permit +in accordance with Section 105.6. + +2604.3.1 Pre-hot-work check. A pre-hot-work check shall +be conducted prior to work to ensure that all equipment is +safe and hazards are recognized and protected. A report of +the check shall be kept at the work site during the work and +available upon request. The pre-hot-work check shall deter- +mine all of the following: + +1 . Hot work equipment to be used shall be in satisfactory +operating condition and in good repair. + +2. Hot work site is clear of combustibles or combusti- +bles are protected. + +3. Exposed construction is of noncombustible materials +or, if combustible, then protected. + +4. Openings are protected. + +5. Floors are kept clean. + +6. No exposed combustibles are located on the opposite +side of partitions, walls, ceilings or floors. + +7. Fire watches, where required, are assigned. + +8. Approved actions have been taken to prevent acci- +dental activation of suppression and detection equip- +ment in accordance with Sections 2604.1.8 and +2604.1.9. + +9. Fire extinguishers and fire hoses (where provided) are +operable and available. + + + +234 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +WELDING AND OTHER HOT WORK + + + +SECTION 2605 +GAS WELDING AND CUTTING + +2605.1 General. Devices or attachments mixing air or oxygen +with combustible gases prior to consumption, except at the +burner or in a standard torch or blow pipe, shall not be allowed +unless approved. + +2605.2 Cylinder and container storage, handling and use. + +Storage, handling and use of compressed gas cylinders, con- +tainers and tanks shall be in accordance with this section and +Chapter 30. + +2605.3 Precautions. Cylinders, valves, regulators, hose and +other apparatus and fittings for oxygen shall be kept free from +oil or grease. Oxygen cylinders, apparatus and fittings shall not +be handled with oily hands, oily gloves, or greasy tools or +equipment. + +2605.4 Acetylene gas. Acetylene gas shall not be piped except +in approved cylinder manifolds and cylinder manifold connec- +tions, or utilized at a pressure exceeding 15 pounds per square +inch gauge (psig) (103 kPa) unless dissolved in a suitable sol- +vent in cylinders manufactured in accordance with DOTn 49 +CFR. Acetylene gas shall not be brought in contact with unal- +loyed copper, except in a blowpipe or torch. + +2605.5 Remote locations. Oxygen and fuel-gas cylinders and +acetylene generators shall be located away from the hot work +area to prevent such cylinders or generators from being heated +by radiation from heated materials, sparks or slag, or misdirec- +tion of the torch flame. + +2605.6 Cylinders shutoff. The torch valve shall be closed and +the gas supply to the torch completely shut off when gas weld- +ing or cutting operations are discontinued for a period of 1 hour +or more. + +2605.7 Prohibited operation. Welding or cutting work shall +not be held or supported on compressed gas cylinders or con- +tainers. + +2605.8 Tests. Tests for leaks in piping systems and equipment +shall be made with soapy water. The use of flames shall be pro- +hibited for leak testing. + + + +SECTION 2606 +ELECTRIC ARC HOT WORK + +2606.1 General. The frame or case of electric hot work +machines, except internal-combustion-engine-driven +machines, shall be grounded. Ground connections shall be +mechanically strong and electrically adequate for the required +current. + +2606.2 Return circuits. Welding current return circuits from +the work to the machine shall have proper electrical contact at +joints. The electrical contact shall be periodically inspected. + +2606.3 Disconnecting. Electrodes shall be removed from the +holders when electric arc welding or cutting is discontinued for +any period of 1 hour or more. The holders shall be located to +prevent accidental contact and the machines shall be discon- +nected from the power source. + +2606.4 Emergency disconnect. A switch or circuit breaker +shall be provided so that fixed electric welders and control + + + +equipment can be disconnected from the supply circuit. The +disconnect shall be installed in accordance with the ICC Elec- +trical Code. + +2606.5 Damaged cable. Damaged cable shall be removed +from service until properly repaired or replaced. + + + +SECTION 2607 +CALCIUM CARBIDE SYSTEMS + +2607.1 Calcium carbide storage. Storage and handhng of cal- +cium carbide shall comply with Chapter 27 of this code and +Chapter 9 of NFPA 51. + + + +SECTION 2608 +ACETYLENE GENERATORS + +2608.1 Use of acetylene generators. The use of acetylene gen- +erators shall comply with this section and Chapter 4 of NFPA +51A. + +2608.2 Portable generators. The minimum volume of rooms +containing portable generators shall be 35 times the total +gas-generating capacity per charge of all generators in the +room. The gas-generating capacity in cubic feet per charge +shall be assumed to be 4.5 times the weight of carbide per +charge in pounds. The minimum ceiling height of rooms con- +taining generators shall be 10 feet (3048 mm). An acetylene +generator shall not be moved by derrick, crane or hoist while +charged. + +2608.3 Protection against freezing. Generators shall be +located where water will not freeze. Common salt such as +sodium chloride or other corrosive chemicals shall not be uti- +lized for protection against freezing. + + + +SECTION 2609 + +PIPING MANIFOLDS AND HOSE SYSTEMS FOR + +FUEL GASES AND OXYGEN + +2609.1 General. The use of piping manifolds and hose systems +shall be in accordance with Section 2609.2 through 2609.7, +Chapter 30 and Chapter 5 of NFPA 5 1 . + +2609.2 Protection. Piping shall be protected against physical +damage. + +2609.3 Signage. Signage shall be provided for piping and hose +systems as follows: + +1 . Above-ground piping systems shall be marked in accor- +dance with ASME A 13.1. + +2. Station outlets shall be marked to indicate their intended +usage. + +3. Signs shall be posted, indicating clearly the location and +identity of section shutoff valves. + +2609.4 Manifolding of cylinders. Oxygen manifolds shall not +be located in an acetylene generator room. Oxygen manifolds +shall be located at least 20 feet (6096 mm) away from combus- +tible material such as oil or grease, and gas cylinders containing +flanmiable gases, unless the gas cylinders are separated by a +fire partition. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +235 + + + +WELDING AND OTHER HOT WORK + + + +2609.5 Identification of manifolds. Signs shall be posted for +oxygen manifolds with service pressures not exceeding 200 +psig (1379 kPa). Such signs shall include the words: + +LOW-PRESSURE MANIFOLD + +DO NOT CONNECT HIGH-PRESSURE CYLINDERS + +MAXIMUM PRESSURE 250 PSIG + +2609.6 Clamps. Hose connections shall be clamped or other- +wise securely fastened. + +2609.7 Inspection. Hoses shall be inspected frequently for +leaks, bums, wear, loose connections or other defects render- +ing the hose unfit for service. + + + +236 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 27 + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +SECTION 2701 +GENERAL + +2701.1 Scope. Prevention, control and mitigation of dangerous +conditions related to storage, dispensing, use and handling of +hazardous materials shall be in accordance with this chapter. + +This chapter shall apply to all hazardous materials, including +those materials regulated elsewhere in this code, except that +when specific requirements are provided in other chapters, +those specific requirements shall apply in accordance with the +applicable chapter. Where a material has multiple hazards, all +hazards shall be addressed. + +Exceptions: + +1. The quantities of alcoholic beverages, medicines, +foodstuffs, cosmetics and consumer or industrial +products containing not more than 50 percent by +volume of water-miscible liquids and with the +remainder of the solutions not being flammable, in +retail or wholesale sales occupancies, are unlimited +when packaged in individual containers not exceed- +ing 1.3 gallons (5 L). + +2. Application and release of pesticide and agricultural +products and materials intended for use in weed +abatement, erosion control, soil amendment or simi- +lar applications when applied in accordance with the +manufacturers' instructions and label directions. + +3. The off-site transportation of hazardous materials +when in accordance with Department of Transporta- +tion (DOTn) regulations. + +4. Building materials not otherwise regulated by this +code. + +5. Refrigeration systems (see Section 606). + +6. Stationary storage battery systems regulated by Sec- +tion 608. + +7. The display, storage, sale or use of fireworks and +explosives in accordance with Chapter 33. + +8. Corrosives utilized in personal and household prod- +ucts in the manufacturers' original consumer pack- +aging in Group M occupancies. + +9. The storage of distilled spirits and wines in wooden +barrels and casks. + +10. The use of wall-mounted dispensers containing +alcohol-based hand rubs classified as Class I or II +Uquids when in accordance with Section 3405.5. + +2701.1.1 Waiver. The provisions of this chapter are waived +when the fire code official determines that such enforce- +ment is preempted by other codes, statutes or ordinances. +The details of any action granting such a waiver shall be + + + +recorded and entered in the files of the code enforcement +agency. + +2701.2 Material classification. Hazardous materials are those +chemicals or substances defined as such in this code. Defini- +tions of hazardous materials shall apply to all hazardous mate- +rials, including those materials regulated elsewhere in this +code. + +2701.2.1 Mixtures. Mixtures shall be classified in accor- +dance with hazards of the mixture as a whole. Mixtures of +hazardous materials shall be classified in accordance with +nationally recognized reference standards; by an approved +qualified organization, individual, or Material Safety Data +Sheet (MSDS); or by other approved methods. + +2701.2.2 Hazard categories. Hazardous materials shall be +classified according to hazard categories. The categories +include materials regulated by this chapter and materials +regulated elsewhere in this code. + +2701.2.2.1 Physical hazards. The material categories +listed in this section are classified as physical hazards. A +material with a primary classification as a physical haz- +ard can also pose a health hazard. + +1. Explosives and blasting agents. + +2. Flammable and combustible liquids. + +3. Flammable solids and gases. + +4. Organic peroxide materials. + +5. Oxidizer materials. + +6. Pyrophoric materials. + +7. Unstable (reactive) materials. + +8. Water-reactive solids and liquids. + +9. Cryogenic fluids. + +2701.2.2.2 Health hazards. The material categories +listed in this section are classified as health hazards. A +material with a primary classification as a health hazard +can also pose a physical hazard. + +1. Highly toxic and toxic materials. + +2. Corrosive materials. + +2701.3 Performance-based design alternative. When +approved by the fire code official, buildings and facilities +where hazardous materials are stored, used or handled shall be +permitted to comply with this section as an alternative to com- +pliance with the other requirements set forth in this chapter and +Chapters 28 through 44. + +2701.3.1 Objective. The objective of Section 2701.3 is to +protect people and property from the consequences of unau- +thorized discharge, fires or explosions involving hazardous +materials. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +237 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2701.3.2 Functional statements. Performance-based +design alternatives are based on the following functional +statements: + +1 . Provide safeguards to minimize the risk of unwanted +releases, fires or explosions involving hazardous +materials. + +2. Provide safeguards to minimize the consequences of +an unsafe condition involving hazardous materials +during normal operations and in the event of an +abnormal condition. + +2701.3.3 Performance requirements. When safeguards, +systems, documentation, written plans or procedures, +audits, process hazards analysis, mitigation measures, engi- +neering controls or construction features are required by +Sections 2701.3.3.1 through 2701.3.3.18, the details of the +design alternative shall be subject to approval by the code +official. The details of actions granting the use of the design +alternatives shall be recorded and entered in the files of the +jurisdiction. + +2701.3.3.1 Properties of hazardous materials. The + +physical and health-hazard properties of hazardous +materials on site shall be known and shall be made +readily available to employees, neighbors and the fire +code official. + +2701.3.3.2 Reliability of equipment and operations. + +Equipment and operations involving hazardous materi- +als shall be designed, installed and maintained to ensure +that they reliably operate as intended. + +2701.3.3.3 Prevention of unintentional reaction or +release. Safeguards shall be provided to minimize the +risk of an unintentional reaction or release that could +endanger people or property. + +2701.3.3.4 Spill mitigation. Spill containment systems +or means to render a spill harmless to people or property +shall be provided where a spill is determined to be a plau- +sible event and where such an event would endanger peo- +ple or property. + +2701.3.3.5 Ignition hazards. Safeguards shall be pro- +vided to minimize the risk of exposing combustible haz- +ardous materials to unintended sources of ignition. + +2701.3.3.6 Protection of hazardous materials. Safe- +guards shall be provided to minimize the risk of exposing +hazardous materials to a fire or physical damage +whereby such exposure could endanger or lead to the +endangerment of people or property. + +2701.3.3.7 Exposure hazards. Safeguards shall be pro- +vided to minimize the risk of and limit damage from a +fire or explosion involving explosive hazardous materi- +als whereby such fire or explosion could endanger or +lead to the endangerment of people or property. + +2701.3.3.8 Detection of gas or vapor release. Where a +release of hazardous materials gas or vapor would cause +immediate harm to persons or property, means of miti- +gating the dangerous effects of a release shall be pro- +vided. + + + +2701.3.3.9 Reliable power source. Where a power sup- +ply is relied upon to prevent or control an emergency +condition that could endanger people or property, the +power supply shall be from a reliable source. + +2701.3.3.10 Ventilation. Where ventilation is necessary +to limit the risk of creating an emergency condition +resulting from normal or abnormal operations, means of +ventilation shall be provided. + +2701.3.3.11 Process hazard analyses. Process hazard +analyses shall be conducted to ensure reasonably the pro- +tection of people and property from dangerous condi- +tions involving hazardous materials. + +2701.3.3.12 Pre-startup safety review. Written docu- +mentation of pre-startup safety review procedures shall +be developed and enforced to ensure that operations are +initiated in a safe manner. The process of developing and +updating such procedures shall involve the participation +of affected employees. + +2701.3.3.13 Operating and emergency procedures. + +Written documentation of operating procedures and pro- +cedures for emergency shut down shall be developed and +enforced to ensure that operations are conducted in a safe +manner. The process of developing and updating such +procedures shall involve the participation of affected +employees. + +2701.3.3.14 Management of change. A written plan for +management of change shall be developed and enforced. +The process of developing and updating the plan shall +involve the participation of affected employees. + +2701.3.3.15 Emergency plan. A written emergency +plan shall be developed to ensure that proper actions are +taken in the event of an emergency, and the plan shall be +followed if an emergency condition occurs. The process +of developing and updating the plan shall involve the par- +ticipation of affected employees. + +2701.3.3.16 Accident procedures. Written procedures +for investigation and documentation of accidents shall be +developed, and accidents shall be investigated and docu- +mented in accordance with these procedures. + +2701.3.3.17 Consequence analysis. Where an acciden- +tal release of hazardous materials could endanger people +or property, either on or off-site, an analysis of the +expected consequences of a plausible release shall be +performed and utilized in the analysis and selection of +active and passive hazard mitigation controls. + +2701.3.3.18 Safety audits. Safety audits shall be con- +ducted on a periodic basis to verify compliance with the +requirements of this section. + +2701.4 Retail and wholesale storage and display. For retail +and wholesale storage and display of nonflammable solid and +nonflammable or noncombustible liquid hazardous materials +in Group M occupancies and storage in Group S occupancies, +see Section 2703.11. + + + +238 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2701.5 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tions 105.6 and 105.7. + +When required by the fire code official, permittees shall +apply for approval to permanently close a storage, use or han- +dling facility. Such application shall be submitted at least 30 +days prior to the termination of the storage, use or handling of +hazardous materials. The fire code official is authorized to +require that the application be accompanied by an approved +facility closure plan in accordance with Section 2701.6.3. + +2701.5.1 Hazardous Materials Management Plan. + +Where required by the fire code official, each application +for a permit shall include a Hazardous Materials Manage- +ment Plan (HMMP). The HMMP shall include a facility site +plan designating the following: + +1. Storage and use areas. + +2. Maximum amount of each material stored or used in +each area. + +3. Range of container sizes. + +4. Locations of emergency isolation and mitigation +valves and devices. + +5 . Product conveying piping containing liquids or gases, +other than utility-owned fuel gas lines and low-pres- +sure fuel gas lines. + +6. On and off positions of valves for valves that are of +the self-indicating type. + +7. Storage plan showing the intended storage arrange- +ment, including the location and dimensions of aisles. + +8. The location and type of emergency equipment.The +plans shall be legible and drawn approximately to +scale. Separate distribution systems are allowed to be +shown on separate pages. + +2701.5.2 Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement + +(HMIS). Where required by the fire code official, an appli- +cation for a permit shall include an HMIS, such as SARA +(Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986) +Title III, Tier II Report, or other approved statement. The +HMIS shall include the following information: + +1. Manufacturer's name. + +2. Chemical name, trade names, hazardous ingredients. + +3. Hazard classification. + +4. MSDS or equivalent. + +5. United Nations (UN), North America (NA) or the +Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) identificadon +number. + +6. Maximum quantity stored or used on-site at one time. + +7 . Storage conditions related to the storage type, temper- +ature and pressure. + +2701.6 Facility closure. Facilities shall be placed out of ser- +vice in accordance with Sections 2701.6.1 through 2701.6.3. + +2701.6.1 Temporarily out-of-service facilities. Facitities +that are temporarily out of service shall continue to maintain +a permit and be monitored and inspected. + + + +2701.6.2 Permanently out-of-service facilities. Facilities +for which a permit is not kept current or is not monitored and +inspected on a regular basis shall be deemed to be perma- +nently out of service and shall be closed in an approved +manner. When required by the fire code official, permittees +shall apply for approval to close permanently storage, use or +handling facilities. The fire code official is authorized to +require that such application be accompanied by an +approved facility closure plan in accordance with Section +2701.6.3. + +2701.6.3 Facility closure plan. When a facility closure plan +is required in accordance with Section 2701.5 to terminate +storage, dispensing, handling or use of hazardous materials, +it shall be submitted to the fire code official at least 30 days +prior to facility closure. The plan shall demonstrate that haz- +ardous materials which are stored, dispensed, handled or +used in the facility will be transported, disposed of or reused +in a manner that eliminates the need for further maintenance +and any threat to public health and safety. + + + +SECTION 2702 +DEFINITIONS + +2702.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter, Chapters 28 through 44 and as +used elsewhere in this code, have the meanings shown herein. + +BOILING POINT. The temperature at which the vapor pres- +sure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds +per square inch (psia) (101 kPa) or 760 mm of mercury. Where +an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in ques- +tion, or for mixtures which do not have a constant boiling point, +for the purposes of this classification, the 20-percent evapo- +rated point of a distillation performed in accordance with +ASTM D 86 shall be used as the boiling point of the liquid. + +CEILING LIMIT. The maximum concentration of an +air-borne contaminant to which one may be exposed. The ceil- +ing limits utilized are those published in DDL 29 CFR Part +1910.1000. The ceiling Recommended Exposure Limit +(REL-C) concentrations published by the U.S. National Insti- +tute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Threshold +Limit Value — Ceiling (TLV-C) concentrations published by +the American Conference of Governmental Industrial +Hygenists (ACGIH), ceiling Workplace Environmental Expo- +sure Level (WEEL-Ceiling) Guides published by the American +Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), and other approved, +consistent measures are allowed as surrogates for hazardous +substances not hsted in DDL 29 CFR Part 1910.1000. + +CHEMICAL. An element, chemical compound or mixture of +elements or compounds or both. + +CHEMICAL NAME. The scientific designation of a chemi- +cal in accordance with the nomenclature system developed by +the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the +Chemical Abstracts Service rules of nomenclature, or a name +which will clearly identify a chemical for the purpose of con- +ducting an evaluation. + +CLOSED CONTAINER. A container sealed by means of a lid +or other device such that liquid, vapor or dusts will not escape +from it under ordinary conditions of use or handling. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +239 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +CONTAINER. A vessel of 60 gallons (227 L) or less in capac- +ity used for transporting or storing hazardous materials. Pipes, +piping systems, engines and engine fuel tanks are not consid- +ered to be containers. + +CONTROL AREA. Spaces within a building where quanti- +ties of hazardous materials not exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantities per control area are stored, dispensed, used or +I handled. See also the definition of "Outdoor control area." + +CYLINDER. A pressure vessel designed for pressures higher +than 40 psia (275.6 kPa) and having a circular cross section. It +does not include a portable tank, multi-unit tank car tank, cargo +tank or tank car. + +I DAY BOX. A portable magazine designed to hold explosive +materials constructed in accordance with the requirements for +a Type 3 magazine as defined and classified in Chapter 33. + +DEFLAGRATION. An exothermic reaction, such as the +extremely rapid oxidation of a flammable dust or vapor in air, +in which the reaction progresses through the unbumed material +at a rate less than the velocity of sound. A deflagration can have +an explosive effect. + +DESIGN PRESSURE. The maximum gauge pressure that a +pressure vessel, device, component or system is designed to +withstand safely under the temperature and conditions of use +expected. + +DETACHED BUILDING. A separate single-story building, +without a basement or crawl space, used for the storage or use +of hazardous materials and located an approved distance from +all structures. + +DISPENSING. The pouring or transferring of any material +from a container, tank or similar vessel, whereby vapors, dusts, +fumes, mists or gases are liberated to the atmosphere. + +EXCESS FLOW CONTROL. A fail-safe system or other +approved means designed to shut off flow caused by a rupture +in pressurized piping systems. + +EXHAUSTED ENCLOSURE. An appliance or piece of +equipment which consists of a top, a back and two sides provid- +ing a means of local exhaust for capturing gases, fumes, vapors +and mists. Such enclosures include laboratory hoods, exhaust +fume hoods and similar appliances and equipment used to +retain and exhaust locally the gases, fumes, vapors and mists +that could be released. Rooms or areas provided with general +ventilation, in themselves, are not exhausted enclosures. + +EXPLOSION. An effect produced by the sudden violent +expansion of gases, which may be accompanied by a shock +wave or disruption, or both, of enclosing materials or struc- +tures. An explosion could result from any of the following: + +1 . Chemical changes such as rapid oxidation, deflagration +or detonation, decomposition of molecules and runaway +polymerization (usually detonations). + +2. Physical changes such as pressure tank ruptures. + +3. Atomic changes (nuclear fission or fusion). + +FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR FUMES. The concentration +of flammable constituents in air that exceeds 25 percent of their +lower flammable limit (LFL). + + + +GAS CABINET. A fully enclosed, noncombustible enclosure +used to provide an isolated environment for compressed gas +cylinders in storage or use. Doors and access ports for exchang- +ing cylinders and accessing pressure-regulating controls are +allowed to be included. + +GAS ROOM. A separately ventilated, fully enclosed room in +which only compressed gases and associated equipment and +suppHes are stored or used. + +HANDLING. The deliberate transport by any means to a point +of storage or use. + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. Those chemicals or sub- +stances which are physical hazards or health hazards as defined +and classified in this chapter, whether the materials are in +usable or waste condition. + +HEALTH HAZARD. A classification of a chemical for which +there is statistically significant evidence that acute or chronic +health effects are capable of occurring in exposed persons. The +term "health hazard" includes chemicals that are toxic, highly +toxic and corrosive. + +IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH +(IDLH). The concentration of air-borne contaminants that +poses a threat of death, immediate or delayed permanent +adverse health effects, or effects that could prevent escape from +such an environment. This contaminant concentration level is +established by the National Institute of Occupational Safety +and Health (NIOSH) based on both toxicity and flammability. +It generally is expressed in parts per million by volume (ppm +v/v) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m^). If adequate data do +not exist for precise establishment of IDLH concentrations, an +independent certified industrial hygienist, industrial toxicolo- +gist, appropriate regulatory agency or other source approved +by the fire code official shall make such determination. + +INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. Materials that, when +mixed, have the potential to react in a manner which generates +heat, fumes, gases or byproducts which are hazardous to life or +property. + +LIQUID. A material having a melting point that is equal to or +less than 68°F (20°C) and a boiling point which is greater than +68°F (20°C) at 14.7 psia (101 kPa). When not otherwise identi- +fied, the term "liquid" includes both flammable and combusti- +ble liquids. + +LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL). See "Lower flamma +ble limit." + +LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL). The minimum con- +centration of vapor in air at which propagation of flame will +occur in the presence of an ignition source. The LFL is some- +times referred to as LEL or lower explosive limit. + +MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS). Information +concerning a hazardous material which is prepared in accor- +dance with the provisions of DDL 29 CFR Part 1910. 1200 or in +accordance with the provisions of a federally approved state +OSHA plan. + +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CON- +TROL AREA. The maximum amount of a hazardous material +allowed to be stored or used within a control area inside a build- +ing or an outdoor control area. The maximum allowable quan- + + + +• + + + +240 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +tity per control area is based on the material state (solid, liquid +or gas) and the material storage or use conditions. + +NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (NTP). A + +temperature of 70°F (21°C) and a pressure of 1 atmosphere +[14.7 psia (101 kPa)]. + +OUTDOOR CONTROL AREA. An outdoor area that con- +tains hazardous materials in amounts not exceeding the maxi- +mum allowable quantities of Table 2703 . 1 . 1 (3) or 2703 . 1 . 1 (4) . + +PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL). The maximum +permitted 8-hour time-weighted-average concentration of an +air-borne contaminant. The exposure limits to be utilized are +those published in DDL 29 CFR Part 1910.1000. The Recom- +mended Exposure Limit (REL) concentrations published by +the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health +(NIOSH), Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average +(TLV-TWA) concentrations published by the American Con- +ference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), +Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL) Guides +published by the American Industrial Hygiene Association +(AIHA), and other approved, consistent measures are allowed +as surrogates for hazardous substances not listed in DDL 29 +CFR Part 1910.1000. + +PESTICIDE. A substance or mixture of substances, including +fungicides, intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or +mitigating pests and substances or a mixture of substances +intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant. +Products defined as drugs in the Federal Food, Drug and Cos- +metic Act are not pesticides. + +PHYSICAL HAZARD. A chemical for which there is evi- +dence that it is a combustible liquid, compressed gas, cryo- +genic, explosive, flammable gas, flammable liquid, flammable +solid, organic peroxide, oxidizer, pyrophoric or unstable (reac- +tive) or water-reactive material. + +PRESSURE VESSEL. A closed vessel designed to operate at +pressures above 15 psig (103 kPa). + +SAFETY CAN. An approved container of not more than +5 -gallon (19 L) capacity having a spring-closing lid and spout +cover so designed that it will relieve internal pressure when +subjected to fire exposure. + +SECONDARY CONTAINMENT. That level of containment +that is external to and separate from primary containment. + +SEGREGATED. Storage in the same room or inside area, but +physically separated by distance from incompatible materials. + +SOLID. A material that has a melting point and decomposes or +sublimes at a temperature greater than 68°F (20°C). + +STORAGE, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. The keeping, +retention or leaving of hazardous materials in closed contain- +ers, tanks, cylinders, or similar vessels; or vessels supplying +operations through closed connections to the vessel. + +I SYSTEM. An assembly of equipment consisting of a tank, +container or containers, appurtenances, pumps, compressors +and connecting piping. + +TANK, ATMOSPHERIC. A storage tank designed to operate +at pressures from atmospheric through 1 .0 pound per square + + + +inch gauge (760 mm Hg through 812 mm Hg) measured at the +top of the tank. + +TANK, PORTABLE. A packaging of more than 60-gallon +(227 L) capacity and designed primarily to be loaded into or on +or temporarily attached to a transport vehicle or ship and +equipped with skids, mountings or accessories to facilitate han- +dling of the tank by mechanical means. It does not include any +cylinder having less than a 1,000-pound (454 kg) water capac- +ity, cargo tank, tank car tank or trailers carrying cylinders of +more than 1,000-pound (454 kg) water capacity. + +TANK, STATIONARY. Packaging designed primarily for +stationary installations not intended for loading, unloading or +attachment to a transport vehicle as part of its normal operation +in the process of use. It does not include cylinders having less +than a 1,000-pound (454 kg) water capacity. + +TANK VEHICLE. A vehicle other than a railroad tank car or +boat, with a cargo tank mounted thereon or built as an integral +part thereof, used for the transportation of flammable or com- +bustible liquids, LP-gas or hazardous chemicals. Tank vehicles +include self-propelled vehicles and full trailers and +semitrailers, with or without motive power, and carrying part or +all of the load. + +UNAUTHORIZED DISCHARGE. A release or emission of +materials in a manner which does not conform to the provisions +of this code or applicable public health and safety regulations. + +USE (MATERIAL). Placing a material into action, including +solids, liquids and gases. + +VAPOR PRESSURE. The pressure exerted by a volatile fluid +as determined in accordance with ASTM D 323. + + + +SECTION 2703 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +2703.1 Scope. The storage, use and handling of all hazardous +materials shall be in accordance with this section. + +2703.1.1 Maximum allowable quantity per control area. + +The maximum allowable quantity per control area shall be +as specified in Tables 2703.1.1(1) through 2703.1.1(4). + +For retail and wholesale storage and display in Group M +occupancies and Group S storage, see Section 2703.11. + +2703.1.2 Conversion. Where quantities are indicated in +pounds and when the weight per gallon of the liquid is not +provided to the fire code official, a conversion factor of 10 +pounds per gallon (1.2 kg/L) shall be used. + +2703.1.3 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allovF- +able quantity per control area. The storage, use and han- +dling of hazardous materials in quantities not exceeding the +maximum allowable quantity per control area indicated in +Tables 2703.1.1(1) through 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701 and 2703. + +2703.1.4 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The storage and use of hazard- +ous materials in quantities exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area indicated in Tables +2703.1.1(1) through 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accordance +with this chapter. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +241 + + + +TABLE 2703.1.1(1) +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A PHYSICAL HAZARD^ ''"" p + + + +MATERIAL + + +CLASS + + +GROUP WHEN + +THE MAXIMUM + +ALLOWABLE + +QUANTITY IS + +EXCEEDED + + +STORAGE" + + +USE-CLOSED SYSTEMS" + + +USE-OPEN SYSTEMS" + + +Solid + +pounds + +(cubic feet) + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Gas + +cubic feet + +atNTP + + +Solid + +pounds + +(cubic feet) + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Gas + +cubic feet + +atNTP + + +Solid + +pounds + +(cubic feet) + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Combustible +liquid'^' ' + + +II +IIIA +IIIB + + +H-2 or H-3 +H-2 or H-3 + +Not Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +120'i'^ + +330^1'^ + +13,200^' f + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +120'' + +330" + +13,200^ + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +30" + +80" + +3,300^ + + +Combustible fiber + + +Loose + +Baled" + + +H-3 + + +(100) +(1,000) + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +(100) +(1,000) + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +(20) +(200) + + +Not +Applicable + + +Cryogenic +Flammable + + +Not +Applicable + + +H-2 + + +Not +Applicable + + +45^^ + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +45" + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +10" + + +Consumer fireworks +(Class C Common) + + +1.4G + + +H-3 + + +125d,e,l + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Cryogenic +Oxidizing + + +Not +Applicable + + +H-3 + + +Not +Applicable + + +45'' + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +45" + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +10" + + +Explosives + + +Division 1.1 +Division 1.2 +Division 1.3 +Division 1.4 +Division 1.4G +Division 1.5 +Division 1.6 + + +H-1 +H-1 +H-1 or H-2 +H-3 +H-3 +H-1 +H-1 + + +ie,g +5e,g + +50'='g +125d,e,i + +ie,g +ld,e,g + + +(l)e,g +(l)e.g +(5)^' 8 + +(50)^' 8 + +Not + +Applicable + +(l)e,g + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.258 +0.258 + +18 + +508 + +Not + +Applicable + +0.258 + +Not +Applicable + + +(0.25)8 +(0.25)8 + +(1)8 + +(50)8 + +Not + +Applicable + +(0.25)8 + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.258 +0.258 + +18 + +Not +Applicable + +Not +Applicable + +0.258 + +Not +Applicable + + +(0.25)8 +(0.25)8 + +(1)8 + +Not +Applicable + +Not + +Applicable + +(0.25)8 + +Not +Applicable + + +Flammable gas + + +Gaseous +Liquefied + + +H-2 + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not + +Applicable + +30'^'^ + + +1,000''''= + +Not + +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not + +Applicable + +30"'^ + + +1,000"'^ + +Not + +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Flammable liquids'' + + +lA +IB and IC + + +H-2 + +or + +H-3 + + +Not +Applicable + + +30"'^ +120"'^ + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +30" +120" + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +10" +30" + + +Combination +Flammable liquid +(lA, IB, IC) + + +Not +Applicable + + +H-2 + +or +H-3 + + +Not +Applicable + + +120'''^'h + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +120"'"^ + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +30"'*^ + + +Flammable solid + + +Not +Applicable + + +H-3 + + +125'''^ + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +125" + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +25" + + +Not +Applicable + + +Organic peroxide + + +UD +I + +II +III +IV +V + + +H-1 +H-2 +H-3 + +H-3 +Not Applicable +Not Applicable + + +p,g + +5d,e + +SO'i'^ + +Not Limited +Not Limited + + +(l)e,g +(5)'*''^ + +(50)"'^ + +(125)"'^ + +Not Limited + +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.258 + +1" + +50" + +125'' + +Not Limited + +Not Limited + + +(0.25)8 + +(1)" + +(50)" + +(125)" + +Not Limited + +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.258 + +1" + +10" + +25" + +Not Limited + +Not Limited + + +(0.25>8 +(1)" + +(10)" + +(25)" +Not Limited +Not Limited + + + +(con. + + + +TABLE 2703.1.1(1)— (continued) +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A PHYSICAL HAZARD^ *'""• p + + + +MATERIAL + + +CLASS + + +GROUP + +WHEN THE + +MAXIMUM + +ALLOWABLE + +QUANTITY IS + +EXCEEDED + + +STORAGE" + + +USE-CLOSED SYSTEMS" + + +USE-OPEN SYSTEMS" + + +Solid + +pounds + +(cubic feet) + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Gas + +cubic feet + +atNTP + + +Solid + +pounds + +(cubic feet) + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Gas + +cubic feet + +atNTP + + +Solid + +pounds + +(cubic feet) + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Oxidizer + + +4 + +2 +1 + + +H-1 + +H-2 or H-3 + +H-3 + +Not Applicable + + +18 + +250'^'* +4,000^'f + + +(l)e,g +(10)d.e + +(250)'^'^ + +(4,000)^'f + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.258 + +2'' + +250'^ + +4,000f + + +(0.25)8 + +(2)'' +(250)'^ +(4,000)f + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.258 + +2" + +SO'' +1,000^ + + +(0.25)8 +(2)" +(50)" + +(l,000)f + + +Oxidizing gas + + +Gaseous +Liquefied + + +H-3 + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + +15'^'^ + + +l,500'i'« + +Not + +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + +15d,e + + +l.SOO''-^ + +Not + +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Pyrophoric + + +Not +Applicable + + +H-2 + + +4e,g + + +(4)e,g + + +50^' g + + +18 + + +(1)8 + + +10=. g + + + + + + + + +Unstable (reactive) + + +4 +3 +2 +1 + + +H-1 + +H-1 or H-2 + +H-3 + +Not Applicable + + +ie,g + +5d,e + +Not Limited + + +(l)e,g + +(SO)'''^ +Not Limited + + +10=. g + +250^-^ +Not Limited + + +0.258 + +l'» + +50*^ + +Not Limited + + +(0.25)8 + +(I)'* + +(SO)'' + +Not Limited + + +2='g + +10d,e + +250'*'^ +Not Limited + + +0.258 + +1" + +10" + +Not Limited + + +(0.25)8 + +(1)" + +(10)" + +Not Limited + + +Water reactive + + +3 + +2 +1 + + +H-2 + +H-3 +Not Applicable + + +5d.e + +50'^'* +Not Limited + + +(50)"'^ +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +5'' + +50^1 + +Not Limited + + +(5)" + +(50)'' + +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +1" + +10" + +Not Limited + + +(1)" + +(10)" + +Not Limited + + + +For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m^ 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L. + +a. For use of control areas, see Section 2703.8.3. + +b. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage. + +c. The quantities of alcoholic beverages in retail and wholesale sales occupancies shall not be limited providing the liquids are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1 .3 gallons. In retail and wholesale sales +occupancies, the quantities of medicines, foodstuffs, consumer or industrial products, and cosmetics containing not more than 50 percent by volume of water-miscible liquids with the remainder of the solutions not +being flammable shall not be limited, provided that such materials are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons. + +d. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1 .1. Where Note e also applies, the +increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively. + +e. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, day boxes, gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures or safety cans. Where Note d also applies, the increase for +both notes shall be applied accumulatively. + +f Quantities shall not be limited in a building equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +g. Allowed only in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system. + +h. Containing not more than the maximum allowable quantity per control area of Class lA, Class IB or Class IC flammable liquids. + +i. Inside a building, the maximum capacity of a combustible liquid storage system that is connected to a fuel-oil piping system shall be 660 gallons provided such system complies with this code. + +j. Quantities in parenthesis indicate quantity units in parenthesis at the head of each column. + +k. A maximum quantity of 200 pounds of solid or 20 gallons of liquid Class 3 oxidizers is allowed when such materials are necessary for maintenance purposes, operation or sanitation of equipment when the storage + +containers and the manner of storage are approved. +1. Net weight of pyrotechnic composition of the fireworks. Where the net weight of the pyrotechnic composition of the fireworks is not known, 25 percent of the gross weight of the fireworks including packaging shall + +be used. +m.For gallons of hquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10 in accordance with Section 2703.1.2. + +n. For storage and display quantities in Group M and storage quantities in Group S occupancies complying with Section 2703.11, see Table 2703.11.1. +o. Densely-packed baled cotton that complies with the packing requirements of ISQ 81 15 shall not be included in this material class, +p. The following shall not be included in determining the maximum allowable quantities: + +1. Liquid or gaseous fuel in fuel tanks on vehicles. + +2. Liquid or gaseous fuel in fuel tanks on motorized equipment operated in accordance with this code. + +3. Gaseous fuels in piping systems and fixed appliances regulated by the International Fuel Gas Code. + +4. Liquid fuels in piping systems and fixed appliances, regulated by the International Mechanical Code. + + + +m + +> +(/) + +I + +o + +m + +z +m + +> + +"D +3} +O + +< + +o + +z + + + +TABLE 2703.1.1(2) +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL POSING A HEALTH HAZARD® •"=■' + + + +MATERIAL + + +STORAGE" + + +USE-CLOSED SYSTEIMS" + + +USE-OPEN SYSTEIVIS'' + + +Solid +pounds®' ' + + +Liquid + +gallons + +(pounds)®' ' + + +Gas +cubic feet at NTP® + + +Solid +pounds® + + +Liquid + +gallons + +(pounds)® + + +Gas +cubic feet at NTP® + + +Solid +pounds® + + +Liquid + +gallons + +(pounds)® + + +Corrosive + + +5,000 + + +500 + + +SlO^'g + + +5,000 + + +500 + + +SlO^'g + + +1,000 + + +100 + + +Highly toxic + + +10 + + +(loy + + +lO'' + + +10 + + +(loy + + +■ 20" + + +3 + + +(3)' + + +Toxic + + +500 + + +(500)' + + +810f + + +500 + + +(500)' + + +810f + + +125 + + +(125)' + + + +For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m^ 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L. + +a. For use of control areas, see Section 2703.8.3. + +b. In retail and wholesale sales occupancies, the quantities of medicines, foodstuffs consumer or industrial products, and cosmetics, containing not more than 50 percent by volume of water-miscible liquids and with +the remainder of the solutions not being flammable, shall not be limited, provided that such materials are packaged in individual containers not exceeding 1.3 gallons. + +c. For storage and display quantities in Group M and storage quantities in Group S occupancies complying with Section 2703.11, see Table 2703.11.1. + +d. The aggregate quantity in use and storage shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage. + +e. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903 .3. 1 . 1 . Where Note f also applies, the +increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively. + +f . Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets, gas cabinets, or exhausted enclosures. Where Note e also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied +accumulatively. + +g. A single cylinder containing 150 pounds or less of anhydrous ammonia in a single control area in a nonsprinklered building shall be considered a maximum allowable quantity. Two cylinders, each containing 150 +pounds or less in a single control area shall be considered a maximum allowable quantity provided the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903 .3. 1 . 1 . + +h. Allowed only when stored in approved exhausted gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures, +i. Quantities in parenthesis indicate quantity units in parenthesis at the head of each column, +j. For gallons of liquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10 in accordance with Section 2703. 1 .2. + + + +X +> +N +> +73 +D +O +C +(/) + + + +I + +o +m + +z +m + +30 + +> + +T3 +3) +O +< +Ui +O + +z + + + +TABLE 2703.1.1(3) +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A PHYSICAL HAZARD IN AN OUTDOOR CONTROL AREA^ •"= + + +MATERIAL + + +CLASS + + +STORAGE" + + +USE-CLOSED SYSTEMS" + + +USE-OPEN systems" + + +Solid +pounds + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Gas + +cubic feet + +atNTP + + +Solid +pounds + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Gas + +cubic feet + +atNTP + + +Solid +pounds + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Flammable gas + + +Gaseous +Liquefied + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not Applicable +30 + + +3,000 +Not Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not Applicable +15 + + +1,500 +Not Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Flammable solid + + +Not +Applicable + + +500 + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +250 + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +50 + + +Not +Applicable + + +Organic +peroxide + + +Unclassified +Detonable + + +1 + + +(1) + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.25 + + +(0.25)" + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.25 + + +(0.25)" + + +Organic +peroxide + + +I + +II +III +IV + +V + + +20 + +200 + +500 + +1,000 + +Not Limited + + +(20)'' + +(200)" + +(500)'' + +(1,000)'' + +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +10 + +100 + +250 + +500 + +'Not Limited + + +(10)" +(100)" +(250)" +(500)" +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +2 + +20 + +50 + +100 + +Not Limited + + +(2)" + +(20)" + +(50)" + +(100)" + +Not Limited + + +Oxidizer + + +4 +3 +2 +1 + + +2 + +40 + +1,000 + +Not Limited + + +(2)" + +(40)" + +(1,000)'' + +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +1 + +20 + +500 + +Not Limited + + +(1)" + +(20)" + +(500)" + +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +0.25 +4 + +100 +Not Limited + + +(0.25)" + +(4)" + +(100)" + +Not Limited + + +Oxidizing gas + + +Gaseous +Liquefied + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not Applicable +60 + + +6,000 +Not Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not Applicable +30 + + +3,000 +Not Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Not +Applicable + + +Pyrophoric +materials + + +Not +Applicable + + +8 + + +(8)" + + +100 + + +4 + + +(4)" + + +10 + + + + + + + + +Unstable +(reactive) + + +4 +3 +2 +1 + + +2 + +20 + +200 + +Not Limited + + +(2)" + +(20)'' + +(200)'' + +Not Limited + + +20 +200 +1,000 +1,500 + + +1 + +10 + +100 + +Not Limited + + +(1)" + +(10)" + +(100)" + +Not Limited + + +2 + +10 + +250 + +Not Limited + + +0.25 +1 + +10 +Not Limited + + +(0.25)" +1 + +10 +Not Limited + + +Water reactive + + +3 +2 +1 + + +20 + +200 + +Not Limited + + +(20)" + +(200)" + +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +10 + +100 + +Not Limited + + +(10)" + +(100)" + +Not Limited + + +Not +Applicable + + +1 + +10 +Not Limited + + +(1)" + +(10)" + +Not Limited + + + +For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 ml + +a. For gallons of liquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10 in accordance with Section 2703.1.2. + +b. The aggregate quantities in storage and use shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage. + +c. The aggregate quantity of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or noncombustible liquid hazardous materials allowed in outdoor storage per single property under the same ownership or control used for retail or +wholesale sales is allowed to exceed the maximum allowable quantity per control area when such storage is in accordance with Section 2703.1 1. + +d. Quantities in parentheses indicate quantity units in parentheses at the head of each column. + + + +> +N +> +3) +D +O +C +0) + +> + +H + +m + +> +t- +u> + +I +O + +m + +z +m +so + +> + +I- + +■0 +30 +O + +< + +o + +z + + + +TABLE 2703.1.1(4) +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS POSING A HEALTH HAZARD IN AN OUTDOOR CONTROL AREA^ "■= + + + +MATERIAL + + +STORAGE + + +USE-CLOSED SYSTEIWS + + +USE-OPEN SYSTEMS + + +Solid +pounds + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Gas +cubic feet at NTP + + +Solid +pounds + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Gas +cubic feet at NTP + + +Solid +pounds + + +Liquid +gallons +(pounds) + + +Corrosives + + +20,000 + + +2,000 + + +l,620g + + +10,000 + + +1,000 + + +8108 + + +1,000 + + +100 + + +Highly toxics + + +20 + + +(2oy + + +40^1 + + +10 + + +(10/ + + +20'* + + +3 + + +(3)f + + +Toxics + + +1,000 + + +(1,000)^' f + + +1,620 + + +500 + + +50*= + + +810 + + +25 + + +(25r'f + + + +For SI: 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m^ 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 pound per square inch absolute = 6.895 kPa,°C = [(°F)-32/1.8]. + +a. For gallons of liquids, divide the amount in pounds by 10 in accordance with Section 2703.1.2. + +b. The aggregate quantities in storage and use shall not exceed the quantity listed for storage. + +c. The aggregate quantity of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or noncombustible liquid hazardous materials allowed in outdoor storage per single property under the same ownership or control used for retail or +wholesale sales is allowed to exceed the maximum allowable quantity per control area when such storage is in accordance with Section 2703.1 1. + +d. Allowed only when used in approved exhausted gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures or under fume hoods. + +e. The maximum allowable quantity per control area for toxic hquids with vapor pressures in excess of 1 psia at 77 °F shall be the maximum allowable quantity per control area listed for highly toxic liquids. + +f. Quantities in parentheses indicate quantity units in parentheses at the head of each column. + +g. Two cylinders, each cylinder containing 150 pounds or less of anhydrous ammonia, shall be considered a maximum allowable quantity in an outdoor control area. + + + +m + +> +(/} + +I +o + +m + +z +m + +30 + +> +i- + +■D +30 +O + +< + +O + +z + +(0 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2703.2 Systems, equipment and processes. Systems, equip- +ment and processes utilized for storage, dispensing, use or han- +dling of hazardous materials shall be in accordance with +Sections 2703.2.1 through 2703.2.8. + +2703.2.1 Design and construction of containers, cylin- +ders and tanks. Containers, cylinders and tanks shall be +designed and constructed in accordance with approved stan- +dards. Containers, cylinders, tanks and other means used for +containment of hazardous materials shall be of an approved +type. + +2703.2.2 Piping, tubing, valves and fittings. Piping, tub- +ing, valves and fittings conveying hazardous materials shall +be designed and installed in accordance with approved stan- +dards and shall be in accordance with Sections 2703.2.2.1 +and 2703.2.2.2. + +2703.2.2.1 Design and construction. Piping, tubing, +valves, fittings and related components used for hazard- +ous materials shall be in accordance with the following: + +1 . Piping, tubing, valves, fittings and related compo- +nents shall be designed and fabricated from mate- +rials that are compatible with the material to be +contained and shall be of adequate strength and +durability to withstand the pressure, structural and +seismic stress and exposure to which they are sub- +ject. + +2. Piping and tubing shall be identified in accordance +with ASME A 13.1 to indicate the material con- +veyed. + +3. Readily accessible manual valves or automatic +remotely activated fail-safe emergency shutoff +valves shall be installed on supply piping and tub- +ing at the following locations: + +3.1. The point of use. + +3.2. The tank, cylinder or bulk source. + +4. Manual emergency shutoff valves and controls for +remotely activated emergency shutoff valves shall +be identified and the location shall be clearly visi- +ble, accessible and indicated by means of a sign. + +5. Backflow prevention or check valves shall be pro- +vided when the backflow of hazardous materials +could create a hazardous condition or cause the +unauthorized discharge of hazardous materials. + +6. Where gases or liquids having a hazard ranking of : + +Health hazard Class 3 or 4 +Flammability Class 4 +Reactivity Class 3 or 4 + +in accordance with NFPA 704 are carried in pres- +surized piping above 15 pounds per square inch +gauge (psig) (103 kPa), an approved means of leak +detection and emergency shutoff or excess flow +control shall be provided. Where the piping origi- +nates from within a hazardous material storage +room or area, the excess flow control shall be +located within the storage room or area. Where the + + + +piping originates from a bulk source, the excess +flow control shall be located as close to the bulk +source as practical. + +Exceptions: + +1. Piping for inlet connections designed to pre- +vent backflow. + +2. Piping for pressure rehef devices. + +2703.2.2.2 Additional regulations for supply piping +for health-hazard materials. Supply piping and tubing +for gases and liquids having a health-hazard ranking of 3 +or 4 in accordance with NFPA 704 shall be in accordance +with ASME B31.3 and the following: + +1 . Piping and tubing utilized for the transmission of +highly toxic, toxic or highly volatile corrosive liq- +uids and gases shall have welded, threaded or +flanged connections throughout except for con- +nections located within a ventilated enclosure if +the material is a gas, or an approved method of +drainage or containment is provided for connec- +tions if the material is a liquid. + +2. Piping and tubing shall not be located within corri- +dors, within any portion of a means of egress +required to be enclosed in fire-resistance-rated +construction or in concealed spaces in areas not +classified as Group H occupancies. + +Exception: Piping and tubing within the space +defined by the walls of corridors and the floor or +roof above or in concealed spaces above other +occupancies when installed in accordance with +Section 415.8.6.3 of the International Building +Code for Group H-5 occupancies. + +2703.2.3 Equipment, machinery and alarms. Equipment, +machinery and required detection and alarm systems asso- +ciated with the use, storage or handling of hazardous materi- +als shall be listed or approved. + +2703.2.4 Installation of tanks. Installation of tanks shall be +in accordance with Sections 2703.2.4.1 through +2703.2.4.2.1. + +2703.2.4.1 Underground tanks. Underground tanks +used for the storage of liquid hazardous materials shall +be provided with secondary containment. In lieu of pro- +viding secondary containment for an underground tank, +an above-ground tank in an underground vault comply- +ing with Section 3404.2.8 shall be permitted. + +2703.2.4.2 Above-ground tanks. Above-ground sta- +tionary tanks used for the storage of hazardous materials +shall be located and protected in accordance with the +requirements for outdoor storage of the particular mate- +rial involved. + +Exception: Above-ground tanks that are installed in +vaults complying with Section 3003.16 or 3404.2.8 +shall not be required to comply with location and pro- +tection requirements for outdoor storage. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +247 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2703.2.4.2.1 Marking. Above-ground stationary +tanks shall be marked as required by Section 2703.5. + +2703.2.5 Empty containers and tanks. Empty containers +and tanks previously used for the storage of hazardous +materials shall be free from residual material and vapor as +defined by DOTn, the Resource Conservation and Recovery +Act (RCRA) or other regulating authority or maintained as +specified for the storage of hazardous material. + +2703.2.6 Maintenance. In addition to the requirements of +Section 2703.2.3, equipment, machinery and required +detection and alarm systems associated with hazardous +materials shall be maintained in an operable condition. +Defective containers, cylinders and tanks shall be removed +from service, repaired or disposed of in an approved man- +ner. Defective equipment or machinery shall be removed +from service and repaired or replaced. Required detection +and alarm systems shall be replaced or repaired where +defective. + +2703.2.6.1 Tanks out of service for 90 days. Stationary +tanks not used for a period of 90 days shall be properly +safeguarded or removed in an approved manner. Such +tanks shall have the fill line, gauge opening and pump +connection secured against tampering. Vent lines shall +be properly maintained. + +2703.2.6.1.1 Return to service. Tanks that are to be +placed back in service shall be tested in an approved +manner. + +2703.2.6.2 Defective containers and tanks. Defective +containers and tanks shall be removed from service, +repaired in accordance with approved standards or dis- +posed of in an approved manner. + +2703.2.7 Liquid-level limit control. Atmospheric tanks +having a capacity greater than 500 gallons (1893 L) and +which contain hazardous material liquids shall be equipped +with a liquid-level limit control or other approved means to +prevent overfilling of the tank. + +2703.2.8 Seismic protection. Machinery and equipment +utilizing hazardous materials shall be braced and anchored +in accordance with the seismic design requirements of the +International Building Code for the seismic design category +in which the machinery or equipment is classified. + +2703.2.9 Testing. The equipment, devices and systems +hsted in Section 2703.2.9.1 shall be tested at one of the +intervals listed in Section 2703.2.9.2. Written records of the +tests conducted or maintenance performed shall be main- +tained in accordance with the provisions of Section 1 07 .2. 1 . + +Exceptions: + +1 . Testing shall not be required where approved writ- +ten documentation is provided stating that testing +will damage the equipment, device or system and +the equipment, device or system is maintained as +specified by the manufacturer. + +2. Testing shall not be required for equipment, +devices and systems that fail in a fail-safe manner. + + + +3. Testing shall not be required for equipment, +devices and systems that self-diagnose and report +trouble. Records of the self-diagnosis and trouble +reporting shall be made available to the authority +having jurisdiction. + +4. Testing shall not be required if system activation +occurs during the required test cycle for the com- +ponents activated during the test cycle. + +5. Approved maintenance in accordance with Sec- +tion 2703.2.6 that is performed not less than annu- +ally or in accordance with an approved schedule +shall be allowed to meet the testing requirements +set forth in Sections 2703.2.9.1 and 2703.2.9.2. + +2703.2.9.1 Equipment, devices and systems requiring +testing. The following equipment, systems and devices +shall be tested in accordance with Sections 2703.2.9 and +2703.2.9.2. + +1. Gas detection systems, alarms and automatic +emergency shutoff valves required by Section +3704.2.2.10 for highly toxic and toxic gases. + +2. Limit control systems for liquid level, temperature +and pressure required by Sections 2703.2.7, +2704.8 and 2705.1.4. + +3. Emergency alarm systems and supervision +required by Sections 2704.9 and 2705.4.4. + +4. Monitoring and supervisory systems required by +Sections 2704.10 and 2705.1.6. + +5. Manually activated shutdown controls required by +Section 4103.1.1.1 for compressed gas systems +conveying pyrophoric gases. + +2703.2.9.2 Testing frequency. The equipment, systems +and devices listed in Section 2703.2.9. 1 shall be tested at +one of the frequencies listed below: + +1. Not less than annually; + +2. In accordance with the approved manufacturers' +requirements; + +3. In accordance with approved recognized industry +standards; or + +4. In accordance with an approved schedule. + +2703.3 Release of hazardous materials. Hazardous materials +in any quantity shall not be released into a sewer, storm drain, +ditch, drainage canal, creek, stream, river, lake or tidal water- +way or on the ground, sidewalk, street, highway or into the +atmosphere. + +Exceptions: + +1. The release or emission of hazardous materials is +allowed when in compliance with federal, state, or +local governmental agencies, regulations or permits. + +2. The release of pesticides is allowed when used in +accordance with registered label directions. + + + +248 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +3. The release of fertilizer and soil amendments is +allowed when used in accordance with manufac- +turer's specifications. + +2703.3.1 Unauthorized discharges. When hazardous +materials are released in quantities reportable under state, +federal or local regulations, the fire code official shall be +notified and the following procedures required in accor- +dance with Sections 2703.3.1.1 through 2703.3.1.4. + +2703.3.1.1 Records. Accurate records shall be kept of +the unauthorized discharge of hazardous materials by the +permittee. + +2703.3.1.2 Preparation. Provisions shall be made for +controlling and mitigating unauthorized discharges. + +2703.3.1.3 Control. When an unauthorized discharge +caused by primary container failure is discovered, the +involved primary container shall be repaired or removed +from service. + +2703.3.1.4 Responsibility for cleanup. The person, +firm or corporation responsible for an unauthorized dis- +charge shall institute and complete all actions necessary +to remedy the effects of such unauthorized discharge, +whether sudden or gradual, at no cost to the jurisdiction. +When deemed necessary by the fire code official, +cleanup may be initiated by the fire department or by an +authorized individual or firm. Costs associated with such +cleanup shall be borne by the owner, operator or other +person responsible for the unauthorized discharge. + +2703.4 Material Safety Data Sheets. Material Safety Data +Sheets (MSDS) shall be readily available on the premises for +hazardous materials regulated by this chapter. When a hazard- +ous substance is developed in a laboratory, available informa- +tion shall be documented. + +Exception: Designated hazardous waste. + +2703.5 Hazard identiHcation signs. Unless otherwise +exempted by the fire code official, visible hazard identification +signs as specified in NFPA 704 for the specific material con- +tained shall be placed on stationary containers and +above-ground tanks and at entrances to locations where haz- +ardous materials are stored, dispensed, used or handled in +quantities requiring a permit and at specific entrances and loca- +tions designated by the fire code official. + +2703.5.1 Markings. Individual containers, cartons or pack- +ages shall be conspicuously marked or labeled in an +approved manner. Rooms or cabinets containing com- +pressed gases shall be conspicuously labeled: COM- +PRESSED GAS. + +2703.6 Signs. Signs and markings required by Sections 2703.5 +and 2703 .5.1 shall not be obscured or removed, shall be in Eng- +lish as a primary language or in symbols allowed by this code, +shall be durable, and the size, color and lettering shall be +approved. + +2703.7 Sources of ignition. Sources of ignition shall comply +with Sections 2703.7.1 through 2703.7.3. + + + +2703.7.1 Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited and "No +Smoking" signs provided as follows: + +1. In rooms or areas where hazardous materials are +stored or dispensed or used in open systems in +amounts requiring a permit in accordance with Sec- +tion 2701.5. + +2. Within 25 feet (7620 mm) of outdoor storage, dis- +pensing or open use areas. + +3. Facilities or areas within facilities that have been des- +ignated as totally "no smoking" shall have "No +Smoking" signs placed at all entrances to the facility +or area. Designated areas within such facilities where +smoking is permitted either permanently or tempo- +rarily, shall be identified with signs designating that +smoking is permitted in these areas only. + +4. In rooms or areas where flammable or combustible +hazardous materials are stored, dispensed or used. + +Signs required by this section shall be in English as a +primary language or in symbols allowed by this code and +shall comply with Section 310. + +2703.7.2 Open flames. Open flames and high-temperature +devices shall not be used in a manner which creates a haz- +ardous condition and shall be listed for use with the hazard- +ous materials stored or used. + +2703.7.3 Industrial trucks. Powered industrial trucks used +in areas designated as hazardous (classified) locations in +accordance with the ICC Electrical Code shall be listed and +labeled for use in the environment intended in accordance +with NFPA 505. + +2703.8 Construction requirements. Buildings, control areas, +enclosures and cabinets for hazardous materials shall be in +accordance with Sections 2703.8.1 through 2703.8.6.2. + +2703.8.1 Buildings. Buildings, or portions thereof, in +which hazardous materials are stored, handled or used shall +be constructed in accordance with the International Build- +ing Code. + +2703.8.2 Required detached buildings. Group H occupan- +cies containing quantities of hazardous materials in excess +of those set forth in Table 2703.8.2 shall be in detached +buildings. + +2703.8.3 Control areas. Control areas shall comply with +Sections 2703.8.3.1 through 2703.8.3.5. + +2703.8.3.1 Construction requirements. Control areas +shall be separated from each other by fire barriers con- +structed in accordance with Section 706 of the Interna- +tional Building Code or horizontal assemblies +constructed in accordance with Section 71 1 of the Inter- +national Building Code, or both. + +2703.8.3.2 Percentage of maximum allowable quanti- +ties. The percentage of maximum allowable quantities of +hazardous materials per control area allowed at each +floor level within a building shall be in accordance with +Table 2703.8.3.2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +249 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +TABLE 2703.8.2 +REQUIRED DETACHED STORAGE + + + +DETACHED STORAGE IS REQUIRED WHEN THE QUANTITY OF MATERIAL EXCEEDS THAT LISTED HEREIN + + +Material + + +Class + + +Solids and liquids +(tons)^' " + + +Gases +(cubic feetf'' + + +Explosives + + +Division 1.1 +Division 1.2 +Division 1.3 +Division 1.4 +Division 1.4^^ +Division 1.5 +Division 1.6 + + +Maximum Allowable Quantity +Maximum Allowable Quantity +Maximum Allowable Quantity +Maximum Allowable Quantity + +1 +Maximum Allowable Quantity +Maximum Allowable Quantity + + +Not Applicable + + +Oxidizers + + +Class 4 + + +Maximum Allowable Quantity + + +Maximum Allowable Quantity + + +Unstable (reactives) detonable + + +Class 3 or 4 + + +Maximum Allowable Quantity + + +Maximum Allowable Quantity + + +Oxidizer, liquids and solids + + +Class 3 +Class 2 + + +1,200 +2,000 + + +Not Applicable + + +Organic peroxides + + +Detonable +Class I +Class II + +Class III + + +Maximum Allowable Quantity +Maximum Allowable Quantity + +25 +50 + + +Not Applicable + + +Unstable (reactives) nondetonable + + +Class 3 +Class 2 + + +1 +25 + + +2,000 +10,000 + + +Water reactives + + +Class 3 +Class 2 + + +1 + +25 + + +Not Applicable + + +Pyrophoric gases + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +2,000 + + + +For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m^ 1 ton = 2000 lbs. = 907.2 kg. + +a. For materials which are detonable, the distance to other buildings or lot lines shall be as specified in the International Building Code. For materials classified as +explosives, the required separation distances shall be as specified in Chapter 33. + +b. "Maximum Allowable Quantity" means the maximum allowable quantity per control area set forth in Table 2703.1.1(1). + +c. Limited to Division 1 .4 materials and articles, including articles packaged for shipment, that are not regulated as an explosive under Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco +and Firearms regulations, or unpackaged articles used in process operations that do not propagate a detonation or deflagration between articles, providing the net +explosive weight of individual articles does not exceed 1 pound. + + + +TABLE 2703.8.3.2 +DESIGN AND NUMBER OF CONTROL AREAS + + + +FLOOR LEVEL + + +PERCENTAGE OF THE MAXIMUM + +ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER + +CONTROL AREA^ + + +NUMBER OF CONTROL +AREAS PER FLOOR + + +FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING FOR +FIRE BARRIERS IN HOURS" + + +Above grade +plane + + +Higher than 9 + +7-9 + +6 + +5 +4 +3 +2 +1 + + +5 + +5 +12.5 +12.5 +12.5 +50 +75 +100 + + +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +3 +4 + + +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +1 +1 + + +Below grade +plane + + +1 + +2 + +Lower than 2 + + +75 + +50 + +Not Allowed + + +3 + +2 + +Not Allowed + + +1 + +1 + +Not Allowed + + + +a. Percentages shall be of the maximum allowable quantity per control area shown in Tables 2703 .1.1(1) and 2703 . 1 . 1 (2), with all increases allowed in the footnotes +to those tables. + +b. Fire barriers shall include walls and floors as necessary to provide separation from other portions of the building. + + + +250 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +^ + + + +2703.8.3.3 Number. The maximum number of control +areas per floor within a building shall be in accordance +with Table 2703.8.3.2. + +2703.8.3.4 Fire-resistance rating requirements. The + +required fire-resistance rating for fire barriers shall be in +accordance with Table 2703.8.3.2. The floor construc- +tion of the control area and the construction supporting +the floor of the control area shall have a minimum 2-hour +fire-resistance rating. + +Exception: The floor construction of the control area +and the construction supporting the floor of the con- +trol area is allowed to be 1-hour fire-resistance rated +in buildings of Type IIA, IIIA and VA construction, +provided that both of the following conditions exist: + +1. The building is equipped throughout with an +automatic sprinkler system in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1; and + +2. The building is three stories or less in height. + +2703.8.3.5 Hazardous material in Group M display +and storage areas and in Group S storage areas. The + +aggregate quantity of nonflanomable solid and nonflam- +mable or noncombustible liquid hazardous materials +allowed within a single control area of a Group M display +and storage area or a Group S storage area is allowed to +exceed the maximum allowable quantities per control +area specified in Tables 2703.1.1(1) and 2703.1.1(2) +without classifying the building or use as a Group H +occupancy, provided that the materials are displayed and +stored in accordance with Section 2703.1 1. + +2703.8.4 Gas rooms. Where a gas room is provided to com- +ply with the provisions of Chapter 37, the gas room shall be +in accordance with Sections 2703.8.4.1 and 2703.8.4.2. + +2703.8.4.1 Construction. Gas rooms shall be protected +with an automatic sprinkler system. Gas rooms shall be +separated from the remainder of the building in accor- +dance with the requirements of the International Build- +ing Code based on the occupancy group into which it has +been classified. + +2703.8.4.2 Ventilation system. The ventilation system +for gas rooms shall be designed to operate at a negative +pressure in relation to the surrounding area. Highly toxic +and toxic gases shall also comply with Section +3704.2.2.6. The ventilation system shall be installed in +accordance with the International Mechanical Code. + +2703.8.5 Exhausted enclosures. Where an exhausted +enclosure is used to increase maximum allowable quantity +per control area or when the location of hazardous materials +in exhausted enclosures is provided to comply with the pro- +visions of Chapter 37, the exhausted enclosure shall be in +accordance with Sections 2703.8.5.1 through 2703.8.5.3. + +2703.8.5.1 Construction. Exhausted enclosures shall be +of noncombustible construction. + +2703.8.5.2 Ventilation. The ventilation system for +exhausted enclosures shall be designed to operate at a +negative pressure in relation to the surrounding area. +Ventilation systems used for highly toxic and toxic gases + + + +shall also comply with Items 1, 2 and 3 of Section +3704.1.2. The ventilation system shall be installed in +accordance with the International Mechanical Code. + +2703.8.5.3 Fire-extinguishing system. Exhausted +enclosures where flammable materials are used shall be +protected by an approved automatic fire-extinguishing +system in accordance with Chapter 9. + +2703.8.6 Gas cabinets. Where a gas cabinet is used to +increase the maximum allowable quantity per control area +or when the location of compressed gases in gas cabinets is +provided to comply with the provisions of Chapter 37, the +gas cabinet shall be in accordance with Sections 2703.8.6.1 +through 2703.8.6.3. + +2703.8.6.1 Construction. Gas cabinets shall be con- +structed in accordance with the following: + +1. Constructed of not less than 0.097-inch (2.5 mm) +(No. 12 gage) steel. + +2. Be provided with self-closing limited access ports +or noncombustible windows to give access to +equipment controls. + +3. Be provided with self-closing doors. + +4. Gas cabinet interiors shall be treated, coated or +constructed of materials that are compatible with +the hazardous materials stored. Such treatment, +coating or construction shall include the entire +interior of the cabinet. + +2703.8.6.2 Ventilation. The ventilation system for gas +cabinets shall be designed to operate at a negative pres- +sure in relation to the surrounding area. Ventilation sys- +tems used for highly toxic and toxic gases shall also +comply with Items 1, 2 and 3 of Section 3704.1.2. The +ventilation system shall be installed in accordance with +the International Mechanical Code. + +2703.8.6.3 Maximum number of cylinders per gas +cabinet. The number of cylinders contained in a single +gas cabinet shall not exceed three. + +2703.8.7 Hazardous materials storage cabinets. Where +storage cabinets are used to increase maximum allowable +quantity per control area or to comply with this chapter, +such cabinets shall be in accordance with Sections +2703.8.7.1 and 2703.8.7.2. + +2703.8.7.1 Construction. The interior of cabinets shall +be treated, coated or constructed of materials that are +nonreactive with the hazardous material stored. Such +treatment, coating or construction shall include the entire +interior of the cabinet. Cabinets shall either be listed in +accordance with UL 1275 as suitable for the intended +storage or constructed in accordance with the following: + +1 . Cabinets shall be of steel having a thickness of not +less than 0.0478 inch (1 .2 mm) (No. 18 gage). The +cabinet, including the door, shall be double walled +with a 1.5-inch (38 mm) airspace between the +walls. Joints shall be riveted or welded and shall be +tight fitting. Doors shall be well fitted, self-closing +and equipped with a self-latching device. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +251 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2. The bottoms of cabinets utilized for the storage of +hquids shall be liquid tight to a minimum height of +2 inches (51 mm). + +Electrical equipment and devices within cabinets used +for the storage of hazardous gases or liquids shall be in +accordance with the ICC Electrical Code. + +2703.8.7.2 Warning markings. Cabinets shall be +clearly identified in an approved manner with red letters +on a contrasting background to read: + +HAZARDOUS — KEEP FIRE AWAY. + +2703.9 General safety precautions. General precautions for +the safe storage, handling or care of hazardous materials shall +be in accordance with Sections 2703.9.1 through 2703.9.9. + +2703.9.1 Personnel training and written procedures. + +Persons responsible for the operation of areas in which haz- +ardous materials are stored, dispensed, handled or used +shall be familiar with the chemical nature of the materials +and the appropriate mitigating actions necessary in the event +of fire, leak or spill. + +2703.9.1.1 Fire department liaison. Responsible per- +sons shall be designated and trained to be liaison person- +nel to the fire department. These persons shall aid the fire +department in preplanning emergency responses and +identifying the locations where hazardous materials are +located, and shall have access to Material Safety Data +Sheets and be knowledgeable in the site's emergency +response procedures. + +2703.9.2 Security. Storage, dispensing, use and handling +areas shall be secured against unauthorized entry and safe- +guarded in a manner approved by the fire code official. + +2703.9.3 Protection from vehicles. Guard posts or other +approved means shall be provided to protect storage tanks +and connected piping, valves and fittings; dispensing areas; +and use areas subject to vehicular damage in accordance +with Section 312. + +2703.9.4 Electrical wiring and equipment. Electrical wir- +ing and equipment shall be installed and maintained in +accordance with the ICC Electrical Code. + +2703.9.5 Static accumulation. When processes or condi- +tions exist where a flammable mixture could be ignited by +static electricity, means shall be provided to prevent the +accumulation of a static charge. + +2703.9.6 Protection from light. Materials that are sensitive +to light shall be stored in containers designed to protect +them from such exposure. + +2703.9.7 Shock padding. Materials that are shock sensitive +shall be padded, suspended or otherwise protected against +accidental dislodgement and dislodgement during seismic +activity. + +2703.9.8 Separation of incompatible materials. Incom- +patible materials in storage and storage of materials that are +incompatible with materials in use shall be separated when +the stored materials are in containers having a capacity of + + + +more than 5 pounds (2 kg) or 0.5 gallon (2 L). Separation +shall be accomplished by: + +1. Segregating incompatible materials in storage by a +distance of not less than 20 feet (6096 mm). + +2. Isolating incompatible materials in storage by a +noncombustible partition extending not less than 18 +inches (457 mm) above and to the sides of the stored +material. + +3. Storing liquid and solid materials in hazardous mate- +rial storage cabinets. + +4. Storing compressed gases in gas cabinets or +exhausted enclosures in accordance with Sections +2703.8.5 and 2703.8.6. Materials that are incompati- +ble shall not be stored within the same cabinet or +exhausted enclosure. + +2703.9.9 Shelf storage. Shelving shall be of substantial +construction, and shall be braced and anchored in accor- +dance with the seismic design requirements of the Interna- +tional Building Code for the seismic zone in which the +material is located. Shelving shall be treated, coated or con- +structed of materials that are compatible with the hazardous +materials stored. Shelves shall be provided with a lip or +guard when used for the storage of individual containers. + +Exceptions: + +1. Storage in hazardous material storage cabinets or +laboratory furniture specifically designed for such +use. + +2. Storage of hazardous materials in amounts not +requiring a permit in accordance with Section +2701.5. + +Shelf storage of hazardous materials shall be maintained +in an orderly manner. + +2703.10 Handling and transportation. In addition to the +requirements of Section 2703.2, the handling and transporta- +tion of hazardous materials in corridors or exit enclosures shall +be in accordance with Sections 2703.10.1 through +2703.10.3.6. + +2703.10.1 Valve protection. Hazardous material gas con- +tainers, cylinders and tanks in transit shall have their protec- +tive caps in place. Containers, cylinders and tanks of highly +toxic or toxic compressed gases shall have their valve out- +lets capped or plugged with an approved closure device in +accordance with Chapter 30. + +2703.10.2 Carts and trucks required. Liquids in contain- +ers exceeding 5 gallons (19 L) in a corridor or exit enclosure +shall be transported on a cart or truck. Containers of hazard- +ous materials having a hazard ranking of 3 or 4 in accor- +dance with NFPA 704 and transported within corridors or +exit enclosures, shall be on a cart or truck. Where carts and +trucks are required for transporting hazardous materials, +they shall be in accordance with Section 2703.10.3. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Two hazardous material liquid containers, which +are hand carried in acceptable safety carriers. + + + +252 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2. Not more than four drums not exceeding 55 gal- +lons (208 L) each, which are transported by suit- +able drum trucks. + +3. Containers and cyhnders of compressed gases, +which are transported by approved hand trucks, +and containers and cylinders not exceeding 25 +pounds (11 kg), which are hand carried. + +4. Solid hazardous materials not exceeding 100 +pounds (45 kg), which are transported by +approved hand trucks, and a single container not +exceeding 50 pounds (23 kg), which is hand car- +ried. + +2703.10.3 Carts and trucks. Carts and trucks required by +Section 2703. 10.2 to be used to transport hazardous materi- +als shall be in accordance with Sections 2703.10.3.1 +through 2703.10.3.6. + +2703.10.3.1 Design. Carts and trucks used to transport +hazardous materials shall be designed to provide a stable +base for the commodities to be transported and shall have +a means of restraining containers to prevent accidental +dislodgement. Compressed gas cylinders placed on carts +and trucks shall be individually restrained. + +2703.10.3.2 Speed-control devices. Carts and trucks +shall be provided with a device that will enable the opera- +tor to control safely movement by providing stops or +speed-reduction devices. + +2703.10.3.3 Construction. Construction materials for +hazardous material carts or trucks shall be compatible +with the material transported. The cart or truck shall be of +substantial construction. + +2703.10.3.4 Spill control. Carts and trucks transporting +liquids shall be capable of containing a spill from the +largest single container transported. + +2703.10.3.5 Attendance. Carts and trucks used to trans- +port materials shall not obstruct or be left unattended +within any part of a means of egress. + +2703.10.3.6 Incompatible materials. Incompatible +materials shall not be transported on the same cart or +truck. + +2703.11 Group M storage and display and Group S storage. + +The aggregate quantity of nonflammable solid and nonflam- +mable or noncombustible liquid hazardous materials stored +and displayed within a single control area of a Group M occu- +pancy, or an outdoor control area, or stored in a single control +area of a Group S occupancy, is allowed to exceed the maxi- +mum allowable quantity per control area indicated in Section +2703.1 when in accordance with Sections 2703.11.1 through +2703.11.3.10. + +2703.11.1 Maximum allowable quantity per control +area in Group M or S occupancies. The aggregate amount +of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or +noncombustible liquid hazardous materials stored and dis- +played within a single control area of a Group M occupancy +or stored in a single control area of a Group S occupancy +shall not exceed the amounts set forth in Table 2703.1 1.1. + + + +2703.11.2 Maximum allowable quantity per outdoor +control area in Group M or S occupancies. The aggregate +amount of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or +noncombustible liquid hazardous materials stored and dis- +played within a single outdoor control area of a Group M +occupancy shall not exceed the amounts set forth in Table +2703.11.1. + +2703.11.3 Storage and display. Storage and display shall +be in accordance with Sections 2703.11.3.1 through +2703.11.3.10. + +2703.11.3.1 Density. Storage and display of solids shall +not exceed 200 pounds per square foot (976 kg/m^) of +floor area actually occupied by solid merchandise. Stor- +age and display of liquids shall not exceed 20 gallons per +square foot (0.50 L/m^) of floor area actually occupied +by liquid merchandise. + +2703.11.3.2 Storage and display height. Display height +shall not exceed 6 feet (1829 mm) above the finished +floor in display areas of Group M occupancies. Storage +height shall not exceed 8 feet (2438 mm) above the fin- +ished floor in storage areas of Group M and Group S +occupancies. + +2703.11.3.3 Container location. Individual containers +less than 5 gallons (19 L) or less than 25 pounds (11 kg) +shall be stored or displayed on pallets, racks or shelves. + +2703.11.3.4 Racks and shelves. Racks and shelves used +for storage or display shall be in accordance with Section +2703.9.9. + +2703.11.3.5 Container type. Containers shall be +approved for the intended use and identified as to their +content. + +2703.11.3.6 Container size. Individual containers shall +not exceed 100 pounds (45 kg) for solids or 10 gallons +(38 L) for liquids in storage and display areas. + +2703.11.3.7 Incompatible materials. Incompatible +materials shall be separated in accordance with Section +2703.9.8. + +2703.11.3.8 Floors. Floors shall be in accordance with +Section 2704.12. + +2703.11.3.9 Aisles. Aisles 4 feet (1219 mm) in width +shall be maintained on three sides of the storage or dis- +play area. + +2703.11.3.10 Signs. Hazard identification signs shall be +provided in accordance with Section 2703.5. + +2703.12 Outdoor control areas. Outdoor control areas for +hazardous materials in amounts not exceeding the maximum +allowable quantity per outdoor control area shall be in accor- +dance with the following: + +1. Outdoor control area shall be kept free from weeds, +debris and common combustible materials not necessary +to the storage. The area surrounding an outdoor control +area shall be kept clear of such materials for a minimum +of 15 feet (4572 mm). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +253 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2. Outdoor control areas shall be located not closer than 20 +feet (6096 mm) from a lot line that can be built upon, +public street, public alley or public way. A 2-hour +fire-resistance-rated wall without openings extending +not less than 30 inches (762 mm) above and to the sides +of the storage area is allowed in lieu of such distance. + +3. Where a property exceeds 10,000 square feet (929 m^), a +group of two outdoor control areas is allowed when +approved and when each control area is separated by a +minimum distance of 50 feet (15 240 mm). + +4. Where a property exceeds 35,000 square feet (3252 m^), +additional groups of outdoor control areas are allowed +when approved and when each group is separated by a +minimum distance of 300 feet (91 440 mm). + + + +SECTION 2704 +STORAGE + +2704.1 Scope. Storage of hazardous materials in amounts +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area as +set forth in Section 2703. 1 shall be in accordance with Sections +2701, 2703 and 2704. Storage of hazardous materials in +amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per +control area as set forth in Section 2703.1 shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701 and 2703. Retail and wholesale stor- +age and display of nonflammable solid and nonflammable and +noncombustible liquid hazardous materials in Group M occu- +pancies and Group S storage shall be in accordance with Sec- +tion 2703.11. + +2704.2 Spill control and secondary containment for liq- +uid and solid hazardous materials. Rooms, buildings or + + + +TABLE 2703.11.1 +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER INDOOR AND OUTDOOR CONTROL AREA IN GROUP M AND +S OCCUPANCIES NONFLAMMABLE SOLIDS, NONFLAMMABLE AND NONCOMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS " ^ ' + + + +CONDITION + + +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA + + +Material^ + + +Class + + +Solids +pounds + + +Liquids gallons + + +A. HEALTH-HAZARD MATERIALS— NONFLAMMABLE AND NONCOMBUSTIBLE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS + + +1. Corrosives'''' + + +Not Applicable + + +9,750 + + +975 + + +2. Highly Toxics + + +Not Applicable + + +20''''' + + +2b, c + + +3. Toxics''' '' + + +Not Applicable + + +1,000 + + +100 + + +B. PHYSICAL-HAZARD MATERIALS —NONFLAMMABLE AND NONCOMBUSTIBLE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS + + +1. Oxidizers''' '^ + + +4 + + +Not Allowed + + +Not Allowed + + +3 + + +1,1508 + + +115 + + +2 + + +2,250'' + + +225 + + +1 + + +18,000'' J + + +1,800'' J + + +2. Unstable (Reactives)''' '^ + + +4 + + +Not Allowed + + +Not Allowed + + +3 + + +550 + + +55 + + +2 + + +1,150 + + +115 + + +1 + + +Not Limited + + +Not Limited + + +3. Water (Reactives) + + +oh, c + + +550 + + +55 + + +2b, c + + +1,150 + + +115 + + +1 + + +Not Limited + + +Not Limited + + + +For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 ml + +a. Hazard categories are as specified in Section 2701.2.2. + +b. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with +Section 903.3.1.1. When Note c also applies, the increase for both notes shall be applied accumulatively. + +c. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent when stored in approved storage cabinets in accordance with Section 2703.8. When Note b also +applies, the increase for both notes shall be apphed accumulatively. + +d. See Table 2703.8.3.2 for design and number of control areas. + +e. Maximum allowable quantities for other hazardous material categories shall be in accordance with Section 2703. 1 . + +f. Maximum allowable quantities shall be increased 100 percent in outdoor control areas. + +g. Maximum allowable quantities are permitted to be increased to 2,250 pounds when individual packages are in the original sealed containers from the manufacturer +or packager and do not exceed 10 pounds each. + +h. Maximum allowable quantities are permitted to be increased to 4,500 pounds when individual packages are in the original sealed containers from the manufacturer + +or packager and do not exceed 10 pounds each. +i. Quantities are unUmited where protected by an automatic sprinkler system, +j. Quantities are unlimited in an outdoor control area. + + + +254 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +areas used for the storage of liquid or solid hazardous mate- +rials shall be provided with spill control and secondary con- +tainment in accordance with Sections 2704.2.1 through +2704.2.3. + +Exception: Outdoor storage of containers on approved con- +tainment pallets in accordance with Section 2704.2.3. + +2704.2.1 Spill control for hazardous material liquids. + +Rooms, buildings or areas used for the storage of hazardous +material liquids in individual vessels having a capacity of +more than 55 gallons (208 L), or in which the aggregate +capacity of multiple vessels exceeds 1 ,000 gallons (3785 L), +shall be provided with spill control to prevent the flow of liq- +uids to adjoining areas. Floors in indoor locations and simi- +lar surfaces in outdoor locations shall be constructed to +contain a spill from the largest single vessel by one of the +following methods: + +1. Liquid-tight sloped or recessed floors in indoor loca- +tions or similar areas in outdoor locations. + +2. Liquid-tight floors in indoor locations or similar areas +in outdoor locations provided with liquid-tight raised +or recessed sills or dikes. + +3. Sumps and collection systems. + +4. Other approved engineered systems. + +Except for surfacing, the floors, sills, dikes, sumps and col- +lection systems shall be constructed of noncombustible mate- +rial, and the liquid-tight seal shall be compatible with the +material stored. When liquid-tight sills or dikes are provided, +they are not required at perimeter openings having an +open-grate trench across the opening that connects to an +approved collection system. + +2704.2.2 Secondary containment for hazardous mate- +rial liquids and solids. Where required by Table 2704.2.2 +buildings, rooms or areas used for the storage of hazardous +materials liquids or solids shall be provided with secondary +containment in accordance with this section when the +capacity of an individual vessel or the aggregate capacity of +multiple vessels exceeds the following: + +1. Liquids: Capacity of an individual vessel exceeds 55 +gallons (208 L) or the aggregate capacity of multiple +vessels exceeds 1,000 gallons (3785 L); and + +2. Solids: Capacity of an individual vessel exceeds 550 +pounds (250 kg) or the aggregate capacity of multiple +vessels exceeds 10,000 pounds (4540 kg). + +2704.2.2.1 Containment and drainage methods. The + +building, room or area shall contain or drain the hazard- +ous materials and fire protection water through the use of +one of the following methods: + +1. Liquid-tight sloped or recessed floors in indoor +locations or similar areas in outdoor locations. + +2. Liquid-tight floors in indoor locations or similar +areas in outdoor locations provided with liq- +uid-tight raised or recessed sills or dikes. + +3. Sumps and collection systems. + +4. Drainage systems leading to an approved location. + + + +5. Other approved engineered systems. + +2704.2.2.2 Incompatible materials. Incompatible +materials used in open systems shall be separated from +each other in the secondary containment system. + +2704.2.2.3 Indoor design. Secondary containment for +indoor storage areas shall be designed to contain a spill +from the largest vessel plus the design flow volume of +fire protection water calculated to discharge from the +fire-extinguishing system over the minimum required +system design area or area of the room or area in which +the storage is located, whichever is smaller. The contain- +ment capacity shall be designed to contain the flow for a +period of 20 minutes. + +2704.2.2.4 Outdoor design. Secondary containment for +outdoor storage areas shall be designed to contain a spill +from the largest individual vessel. If the area is open to +rainfall, secondary containment shall be designed to +include the volume of a 24-hour rainfall as determined by +a 25 -year storm and provisions shall be made to drain +accumulations of ground water and rainwater. + +2704.2.2.5 Monitoring. An approved monitoring +method shall be provided to detect hazardous materials +in the secondary containment system. The monitoring +method is allowed to be visual inspection of the primary +or secondary containment, or other approved means. +Where secondary containment is subject to the intrusion +of water, a monitoring method for detecting water shall +be provided. Where monitoring devices are provided, +they shall be connected to approved visual or audible +alarms. + +2704.2.2.6 Drainage system design. Drainage systems +shall be in accordance with the International Plumbing +Code and all of the following: + +1 . The slope of floors to drains in indoor locations, or +similar areas in outdoor locations shall not be less +than 1 percent. + +2. Drains from indoor storage areas shall be sized to +carry the volume of the fire protection water as +determined by the design density discharged from +the automatic fire-extinguishing system over the +minimum required system design area or area of +the room or area in which the storage is located, +whichever is smaller. + +3. Drains from outdoor storage areas shall be sized to +carry the volume of the fire flow and the volume of +a 24-hour rainfall as determined by a 25 -year +storm. + +4. Materials of construction for drainage systems +shall be compatible with the materials stored. + +5. Incompatible materials used in open systems shall +be separated from each other in the drainage sys- +tem. + +6. Drains shall terminate in an approved location +away from buildings, valves, means of egress, fire +access roadways, adjoining property and storm +drains. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +255 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +TABLE 2704.2.2 +REQUIRED SECONDARY CONTAINMENT— HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS STORAGE + + + + + + + +INDOOR STORAGE + + +OUTDOOR STORAGE + + +MATERIAL + + +Solids Liquids + + +Solids + + +Liquids + + +1 . Physical-hazard materials + + +Combustible liquids + + +Class II + + +Not +Applicable + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Not +Applicable + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Class IIIA + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Class IIIB + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Cryogenic fluids + + +See Chapter 32 + + +See Chapter 32 + + +Explosives + + +See Chapter 33 + + +See Chapter 32 + + +Flammable liquids + + +Class lA + + +Not +Applicable + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Not +Applicable + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Class IB + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Class IC + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Flammable solids + + +Not Required + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Required + + +Not Applicable + + +Organic peroxides + + +Unclassified +Detonable + + +Required + + +Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Class I + + +Class II + + +Class III + + +Class IV + + +Class V + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Oxidizers + + +Class 4 + + +Required + + +Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Class 3 + + +Class 2 + + +Class 1 + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Pyrophorics + + +Not Required + + +Required + + +Not Required + + +Required + + +Unstable (reactives) + + +Class 4 + + +Required + + +Required + + +Required + + +Required + + +Class 3 + + +Class 2 + + +Class 1 + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Water reactives + + +Class 3 + + +Required + + +Required + + +Required + + +Required + + +Class 2 + + +Class 1 + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +. Not Required + + +Not Required + + +2. Health-hazard materials + + +Corrosives + + +Not Required + + +Required + + +Not Required + + +Required + + +Highly toxics + + +Required + + +Required + + +Required + + +Required + + +Toxics + + + +256 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2704.2.3 Containment pallets. When used as an alterna- +tive to spill control and secondary containment for outdoor +storage in accordance with the exception in Section 2704.2, +containment pallets shall comply with all of the following: + +1. A liquid-tight sump accessible for visual inspection +shall be provided. + +2. The sump shall be designed to contain not less than 66 +gallons (250 L). + +3. Exposed surfaces shall be compatible with material +stored. + +4. Containment pallets shall be protected to prevent col- +lection of rainwater within the sump. + +2704.3 Ventilation. Indoor storage areas and storage buildings +shall be provided with mechanical exhaust ventilation or natu- +ral ventilation where natural ventilation can be shown to be +acceptable for the materials as stored. + +Exception: Storage areas for flammable solids complying +with Chapter 36. + +2704.3.1 System requirements. Exhaust ventilation sys- +tems shall comply with all of the following: + +1 . Installation shall be in accordance with the Interna- +tional Mechanical Code. + +2. Mechanical ventilation shall be at a rate of not less +than 1 cubic foot per minute per square foot +[0.00508 m^/(s • m^)] of floor area over the storage +area. + +3. Systems shall operate continuously unless alternative +designs are approved. + +4. A manual shutoff control shall be provided outside of +the room in a position adjacent to the access door to +the room or in an approved location. The switch shall +be a break-glass or other approved type and shall be +labeled: VENTILATION SYSTEM EMERGENCY +SHUTOFF. + +5. Exhaust ventilation shall be designed to consider the +density of the potential fumes or vapors released. For +fumes or vapors that are heavier than air, exhaust shall +be taken from a point within 12 inches (305 mm) of +the floor. For fumes or vapors that are lighter than air, +exhaust shall be taken from a point within 12 inches +(305 mm) of the highest point of the room. + +6. The location of both the exhaust and inlet air openings +shall be designed to provide air movement across all +portions of the floor or room to prevent the accumula- +tion of vapors. + +7. Exhaust air shall not be recirculated to occupied areas +if the materials stored are capable of emitting hazard- +ous vapors and contaminants have not been removed. +Air-contaminated with explosive or flammable +vapors, fumes or dusts; flammable, highly toxic or +toxic gases; or radioactive materials shall not be +recirculated. + +2704.4 Separation of incompatible hazardous materials. + +Incompatible materials shall be separated in accordance with +Section 2703.9.8. + + + +2704.5 Automatic sprinkler systems. Indoor storage areas +and storage buildings shall be equipped throughout with an +approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Sec- +tion 903.3.1.1. The design of the sprinkler system shall not be +less than that required for Ordinary Hazard Group 2 with a min- +imum design area of 3,000 square feet (279 m^). Where the +materials or storage arrangement are required by other regula- +tions to be provided with a higher level of sprinkler system pro- +tection, the higher level of sprinkler system protection shall be +provided. + +2704.6 Explosion control. Indoor storage rooms, areas and +buildings shall be provided with explosion control in accor- +dance with Section 911. + +2704.7 Standby or emergency power. Where mechanical +ventilation, treatment systems, temperature control, alarm, +detection or other electrically operated systems are required, +such systems shall be provided with an emergency or standby +power system in accordance with the ICC Electrical Code and +Section 604. + +Exceptions: + +1. Storage areas for Class 1 and 2 oxidizers. + +2. Storage areas for Class EI, IV and V organic perox- +ides. + +3. For storage areas for highly toxic or toxic materials, +see Sections 3704.2.2.8 and 3704.3.2.6. + +4. Standby power for mechanical ventilation, treatment +systems and temperature control systems shall not be +required where an approved fail-safe engineered sys- +tem is installed. + +2704.8 Limit controls. Limit controls shall be provided in +accordance with Sections 2704.8.1 and 2704.8.2. + +2704.8.1 Temperature control. Materials that must be kept +at temperatures other than normal ambient temperatures to +prevent a hazardous reaction shall be provided with an +approved means to maintain the temperature within a safe +range. Redundant temperature control equipment that will +operate on failure of the primary temperature control system +shall be provided. Where approved, alternative means that +prevent a hazardous reaction are allowed. + +2704.8.2 Pressure control. Stationary tanks and equipment +containing hazardous material liquids that can generate +pressures exceeding design limits because of exposure fires +or internal reaction, shall have some form of construction or +other approved means that will relieve excessive internal +pressure. The means of pressure relief shall vent to an +approved location or to an exhaust scrubber or treatment +system where required by Chapter 37. + +2704.9 Emergency alarm. An approved manual emergency +alarm system shall be provided in buildings, rooms or areas +used for storage of hazardous materials. Emergency alarm-ini- +tiating devices shall be installed outside of each interior exit or +exit access door of storage buildings, rooms or areas. Activa- +tion of an emergency alarm-initiating device shall sound a local +alarm to alert occupants of an emergency situation involving +hazardous materials. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +257 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2704.10 Supervision. Emergency alarm, detection and auto- +matic fire-extinguishing systems required by Section 2704 +shall be supervised by an approved central, proprietary or +remote station service or shall initiate an audible and visual sig- +nal at a constantly attended on-site location. + +2704.11 Clearance from combustibles. The area surrounding +an outdoor storage area or tank shall be kept clear of combusti- +ble materials and vegetation for a minimum distance of 25 feet +(7620 mm). + +2704.12 Noncombustible floor. Except for surfacing, floors of +storage areas shall be of noncombustible construction. + +2704.13 Weather protection. Where overhead +noncombustible construction is provided for sheltering out- +door hazardous material storage areas, such storage shall not be +considered indoor storage when the area is constructed in +accordance with the requirements for weather protection as +required by the International Building Code. + +Exception: Storage of explosive materials shall be consid- +ered as indoor storage. + + + +SECTION 2705 +USE, DISPENSING AND HANDLING + +2705.1 General. Use, dispensing and handling of hazardous +materials in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area set forth in Section 2703.1 shall be in +accordance with Sections 2701, 2703 and 2705. Use, dispens- +ing and handling of hazardous materials in amounts not +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area set +forth in Section 2703.1 shall be in accordance with Sections +2701 and 2703. + +2705.1.1 Separation of incompatible materials. Separa- +tion of incompatible materials shall be in accordance with +Section 2703.9.8. + +2705.1.2 Noncombustible floor. Except for surfacing, +floors of areas where liquid or solid hazardous materials are +dispensed or used in open systems shall be of +noncombustible, liquid-tight construction. + +2705.1.3 Spill control and secondary containment for +hazardous material liquids. Where required by other pro- +visions of Section 2705, spill control and secondary con- +tainment shall be provided for hazardous material liquids in +accordance with Section 2704.2. + +2705.1.4 Limit controls. Limit controls shall be provided in +accordance with Sections 2705.1.4.1 through 2705.1.4.4. + +2705.1.4.1 High-liquid-level control. Open tanks in +which liquid hazardous materials are used shall be +equipped with a liquid-level limit control or other means +to prevent overfilling of the tank. + +2705.1.4.2 Low-liquid-level control. Approved safe- +guards shall be provided to prevent a low-liquid level in a +tank from creating a hazardous condition, including but +not limited to, overheating of a tank or its contents. + +2705.1.4.3 Temperature control. Temperature control +shall be provided in accordance with Section 2704.8.1. + + + +2705.1.4.4 Pressure control. Pressure control shall be +provided in accordance with Section 2704.8.2. + +2705.1.5 Standby or emergency power. Where mechani- +cal ventilation, treatment systems, temperature control, +manual alarm, detection or other electrically operated sys- +tems are required, such systems shall be provided with an +emergency or standby power system in accordance with the +ICC Electrical Code and Section 604. + +Exceptions: + +1. Standby power for mechanical ventilation, treat- +ment systems and temperature control systems +shall not be required where an approved fail-safe +engineered system is installed. + +2. Systems for highly toxic or toxic gases shall be +provided with emergency power in accordance +with Sections 3704.2.2.8 and 3704.3.2.6. + +2705.1.6 Supervision. Manual alarm, detection and auto- +matic fire-extinguishing systems required by other provi- +sions of Section 2705 shall be supervised by an approved +central, proprietary or remote station service or shall initiate +an audible and visual signal at a constantly attended on-site +location. + +2705.1.7 Lighting. Adequate lighting by natural or artifi- +cial means shall be provided. + +2705.1.8 Fire-extinguishing systems. Indoor rooms or +areas in which hazardous materials are dispensed or used +shall be protected by an automatic fire-extinguishing sys- +tem in accordance with Chapter 9. Sprinkler system design +shall not be less than that required for Ordinary Hazard, +Group 2, with a minimum design area of 3,000 square feet +(279 m^). Where the materials or storage arrangement are +required by other regulations to be provided with a higher +level of sprinkler system protection, the higher level of +sprinkler system protection shall be provided. + +2705.1.9 Ventilation. Indoor dispensing and use areas shall +be provided with exhaust ventilation in accordance with +Section 2704.3. + +Exception: Ventilation is not required for dispensing +and use of flammable solids other than finely divided +particles. + +2705.1.10 Liquid transfer. Liquids having a hazard rank- +ing of 3 or 4 in accordance with NFPA 704 shall be trans- +ferred by one of the following methods: + +1. From safety cans complying with UL 30. + +2. Through an approved closed piping system. + +3. From containers or tanks by an approved pump taking +suction through an opening in the top of the container +or tank. + +4. From containers or tanks by gravity through an +approved self-closing or automatic-closing valve +when the container or tank and dispensing operations +are provided with spill control and secondary contain- +ment in accordance with Section 2704.2. Highly toxic +liquids shall not be dispensed by gravity from tanks. + + + +258 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +5. Approved engineered liquid transfer systems. +Exceptions: + +1 . Liquids having a hazard ranking of 4 when dis- +pensed from approved containers not exceeding +1.3 gallons (5 L). + +2. Liquids having a hazard ranking of 3 when dis- +pensed from approved containers not exceeding +5.3 gallons (20 L). + +2705.2 Indoor dispensing and use. Indoor dispensing and use +of hazardous materials shall be in buildings complying with the +International Building Code and in accordance with Section +2705.1 and Sections 2705.2.1 through 2705.2.2.5. + +2705.2.1 Open systems. Dispensing and use of hazardous +materials in open containers or systems shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2705.2.1.1 through 2705.2.1.4. + +2705.2.1.1 Ventilation. Where gases, liquids or solids +having a hazard ranking of 3 or 4 in accordance with +NFPA 704 are dispensed or used, mechanical exhaust +ventilation shall be provided to capture gases, fumes, +mists or vapors at the point of generation. + +Exception: Gases, liquids or solids that can be dem- +onstrated not to create harmful gases, fumes, mists or +vapors. + +2705.2.1.2 Explosion control. Explosion control shall +be provided in accordance with Section 2704.6 when an +explosive environment can occur because of the charac- +teristics or nature of the hazardous materials dispensed +or used, or as a result of the dispensing or use process. + +2705.2.1.3 Spill control for hazardous material liq- +uids. Buildings, rooms or areas where hazardous mate- +rial liquids are dispensed into vessels exceeding a +1.3-gallon (5 L) capacity or used in open systems +exceeding a 5.3-gallon (20 L) capacity shall be provided +with spill control in accordance with Section 2704.2.1. + +2705.2.1.4 Secondary containment for hazardous +material liquids. Where required by Table 2705.2.1.4, +buildings, rooms or areas where hazardous material liq- +uids are dispensed or used in open systems shall be pro- +vided with secondary containment in accordance with +Section 2704.2.2 when the capacity of an individual ves- +sel or system or the capacity of multiple vessels or sys- +tems exceeds the following: + +1. Individual vessel or system: greater than 1.3 gal- +lons (5 L). + +2. Multiple vessels or systems: greater than 5.3 gal- +lons (20 L). + +2705.2.2 Closed systems. Use of hazardous materials in +closed containers or systems shall be in accordance with +Sections 2705.2.2.1 through 2705.2.2.5. + +2705.2.2.1 Design. Systems shall be suitable for the use +intended and shall be designed by persons competent in +such design. Controls shall be designed to prevent mate- + + + +rials from entering or leaving the process or reaction sys- +tems at other than the intended time, rate or path. Where +automatic controls are provided, they shall be designed +to be fail safe. + +2705.2.2.2 Ventilation. Where closed systems are +designed to be opened as part of normal operations, ven- +tilation shall be provided in accordance with Section +2705.2.1.1. + +2705.2.2.3 Explosion control. Explosion control shall +be provided in accordance with Section 2704.6 where an +explosive environment exists because of the hazardous +materials dispensed or used, or as a result of the dispens- +ing or use process. + +Exception: Where process vessels are designed to +contain fully the worst-case explosion anticipated +within the vessel under process conditions based on +the most likely failure. + +2705.2.2.4 Spill control for hazardous material liq- +uids. Buildings, rooms or areas where hazardous mate- +rial liquids are used in individual vessels exceeding a +55-gallon (208 L) capacity shall be provided with spill +control in accordance with Section 2704.2.1. + +2705.2.2.5 Secondary containment for hazardous +material liquids. Where required by Table 2705.2.1.4, +buildings, rooms or areas where hazardous material liq- +uids are used in vessels or systems shall be provided with +secondary containment in accordance with Section +2704.2.2 when the capacity of an individual vessel or +system or the capacity of multiple vessels or systems +exceeds the following: + +1 . Individual vessel or system: greater than 55 gal- +lons (208 L). + +2. Multiple vessels or systems: greater than 1,000 +gallons (3785 L). + +2705.3 Outdoor dispensing and use. Dispensing and use of +hazardous materials outdoors shall be in accordance with Sec- +tions 2705.3.1 through 2705.3.9. + +2705.3.1 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. Outdoor dispensing or use of +hazardous materials, in either closed or open containers or +systems, in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area indicated in Tables 2703.1.1(3) +and 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accordance with Sections 2701, +2703, 2705.1 and 2705.3. + +2705.3.2 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area. Outdoor dispensing or use +of hazardous materials, in either closed or open containers +or systems, in amounts not exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area indicated in Tables +2703.1.1(3) and 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accordance with +Sections 2701 and 2703. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +259 + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + + + +TABLE 2705.2.1.4 +REQUIRED SECONDARY CONTAINMENT— HAZARDOUS MATERIAL LIQUIDS USE + + +MATERIAL + + +INDOOR LIQUIDS USE + + +OUTDOOR LIQUIDS USE + + +1. Physical-hazard materials + + +Combustible liquids + + +Class II + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Class IIIA + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Class IIIB + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Cryogenic fluids + + +See Chapter 32 + + +See Chapter 32 + + +Explosives + + +See Chapter 33 + + +See Chapter 33 + + +Flammable liquids + + +Class lA + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Class IB + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Class IC + + +See Chapter 34 + + +See Chapter 34 + + +Flammable solids + + +Not Apphcable + + +Not Applicable + + +Organic peroxides + + +Unclassified Detonable + + +Required + + +Required + + +Class I + + +Required + + +Required + + +Class II + + +Class III + + +Class IV + + +Class V + + +Not Required + + +Not Required + + +Oxidizers + + +Class 4 + + +Required + + +Required + + +Class 3 + + +Class 2 + + +Class 1 + + +Pyrophorics + + +Required + + +Required + + +Unstable (reactives) + + +Class 4 + + +Required + + +Required + + +Class 3 + + +Class 2 + + +Class 1 + + +Not Required + + +Required + + +Water reactives + + +Class 3 + + +Required + + +Required + + +Class 2 + + +Class 1 + + +Not Required + + +Required + + +2. Health-hazard materials + + +Corrosives + + +Required + + +Required + + +Highly toxics + + +Toxics + + + +260 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS— GENERAL PROVISIONS + + + +2705.3.3 Location. Outdoor dispensing and use areas for +hazardous materials shall be located as required for outdoor +storage in accordance with Section 2704. + +2705.3.4 Spill control for hazardous material liquids in +open systems. Outdoor areas where hazardous material liq- +uids are dispensed in vessels exceeding a 1.3-gallon (5 L) +capacity or used in open systems exceeding a 5.3-gallon (20 +L) capacity shall be provided with spill control in accor- +dance with Section 2704.2.1. + +2705.3.5 Secondary containment for hazardous mate- +rial liquids in open systems. Where required by Table +2705.2.1.4, outdoor areas where hazardous material liquids +are dispensed or used in open systems shall be provided +with secondary containment in accordance with Section +2704.2.2 when the capacity of an individual vessel or sys- +tem or the capacity of multiple vessels or systems exceeds +the following: + +1. Individual vessel or system: greater than 1.3 gallons +(5L). + +2. Multiple vessels or systems: greater than 5.3 gallons +(20 L). + +2705.3.6 Spill control for hazardous material liquids in +closed systems. Outdoor areas where hazardous material +liquids are used in closed systems exceeding 55 gallons +(208 L) shall be provided with spill control in accordance +with Section 2704.2.1. + +2705.3.7 Secondary containment for hazardous mate- +rial liquids in closed systems. Where required by Table +2705.2. 1 .4, outdoor areas where hazardous material liquids +are dispensed or used in closed systems shall be provided +with secondary containment in accordance with Section +2704.2.2 when the capacity of an individual vessel or sys- +tem or the capacity of multiple vessels or systems exceeds +the following: + +1. Individual vessel or system: greater than 55 gallons +(208 L). + +2. Multiple vessels or systems: greater than 1,000 gal- +lons (3785 L). + +2705.3.8 Clearance from combustibles. The area sur- +rounding an outdoor dispensing or use area shall be kept +clear of combustible materials and vegetation for a mini- +mum distance of 30 feet (9144 mm). + +2705.3.9 Weather protection. Where overhead +noncombustible construction is provided for sheltering out- +door hazardous material use areas, such use shall not be +considered indoor use when the area is constructed in accor- +dance with the requirements for weather protection as +required in the International Building Code. + +Exception: Use of explosive materials shall be consid- +ered as indoor use. + +2705.4 Handling. Handling of hazardous materials shall be in +accordance with Sections 2705.4.1 through 2705.4.4. + +2705.4.1 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. Handling of hazardous materi- +als in indoor and outdoor locations in amounts exceeding + + + +the maximum allowable quantity per control area indicated +in Tables 2703 . 1 . 1 ( 1 ) through 2703 . 1 . 1 (4) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2705.1 and 2705.4. + +2705.4.2 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area. Handling of hazardous +materials in indoor locations in amounts not exceeding the +maximum allowable quantity per control area indicated in +Tables 2703.1.1(1) and 2703.1.1(2) shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703 and 2705.1. Handling of hazard- +ous materials in outdoor locations in amounts not exceeding +the maximum allowable quantity per control area indicated +in Tables 2703.1.1(3) and 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701 and 2703. + +2705.4.3 Location. Outdoor handling areas for hazardous +materials shall be located as required for outdoor storage in +accordance with Section 2704. + +2705.4.4 Emergency alarm. Where hazardous materials +having a hazard ranking of 3 or 4 in accordance with NFPA +704 are transported through corridors or exit enclosures, +there shall be an emergency telephone system, a local man- +ual alarm station or an approved alarm-initiating device at +not more than 150-foot (45 720 mm) intervals and at each +exit and exit access doorway throughout the transport route. +The signal shall be relayed to an approved central station, +proprietary supervising station or remote supervising sta- +tion or a constantly attended on-site location and shall also +initiate a local audible alarm. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +261 + + + +262 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 28 + +AEROSOLS + + + +SECTION 2801 +GENERAL + +2801.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter, i\\& International +Building Code and NFPA 30B shall apply to the manufactur- +ing, storage and display of aerosol products. Manufacturing of +aerosol products using hazardous materials shall also comply +with Chapter 27. + +2801.2 Permit required. Permits shall be required as set forth +in Section 105.6. + +2801.3 Material Safety Data Slieets. Material Safety Data +Sheet (MSDS) information for aerosol products displayed +shall be kept on the premises at an approved location. + + + +SECTION 2802 +DEFINITIONS + +2802.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +AEROSOL. A product that is dispensed from an aerosol con- +tainer by a propellant. + +Aerosol products shall be classified by means of the calcula- +tion of their chemical heats of combustion and shall be desig- +nated Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3. + +Level 1 aerosol products. Those with a total chemical heat +of combustion that is less than or equal to 8,600 British ther- +mal units per pound (Btu/lb) (20 kJ/g). + +Level 2 aerosol products. Those with a total chemical heat +of combustion that is greater than 8,600 Btu/lb (20 kJ/g), but +less than or equal to 13,000 Btu/lb (30 kJ/g). + +Level 3 aerosol products. Those with a total chemical heat +of combustion that is greater than 13,000 Btu/lb (30 kJ/g). + +AEROSOL CONTAINER. A metal can, or a glass or plastic +bottle designed to dispense an aerosol. Metal cans shall be lim- +ited to a maximum size of 3 3 . 8 fluid ounces ( 1 000 ml) . Glass or +plastic bottles shall be limited to a maximum size of 4 fluid +ounces (118 ml). + +AEROSOL WAREHOUSE. A building used for warehous- +ing aerosol products. + +PROPELLANT. The liquefied or compressed gas in an aero- +sol container that expels the contents from an aerosol container +when the valve is actuated. A propellant is considered flamma- +ble if it forms a flammable mixture with air, or if a flame is +self-propagating in a mixture with air. + +RETAIL DISPLAY AREA. The area of a Group M occu- +pancy open for the purpose of viewing or purchasing merchan- +dise offered for sale. Individuals in such establishments are free +to circulate among the items offered for sale which are typi- +cally displayed on shelves, racks or the floor. + + + +SECTION 2803 +CLASSIFICATION OF AEROSOL PRODUCTS + +2803.1 Classification levels. Aerosol products shall be classi- +fied as Level 1, 2 or 3 in accordance with Table 2803.1 and +NFPA 30B. Aerosol products in cartons which are not identified +in accordance with this section shall be classified as Level 3. + +TABLE 2803.1 +CLASSIFICATION OF AEROSOL PRODUCTS + + + +CHEMICAL HEAT OF COMBUSTION + + +AEROSOL +CLASSIFICATION + + +Greater than +(Btu/lb) + + +Less than or equal to +(Btu/lb)-^ + + + + + +8,600 + + +1 + + +8,600 + + +13,000 + + +2 + + +13,000 + + +— + + +3 + + + +For SI: 1 British thermal unit per pound = 0.002326 kJ/g. + +2803.2 Identification. Cartons shall be identified on at least +one side with the classification level of the aerosol products +contained within the carton as follows: + +LEVEL AEROSOLS "" + + + +SECTION 2804 +INSIDE STORAGE OF AEROSOL PRODUCTS + +2804.1 General. The inside storage of Level 2 and 3 aerosol +products shall comply with Sections 2804.2 through 2804.7 +and NFPA 30B. Level I aerosol products shall be considered +equivalent to a Class III commodity and shall comply with the +requirements for palletized or rack storage in NFPA 13. + +2804.2 Storage in Groups A, B, E, F, I and R. Storage of +Level 2 and 3 aerosol products in occupancies in Groups A, B, +E, F, I and R shall be limited to the following maximum quanti- +ties: + +1 . A net weight of 1 ,000 pounds (454 kg) of Level 2 aerosol +products. + +2. A net weight of 500 pounds (227 kg) of Level 3 aerosol +products. + +3. A combined net weight of 1,000 pounds (454 kg) of +Level 2 and 3 aerosol products. + +The maximum quantity shall be increased 100 percent +where the excess quantity is stored in storage cabinets in accor- +dance with Section 3404.3.2. + +2804.2.1 Excess storage. Storage of quantities exceeding +the maximum quantities indicated in Section 2804.2 shall +be stored in separate inside flammable liquid storage rooms +in accordance with Section 2804.5. + +2804.3 Storage in general purpose warehouses. Aerosol +storage in general purpose warehouses utilized only for ware- +housing-type operations involving mixed commodities shall +comply with Section 2804.3.1 or 2804.3.2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +263 + + + +AEROSOLS + + + +2804.3.1 Nonsegregated storage. Storage consisting of +solid pile, palletized or rack storage of Level 2 and 3 aerosol +products not segregated into areas utilized exclusively for +the storage of aerosols shall comply with Table 2804.3.1. + + + +TABLE 2804.3.1 + +NONSEGREGATED STORAGE OF LEVEL 2 AND 3 AEROSOL + +PRODUCTS IN GENERAL PURPOSE WAREHOUSES" + + + +TABLE 2804.3.2 + +SEGREGATED STORAGE OF LEVEL 2 AND 3 AEROSOL + +PRODUCTS IN GENERAL PURPOSE WAREHOUSES + + + +AEROSOL +LEVEL + + +MAXIMUM NET WEIGHT PER FLOOR (pounds)" + + +Palletized or +solid-pile storage + + +Rack storage + + +Unprotected + + +Protected^ + + +Unprotected + + +Protected^ + + +2 + + +2,500 + + +12,000 + + +2,500 + + +24,000 + + +3 + + +1,000 + + +12,000 + + +1,000 + + +24,000 + + +Combination +2 and 3 + + +2,500 + + +12,000 + + +2,500 + + +24,000 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^. + +a. Approved automatic sprinkler system protection and storage arrangements +shall comply with NFPA 30B. Sprinkler system protection shall extend 20 +feet beyond the storage area containing the aerosol products. + +b. Storage quantities indicated are the maximum permitted in any +50,000-square-foot area. + +2804.3.2 Segregated storage. Storage of Level 2 and 3 +aerosol products segregated into areas utilized exclusively +for the storage of aerosols shall comply with Table 2804.3.2 +and Sections 2804.3.2.1 and 2804.3.2.2. + +2804.3.2.1 Chain-link fence enclosures. Chain-link +fence enclosures required by Table 2804.3.2 shall com- +ply with the following: + +1. The fence shall not be less than No. 9 gage steel +wire, woven into a maximum 2-inch (5 1 mm) dia- +mond mesh. + +2. The fence shall be installed from the floor to the +underside of the roof or ceiling above. + +3. Class IV and high-hazard commodities shall be +stored outside of the aerosol storage area and a +minimum of 8 feet (2438 mm) from the fence. + +4. Access openings in the fence shall be provided +with either self- or automatic-closing devices or a +labyrinth opening arrangement preventing aerosol +containers from rocketing through the access +openings. + +5. Not less than two means of egress shall be pro- +vided from the fenced enclosure. + +2804.3.2.2 Aisles. The minimum aisle requirements for +segregated storage in general purpose warehouses shall +comply with Table 2804.3.2.2. + +2804.4 Storage in aerosol warehouses. The total quantity of +Level 2 and 3 aerosol products in a warehouse utilized for the +storage, shipping and receiving of aerosol products shall not be +restricted in structures complying with Sections 2804.4.1 +through 2804.4.4. + + + +STORAGE +SEPARATION + + +MAXIMUM SEGREGATED +STORAGE AREA" + + +SPRINKLER +REQUIREMENTS + + +Percentage of + +building area + +(percent) + + +Area + +limitation + +(square feet) + + +Separation area*"' ^ + + +15 + + +20,000 + + +Notes b, c + + +Chain-link fence +enclosure '^ + + +20 + + +20,000 + + +Notes b, c + + +1-hour + +fire-resistance-rated +interior walls + + +20 + + +30,000 + + +Noteb + + +2-hour + +fire-resistance-rated +interior walls + + +25 + + +40,000 + + +Noteb + + +3 -hour + +fire-resistance-rated +interior walls + + +30 + + +50,000 + + +Noteb + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^. + +a. The maximum segregated storage area shall be limited to the smaller of the +two areas resulting from the percentage of building area limitation and the +area limitation. + +b. Automatic sprinkler system protection in aerosol product storage areas shall +comply with NFPA 30B and be approved. Building areas not containing +aerosol product storage shall be equipped throughout with an approved auto- +matic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +c. Automatic sprinkler system protection in aerosol product storage areas shall +comply with NFPA 30B and be approved. Sprinkler system protection shall +extend a minimum 20 feet beyond the aerosol storage area. + +d. Chain-link fence enclosures shall comply with Section 2804.3.2.1. + +e. A separation area shall be defined as an area extending outward from the +periphery of the segregated aerosol product storage area as follows. + +1 . The limits of the aerosol product storage shall be clearly marked on the +floor. + +2. The separation distance shall be a minimum of 25 feet and maintained +clear of all materials with a commodity classification greater than +Class ni in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +f. Separation areas shall only be permitted where approved. + +TABLE 2804.3.2.2 + +SEGREGATED STORAGE AISLE WIDTHS AND DISTANCE TO + +AISLES IN GENERAL PURPOSE WAREHOUSES + + + +STORAGE +CONDITION + + +MINIMUM +AISLE WIDTH (feet) + + +MAXIMUM DISTANCE + +FROM STORAGE TO + +AISLE (feet) + + +Solid pile or +palletized''' + + +4 feet between piles + + +25 + + +Racks with ESFR +sprinklers" + + +4 feet between racks and +adjacent Level 2 and 3 +aerosol product storage + + +25 + + +Racks without +ESFR sprinklers'* + + +8 feet between racks and +adjacent Level 2 and 3 +aerosol product storage + + +25 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. Sprinklers shall comply with NFPA 30B. + +2804.4.1 Automatic sprinkler system. Aerosol ware- +houses shall be protected by an approved wet-pipe auto- +matic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA SOB. +Sprinkler protection shall be designed based on the highest +classification level of aerosol product present. + + + +264 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +AEROSOLS + + + +2804.4.2 Pile and palletized storage aisles. Solid pile and +palletized storage shall be arranged so the maximum travel +distance to an aisle is 25 feet (7620 mm). Aisles shall have a +minimum width of 4 feet (1219 mm). + +2804.4.3 Rack storage aisles. Rack storage shall be +arranged with a minimum aisle width of 8 feet (2438 mm) +between rows of racks and 8 feet (2438 mm) between racks +and adjacent solid pile or palletized storage. Where early +suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers provide auto- +matic sprinkler protection, the minimum aisle width shall be +4 feet (1219 mm). + +2804.4.4 Combustible commodities. Combustible com- +modities other than flammable and combustible liquids +shall be permitted to be stored in an aerosol warehouse. + +Exception: Flammable and combustible liquids in +1 -quart (946 mL) metal containers and smaller shall be +permitted to be stored in an aerosol warehouse. + +2804.5 Storage in inside flammable liquid storage rooms. + +Inside flammable liquid storage rooms shall comply with Sec- +tion 3404.3.7. The maximum quantities of aerosol products +shall comply with Section 2804.5.1 or 2804.5.2. + +2804.5.1 Storage rooms of 500 square feet or less. The + +storage of aerosol products in flammable liquid storage +rooms less than or equal to 500 square feet (46 m^) in area +shall not exceed the following quantities: + +1. A net weight of 1,000 pounds (454 kg) of Level 2 +aerosol products. + +2. A net weight of 500 pounds (227 kg) of Level 3 aero- +sol products. + +3. A combined net weight of 1,000 pounds (454 kg) of +Level 2 and 3 aerosol products. + +2804.5.2 Storage rooms greater than 500 square feet. + +The storage of aerosol products in flammable liquid storage +rooms greater than 500 square feet (46 m^) in area shall not +exceed the following quantities: + +1. A net weight of 2,500 pounds (1135 kg) of Level 2 +aerosol products. + +2. A net weight of 1,000 pounds (454 kg) of Level 3 +aerosol products. + +3. A combined net weight of 2,500 pounds (1 135 kg) of +Level 2 and 3 aerosol products. + +The maximum aggregate storage quantity of Level 2 and +3 aerosol products permitted in separate inside storage +rooms protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system +in accordance with NFPA 30B shall be 5,000 pounds (2270 +kg). + +2804.6 Storage in liquid warehouses. The storage of Level 2 +and 3 aerosol products in liquid warehouses shall comply with +NFPA 30B. The storage shall be located within segregated stor- +age areas in accordance with Section 2804.3.2 and Sections +2804.6.1 through 2804.6.3. + +2804.6.1 Containment. Spill control or drainage shall be +provided to prevent the flow of liquid to within 8 feet (2438 +mm) of the segregated storage area. + + + +2804.6.2 Sprinkler design. Sprinkler protection shall be +designed based on the highest level of aerosol product pres- +ent. + +2804.6.3 Opening protection into segregated storage +areas. Fire doors or gates opening into the segregated stor- +age area shall either be self-closing or provided with auto- +matic-closing devices activated by sprinkler water flow or +an approved fire detection system. + +2804.7 Storage in Group M occupancies. Storage of Level 2 +and 3 aerosol products in occupancies in Group M shall com- +ply with Table 2804.7. Retail display shall comply with Section +2806. + +TABLE 2804.7 + +MAXIMUM QUANTITIES OF LEVEL 2 AND 3 AEROSOL + +PRODUCTS IN RETAIL STORAGE AREAS + + + +MAXIMUM NET WEIGHT PER FLOOR (pounds) + + +Floor + + +Nonsegregated +storage"'" + + +Segregated storage + + +Storage +cabinets'' + + +Separated from +retail area'^ + + +Basement + + +Not Permitted + + +Not Permitted + + +Not Permitted + + +Ground floor + + +2,500 + + +5,000 + + +Noted + + +Upper floors + + +500 + + +1,000 + + +Noted + + + +For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 square foot = 0.0929 ml + +a. The total aggregate quantity on display and in storage shall not exceed the +maximum retail display quantity indicated in Section 2806.3. + +b. Storage quantities indicated are the maximum permitted in any +50,000-square-foot area. + +c. The storage area shall be separated from the retail area with a 1-hour +fire-resistance-rated assembly. + +d. See Table 2804.3.2. + + + +SECTION 2805 +OUTSIDE STORAGE + +2805.1 General. The outside storage of Level 2 and 3 aerosol +products, including storage in temporary storage trailers, shall +be separated from exposures in accordance with Table 2805 . 1 . + +TABLE 2805.1 + +DISTANCE TO EXPOSURES FOR OUTSIDE STORAGE OF + +LEVEL 2 AND 3 AEROSOL PRODUCTS + + + +EXPOSURE + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM +AEROSOL STORAGE (feet) ^ + + +Public alleys, public ways, public +streets + + +20 + + +Buildings + + +50 + + +Exit discharge to a public way + + +50 + + +Lot lines + + +20 + + +Other outside storage + + +50 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. The minimum separation distance indicated is not required where exterior +walls having a 2-hour fu-e-resistance rating without penetrations separate the +storage from the exposure. The walls shall extend not less than 30 inches +above and to the sides of Level 2 and 3 aerosol products. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +265 + + + +AEROSOLS + + + +SECTION 2806 +RETAIL DISPLAY + +2806.1 GeneraL This section shall apply to the retail display of +500 pounds (227 kg) or more of Level 2 and 3 aerosol products. + +2806.2 Aerosol display and normal merchandising not +exceeding 8 feet (2438 mm) high. Aerosol display and normal +merchandising not exceeding 8 feet (2438 mm) in height shall +be in accordance with Sections 2806.2.1 through 2806.2.4. + +2806.2.1 Maximum quantities in retail display areas. + +Aerosol products in retail display areas shall not exceed +quantities needed for display and normal merchandising +and shall not exceed the quantities in Table 2806.2.1. + +TABLE 2806.2.1 + +MAXIMUM QUANTITIES OF LEVEL 2 AND + +3 AEROSOL PRODUCTS IN RETAIL DISPLAY AREAS + + + +MAXIMUM NET WEIGHT PER FLOOR (pounds)" + + +Floor + + +Unprotected^ + + +Protected in +accordance with +Section 2806.2^'= + + +Protected in +accordance with +Section 2806.3*= + + +Basement + + +Not allowed + + +500 + + +500 + + +Ground + + +2,500 + + +10,000 + + +10,000 + + +Upper + + +500 + + +2,000 + + +Not allowed + + + +For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^. + +a. The total quantity shall not exceed 1,000 pounds net weight in any one +100- square-foot retail display area. + +b. Per 25,000-square-foot retail display area. + +c. Minimum Ordinary Hazard Group 2 wet-pipe automatic sprinkler system +throughout the retail sales occupancy. + +2806.2.2 Display of containers. Level 2 and 3 aerosol con- +tainers shall not be stacked more than 6 feet ( 1 829 mm) high +from the base of the aerosol array to the top of the aerosol +array unless the containers are placed on fixed shelving or +otherwise secured in an approved manner. When storage or +retail display is on shelves, the height of such storage or +retail display to the top of aerosol containers shall not +exceed 8 feet (2438 mm). + +2806.2.3 Combustible cartons. Aerosol products located +in retail display areas shall be removed from combustible +cartons. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Display areas that use a portion of combustible car- +tons that consist of only the bottom panel and not +more than 2 inches (51 mm) of the side panel are +allowed. + +2. When the display area is protected in accordance with +Tables 6.3.2.7(a) through 6.3.2.7(1) of NFPA 30B, +storage of aerosol products in combustible cartons is +allowed. + +2806.2.4 Retail display automatic sprinkler system. + +When an automatic sprinkler system is required for the pro- +tected retail display of aerosol products, the wet-pipe auto- +matic sprinkler system shall be in accordance with Section +903.3. 1 . 1 . The minimum system design shall be for an Ordi- +nary Hazard Group 2 occupancy. The system shall be pro- +vided throughout the retail display area. + + + +2806.3 Aerosol display and normal merchandising exceed- +ing 8 feet (2438 mm) high. Aerosol display and merchandis- +ing exceeding 8 feet in height shall be in accordance with +Sections 2806.3.1 through 2806.3.3. + +2806.3.1 Maximum quantities in retail display areas. + +Aerosol products in retail display areas shall not exceed +quantities needed for display and normal merchandising +and shall not exceed the quantities in Table 2806.2.1, with +fire protection in accordance with Section 2806.3.2. + +2806.3.2 Automatic sprinkler protection. Aerosol display +and merchandising areas shall be protected by an automatic +sprinkler system based on the requirements set forth in +Tables 6.3.2.7(a) through 6.3.2.7(1) of NFPA 30B and the +following: + +1 . Protection shall be based on the highest level of aero- +sol product in the array and the packaging method of +the storage located more than 6 feet (1829 mm) above +the finished floor. + +2. When using the cartoned aerosol tables of NFPA 30B, +uncartoned or display-cut Level 2 and 3 aerosols shall +be permitted not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) above +the finished floor. + +3. The design area for Level 2 and 3 aerosols shall +extend not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) beyond the +Level 2 and 3 aerosol display and merchandising +areas. + +4. Where ordinary and high-temperature ceiling sprin- +kler systems are adjacent to each other, +noncombustible draft curtains shall be installed at the +interface. + +2806.3.3 Separation of Level 2 and 3 aerosol areas. Sepa- +ration of Level 2 and 3 aerosol areas shall comply with the +following: + +1. Level 2 and 3 aerosol display and merchandising +areas shall be separated from each other by not less +than 25 feet (7620 mm). Also see Table 2806.2.1. + +2. Level 2 and 3 aerosol display and merchandising +areas shall be separated from flammable and combus- +tible liquids storage and display areas by one or a +combination of the following: + +2. 1 . Segregating areas from each other by horizon- +tal distance of not less than 25 feet (7620 mm). + +2.2. Isolating areas from each other by a +noncombustible partition extending not less +than 18 inches (457 mm) above the merchan- +dise. + +2.3. In accordance with Section 2806.5. + +3. When Item 2.2 above is used to separate Level 2 or 3 +aerosols from flammable or combustible liquids, and +the aerosol products are located within 25 feet (7620 +mm) of flammable or combustible liquids, the area +below the noncombustible partition shall be liquid +tight at the floor to prevent spilled liquids from flow- +ing beneath the aerosol products. + + + +266 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +AEROSOLS + + + +2806.4 Maximum quantities in storage areas. Aerosol prod- +ucts in storage areas adjacent to retail display areas shall not +exceed the quantities in Table 2806.4. + +2806.5 Special protection design for Level 2 and 3 aerosols +adjacent to flammable and combustible liquids in dou- +ble-row racks. The display and merchandising of Level 2 and +3 aerosols adjacent to flammable and combustible liquids in +double-row racks shall be in accordance with Sections +2806.5.1 through 2806.5.8 or Section 2806.3.3. + +2806.5.1 Fire protection. Fire protection for the display +and merchandising of Level 2 and 3 aerosols in double-row +racks shall be in accordance with Table 7.4.1 and Figure +7.4.1 of NFPA30B. + +2806.5.2 Cartoned products. Level 2 and 3 aerosols dis- +played or merchandised more than 8 feet (2438 mm) above +the finished floor shall be in cartons. + +2806.5.3 Shelving. Shelving in racks shall be limited to +wire mesh shelving having uniform openings not more than +6 inches (152 mm) apart, with the openings comprising at +least 50 percent of the overall shelf area. + +2806.5.4 Aisles. Racks shall be arranged so that aisles not +less than 7V2 feet (2286 mm) wide are maintained between +rows of racks and adjacent solid-piled or palletized mer- +chandise. + +2806.5.5 Flue spaces. Flue spaces in racks shall comply +with the following: + +1. Transverse flue spaces-Nominal 3-inch (76 mm) +transverse flue spaces shall be maintained between +merchandise and rack uprights. + + + +2. Longitudinal flue spaces-Nominal 6-inch (152 nmi) +longitudinal flue spaces shall be maintained. + +2806.5.6 Horizontal barriers. Horizontal barriers con- +structed of minimum Vg-inch-thick (10 mm) plywood or +minimum 0.034-inch (0.086 mm) (No. 22 gage) sheet metal +shall be provided and located in accordance with Table 7.4. 1 +and Figure 7.4.1 of NFPA 30B when in-rack sprinklers are +installed. + +2806.5.7 Class I, II, III, IV and plastic commodities. + +Class I, II, III, IV and plastic commodities located adjacent +to Level 2 and 3 aerosols shall be protected in accordance +with NFPA 13. + +2806.5.8 Flammable and combustible liquids. Class I, II, +in A and III B Liquids shall be allowed to be located adja- +cent to Level 2 and 3 aerosol products when the following +conditions are met: + +1 . Class I, II, III A and IIIB liquid containers: Containers +for Class I, II, IIIA and IIIB liquids shall be limited to +1.06-gallon (4 L) metal-relieving and nonrelieving +style containers and 5.3-gallon (20 L) metal-relieving +style containers. + +2. Fire protection for Class I, II, IIIA and IIIB Liquids: +Fire sprinkler protection for Class I, II, IIIA and IIIB +liquids shall be in accordance with Chapter 34. + + + +SECTION 2807 +MANUFACTURING FACILITIES + +2807.1 General. Manufacturing facilities shall be in accor- +dance with NFPA 30B. + + + +TABLE 2806.4 + +MAXIMUM STORAGE QUANTITIES FOR STORAGE AREAS ADJACENT TO RETAIL + +DISPLAY OF LEVEL 2 AND 3 AEROSOLS + + + +MAXIMUM NET WEIGHT PER FLOOR (POUNDS) + + +Floor + + +Unseparated^'" + + +Separated + + +Storage Cabinets'' + + +1-hour Occupancy Separation + + +Basement + + +Not Allowed + + +Not Allowed + + +Not Allowed + + +Ground + + +2,500 + + +5,000 + + +In accordance with Sections +6.3.4.3 and 6.3.4.4 of NFPA 30B + + +Upper + + +500 + + +1,000 + + +In accordance with Sections +6.3.4.3 and 6.3.4.4 of NFPA 30B + + + +For SI: I pound = 0.454 kg, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^. + +a. The aggregate quantity in storage and retail display shall not exceed the quantity limits for retail display. + +b. In any 50,000-square-foot area. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +267 + + + +268 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 29 + +COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS + + + +SECTION 2901 +GENERAL + +2901.1 Scope. The equipment, processes and operations +involving combustible fibers shall comply with this chapter. + +2901.2 Applicability. Storage of combustible fibers in any +quantity shall comply with this section. + +2901.3 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 2902 +DEFINITIONS + +2902.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +BALED COTTON. A natural seed fiber wrapped in and +secured with industry-accepted materials, usually consisting of +burlap, woven polypropylene, polyethylene or cotton or sheet +polyethylene, and secured with steel, synthetic or wire bands, +or wire; also includes linters (lint removed from the cotton- +seed) and motes (residual materials from the ginning process). + +BALED COTTON, DENSELY PACKED. Cotton, made into +banded bales, with a packing density of at least 22 pounds per +cubic foot (360 kg/m^), and dimensions complying with the +following: a length of 55 inches (1397 mm), a width of 21 +inches (533.4 mm) and a height of 27.6 to 35.4 inches. (701 to +899 mm). + +COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS. Readily ignitable and free-burn- +ing materials in a fibrous or shredded form, such as cocoa fiber, +cloth, cotton, excelsior, hay, hemp, henequen, istle, jute, kapok, +oakum, rags, sisal, Spanish moss, straw, tow, wastepaper, cer- +tain synthetic fibers or other like materials. This definition does +not include densely packed baled cotton. + +SEED COTTON. Perishable raw agricultural conmiodity +consisting of cotton fiber (lint) attached to the seed of the cot- +ton plant, which requires ginning to become a commercial +product. + + + +SECTION 2903 +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS + +2903.1 Use of combustible receptacles. Ashes, waste, rubbish +or sweepings shall not be placed in wood or other combustible +receptacles and shall be removed daily from the structure. + +2903.2 Vegetation. Grass or weeds shall not be allowed to +accumulate at any point on the premises. + +2903.3 Clearances. A minimum clearance of 3 feet (914 mm) +shall be maintained between automatic sprinklers and the top +of piles. + + + +2903.4 Agricultural products. Hay, straw, seed cotton or sim- +ilar agricultural products shall not be stored adjacent to struc- +tures or combustible materials unless a clear horizontal +distance equal to the height of a pile is maintained between +such storage and structures or combustible materials. Storage +shall be limited to stacks of 100 tons (91 metric tons) each. +Stacks shall be separated by a minimum of 20 feet (6096 mm) +of clear space. Quantities of hay, straw, seed cotton and other +agricultural products shall not be limited where stored in or +near farm structures located outside closely built areas. A per- +mit shall not be required for agricultural storage. + +2903.5 Dust collection. Where located within a building, +equipment or machinery which generates or emits combustible +fibers shall be provided with an approved dust-collecting and +exhaust system. Such systems shall comply with Chapter 13 +and Section 5 1 1 of the International Mechanical Code. + +2903.6 Portable fire extinguishers. Portable fire +extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with Section 906 +as required for extra-hazard occupancy protection as indicated +in Table 906.3(1). + + + +SECTION 2904 +LOOSE FIBER STORAGE + +2904.1 General. Loose combustible fibers, not in suitable +bales or packages and whether housed or in the open, shall not +be stored within 100 feet (30 480 mm) of any structure, except +as indicated in this chapter. + +2904.2 Storage of 100 cubic feet or less. Loose combustible +fibers in quantities of not more than 100 cubic feet (3 m^) +located in a structure shall be stored in a metal or metal-lined +bin equipped with a self-closing cover. + +2904.3 Storage of more than 100 cubic feet to 500 cubic feet. + +Loose combustible fibers in quantities exceeding 100 cubic +feet (3 m^) but not exceeding 500 cubic feet (14 m^) shall be +stored in rooms enclosed with 1-hour fire-resistance-rated fire +barriers, with openings protected by an approved opening pro- +tective assembly having a fire protection rating of '^1^ hour, con- +structed in accordance with the International Building Code. + +2904.4 Storage of more than 500 cubic feet to 1,000 cubic +feet. Loose combustible fibers in quantities exceeding 500 +cubic feet (14 m^) but not exceeding 1,000 cubic feet (28 m^) +shall be stored in rooms enclosed with 2-hour fire-resis- +tance-rated fire barriers, with openings protected by an +approved opening protective assembly having a fire protection +rating of IVj hours, and constructed in accordance with the +International Building Code. + +2904.5 Storage of more than 1,000 cubic feet. Loose com- +bustible fibers in quantities exceeding 1,000 cubic feet (28 m^) +shall be stored in rooms enclosed with 2-hour fire-resis- +tance-rated fire barriers, with openings protected by an +approved opening protective assembly having a fire protection + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +269 + + + +COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS + + + +rating of IV2 hours, and constructed in accordance with the +International Building Code. The storage room shall be pro- +tected by an automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1. + +2904.6 Detached storage structure. A maximum of 2,500 +cubic feet (70 m^) of loose combustible fibers shall be stored in +a detached structure suitably located, with openings protected +against entrance of sparks. The structure shall not be occupied +for any other purpose. + + + +SECTION 2905 +BALED STORAGE + +2905.1 Bale size and separation. Baled combustible fibers +shall be limited to single blocks or piles not more than 25,000 +cubic feet (700 m^) in volume, not including aisles or clear- +ances. Blocks or piles of baled fiber shall be separated from +adjacent storage by aisles not less than 5 feet (1524 mm) wide, +or by flash-fire barriers constructed of continuous sheets of +noncombustible material extending from the floor to a mini- +mum height of 1 foot (305 mm) above the highest point of the +piles and projecting not less than 1 foot (305 mm) beyond the +sides of the piles. + +2905.2 Special baling conditions. Sisal and other fibers in +bales bound with combustible tie ropes, jute and other fibers +that swell when wet, shall be stored to allow for expansion in +any direction without affecting building walls, ceilings or col- +umns. A minimum clearance of 3 feet (914 mm) shall be +required between walls and sides of piles, except that where the +storage compartment is not more than 30 feet (9 144 mm) wide, +the minimum clearance at side walls shall be 1 foot (305 mm), +provided that a center aisle not less than 5 feet ( 1 524 mm) wide +is maintained. + + + +270 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +CHAPTER 30 + +COMPRESSED GASES + + + +SECTION 3001 +GENERAL + +3001.1 Scope. Storage, use and handling of compressed gases +in compressed gas containers, cylinders, tanks and systems +shall comply with this chapter, including those gases regulated +elsewhere in this code. Partially full compressed gas contain- +ers, cylinders or tanks containing residual gases shall be con- +sidered as full for the purposes of the controls required. + +Exceptions: + +1. Gases used as refrigerants in refrigeration systems +(see Section 606). + +2. Compressed natural gas (CNG) for use as a vehicular +fuel shall comply with Chapter 22, NFPA 52 and the +International Fuel Gas Code. + +Cutting and welding gases shall also comply with Chapter +26. + +Cryogenic fluids shall also comply with Chapter 32. Lique- +fied natural gas for use as a vehicular fuel shall also comply +with NFPA 57 and NFPA 59A. + +Compressed gases classified as hazardous materials shall +also comply with Chapter 27 for general requirements and +chapters addressing specific hazards, including Chapters 35 +(Flammable Gases), 37 (Highly Toxic and Toxic Materials), 40 +(Oxidizers) and 41 (Pyrophoric). + +LP-gas shall also comply with Chapter 38 and the Interna- +tional Fuel Gas Code. + +3001.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 3002 +DEFINITIONS + +3002.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +COMPRESSED GAS. A material, or mixture of materials +which: + +1. Is a gas at 68°F (20°C) or less at 14.7 psia (101 kPa) of +pressure; and + +2. Has a boihng point of 68°F (20°C) or less at 14.7 psia +(101 kPa) which is either liquefied, nonliquefied or in +solution, except those gases which have no other health- +or physical-hazard properties are not considered to be +compressed until the pressure in the packaging exceeds +41 psia (28 kPa) at 68°F (20°C). + +The states of a compressed gas are categorized as follows: + +1. Nonliquefied compressed gases are gases, other than +those in solution, which are in a packaging under the + + + +charged pressure and are entirely gaseous at a tempera- +ture of 68°F (20°C). + +2. Liquefied compressed gases are gases that, in a packag- +ing under the charged pressure, are partially liquid at a +temperature of 68°F (20°C). + +3 . Compressed gases in solution are nonliquefied gases that +are dissolved in a solvent. + +4. Compressed gas mixtures consist of a mixture of two or +more compressed gases contained in a packaging, the +hazard properties of which are represented by the proper- +ties of the mixture as a whole. + +COMPRESSED GAS CONTAINER. A pressure vessel +designed to hold compressed gases at pressures greater than +one atmosphere at 68°F (20°C) and includes cylinders, con- +tainers and tanks. + +COMPRESSED GAS SYSTEM. An assembly of equipment +designed to contain, distribute or transport compressed gases. +It can consist of a compressed gas container or containers, reac- +tors and appurtenances, including pumps, compressors and +connecting piping and tubing. + +NESTING. A method of securing flat-bottomed compressed +gas cylinders upright in a tight mass using a contiguous +three-point contact system whereby all cylinders within a +group have a minimum of three points of contact with other cyl- +inders, walls or bracing. + + + +SECTION 3003 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +3003.1 Containers, cylinders and tanks. Compressed gas +containers, cylinders and tanks shall comply with this section. +Compressed gas containers, cylinders or tanks that are not +designed for refillable use shall not be refilled after use of the +original contents. + +3003.2 Design and construction. Compressed gas containers, +cylinders and tanks shall be designed, fabricated, tested, +marked with the specifications of manufacture and maintained +in accordance with regulations of DOTn 49 CFR, Parts +100-178 or the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec- +tion vm. + +3003.3 Pressure relief devices. Pressure relief devices shall be +in accordance with Sections 3003.3.1 through 3003.3.5. + +3003.3.1 Where required. Pressure relief devices shall be +provided to protect containers, cylinders and tanks contain- +ing compressed gases from rupture in the event of +overpressure. + +Exception: Cylinders, containers and tanks when +exempt from the requirements for pressure relief devices +specified by the standards of design listed in Section +3003.3.2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +271 + + + +COMPRESSED GASES + + + +3003.3.2 Design. Pressure relief devices to protect contain- +ers shall be designed and provided in accordance with CGA +S-1.1, CGA S-1.2, CGA S-1.3 or the ASME Boiler and +Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, as applicable. + +3003.3.3 Sizing. Pressure relief devices shall be sized in +accordance with the specifications to which the container +was fabricated and to material specific requirements as +applicable. + +3003.3.4 Arrangement. Pressure relief devices shall be +arranged to discharge upward and unobstructed to the open +air in such a manner as to prevent any impingement of +escaping gas upon the container, adjacent structures or per- +sonnel. + +Exception: DOTn specification containers having an +internal volume of 30 cubic feet (0.855 m^) or less. + +3003.3.5 Freeze protection. Pressure relief devices or vent +piping shall be designed or located so that moisture cannot +collect and freeze in a manner that would interfere with the +operation of the device. + +3003.4 Marking. Stationary and portable compressed gas con- +tainers, cylinders, tanks and systems shall be marked in accor- +dance with Sections 3003.4.1 through 3003.4.3. + +3003.4.1 Stationary compressed gas containers, cylin- +ders and tanks. Stationary compressed gas containers, cyl- +inders and tanks shall be marked with the name of the gas +and in accordance with Sections 2703.5 and 2703.6. Mark- +ings shall be visible from any direction of approach. + +3003.4.2 Portable containers, cylinders and tanks. Porta- +ble compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks shall be +marked in accordance with CGA C-7. + +3003.4.3 Piping systems. Piping systems shall be marked +in accordance with ASME Al 3. 1 . Markings used for piping +systems shall consist of the content's name and include a +direction-of-flow arrow. Markings shall be provided at each +valve; at wall, floor or ceiling penetrations; at each change +of direction; and at a minimum of every 20 feet (6096 mm) +or fraction thereof throughout the piping run. + +Exceptions: + +1. Piping that is designed or intended to carry more +than one gas at various times shall have appropri- +ate signs or markings posted at the manifold, along +the piping and at each point of use to provide clear +identification and warning. + +2. Piping within gas manufacturing plants, gas pro- +cessing plants, refineries and similar occupancies +shall be marked in an approved manner. + +3003.5 Security. Compressed gas containers, cylinders, tanks +and systems shall be secured against accidental dislodgement +and against access by unauthorized personnel in accordance +with Sections 3003.5.1 through 3003.5.3. + +3003.5.1 Security of areas. Areas used for the storage, use +and handling of compressed gas containers, cylinders, tanks +and systems shall be secured against unauthorized entry and +safeguarded in an approved manner. + + + +3003.5.2 Physical protection. Compressed gas containers, +cylinders, tanks and systems which could be exposed to +physical damage shall be protected. Guai^d posts or other +approved means shall be provided to protect compressed +gas containers, cylinders, tanks and systems indoors and +outdoors from vehicular damage and shall comply with Sec- +tion 312. + +3003.5.3 Securing compressed gas containers, cylinders +and tanks. Compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks +shall be secured to prevent falling caused by contact, vibra- +tion or seismic activity. Securing of compressed gas con- +tainers, cylinders and tanks shall be by one of the following +methods: + +1. Securing containers, cylinders and tanks to a fixed +object with one or more restraints. + +2. Securing containers, cylinders and tanks on a cart or +other mobile device designed for the movement of +compressed gas containers, cylinders or tanks. + +3. Nesting of compressed gas containers, cylinders and +tanks at container filling or servicing facilities or in +seller's warehouses not accessible to the public. Nest- +ing shall be allowed provided the nested containers, +cylinders or tanks, if dislodged, do not obstruct the +required means of egress. + +4. Securing of compressed gas containers, cylinders and +tanks to or within a rack, framework, cabinet or simi- +lar assembly designed for such use. + +Exception: Compressed gas containers, cylinders +and tanks in the process of examination, filling, +transport or servicing. + +3003.6 Valve protection. Compressed gas container, cylinder +and tank valves shall be protected from physical damage by +means of protective caps, collars or similar devices in accor- +dance with Sections 3003.6.1 and 3003.6.2. + +3003.6.1 Compressed gas container, cylinder or tank +protective caps or collars. Compressed gas containers, +cylinders and tanks designed for protective caps, collars or +other protective devices shall have the caps or devices in +place except when the containers, cylinders or tanks are in +use or are being serviced or filled. + +3003.6.2 Caps and plugs. Compressed gas containers, cyl- +inders and tanks designed for valve protection caps or other +protective devices shall have the caps or devices attached. +When outlet caps or plugs are installed, they shall be in +place. + +Exception: Compressed gas containers, cylinders or +tanks in use, being serviced or being filled. + +3003.7 Separation from hazardous conditions. Compressed +gas containers, cylinders and tanks and systems in storage or +use shall be separated from materials and conditions which +pose exposure hazards to or from each other. Compressed gas +containers, cylinders, tanks and systems in storage or use shall +be separated in accordance with Sections 3003.7.1 through +3003.7.10. + + + +272 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +COMPRESSED GASES + + + +3003.7.1 Incompatible materials. Compressed gas con- +tainers, cylinders and tanks shall be separated from each +other based on the hazard class of their contents. Com- +pressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks shall be sepa- +rated from incompatible materials in accordance with +Section 2703.9.8. + +3003.7.2 Combustible waste, vegetation and similar +materials. Combustible waste, vegetation and similar mate- +rials shall be kept a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) from +compressed gas containers, cylinders, tanks and systems. A +noncombustible partition, without openings or penetrations +and extending not less than 18 inches (457 mm) above and +to the sides of the storage area is allowed in lieu of such dis- +tance. The wall shall either be an independent structure, or +the exterior wall of the building adjacent to the storage area. + +3003.7.3 Ledges, platforms and elevators. Compressed +gas containers, cylinders and tanks shall not be placed near +elevators, unprotected platform ledges or other areas where +falling would result in compressed gas containers, cylinders +or tanks being allowed to drop distances exceeding one-half +the height of the container, cylinder or tank. + +3003.7.4 Temperature extremes. Compressed gas con- +tainers, cylinders and tanks, whether full or partially full, +shall not be exposed to artificially created high temperatures +exceeding 125°F (52°C) or subambient (low) temperatures +unless designed for use under the exposed conditions. + +3003.7.5 Falling objects. Compressed gas containers, cyl- +inders, tanks and systems shall not be placed in areas where +they are capable of being damaged by falling objects. + +3003.7.6 Heating. Compressed gas containers, cylinders +and tanks, whether full or partially full, shall not be heated +by devices which could raise the surface temperature of the +container, cylinder or tank to above 125°F (52°C). Heating +devices shall comply with the International Mechanical +Code and the ICC Electrical Code Approved heating meth- +ods involving temperatures of less than 125°F (52°C) are +allowed to be used by trained personnel. Devices designed +to maintain individual compressed gas containers, cylinders +or tanks at constant temperature shall be approved and shall +be designed to be fail safe. + +3003.7.7 Sources of ignition. Open flames and high-tem- +perature devices shall not be used in a manner which creates +a hazardous condition. + +3003.7.8 Exposure to chemicals. Compressed gas contain- +ers, cylinders, tanks and systems shall not be exposed to cor- +rosive chemicals or fumes which could damage containers, +cylinders, tanks, valves or valve-protective caps. + +3003.7.9 Exhausted enclosures. When exhausted enclo- +sures are provided as a means to segregate compressed gas +containers, cylinders and tanks from exposure hazards, such +enclosures shall comply with the requirements of Section +2703.8.5. + +3003.7.10 Gas cabinets. When gas cabinets are provided as +a means to separate compressed gas containers, cylinders +and tanks from exposure hazards, such gas cabinets shall +comply with the requirements of Section 2703.8.6. + + + +3003.8 Wiring and equipment. Electrical wiring and equip- +ment shall comply with the ICC Electrical Code. Compressed +gas containers, cylinders, tanks and systems shall not be +located where they could become part of an electrical circuit. +Compressed gas containers, cylinders, tanks and systems shall +not be used for electrical grounding. + +3003.9 Service and repair. Service, repair, modification or +removal of valves, pressure-relief devices or other compressed +gas container, cylinder or tank appurtenances shall be per- +formed by trained personnel. + +3003.10 Unauthorized use. Compressed gas containers, cyl- +inders, tanks and systems shall not be used for any purpose +other than to serve as a vessel for containing the product which +it is designed to contain. + +3003.11 Exposure to fire. Compressed gas containers, cylin- +ders and tanks which have been exposed to fire shall be +removed from service. Containers, cylinders and tanks so +removed shall be handled by approved qualified persons. + +3003.12 Leaks, damage or corrosion. Leaking, damaged or +corroded compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks shall +be removed from service. Leaking, damaged or corroded com- +pressed gas systems shall be replaced or repaired in accordance +with the following: + +1 . Compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks which +have been removed from service shall be handled in an +approved manner. + +2. Compressed gas systems which are determined to be +leaking, damaged or corroded shall be repaired to a ser- +viceable condition or removed from service. + +3003.13 Surface of unprotected storage or use areas. Unless +otherwise specified in Section 3003.14, compressed gas con- +tainers, cylinders and tanks are allowed to be stored or used +without being placed under overhead cover. To prevent bottom +corrosion, containers, cylinders and tanks shall be protected +from direct contact with soil or unimproved surfaces. The sur- +face of the area on which the containers are placed shall be +graded to prevent accumulation of water. + +3003.14 Overhead cover. Compressed gas containers, cylin- +ders and tanks are allowed to be stored or used in the sun except +in locations where extreme temperatures prevail. When +extreme temperatures prevail, overhead covers shall be pro- +vided. + +3003.15 Lighting. Approved lighting by natural or artificial +means shall be provided. + +3003.16 Vaults. Generation, compression, storage and dis- +pensing equipment for compressed gases shall be allowed to be +located in either above- or below-grade vaults complying with +Sections 3003.16.1 through 3003.16.14. + +3003.16.1 Listing required. Vaults shall be listed by a +nationally recognized testing laboratory. + +Exception: Where approved by the fire code official, +below-grade vaults are allowed to be constructed on site, +provided that the design is in accordance with the Inter- +national Building Code and that special inspections are +conducted to verify structural strength and compliance + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +273 + + + +COMPRESSED GASES + + + +of the installation with the approved design in accor- +dance with Section 1707 of the International Building +Code. Installation plans for below-grade vaults that are +constructed on site shall be prepared by, and the design +shall bear the stamp of, a professional engineer. Consid- +eration shall be given to soil and hydrostatic loading on +the floors, walls and Hd; anticipated seismic forces; +uplifting by ground water or flooding; and to loads +imposed from above, such as traffic and equipment load- +ing on the vault lid. + +3003.16.2 Design and construction. The vault shall com- +pletely enclose generation, compression, storage or dis- +pensing equipment located in the vault. There shall be no +openings in the vault enclosure except those necessary for +vault ventilation and access, inspection, filling, emptying or +venting of equipment in the vault. The walls and floor of the +vault shall be constructed of reinforced concrete at least 6 +inches (152 mm) thick. The top of an above-grade vault +shall be constructed of noncombustible material and shall +be designed to be weaker than the walls of the vault to ensure +that the thrust of any explosion occurring inside the vault is +directed upward. + +The top of an at- or below-grade vault shall be designed to +relieve safely or contain the force of an explosion occurring +inside the vault. The top and floor of the vault and the tank +foundation shall be designed to withstand the anticipated +loading, including loading from vehicular traffic, where +applicable. The walls and floor of a vault installed below +grade shall be designed to withstand anticipated soil and +hydrostatic loading. Vaults shall be designed to be wind and +earthquake resistant, in accordance with the International +Building Code. + +3003.16.3 Secondary containment. Vaults shall be sub- +stantially liquid tight and there shall be no backfill within +the vault. The vault floor shall drain to a sump. For +premanufactured vaults, liquid tightness shall be certified as +part of the listing provided by a nationally recognized test- +ing laboratory. For field-erected vaults, liquid tightness +shall be certified in an approved manner. + +3003.16.4 Internal clearance. There shall be sufficient +clearance within the vault to allow for visual inspection and +maintenance of equipment in the vault. + +3003.16.5 Anchoring. Vaults and equipment contained +therein shall be suitably anchored to withstand uplifting by +groundwater or flooding. The design shall verify that uplift- +ing is prevented even when equipment within the vault is +empty. + +3003.16.6 Veliicle impact protection. Vaults shall be resis- +tant to damage from the impact of a motor vehicle, or vehi- +cle impact protection shall be provided in accordance with +Section 312. + +3003.16.7 Arrangement. Equipment in vaults shall be +listed or approved for above-ground use. Where multiple +vaults are provided, adjacent vaults shall be allowed to share +a common wall. The common wall shall be liquid and vapor +tight and shall be designed to withstand the load imposed +when the vault on either side of the wall is filled with water. + + + +3003.16.8 Connections. Connections shall be provided to 1^^ +permit the venting of each vault to dilute, disperse and ^B +remove vapors prior to personnel entering the vault. *^^ + +3003.16.9 Ventilation. Vaults shall be provided with an +exhaust ventilation system installed in accordance with Sec- +tion 2704.3. The ventilation system shall operate continu- +ously or be designed to operate upon activation of the vapor +or liquid detection system. The system shall provide ventila- +tion at a rate of not less than 1 cubic foot per minute (cfm) +per square foot of floor area [0.00508 mV(s • m^)], but not +less than 150 cfm [0.071 mV(s • m^)]. The exhaust system +shall be designed to provide air movement across all parts of +the vault floor for gases having a density greater than air and +across all parts of the vault ceiling for gases having a density +less than air. Supply ducts shall extend to within 3 inches (76 +mm), but not more than 12 inches (305 mm), of the floor. +Exhaust ducts shall extend to within 3 inches (76 mm), but +not more than 12 inches (305 mm) of the floor or ceiling, for +heavier-than-air or lighter-than-air gases, respectively. The +exhaust system shall be installed in accordance with the +International Mechanical Code. + +3003.16.10 Monitoring and detection. Vaults shall be pro- +vided with approved vapor and liquid detection systems and +equipped with on-site audible and visual warning devices +with battery backup. Vapor detection systems shall sound an +alarm when the system detects vapors that reach or exceed +25 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL) or one-half the +immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) concen- +tration for the gas in the vault. Vapor detectors shall be +located no higher than 12 inches (305 mm) above the lowest +point in the vault for heavier-than-air gases and no lower +than 12 inches (305 mm) below the highest point in the vault +for lighter-than-air gases. Liquid detection systems shall +sound an alarm upon detection of any liquid, including +water. Liquid detectors shall be located in accordance with +the manufacturers' instructions. Activation of either vapor +or liquid detection systems shall cause a signal to be +sounded at an approved, constantly attended location within +the facility served by the tanks or at an approved location. +Activation of vapor detection systems shall also shut off +gas-handling equipment in the vault and dispensers. + +3003.16.11 Liquid removal. Means shall be provided to +recover liquid from the vault. Where a pump is used to meet +this requirement, it shall not be permanently installed in the +vault. Electric-powered portable pumps shall be suitable for +use in Class I, Division 1 locations, as defined in the ICC +Electrical Code. + +3003.16.12 Relief vents. Vent pipes for equipment in the +vault shall terminate at least 12 feet (3658 mm) above +ground level. + +3003.16.13 Accessway. Vaults shall be provided with an +approved personnel accessway with a minimum dimension +of 30 inches (762 mm) and with a permanently affixed, non- +ferrous ladder. Accessways shall be designed to be +nonsparking. Travel distance from any point inside a vault +to an accessway shall not exceed 20 feet (6096 mm). At each +entry point, a warning sign indicating the need for proce- +dures for safe entry into confined spaces shall be posted. + + + +274 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +COMPRESSED GASES + + + +Entry points shall be secured against unauthorized entry and +vandalism. + +3003.16.14 Classified area. The interior of a vault contain- +ing a flammable gas shall be designated a Class I, Division 1 +location, as defined in the ICC Electrical Code. + + + +SECTION 3004 +STORAGE OF COMPRESSED GASES + +3004.1 Upright storage. Compressed gas containers, cylin- +ders and tanks, except those designed for use in a horizontal +position, and all compressed gas containers, cylinders and +tanks containing nonliquefied gases, shall be stored in an +upright position with the valve end up. An upright position +shall include conditions where the container, cylinder or tank +axis is inclined as much as 45 degrees (0.80 rad) from the verti- +cal. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Compressed gas containers with a water volume less +than 1.3 gallons (5 L) are allowed to be stored in a hor- +izontal position. + +2. Cylinders, containers and tanks containing nonflam- +mable gases or cylinders, containers and tanks con- +taining nonliquefied flammable gases, which have +been secured to a pallet for transportation purposes. + +3004.2 Material-specific regulations. In addition to the +requirements of this section, indoor and outdoor storage of +compressed gases shall comply with the material-specific pro- +visions of Chapters 31, 35 and 37 through 44. + + + +SECTION 3005 +USE AND HANDLING OF COMPRESSED GASES + +3005.1 Compressed gas systems. Compressed gas systems +shall be suitable for the use intended and shall be designed by +persons competent in such design. Compressed gas equipment, +machinery and processes shall be listed or approved. + +3005.2 Controls. Compressed gas system controls shall be +designed to prevent materials from entering or leaving process +or reaction systems at other than the intended time, rate or path. +Automatic controls shall be designed to be fail safe. + +3005.3 Piping systems. Piping, including tubing, valves, fit- +tings and pressure regulators, shall comply with this section +and Chapter 27. Piping, tubing, pressure regulators, valves and +other apparatus shall be kept gas tight to prevent leakage. + +3005.4 Valves. Valves utilized on compressed gas systems +shall be suitable for the use intended and shall be accessible. +Valve handles or operators for required shutoff valves shall not +be removed or otherwise altered to prevent access. + +3005.5 Venting. Venting of gases shall be directed to an +approved location. Venting shall comply with th& International +Mechanical Code. + +3005.6 Upright use. Compressed gas containers, cylinders +and tanks, except those designed for use in a horizontal posi- +tion, and all compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks +containing nonliquefied gases, shall be used in an upright posi- + + + +tion with the valve end up. An upright position shall include +conditions where the container, cylinder or tank axis is inclined +as much as 45 degrees (0.80 rad) from the vertical. Use of non- +flammable liquefied gases in the inverted position when the liq- +uid phase is used shall not be prohibited provided that the +container, cylinder or tank is properly secured and the dispens- +ing apparatus is designed for liquefied gas use. + +Exception; Compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks +with a water volume less than 1.3 gallons (5 L) are allowed +to be used in a horizontal position. + +3005.7 Transfer. Transfer of gases between containers, cylin- +ders and tanks shall be performed by qualified personnel using +equipment and operating procedures in accordance with CGA +P-1. + +Exception: Fueling of vehicles with compressed natural +gas (CNG). + +3005.8 Use of compressed gas for inflation. Inflatable equip- +ment, devices or balloons shall only be pressurized or filled +with compressed air or inert gases. + +3005.9 Material-specific regulations. In addition to the +requirements of this section, indoor and outdoor use of com- +pressed gases shall comply with the material-specific provi- +sions of Chapters 31, 35 and 37 through 44. + +3005.10 Handling. The handling of compressed gas contain- +ers, cyhnders and tanks shall comply with Sections 3005.10.1 +and 3005.10.2. + +3005.10.1 Carts and trucks. Containers, cylinders and +tanks shall be moved using an approved method. Where +containers, cylinders or tanks are moved by hand cart, hand +truck or other mobile device, such carts, trucks or devices +shall be designed for the secure movement of containers, +cylinders or tanks. Carts and trucks utilized for transport of +compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks within +buildings shall comply with Section 2703.10. Carts and +trucks utilized for transport of compressed gas containers, +cylinders and tanks exterior to buildings shall be designed +so that the containers, cylinders and tanks will be secured +against dropping or otherwise striking against each other or +other surfaces. + +3005.10.2 Lifting devices. Ropes, chains or slings shall not +be used to suspend compressed gas containers, cylinders +and tanks unless provisions at time of manufacture have +been made on the container, cylinder or tank for appropriate +lifting attachments, such as lugs. + + + +SECTION 3006 +MEDICAL GAS SYSTEMS + +3006.1 General. Compressed gases at hospitals and similar +facilities intended for inhalation or sedation including, but not +limited to, analgesia systems for dentistry, podiatry, veterinary +and similar uses shall comply with this section in addition to +other requirements of this chapter. + +3006.2 Interior supply location. Medical gases shall be stored +in areas dedicated to the storage of such gases without other +storage or uses. Where containers of medical gases in quanti- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +275 + + + +COMPRESSED GASES + + + +ties greater than the permit amount are located inside buildings, +they shall be in a 1-hour exterior room, a 1-hour interior room +or a gas cabinet in accordance with Section 3006.2. 1 , 3006.2.2 +or 3006.2.3. + +3006.2.1 One-hour exterior rooms. A 1-hour exterior +room shall be a room or enclosure separated from the +remainder of the building by fire barriers with a fire-resis- +tance rating of not less than 1 hour. Openings between the +room or enclosure and interior spaces shall be self-closing +smoke- and draft-control assemblies having a fire protec- +tion rating of not less than 1 hour. Rooms shall have at least +one exterior wall that is provided with at least two vents. +Each vent shall not be less than 36 square inches (0.023 m^) +in area. One vent shall be within 6 inches (152 mm) of the +floor and one shall be within 6 inches (152 mm) of the ceil- +ing. Rooms shall be provided with at least one automatic +sprinkler to provide container cooling in case of fire. + +3006.2.2 One-hour interior room. When an exterior wall +cannot be provided for the room, automatic sprinklers shall +be installed within the room. The room shall be exhausted +through a duct to the exterior. Supply and exhaust ducts +shall be enclosed in a 1 -hour-rated shaft enclosure from the +room to the exterior. Approved mechanical ventilation shall +comply with the International Mechanical Code and be pro- +vided at a minimum rate of 1 cubic foot per minute per +square foot [0.00508 mV(s • m^)] of the area of the room. + +3006.2.3 Gas cabinets. Gas cabinets shall be constructed in +accordance with Section 2703.8.6 and the following: + +1. The average velocity of ventilation at the face of +access ports or windows shall not be less than 200 feet +per minute (61 m/s) with a minimum of 150 feet per +minute (46 m/s) at any point of the access port or win- +dow. + +2. Connected to an exhaust system. + +3. Internally sprinklered. + +3006.3 Exterior supply locations. Oxidizer medical gas sys- +tems located on the exterior of a building with quantities +greater than the permit amount shall be located in accordance +with Section 4004.2.1. + +3006.4 Medical gas systems. Medical gas systems including, +but not limited to, distribution piping, supply manifolds, con- +nections, pressure regulators and relief devices and valves, +shall comply with NFPA 99 and the general provisions of this +chapter. + +SECTION 3007 + +COMPRESSED GASES NOT OTHERWISE + +REGULATED + +3007.1 General. Compressed gases in storage or use not regu- +lated by the material-specific provisions of Chapters 6, 3 1 , 35 +and 37 through 44, including asphyxiant, irritant and radioac- +tive gases, shall comply with this section in addition to other +requirements of this chapter. + +3007.2 Ventilation. Indoor storage and use areas and storage +buildings shall be provided with mechanical exhaust ventila- +tion or natural ventilation in accordance with the requirements + + + +of Section 2704.3 or 2705. 1 .9. When mechanical ventilation is +provided, the systems shall be operational during such time as +the building or space is occupied. + + + +276 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 31 + +CORROSIVE MATERIALS + + + +SECTION 3101 +GENERAL + +3101.1 Scope. The storage and use of corrosive materials shall +be in accordance with this chapter. Compressed gases shall also +comply with Chapter 30. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Display and storage in Group M and storage in Group +S occupancies complying with Section 2703.11. + +2. Stationary storage battery systems in accordance with +Section 608. + +3. This chapter shall not apply to R-717 (ammonia) +where used as a refrigerant in a refrigeration system +(see Section 606). + +3101.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +^ SECTION 3102 + +DEFINITIONS + +3102.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meaning shown herein. + +CORROSIVE. A chemical that causes visible destruction of, +or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at +the point of contact. A chemical shall be considered corrosive +if, when tested on the intact skin of albino rabbits by the method +described in DOTn 49 CFR 173.137, such chemical destroys or +changes irreversibly the structure of the tissue at the point of +contact following an exposure period of 4 hours. This term +does not refer to action on inanimate surfaces. + + + +SECTION 3103 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +3103.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The storage and use of corrosive +materials in amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area indicated in Section 2703. 1 shall be in +accordance with Sections 2701, 2703 and 3101. + +3103.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area. The storage and use of corrosive materi- +als in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per +control area indicated in Section 2703. 1 shall be in accordance +with this chapter and Chapter 27. + + + +SECTION 3104 +STORAGE + +3104.1 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of corrosive materials +in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per + + + +control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(2), shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. + +3104.1.1 Liquid-tight floor. In addition to the provisions of +Section 2704. 12, floors in storage areas for corrosive liquids +shall be of liquid-tight constmction. + +3104.2 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of corrosive materi- +als in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per +control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. + +3104.2.1 Above-ground outside storage tanks. + +Above-ground outside storage tanks exceeding an aggre- +gate quantity of 1,000 gallons (3785 L) of corrosive liquids +shall be provided with secondary containment in accor- +dance with Section 2704.2.2. + +3104.2.2 Distance from storage to exposures. Outdoor +storage of corrosive materials shall not be within 20 feet +(6096 mm) of buildings not associated with the manufactur- +ing or distribution of such materials, lot lines, public streets, +public alleys, public ways or means of egress. A 2-hour fire +barrier wall without openings or penetrations, and extend- +ing not less than 30 inches (762 mm) above and to the sides +of the storage area, is allowed in heu of such distance. The +wall shall either be an independent structure, or the exterior +wall of the building adjacent to the storage area. + + + +SECTION 3105 +USE + +3105.1 Indoor use. The indoor use of corrosive materials in +amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(2) shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703, 2705 and this chapter. + +3105.1.1 Liquid transfer. Corrosive liquids shall be trans- +ferred in accordance with Section 2705.1.10. + +3105.1.2 Ventilation. When corrosive materials are dis- +pensed or used, mechanical exhaust ventilation in accor- +dance with Section 2705.2.1.1 shall be provided. + +3105.2 Outdoor use. The outdoor use of corrosive materials in +amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703, 2705 and this chapter. + +3105.2.1 Distance from use to exposures. Outdoor use of +corrosive materials shall be located in accordance with Sec- +tion 3104.2.2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +277 + + + +• + + + +278 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 32 + +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS + + + +SECTION 3201 +GENERAL + +3201.1 Scope. Storage, use and handling of cryogenic fluids +shall comply with this chapter. Cryogenic fluids classified as +hazardous materials shall also comply with Chapter 27 for gen- +eral requirements. Partially full containers containing residual +cryogenic fluids shall be considered as full for the purposes of +the controls required. + +Exceptions: + +1. Fluids used as refrigerants in refrigeration systems +(see Section 606). + +2. Liquefied natural gas (LNG), which shall comply +with NFPA 59A. + +Oxidizing cryogenic fluids, including oxygen, shall comply +with NFPA 55. + +Flammable cryogenic fluids, including hydrogen, methane +and carbon monoxide, shall comply with NFPA 55. + +Inert cryogenic fluids, including argon, helium and nitrogen, +shall comply with CGA P-18. + +3201.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 3202 +DEFINITIONS + +3202.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +CRYOGENIC CONTAINER. A cryogenic vessel of any size +used for the transportation, handling or storage of cryogenic +fluids. + +CRYOGENIC FLUID. A fluid having a boiling point lower +than -130°F (-89.9°C) at 14.7 pounds per square inch atmo- +sphere (psia) (an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa). + +CRYOGENIC VESSEL. A pressure vessel, low-pressure +tank or atmospheric tank designed to contain a cryogenic fluid +on which venting, insulation, refrigeration or a combination of +these is used in order to maintain the operating pressure within +the design pressure and the contents in a liquid phase. + +FLAMMABLE CRYOGENIC FLUID. A cryogenic fluid +that is flammable in its vapor state. + +LOW-PRESSURE TANK. A storage tank designed to with- +stand an internal pressure greater than 0.5 pounds per square +inch gauge (psig) (3.4 kPa) but not greater than 15 psig (103.4 +kPa). + + + +SECTION 3203 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +3203.1 Containers. Containers employed for storage or use of +cryogenic fluids shall comply with Sections 3203.1.1 through +3203.1.3.2 and Chapter 27. + +3203.1.1 Nonstandard containers. Containers, equipment +and devices which are not in compliance with recognized +standards for design and construction shall be approved +upon presentation of satisfactory evidence that they are +designed and constructed for safe operation. + +3203.1.1.1 Data submitted for approval. The follow- +ing data shall be submitted to the fire code official with +reference to the deviation from the recognized standard +with the application for approval. + +1 . Type and use of container, equipment or device. + +2. Material to be stored, used or transported. + +3. Description showing dimensions and materials +used in construction. + +4. Design pressure, maximum operating pressure +and test pressure. " " + +5. Type, size and setting of pressure relief devices. + +6. Other data requested by the fire code official. + +3203.1.2 Concrete containers. Concrete containers shall +be built in accordance with the International Building Code. +Barrier materials and membranes used in connection with +concrete, but not functioning structurally, shall be compati- +ble with the materials contained. + +3203.1.3 Foundations and supports. Containers shall be +provided with substantial concrete or masonry foundations, +or structural steel supports on firm concrete or masonry +foundations. Containers shall be supported to prevent the +concentration of excessive loads on the supporting portion +of the shell. Foundations for horizontal containers shall be +constructed to accommodate expansion and contraction of +the container. Foundations shall be provided to support the +weight of vaporizers or heat exchangers. + +3203.1.3.1 Temperature effects. When container foun- +dations or supports are subject to exposure to tempera- +tures below -150°F (-101°C), the foundations or +supports shall be constructed of materials to withstand +the low-temperature effects of cryogenic fluid spillage. + +3203.1.3.2 Corrosion protection. Portions of contain- +ers in contact with foundations or saddles shall be +painted to protect against corrosion. + +3203.2 Pressure relief devices. Pressure relief devices shall be +provided in accordance with Sections 3203.2.1 through +3203.2.7 to protect containers and systems containing cryo- +genic fluids from rupture in the event of overpressure. Pressure + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +279 + + + +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS + + + +relief devices sliall be designed in accordance with CGA S- 1 . 1 , +CGAS-1.2andCGAS-1.3. + +3203.2.1 Containers. Containers shall be provided with +pressure relief devices. + +3203.2.2 Vessels or equipment other than containers. + +Heat exchangers, vaporizers, insulation casings surround- +ing containers, vessels and coaxial piping systems in which +liquefied cryogenic fluids could be trapped because of leak- +age from the primary container shall be provided with a +pressure relief device. + +3203.2.3 Sizing. Pressure relief _ devices shall be sized in +accordance with the specifications to which the container +was fabricated. The relief device shall have sufficient capac- +ity to prevent the maximum design pressure of the container +or system from being exceeded. + +3203.2.4 Accessibility. Pressure relief devices shall be +located such that they are provided with ready access for +inspection and repair. + +3203.2.5 Arrangement. Pressure relief devices shall be +arranged to discharge unobstructed to the open air in such a +manner as to prevent impingement of escaping gas on per- +sonnel, containers, equipment and adjacent structures or to +enter enclosed spaces. + +Exception: DOTn-specified containers with an internal +volume of 2 cubic feet (0.057 m^) or less. + +3203.2.6 Shutoffs between pressure relief devices and +containers. Shutoff valves shall not be installed between +pressure relief devices and containers. + +Exception: A shutoff valve is allowed on containers +equipped with multiple pressure-relief device installa- +tions where the arrangement of the valves provides the +full required flow through the minimum number of +required relief devices at all times. + +3203.2.7 Temperature limits. Pressure relief devices shall +not be subjected to cryogenic fluid temperatures except +when operating. + +3203.3 Pressure relief vent piping. Pressure relief vent-piping +systems shall be constructed and arranged so as to remain func- +tional and direct the flow of gas to a safe location in accordance +with Sections 3203.3.1 and 3203.3.2. + +3203.3.1 Sizing. Pressure relief device vent piping shall +have a cross-sectional area not less than that of the pressure +relief device vent opening and shall be arranged so as not to +restrict the flow of escaping gas. + +3203.3.2 Arrangement. Pressure relief device vent piping +and drains in vent lines shall be arranged so that escaping +gas will discharge unobstructed to the open air and not + +"impinge on personnel, containers, equipment and adjacent +structures or enter enclosed spaces. Pressure relief device +vent lines shall be installed in such a manner to exclude or +remove moisture and condensation and prevent malfunction +of the pressure relief device because of freezing or ice accu- +mulation. + + + +3203.4 Marking. Cryogenic containers and systems shall be +marked in accordance with Sections 3203.4.1 through +3203.4.6. + +3203.4.1 Identification signs. Visible hazard identification +signs in accordance with NFPA 704 shall be provided at +entrances to buildings or areas in which cryogenic fluids are +stored, handled or used. + +3203.4.2 Identification of contents. Stationary and porta- +ble containers shall be marked with the name of the gas con- +tained. Stationary above-ground containers shall be +placarded in accordance with Sections 2703.5 and 2703.6. +Portable containers shall be identified in accordance with +CGA C-7. + +3203.4.3 Identification of containers. Stationary contain- +ers shall be identified with the manufacturing specification +and maximum allowable working pressure with a perma- +nent nameplate. The nameplate shall be installed on the con- +tainer in an accessible location. The nameplate shall be +marked in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure +Vessel Code or DOTn 49 CFR Part 1 . + +3203.4.4 Identification of container connections. Con- +tainer inlet and outlet connections, liquid-level limit con- - +trols, valves and pressure gauges shall be identified in +accordance with one of the following: marked with a perma- +nent tag or label identifying their function, or identified by a +schematic drawing which portrays their function and desig- +nates whether they are connected to the vapor or liquid +space of the container. Where a schematic drawing is pro- +vided, it shall be attached to the container and maintained in +a legible condition. + +3203.4.5 Identification of piping systems. Piping systems +shall be identified in accordance with ASME A13.1. + +3203.4.6 Identification of emergency shutoff valves. + +Emergency shutoff valves shall be identified and the loca- +tion shall be clearly visible and indicated by means of a sign. + +3203.5 Security. Cryogenic containers and systems shall be +secured against accidental dislodgement and against access by +unauthorized personnel in accordance with Sections 3203.5.1 +through 3203.5.4. + +3203.5.1 Security of areas. Containers and systems shall +be secured against unauthorized entry and safeguarded in an +approved manner. + +3203.5.2 Securing of containers. Stationary containers +shall be secured to foundations in accordance with the Inter- +national Building Code. Portable containers subject to shift- +ing or upset shall be secured. Nesting shall be an acceptable +means of securing containers. + +3203.5.3 Securing of vaporizers. Vaporizers, heat +exchangers and similar equipment shall be anchored to a +suitable foundation and its connecting piping shall be suffi- +ciently flexible to provide for the effects of expansion and +contraction due to temperature changes. + +3203.5.4 Physical protection. Containers, piping, valves, +pressure relief devices, regulating equipment and other +appurtenances shall be protected against physical damage +and tampering. + + + +280 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS + + + +3203.6 Separation from hazardous conditions. Cryogenic +containers and systems in storage or use shall be separated +from materials and conditions which pose exposure hazards to +or from each other in accordance with Sections 3203.6.1 +through 3203.6.2.1. + +3203.6.1 Stationary containers. Stationary containers shall +be separated from exposure hazards in accordance with the +provisions applicable to the type of fluid contained and the +minimum separation distances indicated in Table 3203.6.1. + +TABLE 3203.6.1 + +SEPARATION OF STATIONARY CONTAINERS FROM + +EXPOSURE HAZARDS + + + +EXPOSURE + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE +(feet) + + +Buildings, regardless of construction type + + +1 + + +Wall openings + + +1 + + +Air intakes + + +10 + + +Lot lines + + +5 + + +Places of public assembly + + +50 + + +Nonambulatory patient areas + + +50 + + +Combustible materials such as paper, +leaves, weeds, dry grass or debris + + +15 + + +Other hazardous materials + + +In accordance with +Chapter 27 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +3203.6.1.1 Point-of-fill connections. Remote transfer +points and fill connection points shall not be positioned +closer to exposures than the minimum distances required +for stationary containers. + +3203.6.1.2 Surfaces beneath containers. The surface +of the area on which stationary containers are placed, +including the surface of the area located below the point +where connections are made for the purpose of filling +such containers, shall be compatible with the fluid in the +container. + +3203.6.2 Portable containers. Portable containers shall be +separated from exposure hazards in accordance with Table +3203.6.2. + +TABLE 3203.6.2 + +SEPARATION OF PORTABLE CONTAINERS FROM + +EXPOSURE HAZARDS + + + +EXPOSURE + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE +(feet) + + +Building exits + + +10 + + +Wall openings + + +1 + + +Air intakes + + +10 + + +Lot lines + + +5 + + +Room or area exits + + +3 + + +Combustible materials such as paper, +leaves, weeds, dry grass or debris + + +15 + + +Other hazardous materials + + +In accordance with +Chapter 27 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + + + +3203.6.2.1 Surfaces beneatli containers. Containers +shall be placed on surfaces that are compatible with the +fluid in the container. + +3203.7 Electrical wiring and equipment. Electrical wiring +and equipment shall comply with the ICC Electrical Code and +Sections 3203.7.1 and 3203.7.2. + +3203.7.1 Location. Containers and systems shall not be +located where they could become part of an electrical cir- +cuit. + +3203.7.2 Electrical grounding and bonding. Containers +and systems shall not be used for electrical grounding. +When electrical grounding and bonding is required, the sys- +tem shall comply with the ICC Electrical Code. The +grounding system shall be protected against corrosion, +including con-osion caused by stray electric currents. + +3203.8 Service and repair. Service, repair, modification or +removal of valves, pressure relief devices or other container +appurtenances, shall comply with Sections 3203.8.1 and +3203.8.2 and the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec- +tion VIII or DOTn 49 CFR Part 1. + +3203.8.1 Containers. Containers that have been removed +from service shall be handled in an approved manner. + +3203.8.2 Systems. Service and repair of systems shall be +performed by trained personnel. + +3203.9 Unauthorized use. Containers shall not be used for any +purpose other than to serve as a vessel for containing the prod- +uct which it is designed to contain. + +3203.10 Leaks, damage and corrosion. Leaking, damaged or +corroded containers shall be removed from service. Leaking, +damaged or con-oded systems shall be replaced, repaired or +removed in accordance with Section 3203.8. + +3203.11 Lighting. When required, lighting, including emer- +gency lighting, shall be provided for fire appliances and operat- +ing facilities such as walkways, control valves and gates +ancillary to stationary containers. + + + +SECTION 3204 +STORAGE + +3204.1 General. Storage of containers shall comply with this +section. + +3204.2 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of containers shall be in +accordance with Sections 3204.2.1 through 3204.2.2.3. + +3204.2.1 Stationary containers. Stationary containers +shall be installed in accordance with the provisions appUca- +ble to the type of fluid stored and this section. + +3204.2.1.1 Containers. Stationary containers shall com- +ply with Section 3203.1. + +3204.2.1.2 Construction of indoor areas. Cryogenic +fluids in stationary containers stored indoors shall be +located in buildings, rooms or areas constructed in accor- +dance with the International Building Code. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +281 + + + +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS + + + +3204.2.1.3 Ventilation. Storage areas for stationary con- +tainers shall be ventilated in accordance with the Interna- +tional Mechanical Code. + +3204.2.2 Portable containers. Indoor storage of portable +containers shall comply with the provisions applicable to +the type of fluid stored and Sections 3204.2.2.1 through +32042.2.3. + +3204.2.2.1 Containers. Portable containers shall com- +ply with Section 3203.1. + +3204.2.2.2 Construction of indoor areas. Cryogenic +fluids in portable containers stored indoors shall be +stored in buildings, rooms or areas constructed in accor- +dance with the International Building Code. + +3204.2.2.3 Ventilation. Storage areas shall be ventilated +in accordance with the International Mechanical Code. + +3204.3 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of containers shall +be in accordance with Sections 3204.3.1 through 3204.3.2.2. + +3204.3.1 Stationary containers. The outdoor storage of +stationary containers shall comply with Section 3203 and +this section. + +3204.3.1.1 Location. Stationary containers shall be +located in accordance with Section 3203.6. Containers of +cryogenic fluids shall not be located within diked areas +containing other hazardous materials. + +Storage of flammable cryogenic fluids in stationary +containers outside of buildings is prohibited within the +limits established by law as the limits of districts in +which such storage is prohibited (see Section 3 of the +Sample Ordinance for Adoption of the International Fire +Code on page v). + +3204.3.1.2 Areas subject to flooding. Stationary con- +tainers located in areas subject to flooding shall be +securely anchored or elevated to prevent the containers +from separating from foundations or supports. + +3204.3.1.3 Drainage. The area surrounding stationary +containers shall be provided with a means to prevent +accidental discharge of fluids from endangering person- +nel, containers, equipment and adjacent structures or to +enter enclosed spaces. The stationary container shall not +be placed where spilled or discharged fluids will be +retained around the container. + +Exception: These provisions shall not apply when it +is determined by the fire code official that the con- +tainer does not constitute a hazard, after consideration +of special features such as crushed rock utilized as a +heat sink, topographical conditions, nature of occu- +pancy, proximity to structures on the same or adjacent +property, and the capacity and construction of con- +tainers and character of fluids to be stored. + +3204.3.2 Portable containers. Outdoor storage of portable +containers shall comply with Section 3203 and this section. + +3204.3.2.1 Location. Portable containers shall be +located in accordance with Section 3203.6. + + + +3204.3.2.2 Drainage. The area surrounding portable +containers shall be provided with a means to prevent +accidental discharge of fluids from endangering adjacent +containers, buildings, equipment or adjoining property. + +Exception: These provisions shall not apply when it +is determined by the fire code official that the con- +tainer does not constitute a hazard. + +3204.4 Underground tanks. Underground tanks for the stor- +age of liquid hydrogen shall be in accordance with Sections +3204.4.1 through 3204.5.3. + +3204.4.1 Construction. Storage tanks for liquid hydrogen +shall be designed and constructed in accordance with +ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (Section VIII, +Division 1) and shall be vacuum jacketed in accordance +with Section 3204.5. + +3204.4.2 Location. Storage tanks shall be located outside in +accordance with the following: + +1 . Tanks and associated equipment shall be located with +respect to foundations and supports of other struc- +tures such that the loads carried by the latter cannot be +transmitted to the tank. + +2. The distance from any part of the tank to the nearest +wall of a basement, pit, cellar or lot line shall not be +less than 3 feet (914 mm). + +3. A minimum distance of 1 foot (1525 mm), shell to +shell, shall be maintained between underground +tanks. + +3204.4.3 Depth, cover and fill. The tank shall be buried +such that the top of the vacuum jacket is covered with a min- +imum of 1 foot (305 mm) of earth and with concrete a mini- +mum of 4 inches (102 mm) thick placed over the earthen +cover. The concrete shall extend a minimum of 1 foot (305 +mm) horizontally beyond the footprint of the tank in all +directions. Underground tanks shall be set on firm founda- +tions constructed in accordance with the International +Building Code and surrounded with at least 6 inches (152 +mm) of noncorrosive inert material, such as sand. + +Exception: The vertical extension of the vacuum jacket +as required for service connections. + +3204.4.4 Anchorage and security. Tanks and systems shall +be secured against accidental dislodgement in accordance +with this chapter. + +3204.4.5 Venting of underground tanks. Vent pipes for +underground storage tanks shall be in accordance with Sec- +tions 2209.5.4 and 3203.3. + +3204.4.6 Underground liquid hydrogen piping. Under- +ground liquid hydrogen piping shall be vacuum jacketed or +protected by approved means and designed in accordance +with this chapter. + +3204.4.7 Overfill protection and prevention systems. An + +approved means or method shall be provided to prevent the +overfill of all storage tanks. + +3204.5 Vacuum jacket construction. The vacuum jacket shall +be designed and constructed in accordance with Section VIII of +ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and shall be designed + + + +282 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ + + + +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS + + + +d + + + +to withstand the anticipated loading, including loading from +vehicular traffic, where applicable. Portions of the vacuum +jacket installed below grade shall be designed to withstand +anticipated soil, seismic and hydrostatic loading. + +3204.5.1 Material. The vacuum jacket shall be constructed +of stainless steel or other approved corrosion-resistant +material. + +3204.5.2 Corrosion protection. The vacuum jacket shall +be protected by approved or listed corrosion-resistant mate- +rials or an engineered cathodic protection system. Where +cathodic protection is utilized, an approved maintenance +schedule shall be established. Exposed components shall be +inspected at least twice a year. Maintenance and inspection +events shall be recorded and those records shall be main- +tained on the premises for a minimum of three years and +made available to the fire code official upon request. + +3204.5.3 Vacuum level monitoring. An approved method +shall be provided to indicate loss of vacuum within the vac- +uum jacket(s). + + + +SECTION 3205 +USE AND HANDLING + +3205.1 General. Use and handling of cryogenic fluid contain- +ers and systems shall comply with Sections 3205.1.1 through + +3205.5.2. + +3205.1.1 Cryogenic fluid systems. Cryogenic fluid sys- +tems shall be suitable for the use intended and designed by +persons competent in such design. Equipment, machinery +and processes shall be listed or approved. + +3205.1.2 Piping systems. Piping, tubing, valves and joints +and fittings conveying cryogenic fluids shall be installed in +accordance with the material-specific provisions of Sec- +tions 3201.1 and 3205.1.2.1 through 3205.1.2.6. + +3205.1.2.1 Design and construction. Piping systems +shall be suitable for the use intended through the full +range of pressure and temperature to which they will be +subjected. Piping systems shall be designed and con- +structed to provide adequate allowance for expansion, +contraction, vibration, settlement and fire exposure. + +3205.1.2.2 Joints. Joints on container piping and tubing +shall be threaded, welded, silver brazed or flanged. + +3205.1.2.3 Valves and accessory equipment. Valves +and accessory equipment shall be suitable for the +intended use at the temperatures of the application and +shall be designed and constructed to withstand the maxi- +mum pressure at the minimum temperature to which they +will be subjected. + +3205.1.2.3.1 Shutoff valves on containers. Shutoff +valves shall be provided on all container connections +except for pressure relief devices. Shutoff valves shall +be provided with access thereto and located as close +as practical to the container. + +3205.1.2.3.2 Shutoff valves on piping. Shutoff +valves shall be installed in piping containing cryo- +genic fluids where needed to limit the volume of liq- + + + +uid discharged in the event of piping or equipment +failure. Pressure relief valves shall be installed where +liquid is capable of being trapped between shut- +off- valves in the piping system (see Section 3203.2). + +3205.1.2.4 Physical protection and support. Piping | +systems shall be supported and protected from physical +damage. Piping passing through walls shall be protected +from mechanical damage. + +3205.1.2.5 Corrosion protection. Above-ground pip- +ing that is subject to corrosion because of exposure to +corrosive atmospheres, shall be constructed of materials +to resist the corrosive environment or otherwise pro- +tected against corrosion. Below-ground piping shall be +protected against corrosion. + +3205.1.2.6 Testing. Piping systems shall be tested and +proven free of leaks after installation as required by the +standards to which they were designed and constructed. +Test pressures shall not be less than 150 percent of the +maximum allowable working pressure when hydraulic +testing is conducted or 110 percent when testing is con- +ducted pneumatically. + +3205.2 Indoor use. Indoor use of cryogenic fluids shall com- +ply with the material-specific provisions of Section 3201.1. + +3205.3 Outdoor use. Outdoor use of cryogenic fluids shall +comply with the material specific provisions of Sections +3201.1, 3205.3.1 and 3205.3.2. + +3205.3.1 Separation. Distances from property lines, build- +ings and exposure hazards shall comply with Section +3203.6 and the material specific provisions of Section +3201.1. + +3205.3.2 Emergency shutoff valves. Manual or automatic I +emergency shutoff valves shall be provided to shut off the I +cryogenic fluid supply in case of emergency. An emergency | +shutoff valve shall be located at the source of supply and at +the point where the system enters the building. + +3205.4 Filling and dispensing. Filling and dispensing of cryo- +genic fluids shall comply with Sections 3205.4.1 through +3205.4.3. + +3205.4.1 Dispensing areas. Dispensing of cryogenic fluids +with physical or health hazards shall be conducted in +approved locations. Dispensing indoors shall be conducted +in areas constructed in accordance with the International +Building Code. + +3205.4.1.1 Ventilation. Indoor areas where cryogenic +fluids are dispensed shall be ventilated in accordance +with the requirements of the International Mechanical +Code in a manner that captures any vapor at the point of +generation. + +Exception: Cryogenic fluids that can be demon- +strated not to create harmful vapors. + +3205.4.1.2 Piping systems. Piping systems utilized for +filling or dispensing of cryogenic fluids shall be +designed and constructed in accordance with Section +3205.1.2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +283 + + + +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS + + + +3205.4.2 Vehicle loading and unloading areas. Loading +or unloading areas shall be conducted in an approved man- +ner in accordance with the standards referenced in Section +3201.1. + +3205.4.3 Limit controls. Limit controls shall be provided to +prevent overfilling of stationary containers during filling +operations. + +3205.5 Handling. Handling of cryogenic containers shall +comply with Sections 3205.5.1 and 3205.5.2. + +3205.5.1 Carts and trucks. Cryogenic containers shall be +moved using an approved method. Where cryogenic con- +tainers are moved by hand cart, hand truck or other mobile +device, such carts, trucks or devices shall be designed for the +secure movement of the container. + +Carts and trucks used to transport cryogenic containers +shall be designed to provide a stable base for the commodi- +ties to be transported and shall have a means of restraining +containers to prevent accidental dislodgement. + +3205.5.2 Closed containers. Pressurized containers shall +be transported in a closed condition. Containers designed +for use at atmospheric conditions shall be transported with +appropriate loose fitting covers in place to prevent spillage. + + + +284 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 33 + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +SECTION 3301 +GENERAL + +3301.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the +possession, manufacture, storage, handling, sale and use of +explosives, explosive materials, fireworks and small arms +ammunition. + +Exceptions: + +1 . The Armed Forces of the United States, Coast Guard +or National Guard. + +2. Explosives in forms prescribed by the official United +States Pharmacopoeia. + +3. The possession, storage and use of small arms ammu- +nition when packaged in accordance with DOTn +packaging requirements. + +4. The possession, storage, and use of not more than 1 +pound (0.454 kg) of commercially manufactured +sporting black powder, 20 pounds (9 kg) of smokeless +powder and 10,000 small arms primers for hand load- +ing of small arms ammunition for personal consump- +tion. + +5. The use of explosive materials by federal, state and +local regulatory, law enforcement and fire agencies +acting in their official capacities. + +6. Special industrial explosive devices which in the +aggregate contain less than 50 pounds (23 kg) of +explosive materials. + +7. The possession, storage and use of blank indus- +trial-power load cartridges when packaged in accor- +dance with DOTn packaging regulations. + +8. Transportation in accordance with DOTn 49 CFR +Parts 100-178. + +9. Items preempted by federal regulations. + +3301.1.1 Explosive material standard. In addition to the +requirements of this chapter, NFPA 495 shall govern the +manufacture, transportation, storage, sale, handling and use +of explosive materials. + +3301.1.2 Explosive material terminals. In addition to the +requirements of this chapter, the operation of explosive +material terminals shall conform to the provisions of NFPA +498. + +3301.1.3 Fireworks. The possession, manufacture, stor- +age, sale, handling and use of fireworks are prohibited. + +Exceptions: + +1. Storage and handling of fireworks as allowed in +Section 3304. + + + +2. Manufacture, assembly and testing of fireworks as +allowed in Section 3305. + +3. The use of fireworks for display as allowed in Sec- +tion 3308. + +4. The possession, storage, sale, handling and use of +specific types of Division 1 .4G fireworks where +allowed by applicable laws, ordinances and regu- +lations, provided such fireworks comply with, +CPSC 16 CFR, Parts 1500 and 1507, and DOTn 49 +CFR, Parts 100-178, for consumer fireworks. + +3301.1.4 Rocketry. The storage, handling and use of model +and high-power rockets shall comply with the requirements +of NFPA 1122, NFPA 1125, and NFPA 1127. + +3301.1.5 Ammonium nitrate. The storage and handling of +ammonium nitrate shall comply with the requirements of +NFPA 490 and Chapter 40. + +Exception: Storage of ammonium nitrate in magazines +with blasting agents shall comply with the requirements +of NFPA 495. + +3301.2 Permit required. Permits shall be required as set forth +in Section 105.6 and regulated in accordance with this section. + +3301.2.1 Residential uses. No person shall keep or store, +nor shall any permit be issued to keep or store, any explo- +sives at any place of habitation, or within 100 feet (30 480 +mm) thereof. + +Exception: Storage of smokeless propellahtvblack pow- +der, and small arms primers for personal use and not for +resale in accordance with Section 3306. + +3301.2.2 Sale and retail display. No person shall construct +a retail display nor offer for sale explosives, explosive mate- +rials, or fireworks upon highways, sidewalks, public prop- +erty, or in Group A or E occupancies. + +3301.2.3 Permit restrictions. The fire code official is +authorized to limit the quantity of explosives, explosive +materials, or fireworks permitted at a given location. No per- +son, possessing a permit for storage of explosives at any +place, shall keep or store an amount greater than authorized +in such permit. Only the kind of explosive specified in such +a permit shall be kept or stored. + +3301.2.4 Financial responsibility. Before a permit is +issued, as required by Section 3301 .2, the apphcant shall file +with the jurisdiction a corporate surety bond in the principal +sum of $ 1 00,000 or a public liability insurance policy for the +same amount, for the purpose of the payment of all damages +to persons or property which arise from, or are caused by, +the conduct of any act authorized by the permit upon which +any judicial judgment results. The fire code official is autho- +rized to specify a greater or lesser amount when, in his or her + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +285 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +Opinion, conditions at the location of use indicate a greater +or lesser amount is required. Government entities shall be +exempt from this bond requirement. + +3301.2.4.1 Blasting. Before approval to do blasting is +issued, the applicant for approval shall file a bond or sub- +mit a certificate of insurance in such form, amount and +coverage as determined by the legal department of the +jurisdiction to be adequate in each case to indemnify the +jurisdiction against any and all damages arising from +permitted blasting. + +3301.2.4.2 Fireworks display. The permit holder shall +furnish a bond or certificate of insurance in an amount +deemed adequate by the fire code official for the pay- +ment of all potential damages to a person or persons or to +property by reason of the permitted display, and arising +from any acts of the permit holder, the agent, employees +or subcontractors. + +3301.3 Prohibited explosives. Permits shall not be issued or +renewed for possession, manufacture, storage, handling, sale +or use of the following materials and such materials currently +in storage or use shall be disposed of in an approved manner. + +1 . Liquid nitroglycerin. + +2. Dynamite containing more than 60-percent liquid +explosive ingredient. + +3. Dynamite having an unsatisfactory absorbent or one +that permits leakage of a liquid explosive ingredient +under any conditions liable to exist during storage. + +4. Nitrocellulose in a dry and uncompressed condition in +a quantity greater than 10 pounds (4.54 kg) of net +weight in one package. + +5. Fulminate of mercury in a dry condition and fulminate +of all other metals in any condition except as a compo- +nent of manufactured articles not hereinafter forbid- +den. + +6. Explosive compositions that ignite spontaneously or +undergo marked decomposition, rendering the prod- +ucts of their use more hazardous, when subjected for 48 +consecutive hours or less to a temperature of 167°F + +(75°C). + +7. New explosive materials until approved by DOTn, +except that permits are allowed to be issued to educa- +tional, governmental or industrial laboratories for +instructional or research purposes. + +8. Explosive materials condemned by DOTn. + +9. Explosive materials containing an ammonium salt and +a chlorate. + +10. Explosives not packed or marked as required by DOTn +49 CFR, Parts 100-178. + +Exception: Gelatin dynamite. + +3301.4 Qualifications. Persons in charge of magazines, blast- +ing, fireworks display, or pyrotechnic special effect operations + + + +shall not be under the influence of alcohol or drugs which +impair sensory or motor skills, shall be at least 21 years of age, +and shall demonstrate knowledge of all safety precautions +related to the storage, handling or use of explosives, explosive +materials or fireworks. + +3301.5 Supervision. The fire code official is authorized to +require operations permitted under the provisions of Section +3301 .2 to be supervised at any time by the fire code official in +order to determine compliance with all safety and fire regula- +tions. + +3301.6 Notification. Whenever a new explosive material stor- +age or manufacturing site is established, including a temporary +job site, the local law enforcement agency, fire department, and +local emergency planning committee shall be notified 48 hours +in advance, not including Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, of +the type, quantity and location of explosive materials at the site. + +3301.7 Seizure. The fire code official is authorized to remove +or cause to be removed or disposed of in an approved manner, +at the expense of the owner, explosives, explosive materials or +fireworks offered or exposed for sale, stored, possessed or used +in violation of this chapter. + +3301.8 Establishment of quantity of explosives and dis- +tances. The quantity of explosives and distances shall be in +accordance with Sections 3301.8.1 and 3301.8.1.1. + +3301.8.1 Quantity of explosives. The quantity-distance +(Q-D) tables in Sections 3304.5 and 3305.3 shall be used to +provide the minimum separation distances from potential +explosion sites as set forth in Tables 3301.8.1(1) through +3301 .8. 1(3). The classification and the weight of the explo- +sives are primary characteristics governing the use of these +tables. The net explosive weight shall be determined in +accordance with Sections 3301.8.1.1 through 3301.8.1.4. + +3301.8.1.1 Mass-detonating explosives. The total net +explosive weight of Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.5 explosives +shall be used. See Table 3304.5.2(2) or Table 3305.3 as +appropriate. + +Exception: When the TNT equivalence of the explo- +sive material has been determined, the equivalence is +allowed to be used to establish the net explosive +weight. + +3301.8.1.2 Nonmass-detonating explosives (exclud- +ing Division 1.4). Nonmass-detonating explosives shall +be as follows: + +1. Division 1.3 propellants. The total weight of the +propellants alone shall be the net explosive weight. +The net weight of propellant shall be used. See +Table 3304.5.2(3). + +2. Combinations of bulk metal powder and pyrotech- +nic compositions. The sum of the net weights of +metal powders and pyrotechnic compositions in +the containers shall be the net explosive weight. +See Table 3304.5.2(3). + + + +286 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + + + +TABLE 3301.8.1(1) +APPLICATION OF SEPARATION DISTANCE (Q-D) TABLES— DIVISION 1.1, + + +1.2 AND 1.5 EXPLOSIVES«'''= + + + + +ITEM + + +MAGAZINE + + +Q-D + + +OPERATING +BUILDING + + +Q-D + + +INHABITED +BUILDING + + +Q-D + + +PUBLIC + +TRAFFIC + +ROUTE + + +Q-D + + +Magazine + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +IMD + + +Table +3305.3 + + +ILD or IPD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +IBD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +PTR + + +Operating +Building + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +ILD or IPD + + +Table + +3305.3 + + +ILD or IPD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +IBD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +PTR + + +Inhabited +Building + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +IBD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +IBD + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + +Public Traffic +Route + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +PTR + + +Table + +3304.5.2(2) + + +PTR + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. The minimum separation distance (D^) shall be a minimum of 60 feet. Where a building or magazine containing explosives is barricaded, the minimum distance +shall be 30 feet. + +b. Linear interpolation between tabular values in the referenced Q-D tables shall not be allowed. Nonlinear interpolation of the values shall be allowed subject to an +approved technical opinion and report prepared in accordance with Section 104.7.2. + +c. For definitions of Quantity-Distance abbreviations IBD, ILD, IMD, IPD and PTR, see Section 3302.1. + + + +TABLE 3301 .8.1 (2) +APPLICATION OF SEPARATION DISTANCE (Q-D) TABLES— DIVISION 1.3 EXPLOSIVES^"' + + + +ITEM + + +MAGAZINE + + +Q-D + + +OPERATING +BUILDING + + +Q-D + + +INHABITED +BUILDING + + +Q-D + + +PUBLIC + +TRAFFIC + +ROUTE + + +Q-D + + +Magazine + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +IMD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +ILD or IPD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +IBD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +PTR + + +Operating +Building + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +ILD or +IPD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +ILDorlPD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +IBD + + +Table +3304.5.2(3) + + +PTR + + +Inhabited +Building + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +IBD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +IBD + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + +Public Traffic +Route + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +PTR + + +Table + +3304.5.2(3) + + +PTR + + +^ NA + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. The minimum separation distance (D^) shall be a minimum of 50 feet. + +b. Linear interpolation between tabular values in the referenced Q-D table shall be allowed. + +c. For definitions of Quantity-Distance abbreviations IBD, ILD, IMD, IPD and PTR, see Section 3302.1. + + + +TABLE 3301.8.1(3) +APPLICATION OF SEPARATION DISTANCE (Q-D) TABLES— DIVISION 1.4 EXPLOSIVES^ "■= + + + +ITEM + + +MAGAZINE + + +Q-D + + +OPERATING +BUILDING + + +Q-D + + +INHABITED +BUILDING + + +Q-D + + +PUBLIC + +TRAFFIC + +ROUTE + + +Q-D + + +Magazine + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +IMD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +ILD or IPD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +IBD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +PTR + + +Operating +Building + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +ILD or IPD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +ILD or IPD + + +Table +3304.5.2(4) + + +IBD + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +PTR + + +Inhabited +Building + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +IBD + + +Table +3304.5.2(4) + + +IBD + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + +Public Traffic +Route + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +PTR + + +Table + +3304.5.2(4) + + +PTR + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + +NA + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. The minimum separation distance (D^) shall be a minimum of 50 feet. + +b. Linear interpolation between tabular values in the referenced Q-D table shall not be allowed. + +c. For definitions of Quantity-Distance abbreviations IBD, ILD, IMD, IPD and PTR, see Section 3302.1. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +287 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +3301.8.1.3 Combinations of mass-detonating and +nonmass-detonating explosives (excluding Division +1.4). Combination of mass-detonating and nonmass-det- +onating explosives shall be as follows: + +1. When Division 1.1 and 1.2 explosives are located +in the same site, determine the distance for the total +quantity considered first as 1 . 1 and then as 1 .2. The +required distance is the greater of the two. When +the Division 1.1 requirements are controlling and +the TNT equivalence of the 1 .2 is known, the TNT +equivalent weight of the 1.2 items shall be allowed +to be added to the total explosive weight of Divi- +sion 1.1 items to determine the net explosive +weight for Division 1.1 distance determination. +See Table 3304.5.2(3) or Table 3305.3 as appro- +priate. + +2. When Division 1.1 and 1.3 explosives are located +in the same site, determine the distances for the +total quantity considered first as 1.1 and then as +1 .3. The required distance is the greater of the two. +When the Division 1.1 requirements are control- +ling and the TNT equivalence of the 1.3 is known, +the TNT equivalent weight of the 1 .3 items shall be +allowed to be added to the total explosive weight +of Division 1 . 1 items to determine the net explo- +sive weight for Division 1 . 1 distance determina- +tion. See Table 3304.5.2(2), 3304.5.2(3) or +3305.3, as appropriate. + +3. When Division 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 explosives are +located in the same site, determine the distances +for the total quantity considered first as 1 . 1 , next as + +1.2 and finally as 1.3. The required distance is the +greatest of the three. As allowed by paragraphs 1 +and 2 above, TNT equivalent weights for 1.2 and + +1.3 items are allowed to be used to determine the +net weight of explosives for Division 1 . 1 distance +determination. Table 3304.5.2(2) or 3305.3 shall +be used when TNT equivalency is used to establish +the net explosive weight. + +4. For composite pyrotechnic items Division 1.1 and +Division 1.3, the sum of the net weights of the +pyrotechnic composition and the explosives +involved shall be used. See Tables 3304.5.2(2) and +3304.5.2(3). + +3301.8.1.4 Moderate fire — no blast hazards. Division +1 .4 explosives. The total weight of the explosive material +alone is the net weight. The net weight of the explosive +material shall be used. + + + +SECTION 3302 +DEFINITIONS + +3302.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +AMMONIUM NITRATE. A chemical compound repre- +sented by the formula NH4NO3. + + + +BARRICADE. A structure that consists of a combination of +walls, floor and roof, which is designed to withstand the rapid +release of energy in an explosion and which is fully confined, +partially vented or fully vented; or other effective method of +shielding from explosive materials by a natural or artificial bar- +rier. + +Artificial barricade. An artificial mound or revetment a +minimum thickness of 3 feet (914 mm). + +Natural barricade. Natural features of the ground, such as +hills, or timber of sufficient density that the surrounding +exposures that require protection cannot be seen from the +magazine or building containing explosives when the trees +are bare of leaves. + +BARRICADED. The effective screening of a building con- +taining explosive materials from the magazine or other build- +ing, railway, or highway by a natural or an artificial barrier. A +straight line from the top of any sidewall of the building con- +taining explosive materials to the eave line of any magazine or +other building or to a point 12 feet (3658 nun) above the center +of a railway or highway shall pass through such barrier. + +BLAST AREA. The area including the blast site and the +immediate adjacent area within the influence of flying rock, +missiles and concussion. + +BLAST SITE. The area in which explosive materials are being +or have been loaded and which includes all holes loaded or to +be loaded for the same blast and a distance of 50 feet (15 240 +mm) in all directions. + +BLASTER. A person qualified in accordance with Section +3301.4 to be in charge of and responsible for the loading and +firing of a blast. + +BLASTING AGENT. A material or mixture consisting of fuel +and oxidizer, intended for blasting provided that the finished +product, as mixed for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by +means of a No. 8 test detonator when unconfined. Blasting +agents are labeled and placarded as Class 1 .5 material by US +DOTn. + +BULLET RESISTANT. Constructed so as to resist penetra- +tion of a bullet of 1 50-grain M2 ball ammunition having a nom- +inal muzzle velocity of 2,700 feet per second (fps) (824 mps) +when fired from a 30-caliber rifle at a distance of 100 feet (30 +480 mm), measured perpendicular to the target. + +DETONATING CORD. A flexible cord containing a center +core of high explosive used to initiate other explosives. + +DETONATION. An exothermic reaction characterized by the +presence of a shock wave in the material which establishes and +maintains the reaction. The reaction zone progresses through +the material at a rate greater than the velocity of sound. The +principal heating mechanism is one of shock compression. +Detonations have an explosive effect. + +DETONATOR. A device containing any initiating or primary +explosive that is used for initiating detonation. A detonator +shall not contain more than 154.32 grains (10 grams) of total +explosives by weight, excluding ignition or delay charges. The +term includes, but is not limited to, electric blasting caps of +instantaneous and delay types, blasting caps for use with safety +fuses, detonating cord delay connectors, and noninstantaneous + + + +288 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +and delay blasting caps which use detonating cord, shock tube +or any other replacement for electric leg wires. All types of det- +onators in strengths through No. 8 cap should be rated at 1 .5 +pounds (0.68 kg) of explosives per 1,000 caps. For strengths +higher than No. 8 cap, consult the manufacturer. + +DISCHARGE SITE. The immediate area surrounding the +fireworks mortars used for an outdoor fireworks display. + +DISPLAY SITE. The inmiediate area where a fireworks dis- +play is conducted. The display area includes the discharge site, +the fallout area, and the required separation distance from the +mortars to spectator viewing areas. The display area does not +include spectator viewing areas or vehicle parking areas. + +EXPLOSIVE. A chemical compound, mixture or device, the +primary or common purpose of which is to function by explo- +sion. The term includes, but is not limited to, dynamite, black +powder, pellet powder, initiating explosives, detonators, safety +fuses, squibs, detonating cord, igniter cord, igniters and display +fireworks, 1.3G (Class B, Special). + +The term "explosive" includes any material determined to be +within the scope of USC Title 18: Chapter 40 and also includes +any material classified as an explosive other than consumer +fireworks, 1 .4G (Class C, Common) by the hazardous materi- +als regulations of DOTn 49 CFR. + +High explosive. Explosive material, such as dynamite, +which can be caused to detonate by means of a No. 8 test +blasting cap when unconfined. + +Low explosive. Explosive material that will bum or defla- +grate when ignited. It is characterized by a rate of reaction +that is less than the speed of sound. Examples of low explo- +sives include, but are not limited to, black powder, safety +fuse, igniters, igniter cord, fuse lighters, fireworks, 1.3G +(Class B special) and propellants, 1.3C. + +Mass-detonating explosives. Division 1.1, 1.2 and 1.5 +explosives alone or in combination, or loaded into various +types of anmiunition or containers, most of which can be +expected to explode virtually instantaneously when a small +portion is subjected to fire, severe concussion, impact, the +impulse of an initiating agent, or the effect of a considerable +discharge of energy from without. Materials that react in +this manner represent a mass explosion hazard. Such an +explosive will normally cause severe structural damage to +adjacent objects. Explosive propagation could occur imme- +diately to other items of ammunition and explosives stored +sufficiently close to and not adequately protected from the +initially exploding pile with a time interval short enough so +that two or more quantities must be considered as one for +quantity-distance purposes. + +UN/DOTn Class 1 explosives. The former classification +system used by DOTn included the terms "high" and "low" +explosives as defined herein. The following terms further +define explosives under the current system applied by +DOTn for all explosive materials defined as hazard Class 1 +materials. Compatibility group letters are used in concert +with the Division to specify further limitations on each divi- +sion noted, (i.e., the letter G identifies the material as a pyro- + + + +technic substance or article containing a pyrotechnic sub- +stance and similar materials). + +Division 1.1. Explosives that have a mass explosion haz- +ard. A mass explosion is one which affects almost the +entire load instantaneously. + +Division 1.2. Explosives that have a projection hazard +but not a mass explosion hazard. + +Division 1.3. Explosives that have a fire hazard and +either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard +or both, but not a mass explosion hazard. + +Division 1.4. Explosives that pose a minor explosion +hazard. The explosive effects are largely confined to the +package and no projection of fragments of appreciable +size or range is to be expected. An external fire must not +cause virtually instantaneous explosion of almost the +entire contents of the package. + +Division 1.5. Very insensitive explosives. This division +is comprised of substances that have a mass explosion +hazard but which are so insensitive that there is very little +probability of initiation or of transition from burning to +detonation under normal conditions of transport. + +Division 1.6. Extremely insensitive articles which do not +have amass explosion hazard. This division is comprised +of articles that contain only extremely insensitive deto- +nating substances and which demonstiate a negligible +probability of accidental initiation or propagation. + +EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL. The term "explosive" material +means explosives, blasting agents, and detonators. + +FALLOUT AREA. The area over which aerial shells are fired. +The shells burst over the area, and unsafe debris and malfunc- +tioning aerial shells fall into this area. The fallout area is the +location where a typical aerial shell dud falls to the ground +depending on the wind and the angle of mortar placement. + +FIREWORKS. Any composition or device for the purpose of +producing a visible or an audible effect for entertainment pur- +poses by combustion, deflagration or detonation that meets the +definition of 1.4G fireworks or 1.3G fireworks as set forth +herein. + +Fireworks, 1.4G. (Formerly known as Class C, Common +Fireworks.) Small fireworks devices containing restricted +amounts of pyrotechnic composition designed primarily to +produce visible or audible effects by combustion. Such +1 .4G fireworks which comply with the construction, chemi- +cal composition and labeling regulations of the DOTn for +Fireworks, UN 0336, and the U.S. Consumer Product +Safety Commission as set forth in CPSC 16 CFR: Parts +1500 and 1507, are not explosive materials for the purpose +of this code. + +Fireworks, 1.3G. (Formerly Class B, Special Fireworks.) +Large fireworks devices, which are explosive materials, +intended for use in fireworks displays and designed to pro- +duce audible or visible efl"ects by combustion, deflagration +or detonation. Such 1 .3G fireworks include, but are not lim- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +289 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +ited to, firecrackers containing more than 130 milligrams (2 +grains) of explosive composition, aerial shells containing +more than 40 grams of pyrotechnic composition, and other +display pieces which exceed the limits for classification as +1.4G fireworks. Such 1.3G fireworks, are also described as +Fireworks, UN0335 by the DOTn. + +FIREWORKS DISPLAY. A presentation of fireworks for a +public or private gathering. + +HIGHWAY. A public street, public alley or public road. + +INHABITED BUILDING. A building regularly occupied in +whole or in part as a habitation for people, or any place of reli- +gious worship, schoolhouse, railroad station, store or other +structure where people are accustomed to assemble, except any +building or structure occupied in connection with the manufac- +ture, transportation, storage or use of explosive materials. + +MAGAZINE. A building, structure or container, other than an +operating building, approved for storage of explosive materi- +als. + +Indoor. A portable structure, such as a box, bin or other con- +tainer, constructed as required for Type 2, 4 or 5 magazines +in accordance with NFPA 495, NFPA 1124 or DOTy 27 +CFR Part 55 so as to be fire resistant and theft resistant. + +Type 1. A permanent structure, such as a building or igloo, +that is bullet resistant, fire resistant, theft resistant, weather +resistant and ventilated in accordance with the requirements +of NFPA 495, NFPA 1 124, or DOTy 27 CFR Part 55. + +Type 2. A portable or mobile structure, such as a box, +skid-magazine, trailer or semitrailer, constructed in accor- +dance with the requirements of NFPA 495, NFPA 1 124 or +DOTy 27 CFR, Part 55 that is fire resistant, theft resistant, +weather resistant and ventilated. If used outdoors, a Type 2 +magazine is also bullet resistant. + +Type 3. A fire-resistant, theft-resistant and weather-resis- +tant "day box" or portable structure constructed in accor- +dance with NFPA 495, NFPA 1 124, or DOTy 27 CFR Part +55 used for the temporary storage of explosive materials. + +Type 4. A permanent, portable or mobile structure such as a +building, igloo, box, semitrailer or other mobile container +that is fire resistant, theft resistant and weather resistant and +constructed in accordance with NFPA 495, NFPA 1 124, or +DOTy 27 CFR, Part 55. + +Type 5. A permanent, portable or mobile structure such as a +building, igloo, box, bin, tank, semitrailer, bulk trailer, tank +trailer, bulk truck, tank truck or other mobile container that +is theft resistant, which is constructed in accordance with +NFPA 495, NFPA 1124, or DOTy 27 CFR, Part 55. + +MORTAR. A tube from which fireworks shells are fired into +the air. + +NET EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT (net weight). The weight of +explosive material expressed in pounds. The net explosive +weight is the aggregate amount of explosive material contained +within buildings, magazines, structures or portions thereof, +used to establish quantity-distance relationships. + +OPERATING BUILDING. A building occupied in conjunc- +tion with the manufacture, transportation, or use of explosive + + + +materials. Operating buildings are separated from one another +with the use of intraplant or intraline distances. + +OPERATING LINE. A group of buildings, faciUties or +workstations so arranged as to permit performance of the steps +in the manufacture of an explosive or in the loading, assembly, +modification and maintenance of ammunition or devices con- +taining explosive materials. + +PLOSOPHORIC MATERIAL. Two or more unmixed, com- +mercially manufactured, prepackaged chemical substances +including oxidizers, flammable liquids or solids, or similar +substances that are not independently classified as explosives +but which, when mixed or combined, form an explosive that is +intended for blasting. + +PROXIMATE AUDIENCE. An audience closer to pyrotech- +nic devices than allowed by NFPA 1 123. + +PUBLIC TRAFFIC ROUTE (PTR). Any public street, road, +highway, navigable stream or passenger railroad that is used for +through traffic by the general public. + +PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION. A chemical mixture +that produces visible light displays or sounds through a +self-propagating, heat-releasing chemical reaction which is +initiated by ignition. + +PYROTECHNIC SPECIAL EFFECT. A visible or audible +effect for entertainment created through the use of pyrotechnic +materials and devices. + +PYROTECHNIC SPECIAL-EFFECT MATERIAL. A + +chemical mixture used in the entertainment industry, to pro- +duce visible or audible effects by combustion, deflagration or +detonation. Such a chemical mixture predominantly consists of +solids capable of producing a controlled, self-sustaining and +self-contained exothermic chemical reaction that results in +heat, gas sound, light or a combination of these effects. The +chemical reaction functions without external oxygen. + +QUANTITY-DISTANCE (Q-D). The quantity of explosive +material and separation distance relationships providing pro- +tection. These relationships are based on levels of risk consid- +ered acceptable for the stipulated exposures and are tabulated +in the appropriate Q-D tables. The separation distances speci- +fied afford less than absolute safety: + +Minimum separation distance (DJ. The minimum sepa- +ration distance between adjacent buildings occupied in con- +junction with the manufacture, transportation, storage or +use of explosive materials where one of the buildings con- +tains explosive materials and the other building does not. + +Intraline distance (ILD) or Intraplant distance (IPD). + +The distance to be maintained between any two operating +buildings on an explosives manufacturing site when at least +one contains or is designed to contain explosives, or the dis- +tance between a magazine and an operating building. + +Inhabited building distance (IBD). The minimum separa- +tion distance between an operating building or magazine +containing explosive materials and an inhabited building or +site boundary. + +Intermagazine distance (IMD). The minimum separation +distance between magazines. + + + +290 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +RAILWAY. A steam, electric or other railroad or railway that +carriers passengers for hire. + +READY BOX. A weather-resistant container with a self-clos- +ing or automatic-closing cover that protects fireworks shells +from burning debris. Tarpaulins shall not be considered as +ready boxes. + +SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION. A shotgun, rifle or pistol +cartridge and any cartridge for propellant-actuated devices. +This definition does not include military ammunition contain- +ing bursting charges or incendiary, trace, spotting or pyrotech- +nic projectiles. + +SMALL ARMS PRIMERS. Small percussion-sensitive +explosive charges, encased in a cap, used to ignite propellant +powder. + +SMOKELESS PROPELLANTS. Solid propellants, com- +monly referred to as smokeless powders, used in small arms +ammunition, cannons, rockets, propellant-actuated devices +and similar articles. + +SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVE DEVICE. An + +explosive power pack containing an explosive charge in the +form of a cartridge or construction device. The term includes +but is not limited to explosive rivets, explosive bolts, explosive +charges for driving pins or studs, cartridges for explosive-actu- +ated power tools and charges of explosives used in automotive +air bag inflators, jet tapping of open hearth furnaces and jet per- +foration of oil well casings. + +THEFT RESISTANT. Construction designed to deter illegal +entry into facilities for the storage of explosive materials. + + + +SECTION 3303 +RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING + +3303.1 General. Records of the receipt, handling, use or dis- +posal of explosive materials, and reports of any accidents, +thefts, or unauthorized activities involving explosive materials +shall conform to the requirements of this section. + +3303.2 Transaction record. The permittee shall maintain a +record of all transactions involving receipt, removal, use or dis- +posal of explosive materials. Such a record shall be maintained +for a period of five years, and shall be furnished to the fire code +official for inspection upon request. + +Exception: Where only Division 1.4G (consumer fire- +works) are handled, records need only be maintained for a +period of three years. + +3303.3 Loss, theft or unauthorized removal. The loss, theft +or unauthorized removal of explosive materials from a maga- +zine or permitted facility shall be reported to the fire code offi- +cial, local law enforcement authorities, and the U.S. +Department of Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Fire- +arms within 24 hours. + +Exception: Loss of Division 1.4G (consumer fireworks) +need not be reported to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and +Firearms. + +3303.4 Accidents. Accidents involving the use of explosives, +explosive materials and fireworks, which result in injuries or + + + +property damage, shall be reported to the fire code official +immediately. + +3303.5 Misfires. The pyrotechnic display operator or blaster in +charge shall keep a record of all aerial shells that fail to fire or +charges that fail to detonate. + +3303.6 Hazard communication. Manufacturers of explosive +materials and fireworks shall maintain records of chemicals, +chemical compounds and mixtures required by DDL 29 CFR, +Part 1910.1200, and Section 407. + +3303.7 Safety rules. Current safety rules covering the opera- +tion of magazines, as described in Section 3304.7, shall be +posted on the interior of the magazine in a visible location. + + + +SECTION 3304 + +EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS + +STORAGE AND HANDLING + +3304.1 General. Storage of explosives and explosive materi- +als, small arms ammunition, small arms primers, propel- +lant-actuated cartridges and smokeless propellants in +magazines, shall comply with the provisions of this section. + +3304.2 Magazine required. Explosives and explosive materi- +als, and Division 1.3G fireworks shall be stored in magazines +constructed, located, operated and maintained in accordance +with the provisions of Section 3304 and NFPA 495 or NFPA +1124. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Storage of fireworks at display sites in accordance +with Section 3308.5 and NFPA 1 123 or NFPA 1 126. + +2. Portable or mobile magazines not exceeding 120 +square feet (11 m^) in area shall not be required to +comply with the requirements of the International +Building Code. + +3304.3 Magazines. The storage of explosives and explosive +materials in magazines shall comply with Table 3304.3. + +3304.3.1 High explosives. Explosive materials classified as +Division 1.1 or 1.2 or formerly classified as Class A by the +U.S. Department of Transportation shall be stored in Type 1 , +2 or 3 magazines. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Black powder shall be stored in a Type 1 , 2, 3 or 4 +magazine. + +2. Cap-sensitive explosive material that is demon- +strated not to be bullet sensitive, shall be stored in a +Type 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 magazine. + +3304.3.2 Low explosives. Explosive materials that are not +cap sensitive shall be stored in a Type 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 maga- +zine. + +3304.3.3 Detonating cord. For quantity and distance pur- +poses, detonating cord of 50 grains per foot shall be calcu- +lated as equivalent to 8 pounds (4 kg) of high explosives per +1,000 feet (305 m). Heavier or lighter core loads shall be +rated proportionally. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +291 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +TABLE 3304.3 + +STORAGE AMOUNTS AND MAGAZINE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPLOSIVES, EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS AND + +FIREWORKS, 1.3G MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA + + + +NEW UN/ + +DOTn +DIVISION + + +OLD DOTn +CLASS + + +ATF/OSHA +CLASS + + +INDOORS (pounds) + + +OUTDOOR +(pounds) + + +MAGAZINE TYPE REQUIRED + + +Unprotected + + +Cabinet + + +Sprinklers + + +Sprinklers +& cabinet + + +1 + + +2 + + +3 + + +4 + + +5 + + +1.1" + + +A + + +High + + + + + + + + +1 + + +2 + + + + +X + + +X + + +X + + + + + +— + + +1.2 + + +A + + +High + + + + + + + + +1 + + +2 + + + + +X + + +X + + +X + + + + + + + + +1.2 + + +B + + +Low + + + + + + + + +1 + + +2 + + + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +X + + + + + +1.3 + + +B + + +Low + + + + + + + + +5 + + +10 + + + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +— + + +1.4 + + +B + + +Low + + + + + + + + +50 + + +100 + + + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +— + + +1.5 + + +C + + +Low + + + + + + + + +1 + + +2 + + + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +X + + + + + +1.5 + + +Blasting +Agent + + +Blasting +Agent + + + + + + + + +1 + + +2 + + + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +1.6 + + +N/A + + +N/A + + + + + + + + +1 + + +2 + + + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +X + + +X + + + +For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 pound per gallon = 0.12 kg per liter, 1 ounce = 28.35 g. + +a. A factor of 10 pounds per gallon shall be used for converting pounds (solid) to gallons (liquid) in accordance with Section 2703.1.2. + +b. Black powder shall be stored in a Type 1, 2, 3 or 4 magazine as provided for in Section 3304.3.1. + + + +3304.4 Prohibited storage. Detonators shall be stored in a +separate magazine for blasting supplies and shall not be stored +in a magazine with other explosive materials. + +3304.5 Location. The use of magazines for storage of explo- +sives and explosive materials shall comply with Sections +3304.5.1 through 3304.5.3.3. + +3304.5.1 Indoor magazines. The use of indoor magazines +for storage of explosives and explosive materials shall com- +ply with the requirements of this section. + +3304.5.1.1 Use. The use of indoor magazines for storage +of explosives and explosive materials shall be limited to +occupancies of Group F, H, M or S, and research and +development laboratories. + +3304.5.1.2 Construction. Indoor magazines shall com- +ply with the following construction requirements: + +1 . Construction shall be fire resistant and theft resis- +tant. + +2. Exterior shall be painted red. + +3. Base shall be fitted with wheels, casters or rollers +to facilitate removal from the building in an emer- +gency. + +4. Lid or door shall be marked with conspicuous +white lettering not less than 3 inches (76 mm) high +and minimum V2 inch (12.7 mm) stroke, reading +EXPLOSIVES — KEEP FIRE AWAY. + +5. The least horizontal dimension shall not exceed +the clear width of the entrance door. + + + +3304.5.1.3 Quantity limit. Not more than 50 pounds (23 +kg) of explosives or explosive materials shall be stored +within an indoor magazine. + +Exception: Day boxes used for the storage of in-pro- +cess material in accordance with Section 3305.6.4. 1 . + +3304.5.1.4 Prohibited use. Indoor magazines shall not +be used within buildings containing Group R occupan- +cies. + +3304.5.1.5 Location. Indoor magazines shall be located +within 10 feet (3048 mm) of an entrance and only on +floors at or having ramp access to the exterior grade +level. + +3304.5.1.6 Number. Not more than two indoor maga- +zines shall be located in the same building. Where two +such magazines are located in the same building, one +magazine shall be used solely for the storage of not more +than 5,000 detonators. + +3304.5.1.7 Separation distance. When two magazines +are located in the same building, they shall be separated +by a distance of not less than 10 feet (3048 mm). + +3304.5.2 Outdoor magazines. All outdoor magazines +other than Type 3 shall be located so as to comply with Table +3304.5.2(2) or Table 3304.5.2(3) as set forth in Tables +3301.8.1(1) through 3301.8.1(3). Where a magazine or +group of magazines, as described in Section 3304.5.2.2, +contains different classes of explosive materials, and Divi- +sion 1 . 1 materials are present, the required separations for +the magazine or magazine group as a whole shall comply +with Table 3304.5.2(2). + + + +<• + + + +292 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +TABLE 3304.5.2(1) +AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES AS APPROVED BY THE INSTITUTE OF MAKERS + +OF EXPLOSIVES AND REVISED JUNE 1991^ + + + +QUANTITY OF EXPLOSIVE +MATERIALS'^ + + +DISTANCES IN FEET + + +Inhabited buildings + + +Public highways with traffic + +volume less than 3,000 + +vehicles per day + + +Public highways with traffic + +volume greater than 3,000 + +vehicles per day and + +passenger railways + + +Separation of magazines'* + + +Pounds over + + +Pounds not +over + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + + + + +5 + + +70 + + +140 + + +30 + + +60 + + +51 + + +102 + + +6 + + +12 + + +5 + + +10 + + +90 + + +180 + + +35 + + +70 + + +64 + + +128 + + +8 + + +16 + + +10 + + +20 + + +110 + + +220 + + +45 + + +90 + + +81 + + +162 + + +10 + + +20 + + +20 + + +30 + + +125 + + +250 + + +50 + + +100 + + +93 + + +186 + + +11 + + +22 + + +30 + + +40 + + +140 + + +280 + + +55 + + +110 + + +103 + + +206 + + +12 + + +24 + + +40 + + +50 + + +150 + + +300 + + +60 + + +120 + + +110 + + +220 + + +14 + + +28 + + +50 + + +75 + + +170 + + +340 + + +70 + + +140 + + +127 + + +254 + + +15 + + +30 + + +75 + + +100 + + +190 + + +380 + + +75 + + +150 + + +139 + + +278 + + +16 + + +32 + + +100 + + +125 + + +200 + + +400 + + +80 + + +160 + + +150 + + +300 + + +18 + + +36 + + +125 + + +150 + + +215 + + +430 + + +85 + + +170 + + +159 + + +318 + + +19 + + +38 + + +150 + + +200 + + +235 + + +470 + + +95 + + +190 + + +175 + + +350 + + +21 + + +42 + + +200 + + +250 + + +255 + + +510 + + +105 + + +210 + + +189 + + +378 + + +23 + + +46 + + +250 + + +300 + + +270 + + +540 + + +110 + + +220 + + +201 + + +402 + + +24 + + +48 + + +300 + + +400 + + +295 + + +590 + + +120 + + +240 + + +221 + + +442 + + +27 + + +54 + + +400 + + +500 + + +320 + + +640 + + +130 + + +260 + + +238 + + +476 + + +29 + + +58 + + +500 + + +600 + + +240 + + +680 + + +135 + + +270 + + +253 + + +506 + + +31 + + +62 + + +600 + + +700 + + +355 + + +710 + + +145 + + +-^290 + + +266 + + +532 + + +32 + + +64 + + +700 + + +800 + + +375 + + +750 + + +150 + + +300 + + +278 + + +556 + + +33 + + +66 + + +800 + + +900 + + +390 + + +780 + + +155 + + +310 + + +289 + + +578 + + +35 + + +70 + + +900 + + +1,000 + + +400 + + +800 + + +160 + + +320 + + +300 + + +600 + + +36 + + +72 + + +1,000 + + +1,200 + + +425 + + +850 + + +165 + + +330 + + +318 + + +636 + + +39 + + +78 + + +1,200 + + +1,400 + + +450 + + +900 + + +170 + + +340 + + +336 + + +672 + + +41 + + +82 + + +1,400 + + +1,600 + + +470 + + +940 + + +175 + + +350 + + +351 + + +702 + + +43 + + +86 + + +1,600 + + +1,800 + + +490 + + +980 + + +180 + + +360 + + +366 + + +732 + + +44 + + +88 + + +1,800 + + +2,000 + + +505 + + +1,010 + + +185 + + +370 + + +378 + + +756 + + +45 + + +90 + + +2,000 + + +2,500 + + +545 + + +1,090 + + +190 + + +380 + + +408 + + +816 + + +49 + + +98 + + +2,500 + + +3,000 + + +580 + + +1,160 + + +195 + + +390 + + +432 + + +864 + + +52 + + +104 + + +3,000 + + +4,000 + + +635 + + +1,270 + + +210 + + +420 + + +474 + + +948 + + +58 + + +116 + + +4,000 + + +5,000 + + +685 + + +1,370 + + +225 + + +450 + + +513 + + +1,026 + + +61 + + +122 + + +5,000 + + +6,000 + + +730 + + +1,460 + + +235 + + +470 + + +546 + + +1,092 + + +65 + + +130 + + +6,000 + + +7,000 + + +770 + + +1,540 + + +245 + + +490 + + +573 + + +1,146 + + +68 + + +136 + + +7,000 + + +8,000 + + +800 + + +1,600 + + +250 + + +500 + + +600 + + +1,200 + + +72 + + +144 + + +8,000 + + +9,000 + + +835 + + +1,670 + + +255 + + +510 + + +624 + + +1,248 + + +75 + + +150 + + +9,000 + + +10,000 + + +865 + + +1,730 + + +260 + + +520 + + +645 + + +1,290 + + +78 + + +156 + + +10,000 + + +12,000 + + +875 + + +1,750 + + +270 + + +540 + + +687 + + +1,374 + + +82 + + +164 + + + +(continued) + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +293 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +TABLE 3304.5.2(1 )-continued +AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES AS APPROVED BY THE INSTITUTE OF MAKERS + +OF EXPLOSIVES AND REVISED JUNE 1991^ + + + +QUANTITY OF EXPLOSIVE +MATERIALS'^ + + +DISTANCES IN FEET + + +Inhabited buildings + + +Public highways with traffic + +volume less than 3,000 + +vehicles per day + + +Public highways with traffic + +volume greater than 3,000 + +vehicles per day and + +passenger railways + + +Separation of magazines'' + + + + +Pounds not + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Pounds over + + +over + + +Barricaded + + +Un barricaded + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +12,000 + + +14,000 + + +885 + + +1,770 + + +275 + + +550 + + +723 + + +1,446 + + +87 + + +174 + + +14,000 + + +16,000 + + +900 + + +1,800 + + +280 + + +560 + + +756 + + +1,512 + + +90 + + +180 + + +16,000 + + +18,000 + + +940 + + +1,880 + + +285 + + +570 + + +786 + + +1,572 + + +94 + + +188 + + +18,000 + + +20,000 + + +975 + + +1,950 + + +290 + + +580 + + +813 + + +1,626 + + +98 + + +196 + + +20,000 + + +25,000 + + +1,055 + + +2,000 + + +315 + + +630 + + +876 + + +1,752 + + +105 + + +210 + + +25,000 + + +30,000 + + +1,130 + + +2,000 + + +340 + + +680 + + +933 + + +1,866 + + +112 + + +224 + + +30,000 + + +35,000 + + +1,205 + + +2,000 + + +360 + + +720 + + +981 + + +1,962 + + +119 + + +238 + + +35,000 + + +40,000 + + +1,275 + + +2,000 + + +380 + + +760 + + +1,026 + + +2,000 + + +124 + + +248 + + +40,000 + + +45,000 + + +1,340 + + +2,000 + + +400 + + +800 + + +1,068 + + +2,000 + + +129 + + +258 + + +45,000 + + +50,000 + + +1,400 + + +2,000 + + +420 + + +840 + + +1,104 + + +2,000 + + +135 + + +270 + + +50,000 + + +55,000 + + +1,460 + + +2,000 + + +44 + + +88 + + +1,140 + + +2,000 + + +140 + + +280 + + +55,000 + + +60,000 + + +1,515 + + +2,000 + + +455 + + +910 + + +1,173 + + +2,000 + + +145 + + +290 + + +60,000 + + +65,000 + + +1,565 + + +2,000 + + +470 + + +940 + + +1,206 + + +2,000 + + +150 + + +300 + + +65,000 + + +70,000 + + +1,610 + + +2,000 + + +485 + + +970 + + +1,236 + + +2,000 + + +155 + + +310 + + +70,000 + + +75,000 + + +1,655 + + +2,000 + + +500 + + +1,000 + + +1,263 + + +2,000 + + +160 + + +320 + + +75,000 + + +80,000 + + +1,695 + + +2,000 + + +510 + + +1,020 + + +1,293 + + +2,000 + + +165 + + +330 + + +80,000 + + +85,000 + + +1,730 + + +2,000 + + +520 + + +1,040 + + +1,317 + + +2,000 + + +170 + + +340 + + +85,000 + + +90,000 + + +1,760 + + +2,000 + + +530 + + +1,060 + + +1,344 + + +2,000 + + +175 + + +350 + + +90,000 + + +95,000 + + +1,790 + + +2,000 + + +540 + + +1,080 + + +1,368 + + +2,000 + + +180 + + +360 + + +95,000 + + +100,000 + + +1,815 + + +2,000 + + +545 + + +1,090 + + +1,392 + + +2,000 + + +185 + + +370 + + +100,000 + + +110,000 + + +1,835 + + +2,000 + + +550 + + +1,100 + + +1,437 + + +2,000 + + +195 + + +390 + + +110,000 + + +120,000 + + +1,855 + + +2,000 + + +555 + + +1,110 + + +1,479 + + +2,000 + + +205 + + +410 + + +120,000 + + +130,000 + + +1,875 + + +2,000 + + +560 + + +1,120 + + +1,521 + + +2,000 + + +215 + + +430 + + +130,000 + + +140,000 + + +1,890 + + +2,000 + + +565 + + +1,130 + + +1,557 + + +2,000 + + +225 + + +450 + + +140,000 + + +150,000 + + +1,900 + + +2,000 + + +570 + + +1,140 + + +1,593 + + +2,000 + + +235 + + +470 + + +150,000 + + +160,000 + + +1,935 + + +2,000 + + +580 + + +1,160 + + +1,629 + + +2,000 + + +245 + + +490 + + +160,000 + + +170,000 + + +1,965 + + +2,000 + + +590 + + +1,180 + + +1,662 + + +2,000 + + +255 + + +510 + + +170,000 + + +180,000 + + +1,990 + + +2,000 + + +600 + + +1,200 + + +1,695 + + +2,000 + + +265 + + +530 + + +180,000 + + +190,000 + + +2,010 + + +2,010 + + +605 + + +1,210 + + +1,725 + + +2,000 + + +275 + + +550 + + +190,000 + + +200,000 + + +2,030 + + +2,030 + + +610 + + +1,220 + + +1,755 + + +2,000 + + +285 + + +570 + + + +(continued) + + + +294 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +TABLE 3304.5.2(1 )-continued +AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES AS APPROVED BY THE INSTITUTE OF MAKERS + +OF EXPLOSIVES AND REVISED JUNE 1991' + + + +QUANTITY OF EXPLOSIVE +MATERIALS'' + + +DISTANCES IN FEET + + +Inhabited buildings + + +Public highways with traffic + +volume less than 3,000 + +vehicles per day + + +Public highways with traffic + +volume greater than 3,000 + +vehicles per day and + +passenger railways + + +Separation of magazines'' + + +Pounds over + + +Pounds not +over + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +Barricaded + + +Unbarricaded + + +200,000 + + +210,000 + + +2,055 + + +2,055 + + +620 + + +1,240 + + +1,782 + + +2,000 + + +295 + + +590 + + +210,000 + + +230,000 + + +2,100 + + +2,100 + + +635 + + +1,270 + + +1,836 + + +2,000 + + +315 + + +630 + + +230,000 + + +250,000 + + +2,155 + + +2,155 + + +650 + + +1,300 + + +1,890 + + +2,000 + + +335 + + +670 + + +250,000 + + +275,000 + + +2,215 + + +2,215 + + +670 + + +1,340 + + +1,950 + + +2,000 + + +360 + + +720 + + +275,000 + + +300,000" + + +2,275 + + +2,275 + + +690 + + +1,380 + + +2,000 + + +2,000 + + +385 + + +770 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg. + +a. This table applies only to the manufacture and permanent storage of commercial explosive materials. It is not applicable to transportation of explosives or any han- +dling or temporary storage necessary or incident thereto. It is not intended to apply to bombs, projectiles or other hea'ily encased explosives. + +b. Storage in excess of 300,000 pounds of explosive materials in one magazine is not allowed. + +c. Where a manufacturing building on an explosive materials plant site is designed to contain explosive materials, such building shall be located with respect to its +proximity to inhabited buildings, public highways and passenger railways based on the maximum quantity of explosive materials permitted to be in the building at +one time. '; + +d. Where two or more storage magazines are located on the same property, each magazine shall comply with the minimum distances specified from inhabited build- +ings, railways and highways, and, in addition, they should be separated from each other by not less than the distances shown for separation of magazines, except +that the quantity of explosives in detonator magazines shall govern in regard to the spacing of said detonator magazines from magazines containing other explosive +materials. Where any two or more magazines are separated from each other by less than the specified separation of magazines distances, then two or more such +magazines, as a group, shall be considered as one magazine, and the total quantity of explosive materials stored in such group shall be treated as if stored in a single +magazine located on the site of any magazine in the group and shall comply with the minimum distances specified from other magazines, inhabited buildings, rail- +ways and highways. + +TABLE 3304.5.2(2) +TABLE OF DISTANCES (Q-D) FOR BUILDINGS CONTAINING EXPLOSIVES — DIVISION 1.3 MASS-FIRE HAZARD'"^ + + + +QUANTITY OF DIVISION 1.3 EXPLOSIVES +(NET EXPLOSIVES WEIGHT) + + +DISTANCES IN FEET + + +Pounds over + + +Pounds not over + + +Inhabited Building +Distance (IBD) + + +Distance to Public Traffic +Route (PTR) + + +Intermagazine Distance +(IIVID) + + +Intraline Distance (ILD) or +Intrapiant Distance (IPD) + + + + + +1,000 + + +75 + + +75 + + +50 + + +50 + + +1,000 + + +5,000 + + +115 + + +115 + + +75 + + +75 + + +5,000 + + +10,000 + + +150 + + +150 + + +100 + + +100 + + +10,000 + + +20,000 + + +190 + + +190 + + +125 + + +125 + + +20,000 + + +30,000 + + +215 + + +215 + + +145 + + +145 + + +30,000 + + +40,000 + + +235 + + +235 + + +155 + + +155 + + +40,000 + + +50,000 + + +250 + + +250 + + +165 + + +165 + + +50,000 + + +60,000 + + +260 + + +260 + + +175 + + +175 + + +60,000 + + +70,000 + + +270 + + +270 + + +185 + + +185 + + +70,000 + + +80,000 + + +280 + + +280 + + +190 + + +190 + + +80,000 + + +90,000 + + +295 + + +295 + + +195 + + +195 + + +90,000 + + +100,000 + + +300 + + +300 + + +200 + + +200 + + +100,000 + + +200,000 + + +375 + + +375 + + +250 + + +250 + + +200,000 + + +300,000 + + +450 + + +450 + + +300 + + +300 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg. + +a. Black powder, when stored in magazines, is defined as low explosive by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF). + +b. For quantities less than 1,000 pounds, the required distances are those specified for 1,000 pounds. The use of lesser distances is allowed when supported by +approved test data and/or analysis. + +c. Linear interpolation of explosive quantities between table entries is allowed. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +295 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +TABLE 3304.5.2(3) +TABLE OF DISTANCES (Q-D) FOR BUILDINGS CONTAINING EXPLOSIVES —DIVISION 1.4 + + + +QUANTITY OF DIVISION 1.4 EXPLOSIVES (NET +EXPLOSIVES WEIGHT) + + +DISTANCES IN FEET + + +Pounds over + + +Pounds not over + + +Inhabited Building +Distance (IBD) + + +Distance to Public Traffic +Route (PTR) + + +Intermagazine +Distance^' " (IWID) + + +Intraline Distance (ILD) or +Intraplant Distance^ (IPD) + + +50 + + +Not Limited + + +100 + + +100 + + +50 + + +50 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg. + +a. A separation distance of 100 feet is required for buildings of other than Type I or Type II construction as defined in the International Building Code. + +h. For earth-covered magazines, no specified separation is required. + +1 . Earth cover material used for magazines shall be relatively cohesive. Solid or wet clay and similar types of soil are to cohesive and shall not be used. Soil shall +be free from unsanitary organic matter, trash, debris and stones heavier than 10 pounds or larger than 6 inches in diameter. Compaction and surface prepara- +tion shall be provided, as necessary, to maintain structural integrity and avoid erosion. Where cohesive material cannot be used, as in sandy soil, the earth +cover over magazines shall be finished with a suitable material to ensure structural int^rity. + +2. The earth fill or earth cover between earth-covered magazines shall be either soUd or sloped, in accordance with the requirements of other construction fea- +tures, but a minimum of 2 feet of earth cover shall be maintained over the top of each magazines. To reduce erosion and facihtate maintenance operations, the +cover shall have a slope of 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. + +c. Restricted to articles, including articles packaged for shipment, that are not regulated as an explosive under Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulations, +or unpacked articles used in process operations that do not propagate a detonation or deflagration between articles. + + + +3304.5.2.1 Separation. Where two or more storage +magazines are located on the same property, each maga- +zine shall comply with the minimum distances specified +from inhabited buildings, public transportation routes +and operating buildings. Magazines shall be separated +from each other by not less than the intermagazine dis- +tances (IMD) shown for the separation of magazines. + +3304.5.2.2 Grouped magazines. Where two or more +magazines are separated from each other by less than the +intermagazine distances (IMD), such magazines as a +group shall be considered as one magazine and the total +quantity of explosive materials stored in the group shall +be treated as if stored in a single magazine. The location +of the group of magazines shall comply with the +intermagazine distances (IMD) specified from other +magazines or magazine groups, inhabited buildings +(IBD), public transportation routes (PTR) and operating +buildings (ILD or IPD) as required. + +3304.5.3 Special requirements for T^pe 3 magazines. + +Type 3 magazines shall comply with Sections 3304.5.3.1 +through 3304.5.3.3. + +3304.5.3.1 Location. Wherever practicable. Type 3 +magazines shall be located away from neighboring +inhabited buildings, railways, highways, and other mag- +azines in accordance with Table 3304.5.2(2) or +3304.5.2(3) as applicable. + +3304.5.3.2 Supervision. Type 3 magazines shall be +attended when explosive materials are stored within. +Explosive materials shall be removed to appropriate stor- +age magazines for unattended storage at the end of the +work day. + +3304.5.3.3 Use. Not more than two Type 3 magazines +shall be located at the same blasting site. Where two Type +3 magazines are located at the same blasting site, one +magazine shall used solely for the storage of detonators. + +3304.6 Construction. Magazines shall be constructed in +accordance with Sections 3304.6.1 through 3304.6.5.2. + + + +3304.6.1 Drainage. The ground around a magazine shall be +graded so that water drains away from the magazine. + +3304.6.2 Heating. Magazines requiring heat shall be heated +as prescribed in NFPA 495 by either hot water radiant heat- +ing within the magazine or by indirect warm air heating. + +3304.6.3 Lighting. When lighting is necessary within a +magazine, electric safety flashlights or electric safety lan- +terns shall be used, except as provided in NFPA 495. + +3304.6.4 Nonsparking materials. In other than Type 5 +magazines, there shall be no exposed ferrous metal on the +interior of a magazine containing packages of explosives. + +3304.6.5 Signs and placards. Property upon which Type 1 +magazines and outdoor magazines of Types 2, 4 and 5 are +located shall be posted with signs stating: EXPLOSIVES — +KEEP OFF. These signs shall be of contrasting colors with a +minimum letter height of 3 inches (76 mm) with a minimum +brush stroke of 0.5 inch (12.7 mm). The signs shall be +located to minimize the possibility of a bullet shot at the sign +hitting the magazine. + +3304.6.5.1 Access road signs. At the entrance to explo- +sive material manufacturing and storage sites, all access +roads shall be posted with the following warning sign or +other approved sign: + +DANGER! + +NEVER FIGHT EXPLOSIVE FIRES. + +EXPLOSIVES ARE STORED ON THIS SITE + +CALL . + +The sign shall be weather resistant with a reflective +surface and have lettering at least 2 inches (5 1 mm) high. + +3304.6.5.2 Placards. Type 5 magazines containing Divi- +sion 1 .5 blasting agents shall be prominently placarded +as required during transportation by DOTn 49 CFR, Part +172 and DOTy 27 CFR, Part 55. + +3304.7 Operation. Magazines shall be operated in accordance +with Sections 3304.7.1 through 3304.7.9. + + + +296 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +3304.7.1 Security. Magazines shall be kept locked in the +manner prescribed in NFPA 495 at all times except during +placement or removal of explosives or inspection. + +3304.7.2 Open flames and lights. Smoking, matches, +flame-producing devices, open flames, firearms and fire- +arms cartridges shall not be allowed inside of or within 50 +feet (15 240 mm) of magazines. + +3304.7.3 Brush. The area located around a magazine shall +be kept clear of brush, dried grass, leaves, trash, debris, and +similar combustible materials for a distance of 25 feet (7620 +mm). + +3304.7.4 Combustible storage. Combustible materials +shall not be stored within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of magazines. + +3304.7.5 Unpacking and repacking explosive materials. + +Containers of explosive materials, except fiberboard con- +tainers, and packages of damaged or deteriorated explosive +materials or fireworks shall not be unpacked or repacked +inside or within 50 feet (15 240 mm) of a magazine or in +close proximity to other explosive materials. + +3304.7.5.1 Storage of opened packages. Packages of +explosive materials that have been opened shall be closed +before being placed in a magazine. + +3304.7.5.2 Nonsparking tools. Tools used for the open- +ing and closing of packages of explosive materials, other +than metal slitters for opening paper, plastic or fiber- +board containers, shall be made of nonsparking materi- +als. + +3304.7.5.3 Disposal of packaging. Empty containers +and paper and fiber packaging materials that previously +contained explosive materials shall be disposed of or +reused in a approved manner. + +3304.7.6 Tools and equipment. Metal tools, other than +nonferrous transfer conveyors and ferrous metal conveyor +stands protected by a coat of paint, shall not be stored in a +magazine containing explosive materials or detonators. + +3304.7.7 Contents. Magazines shall be used exclusively for +the storage of explosive materials, blasting materials and +blasting accessories. + +3304.7.8 Compatibility. Corresponding grades and brands +of explosive materials shall be stored together and in such a +manner that the grade and brand marks are visible. Stocks +shall be stored so as to be easily counted and checked. Pack- +ages of explosive materials shall be stacked in a stable man- +ner not exceeding 8 feet (2438 mm) in height. + +3304.7.9 Stock rotation. When explosive material is +removed from a magazine for use, the oldest usable stocks +shall be removed first. + +3304.8 Maintenance. Maintenance of magazines shall comply +with Sections 3304.8.1 through 3304.8.3. + +3304.8.1 Housekeeping. Magazine floors shall be regularly +swept and be kept clean, dry and free of grit, paper, empty +packages and rubbish. Brooms and other cleaning utensils +shall not have any spark-producing metal parts. Sweepings +from magazine floors shall be disposed of in accordance +with the manufacturers' approved instructions. + + + +3304.8.2 Repairs. Explosive materials shall be removed +from the magazine before making repairs to the interior of a +magazine. Explosive materials shall be removed from the +magazine before making repairs to the exterior of the maga- +zine where there is a possibility of causing a fire. Explosive +materials removed from a magazine under repair shall either +be placed in another magazine or placed a safe distance +from the magazine, where they shall be properly guarded +and protected until repairs have been completed. Upon com- +pletion of repairs, the explosive materials shall be promptly +returned to the magazine. Floors shall be cleaned before and +after repairs. + +3304.8.3 Floors. Magazine floors stained widi liquid shall +be dealt with according to instructions obtained from the +manufacturer of the explosive material stored in the maga- +zine. + +3304.9 Inspection. Magazines containing explosive materials +shall be opened and inspected at maximum seven-day inter- +vals. The inspection shall determine whether there has been an +unauthorized or attempted entry into a magazine or an unau- +thorized removal of a magazine or its contents. + +3304.10 Disposal of explosive materials. Explosive materials +shall be disposed of in accordance with Sections 3304.10.1 +through 3304.10.7. + +3304.10.1 Notification. The fire code official shall be noti- +fied immediately when deteriorated or leaking explosive +materials are determined to be dangerous or unstable and in +need of disposal. + +3304.10.2 Deteriorated materials. When an explosive +material has deteriorated to an extent that it is in an unstable +or dangerous condition, or when a liquid has leaked from an +explosive material, the person in possession of such mate- +rial shall immediately contact the material's manufacturer +to obtain disposal and handling instructions. + +3304.10.3 Qualified person. The work of destroying +explosive materials shall be directed by persons experi- +enced in the destruction of explosive materials. + +3304.10.4 Storage of misfires. Explosive materials and +fireworks recovered from blasting or display misfires shall +be placed in a magazine until an experienced person has +determined the proper method for disposal. + +3304.10.5 Disposal sites. Sites for the destruction of explo- +sive materials and fireworks shall be approved and located +at the maximum practicable safe distance from inhabited +buildings, public highways, operating buildings, and all +other exposures to ensure keeping air blast and ground +vibration to a minimum. The location of disposal sites shall +be no closer to magazines, inhabited buildings, railways, +highways and other rights-of-way than is allowed by Tables +3304.5.2(1), 3304.5.2(2) and 3304.5.2(3). When possible, +barricades shall be utilized between the destruction site and +inhabited buildings. Areas where explosives are detonated +or burned shall be posted with adequate warning signs. + +3304.10.6 Reuse of site. Unless an approved burning site +has been thoroughly saturated with water and has passed a +safety inspection, 48 hours shall elapse between the com- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +297 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +pletion of a bum and the placement of scrap explosive mate- +rials for a subsequent bum. + +3304.10.7 Personnel safeguards. Once an explosive bum +operation has been started, personnel shall relocate to a safe +location where adequate protection from air blast and flying +debris is provided. Personnel shall not return to the bum +area until the person in charge has inspected the bum site +and determined that it is safe for personnel to retum. + + + +SECTION 3305 + +MANUFACTURE, ASSEMBLY AND TESTING OF + +EXPLOSIVES, EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS + +AND FIREWORKS + +3305.1 GeneraL The manufacture, assembly and testing of +explosives, ammunition, blasting agents and fireworks shall +comply with the requirements of this section and NFPA 495 or +NFPA1124. + +Exceptions: + +1 . The hand loading of small arms ammunition prepared +for personal use and not offered for resale. + +2. The mixing and loading of blasting agents at blasting +sites in accordance with NFPA 495. + +3 . The use of binary explosives or plosophoric materials +in blasting or pyrotechnic special effects applications +in accordance with NFPA 495 or NFPA 1 126. + +3305.2 Emergency planning and preparedness. Emergency +plans, emergency drills, employee training and hazard commu- +nication shall conform to the provisions of this section and Sec- +tions 404, 405, 406 and 407. + +3305.2.1 Hazardous Materials Management Plans and +Inventory Statements required. Detailed Hazardous +Materials Management Plans (HMMP) and Hazardous +Materials Inventory Statements (HMIS) complying with the +requirements of Section 407 shall be prepared and submit- +ted to the local emergency planning committee, the fire code +official, and the local fire department. + +3305.2.2 Maintenance of plans. A copy of the required +HMMP and HMIS shall be maintained on site and fumished +to the fire code official on request. + +3305.2.3 Employee training. Workers who handle explo- +sives or explosive charges or dispose of explosives shall be +trained in the hazards of the materials and processes in +which they are to be engaged and with the safety mles gov- +eming such materials and processes. + +3305.2.4 Emergency procedures. Approved emergency +procedures shall be formulated for each plant which will +include personal instmction in any emergency that may be +anticipated. All personnel shall be made aware of an emer- +gency warning signal. + +3305.3 Intraplant separation of operating buildings. Explo- +sives manufacturing buildings and fireworks manufacturing +buildings, including those where explosive charges are assem- +bled, manufactured, prepared or loaded utilizing Division 1.1, +1.2, 1.3, 1.4 or 1.5 explosives, shall be separated from all other +buildings, including magazines, within the confines of the + + + +manufacturing plant, at a distance not less than those shown in +Table 3305.3 or 3304.5.2(3), as appropriate. + +Exception: Fireworks manufacturing buildings separated +in accordance with NFPA 1 124. I + +The quantity of explosives in an operating building shall be +the net weight of all explosives contained therein. Distances +shall be based on the hazard division requiring the greatest sep- +aration, unless the aggregate explosive weight is divided by +approved walls or shields designed for that purpose. When +dividing a quantity of explosives into smaller stacks, a suitable +barrier or adequate separation distance shall be provided to pre- +vent propagation from one stack to another. + +When distance is used as the sole means of separation within +a building, such distance shall be estabhshed by testing. Test- +ing shall demonstrate that propagation between stacks will not +result. Barriers provided to protect against explosive effects +shall be designed and installed in accordance with approved +standards. ^ + +3305.4 Separation of manufacturing operating buildings I +from inhabited buildings, public traffic routes and maga- I +zines. When an operating building on an explosive materials I +plant site is designed to contain explosive materials, such a +building shall be located away from inhabited buildings, public I +traffic routes and magazines in accordance with Table | +3304.5.2(2) or 3304.5.2(3) as appropriate, based on the maxi- +mum quantity of explosive materials permitted to be in the +building at one time (see Section 3301.8). | + +Exception: Fireworks manufacturing buildings con- +stmcted and operated in accordance with NFPA 1 124. + +3305.4.1 Determination of net explosive weight for oper- +ating buildings. In addition to the requirements of Section +3301.8 to determine the net explosive weight for materials +stored or used in operating buildings, quantities of explosive +materials stored in magazines located at distances less than +intraline distances from the operating building shall be +added to the contents of the operating building to determine +the net explosive weight for the operating building. + +3305.4.1.1 Indoor magazines. The storage of explosive +materials located in indoor magazines in operating build- +ings shall be limited to a net explosive weight not to +exceed 50 pounds (23 kg). + +3305.4.1.2 Outdoor magazines with a net explosive +weight less than 50 pounds. The storage of explosive +materials in outdoor magazines located at less than +intraline distances from operating buildings shall be lim- +ited to a net explosive weight not to exceed 50 pounds (23 +kg). + +3305.4.1.3 Outdoor magazines with a net explosive +weight greater than 50 pounds. The storage of explo- +sive materials in outdoor magazines in quantities exceed- +ing 50 pounds (23 kg) net explosive weight shall be +limited to storage in outdoor magazines located not less +than intraline distances from the operating building in +accordance with Section 3304.5.2. + +3305.4.1.4 Net explosive weight of materials stored in +combination indoor and outdoor magazines. The + + + +298 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +•I + + + +aggregate quantity of explosive materials stored in any +combination of indoor magazines or outdoor magazines +located at less than the intraline distances from an operat- +ing building shall not exceed 50 pounds (23 kg). + +3305.5 Buildings and equipment. Buildings or rooms that +exceed the maximum allowable quantity per control area of +explosive materials shall be operated in accordance with this +section and constructed in accordance with the requirements of +the International Building Code for Group H occupancies. + +Exception: Fireworks manufacturing buildings con- +structed and operated in accordance with NFPA 1 124. + +3305.5.1 Explosives dust. Explosives dust shall not be +exhausted to the atmosphere. + +3305.5.1.1 Wet collector. When collecting explosives +dust, a wet collector system shall be used. Wetting agents +shall be compatible with the explosives. Collector sys- + + + +tems shall be interlocked with process power supplies so +that the process cannot continue without the collector +systems also operating. + +3305.5.1.2 Waste disposal and maintenance. Explo- +sives dust shall be removed from the collection chamber +as often as necessary to prevent overloading. The entire +system shall be cleaned at a frequency that will eliminate +hazardous concentrations of explosives dust in pipes, +tubing and ducts. + +3305.5.2 Exhaust fans. Squirrel cage blowers shall not be +used for exhausting hazardous fumes, vapors or gases. Only +nonferrous fan blades shall be used for fans located within +the ductwork and through which hazardous materials are +exhausted. Motors shall be located outside the duct. + +3305.5.3 Work stations. Work stations shall be separated +by distance, barrier or other approved alternatives so that + + + +TABLE 3305.3 + +MINIMUM INTRALINE (INTRAPLANT) SEPARATION DISTANCES (ILD OR IPD) BETWEEN + +BARRICADED OPERATING BUILDINGS CONTAINING EXPLOSIVES — DIVISION 1.1, 1.2 OR 1.5 — MASS EXPLOSION HAZARD' + + + +NET EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT + + +NET EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT + + +Pounds over + + +Pounds not over + + +Intraline Distance (ILD) + +or Intraplant Distance + +(IPD) (feet) + + +Pounds over + + +Pounds not over + + +Intraline Distance (ILD) + +or Intraplant Distance + +(IPD) (feet) + + + + + +50 + + +30 + + +20,000 + + +25,000 + + +265 + + +50 + + +100 + + +40 + + +25,000 + + +30,000 + + +280 + + +100 + + +200 + + +50 + + +30,000 + + +35,000 + + +295 + + +200 + + +300 + + +60 + + +35,000 + + +40,000 + + +310 + + +300 + + +400 + + +65 + + +40,000 + + +45,000 + + +320 + + +400 + + +500 + + +70 + + +45,000 + + +50,000 + + +330 + + +500 + + +600 + + +75 + + +50,000 + + +55,000 + + +340 + + +600 + + +700 + + +80 + + +55,000 + + +60,000 + + +350 + + +700 + + +800 + + +85 + + +60,000 + + +65,000 + + +360 + + +800 + + +900 + + +90 + + +65,000 + + +70,000 + + +370 + + +900 + + +1,000 + + +95 + + +70,000 + + +75,000 + + +385 + + +1,000 + + +1,500 + + +105 + + +75,000 + + +80,000 + + +390 + + +1,500 + + +2,000 + + +115 + + +80,000 + + +85,000 + + +395 + + +2,000 + + +3,000 + + +130 + + +85,000 + + +90,000 + + +400 + + +3,000 + + +4,000 + + +140 + + +90,000 + + +95,000 + + +410 + + +4,000 + + +5,000 + + +150 + + +95,000 + + +100,000 + + +415 + + +5,000 + + +6,000 + + +160 + + +100,000 + + +125,000 + + +450 + + +6,000 + + +7,000 + + +170 + + +125,000 + + +150,000 + + +475 + + +7,000 + + +8,000 + + +18 + + +150,000 + + +175,000 + + +500 + + +8,000 + + +9,000 + + +190 + + +175,000 + + +200,000 + + +525 + + +9,000 + + +10,000 + + +200 + + +200,000 + + +225,000 + + +550 + + +10,000 + + +15,000 + + +225 + + +225,000 + + +250,000 + + +575 + + +15,000 + + +20,000 + + +245 + + +250,000 + + +275,000 + + +600 + + +— + + +— + + +— + + +275,000 + + +300,000 + + +635 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.J +a. Where a building or + + + +> mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg. + +magazine containing explosives is not barricaded, the intraline distances shown in this table shall be doubled. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +299 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +fire in one station will not ignite material in another work +station. Where necessary, the operator shall be protected by +a personnel shield located between the operator and the +explosive device or explosive material being processed. +This shield and its support shall be capable of withstanding +a blast from the maximum amount of explosives allowed +behind it. + +3305.6 Operations. Operations involving explosives shall +comply with Sections 3305.6.1 through 3305.6.10. + +3305.6.1 Isolation of operations. When the type of mate- +rial and processing warrants, mechanical operations involv- +ing explosives in excess of 1 pound (0.454 kg) shall be +carried on at isolated stations or at intraplant distances, and +machinery shall be controlled from remote locations behind +barricades or at separations so that workers will be at a safe +distance while machinery is operating. + +3305.6.2 Static controls. The work area where the screen- +ing, grinding, blending and other processing of static-sensi- +tive explosives or pyrotechnic materials is done shall be +provided with approved static controls. + +3305.6.3 Approved containers. Bulk explosives shall be +kept in approved, nonsparking containers when not being +used or processed. Explosives shall not be stored or trans- +ported in open containers. + +3305.6.4 Quantity limits. The quantity of explosives at any +particular work station shall be limited to that posted on the +load limit signs for the individual work station. The total +quantity of explosives for multiple workstations shall not +exceed that established by the intraplant distances in Table +3305.3 or 3304.5.2(3), as appropriate. + +3305.6.4.1 Magazines. Magazines used for storage in +processing areas shall be in accordance with the require- +ments of Section 3304.5.1. All explosive materials shall +be removed to appropriate storage magazines for unat- +tended storage at the end of the work day. The contents of +indoor magazines shall be added to the quantity of explo- +sives contained at individual workstations and the total +quantity of material stored, processed or used shall be +utilized to establish the intraplant separation distances +indicated by Table 3305.3 or 3304.5.2(3), as appropriate. + +3305.6.5 Waste disposal. Approved receptacles with cov- +ers shall be provided for each location for disposing of +waste material and debris. These waste receptacles shall be +emptied and cleaned as often as necessary but not less than +once each day or at the end of each shift. + +3305.6.6 Safety rules. General safety rules and operating +instructions governing the particular operation or process +conducted at that location shall be available at each location. + +3305.6.7 Personnel limits. The number of occupants in +each process building and in each magazine shall not exceed +the number necessary for proper conduct of production +operations. + +3305.6.8 Pyrotechnic and explosive composition quan- +tity limits. Not more than 500 pounds (227 kg) of pyrotech- +nic or explosive composition, including not more than 10 +pounds (5 kg) of salute powder shall be allowed at one time + + + +in any process building or area. All compositions not in cur- +rent use shall be kept in covered nonferrous containers. + +Exception: Composition that has been loaded or pressed +into tubes or other containers as consumer fireworks. + +3305.6.9 Posting limits. The maximum number of occu- +pants and maximum weight of pyrotechnic and explosive +composition permitted in each process building shall be +posted in a conspicuous location in each process building or +magazine. + +3305.6.10 Heat sources. Fireworks, explosives or explo- +sive charges in explosive materials manufacturing, assem- +bly or testing shall not be stored near any source of heat. + +Exception: Approved drying or curing operations. + +3305.7 Maintenance. Maintenance and repair of explo- +sives-manufacturing facilities and areas shall comply with Sec- +tion 3304.8. + +3305.8 Explosive materials testing sites. Detonation of +explosive materials or ignition of fireworks for testing pur- +poses shall be done only in isolated areas at sites where dis- +tance, protection from missiles, shrapnel or flyrock, and other +safeguards provides protection against injury to personnel or +damage to property. + +3305.8.1 Protective clothing and equipment. Protective +clothing and equipment shall be provided to protect persons +engaged in the testing, ignition or detonation of explosive +materials. + +3305.8.2 Site security. When tests are being conducted or +explosives are being detonated, only authorized persons +shall be present. Areas where explosives are regularly or fre- +quently detonated or burned shall be approved and posted +with adequate warning signs. Warning devices shall be acti- +vated before burning or detonating explosives to alert per- +sons approaching from any direction that they are +approaching a danger zone. + +3305.9 Waste disposal. Disposal of explosive materials waste +from manufacturing, assembly or testing operations shall be in +accordance with Section 3304.10. + + + +SECTION 3306 +SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION + +3306.1 General. Indoor storage and display of black powder, +smokeless propellants and small arms ammunition shall com- +ply with this section and NFFA 495. + +3306.2 Prohibited storage. Small arms ammunition shall not +be stored together with Division 1.1, Division 1.2 or Division +1.3 explosives unless the storage facility is suitable for the stor- +age of explosive materials. + +3306.3 Packages. Smokeless propellants shall be stored in +approved shipping containers conforming to DOTn 49 CFR, +Part 173. + +3306.3.1 Repackaging. The bulk repackaging of smokeless +propellants, black powder, and small arms primers shall not +be performed in retail establishments. + + + +300 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +3306.3.2 Damaged packages. Damaged containers shall +not be repackaged. + +Exception: Approved repackaging of damaged contain- +ers of smokeless propellant into containers of the same +type and size as the original container. + +3306.4 Storage in Group R occupancies. The storage of +small arms ammunition in Group R occupancies shall comply +with Sections 3306.4.1 and 3306.4.2. + +3306.4.1 Black powder and smokeless propellants. Pro- +pellants for personal use in quantities not exceeding 20 +pounds (9 kg) of black powder or 20 pounds (9 kg) of +smokeless powder shall be stored in original containers in +occupancies limited to Group R-3. Smokeless powder in +quantities exceeding 20 pounds (9 kg) but not exceeding 50 +pounds (23 kg) kept in a wooden box or cabinet having walls +of at least 1 inch (25 mm) nominal thickness shall be +allowed to be stored in occupancies limited to Group R-3. +Quantities exceeding these amounts shall not be stored in +any Group R occupancy. + +3306.4.2 Small arms primers. No more than 10,000 small +arms primers shall be stored in occupancies limited to +Group R-3. + +3306.5 Display and storage in Group M occupancies. The + +display and storage of small arms ammunition in Group M +occupancies shall comply with this section. + +3306.5.1 Display. Display of small arms ammunition in +Group M occupancies shall comply with Sections +3306.5.1.1 through 3306.5.1.3. + +3306.5.1.1 Smokeless propellant. No more than 20 +pounds (9 kg) of smokeless propellants, each in contain- +ers of 1 pound (0.454 kg) or less capacity, shall be dis- +played in Group M occupancies. + +3306.5.1.2 Black powder. No more than 1 pound (0.454 +kg) of black powder shall be displayed in Group M occu- +pancies. + +3306.5.1.3 Small arms primers. No more than 10,000 +small arms primers shall be displayed in Group M occu- +pancies. + +3306.5.2 Storage. Storage of small arms ammunition shall +comply with Sections 3306.5.2.1 through 3306.5.2.3. + +3306.5.2.1 Smokeless propellant. Commercial stocks +of smokeless propellants shall be stored as follows: + +1. Quantities exceeding 20 pounds (9 kg), but not +exceeding 100 pounds (45 kg) shall be stored in +portable wooden boxes having walls of at least 1 +inch (25 mm) nominal thickness. + +2. Quantities exceeding 100 pounds (45 kg), but not +exceeding 800 pounds (363 kg), shall be stored in +nonportable storage cabinets having walls at least +1 inch (25 mm) nominal thickness. Not more than +400 pounds (1 82 kg) shall be stored in any one cab- +inet, and cabinets shall be separated by a distance +of at least 25 feet (7620 mm) or by a fire partition +having a fire-resistance rating of at least 1 hour. + + + +3. Storage of quantities exceeding 800 pounds (363 +kg), but not exceeding 5,000 pounds (2270 kg) in a +building shall comply with all of the following: + +3.1. The warehouse or storage room is +unaccessible to unauthorized personnel. + +3.2. Smokeless propellant shall be stored in +nonportable storage cabinets having wood +walls at least 1 inch (25 mm) nominal +thickness and having shelves with no more +than 3 feet (914 mm) of separation +between shelves. + +3.3. No more than 400 pounds (182 kg) is +stored in any one cabinet. + +3.4. Cabinets shall be located against walls of +the storage room or warehouse with at least +40 feet (12 192 mm) between cabinets. + +3.5. The minimum required separation +between cabinets shall be 20 feet (6096 +mm) provided that barricades twice the +height of the cabinets are attached to the +wall, midway between each cabinet. The +barricades must extend a minimum of 10 +feet (3048 mm) outward, be firmly +attached to the wall, and be constructed of +steel not less than 0.25 inch thick (6.4 mm), +2-inch (51 mm) nominal thickness wood, +brick, or concrete block. + +3.6. Smokeless propellant shall be separated +from materials classified as combustible +liquids, flammable liquids, flammable sol- +ids, or oxidizing materials by a distance of +25 feet (7620 mm) or by a fire partition +having a fire-resistance rating of 1 hour. + +3.7. The building shall be equipped throughout +with an automatic sprinkler system +installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +4. Smokeless propellants not stored according to +Item 1 , 2, or 3 above shall be stored in a Type 2 or 4 +magazine in accordance with Section 3304 and +NFPA 495. + +3306.5.2.2 Black powder. Commercial stocks of black +powder in quantities less than 50 pounds (23 kg) shall be +allowed to be stored in Type 2 or 4 indoor or outdoor +magazines. Quantities greater than 50 pounds (23 kg) +shall be stored in outdoor Type 2 or 4 magazines. When +black powder and smokeless propellants are stored +together in the same magazine, the total quantity shall +not exceed that permitted for black powder. + +3306.5.2.3 Small arms primers. Commercial stocks of +small arms primers shall be stored as follows: + +1. Quantities exceeding 20 pounds (9 kg), but not +exceeding 100 pounds (45 kg) shall be stored in +portable wooden boxes having walls of at least 1 +inch (25 mm) nominal thickness. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +301 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +2. Quantities exceeding 750,000 small arms primers +stored in a building shall comply with all of the fol- +lowing: + +2.1. The warehouse or storage building shall +not be accessible to unauthorized person- +nel. + +2.2. Small arms primers shall be stored in cabi- +nets. No more than 200,000 small arms +primers shall be stored in any one cabinet. + +2.3. Shelves in cabinets shall have vertical sep- +aration of at least 2 feet (610 mm). + +2.4. Cabinets shall be located against walls of +the warehouse or storage room with at least +40 feet ( 1 2 1 92 mm) between cabinets . The +minimum required separation between +cabinets shall be allowed to be reduced to +20 feet (6096 mm) provided that barri- +cades twice the height of the cabinets are +attached to the wall, midway between each +cabinet. The barricades shall be firmly +attached to the wall and shall be con- +structed of steel not less than V4 inch thick +(6.4 mm), 2-inch (51 mm) nominal thick- +ness wood, brick or concrete block. + +2.5. Small arms primers shall be separated +from materials classified as combustible +liquids, flammable liquids, flammable sol- +ids or oxidizing materials by a distance of +25 feet (7620 mm) by a fire partition hav- +ing a fire-resistance rating of 1 hour. + +2.6. The building shall be protected throughout +with an automatic sprinkler system +installed in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +3. Small arms primers not stored in accordance with +Item 1 or 2 of this section shall be stored in a maga- +zine meeting the requirements of Section 3304 and +NFPA 495. + + + +SECTION 3307 +BLASTING + +3307.1 General. Blasting operations shall be conducted only +by approved, competent operators familiar with the required +safety precautions and the hazards involved and in accordance +with the provisions of NFPA 495. + +3307.2 Manufacturer's instructions. Blasting operations +shall be performed in accordance with the instructions of the +manufacturer of the explosive materials being used. + +3307.3 Blasting in congested areas. When blasting is done in +a congested area or in close proximity to a structure, railway or +highway, or any other installation, precautions shall be taken to +minimize earth vibrations and air blast effects. Blasting mats or +other protective means shall be used to prevent fragments from +being thrown. + + + +3307.4 Restricted hours. Surface-blasting operations shall +only be conducted during daylight hours. Other blasting shall +be performed during daylight hours unless otherwise approved +by the fire code official. + +3307.5 Utility notification. Whenever blasting is being con- +ducted in the vicinity of utility lines or rights-of-way, the +blaster shall notify the appropriate representatives of the utili- +ties at least 24 hours in advance of blasting, specifying the loca- +tion and intended time of such blasting. Verbal notices shall be +confirmed with written notice. + +Exception: In an emergency situation, the time limit shall +not apply when approved. + +3307.6 Electric detonator precautions. Precautions shall be +taken to prevent accidental discharge of electric detonators +from currents induced by radar and radio transmitters, light- +ning, adjacent power lines, dust and snow storms, or other +sources of extraneous electricity. + +3307.7 Nonelectric detonator precautions. Precautions shall +be taken to prevent accidental initiation of nonelectric detona- +tors from stray currents induced by lightning or static electric- +ity. + +3307.8 Blasting area security. During the time that holes are +being loaded or are loaded with explosive materials, blasting +agents or detonators, only authorized persons engaged in drill- +ing and loading operations or otherwise authorized to enter the +site shall be allowed at the blast site. The blast site shall be +guarded or barricaded and posted. Blast site security shall be +maintained until after the post-blast inspection has been com- +pleted. + +3307.9 Drill holes. Holes drilled for the loading of explosive +charges shall be made and loaded in accordance with NFPA +495. + +3307.10 Removal of excess explosive materials. After load- +ing for a blast is completed and before firing, excess explosive +materials shall be removed from the area and returned to the +proper storage facilities. + +3307.11 Initiation means. The initiation of blasts shall be by +means conforming to the provisions of NFPA 495. + +3307.12 Connections. The blaster shall supervise the connect- +ing of the blastholes and the connection of the loadline to the +power source or initiation point. Connections shall be made +progressively from the blasthole back to the initiation point. + +Blasting lead lines shall remain shunted (shorted) and shall +not be connected to the blasting machine or other source of cur- +rent until the blast is to be fired. + +3307.13 Firing control. No blast shall be fired until the blaster +has made certain that all surplus explosive materials are in a +safe place in accordance with Section 3307.10, all persons and +equipment are at a safe distance or under sufficient cover, and +that an adequate warning signal has been given. + +3307.14 Post-blast procedures. After the blast, the following +procedures shall be observed. + +1 . No person shall return to the blast area until allowed to do +so by the blaster in charge. + + + +302 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +2. The blaster shall allow sufficient time for smoke and +fumes to dissipate and for dust to settle before returning +to or approaching the blast area. + +3. The blaster shall inspect the entire blast site for misfires +before allowing other personnel to return to the blast +area. + +3307.15 Misfires. Where a misfire is suspected, all initiating +circuits shall be traced and a search made for unexploded +charges. Where a misfire is found, the blaster shall provide +proper safeguards for excluding all personnel from the blast +area. Misfires shall be reported to the blasting supervisor +immediately. Misfires shall be handled under the direction of +the person in charge of the blasting operation in accordance +with NFPA 495. + + + +SECTION 3308 +FIREWORKS DISPLAY + +3308.1 General. The display of fireworks, including proxi- +mate audience displays and pyrotechnic special effects in +motion picture, television, theatrical, and group entertainment +productions, shall comply with this chapter and NFPA 1 123 or +NFPA 1126. + +3308.2 Permit application. Prior to issuing permits for a fire- +works display, plans for the display, inspections of the display +site and demonstrations of the display operations shall be +approved. A plan establishing procedures to follow and actions +to be taken in the event that a shell fails to ignite in, or discharge +from, a mortar or fails to function over the fallout area or other +malfunctions shall be provided to the fire code official. + +3308.2.1 Outdoor displays. In addition to the requirements +of Section 403, permit applications for outdoor fireworks +displays using Division 1.3G fireworks shall include a dia- +gram of the location at which the display will be conducted, +including the site from which fireworks will be discharged; +the location of buildings, highways, overhead obstructions +and utilities; and the lines behind which the audience will be +restrained. + +3308.2.2 Proximate audience displays. Where the separa- +tion distances required by Section 3308.4 and NFPA 1123 +are unavailable or cannot be secured, only proximate audi- +ence displays conducted in accordance with NFPA 1126 +shall be allowed. Applications for proximate audience dis- +plays shall include plans indicating the required clearances +for spectators and combustibles, crowd control measures, +smoke control measures, and requirements for standby per- +sonnel and equipment when provision of such personnel or +equipment is required by the fire code official. + +3308.3 Approved displays. Approved displays shall include +only the approved Division 1.3G, Division 1.4G, and Division +1.4S fireworks, shall be handled by an approved competent +operator, and the fireworks shall be arranged, located, dis- +charged and fired in a manner that will not pose a hazard to +property or endanger any person. + + + +3308.4 Clearance. Spectators, spectator parking areas, and +dwellings, buildings or structures shall not be located within +the display site. + +Exceptions: + +1 . This provision shall not apply to pyrotechnic special +effects and displays using Division 1.4G materials +before a proximate audience in accordance with +NFPA 1126. + +2. This provision shall not apply to unoccupied dwell- +ings, buildings and structures with the approval of the +building owner and the fire code official. + +3308.5 Storage of fireworks at display site. The storage of +fireworks at the display site shall comply with the requirements +of this section and NFPA 1 123 or NFPA 1 126. + +3308.5.1 Supervision and weather protection. Beginning +as soon as fireworks have been delivered to the display site, +they shall not be left unattended. + +3308.5.2 Weather protection. Fireworks shall be kept dry +after delivery to the display site. + +3308.5.3 Inspection. Shells shall be inspected by the opera- +tor or assistants after delivery to the display site. Shells hav- +ing tears, leaks, broken fuses or signs of having been wet +shall be set aside and shall not be fired. Aerial shells shall be +checked for proper fit in mortars prior to discharge. Aerial +shells that do not fit properly shall not be fired. After the dis- +play, damaged, deteriorated or dud shells shall either be +returned to the supplier or destroyed in accordance with the +supplier's instructions and Section 3304.10. + +Exception: Minor repairs to fuses shall be allowed. For +electrically ignited displays, attachment of electric +matches and similar tasks shall be allowed. + +3308.5.4 Sorting and separation. After delivery to the dis- +play site and prior to the display, all shells shall be separated +according to size and their designation as salutes. + +Exception: For electrically fired displays, or displays +where all shells are loaded into mortars prior to the show, +there is no requirement for separation of shells according +to size or their designation as salutes. + +3308.5.5 Ready boxes. Display fireworks (Division 1.3G) +that will be temporarily stored at the site during the fire- +works display shall be stored in ready boxes located upwind +and at least 25 feet (7620 mm) from the mortar placement +and separated according to size and their designation as +salutes. + +Exception: For electrically fired displays, or displays +where all shells are loaded into mortars prior to the show, +there is no requirement for separation of shells according +to size, their designation as salutes, or for the use of ready +boxes. + +3308.6 Installation of mortars. Mortars for firing fireworks +shells shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 1123 and +shall be positioned so that shells are propelled away from spec- +tators and over the fallout area. Under no circumstances shall + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +303 + + + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + + + +mortars be angled toward the spectator viewing area. Prior to +placement, mortars shall be inspected for defects, such as +dents, bent ends, damaged interiors and damaged plugs. Defec- +tive mortars shall not be used. + +3308.7 Handling. Aerial shells shall be carried to mortars by +the shell body. For the purpose of loading mortars, aerial shells +shall be held by the thick portion of the fuse and carefully +loaded into mortars. + +3308.8 Display supervision. Whenever in the opinion of the +fire code official or the operator a hazardous condition exists, +the fireworks display shall be discontinued immediately until +such time as the dangerous situation is corrected. + +3308.9 Post-display inspection. After the display, the firing +crew shall conduct an inspection of the fallout area for the pur- +pose of locating unexploded aerial shells or live components. +This inspection shall be conducted before public access to the +site shall be allowed. Where fireworks are displayed at night +and it is not possible to inspect the site thoroughly, the operator +or designated assistant shall inspect the entire site at first light. +A report identifying any shells that fail to ignite in, or discharge +from, a mortar or fail to function over the fallout area or other- +wise malfunction shall be filed with the fire code official. + +3308.10 Disposal. Any shells found during the inspection +required in Section 3308.9 shall not be handled until at least 15 +minutes have elapsed from the time the shells were fired. The +fireworks shall then be doused with water and allowed to +remain for at least 5 additional minutes before being placed in a +plastic bucket or fiberboard box. The disposal instructions of +the manufacturer as provided by the fireworks supplier shall +then be followed in disposing of the fireworks in accordance +with Section 3304.10. + +3308.11 Retail display and sale. Fireworks displayed for +retail sale shall not be made readily accessible to the public. A +minimum of one pressurized-water portable fire extinguisher +complying with Section 906 shall be located not more than 15 +feet (4572 mm) and not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from the +hazard. "No Smoking" signs complying with Section 310 shall +be conspicuously posted in areas where fireworks are stored or +displayed for retail sale. + + + +304 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +CHAPTER 34 + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +SECTION 3401 +GENERAL + +3401.1 Scope and application. Prevention, control and miti- +gation of dangerous conditions related to storage, use, dispens- +ing, mixing and handling of flammable and combustible +liquids shall be in accordance with Chapter 27 and this chapter. + +3401.2 Nonapplicability. This chapter shall not apply to liq- +uids as otherwise provided in other laws or regulations or chap- +ters of this code, including: + +1. Specific provisions for flammable liquids in motor +fuel-dispensing facilities, repair garages, airports and +marinas in Chapter 22. + +2. Medicines, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and conunercial, insti- +tutional and industrial products in the same concentra- +tion and packaging containing not more than 50 percent +by volume of water-miscible liquids and with the +remainder of the solution not being flammable, and alco- +holic beverages in retail or wholesale sales or storage +uses when packaged in individual containers not exceed- +ing 1.3 gallons (5 L). + +3. Storage and use of fuel oil in tanks and containers con- +nected to oil-burning equipment. Such storage and use +shall be in accordance with Section 603. For abandon- +ment of fuel oil tanks, this chapter applies. + +4. Refrigerant liquids and oils in refrigeration systems (see +Section 606). + +5. Storage and display of aerosol products complying with +Chapter 28. + +6. Storage and use of liquids that have no fire point when +tested in accordance with ASTM D 92. + +7. Liquids with a flashpoint greater than 95°F (35°C) in a +water-miscible solution or dispersion with a water and +inert (noncombustible) solids content of more than 80 +percent by weight, which do not sustain combustion. + +8. Liquids without flash points that can be flammable under +some conditions, such as certain halogenated hydrocar- +bons and mixtures containing halogenated hydrocar- +bons. + +9. The storage of distilled spirits and wines in wooden bar- +rels and casks. + +3401.3 Referenced documents. The applicable requirements +of Chapter 27, other chapters of this code, the International +Building Code and the International Mechanical Code pertain- +ing to flammable liquids shall apply. + +3401.4 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tions 105.6 and 105.7. + +3401.5 Material classification. Flammable and combustible +liquids shall be classified in accordance with the definitions in +Section 3402.1. + + + +When mixed with lower flash-point liquids. Class II or HI +liquids are capable of assuming the characteristics of the lower +flash-point liquids. Under such conditions the appropriate pro- +visions of this chapter for the actual flash point of the mixed liq- +uid shall apply. When heated above their flash points, Class II +and III liquids assume the characteristics of Class I liquids. +Under such conditions, the appropriate provisions of this chap- +ter for flammable liquids shall apply. + + + +SECTION 3402 +DEFINITIONS + +3402.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUB. An alcohol-containing +preparation designed for application to the hands for reducing +the number of viable microorganisms on the hands and con- +taining ethanol or isopropanol in an amount not exceeding 70 +percent by volume. + +BULK PLANT OR TERMINAL. That portion of a property +where flammable or combustible liquids are received by tank +vessel, pipelines, tank car or tank vehicle and are stored or +blended in bulk for the purpose of distributing such liquids by +tank vessel, pipeline, tank car, tank vehicle, portable tank or +container. + +BULK TRANSFER. The loading or unloading of flammable +or combustible liquids from or between tank vehicles, tank cars +or storage tanks. + +COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID. A liquid having a closed cup +flash point at or above 100°F (38°C). Combustible liquids shall +be subdivided as follows: + +Class II. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or above +100°F (38°C) and below 140°F (60°C). + +Class IIIA. Liquids having a closed cup flash point at or +above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93°C). + +Class IIIB. Liquids having closed cup flash points at or +above 200°F (93°C). + +The category of combustible liquids does not include com- +pressed gases or cryogenic fluids. + +FIRE POINT. The lowest temperature at which a liquid will +ignite and achieve sustained burning when exposed to a test +flame in accordance with ASTM D 92. + +FLAMMABLE LIQUID. A liquid having a closed cup flash +point below 100°F (38°C). Flammable Hquids are further cate- +gorized into a group known as Class I hquids. The Class I cate- +gory is subdivided as follows: + +Class lA. Liquids having a flash point below 73 °F (23 °C) +and having a boiling point below 100°F (38°C). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +305 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +Class IB. Liquids having a flash point below 73 °F (23 °C) +and having a boiUng point at or above 100°F (38°C). + +Class IC. Liquids having a flash point at or above 73 °F +(23°C) and below 100°F (38°C). + +The category of flammable liquids does not include com- +pressed gases or cryogenic fluids. + +FLASH POINT. The minimum temperature in degrees Fahr- +enheit at which a liquid will give off sufiicient vapors to form +an ignitable mixture with air near the surface or in the con- +tainer, but will not sustain combustion. The flash point of a liq- +uid shall be determined by appropriate test procedure and +apparatus as specified in ASTM D 56, ASTM D 93 or ASTM D +3278. + +FUEL LIMIT SWITCH. A mechanism, located on a tank +vehicle, that limits the quantity of product dispensed at one +time. + +LIQUID STORAGE ROOM. A room classified as a Group +H-3 occupancy used for the storage of flammable or combusti- +ble liquids in a closed condition. + +LIQUID STORAGE WAREHOUSE. A building classified +as a Group H-2 or H-3 occupancy used for the storage of flam- +mable or combustible liquids in a closed condition. + +MOBILE FUELING. The operation of dispensing liquid +fuels from tank vehicles into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles. +Mobile fueling may also be known by the terms "Mobile fleet +fueling," "Wet fueling" and "Wet hosing." + +PROCESS TRANSFER. The transfer of flammable or com- +bustible liquids between tank vehicles or tank cars and process +operations. Process operations may include containers, tanks, +piping and equipment. + +REFINERY. A plant in which flammable or combustible liq- +uids are produced on a commercial scale from crude petro- +leum, natural gasoline or other hydrocarbon sources. + +REMOTE EMERGENCY SHUTOFF DEVICE. The com- +bination of an operator-carried signaling device and a mecha- +nism on the tank vehicle. Activation of the remote emergency +shutoff device sends a signal to the tanker-mounted mechanism +and causes fuel flow to cease. + +REMOTE SOLVENT RESERVOIR. A liquid solvent con- +tainer enclosed against evaporative losses to the atmosphere +during periods when the container is not being utilized, except +for a solvent return opening not larger than 16 square inches +(10 322 mm^). Such return allows pump-cycled used solvent to +drain back into the reservoir from a separate solvent sink or +work area. + +SOLVENT DISTILLATION UNIT. An appliance that +receives contaminated flammable or combustible liquids and +which distills the contents to remove contaminants and recover +the solvents. + +TANK, PRIMARY. A listed atmospheric tank used to store +liquid. See "Primary containment." + +TANK, PROTECTED ABOVE GROUND. A tank listed in +accordance with UL 2085 consisting of a primary tank pro- + + + +vided with protection from physical damage and fire-resistive +protection from a high-intensity liquid pool fire exposure. The +tank may provide protection elements as a unit or may be an +assembly of components, or a combination thereof. + + + +SECTION 3403 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +3403.1 Electrical. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be +installed and maintained in accordance with the ICC Electrical +Code. + +3403.1.1 Classified locations for flammable liquids. + +Areas where flammable liquids are stored, handled, dis- +pensed or mixed shall be in accordance with Table 3403 .1.1. +A classified area shall not extend beyond an unpierced floor, +roof or other solid partition. + +The extent of the classified area is allowed to be reduced, +or eliminated, where sufficient technical justification is pro- +vided to the fire code official that a concentration in the area +in excess of 25 percent of the lower flammable limit (LFL) +cannot be generated. + +3403.1.2 Classified locations for combustible liquids. + +Areas where Class II or III liquids are heated above their +flash points shall have electrical installations in accordance +with Section 3403.1.1. + +Exception: Solvent distillation units in accordance with +Section 3405.4. + +3403.1.3 Other applications. The fire code official is +authorized to determine the extent of the Class I electrical +equipment and wiring location when a condition is not spe- +cifically covered by these requirements or the ICC Electri- +cal Code. + +3403.2 Fire protection. Fire protection for the storage, use, +dispensing, mixing, handling and on-site transportation of +flammable and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with +this chapter and applicable sections of Chapter 9. + +3403.2.1 Portable fire extinguishers and hose lines. Por- +table fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with +Section 906. Hose lines shall be provided in accordance +with Section 905. + +3403.3 Site assessment. In the event of a spill, leak or dis- +charge from a tank system, a site assessment shall be completed +by the owner or operator of such tank system if the fire code +official determines that a potential fire or explosion hazard +exists. Such site assessments shall be conducted to ascertain +potential fire hazards and shall be completed and submitted to +the fire department within a time period established by the fire +code official, not to exceed 60 days. + +3403.4 Spill control and secondary containment. Where the +maximum allowable quantity per control area is exceeded, and +when required by Section 2704.2, rooms, buildings or areas +used for storage, dispensing, use, mixing or handling of Class I, +II and III-A liquids shall be provided with spill control and sec- +ondary containment in accordance with Section 2704.2. + + + +306 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +TABLE 3403.1.1 +CLASS I ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS^ + + + +LOCATION + + +GROUP D DIVISION + + +EXTENT OF CLASSIFIED AREA + + +Underground tank fill opening + + +1 + +2 + + +Pits, boxes or spaces below grade level, any part of which is within the Division 1 or 2 + +classified area. +Up to 18 inches above grade level within a horizontal radius of 10 feet from a loose-fill + +connection and within a horizontal radius of 5 feet from a tight-fill connection. + + +Vent- — Discharging upward + + +1 + +2 + + +Within 3 feet of open end of vent, extending in all directions. + +Area between 3 feet and 5 feet of open end of vent, extending in all directions. + + +Drum and container filling + +Outdoor or indoor with adequate ventilation + + +1 + +2 + + +Within 3 feet of vent and fill opening, extending in all directions. + +Area between 3 feet and 5 feet from vent of fill opening, extending in all directions. Also + +up to 18 inches above floor or grade level within a horizontal radius of 10 feet from + +vent or fill opening. + + +Pumps, bleeders, withdrawal fittings, meters and similar devices + +Indoor + +Outdoor + + +2 +2 + + +Within 5 feet of any edge of such devices, extending in all directions. Also up to 3 feet +above floor or grade level within 25 feet horizontally from any edge of such devices. + +Within 3 feet of any edge of such devices, extending in all directions. Also up to 18 +inches horizontally from an edge of such devices. + + +Pits + +Without mechanical ventilation +With mechanical ventilation + +Containing valves, fittings or piping, and not within a Division 1 or +2 classified area + + +1 + +2 +2 + + +Entire area within pit if any part is within a Division 1 or 2 classified area. +Entire area within pit if any part is within a Division 1 or 2 classified area. +Entire pit. + + +Drainage ditches, separators, impounding basins + +Indoor +Outdoor + + +lor 2 + +2 + + +Same as pits. + +Area up to 18 inches above ditch, separator or basin. Also up to 18 inches above grade +within 15 feet horizontal from any edge. + + +Tank vehicle and tank car** + +Loading through open dome + +Loading through bottom connections with atmospheric venting +Office and restrooms + + +1 +2 +1 + +2 + +Ordinary + + +Within 3 feet of edge of dome, extending in all directions. + +Area between 3 feet and 15 feet from edge of dome, extending in all directions. + +Within 3 feet of point of venting to atmosphere, extending in all directions. + +Area between 3 feet and 15 feet from point of venting to atmosphere, extending in all + +directions. Also up to 18 inches above grade within a horizontal radius of 10 feet from + +point of loading connection. +Where there is an opening to these rooms within the extent of an indoor classified location, + +the room shall be classified the same as if the wall, curb or partition did not exist. + + + +(continued) + + + +> +CO + +l- +m + +> +z +a +o +o + +00 + +c +(/} + +H +00 + +r" +m + + + +TABLE 3403.1.1— continued +CLASS I ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS^ + + + +LOCATION + + +GROUP D DIVISION + + +EXTENT OF CLASSIFIED AREA + + +Tank vehicle and tank car''-continued + +Loading through closed dome with atmospheric venting + +Loading through closed dome with vapor control + +Bottom loading with vapor control or any bottom unloading + + +1 + +2 + +2 +2 + + +Within 3 feet of open end of vent, extending in all directions. + +Area between 3 feet and 15 feet from open end of vent, extending in all directions. Also + +within 3 feet of edge of dome, extending in all directions. +Within 3 feet of point of connection of both fill and vapor lines, extending in all + +directions. +Within 3 feet of point of connection, extending in all directions. Also up to 18 inches + +above grade within a horizontal radius of 10 feet from point of connection. + + +Storage and repair garage for tank vehicles + + +1 + +2 + + +Pits or spaces below floor level. + +Area up to 18 inches above floor or grade level for entire storage or repair garage. + + +Garages for other than tank vehicles + + +Ordinary + + +Where there is an opening to these rooms within the extent of an outdoor classified area, +the entire room shall be classified the same as the area classification at the point of the +opening. + + +Outdoor drum storage + + +Ordinary + + + + +Indoor warehousing where there is no flammable liquid transfer + + +Ordinary + + +Where there is an opening to these rooms within the extent of an indoor classified area, +the room shall be classified the same as if the wall, curb or partition did not exist. + + +Indoor equipment where flammable vapor/air mixtures could exist +under normal operations + + +1 + +2 + + +Area within 5 feet of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions. + +Area between 5 feet and 8 feet of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions. + +Also, area up to 3 feet above floor or grade level within 5 feet to 25 feet horizontally + +from any edge of such equipment.'^ + + +Outdoor equipment where flammable vapor/air mixtures could +exist under normal operations + + +1 +2 + + +Area within 3 feet of any edge of such equipment, extending in all directions. + +Area between 3 feet and 8 feet of any edge of such equipment extending in all directions. + +Also, area up to 3 feet above floor or grade level within 3 feet to 10 feet horizontally + +from any edge of such equipment. + + +Tank — Above ground + +Shell, ends or roof and dike area + +Vent +Floating roof + + +1 + +2 + +1 + +2 +1 + + +Area inside dike where dike height is greater than the distance from the tank to the dike + +for more than 50 percent of the tank circumference. +Area within 10 feet from shell, ends or roof of tank. Area inside dikes to level of top of + +dike. +Area within 5 feet of open end of vent, extending in all directions. +Area between 5 feet and 10 feet from open end of vent, extending in all directions. +Area above the roof and within the shell. + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. Locations as classified in the ICC Electrical Code. + +b. When classifying extent of area, consideration shall be given to the fact that tank cars or tank vehicles can be spotted at varying points. Therefore, the extremities of the loading or unloading positions shall be used. + +c. The release of Class I liquids can generate vapors to the extent that the entire building, and possibly a zone surrounding it, are considered a Class I, Division 2 location. + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +3403.5 Labeling and signage. The fire code official is autho- +rized to require warning signs for the purpose of identifying the +hazards of storing or using flammable liquids. Signage for +identification and warning such as for the inherent hazard of +flammable liquids or smoking shall be provided in accordance +with this chapter and Sections 2703.5 and 2703.6. + +3403.5.1 Style. Warning signs shall be of a durable material. +Signs warning of the hazard of flammable liquids shall have +white lettering on a red background and shall read: DAN- +GER—FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. Letters shall not be less +than 3 inches (76 mm) in height and Vj inch (12.7 mm) in +stroke. + +3403.5.2 Location. Signs shall be posted in locations as +required by the fire code official. Piping containing flamma- +ble liquids shall be identified in accordance with ASME +A13.1. + +3403.5.3 Warning labels. Individual containers, packages +and cartons shall be identified, marked, labeled and plac- +arded in accordance with federal regulations and applicable +state laws. + +3403.5.4 Identification. Color coding or other approved +identification means shall be provided on each loading and +unloading riser for flanmiable or combustible liquids to +identify the contents of the tank served by the riser. + +3403.6 Piping systems. Piping systems, and their component +parts, for flammable and combustible liquids shall be in accor- +dance with this section. + +3403.6.1 Nonapplicability. The provisions of Section +3403.6 shall not apply to gas or oil well installations; piping +that is integral to stationary or portable engines, including +aircraft, watercraft and motor vehicles; and piping in con- +nection with boilers and pressure vessels regulated by the +International Mechanical Code. + +3403.6.2 Design and fabrication of system components. + +Piping system components shall be designed and fabricated +in accordance with Chapter 5 of NFPA 30, except as modi- +fied by this section. + +3403.6.2.1 Special materials. Low-melting-point mate- +rials (such as aluminum, copper or brass), materials that +soften on fire exposure (such as nonmetallic materials) +and nonductile material (such as cast iron) shall be +acceptable for use underground in accordance with +ASME B3 1 .9. When such materials are used outdoors in +above-ground piping systems or within buildings, they +shall be in accordance with ASME B3 1 .9 and one of the +following: + +1 . Suitably protected against fire exposure. + +2. Located where leakage from failure would not +unduly expose people or structures. + +3. Located where leakage can be readily controlled +by operation of accessible remotely located +valves. + +In all cases, nonmetallic piping shall be used in accor- +dance with Section 5.3.6 of NFPA 30. + + + +3403.6.3 Testing. Unless tested in accordance with the +applicable section of ASME B31.9, piping, before being +covered, enclosed or placed in use, shall be hydrostatically +tested to 150 percent of the maximum anticipated pressure +of the system, or pneumatically tested to 110 percent of the +maximum anticipated pressure of the system, but not less +than 5 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) (34.47 kPa) at +the highest point of the system. This test shall be maintained +for a sufficient time period to complete visual inspection of +joints and connections. For a minimum of 10 minutes, there +shall be no leakage or permanent distortion. Care shall be +exercised to ensure that these pressures are not applied to +vented storage tanks. Such storage tanks shall be tested +independently from the piping. + +3403.6.3.1 Existing piping. Existing piping shall be +tested in accordance with this section when the fire code +official has reasonable cause to believe tiiat a leak exists. +Piping that could contain flammable or combustible liq- +uids shall not be tested pneumatically. Such tests shall be +at the expense of the owner or operator. + +Exception: Vapor-recovery piping is allowed to be +tested using an inert gas. + +3403.6.4 Protection from vehicles. Guard posts or other +approved means shall be provided to protect piping, valves +or fittings subject to vehicular damage in accordance with +Section 312. + +3403.6.5 Protection from corrosion and galvanic action. + +Where subject to external corrosion, piping, related +fluid-handling components and supports for both under- +ground and above-ground applications shall be fabricated +from noncorrosive materials, and coated or provided with +corrosion protection. Dissimilar metallic parts that promote +galvanic action shall not be joined. + +3403.6.6 Valves. Piping systems shall contain a sufficient +number of manual control valves and check valves to oper- +ate the system properly and to protect the plant under both +normal and emergency conditions. Piping systems in con- +nection with pumps shall contain a sufficient number of +such valves to control properly the flow of liquids in normal +operation and in the event of physical damage or fire expo- +sure. + +3403.6.6.1 Backflow protections. Connections to pipe- +lines or piping by which equipment (such as tank cars, +tank vehicles or marine vessels) discharges liquids into +storage tanks shall be provided with check valves or +block valves for automatic protection against backflow +where the piping arrangement is such that backflow from +the system is possible. Where loading and unloading is +done through a common pipe system, a check valve is not +required. However, a block valve shall be provided +which is located so as to be readily accessible or remotely +operable. + +3403.6.6.2 Manual drainage. Manual drainage-control +valves shall be located at approved locations remote +from the tanks, diked area, drainage system and +impounding basin to ensure their operation in a fire con- +dition. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +309 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +3403.6.7 Connections. Above-ground tanks with connec- +tions located below normal liquid level shall be provided +with internal or external isolation valves located as close as +practical to the shell of the tank. Except for liquids whose +chemical characteristics are incompatible with steel, such +valves, when external, and their connections to the tank +shall be of steel. + +3403.6.8 Piping supports. Piping systems shall be substan- +tially supported and protected against physical damage and +excessive stresses arising from settlement, vibration, expan- +sion, contraction or exposure to fire. The supports shall be +protected against exposure to fire by one of the following: + +1 . Draining liquid away from the piping system at a min- +imum slope of not less than 1 percent. + +2. Providing protection with a fire-resistance rating of +not less than 2 hours. + +3. Other approved methods. + +3403.6.9 Flexible joints. Flexible joints shall be hsted and +approved and shall be installed on underground liquid, +vapor and vent piping at all of the following locations: + +1. Where piping connects to underground tanks. + +2. Where piping ends at pump islands and vent risers. + +3. At points where differential movement in the piping +can occur. + +3403.6.9.1 Fiberglass-reinforced plastic piping. Fiber- +glass-reinforced plastic (FRP) piping is not required to +be provided with flexible joints in locations where both +of the following conditions are present: + +1 . Piping does not exceed 4 inches ( 1 02 mm) in diam- +eter. + +2. Piping has a straight run of not less than 4 feet +(1219 mm) on one side of the connection when +such connections result in a change of direction. + +In lieu of the minimum 4-foot (1219 mm) straight run +length, approved and listed flexible joints are allowed to +be used under dispensers and suction pumps, at sub- +merged pumps and tanks, and where vents extend +above-ground. + +3403.6.10 Pipe joints. Joints shall be liquid tight and shall +be welded, flanged or threaded except that listed flexible +connectors are allowed in accordance with Section +3403.6.9. Threaded or flanged joints shall fit tightly by +using approved methods and materials for the type of joint. +Joints in piping systems used for Class I liquids shall be +welded when located in concealed spaces within buildings. + +Nonmetallic joints shall be approved and shall be +installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instruc- +tions. + +Pipe joints that are dependent on the friction characteris- +tics or resiliency of combustible materials for liquid tight- +ness of piping shall not be used in buildings. Piping shall be +secured to prevent disengagement at the fitting. + +3403.6.11 Bends. Pipe and tubing shall be bent in accor- +dance with ASME B 3 1.9. + + + +SECTION 3404 +STORAGE + +3404.1 General. The storage of flammable and combustible +liquids in containers and tanks shall be in accordance with this +section and the applicable sections of Chapter 27. + +3404.2 Tank storage. The provisions of this section shall +apply to: + +1. The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in +fixed above-ground and underground tanks. + +2. The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in +fixed above-ground tanks inside of buildings. + +3. The storage of flanmiable and combustible liquids in +portable tanks whose capacity exceeds 660 gallons +(2498 L). + +4. The installation of such tanks and portable tanks. + +3404.2.1 Change of tank contents. Tanks subject to +change in contents shall be in accordance with Section +3404.2.7. Prior to a change in contents, the fire code official +is authorized to require testing of a tank. + +Tanks that have previously contained Class I liquids shall +not be loaded with Class II or Class III liquids until such +tanks and all piping, pumps, hoses and meters connected +thereto have been completely drained and flushed. + +3404.2.2 Use of tank vehicles and tank cars as storage +tanks. Tank cars and tank vehicles shall not be used as stor- +age tanks. + +3404.2.3 Labeling and signs. Labeling and signs for stor- +age tanks and storage tank areas shall comply with Sections +3404.2.3.1 and 3404.2.3.2. + +3404.2.3.1 Smoking and open flame. Signs shall be +posted in storage areas prohibiting open flames and +smoking. Signs shall comply with Section 3403.5. + +3404.2.3.2 Label or placard. Tanks more than 100 gal- +lons (379 L) in capacity, which are permanently installed +or mounted and used for the storage of Class I, II or IIIA +liquids, shall bear a label and placard identifying the +material therein. Placards shall be in accordance with +NFPA 704. + +Exceptions: + +1. Tanks of 300-gallon (1136 L) capacity or less +located on private property and used for heating +and cooking fuels in single-family dwellings. + +2. Tanks located underground. + +3404.2.4 Sources of ignition. Smoking and open flames are +prohibited in storage areas in accordance with Section + +2703.7. + +Exception: Areas designated as smoking and hot work +areas, and areas where hot work permits have been +issued in accordance with this code. + +3404.2.5 Explosion control. Explosion control shall be +provided in accordance with Section 911. + +3404.2.6 Separation from incompatible materials. Stor- +age of flammable and combustible liquids shall be separated + + + +310 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +from incompatible materials in accordance with Section +2703.9.8. + +Grass, weeds, combustible materials and waste Class I, II +or IIIA liquids shall not be accumulated in an unsafe manner +at a storage site. + +3404.2.7 Design, construction and general installation +requirements for tanks. The design, fabrication and con- +struction of tanks shall comply with NFPA 30. Each tank +shall bear a permanent nameplate or marking indicating the +standard used as the basis of design. + +3404.2.7.1 Materials used in tank construction. The + +materials used in tank construction shall be in accor- +dance with NFPA 30. + +3404.2.7.2 Pressure limitations for tanks. Tanks shall +be designed for the pressures to which they will be sub- +jected in accordance with NFPA 30. + +3404.2.7.3 Tank vents for normal venting. Tank vents +for normal venting shall be installed and maintained in +accordance with Sections 3404.2.7.3.1 through +3404.2.7.3.6. + +3404.2.7.3.1 Vent lines. Vent lines from tanks shall +not be used for purposes other than venting unless +approved. + +3404.2.7.3.2 Vent-line flame arresters and venting +devices. Vent-line flame arresters and venting devices +shall be installed in accordance with their listings. +Use of flame arresters in piping systems shall be in +accordance with API 2028. + +3404.2.7.3.3 Vent pipe outlets. Vent pipe outlets for +tanks storing Class I, II or IIIA liquids shall be located +such that the vapors are released at a safe point outside +of buildings and not less than 12 feet (3658 mm) +above the adjacent ground level. Vapors shall be dis- +charged upward or horizontally away from adjacent +walls to assist in vapor dispersion. Vent outlets shall +be located such that flammable vapors will not be +trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall be at +least 5 feet (1524 mm) from building openings or lot +lines of properties that can be built upon. Vent outlets +on atmospheric tanks storing Class IIIB liquids are +allowed to discharge inside a building if the vent is a +normally closed vent. + +3404.2.7.3.4 Installation of vent piping. Vent piping +shall be designed, sized, constructed and installed in +accordance with Section 3403.6. Vent pipes shall be +installed such that they will drain toward the tank +without sags or traps in which liquid can collect. Vent +pipes shall be installed in such a manner so as not to be +subject to physical damage or vibration. + +3404.2.7.3.5 Manifolding. Tank vent piping shall not +be manifolded unless required for special purposes +such as vapor recovery, vapor conservation or air pol- +lution control. + +3404.2.7.3.5.1 Above-ground tanks. For + +above-ground tanks, manifolded vent pipes shall +be adequately sized to prevent system pressure + + + +limits from being exceeded when manifolded +tanks are subject to the same fire exposure. + +3404.2.7.3.5.2 Underground tanks. For under- +ground tanks, manifolded vent pipes shall be sized +to prevent system pressure limits from being +exceeded when manifolded tanks are filled simul- +taneously. + +3404.2.7.3.5.3 Tanks storing Class I liquids. + +Vent piping for tanks storing Class I liquids shall +not be manifolded with vent piping for tanks stor- +ing Class II and III liquids unless positive means +are provided to prevent the vapors from Class I liq- +uids from entering tanks storing Class II and III +liquids, to prevent contamination and possible +change in classification of less volatile liquid. + +3404.2.7.3.6 Tank venting for tanks and pressure +vessels storing Class IB and IC liquids. Tanks and +pressure vessels storing Class IB or IC liquids shall be +equipped with venting devices which shall be nor- +mally closed except when venting under pressure or +vacuum conditions, or with listed flame arresters. The +vents shall be installed and maintained in accordance +with Section 4.2.5.1 of NFPA 30 or API 2000. + +3404.2.7.4 Emergency venting. Stationary, +above-ground tanks shall be equipped with additional +venting that will relieve excessive internal pressure +caused by exposure to fires. Emergency vents for Class I, +II and IIIA liquids shall not discharge inside buildings. +The venting shall be installed and maintained in accor- +dance with Section 4.2.5.2 of NFPA 30. + +Exception: Tanks larger than 12,000 gallons (45 420 +L) in capacity storing Class IIIB liquids which are not +within the diked area or the drainage path of Class I or +II liquids do not require emergency relief venting. + +3404.2.7.5 Tank openings other than vents. Tank +openings for other than vents shall comply with Sections +3404.2.7.5.1 through 3404.2.7.5.8. + +3404.2.7.5.1 Connections below liquid level. Con- +nections for tank openings below the liquid level shall +be liquid tight. + +3404.2.7.5.2 Filling, emptying and vapor recovery +connections. Filling, emptying and vapor recovery +connections to tanks containing Class I, II or IIIA liq- +uids shall be located outside of buildings at a location +free from sources of ignition and not less than 5 feet +(1524 nrni) away from building openings or lot lines +of property that can be built on. Such openings shall +be provided with a liquid-tight cap which shall be +closed when not in use and properly identified. + +3404.2.7.5.3 Piping, connections and fittings. Pip- +ing, connections, fittings and other appurtenances +shall be installed in accordance with Section 3403.6. + +3404.2.7.5.4 Manual gauging. Openings for manual +gauging, if independent of the fill pipe, shall be pro- +vided with a liquid-tight cap or cover. Covers shall be +kept closed when not gauging. If inside a building. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +311 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +such openings shall be protected against liquid over- +flow and possible vapor release by means of a spring- +loaded check valve or other approved device. + +3404.2.7.5.5 Fill pipes and discharge lines. For + +top-loaded tanks, a metallic fill pipe shall be designed +and installed to minimize the generation of static elec- +tricity by terminating the pipe within 6 inches (152 +mm) of the bottom of the tank, and it shall be installed +in a manner which avoids excessive vibration. + +3404.2.7.5.5.1 Class I liquids. For Class I liquids +other than crude oil, gasoline and asphalt, the fill +pipe shall be designed and installed in a manner +which will minimize the possibility of generating +static electricity by terminating within 6 inches +(152 mm) of the bottom of the tank. + +3404.2.7.5.5.2 Underground tanks. For under- +ground tanks, fill pipe and discharge lines shall +enter only through the top. Fill lines shall be sloped +toward the tank. Underground tanks for Class I liq- +uids having a capacity greater than 1,000 gallons +(3785 L) shall be equipped with a tight fill device +for connecting the fill hose to the tank. + +3404.2.7.5.6 Location of connections that are +made or broken. Filling, withdrawal and +vapor-recovery connections for Class I, II and IIIA +liquids which are made and broken shall be located +outside of buildings at a location away from sources +of ignition and not less than 5 feet (1524 mm) away +from building openings. Such connections shall be +closed and liquid tight when not in use and shall be +properly identified. + +3404.2.7.5.7 Protection against vapor release. Tank +openings provided for purposes of vapor recovery +shall be protected against possible vapor release by +means of a spring-loaded check valve or dry-break +connections, or other approved device, unless the +opening is a pipe connected to a vapor processing sys- +tem. Openings designed for combined fill and vapor +recovery shall also be protected against vapor release +unless connection of the liquid delivery line to the fill +pipe simultaneously connects the vapor recovery line. +Connections shall be vapor tight. + +3404.2.7.5.8 Overfill prevention. An approved +means or method in accordance with Section +3404.2.9.6.6 shall be provided to prevent the overfill +of all Class I, II and IIIA liquid storage tanks. Storage +tanks in refineries, bulk plants or terminals regulated +by Sections 3406.4 or 3406.7 shall have overfill pro- +tection in accordance with API 2350. + +Exception: Outside above-ground tanks with a +capacity of 1320 gallons (5000 L) or less. + +3404.2.7.6 Repair, alteration or reconstruction of +tanks and piping. The repair, alteration or reconstruc- +tion, including welding, cutting and hot tapping of stor- +age tanks and piping that have been placed in service, +shall be in accordance with NFPA 30. + + + +3404.2.7.7 Design of supports. The design of the sup- +porting structure for tanks shall be in accordance with the +International Building Code and NFPA 30. + +3404.2.7.8 Locations subject to flooding. Where a tank +is located in an area where it is subject to buoyancy +because of a rise in the water table, flooding or accumu- +lation of water from fire suppression operations, uplift +protection shall be provided in accordance with Sections +4.3.2.6 and 4.3.3.5 of NFPA 30. + +3404.2.7.9 Corrosion protection. Where subject to +external corrosion, tanks shall be fabricated from corro- +sion-resistant materials, coated or provided with corro- +sion protection in accordance with Section 4.2.6.1 of +NFPA 30. + +3404.2.7.10 Leak reporting. A consistent or accidental +loss of liquid, or other indication of a leak from a tank +system, shall be reported immediately to the fire depart- +ment, the fire code official and other authorities having +jurisdiction. + +3404.2.7.10.1 Leaking tank disposition. Leaking +tanks shall be promptly emptied, repaired and +returned to service, abandoned or removed in accor- +dance with Section 3404.2.13 or 3404.2.14. + +3404.2.7.11 Tank lining. Steel tanks are allowed to be +lined only for the purpose of protecting the interior from +corrosion or providing compatibility with a material to +be stored. Only those liquids tested for compatibility +with the lining material are allowed to be stored in lined +tanks. + +3404.2.8 Vaults. Vaults shall be allowed to be either above +or below grade and shall comply with Sections 3404.2.8.1 +through 3404.2.8.18. + +3404.2.8.1 Listing required. Vaults shall be listed in +accordance with UL 2245. + +Exception: Where approved by the fire code official, +below-grade vaults are allowed to be constructed on +site, provided that the design is in accordance with the +International Building Code and that special inspec- +tions are conducted to verify structural strength and +compliance of the installation with the approved +design in accordance with Section 1707 of the Inter- +national Building Code. Installation plans for +below-grade vaults that are constructed on site shall +be prepared by, and the design shall bear the stamp of, +a professional engineer. Consideration shall be given +to soil and hydrostatic loading on the floors, walls and +lid; anticipated seismic forces; uplifting by ground +water or flooding; and to loads imposed from above +such as traffic and equipment loading on the vault lid. + +3404.2.8.2 Design and construction. The vault shall +completely enclose each tank. There shall be no open- +ings in the vault enclosure except those necessary for +access to, inspection of, and filling, emptying and vent- +ing of the tank. The walls and floor of the vault shall be +constructed of reinforced concrete at least 6 inches (152 +mm) thick. The top of an above-grade vault shall be con- + + + +312 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +structed of noncombustible material and shall be +designed to be weaker than the walls of the vault, to +ensure that the thrust of an explosion occurring inside the +vault is directed upward before significantly high pres- +sure can develop within the vault. + +The top of an at-grade or below-grade vault shall be +designed to relieve safely or contain the force of an +explosion occurring inside the vault. The top and floor of +the vault and the tank foundation shall be designed to +withstand the anticipated loading, including loading +from vehicular traffic, where applicable. The walls and +floor of a vault installed below grade shall be designed to +withstand anticipated soil and hydrostatic loading. + +Vaults shall be designed to be wind and earthquake +resistant, in accordance with the International Building +Code. + +3404.2.8.3 Secondary containment. Vaults shall be +substantially liquid tight and there shall be no backfill +around the tank or within the vault. The vault floor shall +drain to a sump. For premanufactured vaults, liquid tight- +ness shall be certified as part of the listing provided by a +nationally recognized testing laboratory. For +field-erected vaults, liquid tightness shall be certified in +an approved manner. + +3404.2.8.4 Internal clearance. There shall be sufficient +clearance between the tank and the vault to allow for +visual inspection and maintenance of the tank and its +appurtenances. Dispensing devices are allowed to be +installed on tops of vaults. + +3404.2.8.5 Anchoring. Vaults and their tanks shall be +suitably anchored to withstand uplifting by ground water +or flooding, including when the tank is empty. + +3404.2.8.6 Vehicle impact protection. Vaults shall be +resistant to damage from the impact of a motor vehicle, +or vehicle impact protection shall be provided in accor- +dance with Section 312. + +3404.2.8.7 Arrangement. Tanks shall be listed for +above-ground use, and each tank shall be in its own vault. +Compartmentalized tanks shall be allowed and shall be +considered as a single tank. Adjacent vaults shall be +allowed to share a common wall. The common wall shall +be liquid and vapor tight and shall be designed to with- +stand the load imposed when the vault on either side of +the wall is filled with water. + +3404.2.8.8 Connections. Connections shall be provided +to permit venting of each vault to dilute, disperse and +remove vapors prior to personnel entering the vault. + +3404.2.8.9 Ventilation. Vaults that contain tanks of Class +I liquids shall be provided with an exhaust ventilation sys- +tem installed in accordance with Section 2704.3. The ven- +tilation system shall operate continuously or be designed +to operate upon activation of the vapor or liquid detection +system. The system shall provide ventilation at a rate of +not less than 1 cubic foot per minute (cfm) per square foot +of floor area [0.00508 mVis ■ m^)], but not less than 150 +cfm (0.071 mVs). The exhaust system shall be designed to + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +provide air movement across all parts of the vault floor. +Supply and exhaust ducts shall extend to within 3 inches +(76 mm), but not more than 12 inches (305 mm), of the +floor. The exhaust system shall be installed in accordance +with the International Mechanical Code. + +3404.2.8.10 Liquid detection. Vaults shall be equipped +with a detection system capable of detecting liquids, +including water, and activating an alarm. + +3404.2.8.11 Monitoring and detection. Vaults shall be +provided with approved vapor and liquid detection sys- +tems and equipped with on-site audible and visual warn- +ing devices with battery backup. Vapor detection +systems shall sound an alarm when the system detects +vapors that reach or exceed 25 percent of the lower +explosive limit (LEL) of the liquid stored. Vapor detec- +tors shall be located no higher than 12 inches (305 mm) +above the lowest point in the vault. Liquid detection sys- +tems shall sound an alarm upon detection of any liquid, +including water. Liquid detectors shall be located in +accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Activa- +tion of either vapor or liquid detection systems shall +cause a signal to be sounded at an approved, constantiy +attended location within the facility serving the tanks or +at an approved location. Activation of vapor detection +systems shall also shut off dispenser pumps. + +3404.2.8.12 Liquid removal. Means shall be provided +to recover liquid from the vault. Where a pump is used to +meet this requirement, the pump shall not be perma- +nently installed in the vault. Electric-powered portable +pumps shall be suitable for use in Class I, Division 1 +locations, as defined in the ICC Electrical Code. + +3404.2.8.13 Normal vents. Vent pipes that are provided +for normal tank venting shall terminate at least 12 feet +(3658 mm) above ground level. + +3404.2.8.14 Emergency vents. Emergency vents shall +be vapor tight and shall be allowed to discharge inside the +vault. Long-bolt manhole covers shall not be allowed for +this purpose. + +3404.2.8.15 Accessway. Vaults shall be provided with an +approved personnel accessway with a minimum dimen- +sion of 30 inches (762 mm) and with a permanently +affixed, nonferrous ladder. Accessways shall be +designed to be nonsparking. Travel distance from any +point inside a vault to an accessway shall not exceed 20 +feet (6096 mm). At each entry point, a warning sign indi- +cating the need for procedures for safe entry into con- +fined spaces shall be posted. Entry points shall be +secured against unauthorized entry and vandalism. + +3404.2.8.16 Fire protection. Vaults shall be provided +with a suitable means to admit a fire suppression agent. + +3404.2.8.17 Classified area. The interior of a vault con- +taining a tank that stores a Class I liquid shall be desig- +nated a Class I, Division 1 location, as defined in the ICC +Electrical Code. + +3404.2.8.18 Overfill protection. Overfill protection +shall be provided in accordance with Section + + + +313 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +3404.2.9.6.6. The use of a float vent valve shall be pro- +hibited. + +3404.2.9 Above-ground tanks. Above-ground storage of +flammable and combustible liquids in tanks shall comply +with Section 3404.2 and Sections 3404.2.9.1 through +3404.2.9.6.10. + +3404.2.9.1 Fire protection. Fire protection for +above-ground tanks shall comply with Sections +3404.2.9.1.1 through 3404.2.9.1.4. + +3404.2.9.1.1 Required foam fire protection sys- +tems. When required by the fire code official, foam +fire protection shall be provided for above-ground +tanks, other than pressure tanks operating at or above +1 pound per square inch gauge (psig) (6.89 kPa) when +such tank, or group of tanks spaced less than 50 feet +(15 240 mm) apart measured shell to shell, has a Hq- +uid surface area in excess of 1,500 square feet (139 +m^), and is in accordance with one of the following: + +1. Used for the storage of Class I or II liquids. + +2. Used for the storage of crude oil. + +3. Used for in-process products and is located +within 100 feet (30 480 mm) of a fired still, +heater, related fractioning or processing appa- +ratus or similar device at a processing plant or +petroleum refinery as herein defined. + +4. Considered by the fire code official as posing +an unusual exposure hazard because of topo- +graphical conditions; nature of occupancy, +proximity on the same or adjoining property, +and height and character of liquids to be stored; +degree of private fire protection to be provided; +and facilities of the fire department to cope with +flanmiable liquid fires. + +3404.2.9.1.2 Foam fire protection system installa- +tion. Where foam fire protection is required, it shall +be installed in accordance with NFPA 1 1 and NFPA +UA. + +3404.2.9.1.2.1 Foam storage. Where foam fire +protection is required, foam-producing materials +shall be stored on the premises. + +Exception: Storage of foam-producing materi- +als off the premises is allowed as follows: + +1. Such materials stored off the premises +shall be of the proper type suitable for use +with the equipment at the installation +where required. + +2. Such materials shall be readily available +at the storage location at all times. + +3. Adequate loading and transportation +facilities shall be provided. + +4. The time required to deliver such materi- +als to the required location in the event of +fire shall be consistent with the hazards +and fire scenarios for which the foam +supply is intended. + + + +5. At the time of a fire, these off-premises +supplies shall be accumulated in suffi- +cient quantities before placing the equip- +ment in operation to ensure foam +production at an adequate rate without +interruption until extinguishment is +accomplished. + +3404.2.9.1.3 Fire protection of supports. Supports +or pilings for above-ground tanks storing Class I, II or +IIIA Hquids elevated more than 12 inches (305 mm) +above grade shall have a fire-resistance rating of not +less than 2 hours in accordance with the fire exposure +criteria specified in ASTM E 1529. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Structural supports tested as part of a pro- +tected above-ground tank in accordance +with UL 2085. + +2. Stationary tanks located outside of buildings +when protected by an approved water-spray +system designed in accordance with Chapter +9 and NFPA 15. + +3. Stationary tanks located inside of buildings +equipped throughout with an approved auto- +matic sprinkler system designed in accor- +dance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +3404.2.9.1.4 Inerting of tanks with boilover liq- +uids. Liquids with boilover characteristics shall not +be stored in fixed roof tanks larger than 150 feet (45 +720 mm) in diameter unless an approved gas enrich- +ment or inerting system is provided on the tank. + +Exception: Crude oil storage tanks in production +fields with no other exposures adjacent to the stor- +age tank. + +3404.2.9.2 Supports, foundations and anchorage. + +Supports, foundations and anchorages for above-ground +tanks shall be designed and constructed in accordance +with NFPA 30 and the International Building Code. + +3404.2.9.3 Stairs, platforms and walkways. Stairs, +platforms and walkways shall be of noncombustible con- +struction and shall be designed and constructed in accor- +dance with NFPA 30 and the International Building +Code. + +3404.2.9.4 Above-ground tanks inside of buildings. + +Tanks storing Class I, II and IIIA liquids inside buildings +shall be equipped with a device or other means to prevent +overflow into the building including, but not limited to: a +float valve; a preset meter on the fill line; a valve actuated +by the weight of the tanks contents; a low head pump +which is incapable of producing overflow; or a liq- +uid-tight overflow pipe at least one pipe size larger than +the fill pipe and discharging by gravity back to the out- +side source of liquid or to an approved location. + +3404.2.9.5 Above-ground tanks outside of buildings. + +Above-ground tanks outside of buildings shall comply +with Sections 3404.2.9.5.1 through 3404.2.9.5.3. + + + +314 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +3404.2.9.5.1 Locations where above-ground tanks +are prohibited. Storage of Class I and II liquids in +above-ground tanks outside of buildings is prohibited +within the limits established by law as the limits of +districts in which such storage is prohibited (see Sec- +tion 3 of the Sample Ordinance for Adoption of the +International Fire Code on page v). + +3404.2.9.5.1.1 Location of tanks with pressures +2.5 psig or less. Above-ground tanks operating at +pressures not exceeding 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa) for stor- +age of Class I, n or ULA liquids, which are designed +with a floating roof, a weak roof-to-shell seam or +equipped with emergency venting devices hmiting +pressure to 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa), shall be located in +accordance with Table 4.3.2.1.1(a) of NFPA 30. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Vertical tanks having a weak roof-to-shell +seam and storing Class IIIA liquids are +allowed to be located at one-half the dis- +tances specified in Table 4.3.2.1.1(a) of +NFPA 30, provided the tanks are not +within a diked area or drainage path for a +tank storing Class I or 11 Uquids. + +2. Liquids with boilover characteristics and +unstable liquids in accordance with Sec- +tions 3404.2.9.5.1.3 and 3404.2.9.5.1.4. + +3. For protected above-ground tanks in +accordance with Section 3404.2.9.6 and +tanks in at-grade or above-grade vaults in +accordance with Section 3404.2.8, the +distances in Table 4.3.2.1.1(b) of NFPA +30 shall apply and shall be reduced by +one-half, but not to less than 5 feet (1524 +mm). + +3404.2.9.5.1.2 Location of tanks with pressures +exceeding 2.5 psig. Above-ground tanks for the +storage of Class I, IT or IIIA liquids operating at +pressures exceeding 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa) or +equipped with emergency venting allowing pres- +sures to exceed 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa) shall be located +in accordance with Table 4.3.2.1.2 of NFPA 30. + +Exception: Liquids with boilover characteris- +tics and unstable liquids in accordance with +Sections 3404.2.9.5.1.4 and 3404.2.9.5.1.5. + +3404.2.9.5.1.3 Location of tanks for boilover +liquids. Above-ground tanks for storage of liquids +with boilover characteristics shall be located in +accordance with Table 4.3.2.1.3 of NFPA 30. + +3404.2.9.5.1.4 Location of tanks for unstable +liquids. Above-ground tanks for the storage of +unstable liquids shall be located in accordance +with Table 4.3.2.1.4 of NFPA 30. + +3404.2.9.5.1.5 Location of tanks for Class IIIB +liquids. Above-ground tanks for the storage of +Class IIIB liquids, excluding unstable liquids, +shall be located in accordance with Table 4.3.2. 1 .5 + + + +of NFPA 30, except when located within a diked +area or drainage path for a tank or tanks storing +Class I or II liquids. Where a Class IIIB liquid stor- +age tank is within the diked area or drainage path +for a Class I or II liquid, distances required by Sec- +tion 3404.2.9.5.1.1 shall apply. + +3404.2.9.5.1.6 Reduction of separation dis- +tances to adjacent property. Where two tank +properties of diverse ownership have a common +boundary, the fire code official is authorized to, +with the written consent of the owners of the two +properties, apply the distances in Sections +3404.2.9.5.1.2 through 3404.2.9.5.1.5 assuming a +single property. + +3404.2.9.5.2 Separation between adjacent stable +or unstable liquid tanks. The separation between +tanks containing stable liquids shall be in accordance +with Table 4.3.2.2.1 of NFPA 30. Where tanks are in a +diked area containing Class I or II liquids, or in the +drainage path of Class I or II liquids, and are com- +pacted in three or more rows or in an irregular pattern, +the fire code official is authorized to require greater +separation than specified in Table 4.3.2.2.1 of NFPA +30 or other means to make tanks in the interior of the +pattern accessible for fire-fighting purposes. + +Exception: Tanks used for storing Class IIIB liq- +uids are allowed to be spaced 3 feet (914 mm) apart +unless within a diked area or drainage path for a +tank storing Class I or II liquids. + +The separation between tanks containing unstable +liquids shall not be less than one-half the sum of their +diameters. + +3404.2.9.5.3 Separation between adjacent tanks +containing flammable or combustible liquids and + +LP-gas. The minimum horizontal separation between +an LP-gas container and a Class I, II or IIIA liquid +storage tank shall be 20 feet (6096 mm) except in the +case of Class I, 11 or IIIA liquid tanks operating at +pressures exceeding 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa) or equipped +with emergency venting allowing pressures to exceed +2.5 psig (17.2 kPa), in which case the provisions of +Section 3404.2.9.5.2 shall apply. + +An approved means shall be provided to prevent +the accumulation of Class I, II or IIIA liquids under +adjacent LP-gas containers such as by dikes, diver- +sion curbs or grading. When flammable or combusti- +ble liquid storage tanks are within a diked area, the +LP-gas containers shall be outside the diked area and +at least 10 feet (3048 mm) away from the centerline of +the wall of the diked area. + +Exceptions: + +1. Liquefied petroleum gas containers of 125 +gallons (473 L) or less in capacity installed +adjacent to fuel-oil supply tanks of 660 gal- +lons (2498 L) or less in capacity. + +2. Horizontal separation is not required +between above-ground LP-gas containers + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +315 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +and underground flammable and combusti- +ble liquid tanks. + +3404.2.9.6 Additional requirements for protected +above-ground tanks. In addition to the requirements of +this chapter for above-ground tanks, the installation of +protected above-ground tanks shall be in accordance +with Sections3404.2.9.6.1 through 3404.2.9.6.10. + +3404.2.9.6.1 Tank construction. The construction of +a protected above-ground tank and its primary tank +shall be in accordance with Section 3404.2.7. + +3404.2.9.6.2 Normal and emergency venting. Nor- +mal and emergency venting for protected +above-ground tanks shall be provided in accordance +with Sections 3404.2.7.3 and 3404.2.7.4. The vent +capacity reduction factor shall not be allowed. + +3404.2.9.6.3 Flame arresters. Approved flame +arresters or pressure vacuum breather valves shall be +installed in normal vents. + +3404.2.9.6.4 Secondary containment. Protected +above-ground tanks shall be provided with secondary +containment, drainage control or diking in accor- +dance with Section 2704.2. A means shall be pro- +vided to establish the integrity of the secondary +containment in accordance with NFPA 30. + +3404.2.9.6.5 Vehicle impact protection. Where pro- +tected above-ground tanks, piping, electrical conduit +or dispensers are subject to vehicular impact, they +shall be protected therefrom, either by having the +impact protection incorporated into the system design +in compliance with the impact test protocol of UL +2085, or by meeting the provisions of Section 3 12, or +where necessary, a combination of both. Where guard +posts or other approved barriers are provided, they +shall be independent of each above-ground tank. + +3404.2.9.6.6 Overfill prevention. Protected +above-ground tanks shall not be filled in excess of 95 +percent of their capacity. An overfill prevention sys- +tem shall be provided for each tank. During tank-fill- +ing operations, the system shall comply with one of +the following: + +1. The system shall: + +1.1. Provide an independent means of notify- +ing the person filling the tank that the +fluid level has reached 90 percent of tank +capacity by providing an audible or +visual alarm signal, providing a tank +level gauge marked at 90 percent of tank +capacity, or other approved means; and + +1 .2. Automatically shut off the flow of fuel +to the tank when the quantity of liquid in +the tank reaches 95 percent of tank +capacity. For rigid hose fuel-delivery +systems, an approved means shall be +provided to empty the fill hose into the +tank after the automatic shutoff device +is activated. + + + +2. The system shall reduce the flow rate to not +more than 15 gallons per minute (0.95 L/sec) so +that at the reduced flow rate, the tank will not +overfill for 30 minutes, and automatically shut +off flow into the tank so that none of the fittings +on the top of the tank are exposed to product +because of overfilling. + +3404.2.9.6.6.1 Information signs. A permanent +sign shall be provided at the fill point for the tank, +documenting the filling procedure and the tank +calibration chart. + +Exception: Where climatic conditions are such +that the sign may be obscured by ice or snow, or +weathered beyond readability or otherwise +impaired, said procedures and chart shall be +located in the office window, lock box or other +area accessible to the person filling the tank. + +3404.2.9.6.6.2 Determination of available tank +capacity. The filling procedure shall require the +person filling the tank to determine the gallonage +(literage) required to fill it to 90 percent of capacity +before commencing the fill operation. + +3404.2.9.6.7 Fill pipe connections. The fill pipe shall +be provided with a means for making a direct connec- +tion to the tank vehicle's fuel delivery hose so that the +delivery of fuel is not exposed to the open air during +the filling operation. Where any portion of the fill pipe +exterior to the tank extends below the level of the top +of the tank, a check valve shall be installed in the fill +pipe not more than 12 inches (305 mm) from the fill +hose connection. + +3404.2.9.6.8 Spill containers. A spill container hav- +ing a capacity of not less than 5 gallons (19 L) shall be +provided for each fill connection. For tanks with a top +fill connection, spill containers shall be +noncombustible and shall be fixed to the tank and +equipped with a manual drain valve that drains into +the primary tank. For tanks with a remote fill connec- +tion, a portable spill container shall be allowed. + +3404.2.9.6.9 Tank openings. Tank openings in pro- +tected above-ground tanks shall be through the top +only. + +3404.2.9.6.10 Antisiphon devices. Approved +antisiphon devices shall be installed in each external +pipe connected to the protected above-ground tank +when the pipe extends below the level of the top of the +tank. + +3404.2.10 Drainage and diking. The area surrounding a +tank or group of tanks shall be provided with drainage con- +trol or shall be diked to prevent accidental discharge of liq- +uid from endangering adjacent tanks, adjoining property or +reaching waterways. + +Exceptions: + +1 . The fire code official is authorized to alter or waive +these requirements based on a technical report +which demonstrates that such tank or group of + + + +316 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +tanks does not constitute a hazard to other tanks, +waterways or adjoining property, after consider- +ation of special features such as topographical con- +ditions, nature of occupancy and proximity to +buildings on the same or adjacent property, capac- +ity, and construction of proposed tanks and charac- +ter of liquids to be stored, and nature and quantity +of private and public fire protection provided. + +2. Drainage control and diking is not required for +listed secondary containment tanks. + +3404.2.10.1 Volumetric capacity. The volumetric +capacity of the diked area shall not be less than the great- +est amount of liquid that can be released from the largest +tank within the diked area. The capacity of the diked area +enclosing more than one tank shall be calculated by +deducting the volume of the tanks other than the largest +tank below the height of the dike. + +3404.2.10.2 Diked areas containing two or more +tanks. Diked areas containing two or more tanks shall be +subdivided in accordance with NFPA 30. + +3404.2.10.3 Protection of piping from exposure fires. + +Piping shall not pass through adjacent diked areas or +impounding basins, unless provided with a sealed sleeve +or otherwise protected from exposure to fire. + +3404.2.10.4 Combustible materials in diked areas. + +Diked areas shall be kept free from combustible materi- +als, drums and barrels. + +3404.2.10.5 Equipment, controls and piping in diked +areas. Pumps, manifolds and fire protection equipment +or controls shall not be located within diked areas or +drainage basins or in a location where such equipment +and controls would be endangered by fire in the diked +area or drainage basin. Piping above ground shall be +minimized and located as close as practical to the shell of +the tank in diked areas or drainage basins. + +Exceptions: + +1. Pumps, manifolds and piping integral to the +tanks or equipment being served which is pro- +tected by intermediate diking, berms, drainage +or fire protection such as water spray, monitors +or resistive coating. + +2. Fire protection equipment or controls which are +appurtenances to the tanks or equipment being +protected, such as foam chambers or foam pip- +ing and water or foam monitors and hydrants, +or hand and wheeled extinguishers. + +3404.2.11 Underground tanks. Underground storage of +flammable and combustible liquids in tanks shall comply +with Section 3404.2 and Sections 3404.2.11.1 through +3404.2.11.5.2. + +3404.2.11.1 Contents. Underground tanks shall not con- +tain petroleum products containing mixtures of a +nonpetroleum nature, such as ethanol or methanol +blends, without evidence of compatibility. + + + +3404.2.11.2 Location. Flammable and combustible hq- +uid storage tanks located underground, either outside or +under buildings, shall be in accordance with all of the fol- +lowing: + +1. Tanks shall be located with respect to existing +foundations and supports such that the loads car- +ried by the latter cannot be transmitted to the tank. + +2. The distance from any part of a tank storing liquids +to the nearest wall of a basement, pit, cellar, or lot +line shall not be less than 3 feet (914 mm). + +3. A minimum distance of 1 foot (305 mm), shell to +shell, shall be maintained between underground +tanks. + +3404.2.11.3 Depth and cover. Excavation for under- +ground storage tanks shall be made with due care to +avoid undermining of foundations of existing structures. +Underground tanks shall be set on firm foundations and +surrounded with at least 6 inches (152 mm) of +noncorrosive inert material, such as clean sand. + +3404.2.11.4 Overfill protection and prevention sys- +tems. Fill pipes shall be equipped with a spill container +and an overfill prevention system in accordance with +NFPA 30. + +3404.2.11.5 Leak prevention. Leak prevention for +underground tanks shall comply with Sections +3404.2.11.5.1 and 3404.2.11.5.2. + +3404.2.11.5.1 Inventory control. Daily inventory +records shall be maintained for underground storage +tank systems. + +3404.2.11.5.2 Leak detection. Underground storage +tank systems shall be provided with an approved +method of leak detection from any component of the +system that is designed and installed in accordance +with NFPA 30. + +3404.2.12 Testing. Tank testing shall comply with Sections +3404.2.12.1 and 3404.2.12.2. + +3404.2.12.1 Acceptance testing. Prior to being placed +into service, tanks shall be tested in accordance with Sec- +tion 4.4 of NFPA 30. + +3404.2.12.2 Testing of underground tanks. Before +being covered or placed in use, tanks and piping con- +nected to underground tanks shall be tested for tightness +in the presence of the fire code official. Piping shall be +tested in accordance with Section 3403.6.3. The system +shall not be covered until it has been approved. + +3404.2.13 Abandonment and status of tanks. Tanks taken +out of service shall be removed in accordance with Section +3404.2.14, or safeguarded in accordance with Sections +3404.2.13.1 through 3404.2.13.2.3 and API 1604. + +3404.2.13.1 Underground tanks. Underground tanks +taken out of service shall comply with Sections +3404.2.13.1.1 through 3404.2.13.1.5. + +3404.2.13.1.1 Temporarily out of service. Under- +ground tanks temporarily out of service shall have the +fill line, gauge opening, vapor return and pump con- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +317 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +nection secure against tampering. Vent lines shall +remain open and be maintained in accordance with +Sections 3404.2.7.3 and 3404.2.7.4. + +3404.2.13.1.2 Out of service for 90 days. Under- +ground tanks not used for a period of 90 days shall be +safeguarded in accordance with all the following or be +removed in accordance with Section 3404.2.14: + +1. Flammable or combustible liquids shall be +removed from the tank. + +2. All piping, including fill line, gauge opening, +vapor return and pump connection, shall be +capped or plugged and secured from tampering. + +3. Vent lines shall remain open and be maintained +in accordance with Sections 3404.2.7.3 and +3404.2.7.4. + +3404.2.13.1.3 Out of service for one year. Under- +ground tanks that have been out of service for a period +of one year shall be removed from the ground in +accordance with Section 3404.2.14 or abandoned in +place in accordance with Section 3404.2.13.1.4. + +3404.2.13.1.4 Tanks abandoned in place. Tanks +abandoned in place shall be as follows: + +1. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be +removed from the tank and connected piping. + +2. The suction, inlet, gauge, vapor return and +vapor lines shall be disconnected. + +3. The tank shall be filled completely with an +approved inert solid material. + +Exception: Residential heating oil tanks of +1,100 gallons (4164 L) or less, provided the +fill line is permanently removed to a point +below grade to prevent refilling of the tank. + +4. Remaining underground piping shall be capped +or plugged. + +5. A record of tank size, location and date of aban- +donment shall be retained. + +6. All exterior above-grade fill piping shall be per- +manently removed when tanks are abandoned +or removed. + +3404.2.13.1.5 Reinstallation of underground +tanks. Tanks which are to be reinstalled for flamma- +ble or combustible liquid service shall be in accor- +dance with this chapter, ASME Boiler and Pressure +Vessel Code (Section VIII), API 12-P, API 1615, UL +58 and UL 1316. + +3404.2.13.2 Above-ground tanks. Above-ground tanks +taken out of service shall comply with Sections +3404.2.13.2.1 through 3404.2.13.2.3. + +3404.2.13.2.1 Temporarily out of service. + +Above-ground tanks temporarily out of service shall +have all connecting lines isolated from the tank and be +secured against tampering. + +Exception: In-place fire protection (foam) system +lines. + + + +3404.2.13.2.2 Out of service for 90 days. + +Above-ground tanks not used for a period of 90 days +shall be safeguarded in accordance with Section + +3404.2. 13. 1 .2 or removed in accordance with Section +3404.2.14. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Tanks and containers connected to oil burn- +ers that are not in use during the warm sea- +son of the year or are used as a backup +heating system to gas. + +2. In-place, active fire protection (foam) sys- +tem lines. + +3404.2.13.2.3 Out of service for one year. + +Above-ground tanks that have been out of service for +a period of one year shall be removed in accordance +with Section 3404.2.14. + +Exception: Tanks within operating facilities. + +3404.2.14 Removal and disposal of tanks. Removal and +disposal of tanks shall comply with Sections 3404.2.14.1 +and 3404.2.14.2. + +3404.2.14.1 Removal. Removal of above-ground and +underground tanks shall be in accordance with all of the +following: + +1. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be +removed from the tank and connected piping. + +2. Piping at tank openings that is not to be used fur- +ther shall be disconnected. + +3. Piping shall be removed from the ground. + +Exception: Piping is allowed to be abandoned +in place where the fire code official determines +that removal is not practical. Abandoned piping +shall be capped and safeguarded as required by +the fire code official. + +4. Tank openings shall be capped or plugged, leaving +a 0.125-inch to V4-inch-diameter (3.2 mm to 6.4 +mm) opening for pressure equalization. + +5. Tanks shall be purged of vapor and inerted prior to +removal. + +6. All exterior above-grade fill and vent piping shall +be permanently removed. + +Exception: Piping associated with bulk plants, +terminal facilities and refineries. + +3404.2.14.2 Disposal. Tanks shall be disposed of in +accordance with federal, state and local regulations. + +3404.3 Container and portable tank storage. Storage of +flammable and combustible liquids in closed containers that do +not exceed 60 gallons (227 L) in individual capacity and porta- +ble tanks that do not exceed 660 gallons (2498 L) in individual +capacity, and limited transfers incidental thereto, shall comply +with this section. + +3404.3.1 Design, construction and capacity of containers +and portable tanks. The design, construction and capacity +of containers for the storage of Class I, II and IIIA liquids + + + +318 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +shall be in accordance with this section and Section 6.2 of +NFPA 30. + +3404.3.1.1 Approved containers. Only approved con- +tainers and portable tanks shall be used. + +3404.3.2 Liquid storage cabinets. Where other sections of +this code require that liquid containers be stored in storage +cabinets, such cabinets and storage shall be in accordance +with Sections 3404.3.2.1 through 3404.3.2.3. + +3404.3.2.1 Design and construction of storage cabi- +nets. Design and construction of liquid storage cabinets +shall be in accordance with this section. + +3404.3.2.1.1 Materials. Cabinets shall be listed in +accordance with UL 1275, or constructed of approved +wood or metal in accordance with the following: + +1 . Unlisted metal cabinets shall be constructed of +steel having a thickness of not less than 0.044 +inch (1.12 mm) (18 gage). The cabinet, includ- +ing the door, shall be double walled with +1 '/2-inch (38 mm) airspace between the walls. +Joints shall be riveted or welded and shall be +tight fitting. + +2. Unlisted wooden cabinets, including doors, +shall be constructed of not less than 1-inch (25 +mm) exterior grade plywood. Joints shall be +rabbeted and shall be fastened in two directions +with wood screws. Door hinges shall be of steel +or brass. Cabinets shall be painted with an intu- +mescent-type paint. + +3404.3.2.1.2 Labeling. Cabinets shall be provided +with a conspicuous label in red letters on contrasting +background which reads: FLAMMABLE — KEEP +FIRE AWAY. + +3404.3.2.1.3 Doors. Doors shall be well fitted, +self-closing and equipped with a three-point latch. + +3404.3.2.1.4 Bottom. The bottom of the cabinet shall +be liquid tight to a height of at least 2 inches (5 1 mm) . + +3404.3.2.2 Capacity. The combined total quantity of liq- +uids in a cabinet shall not exceed 120 gallons (454 L). + +3404.3.3 Indoor storage. Storage of flammable and com- +bustible liquids inside buildings in containers and portable +tanks shall be in accordance with this section. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Liquids in the fuel tanks of motor vehicles, air- +craft, boats or portable or stationary engines. + +2. The storage of distilled spirits and wines in +wooden barrels or casks. + +3404.3.3.1 Portable fire extinguishers. Approved por- +table fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance +with specific sections of this chapter and Section 906. + + + +3404.3.3.2 Incompatible materials. Materials that will +react with water or other liquids to produce a hazard shall +not be stored in the same room with flammable and com- +bustible liquids in accordance with Section 2703.9.8. + +3404.3.3.3 Clear means of egress. Storage of any liq- +uids, including stock for sale, shall not be stored near or +be allowed to obstruct physically the route of egress. + +3404.3.3.4 Empty containers or portable tank stor- +age. The storage of empty tanks and containers previ- +ously used for the storage of flammable or combustible +liquids, unless free from explosive vapors, shall be stored +as required for filled containers and portable tanks. Por- +table tanks and containers, when emptied, shall have the +covers or plugs immediately replaced in openings. + +3404.3.3.5 Shelf storage. Shelving shall be of approved +construction, adequately braced and anchored. Seismic +requirements shall be in accordance with the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +3404.3.3.5.1 Use of wood. Wood of at least 1 inch (25 +mm) nominal thickness is allowed to be used as shelv- +ing, racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay and +similar installations. + +3404.3.3.5.2 Displacement protection. Shelves +shall be of sufficient depth and provided with a lip or +guard to prevent individual containers from being dis- +placed. + +Exception: Shelves in storage cabinets or on labo- +ratory furniture specifically designed for such use. + +3404.3.3.5.3 Orderly storage. Shelf storage of flam- +mable and combustible liquids shall be maintained in +an orderly manner. + +3404.3.3.6 Rack storage. Where storage on racks is +allowed elsewhere in this code, a minimum 4-foot-wide +(1219 mm) aisle shall be provided between adjacentrack +sections and any adjacent storage of liquids. Main aisles +shall be a minimum of 8 feet (2438 mm) wide. + +3404.3.3.7 Pile or palletized storage. Solid pile and +palletized storage in liquid warehouses shall be arranged +so that piles are separated from each other by at least 4 +feet (1219 mm). Aisles shall be provided and arranged so +that no container or portable tank is more than 20 feet +(6096 mm) from an aisle. Main aisles shall be a mini- +mum of 8 feet (2438 mm) wide. + +3404.3.3.8 Limited combustible storage. Limited +quantities of combustible commodities are allowed to be +stored in liquid storage areas where the ordinary com- +bustibles, other than those used for packaging the liq- +uids, are separated from the liquids in storage by a +minimum of 8 feet (2438 mm) horizontally, either by +open aisles or by open racks, and where protection is pro- +vided in accordance with Chapter 9. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +319 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +3404.3.3.9 Idle combustible pallets. Storage of empty +or idle combustible pallets inside an unprotected liquid +storage area shall be limited to a maximum pile size of +2,500 square feet (232 m^) and to a maximum storage +height of 6 feet (1829 mm). Storage of empty or idle +combustible pallets inside a protected liquid storage area +shall comply with NFPA 13 and NFPA 230. Pallet stor- +age shall be separated from liquid storage by aisles that +are at least 8 feet (2438 mm) wide. + +3404.3.3.10 Containers in piles. Containers in piles +shall be stacked in such a manner as to provide stability +and to prevent excessive stress on container walls. Porta- +ble tanks stored more than one tier high shall be designed +to nest securely, without dunnage. Material-handling +equipment shall be suitable to handle containers and +tanks safely at the upper tier level. + +3404.3.4 Quantity limits for storage. Liquid storage quan- +tity limitations shall comply with Sections 3404.3.4.1 +through 3404.3.4.4. + +3404.3.4.1 Maximum allowable quantity per control +area. For occupancies other than Group M wholesale +and retail sales uses, indoor storage of flammable and +combustible liquids shall not exceed the maximum +allowable quantities per control area indicated in Table +2703.1.1(1) and shall not exceed the additional limita- +tions set forth in this section. + +For Group M occupancy wholesale and retail sales +uses, indoor storage of flammable and combustible liq- +uids shall not exceed the maximum allowable quantities +per control area indicated in Table 3404.3.4.1. + +Storage of hazardous production material flammable +and combustible liquids in Group H-5 occupancies shall +be in accordance with Chapter 18. + +3404.3.4.2 Occupancy quantity limits. The following +limits for quantities of stored flammable or combustible +liquids shall not be exceeded: + + + +1. Group A occupancies: Quantities in Group A +occupancies shall not exceed that necessary for +demonstration, treatment, laboratory work, main- +tenance purposes and operation of equipment, and +shall not exceed quantities set forth in Table +2703.1.1(1). + +2. Group B occupancies: Quantities in drinking, din- +ing, office and school uses within Group B occu- +pancies shall not exceed that necessary for +demonstration, treatment, laboratory work, main- +tenance purposes and operation of equipment, and +shall not exceed quantities set forth in Table +2703.1.1(1). + +3. Group E occupancies: Quantities in Group E occu- +pancies shall not exceed that necessary for demon- +stration, treatment, laboratory work, maintenance +purposes and operation of equipment, and shall not +exceed quantities set forth in Table 2703.1.1(1). + +4. Group F occupancies: Quantities in dining, office, +and school uses within Group F occupancies shall +not exceed that necessary for demonstration, labo- +ratory work, maintenance purposes and operation +of equipment, and shall not exceed quantities set +forth in Table 2703.1.1(1). + +5. Group I occupancies: Quantities in Group I occu- +pancies shall not exceed that necessary for demon- +stration, laboratory work, maintenance purposes +and operation of equipment, and shall not exceed +quantities set forth in Table 2703.1.1(1). + +6. Group M occupancies: Quantities in dining, +office, and school uses within Group M occupan- +cies shall not exceed that necessary for demonstra- +tion, laboratory work, maintenance purposes and +operation of equipment, and shall not exceed +quantities set forth in Table 2703 . 1 . 1 ( 1 ) . The max- +imum allowable quantities for storage in whole- + + + +TABLE 3404.3.4.1 + +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA OF FLAMMABLE + +AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SALES OCCUPANCIES' + + + +TYPE OF LIQUID + + +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL AREA (gallons) + + +Sprinklered'' per footnote +densities and arrangements + + +Sprinklered per Tables 3404.3.6.3(4) through +3404.3.6.3(8) and Table 3404.3.7.5.1 + + +Nonsprinklered + + +Class lA + + +60 + + +60 + + +30 + + +Class IB, IC, II and IIIA + + +7,500' + + +15,000' + + +1,600 + + +Class IIIB + + +Unlimited + + +Unlimited + + +13,200 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^ 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/minAn^. + +a. Control areas shall be separated from each other by not less than a 1-hour fire barrier wall. + +b. To be considered as sprinklered, a building shall be equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system with a design providing minimum densities +as follows: + +1 . For uncartoned commodities on shelves 6 feet or less in height where the ceiling height does not exceed 1 8 feet, quantities are those allowed with a minimum +sprinkler design density of Ordinary Hazard Group 2. + +2. For cartoned, palletized or racked commodities where storage is 4 feet 6 inches or less in height and where the ceiling height does not exceed 1 8 feet, quanti- +ties are those allowed with a minimum sprinkler design density of 0.21 gallon per minute per square foot over the most remote 1 ,500-square-foot area. + +c. Where wholesale and retail sales or storage areas exceed 50,000 square feet in area, the maximum allowable quantities are allowed to be increased by 2 percent for +each 1 ,000 square feet of area in excess of 50,000 square feet, up to a maximum of 100 percent of the table amounts. A control area separation is not required. The +cumulative amounts, including amounts attained by having an additional control area, shall not exceed 30,000 gallons. + + + +320 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +sale and retail sales areas shall be in accordance +with Section 3404.3.4.1. + +7. Group R occupancies: Quantities in Group R +occupancies shall not exceed that necessary for +maintenance purposes and operation of equip- +ment, and shall not exceed quantities set forth in +Table 2703.1.1(1). + +8. Group S occupancies: Quantities in dining and +office uses within Group S occupancies shall not +exceed that necessary for demonstration, labora- +tory work, maintenance purposes and operation of +equipment, and shall not exceed quantities set +forth in Table 2703.1.1(1). + +3404.3.4.3 Quantities exceeding limits for control +areas. Quantities exceeding those allowed in control +areas set forth in Section 3404.3.4.1 shall be in hquid +storage rooms or liquid storage warehouses in accor- +dance with Sections 3404.3.7 and 3404.3.8. + +3404.3.4.4 Liquids for maintenance and operation of +equipment. In all occupancies, quantities of flammable +and combustible liquids in excess of 10 gallons (38 L) +used for maintenance purposes and the operation of +equipment shall be stored in liquid storage cabinets in +accordance with Section 3404.3.2. Quantities not +exceeding 10 gallons (38 L) are allowed to be stored out- +side of a cabinet when in approved containers located in +private garages or other approved locations. + +3404.3.5 Storage in control areas. Storage of flammable +and combustible liquids in control areas shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3404.3.5.1 through 3404.3.5.4. + +3404.3.5.1 Basement storage. Class I liquids shall be +allowed to be stored in basements in amounts not exceed- +ing the maximum allowable quantity per control area for +use-open systems in Table 2703.1.1(1), provided that +automatic suppression and other fire protection are pro- +vided in accordance with Chapter 9. Class II and IIIA liq- +uids shall also be allowed to be stored in basements, +provided that automatic suppression and other fire pro- +tection are provided in accordance with Chapter 9. + +3404.3.5.2 Storage pile lieiglits. Containers having less +than a 30-gallon (1 14 L) capacity which contain Class I +or II liquids shall not be stacked more than 3 feet (914.4 +mm) or two containers high, whichever is greater, unless +stacked on fixed shelving or otherwise satisfactorily +secured. Containers of Class I or II liquids having a +capacity of 30 gallons (1 14 L) or more shall not be stored +more than one container high. Containers shall be stored +in an upright position. + +3404.3.5.3 Storage distance from ceilings and roofs. + +Piles of containers or portable tanks shall not be stored +closer than 3 feet (914 mm) to the nearest beam, chord, +girder or other obstruction, and shall be 3 feet (914 mm) +below sprinkler deflectors or discharge orifices of water +spray or other overhead fire protection system. + +3404.3.5.4 Combustible materials. In areas that are +inaccessible to the public. Class I, II and IIIA liquids + + + +shall not be stored in the same pile or rack section as ordi- +nary combustible commodities unless such materials are +packaged together as kits. + +3404.3.6 Wholesale and retail sales uses. Flammable and +combustible liquids in Group M occupancy wholesale and +retail sales uses shall be in accordance with Sections +3404.3.6.1 through 3404.3.6.5, or Sections 6.4.3.3, 6.5.6.7, +6.8.2, Tables 6.8.2(a) through (f), and Figures 6.8.2(a) +through (d) of NFPA 30. + +3404.3.6.1 Container type. Containers for Class I hq- +uids shall be metal. + +Exception: In sprinklered buildings, an aggregate +quantity of 120 gallons (454 L) of water-miscible +Class IB and Class IC liquids is allowed in nonmetal- +lic containers, each having a capacity of 16 ounces +(0.473 L) or less. + +3404.3.6.2 Container capacity. Containers for Class I +liquids shall not exceed a capacity of 5 gallons (19 L). + +Exception: Metal containers not exceeding 55 gal- +lons (208 L) are allowed to store up to 240 gallons +(908 L) of the maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area of Class IB and IC liquids in a control area. +The building shall be equipped throughout with an +approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance +with Table 3404.3.4.1. The containers shall be pro- +vided with plastic caps without cap seals and shall be +stored upright. Containers shall not be stacked or +stored in racks and shall not be located in areas acces- +sible to the pubhc. + +3404.3.6.3 Fire protection and storage arrangements. + +Fire protection and container storage arrangements shall +be in accordance with Table 3404.3.6.3(1) or the follow- +ing: + +1. Storage on shelves shall not exceed 6 feet (1829 +mm) in height, and shelving shall be metal. + +2. Storage on pallets or in piles greater than 4 feet 6 +inches (1372 mm) in height, or where the ceiling +exceeds 18 feet (5486 mm) in height, shall be pro- +tected in accordance with Table 3404.3.6.3(4), and +the storage heights and arrangements shall be lim- +ited to those specified in Table 3404.3.6.3(2). + +3 . Storage on racks greater than 4 feet 6 inches (1372 +mm) in height, or where the ceiling exceeds 1 8 feet +(5486 mm) in height shall be protected in accor- +dance with Tables 3404.3.6.3(5), 3404.3.6.3(6), +and 3404.3.6.3(7) as appropriate, and the storage +heights and arrangements shall be limited to those +specified in Table 3404.3.6.3(3). + +Combustible commodities shall not be stored above +flammable and combustible liquids. + +3404.3.6.4 Warning for containers. All cans, contain- +ers and vessels containing flammable liquids or flamma- +ble liquid compounds or mixtures offered for sale shall +be provided with a warning indicator, painted or printed +on the container and stating that the liquid is flammable, +and shall be kept away from heat and an open flame. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +321 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +3404.3.6.5 Storage plan. When required by fire the code +official, aisle and storage plans shall be submitted in +accordance with Chapter 27. + +3404.3.7 Liquid storage rooms. Liquid storage rooms +shall comply with Sections 3404.3.7.1 through +3404.3.7.5.2. + +3404.3.7.1 General. Quantities of liquids exceeding +those set forth in Section 3404.3.4.1 for storage in con- +trol areas shall be stored in a liquid storage room comply- +ing with this section and constructed and separated as +required by the International Building Code. + + + +3404.3.7.2 Quantities and arrangement of storage. + +The quantity limits and storage arrangements in liquid +storage rooms shall be in accordance with Tables +3404.3.6.3(2) and 3404.3.6.3(3) and Sections +3404.3.7.2.1 through 3404.3.7.2.3. + +3404.3.7.2.1 Mixed storage. Where two or more +classes of liquids are stored in a pile or rack section: + +1 . The quantity in that pile or rack shall not exceed +the smallest of the maximum quantities for the +classes of liquids stored in accordance with +Table 3404.3.6.3(2) or 3404.3.6.3(3); and + + + +TABLE 3404.3.6.3(1) +MAXIMUM STORAGE HEIGHT IN CONTROL AREA + + + +TYPE OF LIQUID + + +NONSPRINKLERED AREA +(feet) + + +SPRINKLERED AREA +(feet) + + +SPRINKLERED^ WITH IN-RACK PROTECTION +(feet) + + +Flammable liquids: +Class lA +Class IB +Class IC + + +4 +4 +4 + + +4 +8 +8 + + +4 +12 +12 + + +Combustible liquids: +Class II +Class IIIA +Class IIIB + + +6 + +8 +8 + + +8 + +12 +12 + + +12 +16 +20 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. In-rack protection shall be in accordance with Table 3404.3.6.3(5), 3404.3.6.3(6) or 3404.3.6.3(7). + +TABLE 3404.3.6.3(2) +STORAGE ARRANGEMENTS FOR PALLETIZED OR SOLID-PILE STORAGE IN LIQUID STORAGE ROOMS AND WAREHOUSES + + + +CLASS + + +STORAGE +LEVEL + + +MAXIMUM STORAGE HEIGHT + + +MAXIMUM QUANTITY PER PILE +(gallons) + + +MAXIMUM QUANTITY PER ROOM^ +(gallons) + + +Drums + + +Containers'' +(feet) + + +Portable tanks +(feet) + + +Containers + + +Portable tanks + + +Containers + + +Portable tanks + + +lA + + +Ground floor +Upper floors +Basements + + + + + +5 + +5 + +Not Allowed + + +Not Allowed +Not Allowed +Not Allowed + + +3,000 + +2,000 + +Not Allowed + + +Not Allowed +Not Allowed +Not Allowed + + +12,000 + +8,000 + +Not Allowed + + +Not Allowed +Not Allowed +Not Allowed + + +IB + + +Ground floor +Upper floors +Basements + + + + + +6.5 + +6.5 + +Not Allowed + + +7 + +7 + +Not Allowed + + +5,000 + +3,000 + +Not Allowed + + +20,000 + +10,000 + +Not Allowed + + +15,000 + +12,000 + +Not Allowed + + +40,000 + +20,000 + +Not Allowed + + +IC + + +Ground floor^ +Upper floors +Basements + + + + + +6.5' + +6.5' + +Not Allowed + + +7 + +7 + +Not Allowed + + +5,000 + +3,000 + +Not Allowed + + +20,000 + +10,000 + +Not Allowed + + +15,000 + +12,000 + +Not Allowed + + +40,000 + +20,000 + +Not Allowed + + +II + + +Ground floor'' +Upper floors +Basements + + +3 +3 +1 + + +10 +10 + +5 + + +14 +14 +7 + + +10,000 +10,000 +7,500 + + +40,000 +40,000 +20,000 + + +25,000 +25,000 +7,500 + + +80,000 +80,000 +20,000 + + +ni + + +Ground floor +Upper floors +Basements + + +5 +5 +3 + + +20 +20 +10 + + +14 +14 + +7 + + +15,000 +15,000 +10,000 + + +60,000 +60,000 +20,000 + + +50,000 +50,000 +25,000 + + +100,000 +100,000 +40,000 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon ^ 3.785 L. + +a. See Section 3404.3.8.1 for unlimited quantities in Hquid storage warehouses. + +b. Storage heights are allowed to be increased for Class IB, IC, II and III liquids in metal containers having a capacity of 5 gallons or less where an automatic +AFFF-water protection system is provided in accordance with Table 3404.3.7.5.1. + +c. These height limitations are allowed to be increased to 10 feet for containers having a capacity of 5 gallons or less. + +d. For palletized storage of unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) in relieving-style metal containers with 50 percent or less by weight Class IC or II liquid and no Class +lA or IB liquid, height and pile quandty limits shall be permitted to be 10 feet and 15,000 gallons, respectively, provided that such storage is protected by sprinklers +in accordance with NFPA 30 and that the UPR storage area is not located in the same containment area or drainage path for other Class I or II liquids. + + + +322 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +2. The height of storage in that pile or rack shall not +exceed the smallest of the maximum heights for +the classes of Uquids stored in accordance with +Table 3404.3.6.3(2) or 3404.3.6.3(3). + +3404.3.7.2.2 Separation and aisles. Piles shall be +separated from each other by at least 4-foot (1219 +mm) aisles. Aisles shall be provided so that all con- +tainers are 20 feet (6096 mm) or less from an aisle. +Where the storage of liquids is on racks, a minimum +4-foot- wide (1219 mm) aisle shall be provided +between adjacent rows of racks and adjacent storage +of liquids. Main aisles shall be a minimum of 8 feet +(2438 mm) wide. + +Additional aisles shall be provided for access to +doors, required windows and ventilation openings, +standpipe connections, mechanical equipment and +switches. Such aisles shall be at least 3 feet (914 mm) +in width, unless greater widths are required for sepa- +ration of piles or racks, in which case the greater +width shall be provided. + +3404.3.7.2.3 Stabilizing and supports. Containers +and piles shall be separated by pallets or dunnage to +provide stability and to prevent excessive stress to +container walls. Portable tanks stored over one tier +shall be designed to nest securely without dunnage. + +Requirements for portable tank design shall be in +accordance with Chapter 6 of NFPA 30. Shelving, +racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay and similar +installations shall be of noncombustible construction +or of wood not less than a 1-inch (25 mm) nominal +thickness. Adequate material-handling equipment +shall be available to handle tanks safely at upper tier +levels. + + + +3404.3.7.3 Spill control and secondary containment. + +Liquid storage rooms shall be provided with spill control +and secondary containment in accordance with Section +2704.2. + +3404.3.7.4 Ventilation. Liquid storage rooms shall be +ventilated in accordance with Section 2704.3. + +3404.3.7.5 Fire protection. Fire protection for liquid +storage rooms shall comply with Sections 3404.3.7.5.1 +and 3404.3.7.5.2. + +3404.3.7.5.1 Fire-extinguishing systems. Liquid +storage rooms shall be protected by automatic sprin- +kler systems installed in accordance with Chapter 9 +and Tables 3404.3.6.3(4) through 3404.3.6.3(7) and +Table 3404.3.7.5.1. In-rack sprinklers shall also com- +ply with NFPA 13. + +Automatic foam-water systems and automatic +aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) water sprinkler +systems shall not be used except when approved. + +Protection criteria developed from fire modeling or +full-scale fire testing conducted at an approved testing +laboratory are allowed in lieu of the protection as +shown in Tables 3404.3.6.3(2) through 3404.3.6.3(7) +and Table 3404.3.7.5.1 when approved. + +3404.3.7.5.2 Portable fire extinguishers. A mini- +mum of one approved portable fire extinguisher com- +plying with Section 906 and having a rating of not less +than 20-B shall be located not less than 10 feet (3048 +mm) or more than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from any Class +I or II liquid storage area located outside of a liquid +storage room. + +A minimum of one portable fire extinguisher hav- +ing a rating of not less than 20-B shall be located out- +side of, but not more than 10 feet (3048 mm) from, the +door opening into a liquid storage room. + + + +TABLE 3404.3.6.3(3) +STORAGE ARRANGEMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE IN LIQUID STORAGE ROOMS AND WAREHOUSES + + + +CLASS + + +TYPE RACK + + +STORAGE LEVEL + + +MAXIMUM STORAGE HEIGHT +(feet) + + +MAXIMUM QUANTITY PER ROOM^ +(gallons) + + +Containers + + +Containers + + +lA + + +Double row or Single row + + +Ground floor + +Upper floors + +Basements + + +25 + +15 + +Not Allowed + + +7,500 + +4,500 + +Not Allowed + + +IB +IC + + +Double row or Single row + + +Ground floor + +Upper floors + +Basements + + +25 + +15 + +Not Allowed + + +15,000 + +9,000 + +Not Allowed + + +II + + +Double row or Single row + + +Ground floor + +Upper floors + +Basements + + +25 +25 +15 + + +24,000 + +24,000 + +9,000 + + +III + + +Multirow +Double row +Single row + + +Ground floor + +Upper floors + +Basements + + +40 +20 +20 + + +48,000 +48,000 +24,000 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon = 3.785 L. + +a. See Section 3404.3.8.1 for unlimited quantities in liquid storage warehouses. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +323 + + + +TABLE 3404.3.6.3(4) +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION FOR SOLID-PILE AND PALLETIZED STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN CONTAINERS AND PORTABLE TANKS^ + + + +STORAGE CONDITIONS + + +CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND DEMAND + + +MINIMUM HOSE + +STREAM +DEMAND (gpm) + + +MINIMUM DURATION + +SPRINKLERS AND + +HOSE STREAMS + +(hours) + + +Class +liquid + + +Container size and arrangement + + +Density +(gpm/ft^) + + +Area (square feet) + + +Maximum spacing +(square feet) + + +High-temperature +sprinklers + + +Ordinary +temperature sprinklers + + +lA + + +5 gallons or less, with or +without cartons, palletized or +solid pile'' + + +0.30 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +100 + + +750 + + +2 + + +Containers greater than 5 +gallons, on end or side, +palletized or solid pile + + +0.60 + + +5,000 + + +8,000 + + +80 + + +750 + + +IB,IC +and II + + +5 gallons or less, with or +without cartons, palletized or +solid pile'' + + +0.30 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +100 + + +500 + + +2 + + +Containers greater than 5 +gallons on pallets or solid +pile, one high + + +0.25 + + +5,000 + + +8,000 + + +100 + + +II + + +Containers greater than 5 +gallons on pallets or solid +pile, more than one high, on +end or side + + +0.60 + + +5,000 + + +8,000 + + +80 + + +750 + + +2 + + +IB, IC and II + + +Portable tanks, one high + + +0.30 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +100 + + +500 + + +2 + + +II + + +Portable tanks, two high + + +0.60 + + +5,000 + + +8,000 + + +80 + + +750 + + +2 + + +III +III + + +5 gallons or less, with or +without cartons, palletized or +soUd pile + + +0.25 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +120 + + +500 + + +1 + + +Containers greater than 5 +gallons on pallets or solid +pile, on end or sides, up to +three high + + +0.25 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +120 + + +500 + + +1 + + +Containers greater than 5 +gallons, on pallets or solid +pile, on end or sides, up to 18 +feet high + + +0.35 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +100 + + +750 + + +2 + + +Portable tanks, one high + + +0.25 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +120 + + +500 + + +1 + + +Portable tanks, two high + + +0.50 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +80 + + +750 + + +2 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m~, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, 1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/min/m^. + +a. The design area contemplates the use of Class II standpipe systems. Where Class I standpipe systems are used, the area of application shall be increased by 30 percent without revising density. + +b. For storage heights above 4 feet or ceiling heights greater than 18 feet, an approved engineering design shall be provided in accordance with Section 104.7.2. + + + +TABLE 3404.3.6.3(5) + +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN CONTAINERS OF 5-GALLON CAPACITY + +OR LESS WITH OR WITHOUT CARTONS ON CONVENTIONAL WOOD PALLETS^ + + + +CLASS LIQUID + + +CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN +AND DEMAND + + +IN-RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMAND + + +MINIMUM + +HOSE +STREAM +DEMAND + +(gpm) + + +MINIMUM + +DURATION + +SPRINKLER + +AND HOSE + +STREAM + +(hours) + + +Density + +(gpm/ff) + + +Area +(square feet) + + +Maximum +spacing + + +Racks up to 9 feet deep + + +Racks more than 9 feet to 12 feet deep + + +30psi +(standard orifice) + + +Number of +sprinklers operating + + +High- +temperature +sprinklers + + +Ordinary + +temperature + +sprinklers + + +14psi +(large orifice) + + +I + +(maximum + +25-foot height) + +Option 1 + + +0.40 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +80 ft^/head + + +1. Ordinary temperature, quick- +response sprinklers, maximum 8 +feet 3 inches horizontal spacing + +2. One hue sprinklers above each +level of storage + +3. Locate in longitudinal flue +space, staggered vertical + +4. Shields required where multi- +level + + +1. Ordinary temperature, quick- +response sprinklers, maximum 8 +feet 3 inches horizontal spacing + +2. One line sprinklers above each +level of storage + +3. Locate in transverse flue spaces, +staggered vertical and within 20 +inches of aisle + +4. Shields required where multilevel + + +30psi +(0.5-inch orifice) + + +1. Eight sprinklers if +only one level + +2. Six sprinklers each on +two levels if only two +levels + +3. Six sprinklers each on +top three levels, if +three or more levels + +4. Hydraulically most +remote + + +750 + + +2 + + +I + +(maximum + +25-foot height) + +Option 2 + + +0.55 + + +2,000'' + + +Not +Applicable + + +100 ft^/head + + +1. Ordinary temperature, quick- +response sprinklers, maximum 8 +feet 3 inches horizontal spacing + +2. See 2 above + +3. See 3 above + +4. See 4 above + + +1. Ordinary temperature, quick- +response sprinklers, maximum 8 +feet 3 inches horizontal spacing + +2. See 2 above + +3. See 3 above + +4. See 4 above + + +14psi + +(0.53-inch + +orifice) + + +See 1 through 4 above + + +500 + + +2 + + +landn + +(maximum + +14-foot storage + +height) +(maximum +three tiers) + + +0.55'^ + + +2,000''''' + + +Not +Applicable + + +100 ft^/head + + +Not Applicable None for + +maximum + +6-foot-deep racks + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +Not Applicable + + +500 + + +2 + + +n + +(maximum +25-foot height) + + +0.30 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +100 ft^/head + + +1. Ordinary temperature sprinklers +8 feet apart horizontally + +2. One line sprinklers between lev- +els at nearest 10-foot vertical +intervals + +3. Locate in longitudinal flue +space, staggered vertical + +4 Shields required where multi- +level + + +1 . Ordinary temperature sprinklers 8 +feet apart horizontally + +2. Two lines between levels at near- +est 10-foot vertical intervals + +3. Locate in transverse flue spaces, +staggered vertical and within 20 +inches of aisle + +4. Shields required where multilevel + + +30psi + + +Hydraulically most + +remote — six sprinklers + +at each level, up to a + +maximum of three + +levels + + +750 + + +2 + + +in + +(40-foot height) + + +0.25 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +120 ft^/head + + +Same as for +Class 11 liquids + + +Same as for +Class n liquids + + +30psi + + +Same as for +Class n liquids + + +500 + + +2 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m', 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, +1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/min/ml + +a. The design area contemplates the use of Class n standpipe systems. Where Class I standpipe systems are used, the area of application shall be increased by 30 percent without revising density. + +b. Using listed or approved extra-large orifices, high-temperature quick-response or standard element sprinklers under a maximum 30-foot ceiling with minimum 7.5-foot aisles. + +c. For friction lid cans and other metal containers equipped with plastic nozzles or caps, the density shall be increased to 0.65 gpm per square foot using listed or approved extra-large orifice, high-temperature quick-response sprinklers. + +d. Using listed or approved extra-large orifice, high-temperature quick-response or standard element sprinklers under a maximum 18-foot ceiling with minimum 7.5-foot aisles and metal containers. + + + +> +CD + +|- + +m + +> +z + +D +O +O + +CO + +c + +H + +CD + +I- + +m + +n + +O + +c + +o +(/> + + + +TABLE 3404.3.6.3(6) +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN CONTAINERS GREATER THAN 5-GALLON CAPACITY^ + + + +CLASS LIQUID + + +CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND +DEMAND + + +IN-RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMAND + + +MINIMUM + +HOSE +STREAM +DEMAND + +(gpm) + + +MINIMUM +DURATION +SPRINKLER +AND HOSE + +STREAM +(hours) + + +Density + +(gpm/ ft') + + +Area +(square feet) + + +Maximum +spacing + + +On-side storage racks +up to 9-foot-deep racks + + +On-end storage (on + +pallets) up to +9-foot-deep racks + + +Minimum nozzle +pressure + + +Number of +sprinklers operating + + +High- +temperature +sprinklers + + +Ordinary + +temperature + +sprinklers + + +lA + +(maximum 25 -foot + +height) + + +0.60 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +80 ft'/head + + +1. Ordinary tempera- +ture sprinklers 8 +feet apart horizon- +tally + +2. One line sprinklers +above each tier of +storage + +3. Locate in longitu- +dinal flue space, +staggered vertical + +4. Shields required +where multilevel + + +1. Ordinary tempera- +ture sprinklers 8 +feet apart horizon- +tally + +2. One line sprinklers +above each tier of +storage + +3. Locate in longitudi- +nal flue space, stag- +gered vertical + +4. Shields required +where multilevel + + +30psi + + +Hydraulically most +remote — six +sprinklers at each +level + + +1,000 + + +2 + + +IB, IC and II + +(maximum 25-foot + +height) + + +0.60 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +100 ftVhead + + +1. See 1 above + +2. One line sprinklers +every three tiers of +storage + +3. See 3 above + +4. See 4 above + + +1. See 1 above + +2. See 2 above + +3. See 3 above + +4. See 4 above + + +30psi + + +Hydraulically most +remote — six +sprinklers at each +level + + +750 + + +2 + + +III + +(maximum 40-foot +height) + + +0.25 + + +3,000 + + +5,000 + + +120 ft'/head + + +1. See 1 above + +2. One line sprinklers +every sixth level +(maximum) + +3. See 3 above + +4. See 4 above + + +1. See 1 above + +2. One line sprinklers +every third level +(maximum) + +3. See 3 above + +4. See 4 above + + +15 psi + + +Hydrauhcally most +remote — six +sprinklers at each +level + + +500 + + +1 + + + +> +m + +r- +m + +> +z +o +o +o + +CD + +v> + +H + +W + +|- + +m + +r; + +O + +c + +o +v> + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^, 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, 1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/min/m^. +a. The design assumes the use of Class II standpipe systems. Where a Class I standpipe system is used, the area of application shall be increased by 30 percent without revising density. + + + +TABLE 3404.3.6.3(7) +AUTOMATIC AFFF WATER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR RACK STORAGE OF LIQUIDS IN CONTAINERS GREATER THAN 5-GALLON CAPACITY^" + + + +CLASS LIQUID + + +CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN +AND DEMAND + + +IN-RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMAND'^ + + +DURATION + +AFFF SUPPLY + +(minimum) + + +DURATION +WATER +SUPPLY +(hours) + + +Density +(gpm/ft^) + + +Area +(square feet) + + +On-end storage of drums +on pallets, up to 25 feet + + +Minimum nozzle + +pressure + +(psi) + + +Number of +sprinklers +operating + + +Hose stream +demand" + +(gpm) + + +High-temperature +sprinklers + + +Ordinary + +temperature + +sprinklers + + +lA, IB, +IC and II + + +0.30 + + +1,500 + + +2,500 + + +1. Ordinary temperature sprinkler up +to 10 feet apart horizontally + +2. One line sprinklers above each +level of storage + +3. Locate in longitudinal flue space, +staggered vertically + +4. Shields required for multilevel + + +30 + + +Three + +sprinklers per + +level + + +500 + + +15 + + +2 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^, 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, +1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/min/m^. + +a. System shall be a closed-head wet system with approved devices for proportioning aqueous film-forming foam. + +b. Except as modified herein, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13. + +c. The height of storage shall not exceed 25 feet. + +d. Hose stream demand includes 1 Vj-inch inside hand hose, when required. + + + +TABLE 3404.3.6.3(8) +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR CLASS I LIQUID STORAGE OF 1 -GALLON CAPACITY OR LESS WITH UNCARTONED OR CASE-CUT SHELF + +DISPLAY UP TO 6.5 FEET, AND PALLETIZED STORAGE ABOVE IN A DOUBLE-ROW RACK ARRAY^ + + + +STORAGE +HEIGHT + + +CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND DEMAND + + +IN-RACK SPRINKLER ARRANGEMENT AND DEMAND + + +MINIMUM + +HOSE +STREAM +DEMAND + +(gpm) + + +MINIMUM DURATION + +SPRINKLERS AND + +HOSE STREAM + +(hours) + + +Density +(gpm/ft^) + + +Area +(square feet) + + +Maximum +spacing + + +Racks up to 9 feet deep + + +Racks 9 to +12 feet + + +Minimum + +nozzle +pressure + + +Number of sprinklers +operating + + +High +temperature + + +Ordinary +temperature + + +Maximum +20-foot +storage height + + +0.60 + + +2,000' + + +Not +Applicable + + +100 +ft'/head + + +1. Ordinary temperature, quick- +response sprinklers, maximum 8 feet +3 inches horizontal spacing + +2. One line of sprinklers at the 6-foot +level and the 1 1 . 5 -foot level of storage + +3. Locate in longitudinal flue space, +staggered vertical + +4. Shields required where multilevel + + +Not +AppUcable + + +30 psi + +(standard + +orifice) or + +14 psi + +(large + +orifice) + + +1. Six sprinklers +each on two lev- +els + +2. Hydraulically +most remote 12 +sprinklers + + +500 + + +2 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^ 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, +1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/min/m^. + +a. This table shall not apply to racks with solid shelves. + +b. Using extra-large orifice sprinklers under a ceihng 30 feet or less in height. Minimum aisle width is 7.5 feet. + + + +m + +> +z +a +o +o + +DO + +C +(O + +H + +DO + +|- + +m + +n + +O + +c + +o +w + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +TABLE 3404.3.7.5.1 + +AUTOMATIC AFFF-WATER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR SOLID-PILE AND PALLETIZED STORAGE OF LIQUIDS + +IN METAL CONTAINERS OF 5-GALLON CAPACITY OR LESS^ "^ + + + +PACKAGE +TYPE + + +CLASS +LIQUID + + +CEILING SPRINKLER DESIGN AND DEMAND + + +STORAGE + +HEIGHT + +(feet) + + +HOSE + +DEMAND + +(gpm)^ + + +DURATION + +AFFF + +SUPPLY + +(minimum) + + +DURATION +WATER +SUPPLY +(hours) + + +Density +(gpmm^) + + +Area +(square feet) + + +Temperature +rating + + +Maximum +spacing + + +Orifice size +(inch) + + +Cartoned + + +IB, IC, II +and III + + +0.40 + + +2,000 + + +286°F + + +100 ft'/head + + +0.531 + + +11 + + +500 + + +15 + + +2 + + +Uncartoned + + +IB, IC, II +and III + + +0.30 + + +2,000 + + +286°F + + +100 ft'/head + + +0.5 or +0.531 + + +12 + + +500 + + +15 + + +2 + + + +For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^ 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, +1 gallon per minute per square foot = 40.75 L/minAn^, °C. = [(°F)-32]/1.8. + +a. System shall be a closed-head wet system with approved devices for proportioning aqueous film-forming foam. + +b. Maximum ceiling height of 30 feet. + +c. Hose stream demand includes iVj-inch inside hand hose, when required. + + + +3404.3.8 Liquid storage warehouses. Buildings used for +storage of flammable or combustible liquids in quantities +exceeding those set forth in Section 3404.3.4 for control +areas and Section 3404.3.7 for liquid storage rooms shall +comply with Sections 3404.3.8.1 through 3404.3.8.5 and +shall be constructed and separated as required by the Inter- +national Building Code. + +3404.3.8.1 Quantities and storage arrangement. The + +total quantities of liquids in a liquid storage warehouse +shall not be limited. The arrangement of storage shall be +in accordance with Table 3404.3.6.3(2) or 3404.3.6.3(3). + +3404.3.8.1.1 Mixed storage. Mixed storage shall be +in accordance with Section 3404.3.7.2.1. + +3404.3.8.1.2 Separation and aisles. Separation and +aisles shall be in accordance with Section + +3404.3.7.2.2. + +3404.3.8.2 Spill control and secondary containment. + +Liquid storage warehouses shall be provided with spill +control and secondary containment as set forth in Section +2704.2. + +3404.3.8.3 Ventilation. Liquid storage warehouses stor- +ing containers greater than 5 gallons (19 L) in capacity +shall be ventilated at a rate of not less than 0.25 cfm/sq. ft. +(0.075 m^/min per m^) of floor area over the storage area. + +3404.3.8.4 Fire-extinguishing systems. Liquid storage +warehouses shall be protected by automatic sprinkler +systems installed in accordance with Chapter 9 and +Tables 3404.3.6.3(4) through 3404.3.6.3(7) and Table +3404.3.7.5.1, or Section 4.8.2 and Tables 4.8.2(a) +through (f) of NFPA 30. In-rack sprinklers shall also +comply with NFPA 13. + +Automatic foam-water systems and automatic AFFF +water sprinkler systems shall not be used except when +approved. + +Protection criteria developed from fire modeling or +full-scale fire testing conducted at an approved testing +laboratory are allowed in lieu of the protection as shown +in Tables 3404.3.6.3(2) through 3404.3.6.3(7) and Table +3404.3.7.5.1 when approved. + + + +3404.3.8.5 Warehouse hose lines. In liquid storage +warehouses, either 1 V2-inch (38 mm) lined or 1-inch (25 +mm) hard rubber hand hose lines shall be provided in suf- +ficient number to reach all liquid storage areas and shall +be in accordance with Section 903 or Section 905. + +3404.4 Outdoor storage of containers and portable tanks. + +Storage of flammable and combustible liquids in closed con- +tainers and portable tanks outside of buildings shall be in accor- +dance with Section 3403 and Sections 3404.4.1 through +3404.4.8. Capacity limits for containers and portable tanks +shall be in accordance with Section 3404.3. + +3404.4.1 Plans. Storage shall be in accordance with +approved plans. + +3404.4.2 Location on property. Outdoor storage of liquids +in containers and portable tanks shall be in accordance with +Table 3404.4.2. Storage of liquids near buildings located on +the same property shall be in accordance with this section. + +3404.4.2.1 Mixed liquid piles. Where two or more +classes of liquids are stored in a single pile, the quantity +in the pile shall not exceed the smallest of maximum +quantities for the classes of material stored. + +3404.4.2.2 Access. Storage of containers or portable +tanks shall be provided with fire apparatus access roads +in accordance with Chapter 5. + +3404.4.2.3 Security. The storage area shall be protected +against tampering or trespassers where necessary and +shall be kept free from weeds, debris and other combusti- +ble materials not necessary to the storage. + +3404.4.2.4 Storage adjacent to buildings. A maximum +of 1,100 gallons (4163 L) of liquids stored in closed con- +tainers and portable tanks is allowed adjacent to a build- +ing located on the same premises and under the same +management, provided that: + +1 . The building does not exceed one story in height. +Such building shall be of fire-resistance-rated con- +struction with noncombustible exterior surfaces or +noncombustible construction and shall be used +principally for the storage of liquids; or + +2. The exterior building wall adjacent to the storage +area shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less + + + +328 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +than 2 hours, having no openings to above-grade +areas within 10 feet (3048 mm) horizontally of +such storage and no openings to below-grade areas +within 50 feet (15 240 mm) horizontally of such +storage. + +The quantity of liquids stored adjacent to a building +protected in accordance with Item 2 is allowed to exceed +1,100 gallons (4163 L), provided that the maximum +quantity per pile does not exceed 1,100 gallons (4163 L) +and each pile is separated by a 10-foot-minimum (3048 +mm) clear space along the common wall. + +Where the quantity stored exceeds 1,100 gallons +(4 1 63 L) adjacent to a building complying with Item 1 , or +the provisions of Item 1 cannot be met, a minimum dis- +tance in accordance with Table 3404.4.2, column 7 +("Minimum Distance to Lot Line of Property That Can +Be Built Upon") shall be maintained between buildings +and the nearest container or portable tank. + +3404.4.3 Spill control and secondary containment. Stor- +age areas shall be provided with spill control and secondary +containment in accordance with Section 3403.4. + +Exception: Containers stored on approved containment +pallets in accordance with Section 2704.2.3 and contain- +ers stored in cabinets and lockers with integral spill con- +tainment. + +3404.4.4 Security. Storage areas shall be protected against +tampering or trespassers by fencing or other approved con- +trol measures. + +3404.4.5 Protection from vehicles. Guard posts or other +means shall be provided to protect exterior storage tanks +from vehicular damage. When guard posts are installed, the +posts shall be installed in accordance with Section 312. + +3404.4.6 Clearance from combustibles. The storage area +shall be kept free from weeds, debris and combustible mate- +rials not necessary to the storage. The area surrounding an +exterior storage area shall be kept clear of such materials for +a minimum distance of 15 feet (4572 mm). + +3404.4.7 Weather protection. Weather protection for out- +door storage shall be in accordance with Section 2704.13. + + + +3404.4.8 Empty containers and tank storage. The storage +of empty tanks and containers previously used for the stor- +age of flammable or combustible liquids, unless free from +explosive vapors, shall be stored as required for filled con- +tainers and tanks. Tanks and containers when emptied shall +have the covers or plugs immediately replaced in openings. + + + +SECTION 3405 +DISPENSING, USE, MIXING AND HANDLING + +3405.1 Scope. Dispensing, use, mixing and handling of flam- +mable liquids shall be in accordance with Section 3403 and this +section. Tank vehicle and tank car loading and unloading and +other special operations shall be in accordance with Section +3406. + +Exception: Containers of organic coatings having no fire +point and which are opened for pigmentation are not +required to comply with this section. + +3405.2 Liquid transfer. Liquid transfer equipment and meth- +ods for transfer of Class I, II and IIIA liquids shall be approved +and be in accordance with Sections 3405.2. 1 through 3405.2.6. + +3405.2.1 Pumps. Positive-displacement pumps shall be +provided with pressure relief discharging back to the tank, +pump suction or other approved location, or shall be pro- +vided with interlocks to prevent over-pressure. + +3405.2.2 Pressured systems. Where gases are introduced +to provide for transfer of Class I liquids, or Class II and III +liquids transferred at temperatures at or above their flash +points by pressure, only inert gases shall be used. Controls, +including pressure relief devices, shall be provided to limit +the pressure so that the maximum working pressure of +tanks, containers and piping systems cannot be exceeded. +Where devices operating through pressure within a tank or +container are used, the tank or container shall be a pressure +vessel approved for the intended use. Air or oxygen shall not +be used for pressurization. + +Exception: Air transfer of Class II and III liquids at tem- +peratures below their flash points. + + + +TABLE 3404.4.2 +OUTDOOR LIQUID STORAGE IN CONTAINERS AND PORTABLE TANKS + + + +CLASS OF +LIQUID + + +CONTAINER STORAGE- +MAXIMUM PER PILE + + +PORTABLE TANK +STORAGE— MAXIMUM PER PILE + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +BETWEEN PILES OR + +RACKS + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +TO LOT LINE OF + +PROPERTY THAT CAN + +BE BUILT UPON'='' + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +TO PUBLIC STREET + +PUBLIC ALLEY OR + +PUBLIC WAY" + +(feet) + + +Quantity^" +(gallons) + + +Height +(feet) + + +Quantity^" +(gallons) + + +Height +(feet) + + +lA + + +1,100 + + +10 + + +2,200 + + +7 + + +5 + + +50 + + +10 + + +IB + + +2,200 + + +12 + + +4,400 + + +14 + + +5 + + +50 + + +10 + + +IC + + +4,400 + + +12 + + +8,800 + + +14 + + +5 + + +50 + + +10 + + +II + + +8,800 + + +12 + + +17,600 + + +14 + + +5 + + +25 + + +5 + + +III + + +22,000 + + +18 + + +44,000 + + +14 + + +5 + + +10 + + +5 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon 3.785 L. + +a. For mixed class storage, see Section 3404.4.2. + +b. For storage in racks, the quantity limits per pile do not apply, but the rack arrangement shall be limited to a maximum of 50 feet in length and two rows or 9 feet in +depth. + +c. If protection by a public fire department or private fire brigade capable of providing cooling water streams is not available, the distance shall be doubled. + +d. When the total quantity stored does not exceed 50 percent of the maximum allowed per pile, the distances are allowed to be reduced 50 percent, but not less than 3 feet. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +329 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +3405.2.3 Piping, hoses and valves. Piping, hoses and +valves used in liquid transfer operations shall be approved +or listed for the intended use. + +3405.2.4 Class I, II and III liquids. Class I and II hquids or +Class III liquids that are heated up to or above their flash +points shall be transferred by one of the following methods: + +Exception: Liquids in containers not exceeding a +5. 3 -gallon (20 L) capacity. + +1 . From safety cans complying with UL 30. + +2. Through an approved closed piping system. + +3 . From containers or tanks by an approved pump taking +suction through an opening in the top of the container +or tank. + +4. For Class IB, IC, II and III liquids, from containers or +tanks by gravity through an approved self-closing or +automatic-closing valve when the container or tank +and dispensing operations are provided with spill +control and secondary containment in accordance +with Section 3403.4. Class lA hquids shall not be dis- +pensed by gravity from tanks. + +5. Approved engineered liquid transfer systems. + +3405.2.5 Manual container filling operations for Class I +liquids. Class I liquids and Class II or III liquids heated to +or above their flash points shall not be transferred into con- +tainers unless the nozzle and containers are electrically +interconnected. Acceptable methods of electrical inter- +connection include: + +1 . Metallic floor plates on which containers stand while +filling, when such floor plates are electrically con- +nected to the fill stem; or + +2. Where the fill stem is bonded to the container during +filling by means of a bond wire. + +3405.2.6 Automatic container-filling operations for +Class I liquids. Container-filling operations for Class I liq- +uids involving conveyor belts or other automatic-feeding +operations shall be designed to prevent static accumula- +tions. + +3405.3 Use, dispensing and mixing inside of buildings. + +Indoor use, dispensing and mixing of flammable and combus- +tible liquids shall be in accordance with Sections 3405.2 and +3405.3.1 through 3405.3.5.3. + +3405.3.1 Closure of mixing or blending vessels. Vessels + +used for mixing or blending of Class I liquids and Class II or +III liquids heated up to or above their flash points shall be +provided with self-closing, tight-fitting, noncombustible +lids that will control a fire within such vessel. + +Exception: Where such devices are impractical, +approved automatic or manually controlled fire-extin- +guishing devices shall be provided. + +3405.3.2 Bonding of vessels. Where differences of poten- +tial could be created, vessels containing Class I liquids or +liquids handled at or above their flash points shall be electri- +cally connected by bond wires, ground cables, piping or + + + +similar means to a static grounding system to maintain +equipment at the same electrical potential to prevent spark- +ing. + +3405.3.3 Heating, lighting and cooking appliances. Heat- +ing, lighting and cooking appliances which utilize Class I +liquids shall not be operated within a building or structure. + +Exception: Operation in single-family dwellings. + +3405.3.4 Location of processing vessels. Processing ves- +sels shall be located with respect to distances to lot lines of +adjoining property which can be built on, in accordance +with Tables 3405.3.4(1) and 3405.3.4(2). + +Exception: Where the exterior wall facing the adjoining +lot line is a blank wall having a fire-resistance rating of +not less than 4 hours, the fire code official is authorized to +modify the distances. The distance shall not be less than +that set forth in the International Building Code, and +when Class lA or unstable liquids are involved, explo- +sion control shall be provided in accordance with Section +911. + +3405.3.5 Quantity limits for use. Liquid use quantity limi- +tations shall comply with Sections 3405.3.5.1 through +3405.3.5.3. + +3405.3.5.1 Maximum allowable quantity per control +area. Indoor use, dispensing and mixing of flammable +and combustible liquids shall not exceed the maximum +allowable quantity per control area indicated in Table +2703.1.1(1) and shall not exceed the additional limita- +tions set forth in Section 3405.3.5. + +Exception: Cleaning with Class I, II and IIIA liquids +shall be in accordance with Section 3405.3.6. + +Use of hazardous production material flammable and +combustible liquids in Group H-5 occupancies shall be +in accordance with Chapter 18. + +3405.3.5.2 Occupancy quantity limits. The following +limits for quantities of flammable and combustible liq- +uids used, dispensed or mixed based on occupancy clas- +sification shall not be exceeded. + +Exception: Cleaning with Class I, II, or IIIA liquids +shall be in accordance with Section 3405.3.6. + +1. Group A occupancies: Quantities in Group A +occupancies shall not exceed that necessary for +demonstration, treatment, laboratory work, +maintenance purposes and operation of equip- +ment, and shall not exceed quantities set forth in +Table 2703.1.1(1). + +2. Group B occupancies: Quantities in drinking, +dining, office and school uses within Group B +occupancies shall not exceed that necessary for +demonstration, treatment, laboratory work, +maintenance purposes and operation of equip- +ment, and shall not exceed quantities set forth in +Table 2703.1.1(1). + + + +330 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +TABLE 3405.3.4(1) +SEPARATION OF PROCESSING VESSELS FROM LOT LINES + + + +PROCESSING VESSELS WITH EMERGENCY RELIEF VENTING + + +LOCATION^ + + +Stable liquids + + +Unstable liquids + + +Not in excess of 2.5 psig + + +Table 3405.3.4(2) + + +2.5 times Table 3405.3.4(2) + + +Over 2.5 psig + + +1.5 times Table 3405.3.4(2) + + +4 times Table 3405.3.4(2) + + + +For SI: 1 pound per square inch gauge = 6.895 kPa. + +a. Where protection of exposures by a public fire department or private fire brigade capable of providing cooling water streams on structures is not provided, dis- +tances shall be doubled. + +TABLE 3405.3.4(2) +REFERENCE TABLE FOR USE WITH TABLE 3405.3.4(1) + + + +TANK CAPACITY +(gallons) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM LOT LINE OF A LOT + +WHICH IS OR CAN BE BUILT UPON, INCLUDING THE + +OPPOSITE SIDE OF A PUBLIC WAY + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM NEAREST SIDE OF ANY + +PUBLIC WAY OR FROM NEAREST IMPORTANT + +BUILDING ON THE SAME PROPERTY + +(feet) + + +275 or less + + +5 + + +5 + + +276 to 750 + + +10 + + +5 + + +751 to 12,000 + + +15 + + +5 + + +12,001 to 30,000 + + +20 + + +5 + + +30,001 to 50,000 + + +30 + + +10 + + +50,001 to 100,000 + + +50 + + +15 + + +100,001 to 500,000 + + +80 + + +25 + + +500,001 to 1,000,000 + + +100 + + +35 + + +1,000,001 to 2,000,000 + + +135 + + +45 + + +2,000,001 to 3,000,000 + + +165 + + +55 + + +3,000,001 or more + + +175 + + +60 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon = 3.785 L. + + + +3. Group E occupancies: Quantities in Group E +occupancies shall not exceed that necessary for +demonstration, treatment, laboratory work, +maintenance purposes and operation of equip- +ment and shall not exceed quantities set forth in +Table 2703.1.1(1). + +4. Group F occupancies: Quantities in dining, +office and school uses within Group F occupan- +cies shall not exceed that necessary for demon- +stration, laboratory work, maintenance purposes +and operation of equipment, and shall not exceed +quantities set forth in Table 2703.1.1(1). + +5. Group I occupancies: Quantities in Group I +occupancies shall not exceed that necessary for +demonstration, laboratory work, maintenance +purposes and operation of equipment, and shall +not exceed quantities set forth in Table +2703.1.1(1). + +6. Group M occupancies: Quantities in dining, +office and school uses within Group M occupan- +cies shall not exceed that necessary for demon- +stration, laboratory work, maintenance purposes +and operation of equipment, and shall not exceed +quantities set forth in Table 2703.1.1(1). + + + +7. Group R occupancies: Quantities in Group R +occupancies shall not exceed that necessary for +maintenance purposes and operation of equip- +ment, and shall not exceed quantities set forth in +Table 2703.1.1(1). + +8. Group S occupancies: Quantities in dining and +office uses within Group S occupancies shall +not exceed that necessary for demonstration, +laboratory work, maintenance purposes and +operation of equipment and shall not exceed +quantities set forth in Table 2703.1.1(1). + +3405.3.5.3 Quantities exceeding limits for control +areas. Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area indicated in Sections +3405.3.5.1 and 3405.3.5.2 shall be in accordance with +the following: + +1 . For open systems, indoor use, dispensing and mix- +ing of flammable and combustible liquids shall be +within a room or building complying with the +International Building Code and Sections +3405.3.7.1 through 3405.3.7.5. + +2. For closed systems, indoor use, dispensing and +mixing of flammable and combustible liquids +shall be within a room or building complying with + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +331 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +the International Building Code and Sections +3405.3.7 through 3405.3.7.4 and 3405.3.7.6. + +3405.3.6 Cleaning with flammable and combustible liq- +uids. Cleaning with Class I, II and IIIA liquids shall be in +accordance with this section. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Dry cleaning shall be in accordance with Chapter 12. + +2. Spray-nozzle cleaning shall be in accordance with +Section 1503.3.5. + +3405.3.6.1 Cleaning operations. Class lA hquids shall +not be used for cleaning. Cleaning with Class IB, IC or II +liquids shall be conducted as follows: + +1 . In a room or building in accordance with Section +3405.3.7; or + +2. In a machine listed and approved for the purpose in +accordance with Section 3405.3.6.2. + +Exception: Materials used in commercial and +industrial process-related cleaning operations +in accordance with other provisions of this code +and not involving facilities maintenance clean- +ing operations. + +3405.3.6.2 Listed and approved machines. Parts cleaning +and degreasing conducted in listed and approved machines +in accordance with Section 3405.3.6.1 shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3405.3.6.2.1 through 3405.3.6.2.7. + +3405.3.6.2.1 Solvents. Solvents shall be classified +and shall be compatible with the machines within +which they are used. + +3405.3.6.2.2 Machine capacities. The quantity of sol- +vent shall not exceed the Usted design capacity of the +machine for the solvent being used with the machine. + +3405.3.6.2.3 Solvent quantity limits. Solvent quan- +tities shall be limited as follows: + +1. Machines without remote solvent reservoirs +shall be limited to quantities set forth in Section +3405.3.5. + +2. Machines with remote solvent reservoirs using +Class I liquids shall be limited to quantities set +forth in Section 3405.3.5. + +3. Machines with remote solvent reservoirs using +Class II liquids shall be hmited to 35 gallons +(132 L) per machine. The total quantities shall +not exceed an aggregate of 240 gallons (908 L) +per control area in buildings not equipped +throughout with an approved automatic sprin- +kler system and an aggregate of 480 gallons +(1817 L) per control area in buildings equipped +throughout with an approved automatic sprin- +kler system in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. + +4. Machines with remote solvent reservoirs using +Class IIIA liquids shall be limited to 80 gallons +(303 L) per machine. + + + +3405.3.6.2.4 Immersion soaking of parts. Work +areas of machines with remote solvent reservoirs shall +not be used for immersion soaking of parts. + +3405.3.6.2.5 Separation. Multiple machines shall be +separated from each other by a distance of not less +than 30 feet (9 144 mm) or by a fire barrier with a mini- +mum 1-hour fire-resistance rating. + +3405.3.6.2.6 Ventilation. Machines shall be located +in areas adequately ventilated to prevent accumula- +tion of vapors. + +3405.3.6.2.7 Installation. Machines shall be +installed in accordance with their listings. + +3405.3.7 Rooms or buildings for quantities exceeding the +maximum allowable quantity per control area. Where +required by Section 3405.3.5.3 or 3405.3.6.1, rooms or +buildings used for use, dispensing or mixing of flammable +and combustible liquids shall be in accordance with Sec- +tions 3405.3.7.1 through 3405.3.7.6.3. + +3405.3.7.1 Construction, location and fire protection. + +Rooms or buildings classified in accordance with the +International Building Code as Group H-2 or H-3 occu- +pancies based on use, dispensing or mixing of flammable +or combustible liquids shall be constructed in accor- +dance with the International Building Code. + +3405.3.7.2 Basements. In rooms or buildings classified +in accordance with the International Building Code as +Group H-2 or H-3, dispensing or mixing of flammable or +combustible liquids shall not be conducted in basements. + +3405.3.7.3 Fire protection. Rooms or buildings classi- +fied in accordance with the International Building Code +as Group H-2 or H-3 occupancies shall be equipped with +an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system in +accordance with Chapter 9. + +3405.3.7.4 Doors. Interior doors to rooms or portions of +such buildings shall be self-closing fire doors in accor- +dance with the International Building Code. + +3405.3.7.5 Open systems. Use, dispensing and mixing +of flammable and combustible liquids in open systems +shall be in accordance with Sections 3405.3.7.5.1 +through 3405.3.7.5.3. + +3405.3.7.5.1 Ventilation. Continuous mechanical +ventilation shall be provided at a rate of not less than 1 +cubic foot per minute per square foot [0.00508 mV(s x +m^)] of floor area over the design area. Provisions +shall be made for introduction of makeup air in such a +manner to include all floor areas or pits where vapors +can collect. Local or spot ventilation shall be provided +when needed to prevent the accumulation of hazard- +ous vapors. Ventilation system design shall comply +with the International Building Code and Interna- +tional Mechanical Code. + +Exception: Where natural ventilation can be +shown to be effective for the materials used, dis- +pensed or mixed. + + + +332 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +3405.3.7.5.2 Explosion control. Explosion control +shall be provided in accordance with Section 911. + +3405.3.7.5.3 Spill control and secondary contain- +ment. Spill control shall be provided in accordance +with Section 3403.4 where Class I, II or IIIA liquids +are dispensed into containers exceeding a 1.3-gallon +(5 L) capacity or mixed or used in open containers or +systems exceeding a 5. 3 -gallon (20 L) capacity. Spill +control and secondary containment shall be provided +in accordance with Section 3403.4 when the capacity +of an individual container exceeds 55 gallons (208 L) +or the aggregate capacity of multiple containers or +tanks exceeds 100 gallons (378.5 L). + +3405.3.7.6 Closed systems. Use or mixing of flammable +or combustible hquids in closed systems shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3405.3.7.6.1 through 3405.3.7.6.3. + +3405.3.7.6.1 Ventilation. Closed systems designed +to be opened as part of normal operations shall be pro- +vided with ventilation in accordance with Section +3405.3.7.5.1. + +3405.3.7.6.2 Explosion control. Explosion control +shall be provided when an explosive environment can +occur as a result of the mixing or use process. Explo- +sion control shall be designed in accordance with Sec- +tion 911. + +Exception: When process vessels are designed to +contain fully the worst-case explosion anticipated +within the vessel under process conditions consid- +ering the most likely failure. + +3405.3.7.6.3 Spill control and secondary contain- +ment. Spill control shall be provided in accordance +with Section 3403.4 when flammable or combustible +liquids are dispensed into containers exceeding a +1 .3-gallon (5 L) capacity or mixed or used in open con- +tainers or systems exceeding a 5. 3-gallon (20 L) capac- +ity. Spill control and secondary containment shall be +provided in accordance with Section 3403.4 when the +capacity of an individual container exceeds 55 gallons +(208 L) or the aggregate capacity of multiple contain- +ers or tanks exceeds 1,000 gallons (3785 L). + +3405.3.8 Use, dispensing and handling outside of build- +ings. Outside use, dispensing and handling shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3405.3.8.1 through 3405.3.8.3. + +Dispensing of liquids into motor vehicle fuel tanks at +motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall be in accordance with +Chapter 22. + +3405.3.8.1 Spill control and drainage control. Outside +use, dispensing and handling areas shall be provided +with spill control as set forth in Section 3403.4. + +3405.3.8.2 Location on property. Dispensing activities +which exceed the quantities set forth in Table 3405.3.8.2 +shall not be conducted within 15 feet (4572 mm) of +buildings or combustible materials or within 25 feet +(7620 mm) of building openings, lot lines, public streets, +public alleys or public ways. Dispensing activities that +exceed the quantities set forth in Table 3405.3.8.2 shall + + + +not be conducted within 15 feet (4572 mm) of storage of +Class I, II or III liquids unless such liquids are stored in +tanks which are listed and labeled as 2-hour protected +tank assemblies in accordance with UL 2085. + +Exceptions: + +1. The requirements shall not apply to areas +where only the following are dispensed: Class +III liquids; liquids that are heavier than water; +water-miscible liquids; and liquids with vis- +cosities greater than 10,000 centipoise (cp) +(lOPas). + +2. Flammable and combustible liquid dispensing +in refineries, chemical plants, process facilities, +gas and crude oil production facilities and oil +blending and packaging facilities, terminals +and bulk plants. + +TABLE 3405.3.8.2 + +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITIES FOR DISPENSING OF + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE + +LIQUIDS IN OUTDOOR CONTROL AREAS"'' + + + +CLASS OF LIQUID + + +QUANTITY (gallons) + + +Flammable +Class lA +Class IB +Class IC +Combination Class lA, IB and IC + + +10 +15 +20 +30^ + + +Combustible +Class n +Class IIIA +Class IIIB + + +30 + +80 + +3,300 + + + +For SI: 1 gallon = 3.785 L. + +a. For definition of "Outdoor Control Area," see Section 2702. 1 . + +b. The fire code official is authorized to impose special conditions regarding +locations, types of containers, dispensing units, fire control measures and +other factors involving fire safety. + +c. Containing not more than the maximum allowable quantity per control area +of each individual class. + +3405.3.8.3 Location of processing vessels. Processing +vessels shall be located with respect to distances to lot +lines which can be built on in accordance with Table +3405.3.4(1). + +Exception: In refineries and distilleries. + +3405.3.8.4 Weather protection. Weather protection for +outdoor use shall be in accordance with Section +2705.3.9. + +3405.4 Solvent distillation units. Solvent distillation units +shall comply with Sections 3405.4.1 through 3405.4.9. + +3405.4.1 Unit with a capacity of 60 gallons or less. Sol- +vent distillation units used to recycle Class I, II or IIIA liq- +uids having a distillation chamber capacity of 60 gallons +(227 L) or less shall be listed, labeled and installed in accor- +dance with Section 3405.4 and UL 2208. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Solvent distillation units installed in dry cleaning +plants in accordance with Chapter 12. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +333 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +2. Solvent distillation units used in continuous +through-put industrial processes where the source +of heat is remotely supplied using steam, hot +water, oil or other heat transfer fluids, the tempera- +ture of which is below the auto-ignition point of +the solvent. + +3. Solvent distillation units listed for and used in lab- +oratories. + +4. Approved research, testing and experimental pro- +cesses. + +3405.4.2 Units with a capacity exceeding 60 gallons. Sol- +vent distillation units used to recycle Class I, II or IIIA liq- +uids, having a distillation chamber capacity exceeding 60 +gallons (227 L) shall be used in locations that comply with +the use and mixing requirements of Section 3405 and other +applicable provisions in this chapter. + +3405.4.3 Prohibited processing. Class I, II and IIIA liquids +also classified as unstable (reactive) shall not be processed +in solvent distillation units. + +Exception: Appliances listed for the distillation of +unstable (reactive) solvents. + +3405.4.4 Labeling. A permanent label shall be affixed to the +unit by the manufacturer. The label shall indicate the capacity +of the distillation chamber, and the distance the unit shall be +placed away from sources of ignition. The label shall indicate +the products for which the unit has been listed for use or refer +to the instruction manual for a Ust of the products. + +3405.4.5 Manufacturer's instruction manual. An + +instruction manual shall be provided. The manual shall be +readily available for the user and the fire code official. The +manual shall include installation, use and servicing instruc- +tions. It shall identify the liquids for which the unit has been +listed for distillation purposes along with each liquid's flash +point and auto-ignition temperature. For units with adjust- +able controls, the manual shall include directions for setting +the heater temperature for each liquid to be instilled. + +3405.4.6 Location. Solvent distillation units shall be used +in locations in accordance with the listing. Solvent distilla- +tion units shall not be used in basements. + +3405.4.7 Storage of liquids. Distilled liquids and liquids +awaiting distillation shall be stored in accordance with Sec- +tion 3404. + +3405.4.8 Storage of residues. Hazardous residue from the +distillation process shall be stored in accordance with Sec- +tion 3404 and Chapter 27. + +3405.4.9 Portable fire extinguishers. Approved portable +fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with Sec- +tion 906. At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rat- +ing of not less than 40-B shall be located not less than 10 feet +(3048 mm) or more than 30 feet (9144 mm) from any sol- +vent distillation unit. + + + +3405.5 Alcohol-based hand rubs classified as Class I or II +liquids. The use of wall-mounted dispensers containing alco- +hol-based hand rubs classified as Class I or ILliquids shall be in +accordance with all of the following: + +1 . The maximum capacity of each dispenser shall be 68 +ounces (2 L). + +2. The minimum separation between dispensers shall be 48 +inches (1219 mm). + +3. The dispensers shall not be installed directly adjacent to, +directly above or below an electrical receptacle, switch, +appliance, device or other ignition source. The wall +space between the dispenser and the floor shall remain +clear and unobstructed. + +4. Dispensers shall be mounted so that the bottom of the +dispenser is a minimum of 42 inches (1067 mm) and a +maximum of 48 inches (1219 mm) above the finished +floor. + +5. Dispensers shall not release their contents except when +the dispenser is manually activated. + +6. Storage and use of alcohol-based hand rubs shall be in +accordance with the applicable provisions of Sections +3404 and 3405. + +7. Dispensers installed in occupancies with carpeted floors +shall only be allowed in smoke compartments or fire +areas equipped throughout with an approved automatic +sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3. 1 . 1 or +903.3.1.2. + +3405.5.1 Corridor installations. Where wall-mounted dis- +pensers containing alcohol-based hand rubs are installed in +corridors, they shall be in accordance with all of the following: + +1. Aerosol containers shall not be allowed in corridors. + +2. The maximum capacity of each dispenser shall be 41 +ounces (1.2 L). + +3 . The maximum quantity allowed in a corridor within a +control area shall be 10 gallons (37.85 L). + +4. The minimum corridor width shall be 72 inches ( 1 829 +mm). + +5 . Projections into a corridor shall be in accordance with +Section 1003.3.3. + + + +SECTION 3406 +SPECIAL OPERATIONS + +3406.1 General. This section shall cover the provisions for +special operations which include, but are not limited to, stor- +age, use, dispensing, mixing or handling of flammable and +combustible liquids. The following special operations shall be +in accordance with Sections 3401, 3403, 3404 and 3405, +except as provided in Section 3406. + +1 . Storage and dispensing of flammable and combustible +liquids on farms and construction sites. + + + +!• + + + +334 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE** + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +2. Well drilling and operating. + +3. Bulk plants or terminals. + +4. Bulk transfer and process transfer operations utilizing +tank vehicles and tank cars. + +5. Tank vehicles and tank vehicle operation. + +6. Refineries. + +7. Vapor recovery and vapor-processing systems. + +3406.2 Storage and dispensing of flammable and combusti- +ble liquids on farms and construction sites. Permanent and +temporary storage and dispensing of Class I and II hquids for +private use on farms and rural areas and at construction sites, +earth-moving projects, gravel pits or borrow pits shall be in +accordance with Sections 3406.2.1 through 3406.2.8.1. + +Exception: Storage and use of fuel oil and containers con- +nected with oil-burning equipment regulated by Section 603 +and the International Mechanical Code. + +3406.2.1 Combustibles and open flames near tanks. Stor- +age areas shall be kept free from weeds and extraneous com- +bustible material. Open flames and smoking are prohibited +in flammable or combustible liquid storage areas. + +3406.2.2 Marking of tanks and containers. Tanks and +containers for the storage of liquids above ground shall be +conspicuously marked with the name of the product which +they contain and the words: FLAMMABLE— KEEP FIRE +AND FLAME AWAY. Tanks shall bear the additional mark- +ing: KEEP 50 FEET FROM BUILDINGS. + +3406.2.3 Containers for storage and use. Metal containers +used for storage of Class I or II liquids shall be in accordance +with DOTn requirements or shall be of an approved design. + +Discharge devices shall be of a type that do not develop an +internal pressure on the container. Pumping devices or +approved self-closing faucets used for dispensing liquids +shall not leak and shall be well-maintained. Individual con- +tainers shall not be interconnected and shall be kept closed +when not in use. + +Containers stored outside of buildings shall be in accor- +dance with Section 3404 and the International Building +Code. + +3406.2.4 Permanent and temporary tanks. The capacity +of permanent above-ground tanks containing Class I or II +liquids shall not exceed 1,100 gallons (4164 L). The capac- +ity of temporary above-ground tanks containing Class I or II +Hquids shall not exceed 10,000 gallons (37 854 L). Tanks +shall be of the single-compartment design. + +Exception: Permanent above-ground tanks of greater +capacity which meet the requirements of Section 3404.2. + +3406.2.4.1 Fill-opening security. Fill openings shall be +equipped with a locking closure device. Fill openings +shall be separate from vent openings. + +3406.2.4.2 Vents. Tanks shall be provided with a method +of normal and emergency venting. Normal vents shall +also be in accordance with Section 3404.2.7.3. + + + +Emergency vents shall be in accordance with Section +3404.2.7.4. Emergency vents shall be arranged to dis- +charge in a manner which prevents localized overheating +or flame impingement on any part of the tank in the event +that vapors from such vents are ignited. + +3406.2.4.3 Location. Tanks containing Class I or II liq- +uids shall be kept outside and at least 50 feet (15 240 mm) +from buildings and combustible storage. Additional dis- +tance shall be provided when necessary to ensure that +vehicles, equipment and containers being filled directly +from such tanks will not be less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) +from structures, haystacks or other combustible storage. + +3406.2.4.4 Locations where above-ground tanks are +prohibited. The storage of Class I and II liquids in +above-ground tanks is prohibited within the limits estab- +lished by law as the limits of districts in which such stor- +age is prohibited (see Section 3 of the Sample Ordinance +for Adoption of the International Fire Code on page v). + +3406.2.5 Type of tank. Tanks shall be provided with top +openings only or shall be elevated for gravity discharge. + +3406.2.5.1 Tanks with top openings only. Tanks with +top openings shall be mounted as follows: + +1 . On well-constructed metal legs connected to shoes +or runners designed so that the tank is stabilized +and the entire tank and its supports can be moved +as a unit; or + +2. For stationary tanks, on a stable base of timbers or +blocks approximately 6 inches (152 mm) in height +which prevents the tank from contacting the +ground. + +3406.2.5.1.1 Pumps and fittings. Tanks with top +openings only shall be equipped with a tightly and +permanently attached, approved pumping device hav- +ing an approved hose of sufficient length for filling +vehicles, equipment or containers to be served from +the tank. Either the pump or the hose shall be +equipped with a padlock to its hanger to prevent tam- +pering. An effective antisiphoning device shall be +included in the pump discharge unless a self-closing +nozzle is provided. Siphons or internal pressure dis- +charge devices shall not be used. + +3406.2.5.2 Tanks for gravity discharge. Tanks with a +connection in the bottom or the end for gravity-dispens- +ing liquids shall be mounted and equipped as follows: + +1 . Supports to elevate the tank for gravity discharge +shall be designed to carry all required loads and +provide stability. + +2 . B ottom or end openings for gravity discharge shall +be equipped with a valve located adjacent to the +tank shell which will close automatically in the +event of fire through the operation of an effective +heat-activated releasing device. Where this valve +cannot be operated manually, it shall be supple- +mented by a second, manually operated valve. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +335 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +The gravity discharge outlet shall be provided with an +approved hose equipped with a self-closing valve at the +discharge end of a type that can be padlocked to its +hanger. + +3406.2.6 Spill control drainage control and diking. + +Indoor storage and dispensing areas shall be provided with +spill control and drainage control as set forth in Section +3403.4. Outdoor storage areas shall be provided with drain- +age control or diking as set forth in Section 3404.2.10. + +3406.2.7 Portable fire extinguishers. Portable fire +extinguishers with a minimum rating of 20-B:C and com- +plying with Section 906 shall be provided where required by +the fire code official. + +3406.2.8 Dispensing from tank vehicles. Where approved, +liquids used as fuels are allowed to be transferred from tank +vehicles into the tanks of motor vehicles or special equip- +ment, provided: + +1 . The tank vehicle' s specific function is that of supply- +ing fuel to motor vehicle fuel tanks. + +2. The dispensing hose does not exceed 100 feet (30 480 +mm) in length. + +3. The dispensing nozzle is an approved type. + +4. The dispensing hose is properly placed on an +approved reel or in a compartment provided before +the tank vehicle is moved. + +5. Signs prohibiting smoking or open flames within 25 +feet (7620 mm) of the vehicle or the point of refueling +are prominently posted on the tank vehicle. + +6. Electrical devices and wiring in areas where fuel dis- +pensing is conducted are in accordance with the ICC +Electrical Code. + +7. Tank vehicle-dispensing equipment is operated only +by designated personnel who are trained to handle +and dispense motor fuels. + +8. Provisions are made for controlling and mitigating +unauthorized discharges. + +3406.2.8.1 Location. Dispensing from tank vehicles +shall be conducted at least 50 feet (15 240 mm) from +structures or combustible storage. + +3406.3 Well drilling and operating. Wells for oil and natural +gas shall be drilled and operated in accordance with Sections +3406.3.1 through 3406.3.8. + +3406.3.1 Location. The location of wells shall comply with +Sections 3406.3.1.1 through 3406.3.1.3.2. + +3406.3.1.1 Storage tanks and sources of ignition. Stor- +age tanks or boilers, fired heaters, open-flame devices or +other sources of ignition shall not be located within 25 +feet (7620 mm) of well heads. Smoking is prohibited at +wells or tank locations except as designated and in +approved posted areas. + +Exception: Engines used in the drilling, production +and serving of wells. + + + +3406.3.1.2 Streets and railways. Wells shall not be +drilled within 75 feet (22 860 mm) of any dedicated pub- +lic street, highway or nearest rail of an operating railway. + +3406.3.1.3 Buildings. Wells shall not be drilled within +100 feet (30 480 nmi) of buildings not necessary to the +operation of the well. + +3406.3.1.3.1 Group A, E or I buildings. Wells shall +not be drilled within 300 feet (91 440 mm) of build- +ings with an occupancy in Group A, E or I. + +3406.3.1.3.2 Existing wells. Where wells are exist- +ing, buildings shall not be constructed within the dis- +tances set forth in Section 3406.3.1 for separation of +wells or buildings. + +3406.3.2 Waste control. Control of waste materials associ- +ated with wells shall comply with Sections 3406.3.2.1 and +3406.3.2.2. + +3406.3.2.1 Discharge on a street or water channel. + +Liquids containing crude petroleum or its products shall +not be discharged into or on streets, highways, drainage +canals or ditches, storm drains or flood control channels. + +3406.3.2.2 Discharge and combustible materials on +ground. The surface of the ground under, around or near +wells, pumps, boilers, oil storage tanks or buildings shall +be kept free from oil, waste oil, refuse or waste material. + +3406.3.3 Sumps. Sumps associated with wells shall comply +with Sections 3406.3.3.1 through 3406.3.3.3. + +3406.3.3.1 Maximum width. Sumps or other basins for +the retention of oil or petroleum products shall not +exceed 12 feet (3658 mm) in width. + +3406.3.3.2 Backfilling. Sumps or other basins for the +retention of oil or petroleum products larger than 6 feet +by 6 feet by 6 feet (1829 mm by 1829 mm by 1829 mm) +shall not be maintained longer than 60 days after the ces- +sation of drilling operations. + +3406.3.3.3 Security. Sumps, diversion ditches and +depressions used as sumps shall be securely fenced or +covered. + +3406.3.4 Prevention of blowouts. Protection shall be pro- +vided to control and prevent the blowout of a well. Protec- +tion equipment shall meet federal, state and other applicable +jurisdiction requirements. + +3406.3.5 Storage tanks. Storage of flammable or combus- +tible liquids in tanks shall be in accordance with Section +3404. Oil storage tanks or groups of tanks shall have posted +in a conspicuous place, on or near such tank or tanks, an +approved sign with the name of the owner or operator, or the +lease number and the telephone number where a responsible +person can be reached at any time. + +3406.3.6 Soundproofing. Where soundproofing material is +required during oil field operations, such material shall be +noncombustible. + +3406.3.7 Signs. Well locations shall have posted in a con- +spicuous place on or near such tank or tanks an approved +sign with the name of the owner or operator, name of the + + + +336 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +leasee or the lease number, the well number and the tele- +phone number where a responsible person can be reached at +any time. Such signs shall be maintained on the premises +from the time materials are delivered for drilling purposes +until the well is abandoned. + +3406.3.8 Field-loading racks. Field-loading racks shall be +in accordance with Section 3406.5. + +3406.4 Bulk plants or terminals. Portions of properties where +flammable and combustible liquids are received by tank ves- +sels, pipelines, tank cars or tank vehicles and which are stored +or blended in bulk for the purpose of distributing such liquids +by tank vessels, pipelines, tanks cars, tank vehicles or contain- +ers shall be in accordance with Sections 3406.4.1 through +3406.4.10.4. + +3406.4.1 Building construction. Buildings shall be con- +structed in accordance with the International Building +Code. + +3406.4.2 Means of egress. Rooms in which liquids are +stored, used or transferred by pumps shall have means of +egress arranged to prevent occupants from being trapped in +the event of fire. + +3406.4.3 Heating. Rooms in which Class I liquids are +stored or used shall be heated only by means not constitut- +ing a source of ignition, such as steam or hot water. Rooms +containing heating appliances involving sources of ignition +shall be located and arranged to prevent entry of flammable +vapors. + +3406.4.4 Ventilation. Ventilation shall be provided for +rooms, buildings and enclosures in which Class I liquids are +pumped, used or transferred. Design of ventilation systems +shall consider the relatively high specific gravity of the +vapors. When natural ventilation is used, adequate openings +in outside walls at floor level, unobstructed except by lou- +vers or coarse screens, shall be provided. When natural ven- +tilation is inadequate, mechanical ventilation shall be +provided in accordance with the International Mechanical +Code. + +3406.4.4.1 Basements and pits. Class I liquids shall not +be stored or used within a building having a basement or +pit into which flammable vapors can travel, unless such +area is provided with ventilation designed to prevent the +accumulation of flammable vapors therein. + +3406.4.4.2 Dispensing of Class I liquids. Containers of +Class I liquids shall not be drawn from or filled within +buildings unless a provision is made to prevent the accu- +mulation of flammable vapors in hazardous concentra- +tions. Where mechanical ventilation is required, it shall +be kept in operation while flammable vapors could be +present. + +3406.4.5 Storage. Storage of Class I, II and IIIA liquids in +bulk plants shall be in accordance with the applicable provi- +sions of Section 3404. + +3406.4.6 Overfill protection of Class I and II liquids. + +Manual and automatic systems shall be provided to prevent +overfill during the transfer of Class I and 11 liquids from + + + +mainline pipelines and marine vessels in accordance with +API 2350. + +3406.4.7 Wharves. This section shall apply to all wharves, +piers, bulkheads and other structures over or contiguous to +navigable water having a primary function of transferring +liquid cargo in bulk between shore installations and tank +vessels, ships, barges, lighter boats or other mobile floating +craft. + +Exception: Marine motor fuel-dispensing facilities in +accordance with Chapter 22. + +3406.4.7.1 Transferring approvals. Handling pack- +aged cargo of liquids, including full and empty drums, +bulk fuel and stores, over a wharf during cargo transfer +shall be subject to the approval of the wharf supervisor +and the senior deck officer on duty. + +3406.4.7.2 Transferring location. Wharves at which +liquid cargoes are to be transferred in bulk quantities to +or from tank vessels shall be at least 100 feet (30 480 +mm) from any bridge over a navigable waterway; or from +an entrance to, or superstructure of, any vehicular or rail- +road tunnel under a waterway. The termination of the +fixed piping used for loading or unloading at a wharf +shall be at least 200 feet (60 960 mm) from a bridge or +from an entrance to, or superstructures of, a tunnel. + +3406.4.7.3 Superstructure and decking material. + +Superstructure and decking shall be designed for the +intended use. Decking shall be constructed of materials +that will afford the desired combination of flexibility, +resistance to shock, durability, strength and fire resis- +tance. + +3406.4.7.4 Tanks allowed. Tanks used exclusively for +ballast water or Class II or III liquids are allowed to be +installed on suitably designed wharves. + +3406.4.7.5 Transferring equipment. Loading pumps +capable of building up pressures in excess of the safe +working pressure of cargo hose or loading arms shall be +provided with bypasses, relief valves or other arrange- +ments to protect the loading facilities against excessive +pressure. Relief devices shall be tested at least annually +to determine that they function satisfactorily at their set +pressure. + +3406.4.7.6 Piping, valves and fittings. Piping valves +and fittings shall be in accordance with Section 3403.6 +except as modified by the following: + +1 . Flexibility of piping shall be ensured by appropri- +ate layout and arrangement of piping supports so +that motion of the wharf structure resulting from +wave action, currents, tides or the mooring of ves- +sels will not subject the pipe to repeated excessive +strain. + +2. Pipe joints that depend on the friction characteris- +tics of combustible materials or on the grooving of +pipe ends for mechanical continuity of piping shall +not be used. + +3. Swivel joints are allowed in piping to which hoses +are connected and for articulated, swivel-joint + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +337 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +transfer systems, provided the design is such that +the mechanical strength of the joint will not be +impaired if the packing materials fail such as by +exposure to fire. + +4. Each line conveying Class I or II liquids leading to +a wharf shall be provided with a readily accessible +block valve located on shore near the approach to +the wharf and outside of any diked area. Where +more than one line is involved, the valves shall be +grouped in one location. + +5. Means shall be provided for easy access to cargo +line valves located below the wharf deck. + +6. Piping systems shall contain a sufficient number of +valves to operate the system properly and to con- +trol the flow of liquid in normal operation and in +the event of physical damage. + +7. Piping on wharves shall be bonded and grounded +where Class I and II liquids are transported. Where +excessive stray currents are encountered, insulat- +ing joints shall be installed. Bonding and ground- +ing connections on piping shall be located on the +wharf side of hose riser insulating flanges, where +used, and shall be accessible for inspection. + +8. Hose or articulated swivel-joint pipe connections +used for cargo transfer shall be capable of accom- +modating the combined effects of change in draft +and maximum tidal range, and mooring lines shall +be kept adjusted to prevent surge of the vessel from +placing stress on the cargo transfer system. + +9. Hoses shall be supported to avoid kinking and +damage from chafing. + +3406.4.7.7 Loading and unloading. Loading or dis- +charging shall not commence until the wharf superinten- +dent and officer in charge of the tank vessel agree that the +tank vessel is properly moored and connections are prop- +erly made. + +3406.4.7.8 Mechanical work. Mechanical work shall +not be performed on the wharf during cargo transfer, +except under special authorization by the fire code offi- +cial based on a review of the area involved, methods to be +employed and precautions necessary. + +3406.4.8 Sources of ignition. Class I, II or IIIA liquids shall +not be used, drawn or dispensed where flammable vapors +can reach a source of ignition. Smoking shall be prohibited +except in designated locations. "No Smoking" signs com- +plying with Section 310 shall be conspicuously posted +where a hazard from flammable vapors is normally present. + +3406.4.9 Drainage control. Loading and unloading areas +shall be provided with drainage control in accordance with +Section 3404.2.10. + +3406.4.10 Fire protection. Fire protection shall be in accor- +dance with Chapter 9 and Sections 3406.4.10.1 through +3406.4.10.4. + +3406.4.10.1 Portable fire extinguishers. Portable fire +extinguishers with a rating of not less than 20-B and +complying with Section 906 shall be located within 75 + + + +feet (22 860 mm) of hose connections, pumps and sepa- +rator tanks. + +3406.4.10.2 Fire hoses. Where piped water is available, +ready-connected fire hose in a size appropriate for the +water supply shall be provided in accordance with Sec- +tion 905 so that manifolds where connections are made +and broken can be reached by at least one hose stream. + +3406.4.10.3 Obstruction of equipment. Material shall +not be placed on wharves in such a manner that would +obstruct access to fire-fighting equipment or important +pipeHne control valves. + +3406.4.10.4 Fire apparatus access. Where the wharf is +accessible to vehicular traffic, an unobstructed fire appa- +ratus access road to the shore end of the wharf shall be +maintained in accordance with Chapter 5. + +3406.5 Bulk transfer and process transfer operations. Bulk +transfer and process transfer operations shall be approved and +be in accordance with Sections 3406.5.1 through 3406.5.4.4. +Motor fuel-dispensing facilities shall comply with Chapter 22. + +3406.5.1 General. The provisions of Sections 3406.5.1.1 +through 3406.5 .1.18 shall apply to bulk transfer and process +transfer operations; Sections 3406.5.2 and 3406.5.2.1 shall +apply to bulk transfer operations; Sections 3406.5.3 through +3406.5.3.3 shall apply to process transfer operations and +Sections 3406.5.4 through 3406.5.4.4 shall apply to dis- +pensing from tank vehicles and tank cars. + +3406.5.1.1 Location. Bulk transfer and process transfer +operations shall be conducted in approved locations. +Tank cars shall be unloaded only on private sidings or +railroad-siding facilities equipped for transferring flam- +mable or combustible liquids. Tank vehicle and tank car +transfer facilities shall be separated from buildings, +above-ground tanks, combustible materials, lot lines, +public streets, public alleys or public ways by a distance +of 25 feet (7620 mm) for Class I liquids and 15 feet (4572 +mm) for Class II and III liquids measured from the near- +est position of any loading or unloading valve. Buildings +for pumps or shelters for personnel shall be considered +part of the transfer facility. + +3406.5.1.2 Weather protection canopies. Where +weather protection canopies are provided, they shall be +constructed in accordance with Section 2704.13. +Weather protection canopies shall not be located within +15 feet (4572 mm) of a building or combustible material +or within 25 feet (7620 mm) of building openings, lot +lines, public streets, public alleys or public ways. + +3406.5.1.3 Ventilation. Ventilation shall be provided to +prevent accumulation of vapors in accordance with Sec- +tion 3405.3.7.5.1. + +3406.5.1.4 Sources of ignition. Sources of ignition shall +be controlled or eliminated in accordance with Section + +2703.7. + +3406.5.1.5 Spill control and secondary containment. + +Areas where transfer operations are located shall be pro- +vided with spill control and secondary containment in +accordance with Section 3403.4. The spill control and + + + +338 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +secondary containment system shall have a design +capacity capable of containing the capacity of the largest +tank compartment located in the area where transfer +operations are conducted. Containment of the rainfall +volume specified in Section 2704.2.2.6 is not required. + +3406.5.1.6 Fire protection. Fire protection shall be in +accordance with Section 3403.2. + +3406.5.1.7 Static protection. Static protection shall be +provided to prevent the accumulation of static charges +during transfer operations. Bonding facilities shall be +provided during the transfer through open domes where +Class I liquids are transferred, or where Class II and III +liquids are transferred into tank vehicles or tank cars +which could contain vapors from previous cargoes of +Class I liquids. + +Protection shall consist of a metallic bond wire perma- +nently electrically connected to the fill stem. The fill pipe +assembly shall form a continuous electrically conductive +path downstream from the point of bonding. The free end +of such bond wire shall be provided with a clamp or +equivalent device for convenient attachment to a metallic +part in electrical contact with the cargo tank of the tank +vehicle or tank car. For tank vehicles, protection shall +consist of a flexible bond wire of adequate strength for +the intended service and the electrical resistance shall not +exceed 1 megohm. For tank cars, bonding shall be pro- +vided where the resistance of a tank car to ground +through the rails is 25 ohms or greater. + +Such bonding connection shall be fastened to the vehi- +cle, car or tank before dome covers are raised and shall +remain in place until filling is complete and all dome cov- +ers have been closed and secured. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Where vehicles and cars are loaded exclusively +with products not having a static-accumulating +tendency, such as asphalt, cutback asphalt, +most crude oils, residual oils and water-misci- +ble liquids. + +2. When Class I liquids are not handled at the +transfer facility and the tank vehicles are used +exclusively for Class II and III liquids. + +3 . Where vehicles and cars are loaded or unloaded +through closed top or bottom connections +whether the hose is conductive or +nonconductive. + +Filling through open domes into the tanks of tank +vehicles or tank cars that contain vapor-air mixtures +within the flammable range, or where the liquid being +filled can form such a mixture, shall be by means of a +downspout which extends to near the bottom of the tank. + +3406.5.1.8 Stray current protection. Tank car loading +facilities where Class I, II or IIIA liquids are transferred +through open domes shall be protected against stray cur- +rents by permanently bonding the pipe to at least one rail +and to the transfer apparatus. Multiple pipes entering the + + + +transfer areas shall be permanently electrically bonded +together. In areas where excessive stray currents are +known to exist, all pipes entering the transfer area shall +be provided with insulating sections to isolate electri- +cally the transfer apparatus from the pipelines. + +3406.5.1.9 Top loading. When top loading a tank vehi- +cle with Class I and II liquids without vapor control, +valves used for the final control of flow shall be of the +self-closing type and shall be manually held open except +where automatic means are provided for shutting off the +flow when the tank is full. When used, automatic shutoff +systems shall be provided with a manual shutoff valve +located at a safe distance from the loading nozzle to stop +the flow if the automatic system fails. + +When top loading a tank vehicle with vapor control, +flow control shall be in accordance with Section +3406.5.1.10. Self-closing valves shall not be tied or +locked in the open position. + +3406.5.1.10 Bottom loading. When bottom loading a +tank vehicle or tank car with or without vapor control, a +positive means shall be provided for loading a predeter- +mined quantity of liquid, together with an automatic sec- +ondary shutoff control to prevent overfill. The +connecting components between the transfer equipment +and the tank vehicle or tank car required to operate the +secondary control shall be functionally compatible. + +3406.5.1.10.1 Dry disconnect coupling. When bot- +tom loading a tank vehicle, the coupling between the +liquid loading hose or pipe and the truck piping shall +be a dry disconnect coupling. + +3406.5.1.10.2 Venting. When bottom loading a tank +vehicle or tank car that is equipped for vapor control +and vapor control is not used, the tank shall be vented +to the atmosphere to prevent pressurization of the +tank. Such venting shall be at a height equal to or +greater than the top of the cargo tank. + +3406.5.1.10.3 Vapor-tight connection. Connections +to the plant vapor control system shall be designed to +prevent the escape of vapor to the atmosphere when +not connected to a tank vehicle or tank car. + +3406.5.1.10.4 Vapor-processing equipment. + +Vapor-processing equipment shall be separated from +above-ground tanks, warehouses, other plant build- +ings, transfer facilities or nearest lot line of adjoining +property that can be built on by a distance of at least 25 +feet (7620 mm). Vapor-processing equipment shall be +protected from physical damage by remote location, +guardrails, curbs or fencing. + +3406.5.1.11 Switch loading. Tank vehicles or tank cars +which have previously contained Class I liquids shall not +be loaded with Class II or III hquids until such vehicles +and all piping, pumps, hoses and meters connected +thereto have been completely drained and flushed. + +3406.5.1.12 Loading racks. Where provided, loading +racks, stairs or platforms shall be constructed of + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +339 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +noncombustible materials. Buildings for pumps or for +shelter of loading personnel are allowed to be part of the +loading rack. Wiring and electrical equipment located +within 25 feet (7620 mm) of any portion of the loading +rack shall be in accordance with Section 3403.1.1. + +3406.5.1.13 Transfer apparatus. Bulk and process +transfer apparatus shall be of an approved type. + +3406.5.1.14 Inside buildings. Tank vehicles and tank +cars shall not be located inside a building while transfer- +ring Class I, II or IIIA liquids, unless approved by the fire +code official. + +Exception: Tank vehicles are allowed under weather +protection canopies and canopies of automobile +motor vehicle fuel-dispensing stations. + +3406.5.1.15 Tank vehicle and tank car certification. + +Certification shall be maintained for tank vehicles and +tank cars in accordance with DOTn 49 CFR, Parts +100-178. + +3406.5.1.16 Tank vehicle and tank car stability. Tank +vehicles and tank cars shall be stabilized against move- +ment during loading and unloading in accordance with +Sections 3406.5.1.16.1 through 3406.5.1.16.3. + +3406.5.1.16.1 Tank vehicles. When the vehicle is +parked for loading or unloading, the cargo trailer por- +tion of the tank vehicle shall be secured in a manner +that will prevent unintentional movement. + +3406.5.1.16.2 Chock blocks. At least two chock +blocks not less than 5 inches by 5 inches by 12 inches +(127 mm by 127 mm by 305 mm) in size and dished to +fit the contour of the tires shall be used during transfer +operations of tank vehicles. + +3406.5.1.16.3 Tank cars. Brakes shall be set and the + +wheels shall be blocked to prevent rolling. + +3406.5.1.17 Monitoring. Transfer operations shall be +monitored by an approved monitoring system or by an +attendant. When monitoring is by an attendant, the oper- +ator or other competent person shall be present at all +times. + +3406.5.1.18 Security. Transfer operations shall be sur- +rounded by a noncombustible fence not less than 5 feet +(1524 mm) in height. Tank vehicles and tank cars shall +not be loaded or unloaded unless such vehicles are +entirely within the fenced area. + +Exceptions: + +1. Motor fuel-dispensing facilities complying +with Chapter 22. + +2. Installations where adequate public safety +exists because of isolation, natural barriers or +other factors as determined appropriate by the +fire code official. + +3. Facilities or properties that are entirely +enclosed or protected from entry. + +3406.5.2 Bulk transfer. Bulk transfer shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3406.5.1 and 3406.5.2.1. + + + +3406.5.2.1 Vehicle motor. Motors of tank vehicles or +tank cars shall be shut off during the making and break- +ing of hose connections and during the unloading opera- +tion. + +Exception: Where unloading is performed with a +pump deriving its power from the tank vehicle motor. + +3406.5.3 Process transfer. Process transfer shall be in +accordance with Section 3406.5.1 and Sections 3406.5.3.1 +through 3406.5.3.3. + +3406.5.3.1 Piping, valves, hoses and fittings. Piping, +valves, hoses and fittings which are not a part of the tank +vehicle or tank car shall be in accordance with Section +3403.6. Caps or plugs which prevent leakage or spillage +shall be provided at all points of connection to transfer +piping. + +3406.5.3.1.1 Shutoff valves. Approved automati- +cally or manually activated shutoff valves shall be +provided where the transfer hose connects to the pro- +cess piping, and on both sides of any exterior +fire-resistance-rated wall through which the piping +passes. Manual shutoff valves shall be arranged so +that they are accessible from grade. Valves shall not +be locked in the open position. + +3406.5.3.1.2 Hydrostatic relief. Hydrostatic pres- +sure-limiting or relief devices shall be provided where +pressure buildup in trapped sections of the system +could exceed the design pressure of the components +of the system. + +Devices shall reUeve to other portions of the system +or to another approved location. + +3406.5.3.1.3 Antisiphon valves. Antisiphon valves +shall be provided when the system design would +allow siphonage. + +3406.5.3.2 Vents. Normal and emergency vents shall be +maintained operable at all times. + +3406.5.3.3 Motive power. Motors of tank vehicles or +tank cars shall be shut off during the making and break- +ing of hose connections and during the unloading opera- +tion. + +Exception: When unloading is performed with a +pump deriving its power from the tank vehicle motor. + +3406.5.4 Dispensing from tank vehicles and tank cars. + +Dispensing from tank vehicles and tank cars into the fuel +tanks of motor vehicles shall be prohibited unless allowed +by and conducted in accordance with Sections 3406.5.4.1 +through 3406.5.4.5. + +3406.5.4.1 Marine craft and special equipment. Liq- +uids intended for use as motor fuels are allowed to be +transferred from tank vehicles into the fuel tanks of +marine craft and special equipment when approved by +the fire code official, and when: + +1 . The tank vehicle' s specific function is that of sup- +plying fuel to fuel tanks. + + + +340 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +2. The operation is not performed where the pubHc +has access or where there is unusual exposure to +hfe and property. + +3. The dispensing line does not exceed 50 feet (15 +240 mm) in length. + +4. The dispensing nozzle is approved. + +3406.5.4.2 Emergency refueling. When approved by +the fire code official, dispensing of motor vehicle fuel +from tank vehicles into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles is +allowed during emergencies. Dispensing from tank vehi- +cles shall be in accordance with Sections 3406.2.8 and +3406.6. + +3406.5.4.3 Aircraft fueling. Transfer of liquids from +tank vehicles to the fuel tanks of aircraft shall be in accor- +dance with Chapter 1 1 . + +3406.5.4.4 Fueling of vehicles at farms, construction +sites and similar areas. Transfer of liquid from tank +vehicles to motor vehicles for private use on farms and +rural areas and at construction sites, earth-moving pro- +jects, gravel pits and borrow pits is allowed in accor- +dance with Section 3406.2.8. + +3406.5.4.5 Commercial, industrial, governmental or +manufacturing. Dispensing of Class II and III motor +vehicle fuel from tank vehicles into the fuel tanks of +motor vehicles located at commercial, industrial, gov- +ernmental or manufacturing establishments is allowed +where permitted, provided such dispensing operations +are conducted in accordance with the following: + +1. Dispensing shall occur only at sites that have +been issued a permit to conduct mobile fueling. + +2. The owner of a mobile fueling operation shall +provide to the jurisdiction a written response plan +which demonstrates readiness to respond to a +fuel spill and carry out appropriate mitigation +measures, and describes the process to dispose +properly of contaminated materials. + +3. A detailed site plan shall be submitted with each +application for a permit. The site plan shall indi- +cate: all buildings, structures and appurtenances +on site and their use or function; all uses adjacent +to the property lines of the site; the locations of all +storm drain openings, adjacent waterways or +wetlands; information regarding slope, natural +drainage, curbing, impounding and how a spill +will be retained upon the site property; and the +scale of the site plan. + +Provisions shall be made to prevent liquids +spilled during dispensing operations from flow- +ing into buildings or off-site. Acceptable meth- +ods include, but shall not be limited to, grading +driveways, raising doorsills or other approved +means. + +4. The fire code official is allowed to impose limits +on the times and days during which mobile fuel- +ing operations may take place, and specific loca- +tions on a site where fueling is permitted. + + + +5. Mobile fueling operations shall be conducted in +areas not accessible to the public or shall be lim- +ited to times when the public is not present. + +6. Mobile fueling shall not take place within 1 5 feet +(4572 mm) of buildings, property lines or com- +bustible storage. + +7. The tank vehicle shall comply with the require- +ments of NFPA 385 and local, state and federal +requirements. The tank vehicle's specific func- +tions shall include that of supplying fuel to motor +vehicle fuel tanks. The vehicle and all its equip- +ment shall be maintained in good repair. + +8. Signs prohibiting smoking or open flames within +25 feet (7620 mm) of the tank vehicle or the point +of fueling shall be prominently posted on three +sides of the vehicle including the back and both +sides. + +9. A portable fire extinguisher with a minimum rat- +ing of 40:BC shall be provided on the vehicle +with signage clearly indicating its location. + +10. The dispensing nozzles and hoses shall be of an +approved and listed type. + +1 1 . The dispensing hose shall not be extended from +the reel more than 100 feet (30 480 mm) in +length. + +1 2. Absorbent materials, nonwater- absorbent pads, a +10-foot-long (3048 nmn) containment boom, an +approved container with lid and a nonmetallic +shovel shall be provided to mitigate a minimum +5-gallon (19 L) fuel spill. + +13. Tank vehicles shall be equipped with a "fuel +limit" switch such as a count-back switch, to +limit the amount of a single fueling operation to a +maximum of 500 gallons (1893 L) before reset- +ting the limit switch. + +Exception: Tank vehicles where the operator +carries and can utilize a remote emergency +shutoff device which, when activated, immedi- +ately causes flow of fuel from the tank vehicle +to cease. + +14. Persons responsible for dispensing operations +shall be trained in the appropriate mitigating +actions in the event of a fire, leak or spill. Train- +ing records shall be maintained by the dispensing +company and shall be made available to the fire +code official upon request. + +15. Operators of tank vehicles used for mobile fuel- +ing operations shall have in their possession at all +times an emergency communications device to +notify the proper authorities in the event of an +emergency. + +16. The tank vehicle dispensing equipment shall be +constantly attended and operated only by desig- +nated personnel who are trained to handle and +dispense motor fuels. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +341 + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +17. Prior to beginning dispensing operations, pre- +cautions shall be taken to ensure ignition sources +are not present. + +1 8 . The engines of vehicles being fueled shall be shut +off during dispensing operations. + +19. Nighttime fueling operations shall only take +place in adequately lighted areas. + +20. The tank vehicle shall be positioned with respect +to vehicles being fueled to prevent traffic from +driving over the delivery hose. + +21. During fueling operations, tank vehicle brakes +shall be set, chock blocks shall be in place and +warning lights shall be in operation. + +22. Motor vehicle fuel tanks shall not be topped off. + +23. The dispensing hose shall be properly placed on +an approved reel or in an approved compartment +prior to moving the tank vehicle. + +24. The fire code official and other appropriate +authorities shall be notified when a reportable +spill or unauthorized discharge occurs. + +3406.6 Tank vehicles and vehicle operation. Tank vehicles +shall be designed, constructed, equipped and maintained in +accordance with NFPA 385 and Sections 3406.6.1 through +3406.6.4. + +3406.6.1 Operation of tank vehicles. Tank vehicles shall +be utilized and operated in accordance with NFPA 385 and +Sections 3406.6.1.1 through 3406.6.1.11. + +3406.6.1.1 Vehicle maintenance. Tank vehicles shall +not be operated unless they are in proper state of repair +and free from accumulation of grease, oil or other flam- +mable substance, and leaks. + +3406.6.1.2 Leaving vehicle unattended. The driver, +operator or attendant of a tank vehicle shall not remain in +the vehicle cab and shall not leave the vehicle while it is +being filled or discharged. The delivery hose, when +attached to a tank vehicle, shall be considered to be a part +of the tank vehicle. + +3406.6.1.3 Vehicle motor shutdown. Motors of tank +vehicles or tractors shall be shut down during the making +or breaking of hose connections. If loading or unloading +is performed without the use of a power pump, the tank +vehicle or tractor motor shall be shut down throughout +such operations. + +3406.6.1.4 Outage. A cargo tank or compartment +thereof used for the transportation of flammable or com- +bustible liquids shall not be loaded to absolute capacity. +The vacant space in a cargo tank or compartment thereof +used in the transportation of flammable or combustible +hquids shall not be less than 1 percent. Sufficient space +shall be left vacant to prevent leakage from or distortion +of such tank or compartment by expansion of the con- +tents caused by rise in temperature in transit. + +3406.6.1.5 Overfill protection. The driver, operator or +attendant of a tank vehicle shall, before making delivery +to a tank, determine the unfilled capacity of such tank by + + + +a suitable gauging device. To prevent overfilling, the +driver, operator or attendant shall not deliver in excess of +that amount. + +3406.6.1.6 Securing hatches. During loading, hatch +covers shall be secured on all but the receiving compart- +ment. + +3406.6.1.7 Liquid temperature. Materials shall not be +loaded into or transported in a tank vehicle at a tempera- +ture above the material's ignition temperature unless +safeguarded in an approved manner. + +3406.6.1.8 Bonding to underground tanks. An exter- +nal bond-wire connection or bond-wire integral with a +hose shall be provided for the transferring of flammable +liquids through open connections into underground +tanks. + +3406.6.1.9 Smoking. Smoking by tank vehicle drivers, +helpers or other personnel is prohibited while they are +driving, making deliveries, filling or making repairs to +tank vehicles. + +3406.6.1.10 Hose connections. Delivery of flammable +liquids to underground tanks with a capacity of more +than 1,000 gallons (3785 L) shall be made by means of +approved liquid and vapor-tight connections between the +delivery hose and fill tank pipe. Where underground +tanks are equipped with any type of vapor recovery sys- +tem, all connections required to be made for the safe and +proper functioning of the particular vapor recovery pro- +cess shall be made. Such connections shall be made liq- +uid and vapor tight and remain connected throughout the +unloading process. Vapors shall not be discharged at +grade level during delivery. + +3406.6.1.10.1 Simultaneous delivery. Simultaneous +delivery to underground tanks of any capacity from +two or more discharge hoses shall be made by means +of mechanically tight connections between the hose +and fill pipe. + +3406.6.1.11 Hose protection. Upon arrival at a point of +delivery and prior to discharging any flammable or com- +bustible liquids into underground tanks, the driver, oper- +ator or attendant of the tank vehicle shall ensure that all +hoses utilized for liquid delivery and vapor recovery, +where required, will be protected from physical damage +by motor vehicles. Such protection shall be provided by +positioning the tank vehicle to prevent motor vehicles +from passing through the area or areas occupied by +hoses, or by other approved equivalent means. + +3406.6.2 Parking. Parking of tank vehicles shall be in +accordance with Sections 3406.6.2.1 through 3406.6.2.3. + +Exception: In cases of accident, breakdown or other +emergencies, tank vehicles are allowed to be parked and +left unattended at any location while the operator is +obtaining assistance. + +3406.6.2.1 Parking near residential, educational and +institutional occupancies and other high-risk areas. + +Tank vehicles shall not be left unattended at any time on +residential streets, or within 500 feet (152 m) of a resi- + + + +342 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS + + + +dential area, apartment or hotel complex, educational +facility, hospital or care facility. Tank vehicles shall not +be left unattended at any other place that would, in the +opinion of the fire chief, pose an extreme life hazard. + +3406.6.2.2 Parking on thoroughfares. Tank vehicles +shall not be left unattended on a public street, highway, +public avenue or public alley. + +Exceptions: + +1 . The necessary absence in connection with load- +ing or unloading the vehicle. During actual fuel +transfer, Section 3406.6.1.2 shall apply. The +vehicle location shall be in accordance with +Section 3406.6.2.1. + +2. Stops for meals during the day or night, if the +street is well lighted at the point of parking. The +vehicle location shall be in accordance with +Section 3406.6.2.1. + +3406.6.2.3 Duration exceeding 1 hour. Tank vehicles +parked at one point for longer than 1 hour shall be located +off of public streets, highways, public avenues or alleys, +and: + +1 . Inside of a bulk plant and either 25 feet (7620 mm) +or more from the nearest lot line or within a build- +ing approved for such use; or + +2. At other approved locations not less than 50 feet +(15 240 mm) from the buildings other than those +approved for the storage or servicing of such vehi- +cles. + +3406.6.3 Garaging. Tank vehicles shall not be parked or +garaged in buildings other than those specifically approved +for such use by the fire code official. + +3406.6.4 Portable fire extinguisher. Tank vehicles shall be +equipped with a portable fire extinguisher complying with +Section 906 and having a minimum rating of 2-A:20-B:C. + +During unloading of the tank vehicle, the portable fire +extinguisher shall be out of the carrying device on the vehi- +cle and shall be 15 feet (4572 mm) or more from the unload- +ing valves. + +3406.7 Refineries. Plants and portions of plants in which flam- +mable liquids are produced on a scale from crude petroleum, +natural gasoline or other hydrocarbon sources shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3406.7.1 through 3406.7.3. Petro- +leum-processing plants and facilities or portions of plants or +facilities in which flammable or combustible liquids are han- +dled, treated or produced on a commercial scale from crude +petroleum, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbon sources shall +also be in accordance with API 651, API 653, API 752, API +1615, API 2001, API 2003, API 2009, API 2015, API 2023, +API 2201 and API 2350. + +3406.7.1 Corrosion protection. Above-ground tanks and +piping systems shall be protected against corrosion in accor- +dance with API 651. + +3406.7.2 Cleaning of tanks. The safe entry and cleaning of +petroleum storage tanks shall be conducted in accordance +with API 2015. + + + +3406.7.3 Storage of heated petroleum products. Where +petroleum-derived asphalts and residues are stored in +heated tanks at refineries and bulk storage facilities or in +tank vehicles, such products shall be in accordance with API +2023. + +3406.8 Vapor recovery and vapor-processing systems. + +Vapor-processing systems in which the vapor source operates +at pressures from vacuum, up to and including 1 psig (6.9 kPa) +or in which a potential exists for vapor mixtures in the flamma- +ble range, shall comply with Sections 3406.8.1 through +3406.8.5. + +Exceptions: + +1. Marine systems complying with federal transporta- +tion waterway regulations such as DOTn 33 CFR, +Parts 154 through 156, and CGR 46 CFR, Parts 30, + +32, 35 and 39. + +2. Motor fuel-dispensing facility systems complying +with Chapter 22. + +3406.8.1 Over-pressure/vacuum protection. Tanks and +equipment shall have independent venting for over-pressure +or vacuum conditions that might occur from malfunction of +the vapor recovery or processing system. + +Exception: For tanks, venting shall comply with Section +3404.2.7.3. + +3406.8.2 Vent location. Vents on vapor-processing equip- +ment shall be not less than 12 feet (3658 mm) from adjacent +ground level, with outlets located and directed so that flam- +mable vapors will disperse to below the lower flammable +limit (LFL) before reaching locations containing potential +ignition sources. + +3406.8.3 Vapor collection systems and overfill protec- +tion. The design and operation of the vapor collection sys- +tem and overfill protection shall be in accordance with this +section and Section 7.10 of NFPA 30. + +3406.8.4 Liquid-level monitoring. A liquid knock-out ves- +sel used in the vapor collection system shall have means to +verify the liquid level and a high-liquid-level sensor that +activates an alarm. For unpopulated facilities, the high-liq- +uid-level sensor shall initiate the shutdown of liquid transfer +into the vessel and shutdown of vapor recovery or +vapor-processing systems. + +3406.8.5 Overfill protection. Storage tanks served by +vapor recovery or processing systems shall be equipped +with overfill protection in accordance with Section +3404.2.7.5.8. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^^ + + + +343 + + + +344 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +CHAPTER 35 + +FLAMMABLE GASES + + + +SECTION 3501 +GENERAL + +3501.1 Scope. The storage and use of flammable gases shall be +in accordance with this chapter. Compressed gases shall also +comply with Chapter 30 and gaseous hydrogen systems shall +also comply with NFPA 55. + +Exceptions: + +1. Gases used as refrigerants in refrigeration systems +(see Section 606). + +2. Liquefied petroleum gases and natural gases regu- +lated by Chapter 38. + +3. Fuel-gas systems and appliances regulated under the +International Fuel Gas Code. + +4. Hydrogen motor fuel-dispensing stations and repair +garages designed and constructed in accordance with +Chapter 22. + +5. Pyrophoric gases in accordance with Chapter 41. + +3501.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 3502 +DEFINITIONS + +3502.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +FLAMMABLE GAS. A material which is a gas at 68°F +(20°C) or less at 14.7 pounds per square inch atmosphere (psia) +(101 kPa) of pressure [a material that has a boiling point of +68°F (20°C) or less at 14.7 psia (101 kPa)] which: + +1 . Is ignitable at 14.7 psia (101 kPa) when in a mixture of 1 3 +percent or less by volume with air; or + +2. Has a flammable range at 14.7 psia (101 kPa) with air of +at least 12 percent, regardless of the lower limit. + +The limits specified shall be determined at 14.7 psi (101 kPa) +of pressure and a temperature of 68°F (20°C) in accordance +with ASTME 681. + +FLAMMABLE LIQUEFIED GAS. A liquefied compressed +gas which, under a charged pressure, is partially liquid at a tem- +perature of 68°F (20°C) and which is flammable. + + + +SECTION 3503 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +3503.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The storage and use of flammable +gases in amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area indicated in Section 2703.1 shall be in +accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 3501 and 3503. + + + +3503.1.1 Special limitations for indoor storage and use. + +Flammable gases shall not be stored or used in Group A, B, +E, I or R occupancies. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Cylinders not exceeding a capacity of 250 cubic +feet (7.08 m^) each at normal temperature and +pressure (NTP) used for maintenance purposes, +patient care or operation of equipment. + +2. Food service operations in accordance with Sec- +tion 3803.2.1.7. + +3503.1.1.1 Medical gases. Medical gas system supply +cylinders shall be located in medical gas storage rooms +or gas cabinets as set forth in Section 3006. + +3503.1.1.2 Aggregate quantity. The aggregate quanti- +ties of flammable gases used for maintenance purposes +and operation of equipment shall not exceed the maxi- +mum allowable quantity per control area indicated in +Table 2703.1.1(1). + +3503.1.2 Storage containers. Cylinders and pressure ves- +sels for flammable gases shall be designed, constructed, +installed, tested and maintained in accordance with Chapter +30. + +3503.1.3 Emergency shutoff. Compressed gas systems +conveying flammable gases shall be provided with +approved manual or automatic emergency shutoff valves I +that can be activated at each point of use and at each source. + +3503.1.3.1 Shutoff at source. A manual or automatic +fail-safe emergency shutoff valve shall be installed on +supply piping at the cylinder or bulk source. Manual or +automatic cylinder valves are allowed to be used as the +required emergency shutoff valve when the source of +supply is limited to unmanifolded cylinder sources. + +3503.1.3.2 Shutoff at point of use. A manual or auto- +matic emergency shutoff valve shall be installed on the +supply piping at the point of use or at a point where the +equipment using the gas is connected to the supply sys- +tem. + +3503.1.4 Ignition source control. Ignition sources in areas +containing flammable gases in storage or in use shall be | +controlled in accordance with Section 2703.7. + +Exception: Fuel gas systems connected to building ser- +vice utilities in accordance with the International Fuel +Gas Code. + +3503.1.4.1 Static-producing equipment. Static-pro- +ducing equipment located in flammable gas storage +areas shall be grounded. + +3503.1.4.2 Signs. "No Smoking" signs shall be posted at I +entrances to rooms and in areas containing flammable ■ +gases in accordance with Section 2703.7.1 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +345 + + + +FLAMMABLE GASES + + + +3503.1.5 Electrical. Electrical wiring and equipment shall +be installed and maintained in accordance with the ICC +Electrical Code. + +3503.1.5.1 Bonding of electrically conductive materi- +als and equipment. Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal +parts, including metal gas piping systems, that are part of +flammable gas supply systems located in a hazardous +(electrically classified) location shall be bonded to a +grounded conductor in accordance with the provisions of +the ICC Electrical Code. + +3503.1.5.2 Static-producing equipment. Static-pro- +ducing equipment located in flammable gas storage or +use areas shall be grounded. + +3503.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area. The storage and use of flammable gases +in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per +control area indicated in Section 2703.1 shall be in accordance +with Chapter 27 and this chapter. + + + +3504.1.1 Explosion control. Buildings or portions thereof +containing flammable gases shall be provided with explo- +sion control in accordance with Section 911. + +3504.2 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of flammable gases +in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per +control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(3) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703 and 2704, and this chapter. + +3504.2.1 Distance limitation to exposures. Outdoor stor- +age or use of flammable compressed gases shall be located +from a lot line, pubhc street, public alley, public way, or +building not associated with the manufacture or distribution +of such gases in accordance with Table 3504.2. 1 . + + + +SECTION 3505 +USE + +3505.1 General. The use of flammable gases in amounts +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area +indicated in Table 2703.1.1(1) or 2703. 1.1(3) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703 and 2705, and this chapter. + + + +SECTION 3504 +STORAGE + +3504.1 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of flammable gases in +amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(1), shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703 and 2704, and this chapter. + + + +TABLE 3504.2.1 +FLAMMABLE GASES— DISTANCE FROM STORAGE TO EXPOSURES + + + +MAXIMUM AMOUNT + +PER STORAGE + +AREA (cubic feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +BETWEEN + +STORAGE AREAS + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +TO LOT LINES OF + +PROPERTY THAT + +CAN BE BUILT + +UPON (feet)^ + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +TO PUBLIC + +STREETS, PUBLIC + +ALLEYS OR PUBLIC + +WAYS (feet)^ + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE TO BUILDINGS +ON THE SAME PROPERTY + + +Nonrated construction +or openings +within 25 feet + + +2-hour construction + +and no openings + +within 25 feet + + +4-hour construction + +and no openings + +within 25 feet + + +- 4,225 + + +5 + + +5 + + +5 + + +5 + + + + + + + + +4,226-21,125 + + +10 + + +10 + + +10 + + +10 + + +5 + + + + + +21,126-50,700 + + +10 + + +15 + + +15 + + +20 + + +5 + + + + + +50,701 - 84,500 + + +10 + + +20 + + +20 + + +20 + + +5 + + + + + +84,501 or greater + + +20 + + +25 + + +25 + + +20 + + +5 + + + + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 ml + +a. The minimum required distances shall not apply when fire barriers without openings or penetrations having a minimum fire-resistance rating of 2 hours interrupt + +the line of sight between the storage and the exposure. The configuration of the fire barrier shall be designed to allow natural ventilation to prevent the accumulation + +of hazardous gas concentrations. + + + +346 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 36 + +FLAMMABLE SOLIDS + + + +SECTION 3601 +GENERAL + +3601.1 Scope. The storage and use of flammable solids shall be +in accordance with this chapter. + +3601.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 3602 +DEFINITIONS + +3602.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +FLAMMABLE SOLID. A solid, other than a blasting agent +or explosive, that is capable of causing fire through friction, +absorption or moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or +retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which has +an ignition temperature below 212°F (100°C) or which bums +so vigorously and persistently when ignited as to create a seri- +ous hazard. A chemical shall be considered a flammable solid +as determined in accordance with the test method of CPSC 16 +CFR; Part 1500.44, if it ignites and bums with a self-sustained +flame at a rate greater than 0. 1 inch (2.5 mm) per second along +its major axis. + +MAGNESIUM. The pure metal and alloys, of which the major +part is magnesium. + + + +3604.1.2 Aisles. Aisle widths between piles shall not be less +than the height of the piles or 4 feet (1219 mm), whichever is +greater. + +3604.1.3 Basement storage. Flammable solids shall not be +stored in basements. + +3604.2 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of flammable solids +in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantities per +control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(3) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. Out- +door storage of magnesium shall be in accordance with Section +3606. + +3604.2.1 Distance from storage to exposures. Outdoor +storage of flammable solids shall not be located within 20 +feet (6096 mm) of a building, lot line, public street, public +alley, public way or means of egress. A 2-hour fire barrier +without openings or penetrations and extending 30 inches +(762 mm) above and to the sides of the storage area is +allowed in lieu of such distance. The wall shall either be an +independent stmcture, or the exterior wall of the building +adjacent to the storage area. + +3604.2.2 Pile size limits. Outdoor storage of flanmiable sol- +ids shall be separated into piles not larger than 5,000 cubic +feet (141 m^) each. Piles shall be separated by aisles with a +minimum width of not less than one-half the pile height or +10 feet (3048 mm), whichever is greater. + + + +SECTION 3603 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +3603.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The storage and use of flammable +solids in amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area as indicated in Section 2703.1 shall be in +accordance with Sections 2701, 2703 and 3601. + +3603.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area. The storage and use of flammable solids +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area as +indicated in Section 2703.1 shall be in accordance with Chap- +ter 27 and this chapter. + + + +SECTION 3604 +STORAGE + +3604.1 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of flammable solids in +amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(1) shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. + +3604.1.1 Pile size limits and location. Flammable solids +stored in quantities greater than 1,000 cubic feet (28 m^) +shall be separated into piles each not larger than 1 ,000 cubic +feet (28 m^). + + + +SECTION 3605 +USE + +3605.1 General. The use of flammable solids in amounts +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area +indicated in Table 2703. 1 . 1(1) or 2703. 1 .1(3) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2705 and this chapter. The use +of magnesium shall be in accordance with Section 3606. + + + +SECTION 3606 +MAGNESIUM + +3606.1 General. Storage, use, handling and processing of +magnesium, including the pure metal and alloys of which the +major part is magnesium, shall be in accordance with Chapter +27 and Sections 3602.2 through 3606.8. + +3606.2 Storage of magnesium articles. The storage of mag- +nesium shall comply with Sections 3606.2.1 through 3606.4.3. + +3606.2.1 Storage of greater than 50 cubic feet. Magne- +sium storage in quantities greater than 50 cubic feet ( 1 .4 m^) +shall be separated from storage of other materials that are +either combustible or in combustible containers by aisles. +Piles shall be separated by aisles with a minimum width of +not less than the pile height. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +347 + + + +FLAMMABLE SOLIDS + + + +3606.2.2 Storage of greater than 1,000 cubic feet. Magne- +sium storage in quantities greater than 1,000 cubic feet (28 +m^) shall be separated into piles not larger than 1,000 cubic +feet (28 m^) each. Piles shall be separated by aisles with a +minimum width of not less than the pile height. Such storage +shall not be located in nonsprinklered buildings of Type III, +IV or V construction, as defined in the International Build- +ing Code. + +3606.2.3 Storage in combustible containers or within 30 +feet of other combustibles. Where in nonsprinklered build- +ings of Type III, IV or V construction, as defined in the +International Building Code, magnesium shall not be stored +in combustible containers or within 30 feet (9144 mm) of +other combustibles. + +3606.2.4 Storage in foundries and processing plants. The + +size of storage piles of magnesium articles in foundries and +processing plants shall not exceed 1,250 cubic feet (25 m^). +Piles shall be separated by aisles with a minimum width of +not less than one-half the pile height. + +3606.3 Storage of pigs, ingots and billets. The storage of +magnesium pigs, ingots and billets shall comply with Sections +3606.3.1 and 3606.3.2. + +3606.3.1 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of pigs, ingots and +billets shall only be on floors of noncombustible construc- +tion. Piles shall not be larger than 500,000 pounds (226.8 +metric tons) each. Piles shall be separated by aisles with a +minimum width of not less than one-half the pile height. + +3606.3.2 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of magnesium +pigs, ingots and billets shall be in piles not exceeding +1,000,000 pounds (453.6 metric tons) each. Piles shall be +separated by aisles with a minimum width of not less than +one-half the pile height. Piles shall be separated from com- +bustible materials or buildings on the same or adjoining +property by a distance of not less than the height of the near- +est pile. + +3606.4 Storage of fine magnesium scrap. The storage of +scrap magnesium shall comply with Sections 3606.4. 1 through +3606.4.3. + +3606.4.1 Separation. Magnesium fines shall be kept sepa- +rate from other combustible materials. + +3606.4.2 Storage of 50 to 1,000 cubic feet. Storage of fine +magnesium scrap in quantities greater than 50 cubic feet +(1.4 m^) [six 5 5 -gallon (208 L) steel drums] shall be sepa- +rated from other occupancies by an open space of at least 50 +feet (15 240 mm) or by a fire barrier constructed in accor- +dance with the International Building Code. + +3606.4.3 Storage of greater than 1,000 cubic feet. Storage +of fine magnesium scrap in quantities greater than 1 ,000 +cubic feet (28 m^) shall be separated from all buildings other +than those used for magnesium scrap recovery operations +by a distance of not less than 100 feet (30 480 mm). + +3606.5 Use of magnesium. The use of magnesium shall com- +ply with Sections 3606.5.1 through 3606.5.8. + +3606.5.1 Melting pots. Floors under and around melting +pots shall be of noncombustible construction. + + + +3606.5.2 Heat-treating ovens. Approved means shall be +provided for control of magnesium fires in heat-treating +ovens. + +3606.5.3 Dust collection. Magnesium grinding, buffing +and wire-brushing operations, other than rough finishing of +castings, shall be provided with approved hoods or enclo- +sures for dust collection which are connected to a liq- +uid-precipitation type of separator that converts dust to +sludge without contact (in a dry state) with any high-speed +moving parts. + +3606.5.3.1 Duct construction. Connecting ducts or suc- +tion tubes shall be completely grounded, as short as pos- +sible, and without bends. Ducts shall be fabricated and +assembled with a smooth interior, with internal lap joints +pointing in the direction of airflow and without unused +capped side outlets, pockets or other dead-end spaces +which allow an accumulation of dust. + +3606.5.3.2 Independent dust separators. Each +machine shall be equipped with an individual dust-sepa- +rating unit. + +Exceptions: + +1 . One separator is allowed to serve two dust-pro- +ducing units on multiunit machines. + +2. One separator is allowed to serve not more than +four portable dust-producing units in a single +enclosure or stand. + +3606.5.4 Power supply interlock. Power supply to +machines shall be interlocked with exhaust airflow, and liq- +uid pressure level or flow. The interlock shall be designed to +shut down the machine it serves when the dust removal or +separator system is not operating properly. + +3606.5.5 Electrical equipment. Electric wiring, fixtures +and equipment in the inmiediate vicinity of and attached to +dust-producing machines, including those used in connec- +tion with separator equipment, shall be of approved types +and shall be approved for use in Class II, Division 1 hazard- +ous locations in accordance with the ICC Electrical Code. + +3606.5.6 Grounding. Equipment shall be securely +grounded by permanent ground wires in accordance with +the ICC Electrical Code. + +3606.5.7 Fire-extinguishing materials. Fire-extinguish- +ing materials shall be provided for every operator perform- +ing machining, grinding or other processing operation on +magnesium as follows: + +1. Within 30 feet (9144 mm), a supply of extinguishing +materials in an approved container with a hand scoop +or shovel for applying the material; or + +2. Within 75 feet (22 860 mm), a portable fire extin- +guisher complying with Section 906. + +All extinguishing materials shall be approved for use on +magnesium fires. Where extinguishing materials are stored +in cabinets or other enclosed areas, the enclosures shall be +openable without the use of a key or special knowledge. + +3606.5.8 Collection of chips, turnings and fines. Chips, +turnings and other fine magnesium scrap shall be collected + + + +348 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +FLAMMABLE SOLIDS + + + +from the pans or spaces under machines and from other +places where they collect at least once each working day. +Such material shall be placed in a covered, vented steel con- +tainer and removed to an approved location. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 349 + + + +350 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +CHAPTER 37 + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS + + + +SECTION 3701 +GENERAL + +3701.1 Scope. The storage and use of highly toxic and toxic +materials shall comply with this chapter. Compressed gases +shall also comply with Chapter 30. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Display and storage in Group M and storage in Group +S occupancies complying with Section 2703.11. + +2. Conditions involving pesticides or agricultural prod- +ucts as follows: + +2.1. Application and release of pesticide, agricul- +tural products and materials intended for use +in weed abatement, erosion control, soil +amendment or similar applications when ap- +plied in accordance with the manufacturer's +instruction and label directions. + +2.2. Transportation of pesticides in compliance +with the Federal Hazardous Materials Trans- +portation Act and regulations thereunder. + +2.3. Storage in dwellings or private garages of pes- +ticides registered by the U.S. Environmental +Protection Agency to be utilized in and +around the home, garden, pool, spa and patio. + +3701.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 3702 +DEFINITIONS + +3702.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +CONTAINMENT SYSTEM. A gas-tight recovery system +comprised of equipment or devices which can be placed over a +leak in a compressed gas container, thereby stopping or con- +trolling the escape of gas from the leaking container. + +CONTAINMENT VESSEL. A gas-tight recovery vessel +designed so that a leaking compressed gas container can be +placed within its confines thereby, encapsulating the leaking +container. + +EXCESS FLOW VALVE. A valve inserted into a compressed +gas cylinder, portable tank or stationary tank that is designed to +positively shut off the flow of gas in the event that its predeter- +mined flow is exceeded. + +HIGHLY TOXIC. A material which produces a lethal dose or +lethal concentration which falls within any of the following cat- +egories: + +1 . A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50 +milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight when + + + +administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 +and 300 grams each. + +2. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 200 +milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight when +administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less +if death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of +albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each. + +3 . A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) +in air of 200 parts per million by volume or less of gas or +vapor, or 2 milligrams per liter or less of mist, fume or +dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for +one hour (or less if death occurs within 1 hour) to albino +rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each. + +Mixtures of these materials with ordinary materials, such as +water, might not warrant classification as highly toxic. While +this system is basically simple in application, any hazard evalu- +ation that is required for the precise categorization of this type +of material shall be performed by experienced, technically +competent persons. + +OZONE-GAS GENERATOR. Equipment which causes the +production of ozone. + +PHYSIOLOGICAL WARNING THRESHOLD LEVEL. + +A concentration of air-borne contaminants, normally +expressed in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic +meter (mg/m^), that represents the concentration at which per- +sons can sense the presence of the contaminant due to odor, irri- +tation or other quick-acting physiological responses. When +used in conjunction with the permissible exposure limit (PEL), +the physiological warning threshold levels are those consistent +with the classification system used to establish the PEL. See the +definition of "Permissible exposure limit (PEL)" in Section +2702. + +REDUCED FLOW VALVE. A valve equipped with a +restricted flow orifice and inserted into a compressed gas cylin- +der, portable tank or stationary tank that is designed to reduce +the maximum flow from the valve under full-flow conditions. +The maximum flow rate from the valve is determined with the +valve allowed to flow to atmosphere with no other piping or fit- +tings attached. + +TOXIC. A chemical falling within any of the following cate- +gories: + +1 . A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more +than 50 milligrams per kilogram, but not more than 500 +milligrams per kilogram of body weight when adminis- +tered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 +grams each. + +2. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more +than 200 milligrams per kilogram but not more than +1,000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight when +administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +351 + + + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS + + + +if death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of +albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each. + +3. A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) +in air of more than 200 parts per million but not more +than 2,000 parts per million by volume of gas or vapor, or +more than 2 milligrams per liter but not more than 20 mil- +ligrams per liter of mist, fume or dust, when adminis- +tered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour (or less if death +occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats weighing between +200 and 300 grams each. + + + +SECTION 3703 +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS + +3703.1 Indoor storage and use. The indoor storage and use of +highly toxic and toxic materials shall comply with Sections +3703.1.1 through 3703.1.5.3. + +3703.1.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area. The indoor storage or use +of highly toxic and toxic solids or liquids in amounts not +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area +indicated in Table 2703.1.1(2) shall be in accordance with +Sections 2701, 2703 and 3701. + +3703.1.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The indoor storage or use of +highly toxic and toxic solids or liquids in amounts exceed- +ing the maximum allowable quantity per control area set +forth in Table 2703.1.1(2) shall be in accordance with Sec- +tions 3701 through 3703.1.3 and Chapter 27. + +3703.1.3 Treatment system — highly toxic liquids. + +Exhaust scrubbers or other systems for processing vapors of +highly toxic liquids shall be provided where a spill or acci- +dental release of such liquids can be expected to release +highly toxic vapors at normal temperature and pressure. +Treatment systems and other processing systems shall be +installed in accordance with the International Mechanical +Code. + +3703.1.4 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of highly toxic +and toxic solids and liquids shall comply with Sections +3703.1.4.1 and 3703.1.4.2. + +3703.1.4.1 Floors. In addition to the requirements set +forth in Section 2704.12, floors of storage areas shall be +of hquid-tight construction. + +3703.1.4.2 Separation — ^highly toxic solids and liq- +uids. In addition to the requirements set forth in Section +2703.9.8, highly toxic soHds and liquids in storage shall +be located in approved hazardous material storage cabi- +nets or isolated from other hazardous material storage by +construction in accordance with the International Build- +ing Code. + +3703.1.5 Indoor use. Indoor use of highly toxic and toxic +solids and liquids shall comply with Sections 3703.1.5.1 +through 3703.1.5.3. + +3703.1.5.1 Liquid transfer. Highly toxic and toxic liq- +uids shall be transferred in accordance with Section +2705.1.10. + + + +3703.1.5.2 Exhaust ventilation for open systems. + +Mechanical exhaust ventilation shall be provided for +highly toxic and toxic liquids used in open systems in +accordance with Section 2705.2.1.1. + +Exception: Liquids or solids that do not generate +highly toxic or toxic fumes, mists or vapors. + +3703.1.5.3 Exhaust ventilation for closed systems. + +Mechanical exhaust ventilation shall be provided for +highly toxic and toxic liquids used in closed systems in +accordance with Section 2705.2.2.2. + +Exception: Liquids or solids that do not generate +highly toxic or toxic fumes, mists or vapors. + +3703.2 Outdoor storage and use. Outdoor storage and use of +highly toxic and toxic materials shall comply with Sections +3703.2.1 through 3703.2.6. + +3703.2.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area. The outdoor storage or use +of highly toxic and toxic solids or liquids in amounts not +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area +indicated in Table 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accordance with +Sections 2701, 2703 and 3701. + +3703.2.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The outdoor storage or use of +highly toxic and toxic solids or liquids in amounts exceed- +ing the maximum allowable quantity per control area set +forth in Table 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accordance with Sec- +tions 3701 and 3703.2 and Chapter 27. + +3703.2.3 General outdoor requirements. The general +requirements applicable to the outdoor storage of highly +toxic or toxic solids and liquids shall be in accordance with +Sections 3703.2.3.1 and 3703.2.3.2. + +3703.2.3.1 Location. Outdoor storage or use of highly +toxic or toxic solids and liquids shall not be located +within 20 feet (6096 mm) of lot lines, public streets, pub- +lic alleys, public ways, exit discharges or exterior wall +openings. A 2-hour fire barrier wall without openings or +penetrations extending not less than 30 inches (762 mm) +above and to the sides of the storage is allowed in lieu of +such distance. The wall shall either be an independent +structure, or the exterior wall of the building adjacent to +the storage area. + +3703.2.3.2 Treatment system — highly toxic liquids. + +Exhaust scrubbers or other systems for processing +vapors of highly toxic liquid shall be provided where a +spill or accidental release of such liquids can be expected +to release highly toxic vapors at normal temperature and +pressure (NTP). Treatment systems and other processing +systems shall be installed in accordance with the Interna- +tional Mechanical Code. + +3703.2.4 Outdoor storage piles. Outdoor storage piles of +highly toxic and toxic solids and liquids shall be separated +into piles not larger than 2,500 cubic feet (71 m^). Aisle +widths between piles shall not be less than one-half the +height of the pile or 10feet(3048 mm), whichever is greater. + +3703.2.5 Weather protection for highly toxic liquids and +solids — outdoor storage or use. Where overhead weather + + + +352 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^^ + + + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS + + + +protection is provided for outdoor storage or use of highly +toxic Hquids or solids, and the weather protection is +attached to a building, the storage or use area shall either be +equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler +system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, or storage or +use vessels shall be fire resistive. Weather protection shall +be provided in accordance with Section 2704. 13 for storage +and Section 2705.3.9 for use. + +3703.2.6 Outdoor liquid transfer. Highly toxic and toxic +liquids shall be transferred in accordance with Section +2705.1.10. + + + +SECTION 3704 +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC COMPRESSED GASES + +3704.1 General. The storage and use of highly toxic and toxic +compressed gases shall comply with this section. + +3704.1.1 Special limitations for indoor storage and use +by occupancy. The indoor storage and use of highly toxic +and toxic compressed gases in certain occupancies shall be +subject to the limitations contained in Sections 3704.1.1.1 +through 3704.1.1.3. + +3704.1.1.1 Group A, E, I or U occupancies. Toxic and +highly toxic compressed gases shall not be stored or used +within Group A, E, I or U occupancies. + +Exception: Cylinders not exceeding 20 cubic feet +(0.566 m^) at normal temperature and pressure (NTP) +are allowed within gas cabinets or fume hoods. + +3704.1.1.2 Group R occupancies. Toxic and highly +toxic compressed gases shall not be stored or used in +Group R occupancies. + +3704.1.1.3 Offices, retail sales and classrooms. Toxic +and highly toxic compressed gases shall not be stored or +used in offices, retail sales or classroom portions of +Group B, F, M or S occupancies. + +Exception: In classrooms of Group B occupancies, +cylinders with a capacity not exceeding 20 cubic feet +(0.566 m^) at NTP are allowed in gas cabinets or fume +hoods. + +3704.1.2 Gas cabinets. Gas cabinets containing highly +toxic or toxic compressed gases shall comply with Section +2703.8.6 and the following requirements: + +1. The average ventilation velocity at the face of gas +cabinet access ports or windows shall not be less than +200 feet per minute (1.02 m/s) with a minimum of 150 +feet per minute (0.76 m/s) at any point of the access +port or window. + +2. Gas cabinets shall be connected to an exhaust system. + +3. Gas cabinets shall not be used as the sole means of +exhaust for any room or area. + +4. The maximum number of cylinders located in a single +gas cabinet shall not exceed three, except that cabi- +nets containing cylinders not over 1 pound (0.454 kg) +net contents are allowed to contain up to 100 cylin- +ders. + + + +5. Gas cabinets required by Section 3704.2 or 3704.3 +shall be equipped with an approved automatic sprin- +kler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. +Alternative fire-extinguishing systems shall not be +used. + +3704.1.3 Exhausted enclosures. Exhausted enclosures +containing highly toxic or toxic compressed gases shall +comply with Section 2703.8.5 and the following require- +ments: + +1. The average ventilation velocity at the face of the +enclosure shall not be less than 200 feet per minute +(1.02 m/s) with a minimum of 150 feet per minute +(0.76 m/s). + +2. Exhausted enclosures shall be connected to an +exhaust system. + +3. Exhausted enclosures shall not be used as the sole +means of exhaust for any room or area. + +4. Exhausted enclosures required by Section 3704.2 or +3704.3 shall be equipped with an approved automatic +sprinkler system in accordance with Section +903.3.1.1. Alternative fire-extinguishing systems +shall not be used. + +3704.2 Indoor storage and use. The indoor storage and use of +highly toxic or toxic compressed gases shall be in accordance +with Sections 3704.2.1 through 3704.2.2.10.3. + +3704.2.1 Applicability. The applicability of regulations +governing the indoor storage and use of highly toxic and +toxic compressed gases shall be as set forth in Sections +3704.2.1.1 through 3704.2.1.3. + +3704.2.1.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum +allowable quantity per control area. The indoor stor- +age or use of highly toxic and toxic gases in amounts not +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control +area set forth in Table 2703. 1 .1(2) shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703, 3701 and 3704.1. + +3704.2.1.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area. The indoor storage or +use of highly toxic and toxic gases in amounts exceeding +the maximum allowable quantity per control area set +forth in Table 2703.1.1(2) shall be in accordance with +Sections 3701, 3704.1, 3704.2 and Chapter 27. + +3704.2.1.3 Ozone gas generators. The indoor use of +ozone gas-generating equipment shall be in accordance +with Section 3705. + +3704.2.2 General indoor requirements. The general +requirements applicable to the indoor storage and use of +highly toxic and toxic compressed gases shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3704.2.2.1 through 3704.2.2.10.3. + +3704.2.2.1 Cylinder and tank location. Cylinders shall +be located within gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures or +gas rooms. Portable and stationary tanks shall be located +within gas rooms or exhausted enclosures. + +3704.2.2.2 Ventilated areas. The room or area in which +gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures are located shall be +provided with exhaust ventilation. Gas cabinets or + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +353 + + + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS + + + +exhausted enclosures shall not be used as the sole means +of exhaust for any room or area. + +3704.2.2.3 Leaking cylinders and tanks. One or more +gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures shall be provided to +handle leaking cylinders, containers or tanks. + +Exceptions: + +1. Where cylinders, containers or tanks are +located within gas cabinets or exhausted enclo- +sures. + +2. Where approved containment vessels or con- +tainment systems are provided in accordance +with all of the following: + +2.1. Containment vessels or containment +systems shall be capable of fully con- +taining or terminating a release. + +2.2. Trained personnel shall be available at +an approved location. + +2.3. Containment vessels or containment +systems shall be capable of being trans- +ported to the leaking cylinder, container +or tank. + +3704.2.2.3.1 Location. Gas cabinets and exhausted +enclosures shall be located in gas rooms and con- +nected to an exhaust system. + +3704.2.2.4 Local exhaust for portable tanks. A means +of local exhaust shall be provided to capture leaks from +portable tanks. The local exhaust shall consist of portable +ducts or collection systems designed to be applied to the +site of a leak in a valve or fitting on the tank. The local +exhaust system shall be located in a gas room. Exhaust +shall be directed to a treatment system in accordance +with Section 3704.2.2.7. + +3704.2.2.5 Piping and controls — stationary tanks. In + +addition to the requirements of Section 2703.2.2, piping +and controls on stationary tanks shall comply with the +following requirements: + +1 . Pressure relief devices shall be vented to a treat- +ment system designed in accordance with Section + +3704.2.2.7. + +Exception: Pressure relief devices on outdoor +tanks provided exclusively for relieving pres- +sure due to fire exposure are not required to be +vented to a treatment system provided that: + +1 . The material in the tank is not flammable. + +2. The tank is not located in a diked area +with other tanks containing combustible +materials. + +3. The tank is located not less than 30 feet +(9144 mm) from combustible materials +or structures or is shielded by a fire bar- +rier complying with Section +3704.3.2.1.1. + +2. FiUing or dispensing connections shall be pro- +vided with a means of local exhaust. Such exhaust + + + +shall be designed to capture fumes and vapors. The +exhaust shall be directed to a treatment system in +accordance with Section 3704.2.2.7. + +3. Stationary tanks shall be provided with a means of +excess flow control on all tank inlet or outlet con- +nections. + +Exceptions: + +1. Inlet connections designed to prevent +backflow. + +2. Pressure relief devices. + +3704.2.2.6 Gas rooms. Gas rooms shall comply with +Section 2703.8.4 and both of the following require- +ments: + +1 . The exhaust ventilation from gas rooms shall be +directed to an exhaust system. + +2. Gas rooms shall be equipped with an approved +automatic sprinkler system. Alternative fire-extin- +guishing systems shall not be used. + +3704.2.2.7 Treatment systems. The exhaust ventilation +from gas cabinets, exhausted enclosures, gas rooms and +local exhaust systems required in Sections 3704.2.2.4 +and 3704.2.2.5 shall be directed to a treatment system. +The treatment system shall be utilized to handle the acci- +dental release of gas and to process exhaust ventilation. +The treatment system shall be designed in accordance +with Sections 3704.2.2.7.1 through 3704.2.2.7.5 and +Section 510 of the International Mechanical Code. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Highly toxic and toxic gases — storage. A treat- +ment system is not required for cylinders, con- +tainers and tanks in storage when all of the +following controls are provided: + +1.1. Valve outlets are equipped with +gas-tight outlet plugs or caps. + +1.2. Handwheel-operated valves have han- +dles secured to prevent movement. + +1.3. Approved containment vessels or con- +tainment systems are provided in accor- +dance with Section 3704.2.2.3. + +2. Toxic gases — use. Treatment systems are not +required for toxic gases supplied by cylinders +or portable tanks not exceeding 1,700 pounds +(772 kg) water capacity when the following are +provided: + +2. 1 . A gas detection system with a sensing +interval not exceeding 5 minutes. + +2.2. An approved automatic-closing +fail-safe valve located immediately +adjacent to cylinder or portable tank +valves. The fail-safe valve shall close +when gas is detected at the PEL by a gas +detection system monitoring the +exhaust system at the point of discharge +from the gas cabinet, exhausted enclo- + + + +354 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS + + + +sure, ventilated enclosure or gas room. +The gas detection system shall comply +with Section 3704.2.2.10. + +3704.2.2.7.1 Design. Treatment systems shall be +capable of diluting, adsorbing, absorbing, containing, +neutralizing, burning or otherwise processing the +contents of the largest single vessel of compressed +gas. Where a total containment system is used, the +system shall be designed to handle the maximum +anticipated pressure of release to the system when it +reaches equilibrium. + +3704.2.2.7.2 Performance. Treatment systems shall +be designed to reduce the maximum allowable dis- +charge concentrations of the gas to one-half immedi- +ate by dangerous to life and health (IDLH) at the point +of discharge to the atmosphere. Where more than one +gas is emitted to the treatment system, the treatment +system shall be designed to handle the worst-case +release based on the release rate, the quantity and the +IDLH for all compressed gases stored or used. + +3704.2.2.7.3 Sizing. Treatment systems shall be sized +to process the maximum worst-case release of gas +based on the maximum flow rate of release from the +largest vessel utilized. The entire contents of the larg- +est compressed gas vessel shall be considered. + +3704.2.2.7.4 Stationary tanlcs. Stationary tanks +shall be labeled with the maximum rate of release for +the compressed gas contained based on valves or fit- +tings that are inserted direcdy into the tank. Where +multiple valves or fittings are provided, the maximum +flow rate of release for valves or fittings with the high- +est flow rate shall be indicated. Where liquefied com- +pressed gases are in contact with valves or fittings, the +liquid flow rate shall be utilized for computation pur- +poses. Flow rates indicated on the label shall be con- +verted to cubic feet per minute (ftVmin) (mVs) of gas +at normal temperature and pressure (NTP). + +3704.2.2.7.5 Portable tanks and cylinders. The + +maximum flow rate of release for portable tanks and +cylinders shall be calculated based on the total release +from the cylinder or tank within the time specified in +Table 3704.2.2.7.5. When portable tanks or cylinders +are equipped with approved excess flow or reduced +flow valves, the worst-case release shall be deter- +mined by the maximum achievable flow from the +valve as determined by the valve manufacturer or +compressed gas supplier. Reduced flow and excess +flow valves shall be permanently marked by the valve +manufacturer to indicate the maximum design flow +rate. Such markings shall indicate the flow rate for air +under normal temperature and pressure. + +TABLE 3704.2.2.7.5 +RATE OF RELEASE FOR CYLINDERS AND PORTABLE TANKS + + + +VESSEL TYPE + + +NONLIQUEFIED +(minutes) + + +LIQUEFIED +(minutes) + + +Containers + + +5 + + +30 + + +Portable tanks + + +40 + + +240 + + + +3704.2.2.8 Emergency power. Emergency power in +accordance with the ICC Electrical Code shall be pro- +vided in lieu of standby power where any of the follow- +ing systems are required: + +1 . Exhaust ventilation system. + +2. Treatment system. + +3. Gas detection system. + +4. Smoke detection system. + +5. Temperature control system. + +6. Fire alarm system. + +7. Emergency alarm system. + +Exception: Emergency power is not required for +mechanical exhaust ventilation, treatment systems +and temperature control systems where approved +fail-safe engineered systems are installed. + +3704.2.2.9 Automatic fire detection system — highly +toxic compressed gases. An approved automatic fire +detection system shall be installed in rooms or areas +where highly toxic compressed gases are stored or used. +Activation of the detection system shall sound a local +alarm. The fire detection system shall comply with Sec- +tion 907. + +3704.2.2.10 Gas detection system. A gas detection sys- +tem shall be provided to detect the presence of gas at or +below the PEL or ceiling limit of the gas for which detec- +tion is provided. The system shall be capable of monitor- +ing the discharge from the treatment system at or below +one-half the IDLH limit. + +Exception: A gas detection system is not required for +toxic gases when the physiological warning threshold | +level for the gas is at a level below the accepted PEL I +for the gas. + +3704.2.2.10.1 Alarms. The gas detection system +shall initiate a local alarm and transmit a signal to a +constantly attended control station when a short-term +hazard condition is detected. The alarm shall be both +visual and audible and shall provide warning both +inside and outside the area where gas is detected. The +audible alarm shall be distinct from all other alarms. + +Exception: Signal transmission to a constantly +attended control station is not required where not +more than one cylinder of highly toxic or toxic gas +is stored. + +3704.2.2.10.2 Shut off of gas supply. The gas-detec- +tion system shall automatically close the shutoff valve +at the source on gas supply piping and tubing related +to the system being monitored for whichever gas is +detected. + +Exception: Automatic shutdown is not required +for reactors utilized for the production of highly +toxic or toxic compressed gases where such reac- +tors are: + +1. Operated at pressures less than 15 pounds +per square inch gauge (psig) (103.4 kPa). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +355 + + + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS + + + +2. Constantly attended. + +3. Provided with readily accessible emergency +shutoff valves. + +3704.2.2.10.3 Valve closure. Automatic closure of +shutoff valves shall be in accordance with the follow- +ing: + +1 . When the gas-detection sampling point initiat- +ing the gas detection system alarm is within a +gas cabinet or exhausted enclosure, the shutoff +valve in the gas cabinet or exhausted enclosure +for the specific gas detected shall automatically +close. + +2. Where the gas-detection sampling point initiat- +ing the gas detection system alarm is within a +gas room and compressed gas containers are +not in gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures, the +shutoff valves on all gas lines for the specific +gas detected shall automatically close. + +3. Where the gas-detection sampling point initiat- +ing the gas detection system alarm is within a +piping distribution manifold enclosure, the +shutoff valve for the compressed container of +specific gas detected supplying the manifold +shall automatically close. + +Exception: When the gas-detection sampling +point initiating the gas-detection system alarm is at +a use location or within a gas valve enclosure of a +branch line downstream of a piping distribution +manifold, the shutoff valve in the gas valve enclo- +sure for the branch line located in the piping distri- +bution manifold enclosure shall automatically +close. + +3704.3 Outdoor storage and use. The outdoor storage and use +of highly toxic and toxic compressed gases shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3704.3.1 through 3704.3.4. + +3704.3.1 Applicability. The applicability of regulations +governing the outdoor storage and use of highly toxic and +toxic compressed gases shall be as set forth in Sections +3704.3.1.1 through 3704.3.1.3. + +3704.3.1.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum +allowable quantity per control area. The outdoor stor- +age or use of highly toxic and toxic gases in amounts not +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control +area set forth in Table 2703. 1 .1(4) shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703 and 3701. + +3704.3.1.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area. The outdoor storage or +use of highly toxic and toxic gases in amounts exceeding +the maximum allowable quantity per control area set +forth in Table 2703.1.1(4) shall be in accordance with +Sections 3701 and 3704.3 and Chapter 27. + +3704.3.1.3 Ozone gas generators. The outdoor use of +ozone gas-generating equipment shall be in accordance +with Section 3705. + + + +3704.3.2 General outdoor requirements. The general +requirements applicable to the outdoor storage and use of +highly toxic and toxic compressed gases shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3704.3.2.1 through 3704.3.2.7. + +3704.3.2.1 Location. Outdoor storage or use of highly +toxic or toxic compressed gases shall be located in accor- +dance with Sections 3704.3.2.1.1 through 3704.3.2.1.3. + +Exception: Compressed gases located in gas cabinets +complying with Sections 2703.8.6 and 3704.1.2 and +located 5 feet (1524 mm) or more from buildings and +25 feet (7620 mm) or more from an exit discharge. + +3704.3.2.1.1 Distance limitation to exposures. Out- +door storage or use of highly toxic or toxic com- +pressed gases shall not be located within 75 feet (22 +860 mm) of a lot line, public street, public alley, pub- +lic way, exit discharge or building not associated with +the manufacture or distribution of such gases, unless +all of the following conditions are met: + +1. Storage is shielded by a 2-hour fire barrier +which interrupts the line of sight between the +storage and the exposure. + +2. The 2-hour fire barrier shall be located at least 5 +feet (1524 mm) from any exposure. + +3. The 2-hour fire barrier shall not have more than +two sides at approximately 90-degree (1.57 +rad) directions, or three sides with connecting +angles of approximately 135 degrees (2.36 +rad). + +3704.3.2.1.2 Openings in exposed buildings. Where +the storage or use area is located closer than 75 feet +(22 860 mm) to a building not associated with the +manufacture or distribution of highly toxic or toxic +compressed gases, openings into a building other than +for piping are not allowed above the height of the top +of the 2-hour fire barrier or within 50 feet (15 240 +mm) horizontally from the storage area whether or +not shielded by a fire barrier. + +3704.3.2.1.3 Air intakes. The storage or use area +shall not be located within 75 feet (22 860 mm) of air +intakes. + +3704.3.2.2 Leaking cylinders and tanks. The require- +ments of Section 3704.2.2.3 shall apply to outdoor cylin- +ders and tanks. Gas cabinets and exhausted enclosures +shall be located within or immediately adjacent to out- +door storage or use areas. + +3704.3.2.3 Local exhaust for portable tanks. Local +exhaust for outdoor portable tanks shall be provided in +accordance with the requirements set forth in Section + +3704.2.2.4. + +3704.3.2.4 Piping and controls — stationary tanks. + +Piping and controls for outdoor stationary tanks shall be +in accordance with the requirements set forth in Section + +3704.2.2.5. + + + +356 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +HIGHLY TOXIC AND TOXIC MATERIALS + + + +3704.3.2.5 Treatment systems. The treatment system +requirements set forth in Section 3704.2.2.7 shall apply +to highly toxic or toxic gases located outdoors. + +3704.3.2.6 Emergency power. The requirements for +emergency power set forth in Section 3704.2.2.8 shall +apply to highly toxic or toxic gases located outdoors. + +3704.3.2.7 Gas detection system. The gas detection +system requirements set forth in Section 3704.2.2.10 +shall apply to highly toxic or toxic gases located out- +doors. + +3704.3.3 Outdoor storage weather protection for porta- +ble tanks and cylinders. Weather protection in accordance +with Section 2704.13 shall be provided for portable tanks +and cylinders located outdoors and not within gas cabinets +or exhausted enclosures. The storage area shall be equipped +with an approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1. + +Exception: An automatic sprinkler system is not +required when: + +1 . All materials under the weather protection struc- +ture, including hazardous materials and the con- +tainers in which they are stored, are +noncombustible. + +2. The weather protection structure is located not less +than 30 feet (9144 mm) from combustible materi- +als or structures or is separated from such materials +or structures using a fire barrier complying with +Section 3704.3.2.1.1. + +3704.3.4 Outdoor use of cylinders, containers and porta- +ble tanks. Cylinders, containers and portable tanks in out- +door use shall be located in gas cabinets or exhausted +enclosures. + + + +SECTION 3705 +OZONE GAS GENERATORS + +3705.1 Scope. Ozone gas generators having a maximum +ozone-generating capacity of 0.5 pound (0.23 kg) or more over +a 24-hour period shall be in accordance with this section. + +Exceptions: + +1. Ozone-generating equipment used in Group R-3 +occupancies. + +2. Ozone-generating equipment used in Group H-5 +occupancies. + +3705.2 Design. Ozone gas generators shall be designed, fabri- +cated and tested in accordance with NEMA 250. + +3705.3 Location. Ozone generators shall be located in +approved cabinets or ozone generator rooms in accordance +with Section 3705.3.1 or 3705.3.2. + +Exception: An ozone gas generator within an approved +pressure vessel when located outside of buildings. + +3705.3.1 Cabinets. Ozone cabinets shall be constructed of +approved materials and compatible with ozone. Cabinets + + + +shall display an approved sign stating: OZONE GAS GEN- +ERATOR—HIGHLY TOXIC— OXIDIZER. + +Cabinets shall be braced for seismic activity in accor- +dance with the International Building Code. + +Cabinets shall be mechanically ventilated in accordance +with the International Mechanical Code with a minimum of +six air changes per hour. + +The average velocity of ventilation at makeup air open- +ings with cabinet doors closed shall not be less than 200 feet +per minute (1.02 m/s). + +3705.3.2 Ozone gas generator rooms. Ozone gas genera- +tor rooms shall be mechanically ventilated in accordance +with the International Mechanical Code with a minimum of +six air changes per hour. Ozone gas generator rooms shall be +equipped with a continuous gas detection system which will +shut off the generator and sound a local alarm when concen- +trations above the permissible exposure limit occur. + +Ozone gas-generator rooms shall not be normally occu- +pied, and such rooms shall be kept free of combustible and +hazardous material storage. Room access doors shall dis- +play a:n approved sign stating: OZONE GAS GENERA- +TOR—HIGHLY TOXIC— OXIDIZER. + +3705.4 Piping, valves and fittings. Piping, valves, fittings and +related components used to convey ozone shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 3705.4.1 through 3705.4.3. + +3705.4.1 Piping. Piping shall be welded stainless steel pip- +ing or tubing. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Double-walled piping. + +2. Piping, valves, fittings and related components +located in exhausted enclosures. + +3705.4.2 Materials. Materials shall be compatible with +ozone and shall be rated for the design operating pressures. + +3705.4.3 Identification. Piping shall be identified with the +following: OZONE GAS— HIGHLY TOXIC— OXI- +DIZER. + +3705.5 Automatic shutdown. Ozone gas generators shall be +designed to shut down automatically under the following con- +ditions: + +1. When the dissolved ozone concentration in the water +being treated is above saturation when measured at the +point where the water is exposed to the atmosphere. + +2. When the process using generated ozone is shut down. + +3. When the gas detection system detects ozone. + +4. Failure of the ventilation system for the cabinet or +ozone-generator room. + +5. Failure of the gas detection system. + +3705.6 Manual shutdown. Manual shutdown controls shall be +provided at the generator and, where in a room, within 10 feet +(3048 mm) of the main exit or exit access door. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +357 + + + +358 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 38 + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES + + + +SECTION 3801 +GENERAL + +3801.1 Scope. Storage, handling and transportation of lique- +fied petroleum gas (LP-gas) and the installation of LP-gas +equipment pertinent to systems for such uses shall comply with +this chapter and NFPA 58. Properties of LP-gases shall be +determined in accordance with Appendix B of NFPA 58. + +3801.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tions 105.6 and 105.7. + +Distributors shall not fill an LP-gas container for which a +permit is required unless a permit for installation has been +issued for that location by the fire code official. + +3801.3 Construction documents. Where a single container is +more than 2,000 gallons (7570 L) in water capacity or the +aggregate capacity of containers is more than 4,000 gallons (15 +140 L) in water capacity, the installer shall submit construction +documents for such installation. + + + +SECTION 3802 +DEFINITIONS + +3802.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meaning shown herein. + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LP-gas). A material +which is composed predominantly of the following hydrocar- +bons or mixtures of them: propane, propylene, butane (normal +butane or isobutane) and butylenes. + + + +SECTION 3803 +INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENT + +3803.1 General. LP-gas equipment shall be installed in accor- +dance with the International Fuel Gas Code and NFPA 58, +except as otherwise provided in this chapter. + +3803.2 Use of LP-gas containers in buildings. The use of + +LP-gas containers in buildings shall be in accordance with Sec- +tions 3803.2.1 and 3803.2.2. + +3803.2.1 Portable containers. Portable LP-gas containers, +as defined in NFPA 58, shall not be used in buildings except +as specified in NFPA 58 and Sections 3803.2.1.1 through +3803.2.1.7. + +3803.2.1.1 Use in basement, pit or similar location. + +LP-gas containers shall not be used in a basement, pit or +similar location where heavier-than-air gas might col- +lect. LP-gas containers shall not be used in an +above-grade underfloor space or basement unless such +location is provided with an approved means of ventila- +tion. + +Exception: Use with self-contained torch assemblies +in accordance with Section 3803.2.1.6. + + + +3803.2.1.2 Construction and temporary heating. Por- +table containers are allowed to be used in buildings or +areas of buildings undergoing construction or for tempo- +rary heating as set forth in Sections 6.17.4, 6.17.5 and +6.17.8 of NFPA 58. + +3803.2.1.3 Group F occupancies. In Group F occupan- +cies, portable LP-gas containers are allowed to be used to +supply quantities necessary for processing, research or +experimentation. Where manifolded, the aggregate +water capacity of such containers shall not exceed 735 +pounds (334 kg) per manifold. Where multiple mani- +folds of such containers are present in the same room, +each manifold shall be separated from other manifolds +by a distance of not less than 20 feet (6096 mm). + +3803.2.1.4 Group E and I occupancies. In Group E and +I occupancies, portable LP-gas containers are allowed to +be used for research and experimentation. Such contain- +ers shall not be used in classrooms. Such containers shall +not exceed a 50-pound (23 kg) water capacity in occu- +pancies used for educational purposes and shall not +exceed a 12-pound (5 kg) water capacity in occupancies +used for institutional purposes. Where more than one +such container is present in the same room, each con- +tainer shall be separated from other containers by a dis- +tance of not less than 20 feet (6096 mm). + +3803.2.1.5 Demonstration uses. Portable LP-gas con- +tainers are allowed to be used temporarily for demonstra- +tions and public exhibitions. Such containers shall not +exceed a water capacity of 12 pounds (5 kg). Where more +than one such container is present in the same room, each +container shall be separated from other containers by a +distance of not less than 20 feet (6096 mm). + +3803.2.1.6 Use with self-contained torch assemblies. + +Portable LP-gas containers are allowed to be used to sup- +ply approved self-contained torch assemblies or similar +appliances. Such containers shall not exceed a water +capacity of 2.5 pounds (1 kg). + +3803.2.1.7 Use for food preparation. Where approved, +listed LP-gas commercial food service appliances are +allowed to be used for food-preparation within restau- +rants and in attended commercial food-catering opera- +tions in accordance with the International Fuel Gas +Code, the International Mechanical Code and NFPA 5 8 . + +3803.2.2 Industrial vehicles and floor maintenance +machines. Containers on industrial vehicles and floor +maintenance machines shall comply with NFPA 58, Section +11.12 and 11.13. + +3803.3 Location of equipment and piping. Equipment and +piping shall not be installed in locations where such equipment +and piping is prohibited by the International Fuel Gas Code. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +359 + + + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES + + + +SECTION 3804 +LOCATION OF CONTAINERS + +3804.1 General. The storage and handling of LP-gas and the +installation and maintenance of related equipment shall com- +ply with NFPA 58 and be subject to the approval of the fire code +official, except as provided in this chapter. + +3804.2 Maximum capacity within established limits. Within +the limits established by law restricting the storage of liquefied +petroleum gas for the protection of heavily populated or con- +gested areas, the aggregate capacity of any one installation +shall not exceed a water capacity of 2,000 gallons (7570 L) (see +Section 3 of the Sample Ordinance for Adoption of the Interna- +tional Fire Code on page v). + +Exception: In particular installations, this capacity limit +shall be determined by the fire code official, after consider- +ation of special features such as topographical conditions, + + + +nature of occupancy, and proximity to buildings, capacity of +proposed containers, degree of fire protection to be pro- +vided and capabilities of the local fire department. + +3804.3 Container location. Containers shall be located with +respect to buildings, public ways, and lot lines of adjoining +property that can be built upon, in accordance with Table +3804.3. + +3804.3.1 Special hazards. Containers shall also be located +with respect to special hazards such as above-ground flam- +mable or combustible liquid tanks, oxygen or gaseous +hydrogen containers, flooding or electric power lines as +specified in NFPA 58, Section 6.4.5. + +3804.4 Multiple container installation. Multiple container +installations with a total water storage capacity of more than +180,000 gallons (681 300 L) [150,000-gallon (567 750 L) +LP-gas capacity] shall be subdivided into groups containing + + + +TABLE 3804.3 +LOCATION OF LP-GAS CONTAINERS + + + +CONTAINER CAPACITY +(water gallons) + + +MINIMUM SEPARATION BETWEEN CONTAINERS AND + +BUILDINGS, PUBLIC WAYS OR LOT LINES OF ADJOINING + +PROPERTY THAT CAN BE BUILT UPON + + +MINIMUM SEPARATION + +BETWEEN CONTAINERS"' = + +(feet) + + +Mounded or underground + +containers^ + +(feet) + + +Above-ground + +containers'' + +(feet) + + +Less than 125'' + + +10 + + +5' + + +None + + +125 to 250 + + +10 + + +10 + + +None + + +251 to 500 + + +10 + + +10 + + +3 + + +501 to 2,000 + + +10 + + +25='^ + + +3 + + +2,001 to 30,000 + + +50 + + +50 + + +5 + + +30,001 to 70,000 + + +50 + + +75 + + +(0.25 of sum of diameters of +adjacent containers) + + +70,001 to 90,000 + + +50 + + +100 + + +90,001 to 120,000 + + +50 + + +125 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon = 3.785 L. + +a. Minimum distance for underground containers shall be measured from the pressure relief device and the filUng or liquid-level gauge vent connection at the con- +tainer, except that all parts of an underground container shall be 10 feet or more from a building or lot line of adjoining property which can be built upon. + +b. For other than installations in which the overhanging structure is 50 feet or more above the relief- valve discharge outlet. In applying the distance between buildings +and ASME containers with a water capacity of 1 25 gallons or more, a minimum of 50 percent of this horizontal distance shall also apply to all portions of the build- +ing which project more than 5 feet from the building wall and which are higher than the relief valve discharge outlet. This horizontal distance shall be measured +from a point determined by projecting the outside edge of such overhanging structure vertically downward to grade or other level upon which the container is +installed. Distances to the building wall shall not be less than those prescribed in this table. + +c. When underground multicontainer installations are comprised of individual containers having a water capacity of 1 25 gallons or more, such containers shall be +installed so as to provide access at their ends or sides to facilitate working with cranes or hoists. + +d. At a consumer site, if the aggregate water capacity of a multicontainer installation, comprised of individual containers having a water capacity of less than 125 gal- +lons, is 500 gallons or more, the minimum distance shall comply with the appropriate portion of Table 3804.3, applying the aggregate capacity rather than the +capacity per container. If more than one such installation is made, each installation shall be separated from other installations by at least 25 feet. Minimum dis- +tances between containers need not be applied. + +e. The following shall apply to above-ground containers installed alongside buildings: + +1. Containers of less than a 125-gallon water capacity are allowed next to the building they serve when in compliance with Items 2, 3 and 4. + +2. Department of Transportation (DOTn) specification containers shall be located and installed so that the discharge from the container pressure relief device is at +least 3 feet horizontally from building openings below the level of such discharge and shall not be beneath buildings unless the space is well ventilated to the +outside and is not enclosed for more than 50 percent of its perimeter. The discharge from container pressure relief devices shall be located not less than 5 feet +from exterior sources of ignition, openings into direct-vent (sealed combustion system) appliances or mechanical ventilation air intakes. + +3. ASME containers of less than a 1 25-gallon water capacity shall be located and installed such that the discharge from pressure relief devices shall not terminate +in or beneath buildings and shall be located at least 5 feet horizontally from building openings below the level of such discharge and not less than 5 feet from +exterior sources of ignition, openings into direct vent (sealed combustion system) appliances, or mechanical ventilation air intakes. + +4. The filling connection and the vent from liquid-level gauges on either DOTn or ASME containers filled at the point of installation shall not be less than 10 feet +from exterior sources of ignition, openings into direct vent (sealed combustion system) appliances or mechanical ventilation air intakes. + +f . This distance is allowed to be reduced to not less than 1 feet for a single container of 1 ,200-gallon water capacity or less, provided such container is at least 25 feet +from other LP-gas containers of more than 125-gallon water capacity. + + + +360 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES + + + +not more than 1 80,000 gallons (68 1 300 L) in each group. Such +groups shall be separated by a distance of not less than 50 feet +(15 240 mm), unless the containers are protected in accordance +with one of the following: + +1 . Mounded in an approved manner. + +2. Protected with approved insulation on areas that are sub- +ject to impingement of ignited gas from pipelines or +other leakage. + +3. Protected by firewalls of approved construction. + +4. Protected by an approved system for application of water +as specified in NFPA 58, Table 6.4.2. + +5. Protected by other approved means. + +Where one of these forms of protection is provided, the sepa- +ration shall not be less than 25 feet (7620 mm) between con- +tainer groups. + + + +SECTION 3805 +PROHIBITED USE OF LP-GAS + +3805.1 Nonapproved equipment. LP-gas shall not be used for +the purpose of operating devices or equipment unless such +device or equipment is approved for use with LP-gas. + +3805.2 Release to the atmosphere. LP-gas shall not be +released to the atmosphere, except through an approved liq- +uid-level gauge or other approved device. + + + +SECTION 3806 +DISPENSING AND OVERFILLING + +3806.1 Attendants. Dispensing of LP-gas shall be performed +by a qualified attendant. + +3806.2 Overfilling. LP-gas containers shall not be filled or +maintained with LP-gas in excess of either the volume deter- +mined using the fixed liquid-level gauge installed by the manu- +facturer or the weight determined by the required percentage of +the water capacity marked on the container. Portable containers +shall not be refilled unless equipped with an overfilling preven- +tion device (OPD) when required by Section 5.7.6 of NFPA 58. + +3806.3 Dispensing locations. The point of transfer of LP-gas +from one container to another shall be separated from expo- +sures as specified in NFPA 58. + + + +SECTION 3807 +SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND DEVICES + +3807.1 Safety devices. Safety devices on LP-gas containers, +equipment and systems shall not be tampered with or made +ineffective. + +3807.2 Smoking and other sources of Ignition. "No Smok- +ing" signs complying with Section 310 shall be posted when +required by the fire code official. Smoking within 25 feet (7620 +mm) of a point of transfer, while filling operations are in prog- +ress at containers or vehicles, shall be prohibited. + +Control of other sources of ignition shall comply with Chap- +ter 3 and NFPA 58, Section 6.20. + + + +3807.3 Clearance to combustibles. Weeds, grass, brush, trash +and other combustible materials shall be kept a minimum of 10 +feet (3048 mm) from LP-gas tanks or containers. + +3807.4 Protecting containers from vehicles. Where exposed +to vehicular damage due to proximity to alleys, driveways or +parking areas, LP-gas containers, regulators and piping shall +be protected in accordance with Section 312. + + + +SECTION 3808 +FIRE PROTECTION + +3808.1 General. Fire protection shall be provided for installa- +tions having storage containers with a water capacity of more +than 4,000 gallons (15 140 L), as required by Section 6.23 of +NFPA 58. + +3808.2 Portable fire extinguishers. Portable fire +extinguishers complying with Section 906 shall be provided as +specified in NFPA 58. + + + +SECTION 3809 + +STORAGE OF PORTABLE LP-GAS CONTAINERS + +AWAITING USE OR RESALE + +3809.1 General. Storage of portable containers of 1,000 +pounds (454 kg) or less, whether filled, partially filled or +empty, at consumer sites or distributing points, and for resale +by dealers or resellers shall comply with Sections 3809.2 +through 3809.15. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Containers that have not previously been in LP-gas +service. + +2. Containers at distributing plants. + +3. Containers at consumer sites or distributing points, +which are connected for use. + +3809.2 Exposure hazards. Containers in storage shall be +located in a manner which minimizes exposure to excessive +temperature rise, physical damage or tampering. + +3809.3 Position. Containers in storage having individual water +capacity greater than 2.5 pounds (1 kg) [nominal 1-pound +(0.454 kg) LP-gas capacity] shall be positioned with the pres- +sure relief valve in direct communication with the vapor space +of the container. + +3809.4 Separation from means of egress. Containers stored in +buildings in accordance with Sections 3809.9 and 3809. 11 shall +not be located near exit access doors, exits, stairways, or in areas +normally used, or intended to be used, as a means of egress. + +3809.5 Quantity. Empty containers that have been in LP-gas +service shall be considered as full containers for the purpose of +determining the maximum quantities of LP-gas allowed in Sec- +tions 3809.9 and 3809.11. + +3809.6 Storage on roofs. Containers which are not connected +for use shall not be stored on roofs. + +3809.7 Storage in basement, pit or similar location. LP-gas +containers shall not be stored in a basement, pit or similar loca- +tion where heavier-than-air gas might collect. LP-gas contain- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +361 + + + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES + + + +ers shall not be stored in above-grade underfloor spaces or +basements unless such location is provided with an approved +means of ventilation. + +Exception: Department of Transportation (DOTn) specifi- +cation cylinders with a maximum water capacity of 2.5 +pounds (1 kg) for use in completely self-contained hand +torches and similar applications. The quantity of LP-gas +shall not exceed 20 pounds (9 kg). + +3809.8 Protection of valves on containers in storage. Con- +tainer valves shall be protected by screw-on-type caps or col- +lars which shall be securely in place on all containers stored +regardless of whether they are full, partially full or empty. Con- +tainer outlet valves shall be closed or plugged. + +3809.9 Storage within buildings accessible to the public. + +Department of Transportation (DOTn) specification cylinders +with maximum water capacity of 2.5 pounds (1 kg) used in +completely self-contained hand torches and similar applica- +tions are allowed to be stored or displayed in a building accessi- +ble to the public. The quantity of LP-gas shall not exceed 200 +pounds (91 kg) except as provided in Section 3809.11. + +3809.10 Storage within buildings not accessible to the pub- +lic. The maximum quantity allowed in one storage location in +buildings not accessible to the public, such as industrial build- +ings, shall not exceed a water capacity of 735 pounds (334 kg) +[nominal 300 pounds (136 kg) of LP-gas]. Where additional +storage locations are required on the same floor within the +same building, they shall be separated by a minimum of 300 +feet (91 440 mm). Storage beyond these limitations shall com- +ply with Section 3809.11. + +3809.10.1 Quantities on equipment and vehicles. Con- +tainers carried as part of service equipment on highway +mobile vehicles need not be considered in the total storage +capacity in Section 3809.10, provided such vehicles are +stored in private garages and do not carry more than three +LP-gas containers with a total aggregate LP-gas capacity + + + +not exceeding 100 pounds (45.4 kg) per vehicle. Container +valves shall be closed. + +3809.11 Storage within rooms used for gas manufacturing. + +Storage within buildings or rooms used for gas manufacturing, +gas storage, gas-air mixing and vaporization, and compressors +not associated with liquid transfer shall comply with Sections +3809.11.1 and 3809. 11. 2. + +3809.11.1 Quantity limits. The maximum quantity of +LP-gas shall be 10,000 pounds (4540 kg). + +3809.11.2 Construction. The construction of such build- +ings and rooms shall comply with requirements for Group H +occupancies in ihe. International Building Code; Chapter 10 +of NFPA 58, and both of the following: + +1. Adequate vents shall be provided to the outside at +both top and bottom, located at least 5 feet (1524 mm) +from building openings. + +2. The entire area shall be classified for the purposes of +ignition source control in accordance with Section +6.20 of NFPA 58. + +3809.12 Location of storage outside of buildings. Storage +outside of buildings of containers awaiting use, resale or part of + +a cylinder exchange program shall be located in accordance | +with Table 3809.12. + + + +3809.13 Protection of containers. Containers shall be stored +within a suitable enclosure or otherwise protected against tam- +pering. Vehicular protection shall be provided as required by +the fire code official. + +3809.14 Alternative location and protection of storage. + +Containers located outside of buildings shall not be located +within 20 feet (6096 mm) of any exit access doors, exits, stair- +ways or in areas normally used, or intended to be used, as a +means of egress. + +3809.15 Alternative location and protection of storage. + +Where the provisions of Sections 3809.12 and 3809.13 are + + + +« + + + +TABLE 3809.12 + +SEPARATION FROM EXPOSURES OF CONTAINERS AWAITING USE, RESALE OR EXCHANGE + +STORED OUTSIDE OF BUILDINGS FROM EXPOSURES + + + +QUANTITY OF + +LP-GAS STORED + +(pounds) + + +MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCE FROM STORED CYLINDERS TO (feet): + + +Nearest + +important + +building or group + +of buildings or + +line of adjoining + +property that + +may be built + +upon + + +Line of adjoining + +property occupied by + +schools, places of + +religious worship, + +hospitals, athletic fields + +or other points of public + +gathering; busy + +thoroughfares; or + +sidewalks + + +LP-gas + +dispensing + +station + + +Doorway or opening + +to a building with + +two or more means + +of egress + + +Doorway or + +opening to a + +building with one + +means of egress + + +Combustible +materials + + +Motor vehicle +fuel dispenser + + +720 or less + + + + + + + + +5 + + +5 + + +10 + + +10 + + +20 + + +721 - 2,500 + + + + + +10 + + +10 + + +5 + + +10 + + +10 + + +20 + + +2,501 - 6,000 + + +10 + + +10 + + +10 + + +10 + + +10 + + +10 + + +20 + + +6,001 - 10,000 + + +20 + + +20 + + +20 + + +20 + + +20 + + +10 + + +20 + + +Over 10,000 + + +25 + + +25 + + +25 + + +25 + + +25 + + +10 + + +20 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg. + + + +362 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES + + + +impractical at construction sites, or at buildings or structures +undergoing major renovation or repairs, the storage of contain- +ers shall be as required by the fire code official. + + + +SECTION 3810 +CONTAINERS NOT IN SERVICE + +3810.1 Temporarily out of service. Containers whose use has +been temporarily discontinued shall comply with all of the fol- +lowing: + +1. Be disconnected from appliance piping. + +2. Have container outlets, except relief valves, closed or +plugged. + +3 . Be positioned with the relief valve in direct communica- +tion with container vapor space. + +3810.2 Permanently out of service. Containers to be placed +permanently out of service shall be removed from the site. + + + +SECTION 3811 +PARKING AND GARAGING + +3811.1 General. Parking of LP-gas tank vehicles shall comply +with Sections 3811.2 and 3811.3. + +Exception: In cases of accident, breakdown or other emer- +i gencies, tank vehicles are allowed to be parked and left unat- +tended at any location while the operator is obtaining +assistance. + +3811.2 Unattended parking. The unattended parking of +LP-gas tank vehicle shall be in accordance with Sections +3811.2.1 and 3811.2.2. + +3811.2.1 Near residential, educational and institutional +occupancies and other high-risk areas. LP-gas tank vehi- +cles shall not be left unattended at any time on residential +streets or within 500 feet (152 m) of a residential area, apart- +ment or hotel complex, educational facility, hospital or care +facility. Tank vehicles shall not be left unattended at any +other place that would, in the opinion of the fire code offi- +cial, pose an extreme life hazard. + +3811.2.2 Durations exceeding 1 hour. LP-gas tank vehi- +cles parked at any one point for longer thanl hour shall be +located as follows: + +1 . Off public streets, highways, public avenues or public +alleys. + +2. Inside of a bulk plant. + +3. At other approved locations not less than 50 feet (15 +240 mm) from buildings other than those approved +for the storage or servicing of such vehicles. + +3811.3 Garaging. Garaging of LP-gas tank vehicles shall be as +specified in NFPA 58. Vehicles with LP-gas fuel systems are +allowed to be stored or serviced in garages as specified in Sec- +tion 11.15 of NFPA 58. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +363 + + + +364 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +CHAPTER 39 + +ORGANIC PEROXIDES + + + +SECTION 3901 +GENERAL + +3901.1 Scope. The storage and use of organic peroxides shall +be in accordance with this chapter and Chapter 27. + +Unclassified detonable organic peroxides that are capable of +detonation in their normal shipping containers under condi- +tions of fire exposure shall be stored in accordance with Chap- +ter 33. + +3901.2 Permits. Permits shall be required for organic perox- +ides as set forth in Section 105.6. + + + +SECTION 3902 +DEFINITIONS + +3902.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +ORGANIC PEROXIDE. An organic compound that contains +the bivalent -0-0- structure and which may be considered to be +a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both +of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an organic radi- +cal. Organic peroxides can present an explosion hazard (deto- +nation or deflagration) or they can be shock sensitive. They can +also decompose into various unstable compounds over an +extended period of time. + +Class I. Describes those formulations that are capable of +deflagration but not detonation. + +Class II. Describes those formulations that bum very rap- +idly and that pose a moderate reactivity hazard. + +Class III. Describes those formulations that bum rapidly +and that pose a moderate reactivity hazard. + +Class IV. Describes those formulations that bum in the +same manner as ordinary combustibles and that pose a mini- +mal reactivity hazard. + +Class V. Describes those formulations that bum with less +intensity than ordinary combustibles or do not sustain com- +bustion and that pose no reactivity hazard. + +Unclassified detonable. Organic peroxides that are capable +of detonation. These peroxides pose an extremely +high-explosion hazard through rapid explosive decomposi- +tion. + + + +SECTION 3903 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +3903.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The storage and use of organic per- +oxides in amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area indicated in Section 2703. 1 shall be in +accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 3901 and 3903. + + + +3903.1.1 Special limitations for indoor storage and use +by occupancy. The indoor storage and use of organic per- +oxides shall be in accordance with Sections 3903.1.1.1 +through 3903.1.1.4. + +3903.1.1.1 Group A, E, I or U occupancies. In Group +A, E, I or U occupancies, any amount of unclassified +detonable and Class I organic peroxides shall be stored in +accordance with the following: + +1. Unclassified detonable and Class I organic perox- +ides shall be stored in hazardous materials storage +cabinets complying with Section 2703.8.7. + +2. The hazardous materials storage cabinets shall not +contain other storage. + +3903.1.1.2 Group R occupancies. Unclassified deton- +able and Class I organic peroxides shall not be stored or +used within Group R occupancies. + +3903.1.1.3 Group B, F, M or S occupancies. Unclassi- +fied detonable and Class I organic peroxides shall not be +stored or used in offices, or retail sales areas of Group B, +F, M or S occupancies. + +3903.1.1.4 Classrooms. In classrooms in Group B, F or +M occupancies, any amount of unclassified detonable +and Class 1 organic peroxides shall be stored in accor- +dance with the following. + +1. Unclassified detonable and Class 1 organic perox- +ides shall be stored in hazardous materials storage +cabinets complying with Section 2703.8.7. + +2. The hazardous materials storage cabinets shall not +contain other storage. + +3903.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area. The storage and use of organic peroxides +in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per +control area indicated in Section 2703. 1 shall be in accordance +with Chapter 27 and this chapter. + + + +SECTION 3904 +STORAGE + +3904.1 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of organic peroxides in +amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(1) shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. + +Indoor storage of unclassified detonable organic peroxides +that are capable of detonation in their normal shipping contain- +ers under conditions of fire exposure shall be stored in accor- +dance with Chapter 33. + +3904.1.1 Detached storage. Storage of organic peroxides +shall be in detached buildings when required by Section + +2703.8.2. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +365 + + + +ORGANIC PEROXIDES + + + +3904.1.2 Distance from detached storage buildings to +exposures. In addition to the requirements of the Interna- +tional Building Code, detached storage buildings shall be +located in accordance with Table 3904.1.2. + +3904.1.3 Liquid-tight floor. In addition to the requirements +of Section 2704.12, floors of storage areas shall be of liq- +uid-tight construction. + +3904.1.4 Electrical wiring and equipment. In addition to +the requirements of Section 2703.9.4, electrical wiring and +equipment in storage areas for Class I or II organic perox- +ides shall comply with the requirements for electrical Class +I, Division 2 locations. + +3904.1.5 Smoke detection. An approved supervised smoke +detection system in accordance with Section 907 shall be +provided in rooms or areas where Class I, II or III organic +peroxides are stored. Activation of the smoke detection sys- +tem shall sound a local alarm. + +Exception: A smoke detection system shall not be +required in detached storage buildings equipped +throughout with an approved automatic fire-extinguish- +ing system complying with Chapter 9. + +3904.1.6 Maximum quantities. Maximum allowable +quantities per building in a mixed occupancy building shall +not exceed the amounts set forth in Table 2703.8.2. Maxi- +mum allowable quantities per building in a detached storage +building shall not exceed the amounts specified in Table +3904.1.2. + +3904.1.7 Storage arrangement. Storage arrangements for +organic peroxides shall be in accordance with Table +3904.1.7 and shall comply with all of the following: + +1. Containers and packages in storage areas shall be +closed. + +2. Bulk storage shall not be in piles or bins. + +3. A minimum 2-foot (610 mm) clear space shall be +maintained between storage and uninsulated metal +walls. + +4. Fifty-five-gallon (208 L) drums shall not be stored +more than one drum high. + + + +3904.1.8 Location in building. The storage of Class I or II +organic peroxides shall be on the ground floor. Class III +organic peroxides shall not be stored in basements. + +3904.1.9 Contamination. Organic peroxides shall be +stored in their original DOTn shipping containers. Organic +peroxides shall be stored in a manner to prevent contamina- +tion. + +3904.1.10 Explosion control. Indoor storage rooms, areas +and buildings containing unclassified detonable and Class I +organic peroxides shall be provided with explosion control +in accordance with Section 911. + +3904.1.11 Standby power. Standby power in accordance +with Section 604 shall be provided for storage areas of Class +I and unclassified detonable organic peroxide. + +3904.2 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of organic perox- +ides in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantities +per control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(3) shall be in +accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. + +3904.2.1 Distance from storage to exposures. Outdoor +storage areas for organic peroxides shall be located in accor- +dance with Table 3904.1.2 + +3904.2.2 Electrical wiring and equipment. In addition to +the requirements of Section 2703.9.4, electrical wiring and +equipment in outdoor storage areas containing unclassified +detonable. Class I or II organic peroxides shall comply with +the requirements for electrical Class I, Division 2 locations. + +3904.2.3 Maximum quantities. Maximum quantities of +organic peroxides in outdoor storage shall be in accordance +with Table 3904.1.2. + +3904.2.4 Storage arrangement. Storage arrangements +shall be in accordance with Table 3904.1.7. + +3904.2.5 Separation. In addition to the requirements of +Section 2703.9.8, outdoor storage areas for organic perox- +ides in amounts exceeding those specified in Table 2703.8.2 +shall be located a minimum distance of 50 feet (15 240 mm) +from other hazardous material storage. + + + +TABLE 3904.1 .2 + +ORGANIC PEROXIDES— DISTANCE TO EXPOSURES FROM + +DETACHED STORAGE BUILDINGS OR OUTDOOR STORAGE AREAS + + + +ORGANIC +PEROXIDE CLASS + + +MAXIMUM STORAGE QUANTITY (POUNDS) AT MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCE + + +Distance to buildings, lot lines, public streets, public alleys, +public ways or means of egress + + +Distance between individual detached storage buildings +or individual outdoor storage areas + + +50 feet + + +100 feet + + +150 feet + + +20 feet + + +75 feet + + +100 feet + + +I + + +2,000 + + +20,000 + + +175,000 + + +2,000 + + +20,000 + + +175,000 + + +II + + +100,000 + + +200,000 + + +No Limit + + +100,000^ + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +III + + +200,000 + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +200,000' + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +IV + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +V + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + +No Limit + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg. + +a. When the amount of organic peroxide stored exceeds this amount, the minimum separation shall be 50 feet. + + + +366 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +ORGANIC PEROXIDES + + + +TABLE 3904.1.7 +STORAGE OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES + + + +ORGANIC PEROXIDE +CLASS + + +PILE CONFIGURATION + + +MAXIMUM + +QUANTITY PER + +BUILDING + + +Maximum width +(feet) + + +Maximum height +(feet) + + +Minimum distance to next pile +(feet) + + +Minimum distance to walls +(feet) + + +I + + +6 + + +8 + + +4' + + +4' + + +Notec + + +II + + +10 + + +8 + + +4' + + +4' + + +Notec + + +III + + +10 + + +8 + + +4' + + +4' + + +Notec + + +IV + + +16 + + +10 + + +T' + + +4" + + +No Requirement + + +V + + +No Requirement + + +No Requirement + + +No Requirement + + +No Requirement + + +No Requirement + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. At least one main aisle with a minimum width of 8 feet shall divide the storage area. + +b. Distance to noncombustible walls is allowed to be reduced to 2 feet. + +c. See Table 3904. 1 .2 for maximum quantities. + +d. The distance shall not be less than one-half the pile height. + + + +SECTION 3905 +USE + +3905.1 General. The use of organic peroxides in amounts +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area +indicated in Table 2703 . 1 . 1 ( 1 ) or 2703 . 1 . 1 (3) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2705 and this chapter. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +367 + + + +368 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +CHAPTER 40 + +OXIDIZERS + + + +SECTION 4001 +GENERAL + +4001.1 Scope. The storage and use of oxidizers shall be in +accordance with this chapter and Chapter 27. Compressed +gases shall also comply with Chapter 30. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Display and storage in Group M and storage in Group +S occupancies complying with Section 2703.11. + +2. Bulk oxygen systems at industrial and institutional +consumer sites shall be in accordance with NFPA 55. + +4001.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 4002 +DEFINITIONS + +4002.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for +the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meanings shown herein. + +BULK OXYGEN SYSTEM. An assembly of equipment, +such as oxygen storage containers, pressure regulators, safety +devices, vaporizers, manifolds and interconnecting piping, that +has a storage capacity of more than 20,000 cubic feet (566 m^) +of oxygen at normal temperature and pressure (NT?) including +unconnected reserves on hand at the site. The bulk oxygen sys- +tem terminates at the point where oxygen at service pressure +first enters the supply line. The oxygen containers can be sta- +tionary or movable, and the oxygen can be stored as a gas or liq- +uid. + +OXIDIZER. A material that readily yields oxygen or other +oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate com- +bustion of combustible materials. Examples of other oxidizing +gases include bromine, chlorine and fluorine. + +Class 4. An oxidizer that can undergo an explosive reaction +due to contamination or exposure to thermal or physical +shock. In addition, the oxidizer will enhance the burning +rate and can cause spontaneous ignition of combustibles. + +Class 3. An oxidizer that will cause a severe increase in the +burning rate of combustible materials with which it comes +in contact or that will undergo vigorous self-sustained +decomposition caused by contamination or exposure to +heat. + +Class 2. An oxidizer that will cause a moderate increase in +the burning rate or that causes spontaneous ignition of com- +bustible materials with which it comes in contact. + +Class 1. An oxidizer whose primary hazard is that it slightly +increases the burning rate but which does not cause sponta- + + + +neous ignition when it comes in contact with combustible +materials. + +OXIDIZING GAS. A gas that can support and accelerate +combustion of other materials. + + + +SECTION 4003 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +4003.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The storage and use of oxidizers in +amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per +control area indicated in Section 2703.1 shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703, 4001 and 4003. Oxidizing gases +shall also comply with Chapter 30. + +4003.1.1 Special limitations for indoor storage and use +by occupancy. The indoor storage and use of oxidizers shall +be in accordance with Sections 4003.1.1.1 through +4003.1.1.3. + +4003.1.1.1 Class 4 liquid and solid oxidizers. The stor- +age and use of Class 4 liquid and solid oxidizers shall +comply with Sections 4003.1.1.1.1 through +4003.1.1.1.4. + +4003.1.1.1.1 Group A, E, I or U occupancies. In + +Group A, E, I or U occupancies, any amount of Class +4 liquid and solid oxidizers shall be stored in accor- +dance with the following: + +1 . Class 4 liquid and solid oxidizers shall be stored +in hazardous materials storage cabinets com- +plying with Section 2703.8.7. + +2. The hazardous materials storage cabinets shall +not contain other storage. + +4003.1.1.1.2 Group R occupancies. Class 4 liquid +and solid oxidizers shall not be stored or used within +Group R occupancies. + +4003.1.1.1.3 Offices, and retail sales areas. Class 4 +liquid and solid oxidizers shall not be stored or used in +offices, or retail sales areas of Group B, F, M or S +occupancies. + +4003.1.1.1.4 Classrooms. In classrooms of Group B, +F or M occupancies, any amount of Class 4 liquid and +solid oxidizers shall be stored in accordance with the +following: + +1 . Class 4 liquid and solid oxidizers shall be stored +in hazardous materials storage cabinets com- +plying with Section 2703.8.7. + +2. Hazardous materials storage cabinets shall not +contain other storage. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +369 + + + +OXIDIZERS + + + +4003.1.1.2 Class 3 liquid and solid oxidizers. A maxi- +mum of 200 pounds (9 1 kg) of solid or 20 gallons (76 L) +of liquid Class 3 oxidizer is allowed in Group I occupan- +cies when such materials are necessary for maintenance +purposes or operation of equipment. The oxidizers shall +be stored in approved containers and in an approved +manner. + +4003.1.1.3 Oxidizing gases. Except for cylinders not +exceeding a capacity of 250 cubic feet (7 m^) each used +for maintenance purposes, patient care or operation of +equipment, oxidizing gases shall not be stored or used in +Group A, B, E, I or R occupancies. + +The aggregate quantities of gases used for mainte- +nance purposes and operation of equipment shall not +exceed the maximum allowable quantity per control area +listed in Table 2703.1.1(1). + +Medical gas systems and medical gas supply cylinders +shall also be in accordance with Section 3006. + +4003.1.2 Emergency shutoff. Compressed gas systems +conveying oxidizing gases shall be provided with approved +manual or automatic emergency shutoff valves that can be +activated at each point of use and at each source. + +4003.1.2.1 Shutoff at source. A manual or automatic +fail-safe emergency shutoff valve shall be installed on +supply piping at the cylinder or bulk source. Manual or +automatic cylinder valves are allowed to be used as the +required emergency shutoff valve when the source of +supply is limited to unmanifolded cylinder sources. + +4003.1.2.2 Shutoff at point of use. A manual or auto- +matic emergency shutoff valve shall be installed on the +supply piping at the point of use or at a point where the +equipment using the gas is connected to the supply sys- +tem. + +4003.1.3 Ignition source control. Ignition sources in areas +containing oxidizing gases shall be controlled in accor- +dance with Section 2703.7. + +4003.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area. The storage and use of oxidizers in +amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area indicated in Section 2703.1 shall be in accordance +with Chapter 27 and this chapter. + + + +SECTION 4004 +STORAGE + +4004.1 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of oxidizers in amounts +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area +indicated in Table 2703 .1.1(1) shall be in accordance with Sec- +tions 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. + +4004.1.1 Detached storage. Storage of liquid and sohd oxi- +dizers shall be in detached buildings when required by Sec- +tion 2703.8.2. + +4004.1.2 Distance from detached storage buildings to +exposures. In addition to the requirements of the Interna- +tional Building Code, detached storage buildings shall be +located in accordance with Table 4004.1.2. + + + +4004.1.3 Explosion control. Indoor storage rooms, areas +and buildings containing Class 4 liquid or solid oxidizers +shall be provided with explosion control in accordance with +Section 911. + +4004.1.4 Automatic sprinkler system. The automatic +sprinkler system shall be designed in accordance with +NFPA 430. + +4004.1.5 Liquid-tight floor. In addition to Section +2704.12, floors of storage areas for liquid and solid oxidiz- +ers shall be of liquid-tight construction. + +TABLE 4004.1 .2 +OXIDIZER LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS— DISTANCE FROM DETACHED +BUILDINGS AND OUTDOOR STORAGE AREAS TO EXPOSURES + + + +OXIDIZER +CLASS + + +WEIGHT +(pounds) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE TO BUILDINGS, + +LOT LINES, PUBLIC STREETS, + +PUBLIC ALLEYS, PUBLIC WAYS OR + +MEANS OF EGRESS + +(feet) + + +1 + + +Note a + + +Not Required + + +2 + + +Note a + + +35 + + +3 + + +Note a + + +50 + + +4 + + +Over 10 to 100 + + +75 + + +101 to 500 + + +100 + + +501 to 1,000 + + +125 + + +1,001 to 3,000 + + +200 + + +3,001 to 5,000 + + +300 + + +5,001 to 10,000 + + +400 + + +Over 10,000 + + +As required by the +fire code official + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg. + +a. Any quantity over the amount required for detached storage in accordance + +with Section 2703.8.2, or over the outdoor maximum allowable quantity for + +outdoor control areas. + +4004.1.6 Smoke detection. An approved supervised smoke +detection system in accordance with Section 907 shall be +installed in liquid and solid oxidizer storage areas. Activa- +tion of the smoke detection system shall sound a local alarm. + +Exception: Detached storage buildings protected by an +approved automatic fire-extinguishing system. + +4004.1.7 Storage conditions. The maximum quantity of +oxidizers per building in detached storage buildings shall +not exceed those quantities set forth in Tables 4004.1.7(1) +through 4004.1.7(4). + +The storage configuration for liquid and solid oxidizers +shall be as set forth in Tables 4004.1.7(1) through +4004.1.7(4). + +Class 2 oxidizers shall not be stored in basements except +when such storage is in stationary tanks. + +Class 3 and 4 oxidizers in amounts exceeding the maxi- +mum allowable quantity per control area set forth in Section +2703.1 shall be stored on the ground floor only. + + + +370 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +OXIDIZERS + + + +TABLE 4004.1.7(1) + +STORAGE OF CLASS 1 OXIDIZER LIQUIDS AND + +SOLIDS IN COMBUSTIBLE CONTAINERS' + + + +TABLE 4004.1.7(4) +STORAGE OF CLASS 4 OXIDIZER LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS + + + +STORAGE CONFIGURATION + + +LIMITS (feet) + + +Piles + +Maximum length +Maximum width +Maximum height +Minimum distance to next pile +Minimum distance to walls + + +No Limit +50 +20 +3 + +2 + + +Maximum quantity per pile + + +No Limit + + +Maximum quantity per building + + +No Limit + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +a. Storage in noncombustible containers or in bulk in detached storage build- +ings is not limited as to quantity or arrangement. + +TABLE 4004.1 .7(2) +STORAGE OF CLASS 2 OXIDIZER LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS'" + + + +STORAGE CONFIGURATION + + +LIMITS + + +Segregated +storage + + +Cutoff +storage +rooms'' + + +Detached +building + + +Piles + +Maximum width +Maximum height +Minimum distance to next pile +Minimum distance to walls + + +16 feet +10 feet +Noted +2 feet + + +25 feet +12 feet +Noted +2 feet + + +25 feet +12 feet +Noted +2 feet + + +Maximum quantity per pile + + +20 tons + + +50 tons + + +200 tons + + +Maximum quantity per building + + +200 tons + + +500 tons + + +No Limit + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 ton = 0.907185 metric ton. + +a. Storage in noncombustible containers is not limited as to quantity or +arrangement, except that piles shall be at least 2 feet from walls in +sprinklered buildings and 4 feet from walls in nonsprinklered buildings; the +distance between piles shall not be less than the pile height. + +b. Quantity limits shall be reduced by 50 percent in buildings or portions of +buildings used for retail sales. + +c. Cutoff storage rooms shall be separated from the remainder of the building +by 2-hour fire barriers. + +d. Aisle width shall not be less than the pile height. + +TABLE 4004.1 .7(3) +STORAGE OF CLASS 3 OXIDIZER LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS'" + + + +STORAGE CONFIGURATION + + +LIMITS + + +Segregated +storage + + +Cutoff +storage +rooms" + + +Detached +building + + +Piles + +Maximum width +Maximum height +Minimum distance to next pile +Minimum distance to walls + + +12 feet +8 feet + +Noted +4 feet + + +16 feet +10 feet +Noted +4 feet + + +20 feet +10 feet +Noted +4 feet + + +Maximum quantity per pile + + +20 tons + + +30 tons + + +150 tons + + +Maximum quantity per building + + +100 tons + + +500 tons + + +No Limit + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 ton = 0.907185 metric ton. + +a. Storage in noncombustible containers is not limited as to quantity or +arrangement, except that piles shall be at least 2 feet from walls in +sprinklered buildings and 4 feet from walls in nonsprinklered buildings; the +distance between piles shall not be less than the pile height. + +b. Quantity Umits shall be reduced by 50 percent in buildings or portions of +buildings used for retail sales. + +c. Cutoff storage rooms shall be separated from the remainder of the building +by 2-hour fire barriers. + +d. Aisle width shall not be less than the pile height. + + + +STORAGE CONFIGURATION + + +LIMITS (feet) + + +Piles + +Maximum length +Maximum width +Maximum height +Minimum distance to next pile + + +10 + +4 +8 +8 + + +Maximum quantity per building + + +No Limit + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +4004.1.8 Separation of Class 4 oxidizers from other +materials. In addition to the requirements in Section +2703.9.8, Class 4 oxidizer liquids and solids shall be sepa- +rated from other hazardous materials by not less than a +1-hour fire barrier or stored in hazardous materials storage +cabinets. + +Detached storage buildings for Class 4 oxidizer liquids +and solids shall be located a minimum of 50 feet (15 240 +mm) from other hazardous materials storage. + +4004.1.9 Contamination. Liquid and solid oxidizers shall +not be stored on or against combustible surfaces. Liquid and +solid oxidizers shall be stored in a manner to prevent con- +tamination. + +4004.2 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of oxidizers in +amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantities per con- +trol area set forth in Table 2703.1.1(3) shall be in accordance +with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. Oxidizing +gases shall also comply with Chapter 30. + +4004.2.1 Distance from storage to exposures for liquid +and solid oxidizers. Outdoor storage areas for liquid and +solid oxidizers shall be located in accordance with Table +4004.1.2. + +4004.2.2 Distance from storage to exposures for oxidizer + +gases. Outdoor storage areas for oxidizer gases shall be +located in accordance with Table 4004.2.2. + +4004.2.3 Storage configuration for liquid and solid oxi- +dizers. Storage configuration for liquid and solid oxidizers +shall be in accordance with Tables 4004.1.7(1) through +4004.1.7(4). + +4004.2.4 Storage configuration for oxidizer gases. Stor- +age configuration for oxidizer gases shall be in accordance +with Table 4004.2.2. + + + +SECTION 4005 +USE + +4005.1 Scope. The use of oxidizers in amounts exceeding the +maximum allowable quantity per control area indicated in +Table 2703.1.1(1) or 2703.1.1(3) shall be in accordance with +Sections 2701, 2703, 2705 and this chapter. Oxidizing gases +shall also comply with Chapter 30. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +371 + + + +OXIDIZERS + + + +TABLE 4004.2.2 +OXIDIZER GASES — DISTANCES FROM STORAGE TO EXPOSURES^ + + + +QUANTITY OF GAS STORED +(cubic feet at NTP) + + +DISTANCE TO A BUILDING NOT ASSOCIATED WITH THE +MANUFACTURE OR DISTRIBUTION OF OXIDIZER GASES OR +PUBLIC WAY OR LOT LINE THAT CAN BE BUILT UPON (feet) + + +DISTANCE BETWEEN + +STORAGE AREAS + +(feet) + + +- 50,000 + + +5 + + +5 + + +50,001 - 100,000 + + +10 + + +10 + + +100,001 + + +15 + + +10 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 ml +I a. The minimum required distances shall not apply when fire barriers without openings or penetrations having a minimum fire-resistance rating of 2 hours interrupt +the line of sight between the storage and the exposure. The configuration of the fire barrier shall be designed to allow natural ventilation to prevent the accumulation +of hazardous gas concentrations. + + + +372 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +CHAPTER 41 + +PYROPHORIC MATERIALS + + + +SECTION 4101 +GENERAL + +4101.1 Scope. The storage and use of pyrophoric materials +shall be in accordance with this chapter. Compressed gases +shall also comply with Chapter 30. + +4101.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 4102 +DEFINITIONS + +4102.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meaning shown herein. + +PYROPHORIC. A chemical with an autoignition tempera- +ture in air, at or below a temperature of 130°F (54°C). + + + +SECTION 4103 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +4103.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The storage and use of pyrophoric +materials in amounts not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area indicated in Section 2703. 1 shall be in +accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 4101 and 4103. + +4103.1.1 Emergency shutoff. Compressed gas systems +conveying pyrophoric gases shall be provided with +approved manual or automatic emergency shutoff valves +that can be activated at each point of use and at each source. + +4103.1.1.1 Shutoff at source. An automatic emergency +shutoff valve shall be installed on supply piping at the +cylinder or bulk source. The shutoff valve shall be oper- +ated by a remotely located manually activated shutdown +control located not less than 15 feet (4572 mm) from the +source of supply. Manual or automatic cylinder valves +are allowed to be used as the required emergency shutoff +valve when the source of supply is limited to +unmanifolded cylinder sources. + +4103.1.1.2 Shutoff at point of use. A manual or auto- +matic emergency shutoff valve shall be installed on the +supply piping at the point of use or at a point where the +equipment using the gas is connected to the supply sys- +tem. + +4103.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area. The storage and use of pyrophoric mate- +rials in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity +per control area indicated in Section 2703.1 shall be in accor- +dance with Chapter 27 and this chapter. + + + +SECTION 4104 +STORAGE + +4104.1 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of pyrophoric materi- +als in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per +control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(1), shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. + +The storage of silane gas and gas mixtures with a silane con- +centration of 2 percent or more by volume, shall be in accor- +dance with Section 4106. + +4104.1.1 Liquid-tight floor. In addition to the requirements +of Section 2704.12, floors of storage areas containing +pyrophoric liquids shall be of liquid-tight construction. + +4104.1.2 Pyrophoric solids and liquids. Storage of +pyrophoric solids and liquids shall be limited to a maximum +area of 100 square feet (9.3 m^) per pile. Storage shall not +exceed 5 feet (1524 mm) in height. Individual containers +shall not be stacked. + +Aisles between storage piles shall be a minimum of 10 +feet (3048 mm) in width. + +Individual tanks or containers shall not exceed 500 gal- +lons (1893 L) in capacity. + +4104.1.3 Pyrophoric gases. Storage of pyrophoric gases +shall be in detached buildings where required by Section +2703.8.2. + +4104.1.4 Separation from incompatible materials. In + +addition to the requirements of Section 2703.9.8, indoor +storage of pyrophoric materials shall be isolated from +incompatible hazardous materials by 1-hour fire barriers +with openings protected in accordance with the Interna- +tional Building Code. + +Exception: Storage in approved hazardous materials +storage cabinets constructed in accordance with Section +2703.8.7. + +4104.2 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of pyrophoric +materials in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(3) shall be in +accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. + +The storage of silane gas, and gas mixtures with a silane con- +centration of 2 percent or more by volume, shall be in accor- +dance with Section 4106. + +4104.2.1 Distance from storage to exposures. The separa- +tion of pyrophoric solids, liquids and gases from buildings, +lot lines, public streets, pubhc alleys, public ways or means +of egress shall be in accordance with the following: + +1 . Solids and liquids. Two times the separation required +by Chapter 34 for Class IB flammable liquids. + +2. Gases. The location and maximum amount of +pyrophoric gas per storage area shall be in accordance +with Table 4104.2.1. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +373 + + + +PYROPHORIC MATERIALS + + + +TABLE 4104.2.1 +PYROPHORIC GASES— DISTANCE FROM STORAGE TO EXPOSURES' + + + +MAXIMUM + +AMOUNT PER + +STORAGE AREA + +(cubic feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE + +BETWEEN + +STORAGE AREAS + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE +TO LOT LINES OF +PROPERTY THAT + +CAN BE BUILT UPON +(feet) + + +MINIMUM + +DISTANCE TO + +PUBLIC STREETS, + +PUBLIC ALLEYS OR + +PUBLIC WAYS + +(feet) + + +MINIMUM DISTANCE TO BUILDINGS ON THE SAME PROPERTY + + +Nonrated + +construction or + +openings within + +25 feet + + +Two-hour + +construction and no + +openings within 25 + +feet + + +Four-hour + +construction and no + +openings within 25 + +feet + + +250 + + +5 + + +25 + + +5 + + +5 + + + + + + + + +2,500 + + +10 + + +50 + + +10 + + +10 + + +5 + + + + + +7,500 + + +20 + + +100 + + +20 + + +20 + + +10 + + + + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 ml + +a. The minimum required distances shall be reduced to 5 feet when protective structures having a minimum fire resistance of 2 hours interrupt the line of sight + +between the container and the exposure. The protective structure shall be at least 5 feet from the exposure. The configuration of the protective structure shall allow + +natural ventilation to prevent the accumulation of hazardous gas concentrations. + + + +4104.2.2 Weather protection. When overhead construc- +tion is provided for sheltering outdoor storage areas of +pyrophoric materials, the storage areas shall be provided +with approved automatic fire-extinguishing system protec- +tion. + + + +SECTION 4105 +USE + +4105.1 General. The use of pyrophoric materials in amounts +exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per control area +indicated in Table 2703 . 1 . 1 ( 1 ) or 2703 . 1 . 1 (3 ) shall be in accor- +dance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2705 and this chapter. + +4105.2 Weather protection. When overhead construction is +provided for sheltering of outdoor use areas of pyrophoric +materials, the use areas shall be provided with approved auto- +matic fire-extinguishing system protection. + +4105.3 Silane gas. The use of silane gas, and gas mixtures with +a silane concentration of 2 percent or more by volume, shall be +in accordance with Section 4106. + + + +SECTION 4106 +SILANE GAS + +4106.1 General requirements. The storage and use of silane +gas and gas mixtures with a silane concentration of 2 percent or +more by volume, in amounts exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area indicated in Table 2703 . 1 . 1 ( 1 ) or +2703.1.1(3), shall be in accordance with this section. + +4106.1.1 Building construction. Indoor storage and use of +silane gas shall be within a room or building conforming to +the International Building Code. + +4106.1.2 Flow control. Compressed gas containers, cylin- +ders and tanks containing silane gas, and gas mixtures with a +silane concentration of 2 percent or more by volume, shall +be equipped with reduced flow valves equipped with restric- +tive-flow orifices not exceeding 0.010 inch (0.254 mm) in +diameter. The presence of the restrictive flow orifice shall be +indicated on the valve and on the container, cylinder or tank +by means of a label placed at a prominent location by the +manufacturer. + + + +Exceptions: + +1 . Manufacturing and filling facilities where silane is +produced or mixed and stored prior to sale. + +2. Outdoor installations consisting of permanently +mounted cylinders connected to a manifold, pro- +vided that the outlet connection from the manifold +is equipped with a restrictive flow orifice not +exceeding 0.125 inch (3.175 mm) in diameter and +the setback distance to exposures is not less than +40 feet (12 192 mm). Footnote a of Table 4104.2.1 +shall not apply. + +4106.1.3 Valves. Container, cylinder and tank valves shall +be constructed of stainless steel or other approved materials. +Valves shall be equipped with outlet fittings in accordance +withCGAV-1. + +4106.2 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of silane gas, and gas +mixtures with a silane concentration of 2 percent or more by +volume, shall be in accordance with Section 4104.1 and Sec- +tions 4106.2.1 through 4106.2.3. + +4106.2.1 Fire protection. When automatic fire-extinguish- +ing systems are required, automatic sprinkler systems shall +be used. + +4106.2.2 Exhausted enclosures or gas cabinets. When +provided, exhausted enclosures and gas cabinets shall be +constructed as follows: + +1. Exhausted enclosures and gas cabinets shall be in +accordance with Sections 2703.8.5 and 2703.8.6, +respectively. + +2. Exhausted enclosures and gas cabinets shall be inter- +nally sprinklered. + +3. The velocity of ventilation across un welded fittings +and connections on the piping system shall not be less +than 200 feet per minute (1.02 m/s). + +4. The average velocity at the face of the access ports or +windows in the gas cabinet shall not be less than 200 +feet per minute ( 1 .02 m/s) with a minimum velocity of +150 feet per minute (0.76 m/s) at any point of the +access port or window. + + + +374 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +PYROPHORIC MATERIALS + + + +4106.2.3 Emergency power. The ventilation system stiall +be provided with an automatic emergency power source in +accordance with Section 604 and designed to operate at full +capacity. + +4106.3 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of silane gas, and +gas mixtures with a silane concentration of 2 percent or more +by volume, shall be in accordance with Section 4104.2 and +Sections 4106.3.1 through 4106.3.4. + +4106.3.1 Volume. The maximum volume for each nest shall +not exceed 10,000 cubic feet (283.2 m^) of gas. + +4106.3.2 Aisles. Storage nests shall be separated by aisles a +minimum of 6 feet (1829 mm) in width. + +4106.3.3 Separation. Storage shall be located a minimum +of 25 feet (7620 mm) from lot lines, public streets, public +alleys, public ways, means of egress or buildings. + +4106.3.4 Weather protection. The clear height of overhead +construction provided for sheltering of outdoor storage +shall not be less than 12 feet (3658 mm). + +4106.4 Indoor use and dispensing. The indoor use and dis- +pensing of silane gas and gas mixtures with a silane concentra- +tion of 2 percent or more by volume, in amounts exceeding the +maximum allowable quantity per control area indicated in +Table 2703.1.1(1) shall be in accordance with Sections 4105 +and this section. + +4106.4.1 Exhausted enclosures or gas cabinets. When +provided, exhausted enclosures and gas cabinets shall be +installed in accordance with Section 4106.2.2. + +4106.4.2 Remote manual shutdown. A remotely located, +manually activated shutdown control shall be provided out- +side each gas cabinet. + +4106.4.3 Emergency power. The ventilation system shall +be provided with an approved automatic emergency power +source in accordance with Section 604 and designed to +operate at full capacity. + +4106.4.4 Purge panels. Automated purge panels shall be +provided. + +4106.4.4.1 Purge gases. Purging of piping and controls +located in gas cabinets or exhausted enclosures shall +only be performed using a dedicated inert gas supply that +is designed to prevent silane from entering the inert gas +supply. The use of nondedicated systems or portions of +piping systems is allowed on portions of the venting sys- +tem that are continuously vented to atmosphere. Devices +that could interrupt the continuous flow of purge gas to +the atmosphere shall be prohibited. + +Exception: Manufacturing and filling facilities +where silane is produced or mixed. + +4106.4.4.2 Venting. Gas vent headers or individual +purge panel vent lines shall have a continuous flow of +inert gas. The inert gas shall be introduced upstream of +the first vent or exhaust connection to the header. + +4106.4.4.3 Purging operations. Purging operations +shall be performed by means ensuring complete purging +of the piping and control system before the system is +opened to the atmosphere. + + + +4106.5 Outdoor use and dispensing. The outdoor use and dis- +pensing of silane gas, and gas mixtures with a silane concentra- +tion of 2 percent or more by volume, exceeding the maximum +allowable quantity per control area indicated in Table +2703.1.1(3) shall be in accordance with Sections 4105, 4106.4 +and 4106.5.1. + +4106.5.1 Outdoor use weather protection. When over- +head construction is provided for sheltering outdoor use +areas containing silane gas, or gas mixtures with a silane +concentration of 2 percent or more by volume, the use areas +shall be provided with approved automatic fire-extinguish- +ing system protection. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +375 + + + +376 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +CHAPTER 42 + +PYROXYLIN (CELLULOSE NITRATE) PLASTICS + + + +SECTION 4201 +GENERAL + +4201.1 Scope. This chapter shall apply to the storage and han- +dling of plastic substances, materials or compounds with cellu- +lose nitrate as a base, by whatever name known, in the form of +blocks, sheets, tubes or fabricated shapes. + +Cellulose nitrate motion picture film shall comply with the +requirements of Section 306. + +4201.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 4202 +DEFINITIONS + +4202.1 Terms defined in Chapter 2. Words and terms used in +this chapter and defined in Chapter 2 shall have the meanings +ascribed to them as defined therein. + + + +SECTION 4203 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +4203.1 Displays. Cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) plastic articles +are allowed to be placed on tables not more than 3 feet (914 +mm) wide and 10 feet (3048 mm) long. Tables shall be spaced +at least 3 feet (914 mm) apart. Where articles are displayed on +counters, they shall be arranged in a like manner. + +4203.2 Space under tables. Spaces underneath tables shall be +kept free from storage of any kind and accumulation of paper, +refuse and other combustible material. + +4203.3 Location. Sales or display tables shall be so located that +in the event of a fire at the table, the table will not interfere with +free means of egress from the room in at least one direction. + +4203.4 Lighting. Lighting shall not be located directly above +cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) plastic material, unless provided +with a suitable guard to prevent heated particles from falling. + + + +pounds (227 kg). Each compartment shall not contain more +than 250 pounds (1 14 kg). + +4204.1.3 Storage of additional material. Raw material in +excess of that allowed by Section 4204. 1 .2 shall be kept in +vented vaults not exceeding 1,500-cubic-foot capacity (43 +m^) of total vault space, and with approved construction, +venting and sprinkler protection. + +4204.1.4 Heat sources. Cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) plastic +shall not be stored within 2 feet (610 mm) of heat-producing +appliances, steam pipes, radiators or chimneys. + +4204.1.5 Accumulation of material. In factories manufac- +turing articles of cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) plastics, +approved sprinklered and vented cabinets, vaults or storage +rooms shall be provided to prevent the accumulation in +workrooms of raw stock in process or finished articles. + +4204.1.6 Operators. In workrooms of cellulose nitrate +(pyroxylin) plastic factories, operators shall not be stationed +closer together than 3 feet (914 mm), and the amount of +material per operator shall not exceed one-shift's supply and +shall be limited to the capacity of three tote boxes, including +material awaiting removal or use. + +4204.1.7 Waste material. Waste cellulose nitrate +(pyroxylin) plastic materials such as shavings, chips, turn- +ings, sawdust, edgings and trimmings shall be kept under +water in metal receptacles until removed from the premises. + +4204.2 Fire protection. The manufacture or storage of articles +of cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) plastic in quantities exceeding +100 pounds (45 kg) shall be located in a building or portion +thereof equipped throughout with an approved automatic +sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. + +4204.3 Sources of ignition. Sources of ignition shall not be +located in rooms in which cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) plastic +in excess of 25 pounds (11 kg) is handled or stored. + +4204.4 Heating. Rooms in which cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) +plastic is handled or stored shall be heated by low-pressure +steam or hot water radiators. + + + +SECTION 4204 +STORAGE AND HANDLING + +4204.1 Raw material. Raw cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) plas- +tic material in a Group F building shall be stored and handled in +accordance with Sections 4204.1.1 through 4204.1.7. + +4204.1.1 Storage of incoming material. Where raw mate- +rial in excess of 25 pounds (11 kg) is received in a building +or fire area, an approved vented cabinet or approved vented +vault equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler sys- +tem shall be provided for the storage of material. + +4204.1.2 Capacity limitations. Cabinets in any one work- +room shall not contain more than 1,000 pounds (454 kg) of +raw material. Each cabinet shall not contain more than 500 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +377 + + + +378 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +CHAPTER 43 + +UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIALS + + + +SECTION 4301 +GENERAL + +4301.1 Scope. The storage and use of unstable (reactive) mate- +rials shall be in accordance with this chapter. Compressed +gases shall also comply with Chapter 30. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Display and storage in Group M and storage in Group +S occupancies complying with Section 2703.11. + +2. Detonable unstable (reactive) materials shall be +stored in accordance with Chapter 33. + +4301.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 4302 +DEFINITIONS + +4302.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meaning shown herein. + +UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIAL. A material, other +than an explosive, which in the pure state or as commercially +produced, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense +or become self-reactive and undergo other violent chemical +changes, including explosion, when exposed to heat, friction or +shock, or in the absence of an inhibitor, or in the presence of +contaminants, or in contact with incompatible materials. +Unstable (reactive) materials are subdivided as follows: + +Class 4. Materials that in themselves are readily capable of +detonation or explosive decomposition or explosive reac- +tion at normal temperatures and pressures. This class +includes materials that are sensitive to mechanical or local- +ized thermal shock at normal temperatures and pressures. + +Class 3. Materials that in themselves are capable of detona- +tion or of explosive decomposition or explosive reaction but +which require a strong initiating source or which must be +heated under confinement before initiation. This class +includes materials that are sensitive to thermal or mechani- +cal shock at elevated temperatures and pressures. + +Class 2. Materials that in themselves are normally unstable +and readily undergo violent chemical change but do not det- +onate. This class includes materials that can undergo chemi- +cal change with rapid release of energy at normal +temperatures and pressures, and that can undergo violent +chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures. + +Class 1. Materials that in themselves are normally stable but +which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and +pressure. + + + +SECTION 4303 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +4303.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. Quantities of unstable (reactive) +materials not exceeding the maximuiti allowable quantity per +control area shall be in accordance with Sections 4303.1.1 +through 4303.1.2.5. + +4303.1.1 General. The storage and use of unstable (reac- +tive) materials in amounts not exceeding the maximum +allowable quantity per control area indicated in Section +2703.1 shall be in accordance with Sections 2701, 2703 +4301 and 4303. + +4303.1.2 Limitations for indoor storage and use by occu- +pancy. The indoor storage of unstable (reactive) materials +shall be in accordance with Sections 4303.1.2.1 through +4303.1.2.5. + +4303.1.2.1 Group A, E, I or U occupancies. In Group + +A, E, I or U occupancies, any amount of Class 3 and 4 +unstable (reactive) materials shall be stored in accor- +dance with the following: + +1 . Class 3 and 4 unstable (reactive) materials shall be +stored in hazardous material storage cabinets com- +plying with Section 2703.8.7. + +2. The hazardous material storage cabinets shall not +contain other storage. + +4303.1.2.2 Group R occupancies. Class 3 and 4 unsta- +ble (reactive) materials shall not be stored or used within +Group R occupancies. + +4303.1.2.3 Group M occupancies. Class 4 unstable +(reactive) materials shall not be stored or used in retail +sales portions of Group M occupancies. + +4303.1.2.4 Offices. Class 3 and 4 unstable (reactive) +materials shall not be stored or used in offices of Group + +B, F, M or S occupancies. + +4303.1.2.5 Classrooms. In classrooms in Group B, F or +M occupancies, any amount of Class 3 and 4 unstable +(reactive) materials shall be stored in accordance with +the following: + +1 . Class 3 and 4 unstable (reactive) materials shall be +stored in hazardous material storage cabinets com- +plying with Section 2703.8.7. + +2. The hazardous material storage cabinets shall not +contain other storage. + +4303.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area. The storage and use of unstable (reac- +tive) materials in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area indicated in Section 2703. 1 shall be in +accordance with Chapter 27 and this chapter. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +379 + + + +UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIALS + + + +SECTION 4304 +STORAGE + +4304.1 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of unstable (reactive) +materials in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(1) shall be in +accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chapter. + +In addition, Class 3 and 4 unstable (reactive) detonable +materials shall be stored in accordance with the International +Building Code requirements for explosives. + +4304.1.1 Detached storage. Storage of unstable (reactive) +materials shall be in detached buildings when required in +Section 2703.8.2. + +4304.1.2 Explosion control. Indoor storage rooms, areas +and buildings containing Class 3 or 4 unstable (reactive) +materials shall be provided with explosion control in accor- +dance with Section 911. + +4304.1.3 Liquid-tight floor. In addition to Section +2704.12, floors of storage areas for liquids and solids shall +be of liquid-tight construction. + +4304.1.4 Storage configuration. Unstable (reactive) mate- +rials stored in quantities greater than 500 cubic feet (14 m^) +shall be separated into piles, each not larger than 500 cubic +feet (14 m^). Aisle width shall not be less than the height of +the piles or 4 feet (1219 mm), whichever is greater. + +Exception: Materials stored in tanks. + +4304.1.5 Location in building. Unstable (reactive) materi- +als shall not be stored in basements. + +4304.2 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of unstable (reac- +tive) materials in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable +quantities per control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(3) shall +be in accordance with Sections 2701 , 2703, 2704 and this chap- +ter. + +4304.2.1 Distance from storage to exposures Class 4 and +3 (detonable) materials. Outdoor storage of Class 4 or 3 +(detonable) unstable (reactive) material shall be in accor- +dance with Table 3304.5.2(2). The number of pounds of +material listed in the table shall be the net weight of the +material present. Alternatively, the number of pounds of +material shall be based on a trinitrotoluene (TNT) equiva- +lent weight. + +4304.2.2 Distance from storage to exposures Class 3 +(deflagratable) materials. Outdoor storage of +deflagratable Class 3 unstable (reactive) materials shall be +in accordance with Table 3304.5.2(3). The number of +pounds of material listed shall be the net weight of the mate- +rial present. + +4304.2.3 Distance from storage to exposures Class 2 and +1 materials. Outdoor storage of Class 2 or 1 unstable (reac- +tive) materials shall not be located within 20 feet (6096 mm) +of buildings not associated with the manufacture or distribu- +tion of such materials, lot lines, public streets, public alleys, +public ways or means of egress. The minimum required dis- +tance shall not apply when fire barriers without openings or +penetrations having a minimum fire-resistance rating of 2 +hours interrupt the line of sight between the storage and the + + + +exposure. The fire barrier shall either be an independent +structure or the exterior wall of the building adjacent to the +storage area. + +4304.2.4 Storage configuration. Piles of unstable (reac- +tive) materials shall not exceed 1,000 cubic feet (28 m^). + +4304.2.5 Aisle widths. Aisle widths between piles shall not +be less than one-half the height of the pile or 10 feet (3048 +mm), whichever is greater. + + + +SECTION 4305 +USE + +4305.1 General. The use of unstable (reactive) materials in +amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area indicated in Table 2703 . 1 . 1 ( 1 ) or 2703 .1.1(3) shall be +in accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2705 and this chapter. + + + +380 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +CHAPTER 44 + +WATER-REACTIVE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS + + + +SECTION 4401 +GENERAL + +4401.1 Scope. The storage and use of water-reactive solids and +liquids shall be in accordance with this chapter. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Display and storage in Group M and storage in Group +S occupancies complying with Section 2703.11. + +2. Detonable water-reactive solids and liquids shall be +stored in accordance with Chapter 33. + +4401.2 Permits. Permits shall be required as set forth in Sec- +tion 105.6. + + + +SECTION 4402 +DEFINITIONS + +4402.1 Definition. The following word and term shall, for the +purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, +have the meaning shown herein. + +WATER-REACTIVE MATERIAL. A material that +explodes; violently reacts; produces flammable, toxic or other +hazardous gases; or evolves enough heat to cause autoignition +or ignition of combustibles upon exposure to water or mois- +ture. Water-reactive materials are subdivided as follows: + +Class 3. Materials that react explosively with water without +requiring heat or confinement. + +Class 2. Materials that react violently with water or have the +ability to boil water. Materials that produce flanmiable, +toxic or other hazardous gases, or evolve enough heat to +cause autoignition or ignition of combustibles upon expo- +sure to water or moisture. + +Class 1. Materials that react with water with some release of +energy, but not violently. + + + +SECTION 4403 +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +4403.1 Quantities not exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area. The storage and use of water-reac- +tive solids and liquids in amounts not exceeding the maximum +allowable quantity per control area indicated in Section 2703. 1 +shall be in accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 4401 and +4403. + +4403.2 Quantities exceeding the maximum allowable quan- +tity per control area. The storage and use of water-reactive +solids and liquids in amounts exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area indicated in Section 2703. 1 shall +be in accordance with Chapter 27 and this chapter. + + + +SECTION 4404 +STORAGE + +4404.1 Indoor storage. Indoor storage of water-reactive solids +and liquids in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable +quantity per control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(1), shall +be in accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this chap- +ter. + +4404.1.1 Detached storage. Storage of water-reactive sol- +ids and liquids shall be in detached buildings when required +by Section 2703.8.2. + +4404.1.2 Liquid-tight floor. In addition to the provisions of +Section 2704.12, floors in storage areas for water-reactive +solids and liquids shall be of liquid-tight construction. + +4404.1.3 Waterproof room. Rooms or areas used for the +storage of water-reactive solids and liquids shall be con- +structed in a manner which resists the penetration of water +through the use of waterproof materials. Piping carrying +water for other than approved automatic sprinkler systems +shall not be within such rooms or areas. + +4404.1.4 Water-tight containers. When Class 3 +water-reactive solids and liquids are stored in areas +equipped with an automatic sprinkler system, the materials +shall be stored in closed water-tight containers. + +4404.1.5 Storage configuration. Water-reactive solids and +liquids stored in quantities greater than 500 cubic feet (14 +m^) shall be separated into piles, each not larger than 500 +cubic feet (14 m^). Aisle widths between piles shall not be +less than the height of the pile or 4 feet (1219 mm), which- +ever is greater. + +Exception: Water-reactive solids and liquids stored in +tanks. + +Class 2 water-reactive solids and liquids shall not be +stored in basements unless such materials are stored in +closed water-tight containers or tanks. + +Class 3 water-reactive solids and liquids shall not be +stored in basements. + +Class 2 or 3 water-reactive solids and liquids shall not be +stored with flammable liquids. + +4404.1.6 Explosion control. Indoor storage rooms, areas +and buildings containing Class 2 or 3 water-reactive solids +and liquids shall be provided with explosion control in +accordance with Section 911. + +4404.2 Outdoor storage. Outdoor storage of water-reactive +solids and liquids in quantities exceeding the maximum allow- +able quantity per control area indicated in Table 2703.1.1(3) +shall be in accordance with Sections 2701, 2703, 2704 and this +chapter. + +4404.2.1 General. Outdoor storage of water-reactive solids +and liquids shall be within tanks or closed water-tight con- + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +381 + + + +WATER-REACTIVE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS + + + +tainers and shall be in accordance with Sections 4404.2.2 +through 4404.2.5. + +4404.2.2 Class 3 distance to exposures. Outdoor storage of +Class 3 water-reactive solids and liquids shall not be within +75 feet (22 860 mm) of buildings, lot lines, public streets, +public alleys, public ways or means of egress. + +4404.2.3 Class 2 distance to exposures. Outdoor storage of +Class 2 water-reactive solids and liquids shall not be within +20 feet (6096 mm) of buildings, lot lines, public streets, pub- +lic alleys, public ways or means of egress. A 2-hour fire bar- +rier wall without openings or penetrations, and extending +not less than 30 inches (762 mm) above and to the sides of +the storage area, is allowed in lieu of such distance. The wall +shall either be an independent structure, or the exterior wall +of the building adjacent to the storage area. + +4404.2.4 Storage conditions. Class 3 water-reactive solids +and liquids shall be limited to piles not greater than 500 +cubic feet (14 m^). + +Class 2 water-reactive solids and liquids shall be limited +to piles not greater than 1,000 cubic feet (28 m^). + +Aisle widths between piles shall not be less than one-half +the height of the pile or 10 feet (3048 mm), whichever is +greater. + +4404.2.5 Containment. Secondary containment shall be +provided in accordance with the provisions of Section + +2704.2.2. + + + +SECTION 4405 +USE + +4405.1 General. The use of water-reactive solids and liquids in +amounts exceeding the maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area indicated in Table 2703 . 1 . 1 ( 1 ) or 2703 .1.1(3) shall be +in accordance with Sections 2701 , 2703, 2705 and this chapter. + + + +382 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +CHAPTER 45 + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +This chapter lists the standards that are referenced in various sections of this document. The standards are listed herein by the +promulgating agency of the standard, the standard identification, the effective date and title, and the section or sections of this +document that reference the standard. The application of the referenced standards shall be as specified in Section 102.6. + + + +AASHTO + + + +American Association of State Highway +and Transportation Officials +444 North Capitol Street, Northwest, #249 +Washington, DC 20001 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +HB- 17— 2002 + + + +Specification for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition 2002 503.2.6 + + + +AFSI + + + +Architectural Fabric Structures Institute +c/o Industrial Fabric Association International +1801 County Road B West +Roseville,MN 55113 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +ASI— 77 + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +Design and Standard Manual 2403.10.2 + + + +API + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +Spec 12P— (1995) +(Reaffirmed 2000) +RP 651— (1997) +Std 653— (2001) +RP 752— (2003) +RP 1604— (1996) +RP 1615— (1996) +Std 2000— (1998) +RP 2001— (2005) +RP 2003— (1998) +Publ 2009— (2002) +Std 2015— (2001) +RP 2023— (2001) + +Publ 2028— (2002) +Publ 2201— (2003) +RP 2350— (2005) + + + +American Petroleum Institute +1220 L Street, Northwest +Washington, DC 20005 + +Title + +Specification for Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Tanks 3404.2.13.1.5 + +Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks 3406.7, 3406.7.1 + +Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration and Reconstruction 3406.7 + +Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Buildings, CMA Managers Guide 3406.7 + +Closure of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks 3404.2.13 + +Installation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems 3404.2.13.1.5, 3406.7 + +Venting Atmosphere and Low Pressure Storage Tanks: Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated 3404.2.7.3.6 + +Fire Protection in Refineries, 8"^ Edition 3406.7 + +Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of Static, Lightening, and Stray Currents 3406.7 + +Safe Welding and Cutting Practices in Refineries, Gas Plantsand Petrochemical Plants 3406.7 + +Safe Entry and Clearing of Petroleum Storage Tanks 3406.7, 3406.7.2 + +Guide for Safe Storage and Handling of Heated Petroleum-Derived Asphalt Products and + +Crude-oil Residue 3406.7, 3406.7.3 + +Flame Arrestors in Piping Systems 3404.2.7.3.2 + +Procedures for Welding or Hot Tapping on Equipment in Service 3406.7 + +Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Facilities, 3rd Edition 3404.2.7.5.8, 3406.4.6, 3406.7 + + + +ASME + + + +A13.1— 96 +A17.1— 2004 + + + +The American Society of Mechanical Engineers + +Three Park Avenue + +New York, NY 10016-5990 + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Tide + + +section number + + + +Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems 2609.3, 2703.2.2.1, 3003.4.2, 3203.4.5, 3403.5.2 + +Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators— with A17.1a-2004 Addenda and A17.1S Supplement 607.1, 1007.4 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ + + + +383 + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +A17.3— 2002 +A18. 1—2003 +B 16. 18—2001 +B 16.22— 2001 +B3 1.3— 2002 +B31.9— 96 +BPVC-2001 + + + +ASME — continued + +Safety Code for Existing Elevators and Escalators — with A17.3a-2000 Addenda 607.1 + +Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and Stairway Chair Lifts 604.2.6 + +Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings 909.13.1 + +Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder-joint Pressure Fittings — with B16.22a-1998 Addenda 909.13.1 + +Process Piping 2209.5.4.3.1, 2703.2.2.2 + +Building Services Piping Code for Pressure Piping 3403.6.2.1, 3403.6.3, 3403.6.11 + +ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 2001 Edition of + +(Sections 1, 11, IV, V & VI, VIII) 2209.5.4.2, 3003.2, 3003.3.2, 3203.4.3, 3203.8, 3204.4.1, 3204.5, 3404.2.13.1.5 + + + +ASTM + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +B 42— 02e01 +B 43—04 +B68— 02 +B88— 03 +B 251— 02e01 +B 280—03 +D 56— 02a +D 86— 04b +D 92— 02b +D 93— 02a +D 323— 99a +D 3278— 96e01 +E84— 04 + +E 681—04 +E 1354— 04a + +E 1529—00 + +E 1537— 02a +E 1590—02 + + + +ASTM International + +100 Barr Harbor Drive + +West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 + +Ri + +sectio + +Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes 909.13.1 + +Specification for Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes 909.13.1 + +Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, Bright Annealed 909.13.1 + +Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube 909.13.1 + +Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Seamless Copper and Copper-alloy Tube 909.13.1 + +Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field Service 909.13.1 + +Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester 3402.1 + +Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure 2702.1 + +Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup 3401.2, 3402.1 + +Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Up Tester 3402.1 + +Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method) 2702. 1 + +Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed-cup Apparatus 3402. 1 + +Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials 803.1, 803.1.1, 803.1.2, 803.5.1, + +803.7.3, 804.1, 804.2.4, + +Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases) 3502.1 + +Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for + +Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter 808. 1 + +Test Method for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on + +Structural Members and Assemblies 3404.2.9.1.3 + +Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture 805. 1 . 1 .2, 805.2. 1 .2, 805.3. 1 .2 + +Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses 805.1.2.2, 805.2.2.2, 805.3.2.2 + + + +BHMA + + + +Builders Hardware Manufacturers' Association +355 Lexington Avenue, 17th Floor +New York, NY 10017-6603 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +A156.10— 99 +A156.19— 02 + + + +American National Standard for Power Operated Pedestrian Doors + +American National Standard for Power Assist and Low Energy Power Operated Doors + + + +,1008.1.3.2 +1008.1.3.2 + + + +CA + + + +California +Technical +Bulletin 129-1992 + + + +State of California + +Department of Consumer Affairs + +Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation + +3485 Orange Grove Avenue + +North Highlands, CA 95660-5595 + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +FlammabiUty Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use In Public Buildings 805.1.1.2, 805.2.2.2, 805.3.2.2 + + + +384 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +California +Technical +Bulletin 133—1991 + + + +CA — continued + + + +Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Furniture for +Use in Public Occupancies + + + +.805.1.1.2,805.2.1.2 + + + +CGA + + + +C-7— (2000) +P-1— (2000) +P- 18— (1992) +S- 1.1— (2002) +S-1.2— (1995) +S-1.3— (1995) + +V-1— (2002) + + + +Compressed Gas Association +1725 Jefferson Davis Highway +5"" Floor +Arlington, VA 22202-4102 + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +Guide to the Preparation of Precautionary Labeling and Marking of Compressed Gas Containers 3003.4.2, 3203.4.2 + +Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers 3005.7 + +Standard for Bulk Inert Gas Systems at Consumer Sites 3201.1 + +Relief Device Standards— Part 1— Cylinders for Compressed Gases 2209.5.4.2, 3003.3.2, 3203.2 + +Pressure Relief Device Standards— Part 2— Cargo and Portable Tanks for Compressed Gases . . . 2209.5.4.2, 3003.3.2, 3203.2 + +Pressure Relief Device Standards — Part 3 — Stationary Storage Containers for + +Compressed Gases 2209.5.4.2, 2209.5.4.3.5, 3003.3.2, 3203.2 + +Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections 4106.1.3 + + + +CGR + + + +Coast Guard Regulations +c/o Superintendent of Documents +U.S. Government Printing Office +Washington, DC 20402-9325 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +46CFR +Parts 30, 32, +35 & 39—1999 + + + +Shipping 3406.8 + + + +CPSC + + + +16 CFR Part +1500.41—1984 + +16 CFR Part +1500.42—1984 + +16 CFR Part +1500.44—2001 + +16 CFR Part +1500—1984 + +16 CFR Part +1507—2001 + + + +Consumer Product Safety Commission +4330 East West Highway +Bethesda, MD 20814 + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +Method for Testing Primary Irritant Substances 202 + +Test for Eye Irritants 202 + +Method for Testing Extremely Flammable and Flammable Solids 3602. 1 + +Hazardous Substances and Articles; Administration and Enforcement R^ulations 3301.1.3, 3302.1 + +Fireworks Devices 3301.1.3, 3302.1 + + + +DOC + + + +U.S. Department of Commerce +100 Bureau Drive, Stop 3460 +Gaithersburg, MD 20899 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +16 CFR Part +1632—1999 + + + +Standard for the FlaramabiUty of Mattress and Mattress Pads (FF 4 — 72, Amended) 805.1.2.1, 805.2.2.1, 805.3.2.1 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +385 + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +DOL + + + +29 CFR Part +1910.1000—1974 +29 CFR Part +1910.1200—1999 + + + +U.S. Department of Labor +c/o Superintendent of Documents +U.S. Government Printing Office +Washington, DC 20402-9325 + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +Air Contaminants + +Hazard Communication + + + +.1204.2.1,2702.1 +..2702.1,3303.6 + + + +DOTn + + + +33 CFR Part +154—1998 +33 CFR Part +155—1998 +33 CFR Part +156—1998 +49 CFR— 1998 +49 CFR Part +1—1999 +49 CFR Part +172—1999 + +49 CFR Part +173—1999 +49 CFR Part +173.137—1990 +49 CFR Parts +100-178—1994 + + + +U.S. Department of Transportation +Office of Hazardous Material Standards +400 T Street, Southwest +Washington, DC 20590 + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +Facilities Transferring Oil or Hazardous Material in Bulk 3406.8 + +Oil or Hazardous Material Pollution Prevention Regulations for Vessels 3406.8 + +Oil and Hazardous Material Transfer Operations 3406.8 + +Transportation 2605.4, 3302.1 + +Transportation 3203.4.3, 3203.8 + +Hazardous Materials Tables, Special Provisions, Hazardous Materials Communications, + +Emergency Response Information and Training Requirements 3304.6.5.2 + +Shippers — General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings 3306.3 + +Shippers — General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings: Class 8 — Assignment of Packing Group 3102.1 + +Hazardous Materials Regulations 3003.2, 3301.1, 3301.1.3, 3301.3, 3406.5.1.15 + + + +Doiy + + + +U.S. Department of Treasury +c/o Superintendent of Documents +U.S. Government Printing Office +Washington, DC 20402-9325 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +27 CFR Part +55—1998 + + + +Commerce in Explosives, as amended through April 1, 1998 3302.1, 3304.6.5.2 + + + +ICC + + + +ICC/ANSI Al 17.1— 03 +ICC 300—02 +ICC EC— 06 + + + +International Code Council, Inc. +5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 600 +Falls Church, VA 22041 + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities 907.10.1.4, 1007.6.5, 1010.1, 1010.6.5, 1010.9, 1011.3 + +Standard on Bleachers, Folding and Telescopic Seating and Grandstands 1025.1.1 + +ICC Electrical Code® 603.1.3,603.1.7,603.5.2,604.2.16.1,604.2.16.2,605.1,605.3, + +605.4, 605.9, 606.16, 904.3.1, 907.6, 909.11, 909.12.1, 909.16.3, 1106.3.4, + +1204.2.3, Table 1304.1, 1404.7, 1503.2.1, 1503.2.1.1,1503.2.1.4, + +1503.2.5, 1504.6.1.2,2, 1504.9.4, 1604.5, 1703.2.1, 1803.7.1, 1803.7.2, 1803.7.3, + +1903.4, 2004.1, 2201.5, 2205.4, 2208.8.1.2.4, 2209.2.3, 2211.3.1,2211.8.1.2.4, 2403.12.6.1, + +2404.15.7, 2606.4, 2703.7.3, 2703.8.7.1, 2703.9.4, 2704.7, 2705.1.5,3003.7.6, 3003.8, + +3003.16.11, 3003.16.14, 3203.7, 3203.7.2, 3403.1,Table 3403.1.1, 3403.1.3, + +3404.2.8.12, 3404.2.8.17, 3406.2.8,3503.1.5, 3503.1.5.1, 3606.5.5, 3606.5.6, 3704.2.2.8 + + + +386 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +IBC— 06 + + + +IFGC— 06 + + + +IMC— 06 + + + +IPC— 06 +IPMC— 06 +IRC— 06 +IWUIC— 06 + + + +ICC — continued + +International Building Code® 102.3, 102.4, 201.3, 202, 304.1.3,306.1, 311.1.1, 311.3, 313.1, 313.2,408.7.2, + +504.1, 509.1, 603.2, 603.3.2, 603.5.2, 603.6.1, 603.8,604.1, 604.2.9, 604.2.15.1.3, + +604.2.16, 604.2.16.1.1, 604.2.17, 608.4, 608.8, 701.1, 803.1, Table 803.3, 803.7.1, 803.7.2, + +805.3.1.2, 807.1.2, 807.4.2.2, 901.4.1, 901.4.2, 903.2.4.2, 903.2.8.1, 903.2.9, + +903.3.2, 903.3.5.2, 903.6, 907.2.6.2,907.2.7, 907.2.12, 907.2.18, 907.2.21, 907.15, + +909.1, 909.2, 909.3, 909.4.3, 909.5, 909.5.2, 909.5.2.1, 909.10.5, 911.2,914.1, 914.2.1, 914.3.1, 914.5.3, 914.10, 1003.2, + +1003.3.4, 1003.5, 1006.3, 1007.2, 1007.4, 1007.5, 1007.6.2,1007.8, 1008.1.3.3, 1008.1.6, 1008.1.8.1, 1008.1.8.7, 1009.10, + +1009.11.1, 1010.1, 1011.4, 1011.5.3, 1012.1, 1013.1, 1014.4.1, Table 1016.1, 1017.1, Table 1017.1, Table 1019.2, 1020.1, + +1020.1.1, 1020.1.2, 1020.1.3, 1020.1.4, 1020.1.7, 1021.3, 1021.4, 1021.5, 1022.2, 1022.3,1024.3, 1026.1, 1027.5, 1027.17, + +1027.17.1,Table 1027.17.2, 1104.6, 1106.17, 1107.1, 1107.4, 1203.3, 1207.1, 1414.1, 1502.1, 1504.2, 1504.3.1, 1504.3.2.6, + +1504.3.3, 1505.2, 1801.1, 1801.4, 1803.2.2, 1803.3.1, 1803.3.2, 1803.3.3, 1803.3.4, 1803.3.8, 1803.14, 1803.14.1, 1803.15.1, + +1804.3.1 1805.2.2.1, 1805.2.3.2, 1805.3.1, 1805.3.2, 1805.3.3, 1903.1, 2005.1, 2009.2, 2009.4, 2009.6, 2201.1, 2201.4, + +2203.1, 2207.4, 2208.3, 2208.3.1, Table 2209.3.1, 2209.3.2.3, 2209.3.2.6.1, 2209.3.3, 2210.1, 2211.1, 2211.3.1, 2211.4.1, + +2211.8.1.2.3, 2301.3, Table 2306.2, 2306.3.1, 2306.3.2.1, 2306.3.2.2, 2306.8, 2307.2,2308.2, 2402.1, 2403.8.2, 2404.1, + +2503.1, 2703.2.2.2, 2703.2.8, 2703.8.1, Table 2703.8.2, 2703.8.3.1, 2703.8.4.1, 2703.9.9, 2704.13, 2705.2, 2705.3.9, 2801.1, + +2904.3, 2904.4, 2904.5, 3003.16.1, 3003.16.2, 3203.1.2, 3203.5.2,3204.2, 3204.2.2.2, 3204.4.3, 3205.4.1, 3304.2, + +Table 3304.5.2.3, 3305.5, 3401.3, 3404.2.7.7, 3404.2.8.1, 3404.2.8.2, 3404.2.9.2, 3404.2.9.3, 3404.3.3.5, 3404.3.7.1, 3404.3.8, + +3405.3.4, 3405.3.5.3, 3405.3.7.1, 3405.3.7.2, 3405.3.7.3, 3405.3.7.4, 3405.3.7.5.1, 3406.2.3, 3406.4.1,3606.2.2, 3606.2.3, + +3606.4.2, 3703.1.4.2, 3705.3.1, 3809.11.2, 3904.1.2, 4004.1.2, 4104.1.4, 4106.1.1, 4304.1 + +International Fuel Gas Code® 201.3, 603.1, 603.1.2, 603.5.2, 603.8, 1403.1, 1403.3, 1604.5, + +2101.1, 2103.1, 2104.1, 2104.2, 2201.1, 2201.6,2209.3.2.3, 2209.3.2.6, 2404.15.1, 2404.15.2, +2404.16.1, Table 2703.1.1(1), 3001.1, 3501.1, 3503.1.4, 3803.1, 3803.2.1.7, 3803.3 + +International Mechanical Code® 201.3, 202, 308.3.7, 603.1, 603.1.2, 603.2, 603.3, 603.5.2, 603.8,606.1, + +606.2, 606.3, 606.4, 606.7, 606.8, 606.16,608.6.1, 609.1, 903.2.12.1, 904.11, 909.1, 909.10.2, + +1015.5, 1017.4.1, 1204.2.1, 1205.3, 1403.1,1504.7, 1504.7.2, 1604.5, 1803.2.2, 1803.10.4, 1803.14, + +1903.2, 1903.3, 2101.1, 2103.1, 2104.2, 2201.1, 2201.6,2209.3.2.3, 2211.3.1, 2211.4.3, + +2211.7.1, 2404.15.1, Table 2703.1.1(1), 2404.15.2, 2703.8.4.2, 2703.8.5.2, 2703.8.6.2, 2704.3.1, 2903.5,3003.7.6, + +3003.16.9, 3005.5, 3006.2.2, 3204.2.1.3, 3204.2.2.3, 3205.4.1.1, 3401.3, 3403.6.1, 3404.2.8.9, 3405.3.7.5.1, + +3406.2, 3406.4.4, 3703.1.3, 3703.2.3.2, 3704.2.2.7, 3705.3.1, 3705.3.2, 3803.2.1.7 + +International Plumbing Code® 201.3, 903.3.5, 912.5, 2211.2.3,2704.2.2.6 + +International Property Maintenance Code® 311.1.1 + +International Residential Code® 202, 1001.1 + +International Wildland-Urban Interface Code™ 304.1.2 + + + +ISO + + + +International Organization for Standardization (ISO) + +ISO Central Secretariat + +1, rue de Varembee, Case postale 56 + +CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +ISO 8115—86 + + + +Cotton Bales— Dimensions and Density Table 1804.2.1, Table 2703.1(1) + + + +NEMA + + + +National Electrical Manufacturer's Association +1300 N. 17th Street +Suite 1847 +Rosslyn, VA 22209 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +250—2003 + + + +Enclosures for Electrical Equipment (1,000 Volt Maximum) 3705.2 + + + +NFPA + + + +10—02 +11—02 +11 A— 99 +12-00 +12A— 04 + + + +National Fire Protection Association +Batterymarch Park +Quincy, MA 02269 + +Title + +Portable Fire Extinguishers Table 901.6.1, 906.2, 906.3, Table 906.3(1), Table 906.3(2), 2106.3 + +Low-, Medium-, High-expansion Foam 904.7, 3404.2.9.1.2 + +Medium- and High-expansion Foam Systems 904.7, 3404.2.9.1.2 + +Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems Table 901.6.1, 904.8, 904.1 1 + +Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems Table 901.6.1, 904.9 + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE' + + + +.® + + + +387 + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +13—02 + +13D— 02 + +13R— 02 + +14—03 + +15—01 + +16—03 + +17—02 + +17A— 02 + +20—03 + +22—03 + +24—02 + +25—02 + +30—03 + + + +30A— 03 +30B— 02 + +31—01 +32—00 +33—03 +34—03 +35—99 +40—01 +51—02 + +51 A— 01 + +52—02 + +55-05 + +57—02 +58—04 + +59A— 01 +61—02 +69—02 +72—02 + +80—99 + +85—04 + +86—03 + +92B— 05 + +99—02 + +101—03 + +110—02 + +111—01 + +120—99 + +160—01 + +211—03 + +230—03 + +241—00 + +260—03 + + + +NFPA — continued + +Installation of Sprinkler Systems Table 704.1, 903.3.1.1, 903.3.2, 903.3.5.1.1, 903.3.5.2, 904.11,905.3.4, 907.9, + +2301.1, 2304.2, Table 2306.2, 2306.9, 2307.2, 2307.2.1, 2308.2.2, 2308.2.2.1, +2310.1, 2501.1, 2804.1, 2806.5.7, 3404.3.3.9, Table 3404.3.6.3(7), 3404.3.7.5.1, 3404.3.8.4 +Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-family Dwellings and + +Manufactured Homes 903.3.1.3, 903.3.5.1.1 + +Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies up to and +Including Four Stories in Height 903.3.1.2, 903.3.5.1.1, 903.3.5.1.2, 903.4 + +Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems 905.2, 905.3.4, 905.4.2, 905.8 + +Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection 3404.2.9.1.3 + +Installation of Foam- water Sprinkler and Foam- water Spray Systems 904.7, 904.1 1 + +Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems Table 901.6.1, 904.6, 904.1 1 + +Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems Table 901.6.1, 904.5, 904.1 1 + +Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection 913.1, 913.2, 913.5.1 + +Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection 508.2.2 + +Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and their Appurtenances 508.2.1, 1909.5 + +Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-based Fire Protection Systems 508.5.3, Table 901.6.1, + +904.7.1,912.6,913.5, + +Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code 3403.6.2, 3403.6.2.1, 3404.2.7, 3404.2.7.1, + +3404.2.7.2, 3404.2.7.3.6, 3404.2.7.4, 3404.2.7.6, 3404.2.7.7, 3404.2.7.8, +3404.2.7.9, 3404.2.9.2, 3404.2.9.3, 3404.2.9.5.1.1, 3404.2.9.5.1.2, 3404.2.9.5.1.3, +3404.2.9.5.1.4, 3404.2.9.5.1.5, 3404.2.9.5.2, 3404.2.9.6.4, 3404.2.10.2, 3404.2.11.4, +3404.2.11.5.2, 3404.2.12.1, 3404.3.1, 3404.3.6, 3404.3.7.2.3,3404.3.7.5.1, 3404.3.8.4, 3406.8.3 + +Code for Motor Fuel-dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages 2201.4, 2201.5, 2201.6, 2206.6.3, 2210.1 + +Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products 2801.1, 2803.1, 2804.1, Table 2804.3.1, Table 2804.3.2, + +Table 2804.3.2.2, 2804.4.1, 2804.5.2, 2804.6, Table 2806.2, +2806.2.3, 2806.3.2, Table 2806.4, 2806.5.1, 2806.5.6, 2807.1 + +Installation of Oil-burning Equipment 603.1.7, 603.3.1, 603.3.3 + +Dry Cleaning Plants 1207.1, 1207.3 + +Spray Application Using Flammable or Comhistible Materials 1504.3.2 + +Dipping and Coating Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids 1505.3, 1505.4.1.1 + +Manufacture of Organic Coatings 2001.3, 2005.4 + +Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Film 306.2 + +Design and Installation of Oxygen-fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting and + +Allied Processes 2601.5, 2607.1, 2609.1 + +Acetylene CyUnder Charging Plants 2608.1 + +Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicular Fuel System Code 3001.1 + +Standard for the Storage, Use and HandUng of Compressed Gases and + +Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationery Containers Cylinders and Tanks 2209.2.1, 3201.1, 3501.1, 4001.1 + +Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Vehicular Fuel System Code 3001.1 + +Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code 3801.1,3803.1,3803.2.1,3803.2.1.2,3803.2.1.7,3803.2.2, + +3804.1, 3804.3.1, 3804.4, 3806.2, 3806.3, 3807.2, 3808.1, 3808.2, 3809.11.2, 3811.3 + +Production, Storage and Handhng of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 3001.1, 3201.1 + +Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Products Facilities Table 1304.1 + +Explosion Prevention Systems 911.1, 911.3, Table 1304.1 + +National Fire Alarm Code 509.1, Table 901.6.1, 903.4.1, 904.3.5, 907.2, + +907.2.1.1, 907.2.10, 907.2.10.4, 907.2.11.2, 907.2.11.3, 907.2.12.2.3, 907.2.12.3, +907.3, 907.5, 907.6, 907.10.2, 907.11, 907.15, 907.17, 907.18, 907.20, 907.20.2, 907.20.5 + +Fire Doors and Fire Windows 703.2, 1008.1.3.3 + +Boiler and Combustion System Hazards Code Table 1304.1 + +Ovens and Furnaces 2101.1 + +Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria and Large Spaces 909.8 + +Health Care Facilities 3006.4 + +Life Safety Code 1025.6.2 + +Emergency and Standby Power Systems 604.1, 604.3, 604.4, 913.5.2, 913.5.3 + +Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems 604.1, 604.3, 604.4 + +Coal Preparation Plants Table 1304.1 + +Flame Effects Before an Audience 308.3.6 + +Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents and Solid Fuel-Burning Apphances 603.2 + +Fire Protection of Storage 2301.1, 2308.4, 2310.1, 2501.1, 3404.3.3.9 + +Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations 1401.1 + +Methods of Tests and Classification System for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of + +Components of Upholstered Furniture 805.1.1.1, 805.2.1.1, 805.3.1.1 + + + +388 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +261—03 + +265-^2 + +286—00 + +303-00 +385-00 +407—01 +409—01 +430—00 +484—02 +490—02 +495—01 + +498—01 +505—02 + +654—00 + +655—01 +664—02 +701—99 + +703—00 +704—01 + +750—03 +1122—02 +1123-00 +1124—03 + +1125—01 +1126—01 +1127—02 +2001—04 + + + +NFPA — continued + +Method of Test for Determining Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture + +Material Assemblies to Ignition by Smoldering Cigarettes 805.2.1.1, 805.3.1.1 + +Method of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of + +Textile Wall Coverings in Full Height Panels and Walls 803.5.1, 803.5.1.1, 803.5.1.2 + +Standard Method of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and + +Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth 803.1, 803.1.2, 803.1.2.1, 803.5.1 + +Fire Protection Standard for Marinas and Boatyards 905.3.7 + +Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids 3406.5.4.5, 3406.6, 3406.6.1 + +Aircraft Fuel Servicing 1106.2, 1106.3 + +Aircraft Hangars 914.8.2, 914.8.5 + +Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers 4004.1.4 + +Combustible Metals, Metal Powders, and Metal Dusts Table 1304.1 + +Storage of Ammonium Nitrate 3301.1.5 + +Explosive Materials Code 911.1, 911.4,3301.1.1, 3301.1.5, 3302.1, 3304.2,3304.6.2, 3304.6.3, + +3304.7.1, 3305.1, 3306.1,3306.5.2.1, 3306.5.2.3, 3307.1, 3307.9, 3307.11, 3307.15 + +Safe Havens and Interchange Lots for Vehicles Transporting Explosives 3301.1.2 + +Powered Industrial Trucks, Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, + +Maintenance, and Operation 2703.7.3 + +Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufecturing, + +Processing and Handhng of Combustible Particulate Solids Table 1304.1 + +Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions Table 1304.1 + +Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities Table 1304.1, 1905.3 + +Methods of Fire Tests for Flame-propagation of Textiles and Films 806.2, 807.1, 807.1.2, + +807.2, 807.4.2.2, 1703.5 + +Fire Retardant Impregnated Wood and Fire Retardant Coatings for Building Materials 803.4 + +Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response 606.7, 1802.1, + +2404.2, 2703.2.2.1, 2703.2.2.2, 2703.5,2703.10.2, +2705.1.10, 2705.2.1.1, 2705.4.4, 3203.4.1, 3404.2.3.2 + +Water Mist Fire Protection Systems Table 901.6.1 + +Model Rocketry 3301.1.4 + +Fireworks Display 3302.1, 3304.2, 3308.1, 3308.2.2, 3308.5, 3308.6 + +Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, and Retail Sales of Fireworks and + +Pyrotechnic Articles 3302.1, 3304.2, 3305.1, 3305.3, 3305.4, 3305.5 + +Manufacture of Model Rocket and High Power Rocket Motors 3301.1.4 + +Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience 3304.2, 3305.1, 3308.1, 3308.2.2, 3308.4, 3308.5 + +High Power Rocketry 3301.1.4 + +Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems Table 901.6.1, 904.10 + + + +UL + + + +Standard + + + + +Referenced + + +reference + + + + +in code + + +number + + +Title + + +section number + + + +30—04 +58—96 + +199E-04 + +217-97 + +268—96 + +300—96 + +71 OB— 04 + +793—03 + +864—03 + +900—94 +1275—94 +1315-95 +1316—94 + + + +Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. +333 Pfmgsten Road +Northbrook, IL 60062 + +Title + +Metal Safety Cans 2705.1.10, 3405.2.4 + +Steel Underground Tanks for Flanmiable and Combustible Liquids — + +with Revisions through July 1998 3404.2.13.1.5 + +Outline of Investigation for Fire Testing of Sprinklers and Water Spray Nozzles for + +Protection of Deep Fat Fryers 904. 1 1 .4. 1 + +Single and Multiple Station Smoke Alarms — with Revisions through January 2004 907.2.10 + +Control Units for Fire Protective SignaUng Systems — with Revisions through October 2003 907.2.6.2 + +Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishing Systems for Protection of Restaurant Cooking Areas — + +with Revisions through December 1998 904.11 + +Recirculating Systems 904. 1 1 + +Standard for Automatically Operated Roof Vents for Smoke and Heat 910.3.1 + +Standard for Control Units and Accessories for Fire Alarm Systems — + +with Revisions through October 2003 909.12 + +Air Filter Units— with Revisions through October 1999 1504.7.8 + +Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinets— with Revisions through March 1997 2703.8.7.1, 3404.3.2.1.1 + +Standard for Safety for Metal Waste Paper Containers — with Revisions through December 2003 808.1 + +Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Underground Storage Tanks for Petroleum Products, + +Alcohols, and Alcohol-gasoline Mixtures — with Revisions through April 1996 3404.2.13.1.5 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +389 + + + +REFERENCED STANDARDS + + + +1363—96 +1975—96 +2085—97 + +2200—98 +2208—96 +2245—99 +2335—01 + + + +UL — continued + +Standard for Relocatable Power Taps — with Revisions through July 2004 605.4.1 + +Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decorative Purpose 807.4.2.1, 808.2 + +Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids — + +with Revisions through December 1999 3402.1, 3404.2.9.1.3, 3404.2.9.6.5, 3405.3.8.2 + +Standard for Stationary Engine Generator Assemblies — with Revisions through July 2004 604. 1 . 1 + +Solvent Distillation Units — with Revisions through August 2001 3405.4.1 + +Below-Grade Vaults for Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks 3404.2.8.1 + +Fire Tests of Storage Pallets— with Revisions through May 2002 2308.2.1 + + + +use + + + +United States Code +c/o Superintendent of Documents +U.S. Government Printing Office +Washington, DC 20402-9325 + + + +Standard +reference +number + + + +Title + + + +Referenced + +in code + +section number + + + +18 use Parti, +Chapter 40 + + + +Importation, Manufacture, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials 3302.1 + + + +390 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +APPENDIX A + +The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance. + +BOARD OF APPEALS + + + +SECTION A1 01 +GENERAL + +AlOl.l Scope. A board of appeals shall be established within +the jurisdiction for the purpose of hearing applications for +modification of the requirements of the International Fire +Code pursuant to the provisions of Section 108 of the Interna- +tional Fire Code. The board shall be established and operated +in accordance with this section, and shall be authorized to hear +evidence from appellants and the fire code official pertaining to +the application and intent of this code for the purpose of issuing +orders pursuant to these provisions. + +AlOl.l Membership. The membership of the board shall con- +sist of five voting members having the qualifications estab- +lished by this section. Members shall be nominated by the fire +code official or the chief administrative officer of the jurisdic- +tion, subject to confirmation by a majority vote of the govern- +ing body. Members shall serve without remuneration or +compensation, and shall be removed from office prior to the +end of their appointed terms only for cause. + +AlOl.2.1 Design professional. One member shall be a +practicing design professional registered in the practice of +engineering or architecture in the state in which the board is +established. + +AlOl.2.2 Fire protection engineering professional. One + +member shall be a qualified engineer, technologist, techni- +cian or safety professional trained in fire protection engi- +neering, fire science or fire technology. Qualified +representatives in this category shall include fire protection +contractors and certified technicians engaged in fire protec- +tion system design. + +AlOl.2.3 Industrial safety professional. One member +shall be a registered industrial or chemical engineer, certi- +fied hygienist, certified safety professional, certified haz- +ardous materials manager or comparably qualified +specialist experienced in chemical process safety or indus- +trial safety. + +AlOl.2.4 General contractor. One member shall be a con- +tractor regularly engaged in the construction, alteration, +maintenance, repair or remodeling of buildings or building +services and systems regulated by the code. + +AlOl.2.5 General industry or business representative. + +One member shall be a representative of business or indus- +try not represented by a member from one of the other cate- +gories of board members described above. + +A101.3 Terms of office. Members shall be appointed for terms +of four years. No member shall be reappointed to serve more +than two consecutive full terms. + +AlOl.3.1 Initial appointments. Of the members first +appointed, two shall be appointed for a term of 1 year, two +for a term of 2 years, one for a term of 3 years. + + + +AlOl.3.2 Vacancies. Vacancies shall be filled for an unex- +pired term in the manner in which original appointments are +required to be made. Members appointed to fill a vacancy in +an unexpired term shall be eligible for reappointment to two +full terms. + +AlOl.3.3 Removal from office. Members shall be removed +from office prior to the end of their terms only for cause. +Continued absence of any member from regular meetings of +the board shall, at the discretion of the applicable governing +body, render any such member liable to immediate removal +from office. + +A 101. 4 Quorum. Three members of the board shall constitute +a quorum. In varying the application of any provisions of this +code or in modifying an order of the fire code official, affirma- +tive votes of the majority present, but not less than three, shall +be required. + +A101.5 Secretary of board. The fire code official shall act as +secretary of the board and shall keep a detailed record of all its +proceedings, which shall set forth the reasons for its decisions, +the vote of each member, the absence of a member and any fail- +ure of a member to vote. + +A101.6 Legal counsel. The jurisdiction shall furnish legal +counsel to the board to provide members with general legal +advice concerning matters before them for consideration. +Members shall be represented by legal counsel at the jurisdic- +tion's expense in all matters arising from service within the +scope of their duties. + +A101.7 Meetings. The board shall meet at regular intervals, to +be determined by the chairman. In any event, the board shall +meet within 10 days after notice of appeal has been received. + +A101.8 Conflict of interest. Members with a material or finan- +cial interest in a matter before the board shall declare such +interest and refrain from participating in discussions, delibera- +tions, and voting on such matters. + +A101.9 Decisions. Every decision shall be promptly filed in +writing in the office of the fire code official and shall be open to +public inspection. A certified copy shall be sent by mail or oth- +erwise to the appellant, and a copy shall be kept publicly posted +in the office of the fire code official for 2 weeks after filing. + +A 101. 10 Procedures. The board shall be operated in accor- +dance with the Administrative Procedures Act of the state in +which it is established or shall establish rules and regulations +for its own procedure not inconsistent with the provisions of +this code and applicable state law. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +391 + + + +392 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +APPENDIX B + +FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS + + + +The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance. + + + +SECTION B101 +GENERAL + +BlOl.l Scope. The procedure for determining fire-flow +requirements for buildings or portions of buildings hereafter +constructed shall be in accordance with this appendix. This +appendix does not apply to structures other than buildings. + + + +B 104.3 Type lA and Type IB construction. The fire-flow cal- +culation area of buildings constructed of Type lA and Type IB +construction shall be the area of the three largest successive +floors. + +Exception: Fire-flow calculation area for open parking +garages shall be determined by the area of the largest floor. + + + +SECTION B102 +DEFINITIONS + +B102.1 Definitions. For the purpose of this appendix, certain +terms are defined as follows: + +FIRE-FLOW. The flow rate of a water supply, measured at 20 +pounds per square inch (psi) (138 kPa) residual pressure, that is +available for fire fighting. + +FIRE-FLOW CALCULATION AREA. The floor area, in +square feet (m^), used to determine the required fire flow. + + + +SECTION B103 +MODIFICATIONS + +B103.1 Decreases. The fire chief is authorized to reduce the +fire-flow requirements for isolated buildings or a group of +buildings in rural areas or small communities where the devel- +opment of full fire-flow requirements is impractical. + +B 103.2 Increases. The fire chief is authorized to increase the +fire-flow requirements where conditions indicate an unusual +susceptibility to group fires or conflagrations. An increase +shall not be more than twice that required for the building under +consideration. + +B 103.3 Areas without water supply systems. For informa- +tion regarding water supplies for fire-fighting purposes in rural +and suburban areas in which adequate and reliable water sup- +ply systems do not exist, the fire code official is authorized to +utilize NFPA 1 142 or the International Wildland-Urban Inter- +face Code. + + + +SECTION 8105 +FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS + +B105.1 One- and two-family dwellings. The minimum +fire-flow requirements for one- and two-family dwellings hav- +ing a fire-flow calculation area which does not exceed 3,600 +square feet (344.5 m^) shall be 1,000 gallons per minute +(3785.4 L/min). Fire-flow and flow duration for dwellings hav- +ing a fire-flow calculation area in excess of 3,600 square feet +(344.5 m2) shall not be less than that specified in TableB105.1. + +Exception: A reduction in required fire flow of 50 percent, +as approved, is allowed when the building is provided with +an approved automatic sprinkler system. + +B105.2 Buildings other than one- and two-family dwellings. + +The minimum fire-flow and flow duration for buildings other +than one- and two-family dwellings shall be as specified in +Table B105.1. + +Exception: A reduction in required fire-flow of up to 75 +percent, as approved, is allowed when the building is pro- +vided with an approved automatic sprinkler system installed +in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. The +resulting fire-flow shall not be less than 1 ,500 gallons per +minute (5678 L/min) for the prescribed duration as speci- +fied in Table B 105. 1 . + + + +SECTION B104 +FIRE-FLOW CALCULATION AREA + +B104.1 General. The fire-flow calculation area shall be the ICC IBC +total floor area of all floor levels within the exterior walls, and +under the horizontal projections of the roof of a building, iqq +except as modified in Section B 104.3. + +B104.2 Area separation. Portions of buildings which are sep- NFPA 1 142 +arated by fire walls without openings, constructed in accor- +dance with the International Building Code, are allowed to be +considered as separate fire-flow calculation areas. + + + +SECTION B106 +REFERENCED STANDARDS + +International Building Code + + + +IWUIC International Wildland- +Urban Interface Code + + + +B 104.2, +Table B 105.1 + +B103.3 + + + +Standard on Water Supplies for B 1 03 . 3 +Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +393 + + + +APPENDIX B + + + +TABLE B105.1 +MINIMUM REQUIRED FIRE-FLOW AND FLOW DURATION FOR BUILDINGS' + + + +FIRE-FLOW CALCULATION AREA (square feet) + + +FIRE-FLOW +(gallons per minute)'^ + + +FLOW DURATION +(hours) + + +Type lA and IB'' + + +Type MA and IIIA'> + + +Type IV and V-A" + + +Type MB and IMB" + + +Type V-B" + + +0-22,700 + + +0-12,700 + + +0-8,200 + + +0-5,900 + + +0-3,600 + + +1,500 + + +2 + + +22,701-30,200 + + +12,701-17,000 + + +8,201-10,900 + + +5,901-7,900 + + +3,601-4,800 + + +1,750 + + +30,201-38,700 + + +17,001-21,800 + + +10,901-12,900 + + +7,901-9,800 + + +4,801-6,200 + + +2,000 + + +38,701-48,300 + + +21,801-24,200 + + +12,901-17,400 + + +9,801-12,600 + + +6,201-7,700 + + +2,250 + + +48,301-59,000 + + +24,201-33,200 + + +17,401-21,300 + + +12,601-15,400 + + +7,701-9,400 + + +2,500 + + +59,001-70,900 + + +33,201-39,700 + + +21,301-25,500 + + +15,401-18,400 + + +9,401-11,300 + + +2,750 + + +70,901-83,700 + + +39,701-47,100 + + +25,501-30,100 + + +18,401-21,800 + + +11,301-13,400 + + +3,000 + + +3 + + +83,701-97,700 + + +47,101-54,900 + + +30,101-35,200 + + +21,801-25,900 + + +13,401-15,600 + + +3,250 + + +97,701-112,700 + + +54,901-63,400 + + +35,201-40,600 + + +25,901-29,300 + + +15,601-18,000 + + +3,500 + + +112,701-128,700 + + +63,401-72,400 + + +40,601-46,400 + + +29,301-33,500 + + +18,001-20,600 + + +3,750 + + +128,701-145,900 + + +72,401-82,100 + + +46,401-52,500 + + +33,501-37,900 + + +20,601-23,300 + + +4,000 + + +4 + + +145,901-164,200 + + +82,101-92,400 + + +52,501-59,100 + + +37,901-42,700 + + +23,301-26,300 + + +4,250 + + +164,201-183,400 + + +92,401-103,100 + + +59,101-66,000 + + +42,701-47,700 + + +26,301-29,300 + + +4,500 + + +183,401-203,700 + + +103,101-114,600 + + +66,001-73,300 + + +47,701-53,000 + + +29,301-32,600 + + +4,750 + + +203,701-225,200 + + +114,601-126,700 + + +73,301-81,100 + + +53,001-58,600 + + +32,601-36,000 + + +5,000 + + +225,201-247,700 + + +126,701-139,400 + + +81,101-89,200 + + +58,601-65,400 + + +36,001-39,600 + + +5,250 + + +247,701-271,200 + + +139,401-152,600 + + +89,201-97,700 + + +65,401-70,600 + + +39,601-43,400 + + +5,500 + + +271,201-295,900 + + +152,601-166,500 + + +97,701-106,500 + + +70,601-77,000 + + +43,401-47,400 + + +5,750 + + +295,901-Greater + + +166,501-Greater + + +106,501-115,800 + + +77,001-83,700 + + +47,401-51,500 + + +6,000 + + +— + + +— + + +115,801-125,500 + + +83,701-90,600 + + +51,501-55,700 + + +6,250 + + +— + + +— + + +125,501-135,500 + + +90,601-97,900 + + +55,701-60,200 + + +6,500 + + +— + + +— + + +135,501-145,800 + + +97,901-106,800 + + +60,201-64,800 + + +6,750 + + +— + + +— + + +145,801-156,700 + + +106,801-113,200 + + +64,801-69,600 + + +7,000 + + +— + + +— + + +156,701-167,900 + + +113,201-121,300 + + +69,601-74,600 + + +7,250 + + +— + + +— + + +167,901-179,400 + + +121,301-129,600 + + +74,601-79,800 + + +7,500 + + +— + + +— + + +179,401-191,400 + + +129,601-138,300 + + +79,801-85,100 + + +7,750 + + +— + + +— + + +19 1,401 -Greater + + +138,301 -Greater + + +85, 101 -Greater + + +8,000 + + + +For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 m^, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m, 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa. + +a. The minimum required fire flow shall be allowed to be reduced by 25 percent for Group R. + +b. Types of construction are based on the International Building Code. + +c. Measured at 20 psi. + + + +394 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +APPENDIX C + +FIRE HYDRANT LOCATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION + + + +The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance. + + + +SECTION CI 01 +GENERAL + +ClOl.l Scope. Fire hydrants shall be provided in accordance +with this appendix for the protection of buildings, or portions +of buildings, hereafter constructed. + + + +SECTION C1 02 +LOCATION + +C102.1 Fire hydrant locations. Fire hydrants shall be pro- +vided along required fire apparatus access roads and adjacent +public streets. + + + +SECTION CI 03 +NUMBER OF FIRE HYDRANTS + +C103.1 Fire hydrants available. The minimum number of fire +hydrants available to a building shall not be less than that listed +in Table C105.1. The number of fire hydrants available to a +complex or subdivision shall not be less than that determined +by spacing requirements listed in Table CI 05.1 when applied +to fire apparatus access roads and perimeter public streets from +which fire operations could be conducted. + + + +SECTION C1 04 +CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANTS + +C104.1 Existing fire hydrants. Existing fire hydrants on pub- +lic streets are allowed to be considered as available. Existing +fire hydrants on adjacent properties shall not be considered +available unless fire apparatus access roads extend between +properties and easements are established to prevent obstruction +of such roads. + + + +SECTION C1 05 +DISTRIBUTION OF FIRE HYDRANTS + +C105.1 Hydrant spacing. The average spacing between fire +hydrants shall not exceed that listed in Table C105.1. + +Exception: The fire chief is authorized to accept a defi- +ciency of up to 10 percent where existing fire hydrants pro- +vide all or a portion of the required fire hydrant service. + +Regardless of the average spacing, fire hydrants shall be +located such that all points on streets and access roads adjacent +to a building are within the distances listed in Table CI 05.1. + + + +TABLE C1 05.1 +NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF FIRE HYDRANTS + + + +FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENT + +(gpm) + + +MINIMUM NUMBER +OF HYDRANTS + + +AVERAGE SPACING + +BETWEEN HYDRANTS^' "■ " + +(feet) + + +MAXIMUM DISTANCE FROM + +ANY POINT ON STREET OR ROAD + +FRONTAGE TO A HYDRANT' + + +1,750 or less + + +1 + + +500 + + +250 + + +2,000-2,250 + + +2 + + +450 + + +225 + + +2,500 + + +3 + + +450 + + +225 + + +3,000 + + +3 + + +400 + + +225 + + +3,500-4,000 + + +4 + + +350 + + +210 + + +4,500-5,000 + + +5 + + +300 + + +180 + + +5,500 + + +6 + + +300 + + +180 + + +6,000 + + +6 + + +250 + + +150 + + +6,500-7,000 + + +7 + + +250 + + +150 + + +7,500 or more + + +8 or more^ + + +200 + + +120 + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m. + +a. Reduce by 100 feet for dead-end streets or roads. + +b. Where streets are provided with median dividers which can be crossed by frre fighters pulling hose lines, or where arterial streets are provided with four or more +traffic lanes and have a traffic count of more than 30,000 vehicles per day, hydrant spacing shall average 500 feet on each side of the street and be arranged on an +alternating basis up to a fire-flow requirement of 7,000 gallons per minute and 400 feet for higher fire-flow requirements. + +c. Where new water mains are extended along streets where hydrants are not needed for protection of structures or similar fire problems, fire hydrants shall be pro- +vided at spacing not to exceed 1,000 feet to provide for transportation hazards. + +d. Reduce by 50 feet for dead-end streets or roads. + +e. One hydrant for each 1,000 gallons per minute or fraction thereof. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*" + + + +395 + + + +396 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +APPENDIX D + +FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS + +The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance. + + + +SECTION D101 +GENERAL + +DlOl.l Scope. Fire apparatus access roads shall be in accor- +dance with this appendix and all other applicable requirements +of the International Fire Code. + + + +SECTION D1 02 +REQUIRED ACCESS + +D102.1 Access and loading. Facilities, buildings or portions +of buildings hereafter constructed shall be accessible to fire +department apparatus by way of an approved fire apparatus +access road with an asphalt, concrete or other approved driving +surface capable of supporting the imposed load of fire appara- +tus weighing at least 75,000 pounds (34 050 kg). + + + +SECTION D103 +MINIMUM SPECIFICATIONS + +D103.1 Access road width with a hydrant. Where a fire +hydrant is located on a fire apparatus access road, the minimum +road width shall be 26 feet (7925 mm). See Figure D103.1. + +D103.2 Grade. Fire apparatus access roads shall not exceed 10 +percent in grade. + +Exception: Grades steeper than 10 percent as approved by +the fire chief. + + + +D103.3 l\iming radius. The minimum turning radius shall be +determined by the fire code official. + +D103.4 Dead ends. Dead-end fire apparatus access roads in +excess of 150 feet (45 720 mm) shall be provided with width +and turnaround provisions in accordance with Table D103.4. + +TABLE D1 03.4 + +REQUIREMENTS FOR DEAD-END FIRE + +APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS + + + +LENGTH +(feet) + + +WIDTH +(feet) + + +TURNAROUNDS REQUIRED + + +0-150 + + +20 + + +None required + + +151-500 + + +20 + + +120-foot Hammerhead, 60-foot "Y" or +96-foot-diameter cul-de-sac in +accordance with Figure D 103.1 + + +501-750 + + +26 + + +120-foot Hammerhead, 60-foot "Y" or +96-foot-diameter cul-de-sac in +accordance with Figure D 103.1 + + +Over 750 + + +Special approval required + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + +D103.5 Fire apparatus access road gates. Gates securing the +fire apparatus access roads shall comply with all of the follow- +ing criteria: + +1. The minimum gate width shall be 20 feet (6096 mm). + + + + + +0^ + + + +96' DIAMETER +CUL-DE-SAC + + + +26' R +TYR' + +-20' + + + +60' "Y" + + + +20'^^ + + + +26' + + + +20' + + + +MINIMUM CLEARANCE + +AROUND A FIRE + +HYDRANT + + + +60'- + + + +28' R +TYR' + + + +60' + + + +A + +20'-^ +■26' + + + +120' HAMMERHEAD + + + + +■20' + + + +ACCEPTABLE ALTERNATIVE +TO 120' HAMMERHEAD + + + +For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. + + + +FIGURE D103.1 +DEAD-END FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROAD TURNAROUND + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"" + + + +397 + + + +APPENDIX D + + + +2. Gates shall be of the swinging or sliding type. + +3. Construction of gates shall be of materials that allow +manual operation by one person. + +4. Gate components shall be maintained in an operative +condition at all times and replaced or repaired when +defective. + +5. Electric gates shall be equipped with a means of opening +the gate by fire department personnel for emergency +access. Emergency opening devices shall be approved +by the fire code official. + +6. Manual opening gates shall not be locked with a padlock +or chain and padlock unless they are capable of being +opened by means of forcible entry tools or when a key +box containing the key(s) to the lock is installed at the +gate location. + +7. Locking device specifications shall be submitted for +approval by the fire code official. + +D103.6 Signs. Where required by the fire code official, fire +apparatus access roads shall be marked with permanent NO +PARKING— FIRE LANE signs complying with Figure +D 103.6. Signs shall have a minimum dimension of 12 inches +(305 mm) wide by 18 inches (457 mm) high and have red let- +ters on a white reflective background. Signs shall be posted on +one or both sides of the fire apparatus road as required by Sec- +tion D103.6.1 or D103.6.2. + + + +SIGN TYPE "A" + + + +SIGN TYPE "C" + + + +SIGN TYPE "D" + + + +NO +PARKING + +FIRE LANE + + + +NO +PARKING + +FIRE LANE + + + +NO +PARKING + +FIRE LANE + + + +ia" + + + +12" + + + +12" + + + +12" + + + +D 104.2 Buildings exceeding 62,000 square feet in area. + +Buildings or facilities having a gross building area of more than +62,000 square feet (5760 m^) shall be provided with two sepa- +rate and approved fire apparatus access roads. + +Exception: Projects having a gross building area of up to +124,000 square feet (1 1 520 m^) that have a single approved +fire apparatus access road when all buildings are equipped +throughout with approved automatic sprinkler systems. + +D104.3 Remoteness. Where two access roads are required, +they shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than one +half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension +of the property or area to be served, measured in a straight line +between accesses. + + + +SECTION D105 +AERIAL FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS + +PlOS.l Wliere required. Buildings or portions of buildings or +facihties exceeding 30 feet (9144 mm) in height above the low- +est level of fire department vehicle access shall be provided +with approved fire apparatus access roads capable of accom- +modating fire department aerial apparatus. Overhead utility +and power lines shall not be located within the aerial fire appa- +ratus access roadway. + +D105.2 Width. Fire apparatus access roads shall have a mini- +mum unobstructed width of 26 feet (7925 mm) in the immedi- +ate vicinity of any building or portion of building more than 30 +feet (9144 mm) in height. + +D105.3 Proximity to building. At least one of the required +access routes meeting this condition shall be located within a +minimum of 15 feet (4572 mm) and a maximum of 30 feet +(9144 mm) from the building, and shall be positioned parallel +to one entire side of the building. + + + +FIGURE D103.6 +FIRE LANE SIGNS + + + +D103.6.1 Roads 20 to 26 feet in widtli. Fire apparatus +access roads 20 to 26 feet wide (6096 to 7925 mm) shall be +posted on both sides as a fire lane. + +D103.6.2 Roads more than 26 feet in width. Fire appara- +tus access roads more than 26 feet wide (7925 mm) to 32 +feet wide (9754 mm) shall be posted on one side of the road +as a fire lane. + + + +SECTION D104 +COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS + +D104.1 Buildings exceeding three stories or 30 feet in +height. Buildings or facilities exceeding 30 feet (9144 mm) or +three stories in height shall have at least three means of fire +apparatus access for each structure. + + + +SECTION D106 +MULTIPLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS + +D106.1 Projects having more than 100 dwelling units. Mul- +tiple-family residential projects having more than 100 dwell- +ing units shall be equipped throughout with two separate and +approved fire apparatus access roads. + +Exception: Projects having up to 200 dwelling units may +have a single approved fire apparatus access road when all +buildings, including nonresidential occupancies, are +equipped throughout with approved automatic sprinkler +systems installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or +903.3.1.2. + +D106.2 Projects having more than 200 dwelling units. Mul- +tiple-family residential projects having more than 200 dwell- +ing units shall be provided with two separate and approved fire +apparatus access roads regardless of whether they are equipped +with an approved automatic sprinkler system. + + + +398 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +APPENDIX D + + + +SECTION D107 + +ONE- OR TWO-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL + +DEVELOPMENTS + +D107.1 One- or two-family dwelling residential develop- +ments. Developments of one- or two-family dwellings where +the number of dwelling units exceeds 30 shall be provided with +separate and approved fire apparatus access roads and shall +meet the requirements of Section D104.3. + +Exceptions: + +1 . Where there are more than 30 dwelling units on a sin- +gle public or private fire apparatus access road and all +dwelling units are equipped throughout with an +approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance +with Section 903.3.1.1, 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3.3, +access from two directions shall not be required. + +2. The number of dwelling units on a single fire appara- +tus access road shall not be increased unless fire appa- +ratus access roads will connect with future +development, as determined by the fire code official. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE"^ 399 + + + +400 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'* + + + +APPENDIX E + +HAZARD CATEGORIES + +This appendix is for information purposes and is not intended for adoption. + + + +SECTION E1 01 +GENERAL + +ElOl.l Scope. This appendix provides information, explana- +tions and examples to illustrate and clarify the hazard catego- +ries contained in Chapter 27 of the International Fire Code. +The hazard categories are based upon the DOL 29 CFR. Where +numerical classifications are included, they are in accordance +with nationally recognized standards. + +This appendix should not be used as the sole means of haz- +ardous materials classification. + + + +SECTION E102 +HAZARD CATEGORIES + +E102.1 Physical hazards. Materials classified in this section +pose a physical hazard. + +E102.1.1 Explosives and blasting agents. The current +UN/DOT classification system recognized by international +authorities, the Department of Defense and others classifies +all explosives as Class 1 materials. They are then divided +into six separate divisions to indicate their relative hazard. +There is not a direct correlation between the designations +used by the old DOT system and those used by the current +system nor is there correlation with the system (high and +low) established by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and +Firearms (BATE). Table 3304.3 provides some guidance +with regard to the current categories and their relationship to +the old categories. Some items may appear in more than one +division, depending on factors such as the degree of con- +finement or separation, by type of packaging, storage con- +figuration or state of assembly. + +In order to determine the level of hazard presented by +explosive materials, testing to establish quantitatively their +explosive nature is required. There are numerous test meth- +ods that have been used to establish the character of an +explosive material. Standardized tests, required for finished +goods containing explosives or explosive materials in a +packaged form suitable for shipment or storage, have been +estabhshed by UN/DOT and BATE. However, these tests do +not consider key elements that should be examined in a +manufacturing situation. In manufacturing operations, the +condition and/or the state of a material may vary within the +process. The in-process material classification and classifi- +cation requirements for materials used in the manufacturing +process may be different from the classification of the same +material when found in finished goods depending on the +stage of the process in which the material is found. A classi- +fication methodology inust be used that recognizes the haz- +ards commensurate with the application to the variable +physical conditions as well as potential variations of physi- +cal character and type of explosive under consideration. + + + +Test methods or guidelines for hazard classification of ener- +getic materials used for in-process operations shall be +approved by the fire code official. Test methods used shall +be DOD, BATF, UN/DOT or other approved criteria. The +results of such testing shall become a portion of the files of +the jurisdiction and be included as an independent section of +any Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) +required by Section 3305.2.1. Also see Section 104.7.2. + +Examples of materials in various Divisions are as fol- +lows: + +1. Division 1.1 (High Explosives). Consists of explo- +sives that have a mass explosion hazard. A mass +explosion is one which affects almost the entire pile of +material instantaneously. Includes substances that, +when tested in accordance with approved methods, +can be caused to detonate by means of a blasting cap +when unconfined or will transition from deflagration +to a detonation when confined or unconfined. Exam- +ples: dynamite, TNT, nitroglycerine, C-3, HMX, +RDX, encased explosives, military anmiunition. + +2. Division 1.2 (Low Explosives). Consists of explo- +sives that have a projection hazard, but not a mass +explosion hazard. Examples: nondetonating encased +explosives, military ammunition and the like. + +3. Division 1.3 (Low Explosives). Consists of explo- +sives that have a fire hazard and either a minor blast +hazard or a minor projection hazard or both, but not a +mass explosion hazard. The major hazard is radiant +heat or violent burning, or both. Can be deflagrated +when confined. Examples: smokeless powder, pro- +pellant explosives, display fireworks. + +4. Division 1 .4. Consists of explosives that pose a minor +explosion hazard. The explosive effects are largely +confined to the package and no projection of frag- +ments of appreciable size or range is expected. An +internal fire must not cause virtually instantaneous +explosion of almost the entire contents of the pack- +age. Examples: squibs (nondetonating igniters), +explosive actuators, explosive trains (low level deto- +nating cord). + +5. Division 1.5 (Blasting Agents). Consists of very +insensitive explosives. This division is comprised of +substances which have a mass explosion hazard, but +are so insensitive that there is very little probability of +initiation or of transition from burning to detonation +under normal conditions of transport. Materials are +not cap sensitive; however, they are mass detonating +when provided with sufficient input. Examples: oxi- +dizer and liquid fuel slurry mixtures and gels, ammo- +nium nitrate combined with fuel oil. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +401 + + + +APPENDIX E + + + +6. Division 1 .6. Consists of extremely insensitive arti- +cles which do not have a mass explosive hazard. This +division is comprised of articles which contain only +extremely insensitive detonating substances and +which demonstrate a negligible probability of acci- +dental initiation or propagation. Although this cate- +gory of materials has been defined, the primary +application is currently limited to military uses. +Examples: Low vulnerability military weapons. + +Explosives in each division are assigned a compatibility +group letter by the Associate Administrator for Hazardous +Materials Safety (DOT) based on criteria specified by +DOTn 49CFR. Compatibility group letters are used to spec- +ify the controls for the transportation and storage related to +various materials to prevent an increase in hazard that might +result if certain types of explosives were stored or trans- +ported together. Altogether, there are 35 possible classifica- +tion codes for explosives, e.g., 1.1 A, 1.3C, 1.4S, etc. + +E102.1.2 Compressed gases. Examples include: + +1 . Flammable: acetylene, carbon monoxide, ethane, eth- +ylene, hydrogen, methane. Ammonia will ignite and +bum although its flammable range is too narrow for it +to fit the definition of flammable gas. + +2. Oxidizing: oxygen, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, chlo- +rine and fluorine. Chlorine and fluorine do not contain +oxygen but reaction with flammables is similar to that +of oxygen. + +3. Corrosive: ammonia, hydrogen chloride, fluorine. + +4. Highly toxic: arsine, cyanogen, fluorine, germane, +hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, phosphine, hydrogen +selenide, stibine. + +5. Toxic: chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, +phosgene, silicon tetrafluoride. + +6. Inert (chemically unreactive): argon, helium, kryp- +ton, neon, nitrogen, xenon. + +7. Pyrophoric: diborane, dichloroborane, phosphine, +silane. + +8. Unstable (reactive): butadiene (unstabilized), ethyl- +ene oxide, vinyl chloride. + +E102.1.3 Flammable and combustible liquids. Examples +include: + +1. Flammable liquids. + +Class lA liquids shall include those having flash +points below 73°F (23°C) and having a boiling +point at or below 100°F (38°C). + +Class IB liquids shall include those having flash +points below 73°F (23°C) and having a boiling +point at or above 100°F (38°C). + +Class IC liquids shall include those having flash +points at or above 73°F (23°C.) and below 100°F +(38°C). + + + +2. Combustible liquids. + +Class II liquids shall include those having flash +points at or above 100°F (38°C) and below UO°F +(60°C). + +Class IIIA liquids shall include those having flash +points at or above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F +(93°C). + +Class IIIB liquids shall include those liquids hav- +ing flash points at or above 200°F (93°C). + +E102.1.4 Flammable solids. Examples include: + +1. Organic solids: camphor, cellulose nitrate, naphtha- +lene. + +2. Inorganic solids: decaborane, lithium amide, phos- +phorous heptasulfide, phosphorous sesquisulfide, +potassium sulfide, anhydrous sodium sulfide, sulfur. + +3. Combustible metals (except dusts and powders): +cesium, magnesium, zirconium. + +E 102. 1.5 Combustible dusts and powders. Finely divided +solids which may be dispersed in air as a dust cloud: wood +sawdust, plastics, coal, flour, powdered metals (few excep- +tions). + +E102.1.6 Combustible fibers. See Section 2902.1. + +E102.1.7 Oxidizers. Examples include: + +1. Gases: oxygen, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, fluorine +and chlorine (reaction with flammables is similar to +that of oxygen). + +2. Liquids: bromine, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, +perchloric acid, sulfuric acid. + +3. Solids: chlorates, chromates, chromic acid, iodine, +nitrates, nitrites, perchlorates, peroxides. + +E102.1.7.1 Examples of liquid and solid oxidizers +according to hazard. + +Class 4: ammonium perchlorate (particle size greater +than 15 microns), ammonium permanganate, +guanidine nitrate, hydrogen peroxide solutions more +than 91 percent by weight, perchloric acid solutions +more than 72.5 percent by weight, potassium +superoxide, tetranitromethane. + +Class 3: ammonium dichromate, calcium +hypochlorite (over 50 percent by weight), chloric acid +(10 percent maximum concentration), hydrogen per- +oxide solutions (greater than 52 percent up to 91 per- +cent), mono-(trichloro)-tetra-(monopotassium +dichloro)-penta-s-triazinetrione, nitric acid, (fuming +— more than 86 percent concentration), perchloric +acid solutions (60 percent to 72 percent by weight), +potassium bromate, potassium chlorate, potassium +dichloro-s-triazinetrione (potassium dichloro- +isocyanurate), sodium bromate, sodium chlorate, +sodium chlorite (over 40 percent by weight) and + + + +402 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +APPENDIX E + + + +sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (sodium dicliloro- +isocyanurate). + +Class 2: barium bromate, barium chlorate, barium +hypochlorite, barium perchlorate, barium permanga- +nate, l-bromo-3-chloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin, cal- +cium chlorate, calcium chlorite, calcium hypochlorite +(50 percent or less by weight), calcium perchlorate, +calcium permanganate, chromium trioxide (chromic +acid), copper chlorate, halane (1, 3-dichloro-5, +5-dimethylhydantoin), hydrogen peroxide (greater +than 27.5 percent up to 52 percent), lead perchlorate, +lithium chlorate, lithium hypochlorite (more than 39 +percent available chlorine), lithium perchlorate, mag- +nesium bromate, magnesium chlorate, magnesium +perchlorate, mercurous chlorate, nitric acid (more +than 40 percent but less than 86 percent), perchloric +acid solutions (more than 50 percent but less than 60 +percent), potassium perchlorate, potassium per- +manganate, potassium peroxide, potassium +superoxide, silver peroxide, sodium chlorite (40 per- +cent or less by weight), sodium perchlorate, sodium +perchlorate monohydrate, sodium permanganate, +sodium peroxide, strontium chlorate, strontium per- +chlorate, thallium chlorate, trichloro-s-triazinetrione +(trichloroisocyanuric acid), urea hydrogen peroxide, +zinc bromate, zinc chlorate and zinc permanganate. + +Class 1 : all inorganic nitrates (unless otherwise classi- +fied), all inorganic nitrites (unless otherwise classi- +fied), ammonium persulfate, barium peroxide, +calcium peroxide, hydrogen peroxide solutions +(greater than 8 percent up to 27.5 percent), lead diox- +ide, lithium hypochlorite (39 percent or less available +chlorine), lithium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, +manganese dioxide, nitric acid (40 percent concentra- +tion or less), perchloric acid solutions (less than 50 +percent by weight), potassium dichromate, potassium +percarbonate, potassium persulfate, sodium carbon- +ate peroxide, sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione +dihydrate, sodium dichromate, sodium perborate +(anhydrous), sodium perborate monohydrate, sodium +perborate tetrahydrate, sodium percarbonate, sodium +persulfate, strontium peroxide and zinc peroxide. + +E102.1.8 Organic peroxides. Organic peroxides contain +the double oxygen or peroxy (-o-o) group. Some are flam- +mable compounds and subject to explosive decomposition. +They are available as: + +1. Liquids. + +2. Pastes. + +3. Solids (usually finely divided powers). + +E102. 1.8.1 Classification of organic peroxides +according to hazard. + +Unclassified: Unclassified organic peroxides are +capable of detonation and are regulated in accordance +with Chapter 33. + +Class I: acetyl cyclohexane sulfonyl 60-65 percent +concentration by weight, fulfonyl peroxide, benzoyl +peroxide over 98 percent concentration, t-butyl + + + +hydroperoxide 90 percent, t-butyl peroxyacetate 75 +percent, t-butyl peroxyisopropylcarbonate 92 per- +cent, diisopropyl peroxy dicarbonate 100 percent, +di-n-propyl peroxydicarbonate 98 percent, and +di-n-propyl peroxydicarbonate 85 percent. + +Class II: acetyl peroxide 25 percent, t-butyl +hydroperoxide 70 percent (with DTBP and t-BuOH +diluents), t-butyl peroxybenzoate 98 percent, t-butyl +peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate 97 percent, t-butyl +peroxyisobutyrate 75 percent, t-butyl +peroxyisopropyl-carbonate 75 percent, t-butyl +peroxypivalate 75 percent, dybenzoyl +peroxydicarbonate 85 percent, di-sec-butyl +peroxydicarbonate 98 percent, di-sec-butyl +peroxydicarbonate 75 percent, + +1 , 1 -di-(t-butylperoxy )-3 ,5 ,5 -trimethy ecy clohexane +95 percent, di-(2-ethythexyl) peroxydicarbonate 97 +percent, 2,5-dymethyl-2-5 di (benzoylperoxy) hex- +ane 92 percent, and peroxyacetic acid 43 percent. + +Class III: acetyl cyclohexane sulfonal peroxide 29 +percent, benzoyl peroxide 78 percent, benzoyl perox- +ide paste 55 percent, benzoyl peroxide paste 50 per- +cent peroxide/50 percent butylbenzylphthalate +diluent, cumene hydroperoxide 86 percent, +di-(4-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate 98 per- +cent, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate 97 percent, +t-butyl peroxyneodecanoate 75 percent, decanoyl +peroxide 98.5 percent, di-t-butyl peroxide 99 percent, +l,l-di-(t-butylperoxy)3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane75 +percent, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide 50 percent, +diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate 30 percent, +2,-5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(2-ethylhexanolyperoxy)-hex- +ane 90 percent, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(t-butylperoxy) +hexane 90 percent and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 9 +percent active oxygen diluted in dimethyl phthalate. + +Class IV: benzoyl peroxide 70 percent, benzoyl per- +oxide paste 50 percent peroxide/15 percent water/35 +percent butylphthalate diluent, benzoyl peroxide +slurry 40 percent, benzoyl peroxide powder 35 per- +cent, t-butyl hydroperoxide 70 percent, (with water +diluent), t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate 50 percent, +decumyl peroxide 98 percent, di-(2-ethylhexal) +peroxydicarbonate 40 percent, laurel peroxide 98 per- +cent, p-methane hydroperoxide 52.5 percent, methyl +ethyl ketone peroxide 5.5 percent active oxygen and +methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 9 percent active oxygen +diluted in water and glycols. + +Class V: benzoyl peroxide 35 percent, 1,1 -di-t-butyl +peroxy 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane 40 percent, +2,5-di-(t-butyl peroxy) hexane 47 percent and +2,4-pentanedione peroxide 4 percent active oxygen. + +E102.1.9 Pyrophoric materials.Examples include: + +1. Gases: diborane, phosphine, silane. + +2. Liquids: diethylaluminum chloride, di- +ethylberyllium, diethylphosphine, diethylzinc, +dimethylarsine, triethylaluminum etherate, tri- +ethylbismuthine, triethylboron, trimethylaluminum, +trimethylgallium. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +403 + + + +APPENDIX E + + + +3. Solids: cesium, hafnium, lithium, white or yellow +phosphorous, plutonium, potassium, rubidium, +sodium, thorium. + +E102.1.10 Unstable (reactive) materials. Examples +include: + +Class 4: acetyl peroxide, dibutyl peroxide, dinitroben- +zene, ethyl nitrate, peroxyacetic acid and picric acid +(dry) trinitrobenzene. + +Class 3: hydrogen peroxide (greater than 52 percent), +hydroxylamine, nitromethane, paranitroaniline, +perchloric acid and tetrafluoroethylene monomer. + +Class 2: acrolein, acrylic acid, hydrazine, methacrylic +acid, sodium perchlorate, styrene and vinyl acetate. + +Class 1 : acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide 35 percent to 52 +percent, paraldehyde and tetrahydrofuran. + +E102.1.11 Water-reactive materials. Examples include: + +Class 3: aluminum alky Is such as triethylaluminum, +isobutylaluminum and trimethylaluminum; bromine +pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, + +chlorodiethylaluminium and diethylzinc. + +Class 2: calcium carbide, calcium metal, cyanogen bro- +mide, lithium hydride, methyldichlorosilane, potassium +metal, potassium peroxide, sodium metal, sodium perox- +ide, sulfuric acid and trichlorosilane. + +Class 1: acetic anhydride, sodium hydroxide, sulfur +monochloride and titanium tetrachloride. + +E102.1.12 Cryogenic fluids. The cryogenics listed will +exist as compressed gases when they are stored at ambient +temperatures. + +1. Flammable: carbon monoxide, deuterium (heavy +hydrogen), ethylene, hydrogen, methane. + +2. Oxidizing: fluorine, nitric oxide, oxygen. + +3. Corrosive: fluorine, nitric oxide. + +4. Inert (chemically unreactive): argon, helium, kryp- +ton, neon, nitrogen, xenon. + +5. Highly toxic: fluorine, nitric oxide. + +E102.2 Health hazards. Materials classified in this section +pose a health hazard. + +E102.2.1 Highly toxic materials. Examples include: + +1. Gases: arsine, cyanogen, diborane, fluorine, ger- +mane, hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, nitrogen diox- +ide, ozone, phosphine, hydrogen selenide, stibine. + +2. Liquids: acrolein, acrylic acid, 2-chloroethanol (eth- +ylene chlorohydrin), hydrazine, hydrocyanic acid, +2-methylaziridine (propylenimine), +2-methylacetonitrile (acetone cyanohydrin), methyl +ester isocyanic acid (methyl isocyanate), nicotine, +tetranitromethane and tetraethylstannane +(tetraethyltin). + +3. Solids: (aceto) phenylmercury (phenyl mercuric ace- +tate), 4-aminopyridine, arsenic pentoxide, arsenic tri- +oxide, calcium cyanide, 2-chloroacetophenone, +aflatoxin B, decaborane(14), mercury (II) bromide + + + +(mercuric bromide), mercury (II) chloride (corrosive +mercury chloride), pentachlorophenol, methyl para- +thion, phosphorus (white) and sodium azide. + +E102.2.2 Toxic materials. Examples include: + +1. Gases: boron trichloride, boron trifluoride, chlorine, +chlorine trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sul- +fide, phosgene, silicon tetrafluoride. + +2. Liquids: acrylonitrile, allyl alcohol, +alpha-chlorotoluene, aniline, 1-chloro- +2,3-epoxypropane, chloroformic acid (allyl ester), +3-chloropropene (allyl chloride), o-cresol, +crotonaldehyde, dibromomethane, +diisopropylamine, diethyl ester sulfuric acid, +dimethyl ester sulfuric acid, 2-furaldehyde (furfural), +furfural alcohol, phosphorus chloride, phosphoryl +chloride (phosphorus oxychloride) and thionyl chlo- +ride. + +3. Solids: acrylamide, barium chloride, barium (II) +nitrate, benzidine, p-benzoquinone, beryllium chlo- +ride, cadmium chloride, cadmium oxide, chloroacetic +acid, chlorophenylmercury (phenyl mercuric chlo- +ride), chromium (VI) oxide (chromic acid, solid), 2,4- +dinitrotoluene, hydroquinone, mercury chloride (cal- +omel), mercury (II) sulfate (mercuric sulfate), +osmium tetroxide, oxalic acid, phenol, +P-phenylenediamine, phenylhydrazine, +4-phenylmorpholine, phosphorus sulfide, potassium +fluoride, potassium hydroxide, selenium (IV) +disulfide and sodium fluoride. + +E102.2.3 Corrosives. Examples include: + +1. Acids: Examples: chromic, formic, hydrochloric +(muriatic) greater than 15 percent, hydrofluoric, nitric +(greater than 6 percent, perchloric, sulfuric (4 percent +or more). + +2. Bases (alkalis): hydroxides — ammonium (greater +than 10 percent), calcium, potassium (greater than 1 +percent), sodium (greater than 1 percent); certain car- +bonates — potassium. + +3. Other corrosives: bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, +ammonia. + +Note: Corrosives that are oxidizers, e.g., nitric acid, +chlorine, fluorine; or are compressed gases, e.g., ammo- +nia, chlorine, fluorine; or are water-reactive, e.g., con- +centrated sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, are physical +hazards in addition to being health hazards. + + + +SECTION E103 +EVALUATION OF HAZARDS + +E103.1 Degree of hazard. The degree of hazard present +depends on many variables which should be considered indi- +vidually and in combination. Some of these variables are as +shown in Sections El 03. 1.1 through El 03. 1.5. + +E103.1.1 Chemical properties of the material. Chemical +properties of the material determine self reactions and reac- +tions which may occur with other materials. Generally, + + + +404 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +APPENDIX E + + + +materials within subdivisions of hazai^d categories will +exhibit similar chemical properties. However, materials +with similar chemical properties may pose very different +hazards. Each individual material should be researched to +determine its hazardous properties and then considered in +relation to other materials that it might contact and the sur- +rounding environment. + +E103.1.2 Physical properties of the material. Physical +properties, such as whether a material is a solid, liquid or gas +at ordinary temperatures and pressures, considered along +with chemical properties will determine requirements for +containment of the material. Specific gravity (weight of a +liquid compared to water) and vapor density (weight of a gas +compared to air) are both physical properties which are +important in evaluating the hazards of a material. + +E103.1.3 Amount and concentration of the material. The + +amount of material present and its concentration must be +considered along with physical and chemical properties to +determine the magnitude of the hazard. Hydrogen peroxide, +for example, is used as an antiseptic and a hair bleach in low +concentrations (approximately 8 percent in water solution). +Over 8 percent, hydrogen peroxide is classed as an oxidizer +and is toxic. Above 90 percent, it is a Class 4 oxidizer "that +can undergo an explosive reaction when catalyzed or +exposed to heat, shock or friction," a definition which inci- +dentally also places hydrogen peroxide over 90-percent +concentration in the unstable (reactive) category. Small +amounts at high concentrations may present a greater haz- +ard than large amounts at low concentrations. + +E103.1.3.1 Mixtures. Gases — toxic and highly toxic +gases include those gases which have an LC50 of 2,000 +parts per million (ppm) or less when rats are exposed for +a period of 1 hour or less. To maintain consistency with +the definitions for these materials, exposure data for peri- +ods other than 1 hour must be normalized to 1 hour. To +classify mixtures of compressed gases that contain one +or more toxic or highly toxic components, the LC50 of the +mixture must be determined. Mixtures that contain only +two components are binary mixtures. Those that contain +more than two components are multi-component mix- +tures. When two or more hazardous substances (compo- +nents) having an LC50 below 2,000 ppm are present in a +mixture, their combined effect, rather than that of the +individual substances (components), must be consid- +ered. In the absence of information to the contrary, the +effects of the hazards present must be considered as addi- +tive. Exceptions to the above rule may be made when +there is a good reason to believe that the principal effects +of the different harmful substances (components) are not +additive. + +For binary mixtures where the hazardous component +is diluted with a nontoxic gas such as an inert gas, the +LC50 of the mixture is estimated by use of the following +formula: + + + +^^ 50 m ~ + + + +1 + + + +iCJLC^J + + + +(Equation E-1) + + + +For multi-component mixtures where more than one +component has a listed LC^q, the LC^q of the mixture is +estimated by use of the following formula: + + + +r = + +^ 50m + + + +where: + + + +1 + + + +(C,, /LC5o,,)+(C,2 /LC5o,,)+(C,, /LC,) + + + +(Equation E-2) + + + +^Qom= ^Qo of the mixture in parts per million (ppm). + +C, = concentration of component (/) in decimal per- +cent. The concentration of the individual com- +ponents in a mixture of gases is to be expressed +in terms of percent by volume. + +LC50/ = LC50 of component (/). The LC50 of the compo- +nent is based on a 1-hour exposure. LC50 data +which are for other than 1-hour exposures shall +be normalized to 1-hour by multiplying the +LC50 for the time determined by the factor indi- +cated in Table El 03. 1.3.1. The preferred mam- +malian species for LC^q data is the rat, as +specified in the definitions of toxic and highly +toxic in Chapter 2 of the International Fire +Code. If data for rats are unavailable, and in the +absence of information to the contrary, data for +other species may be utilized. The data shall be +taken in the following order of preference: rat, +mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, dog, monkey. + +/„ = component 1 , component 2 and so on to the nth +component. + +Examples: + +a. What is the LC50 of ^ mixture of 15-percent chlorine, +85-percent nitrogen? + +The 1-hour (rat) LC50 of pure chlorine is 293 ppm. + +LCso^ = 1 / (0.15 / 293) or 1,953 ppm. Therefore, the +mixture is toxic. + +b. What is the LC50 of a mixture of 15-percent chlorine, +15-percent fluorine and 70-percent nitrogen? The +1-hour (rat) LC50 of chlorine is 293 ppm. The 1-hour +(rat) LC50 of fluorine is 185 ppm. + +LCjon, = 1 / (0.15 / 293) + (0.15 / 185) or 755 ppm. +Therefore the mixture is toxic. + +c. Is the mixture of 1 percent phosphine in argon toxic or +highly toxic? The 1-hour (rat) LC50 is 11 ppm. + +^Qom = 1 / [0.01 / (11 2)] or 2,200 ppm. Therefore +the mixture is neither toxic nor highly toxic. +Note that the 4-hour LC50 of 1 1 ppm was nor- +malized to 1-hour by use of Section +E103.1.3.1. + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +405 + + + +APPENDIX E + + + +TABLE E1 03.1 .3.1 +NORMALIZATION FACTOR + + +TIME (hours) + + +MULTIPLY BY + + +0.5 + + +0.7 + + +1.0 + + +1.0 + + +1.5 + + +1.2 + + +2.0 + + +1.4 + + +3.0 + + +1.7 + + +4.0 + + +2.0 + + +5.0 + + +2.2 + + +6.0 + + +2.4 + + +7.0 + + +2.6 + + +8.0 + + +2.8 + + + +E103.1.4 Actual use, activity or process involving the +material. The definition of handling, storage and use in +closed systems refers to materials in packages or containers. +Dispensing and use in open containers or systems describes +situations where a material is exposed to ambient conditions +or vapors are liberated to the atmosphere. Dispensing and +use in open systems, then, are generally more hazardous sit- +uations than handling, storage or use in closed systems. The +actual use or process may include heating, electric or other +sparks, catalytic or reactive materials and many other fac- +tors which could affect the hazard and must therefore be +thoroughly analyzed. + +E103.1.5 Surrounding conditions. Conditions such as +other materials or processes in the area, type of construction +of the structure, fire protection features (e.g., fire walls, +sprinkler systems, alarms, etc.), occupancy (use) of adjoin- +ing areas, normal temperatures, exposure to weather, etc., +must be taken into account in evaluating the hazard. + +E103.2 Evaluation questions. The following are sample eval- +uation questions: + +1 . What is the material? Correct identification is impor- +tant; exact spelling is vital. Check labels, MSDS, ask +responsible persons, etc. + +2. What are the concentration and strength? + +3. What is the physical form of the material? Liquids, +gases and finely divided solids have differing require- +ments for spill and leak control and containment. + +4. How much material is present? Consider in relation to +permit amounts, maximum allowable quantity per con- +trol area (from Group H occupancy requirements), +amounts which require detached storage and overall +magnitude of the hazard. + +5. What other materials (including furniture, equipment +and building components) are close enough to interact +with the material? + +6. What are the likely reactions? + +7. What is the activity involving the material? + + + +8. How does the activity impact the hazardous character- +istics of the material? Consider vapors released or haz- +ards otherwise exposed. + +9. What must the material be protected from? Consider +other materials, temperature, shock, pressure, etc. + +10. What effects of the material must people and the envi- +ronment be protected from? + +1 1 . How can protection be accomplished? Consider: + +11.1. Proper containers and equipment. + +1 1 .2. Separation by distance or construction. + +1 1.3. Enclosure in cabinets or rooms. + +1 1 .4. Spill control, drainage and containment. + +11.5. Control systems — ventilation, special electri- +cal, detection and alarm, extinguishment, +explosion venting, limit controls, exhaust +scrubbers and excess flow control. + +11.6. Administrative (operational) controls — signs, +ignition source control, security, personnel +training, established procedures, storage plans +and emergency plans. + +Evaluation of the hazard is a strongly subjec- +tive process; therefore, the person charged with +this responsibility must gather as much relevant +data as possible so that the decision will be +objective and within the limits prescribed in +laws, policies and standards. + +It may be necessary to cause the responsible +persons in charge to have tests made by quali- +fied persons or testing laboratories to support +contentions that a particular material or process +is or is not hazardous. See Section 104.7.2 of +the International Fire Code. + + + +406 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +APPENDIX F + +HAZARD RANKING + +The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance. + +SECTION F1 01 +GENERAL + +FlOl.l Scope. Assignment of levels of hazards to be applied to +specific hazard classes as required by NFPA 704 shall be in +accordance with this appendix. The appendix is based on appli- +cation of the degrees of hazard as defined in NFPA 704 +arranged by hazard class as for specific categories defined in +Chapter 2 of the International Fire Code and used throughout. + +F101.2 General. The hazard rankings shown in Table F101.2 +have been established by using guidelines found within NFPA +704. As noted in Section 4.2 of NFPA 704, there could be spe- +cific reasons to alter the degree of hazard assigned to a specific +material; for example, ignition temperature, flammable range +or susceptibility of a container to rupture by an internal com- +bustion explosion or to metal failure while under pressure or +because of heat from external fire. As a result, the degree of +hazard assigned for the same material can vary when assessed +by different people of equal competence. + +The hazard rankings assigned to each class represent reason- +able minimum hazard levels for a given class based on the use +of criteria estabhshed by NFPA 704. Specific cases of use or +storage may dictate the use of higher degrees of hazard in cer- +tain cases. + +SECTION F1 02 +REFERENCED STANDARDS + +FlOl.l + +FlOl.l, F101.2 + + + +ICC + + +IFC + + +International Fire Code + + +NFPA + + +704 + + +Identification of the +Hazards of Materials for +Emergency Response + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 407 + + + +APPENDIX F + + + +TABLE F1 01 .2 +FIRE FIGHTER WARNING PLACARD DESIGNATIONS BASED ON HAZARD CLASSIFICATION CATEGORIES + + + +HAZARD CATEGORY + + +DESIGNATION + + +Combustible liquid II + + +F2 + + +Combustible liquid IIIA + + +F2 + + +Combustible liquid IIIB + + +Fl + + +Combustible dust + + +F4 + + +Combustible fiber + + +F3 + + +Cryogenic flammable + + +F4,H3 + + +Cryogenic oxidizing + + +0X,H3 + + +Explosive + + +R4 + + +Flammable solid + + +F2 + + +Flammable gas (gaseous) + + +F4 + + +Flammable gas (liquefied) + + +F4 + + +Flammable liquid lA + + +F4 + + +Flammable liquid IB + + +F3 + + +Flammable liquid IC + + +F3 + + +Organic peroxide, UD + + +R4 + + +Organic peroxide I + + +F4,R3 + + +Organic peroxide II + + +F3,R3 + + +Organic peroxide III + + +F2,R2 + + +Organic peroxide IV + + +F1,R1 + + +Organic peroxide V + + +Nonhazard + + +Oxidizing gas (gaseous) + + +OX + + +Oxidizing gas (liquefied) + + +OX + + +Oxidizer 4 + + +OX + + +Oxidizer 3 + + +OX + + +Oxidizer 2 + + +OX + + +Pyrophoric gases + + +F4 + + +Pyrophoric solids, liquids + + +F3 + + +Unstable reactive 4D + + +R4 + + +Unstable reactive 3D + + +R4 + + +Unstable reactive 3N + + +R3 + + +Unstable reactive 2 + + +R2 + + +Water reactive 3 + + +W,R3 + + +Water reactive 2 + + +W,R2 + + +Corrosive + + +H3, COR + + +Toxic + + +H3 + + +Highly toxic + + +H4 + + + +F — Flammable category. + +R — Reactive category. + +H — Health category. + +W — Special hazard: water reactive. + +OX — Special hazard: oxidizing properties. + + + +COR — Corrosive. + +UD — Unclassified detonable material. +4D — Class 4 detonable material. +3D — Class 3 detonable material. +3N — Class 3 nondetonable material. + + + +408 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +APPENDIX G + +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS— WEIGHT AND VOLUME EQUIVALENTS + +This appendix is for information purposes and is not intended for adoption. + +SECTION G1 01 +GENERAL + +GlOl.l Scope. This appendix is used to convert from liquid to +gas for cryogenic fluids. + +GlOl.l Conversion. Table G101.2 shall be used to determine +the equivalent amounts of cryogenic fluids in either the liquid +or gas phase. + +GlOl.2.1 Use of the table. To use Table G101.2, read hori- +zontally across the line of interest. For example, to deter- +mine the number of cubic feet of gas contained in 1 .0 gallon +(3.785 L) of liquid argon, find 1.000 in the column entitled +"Volume of Liquid at Normal Boiling Point." Reading +across the line under the column entitled "Volume of Gas at +70°F and 1 atmosphere 14.7 psia," the value of 1 12.45 cubic +feet (3 . 1 84 m^) is found. + +GlOl.2.2 Other quantities. If other quantities are of inter- +est, the numbers obtained can be multiplied or divided to +obtain the quantity of interest. For example, to determine the +number of cubic feet of argon gas contained in a volume of +1,000 gallons (3785 L) of liquid argon at its normal boiling +point, multiply 1 12.45 by 1,000 to obtain 1 12,450 cubic feet +(3184 m^). + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 409 + + + +APPENDIX G + + + +TABLE G1 01 .2 +WEIGHT AND VOLUME EQUIVALENTS FOR COMMON CRYOGENIC FLUIDS + + + +CRYOGENIC +FLUID + + +WEIGHT OF LIQUID OR GAS + + +VOLUME OF LIQUID AT NORMAL +BOILING POINT + + +VOLUME OF GAS AT NTP + + +Pounds + + +Kilograms + + +Liters + + +Gallons + + +Cubic feet + + +Cubic meters + + +Argon + + +1.000 +2.205 +3.072 +11.628 +10.340 +3.652 + + +0.454 +1.000 +1.393 +5.274 +4.690 +1.656 + + +0.326 +0.718 +1.000 +3.785 +3.366 +1.189 + + +0.086 +0.190 +0.264 +1.000 +0.889 +0.314 + + +9.67 +21.32 +29.71 +112.45 +100.00 +35.31 + + +0.274 +0.604 +0.841 +3.184 +2.832 +1.000 + + +Helium + + +1.000 +2.205 +0.275 +1.042 +1.034 +0.365 + + +0.454 +1.000 +0.125 +0.473 +0.469 +0.166 + + +3.631 +8.006 +1.000 +3.785 +3.754 +1.326 + + +0.959 +2.115 +0.264 +1.000 +0.992 +0.350 + + +96.72 +213.23 + +26.63 +100.82 +100.00 + +35.31 + + +. 2.739 +6.038 +0.754 +2.855 +2.832 +1.000 + + +Hydrogen + + +1.000 +2.205 +0.156 +0.591 +0.521 +0.184 + + +0.454 +1.000 +0.071 +0.268 +0.236 +0.083 + + +6.409 +14.130 +1.000 +3.785 +3.339 +1.179 + + +1.693 +3.733 +0.264 +1.000 +0.882 +0.311 + + +191.96 +423.20 + +29.95 +113.37 +100.00 + +35.31 + + +5.436 +11.984 +0.848 +3.210 +2.832 +1.000 + + +Oxygen + + +1.000 +2.205 +2.517 +9.527 +8.281 +2.924 + + +0.454 +1.000 +1.142 +4.321 +3.756 +1.327 + + +0.397 +0.876 +1.000 +3.785 +3.290 +1.162 + + +0.105 +0.231 +0.264 +1.000 +0.869 +0.307 + + +12.00 +26.62 +30.39 +115.05 +100.00 +35.31 + + +0.342 +0.754 +0.861 +3.250 +2.832 +1.000 + + +Nitrogen + + +1.000 +2.205 +1.782 +6.746 +7.245 +2.558 + + +0.454 +1.000 +0.808 +3.060 +3.286 +1.160 + + +0.561 +1.237 +1.000 +3.785 +4.065 +1.436 + + +0.148 +0.327 +0.264 +1.000 +1.074 +0.379 + + +13.80 +30.43 +24.60 +93.11 +100.00 +35.31 + + +0.391 +0.862 +0.697 + +2.637 +2.832 +1.000 + + +LNG' + + +1.000 +2.205 +0.951 +3.600 +4.356 +11.501 + + +0.454 +1.000 +0.431 +1.633 +1.976 +5.217 + + +1.052 +2.320 +1.000 +3.785 +4.580 +1.616 + + +0.278 +0.613 +0.264 +1.000 +1.210 +0.427 + + +22.968 +50.646 +21.812 +82.62 +100.00 +35.31 + + +0.650 +1.434 +0.618 +2.340 +2.832 +1.000 + + + +For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m^ °C = [(°F)-32]/1.8, 1 pound per square inch atmosphere = 6.895 kPa. +a. The values listed for liquefied natural gas (LNG) are "typical" values. LNG is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, and no two LNG streams have exactly the same +composition. + + + +410 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +INDEX + + + +ABANDONED PREMISES + +(see VACANT PREMISES) +ABANDONMENT + +Flammable and combustible + +liquid tanks 3404.2.13 + +ACCEPTANCE TESTING + +Fire protection system installations . . 901.5, 904.4 + +Fire pumps 913.5.1 + +Flammable and combustible + +liquid tanks 3404.2.12.1 + +Single- and multiple-station + +smoke alarms 907.2.10.4 + +Smoke control systems 909.18 + +ACCESS, FIRE DEPARTMENT + +Aviation facilities 1 103.4 + +Construction and demolition sites 1410.1 + +Doors for 504.2, 2305.4, 2306.6.1 + +Equipment, to 510 + +High-piled storage buildings 2306.6 + +Tire storage 2506 + +ACCESS ROADS, FIRE APPARATUS 503 + +Aviation facilities 1 103.4 + +Bridges 503.2.6 + +Building openings and roofs 504 + +Defined 502.1 + +High-piled storage 2306.6 + +Lumberyards 1903.6, 1909.3 + +Obstructions 503.4 + +Tents, canopies, membrane structures . . 2403.8.1 + +ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS 1007 + +Defined 1002.1 + +Standby power 604.2.5, 604.2.6 + +ACETYLENE (see WELDING) + +Gas 2605.4 + +Generators Table 911.1, 2605.5, 2608 + +ADDRESS NUMBER +(see PREMISES IDENTIFICATION) + +ADMINISTRATION + +Alternative methods and + +materials 104.9, 501.4 + +Applicability 102 + +Approval 104.6.1, 401.2, 408.11.1.1, + +603.1.2, 2207.2, 2208.2, 2401.2, 3406.4.7.1 + +Approved materials and equipment 104.7 + +Board of appeal 1 08.1 + +Emergencies 104.1 1 + +General 101 + +Inspections 104.6.2, 106 + + + +Maintenance 107 + +Permits 104.2, 105 + +Right of entry 1 04.3 + +Unsafe buildings 110 + +Violations 1 09 + +AEROSOL CONTAINER + +Defined 2802.1 + +AEROSOL WAREHOUSE + +Defined 2802.1 + +AEROSOLS Chapter 28 + +Classification levels 2803.1 + +Classification of products Table 2803.1 + +Defined 2802.1 + +Inside storage 2804 + +Manufacturing facilities 2807 + +Nonsegregated storage 2804.3.1, + +Table 2804.3.1 + +Outside storage 2805 + +Permit required 105.6.1 + +Retail display 2806 + +Segregated storage 2804.3.2, Table 2804.3.2 + +AGENT + +Defined 202 + +AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 2903.4, 3701 .1 + +AIR-SUPPORTED STRUCTURES (see TENT) + +Defined 2402.1 + +AIRCRAFT + +Defueling 1106.5, 1106.18 + +Fueling 1106 + +Maintenance 1 1 04 + +AIRCRAFT OPERATION AREA (AOA) + +Defined 1102.1 + +AIRCRAFT-RELATED OCCUPANCIES, +FIRE PROTECTION FOR 914.8 + +AIRPORT + +Defined 1102.1 + +AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL +TOWERS .... 604.2.18, 907.2.12, 907.2.22, 914.8.1 + +AISLE ACCESSWAY Table 1025.19.1 + +Defined 1002.1 + +AISLE(S) , 308.3.4, 1014.4 + +Assembly 1 025.9 + +Cross. 1025.14.1 + +Defined 1002.1 + +Fixed seating 1004.7 + +Hazardous materials 2703.11.3.9 + +High-piled combustible storage . . . 2305.4, 2306.9 +Obstruction of 1028.3, 1028.5 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +411 + + + +INDEX + + + +Tables and seating. . 1014.4.3 + +Tents 2403.12.5 + +Termination 1025.9.5 + +Travel distance 1025.7 + +Walking surface 1025.1 + +Width Table 1025.6.2, 1025.6.3, + +1025.9.1, 1025.9.2, +1027.20,2306.9.1,3604.1.2 + +ALARM 903.4.2,907.2.11.1, 1505.9.3, + +1803.13.2.1,3704.2.2.10.1 + +Activations 401 .3.2 + +Audible 907.10.2, Table 907.10.1.3 + +Coded signals 408.6.2 + +Signals 903.4.1, 1803.12.3 + +Testing 904.4.2, 901 .5, 901 .6 + +Visible 907.10.1 + +Warning signs 904.3.4 + +ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE + +Defined 902.1 + +ALARM, NUISANCE + +Defined 902.1 + +ALARM SIGNAL + +Defined 902.1 + +ALARM, SMOKE + +Defined 902.1 + +ALARM VERIFICATION FEATURE + +^DefifiedTTT: 7777902.1 + +ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUB 2701.1, 3405.5 + +Defined 3402.1 + +ALTERATION + +Defined 202 + +ALTERNATING TREAD DEVICE 1009.10 + +Defined 1002.1 + +ALTERNATIVE AUTOMATIC FIRE- +EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS 904 + +ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS AND METHODS . . 104.9 + +AMMONIA + +Diffusion systems 606.12.6 + +Refrigerant 606.12.3 + +AMMONIUM NITRATE 3301.1.5 + +Defined 3302.1 + +AMMUNITION, SMALL ARMS ^ . . 3306 + +Defined 7777777 .3302.1 + +Storage and handling . . 105.6.14, 3301.2.1,-3304 + +AMUSEMENT BUILDINGS (see SPECIAL +AMUSEMENT BUILDING) + +AMUSEMENT PARK +" BUILDINGS 202 (Assembly, Group A-5) + +ANNUNCIATOR + +Defined 902.1 + +APPEALS, BOARD OF 108 + +APPLIANCES 605.7 + + + +Chimneys 603.6 + +Commercial kitchen hoods 609 + +Cooking 3405.3.3 + +Fuel-fired 603 + +Heat producing 2201 .6 + +Heating 603.5, 605.10, 3405.3.3 + +Lighting 3405.3.3 + +Unsafe 603.7 + +APPENDICES 101.2.1 + +APPLICABILITY (of the code) 102 + +APPROVED + +Defined 202 + +ARC WELDING +(see WELDING AND OTHER HOT WORK) + +[B] AREA OF REFUGE 1007.6 + +Defined 1002.1 + +ARRAY + +Defined 2302.1 + +ARRAY, CLOSED + +Defined 2302.1 + +ASH TRAYS 310.6 + +ASHES, HOT 305.2 + +ASPHALT (TAR) KETTLES 303, 1417.2 + +ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES (GROUP A) + +Aisles 1 025 + +Announcements 408.2.2 + +Automatic sprinklers 903.2 + +Candles 308 + +Cellulose nitrate film 105.6.5, 306 + +Decorative materials 806, 807 + +Defined 202 (Occupancy classification) + +Doors 1 008 + +Egress Chapter 1 + +Emergency evacuation drill 405 + +Emergency power .-. 604.2.1 + +Employee training 406 + +Evacuation plans 404 + +Fire alarm systems 907 + +Fire safety plans 404 + +Furnishings 807.4.2 + +Interior finish 803 + +._ LP-gas installations Chapter 38 + +Motion picture projection rooms 306.1 + +Obstruction of exits 1028.3 + +Open-flame devices 308.3.7 + +Open-flames 308.3 + +Panic hardware 1008.1.9 + +Permits required 105.6.34 + +Permits required 105.6.35 + +Portable fire extinguishers 906 + +Posting maximum occupant load 1004.3 + + + +412 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +INDEX + + + +Prohibit smoking 310 + +Pyroxylin-coated fabric 805.4 + +Pyroxylin plastic motion - + +picture film storage 306.1 + +Seating 1025 + +Seating plan 408.2.1 + +Standpipe systems 905 + +Storage, flammable liquids 3404.3.4.2 + +Tents Chapter 24 + +Vehicles in 2404.18.4 + +ATRIUM FIRE PROTECTION 907.2.13, 914.4 + +ATTIC STORAGE 315.2.4 + +AUDIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCE + +Defined 902.1 + +AUTOMATIC + +Defined 902.1 + +AUTOMATIC FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM + +(see FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS) +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS +Early Suppression Fast + +Response (ESFR) 2302.1 (Defined) + +Table 2306.2, Table 2308.3, 2304.4.3 + +Obstructions to discharge 315.2.1, 903.3.3 + +Quick response (QR) and + +residential 903.3.2, 906.1 , + +Table 3404.3.6.3(5) +AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER + +SYSTEM 1208.2, 1414, + +1803.10, 1904.3,2306.4, +2309.2,4004.1.4 + +Aerosol warehouses 2804.4.1 + +Alarms 903.4.2, 1803.10.5 + +Basements 903.2.10.1 .3 + +Defined 902.1 + +Dip tank operations 1505.4 + +Gas rooms 2703.8.4.1 + +Group A 903.2.1 + +Group E 903.2.2 + +Group F-1 903.2.3 + +Group H 903.2.4 + +Group 1 903.2.5 + +Group M 903.2.6 + +Group R 903.2.7 + +Group 8-1 903.2.8 + +Group 8-2 903.2.9 + +High-piled storage. 903.2.6.1 + +Hose threads 903.3.6 + +Installation requirements 903.3 + +Limited area 903.3.5.1.1 + +Monitoring 903.4 + +NFPA 13 sprinkler systems 903.3.1.1 + +NFPA 13D sprinkler systems 903.3.1.3 + + + +NFPA 13R sprinkler systems 903.3.1.2 + +Pyroxylin plastics 903.2.4.3, 903.6.1 + +Repair garages 903.2.8.1 + +Rubbish and linen chutes 903.2.10.2 + +Spray rooms 1 504.4 + +Water supplies 903.3.5 + +Windowless stories 903.2.10.1 + +Woodworking operations 903.2.3.1 + +Zones 907.9 + +AUTOMOBILE UNDERCOATING +(see SPRAY FINISHING) + +AUTOMOTIVE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING +FACILITY Chapter 22 + +Defined 2202.1 + +AVERAGE AMBIENT SOUND LEVEL 907.10.2 + +Defined 902.1 + +AVIATION FACILITIES Chapter 1 1 + +(see also AIRCRAFT-RELATED OCCUPANCIES) + +Cleaning parts 11 04.3 + +Combustible storage 1 103.6 + +Dispensing hoses and nozzles 1106.3.3 + +Dispensing of flammable and + +combustible liquids 1 103.5 + +Fueling and defueling 1 106.5 + +Radar equipment 1 106.21- + +B — + +BACKFLOW PREVENTION 903.3.5, 912.5 + +BALCONIES 308.3.1,903.3.1.2.1, 1016.3 + +BARRICADE + +Defined 3302.1 + +Fire apparatus access road 503.5, 503.5.1 + +Placement at fire scene 104.11.1 + +BARRICADED + +Defined 3302.1 + +BATTERY CHARGING (see POWERED INDUSTRIAL +TRUCKS) + +BATTERY SYSTEMS, STATIONARY LEAD-ACID + +Defined 602.1 + +BATTERY SYSTEMS, + +STATIONARY STORAGE 608 + +Permit 105.6.5 + +Room design 608.3 + +Signs 608.6 + +Ventilation 608.5 + +BATTERY TYPES— Defined + +Nickel cadmium 602.1 + +Nonrecombinant 602.1 + +Recombinant 602.1 + +Stationary storage 602.1 + +Valve-regulated lead acid 602.1 + +Vented (flooded) lead-acid 602.1 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +413 + + + +INDEX + + + +BIN BOX + +Defined 2302.1 + +BLAST AREA + +Defined 3302.1 + +BLAST SITE + +Defined 3302.1 + +BLASTER + +Defined 3302.1 + +BLASTING AGENT (see also EXPLOSIVES) + +Defined 3302.1 + +BLEACHERS + +Defined 1002.1 + +BOILING POINT + +Defined 2702.1 + +BOND + +For explosives 3301 .2.4.1 + +For fireworks display 3301 .2.4.2 + +BONDING AND GROUNDING .... 1204.2.4, 1206.3.4 + +Aircraft fueling 1106.3.7.1, 1106.5.2 + +CNG Motor fuel-dispensing +facilities 2208.8.1 .2.4 + +Cryogenic fluids 3203.7.2 + +Organic coating 2004.3 + +Piping, valves and fittings 3406.4.7.6 + +Powdered coating 1506.6.4 + +Roll-coating operations 1505.1 1 + +Underground tanks 3406.6.1 .8 + +Vessels 3405.3.2 + +BONFIRES 307.4.1 + +Defined 302.1 + +Permit 105.6.30, 307.2 + +BREATHING APPARATUS 1703.3.2 + +BRIDGES (see ACCESS ROADS, FIRE APPARATUS) + +BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU) + +Defined 202 + +BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEMS .... Chapter 6 + +BUILDINGS + +Unsafe 110 + +Vacant (see Vacant premises) + +BULK OXYGEN SYSTEM Chapter 40 + +Defined 4002.1 + +BULK PLANT OR TERMINAL 3406.4 + +Defined 3402.1 + +BULK TRANSFER 3406.5 + +Defined 3402.1 + +BULLET RESISTANT + +Defined 3302.1 + +BURNING (see OPEN BURNING) + +BUTANE (see LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS) + + + +BUTYLENE (see LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS) + + + +CABINETS 905.7, 906.8, 1105.7.1, 3705.3.1 + +CABINETS, GAS 1803.3.5, 1803.10.2, + +1803.13.1.3, 2703.8.6, 3006.2.3, +3704.1.2,4106.2.2,4106.4.1 + +CANDLES 105.6.32, 308, 806.3 + +CANOPY + +Defined 2402.1 + +CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM + +Commercial cooking systems 904.1 1 + +Defined 902.1 + +CARNIVALS 105.6.4, 2403.3 + +CARTON + +Combustible 2806.5 + +Defined 202 + +CEILING LIMIT + +Defined 2702.1 + +CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION +PICTURE FILM 306 + +CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTICS +[see PYROXYLIN (CELLULOSE NITRATE) +PLASTICS] + +CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY 102.3 + +Defined 202 + +CHANGE OF USE 102.3 + +CHEMICAL + +Defined 2702.1 + +CHEMICAL NAME + +Defined 2702.1 + +CHIMNEYS 603.2, 603.6 + +Factory-built 603.6.4 + +Masonry 603.6.1 + +Metal 603.6.2 + +CHRISTMAS TREE (see DECORATIVE +VEGETATION) + +CHUTES, RUBBISH AND LINEN 903.2.10.2 + +CLASSIFICATION + +Commodity 2303 + +Dry cleaning plants and systems 1203.2 + +Dry cleaning solvent or liquid 1202.1 , 1203.1 + +Flammable and combustible liquids 3402.1 + +Hazardous materials 2701 .2 + +Occupancy 202 + +Refrigerant 606.3 + +CLEAN AGENT + +Defined 902.1 + +CLEANING + +Flammable liquids 1 104.3 + + + +414 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +INDEX + + + +Grease 904.1 1 .6.3 + +Powder coating 1506.5.1 + +Repair garages 221 1 .2.1 + +Tanks 3406.7.2 + +Tire rebuilding buffing areas 2503.3 + +CLEARANCE + +Storage to ceiling or +sprinklers 315.2.1, 903.3.3, 3404.3.5.3 + +CLOSED CONTAINER 3205.5.2 + +Defined 2702.1 + +CLOSED SYSTEM 3405.3.7.6 + +Defined 202 + +CNG MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING FACILITIES. . 2208 + +COLD DECK 1906.2 + +Defined 1902.1 + +COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY + +BUILDINGS, GROUP R-2 404.2, + +Table 405.2, 408.3 + +COMBUSTIBLE DUST + +Defined 1302.1 + +COMBUSTIBLE DUST-PRODUCING + +OPERATIONS Chapter 13 + +Permit 105.6.6 + +COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS Chapter 29 + +Defined 2902.1 + +General precautions 2903 + +Permit 105.6.7 + +Portable fire extinguishers 2903.6 + +COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID. . . 2206, 2404.17, Chapter 34 + +Classified locations 3403.1 .2 + +Defined 3402.1 + +Dispensing, use, mixing and + +handling 3405.3, 3405.3.8 + +Heated 3401.5 + +Indoor storage 3404.3.3 + +Mixtures 3401 .5 + +Outdoor storage 3404.4 + +Permit 105.6.16 + +Portable fire extinguisher 3406.2.7 + +Special operations 3406 + +Tank storage 3404.2 + +Waste control 3406.3.3 + +Wholesale and resale use 3404.3.6 + +COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE 315 + +COMBUSTIBLE WASTE MATERIAL 304, 1605 + +Containers 304.3 + +Storage 304.2 + +COMMERCIAL COOKING APPLIANCES + +Defined 602.1 + +COMMERCIAL KITCHEN HOODS 609 + +COMMODITY + +Classifications 2303 + + + +Defined 2302.1 + +COMMON PATH OF + +EGRESS TRAVEL 1014.3, + +1025.8, Table 1027.17.2 + +Defined 1002.1 + +COMPRESSED GAS Chapter 30 + +Containers, cylinders, tanks 3003.1 + +Defined 3002.1 + +Medical gas 3006 + +Requirements 3003 + +Storage 3004 + +Use and handling 3005 + +Wiring 3003.6 + +COMPRESSED GAS CONTAINER + +Defined 3002.1 + +COMPRESSED GAS SYSTEM + +Defined 3002.1 + +Motor fuel-dispensing facilities 2208 + +COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) 3001 .1 + +CONFLICTING PROVISIONS 102.9 + +CONSTANTLY ATTENDED + +LOCATION 903.4.1, 907.2.7.1, + +907.2.8.3, 907.2.11.1, 907.2.18.2, + +907.2.23, 907.11, 907.12, 909.20.3, + +913.4,3404.2.8.11 + +Defined 902.1 + +CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION + +FIRE SAFETY Chapter 14 + +CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 105.4 + +Defined 202 + +CONTAINER + +Defined 2702.1 + +CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK + +STORAGE 3404.3, + +Table 3404.3.6.3(4), 3404.4, Table 3404.4.2 + +CONTAINMENT PALLETS + +Flammable and combustible liquids .... 3404.4.3 +Hazardous materials 2704.2.3 + +CONTAINMENT SYSTEM + +Defined 3702.1 + +CONTAINMENT VESSEL + +Defined 3702.1 + +CONTINUOUS GAS DETECTION SYSTEM +(see GAS DETECTION SYSTEM, CONTINUOUS) + +CONTROL AREAS 2703.8.3 + +Defined 2702.1 + +COOKING + +Appliances, commercial, defined 602.1 + +On balconies 308.3.1 + +Commercial, fire extinguishing systems . . . 904.1 1 + +Commercial, hoods 609 + +Commercial, portable +fire extinguishers 904.1 1.5 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +415 + + + +INDEX + + + +Devices, LP-gas fired, on balconies .... 308.3.1.1 +Devices, open-flame 308.3.1 + +CORRIDOR 1017 + +Defined 1002.1 + +CORROSION PROTECTION + +Cryogenic fluids 3205.1 .2.5 + +Foundations 3203.1 .3.2 + +General 3403.6.5 + +Tanks and piping 3404.2.7.9, 3406.7.1 + +CORROSIVE + +Defined 3102.1 + +CORROSIVE MATERIALS + +Indoor storage 3104.1 + +Indoor use 3105.1 + +Outdoor storage 3104.2 + +Outdoor use 3105.2 + +Requirements 3103 + +COTTON, BALED Table 2703.1.1(1), 2905 + +Defined 2902.1 + +COTTON, DENSELY PACKED BALED + +Defined 2902.1 + +COTTON, SEED 2903.4 + +Defined 2902.1 + +COVERED MALL BUILDINGS + +Automatic sprinkler system 914.2.1 + +Emergency planning 408.1 1 + +Emergency voice/alarm + +communication system 907.2.20, 914.2.3 + +Permit 105.6.9 + +Standby power systems 604.2.14 + +Standpipe system 905.3.3, 914.2.2 + +CROP-RIPENING AND COLORING PROCESSES + +(see FRUIT AND CROP RIPENING) +CRYOGENIC CONTAINER + +Defined 3202.1 + +Handling 3205.5 + +Marking 3203.4 + +Security 3203.5 + +CRYOGENIC FLUIDS Chapter 32 + +Containers 3203.1 + +Defined 3202.1 + +Filling 3205.4 + +Indoor storage 3204.2 + +Indoor use 3205.2 + +Outdoor storage 3204.3 + +Outdoor use 3205.3 + +Permit 105.6.10 + +Requirements 3203 + +Underground storage tanks 3204.4, 3204.5 + + + +CRYOGENIC VESSEL + +Defined 3202.1 + +CYLINDER + +Defined 2702.1 + + + +DANGER, IMMINENT 110.2 + +DAY BOX 3302.1 (Magazine, Type 3) + +Defined 2702.1 + +DECORATIONS 805 + +Exit obstruction 1028.5 + +DECORATIVE MATERIALS 807 + +Defined 202 + +DECORATIVE VEGETATION 806 + +DEFLAGRATION + +Defined 2702.1 + +DELAYED EGRESS LOCKS .... 907.2.15, 1008.1.8.6 +DELUGE SYSTEM + +Defined 902.1 + +DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS + +FIRE SAFETY Chapter 14 + +DESIGN PRESSURE + +Defined 2702.1 + +DETACHED BUILDING + +Defined 2702.1 + +Group H occupancies 2703.8.2 + +Storage 3904.1 .1 , 4004.1 .1 , Table 4004.1 .2 + +DETEARING + +Defined 1502.1 + +DETECTOR, HEAT + +Defined 902.1 + +DETONATING CORD + +Defined 3302.1 + +DETONATION + +Defined 3302.1 + +DETONATOR + +Defined 3302.1 + +DIP TANK 1505 + +Defined 1502.1 + +DIPPING OPERATIONS 1505 + +DISCHARGE, EXIT (see EXIT DISCHARGE) +DISCHARGE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL + +(see RELEASE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL) +DISCHARGE SITE + +Defined 3302.1 + +DISPENSING + +Defined 2702.1 + +Fire extinguishers 2205.5 + + + +416 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +INDEX + + + +Location 2203.1 + +Motor fuel-dispensing operations 2204 + +Requirements 2205, 2705 + +DISPENSING DEVICE, OVERHEAD-TYPE + +Defined 2202.1 + +DISPLAY SITE + +Defined 3302.1 + +DISPLAYS + +Aerosol products 2806 + +Cellulose nitrate + +(pyroxylin) plastic 314.3, 4203.1 + +Fireworks 3308 + +Group M 2703.11,3306.5 + +Indoor 314 + +Motor vehicles 314.4, 2404.18 + +Retail 2701 .4, 2806, 3301 .2.2, 3308.1 1 + +Storage 2703.1 1 .3 + +DOOR, BALANCED + +Defined 1002.1 + +DOORS, EXIT 1008 + +DORMITORIES (see OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION +GROUP R-2 and COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY +BUILDINGS) + +DRAFT CURTAIN + +Construction, design and + +Installation 910.3, 2306.2 + +Defined 2302.1 + +DRAINAGE CONTROL 2003.10, + +2005.3, 2704.2.2.6, +3405.3.8.1, 3406.2.6, 3406.4.9 +DRAINS + +Dip-tank bottom 1505.3.2 + +Exhaust duct sprinkler system 1803.10.4.4.3 + +HPM liquids 1805.2.2.2 + +Magazines 3304.6.1 + +Outdoor cryogenic fluid storage + +containers 3204.3.1 .3 + +Portable containers 3204.3.2.2 + +DRAPERIES 807.1, 1028.5 + +DRILLING, WELL . 3406.3 + +DRY-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT + +Defined 902.1 + +DRY CLEANING Chapter 12 + +Classifications 1203.1 + +Defined 1202.1 + +Requirements, general 1204 + +Requirements, operating 1205 + +Solvent or liquid classifications 1202.1 + + + +Spotting and pretreating 1206 + +Systems 1207 + +DRY CLEANING PLANT + +Defined 1202.1 + +DRY CLEANING ROOM + +Defined 1202.1 + +DRY CLEANING SYSTEM + +Defined 1202.1 + +DRYING APPARATUS 1504.6.1.2 + +DRYING OVENS (see INDUSTRIAL OVENS) + +DRYING ROOMS 914.10 + +DUCT SMOKE DETECTORS 907.12 + +DUMPSTERS 304.3.3 + +DUST COLLECTION 2903.5, 3606.5.3 + +DUST EXPLOSION HAZARDS Chapter 13 + +Explosion venting 1903.2.1 + +DWELLING UNIT + +Defined 202 + +E + +EARLY SUPPRESSION +FAST-RESPONSE SPRINKLER (ESFR) +(see AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS) + +EGRESS (see MEANS OF EGRESS) + +ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 605 + +Aviation facilities 1106.14 + +Dust producing machines 3606.5.5 + +Signs 609.8 + +Workstations in HPM facilities 1803.7.2 + +ELECTROSTATIC APPARATUS 1507 + +ELECTROSTATIC FLUIDIZED BED + +Defined 1502.1 + +ELEVATOR RECALL 607 + +EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM 908 + +Defined 902.1 + +EMERGENCY CONTROL STATION 1803.1 + +Defined 1802.1 + +EMERGENCY ESCAPE AND RESCUE + +OPENING 1026 + +Defined 1002.1 + +EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILL 405 + +Defined 402.1 + +Frequency 408.5.4 + +EMERGENCY PLANNING AND +PREPAREDNESS Chapter 4 + +EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS 604 + +EMERGENCY RELIEF VENTING 2206.6.2.5, + +3404.2.7.4 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +417 + + + +INDEX + + + +EMERGENCY + +SHUTOFF VALVE 2207.5.1,2703.2.2.1, + +3203.4.6, 3205.3.2, 3503.1.3, + +4003.1.2,4103.1.1 + +Defined 202 + +EMERGENCY SHUTOFF VALVE, + +AUTOMATIC 2205.2.2, 2206.7.4 + +Defined 202 + +EMERGENCY SHUTOFF VALVE, MANUAL + +Defined 202 + +EMERGENCY VOICE/ALARM COMMUNICATIONS + +Defined 902.1 + +High-rise building 907.2.12.2 + +Special amusement buildings 907.2.11.3 + +EMPLOYEE TRAINING 406 + +ENTRY, RIGHT OF 104.3 + +EQUIPMENT, FUELED 312 + +ESCAPE OPENINGS 1026 + +ESFR SPRINKLERS +(see AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS) + +ETHYLENE + +Gas 1 603 + +Generators 1606 + +EVACUATION 1 10.2 + +EVACUATION DRILLS 405 + +Frequency 405.2, Table 405.2 + +Notification 405.6 + +Recall and reentry 405.9 + +EVACUATION PLANS 404 + +EXCESS FLOW CONTROL + +Defined 2702.1 + +EXCESS FLOW VALVE + +Defined 3702.1 + +EXHAUSTED ENCLOSURE 2703.8.5 + +Defined 2702.1 + +EXISTING + +Defined 202 + +EXIT 1018 + +Defined 1002.1 + +Enclosure 1020 + +Horizontal 1022 + +Number required 1019 + +Passageways 1 021 + +EXIT ACCESS 1014 + +Defined 1002.1 + +EXIT AND EXIT ACCESS DOORS 1008, 1015 + +EXIT DISCHARGE 1024 + +Defined 1002.1 + +EXIT DISCHARGE, LEVEL OF + +Defined 1002.1 + +EXIT ENCLOSURE 1020 + + + +Defined 1002.1 + +EXIT, HORIZONTAL 1022 + +Defined 1002.1 + +EXIT PASSAGEWAY 1021 + +Defined 1002.1 + +EXPANDED PLASTIC + +Defined 2302.1 + +EXPLOSION + +Defined 2702.1 + +EXPLOSION CONTROL 911, 2005.4, 2704.6, + +2705.2.1.2, 2705.2.2.3, 3404.2.5, + +3405.3.7.5.2, 3405.3.7.6.2, 3504.1.1, + +3904.1.10, 4004.1.3, 4304.1.2, 4404.1.6 + +EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL 1407, Chapter 33 + +Defined 3302.1 + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS Chapter 33 + +Defined 3302.1 + +EXTENSION CORDS 605.5 + +EXTINGUISHERS + +(see FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, PORTABLE) +EXTRA-HIGH-RACK COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE + +Approval 2308.5 + +Defined 2302.1 + +Fire protection 2308.5.1 + + + +FABRICATION AREA 1805.2 + +Defined 1802.1 + +Construction 1803.3.1 + +Electrical wiring and equipment 1803.7.1 + +Existing 1801.4 + +Gas detection 1803.13.1.1 + +Storage 1 804.2 + +FACILITY + +Defined 202 + +FAIL-SAFE 2703.2.2.1, 3704.2.2.3 + +Defined 202 + +FAIRS 105.6.4 + +FALLOUT AREA + +Defined 3302.1 + +FALSE ALARM + +Defined 202 + +FILM, CELLULOSE NITRATE MOTION + +PICTURE 306 + +Projection rooms 306.1 + +Storage 306.2 + +FINES (in woodworking operations) +(see also VIOLATION PENALTIES) + +Defined (in woodworking operations) 1902.1 + +Storage and processing (in woodworking +operations 1 908 + + + +418 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +INDEX + + + +FINISHED PRODUCTS 2009.6 + +FIRE ALARM + +Defined 202 + +Permit 105.7.4 + +Reporting 1409 + +FIRE ALARM BOX (see MANUAL FIRE ALARM BOX) + +FIRE ALARM CONTROL UNIT + +Defined 902.1 + +FIRE ALARM SIGNAL + +Defined 902.1 + +FIRE ALARM SYSTEM + +Annunciation 907.1 .1 + +Defined 902.1 + +Existing buildings 907.3 + +IViaintenance 907.20.1, 907.20.5 + +IVIonitoring 907.1 5 + +Notification appliances 907.10 + +Out of service 901 .7 + +Power supply 907.5 + +Presignal system 907.8 + +Telephone dialing devices 907.16 + +Testing 907.2.10.4, 907.20.2, 907.20.5 + +Winere required, new building 907.2 + +Zones 907.9 + +FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROAD 503 + +Defined 502.1 + +Gates and barricades 503.5, 503.6 + +Obstructions 503.4 + +FIRE AREA + +Defined 902.1 + +FIRE CHIEF + +Authority at fires and + +other emergencies 104.1 1 + +Defined 202 + +FIRE CODE OFFICIAL + +Defined 202 + +FIRE COMMAND CENTER . 509 + +Defined 502.1 + +FIRE DEPARTMENT +COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 907.2.12.3 + +FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTIONS . . . 903.3.7, 912 + +FIRE DEPARTMENT MASTER KEY + +Defined 502.1 + +FIRE DEPARTMENT OPERATIONS. ... 104.11, 401.4 + +FIRE DETECTOR, AUTOMATIC + +Defined 902.1 + +FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY + +Defined 202 + +FIRE DRILL (see EMERGENCY EVACUATION +DRILL) + +FIRE EQUIPMENT, TAMPERING WITH 901.8 + +FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS 1027.16 + + + +FIRE EXIT HARDWARE + +Defined 1002.1 + +FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, PORTABLE 906 + +Asphalt kettles 303.5 + +Aviation facilities 1 105 + +Buildings under construction or + +demolition 1415 + +Commercial cooking equipment 904.11.5 + +Dry cleaning plants 1208.4 + +Flammable finishes 1504.4.1, + +1505.4.2, 1506.4.2 + +Lumber yards 1904.2, 1908.8 + +FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS, +ALTERNATIVE 904 + +Commercial cooking 904.1 1 + +Fire alarm system interconnection 907.14 + +Flammable and combustible + +liquids 3404.3.7.5.1 , 3404.3.8.4 + +Flammable finishing 1504.4, + +1505.4.1, 1506.4, 1507.4 + +Hazardous materials 2705.1 .8 + +Permit 105.7.1 + +Required 904.2 + +FIRE FIGHTERS + +Hazards to 507 + +Pitfalls 507.3 + +Safety 101.3 + +FIRE FLOW REQUIREMENTS 508.3 + +FIRE HYDRANT + +Obstruction 508.5.4 + +Permit 105.6.15, 105.6.35, 105.7.10 + +Tampering 901 .8 + +Testing 508.5.2, 901 .5 + +FIRE INVESTIGATIONS 104.10 + +FIRE LANE + +Defined 502.1 + +FIRE PARTITION + +Defined 202 + +FIRE POINT + +Defined 3402.1 + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Chapter 9 + +Defined 902.1 + +Nonrequired 901 .4.2 + +Out of service 901 .7 + +Owner's responsibility during +construction or demolition 1408 + +Permit 105.7.1, 105.7.4, 105.7.5, 105.7.12 + +FIRE PUMPS 105.7.5, 913 + +FIRE RECORDS 104.6.3 + +FIRE, RECREATIONAL (see RECREATIONAL FIRE) + +FIRE, REPORTING OF UNWANTED 401.3, 1409 + +FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED CONSTRUCTION ... 703 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +419 + + + +INDEX + + + +FIRE RETARDANT COATINGS 803.4 + +FIRE SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION +AND DEMOLITION Chapter 14 + +FIRE SAFETY FUNCTIONS 907.1 1 + +Defined 902.1 + +FIRE SERVICE FEATURES Chapter 5 + +FIRE, UNWANTED (see UNWANTED FIRE) + +FIRE WATCH + +Construction/demolition sites 1404.5 + +Defined 202 + +Fire protection impairments 901.7 + +Hot work 2604.2 + +FIREWORKS (see EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS) + +Defined 3302.1 + +Prohibited 3301 .1 .3 + +Retail display and sale 3308.1 1 + +FIREWORKS DISPLAY + +Damage from 3301 .2.4.2 + +Defined 3302.1 + +FLAME RETARDANT +(see also FIRE RETARDANT COATINGS) +Tents, air-supported, air-inflated and +tensioned membrane structures 2404.2 + +FLAMING FOODS AND BEVERAGES 308.6 + +FLAMMABLE CRYOGENIC FLUID + +Defined 3202.1 + +FLAMMABLE FINISHES 914.7, Chapter 15 + +Defined 1502.1 + +Dipping operations 1505 + +Electrostatic apparatus 1 507 + +Floor surfacing 1510 + +Powder coating 1506 + +Protection of operations 1503 + +Spray finishing 1504 + +Ventilation 1504.7, 1505.7, + +1506.7, 1507.7, 1509.6, 1510.5 + +FLAMMABLE GAS Chapter 35 + +Defined 3502.1 + +Requirements 3503 + +Storage 1406.1 , 3504 + +Use 1406.1,3505 + +FLAMMABLE LIQUEFIED GAS + +Defined 3502.1 + +FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS Chapter 34 + +Buildings under construction or demolition . , 1405 + +Classified locations 3403.1 .1 + +Defined 3402.1 + +Dispensing, use, mixing and + +handling 3405.3, 3405.3.8 + +In construction and demolition operations. . . 1405 + +Indoor storage 3404.3.3 + +Labeling and signage 3403.5 + + + +Motor fuel 2206 + +Outdoor storage 3404.4 + +Portable fire extinguisher 3406.2.7 + +Special operations 3406 + +Tank storage 3404.2 + +Tents, air-supported, air-inflated and + +tensioned membrane structures 2404.17 + +Waste control 3406.3.3 + +Wholesale and resale use 3404.3.6 + +FLAMMABLE MATERIAL + +Defined 202 + +FLAMMABLE SOLID Chapter 36 + +Defined 3602.1 + +Indoor storage 3604.1 + +Magnesium 3606 + +Outdoor storage 3606 + +Requirements 3603 + +Use 3605 + +FLAMMABLE VAPOR AREA + +Alarms 1504.8.1.1 + +Defined 1502.1 + +Electrical equipment 1503.2.1 + +Ignition sources 1503.2 + +Ventilation 1504.7, 1505.7 + +Warning signs 1503.2.7 + +FLAMMABLE VAPORS OR FUMES + +Defined 2702.1 + +FLASH POINT + +Defined 3402.1 + +FLEET VEHICLE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING +FACILITY + +Defined 2201.2 + +Tanks 2206.2.4.2 + +FLEXIBLE JOINTS 2206.7.9.1.4, 3403.6.9 + +FLOOR AREA, GROSS + +Defined 1002.1 + +FLOOR AREA, NET + +Defined 1002.1 + +FLOOR OPENINGS 704 + +FLUIDIZED BED + +Defined 1502.1 + +FOAM-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS 904.7 + +Defined 902.1 + +FOAM PLASTICS 803.7, 804.2, 807.4.2.1, 808.2 + +FOGGING, THERMAL INSECTICIDAL (see +FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL +FOGGING) + +FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC SEATING + +Defined 1002.1 + +FRUIT AND CROP RIPENING Chapter 16 + +Ethylene gas 1 603 + +Heating 1 604.5 + + + +420 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +INDEX + + + +Permit 105.6.18 + +Sources of ignition 1604 + +Warning signs 1607 + +FUEL-FIRED APPLIANCES 603 + +Chimneys 603.2, 603.6 + +Heating 603.5 + +Installation 603.1 + +FUEL LIMIT SWITCH + +Defined 3402.1 + +FUEL OIL STORAGE 603.3 + +FUMIGANT + +Defined 1702.1 + +FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL + +FOGGING Chapter 17 + +Breathing apparatus 1703.3.2 + +Clean up 1703.6 + +Defined 1702.1 + +Fire safety requirements 1703 + +Notification 1 703.3 + +Permit 105.6.19 + +Sealing of buildings 1703.5 + +Warning signs 1703.3.1 + +Watch personnel 1703.3.3 + +FURNACE CLASS A + +Defined 2102.1 + +FURNACE CLASS B + +Defined 2102.1 + +FURNACE CLASS C + +Defined 2102.1 + +FURNACE CLASS D + +Defined 2102.1 + +FURNISHINGS 808 + +FURNITURE, UPHOLSTERED 805 + +FUSIBLE LINKS 703.2, 904.5.2, + +904.6.2,904.11.6.5 + +G + +GARAGE (see REPAIR GARAGE) + +GARAGING 3811 + +LPG tank vehicles 381 1 .3 + +Tank vehicles for flammable and combustible + +liquids 3406.6.3 + +GAS CABINET 2703.8.6, 3003.7.10, + +3006.2.3, 3704.1.2, 4106.2.2, 4106.4.1 + +Defined 2702.1 + +GAS DETECTION SYSTEM, CONTINUOUS + +Defined 1802.1 + +Emergency alarm system 908 + +HPM gases 1803.13 + +Ozone gas 3705.3.2 + +GAS METERS 603.9 + + + +GAS- OR LIQUID-FUELED +VEHICLES 314.4, 2404.18 + +Permit 105.6.26 + +GAS ROOM 2703.8.4, 3704.2.2.6 + +Defined 2702.1 + +GATES, FIRE APPARATUS ROAD 503.5, 503.6 + +GATES, MEANS OF EGRESS 1008.2 + +GENERAL PRECAUTIONS +AGAINST FIRE Chapter 3 + +GENERATORS + +Acetylene 2608 + +Ethylene 1606 + +Portable 2608.2 + +Stationary 604.1 .1 + +GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTICS + +Manufacturing 1509 + +Storage 1 509.4 + +Ventilation 1 509.6 + +GRANDSTAND + +Defined 1002.1 + +GUARD 1013 + +Defined 1002.1 + +H + +HALOGENATED EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM + +Defined 902.1 + +HAND RUB, ALCOHOL-BASED + +(see ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUB) +HANDLING + +Defined 2702.1 + +HANDRAIL 1012 + +Defined 1002.1 + +HANGARS, AIRCRAFT (see AIRCRAFT RELATED +OCCUPANCIES) + +HANGERS, FIRE EXTINGUISHER 906.7 + +HARDENING TANKS 1505.9 + +HARDWARE, EXIT DOOR 1008.1.8 + +HARDWARE, PANIC 1008.1.9 + +HAY 2903.4 + +Combustible waste 304.1 .1 + +Storage 2404.5, 2903.4 + +HAZARD COMMUNICATION 407 + +Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement. . 407.5 +Hazardous Materials Management Plan . . . 407.6 + +Training 407.4 + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS + +Defined 2702.1 + +Fire-extinguishing systems 2704.5, 2705.1.8 + +General Chapter 27 + +Identification signs 2703.5 + +Outdoor control areas 2703.12 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +421 + + + +INDEX + + + +Permit 105.6.20 + +Personnel training 407.4 + +Power systems 604.2.10 + +Requirements 2703 + +Storage 2704 + +Use, dispensing and handling 2705 + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INVENTORY +STATEMENT 407.5, 2701 .5.2 + +HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT + +PLAN 407.6, 2701.5.1 + +HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION MATERIAL (HPM) + +Defined 1802.1 + +HAZARDS TO FIRE FIGHTERS 507 + +HEALTH HAZARD + +Defined 2702.1 + +HEAT VENTS (see SMOKE AND HEAT VENTS) +HEATERS, PORTABLE ELECTRIC SPACE . . . 605.10 + +HEATERS, PORTABLE UNVENTED 603.4 + +HEATING EQUIPMENT, TEMPORARY, DURING + +CONSTRUCTION 1403 + +HELIPORT 1107 + +Defined 1102.1 + +Permit for rooftop heliport 105.6.40 + +HELISTOP 1107 + +Defined 1102.1 + +HI-BOY + +Construction 303.7 + +Defined 302.1 + +HIGH-PILED COMBUSTIBLE STORAGE. . Chapter 23 + +Aisles 2306.9 + +Automated storage 2309 + +Automatic sprinklers 2306.4, 2309.2 + +Classifications, commodities 2303 + +Defined 2302.1 + +Fire protection 2306, Table 2306.2 + +Housekeeping 2305 + +HIGH-PILED STORAGE AREA + +Defined 2302.1 + +Designations 2304 + +Permit 105.6.22 + +HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS + +Automatic sprinkler system . . 903.2.10.3, 914.3.1 +Automatic sprinkler system, + +floor control valves required 903.4.3 + +Automatic sprinkler system, +secondary water supply required .... 903.3.5.2 + +Emergency evacuation drills 405 + +Emergency voice/alarm +communications system . . . 907.2.12.2, 914.3.3 + +Fire alarm system 907.2.12, 914.3.2 + +Fire alarm system zoning 907.9.2 + +Fire command center 509.1, 914.3.5 + + + +Fire department +communications system . . . 907.2.12.3, 914.3.4 + +Fire safety and evacuation plans 404 + +Smokeproof exit stairway enclosures . . . 1020.1.7 + +Standby power system 604.2.15 + +Standpipe system 905.3.1 + +HIGHLY TOXIC Chapter 37 + +Compressed gases 3704 + +Defined 3702.1 + +Indoor storage and use 3703.1 + +Outdoor storage and use 3703.2.5 + +Solids and liquids 3703 + +HIGHWAY + +Defined 3302.1 + +HISTORIC BUILDINGS 102.5 + +HOGGED MATERIALS 1907, 1908 + +Defined 1902.1 + +HOOD.. . 609 + +Defined 602.1 + +HOSE 2207.5.2, 2210.3.3 + +Aircraft fueling 1 106 + +Conductive 1 106.5.2.1 + +Connections for standpipes .... 905.3.4.1, 905.4, + +905.5, 905.6 + +Dispensing 1106.3.3, 2206.7.5 + +Protection 1106.7, 3406.6.1.11 + +System 904.8.4, 904.9.3, 904.10.3 + +Threads 903.3.6 + +HOT WORK (see WELDING AND OTHER HOT +WORK) + +Defined 2602.1 + +Permit 105.6.23 + +HOT WORK AREA + +Defined 2602.1 + +HOT WORK EQUIPMENT + +Defined 2602.1 + +HOT WORK PERMITS + +Defined 2602.1 + +HOT WORK PROGRAM + +Defined 2602.1 + +HPM FACILITY + +(see SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION FACILITY) +HPM FLAMMABLE LIQUID + +Defined 1802.1 + +HPM ROOM + +Defined 1802.1 + +HYDRANTS (see FIRE HYDRANT) + +HYDROGEN 3201.1,3501.1 + +HYDROGEN MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING +FACILITIES 2209 + + + +• + + + +422 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*^ + + + +INDEX + + + +• + + + +I + +IGNITION SOURCES 305 + +IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH +(IDLH) + +Defined 2702.1 + +IMPACT PROTECTION, VEHICLE 312 + +IMPAIRMENT COORDINATOR 901.7.1 + +Defined 902.1 + +INCINERATORS 603.8 + +Room egress 1015.3 + +INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS 2703.9.8, + +2703.10.3.6, 2703.11.3.7, 2704.2.2.2, 2704.4, + +2705.1.1, 3003.7.1, 3404.2.6, 3404.3.3.2 + +Defined 2702.1 + +INDUSTRIAL OVENS Chapter 21 + +Fire protection 2106 + +Fuel piping 21 04 + +Interlocks 21 05 + +Location 21 03 + +Operation and maintenance 2107 + +INHABITED BUILDING + +Defined 3302.1 + +INITIATING DEVICE + +Defined 902.1 + +INSECTICIDAL FOGGING (see FUMIGATION AND +THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING) + +INSPECTION . . . 104.6.2, 105.2.2, 106, 107.2.1, 901.6 +Emergency and standby power + +system 604.3.1, 604.4 + +Fire department connections 912.6 + +Fire hydrant 508.5.2 + +Fireworks display 3308.5.3, 3308.9 + +Hose 2609.7 + +Magazines 3304.9 + +Masonry chimneys 603.6.1 + +Tents 2403.7 + +INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCIES + +Defined 202 + +INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING +FINISH AND TRIM 803, 804 + +IRRITANT + +Defined 202 + +ISO-BUTANE (see LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS) + +INVESTIGATIONS, FIRE 104.10 + +K + +KETTLES (see ORGANIC COATINGS OR ASPHALT) + +KEY BOX 506 + +Defined 502.1 + +Maintenance 506.2 + +Required 506.1 + + + +L + +LABELED + +Defined 202 + +LADDERS 1015.3, 1015.4, + +1015.6.1, 1019.1.2, 1026.5, +1027.16.6,3404.1.8.15 +LEAD-ACID BATTERY SYSTEM, STATIONARY +(see BATTERY SYSTEMS, STATIONARY +STORAGE) + +LEAD-ACID BATTERY SYSTEM, +VALVE-REGULATED +(see BATTERY SYSTEMS, STATIONARY +STORAGE) + +LEAKS + +Compressed gases 3003.12 + +Cryogenic fluids 3203.10 + +Explosive materials 3304.10 + +Flammable and + +combustible liquids 1106.11.1, 1405.6, + +2205.2.3,2206.7.7.1, + +3403.3, 3403.6.3.1,3404.2.7.10, + +3404.2.11.5,3406.6.1.1 + +Highly toxic and toxic materials 3704.2.2.3, + +3704.2.2.4, 3704.3.2.2 + +LIABILITY 103.4 + +LIMITED SPRAYING SPACE + +Defined 1502.1 + +LINEN CHUTES 903.2.10.2 + +LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) + +Defined 2202.1 + +LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS + +(LP-gas) Chapter 38 + +Containers not in service 3810 + +Cooking devices 308.3.1 .1 + +Defined 3802.1 + +Dispensing and overfilling 3806 + +Fire protection 3808 + +Installation of equipment 3803 + +Location of containers 3804, Table 3804.3 + +Motor fuel-dispensing facilities 2207 + +Parking and garaging 381 1 + +Prohibited use 3805 + +Storage 3809 + +LIQUID + +Defined 2702.1 + +LIQUID- OR GAS- +FUELED VEHICLES 314.4, 2404.18 + +Permit 105.6.26 + +LIQUID STORAGE ROOM + +Defined 3402.1 + +LIQUID STORAGE WAREHOUSE 3404.3.8 + +Defined 3402.1 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +423 + + + +INDEX + + + +LISTED + +Defined 202 + +LOADING RACKS 3406.3.8, 3406.5.1 .12 + +LONGITUDINAL FLUE SPACE + +Defined 2302.1 + +LOW-PRESSURE TANK + +Defined 3202.1 + +LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) + +Defined 2702.1 + +LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL) + +Defined 2702.1 + +LP-GAS (see LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS) + +LUMBER YARDS AND WOODWORKING + +FACILITIES Chapter 19 + +Access plan 1 903.7 + +Emergency plan 1908.10 + +Fire alarms 1904.1 + +Fire protection 1904 + +General 1903 + +Log storage areas 1 906 + +Open yards 1903.1 + +Permit 105.6.25 + +Size of piles 1907.2, 1908.3 + +Waste removal 1903.3 + +M + +MAGAZINE + +Defined 3302.1 + +MAGNESIUM + +Defined 3602.1 + +Storage 3606.2, 3606.3, 3606.4 + +Use 3606.5 + +MANIFOLDS + +Cylinders 2609.4 + +Identification 2609.5 + +Piping 2609 + +MANUAL FIRE ALARM BOX 907.4 + +Defined 902.1 + +MANUAL STOCKING METHODS + +Defined 2302.1 + +MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC +COATINGS Chapter 20 + +MARINE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING + +FACILITY 2210 + +Defined 2201.2 + +Fire protection 2210.6 + +Fueling 2210.4 + +General 2210.1 + + + +Nozzles 2210.3.3 + +MARKING + +(see also PLACARDS, PLACARDING) 503.3, + +909.14,2703.5.1 + +Compressed gas 3003.2 + +Cryogenic containers 3203.4 + +Shaftway 507.2 + +Tank 3406.2.2 + +Treads 1024.11.3 + +Warnings 2703.8.7.2 + +MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS) . . . 2703.4 + +Aerosols 2801 .3 + +Defined 2702.1 + +H Ml 8 component 2701.5.2 + +MATTRESSES (in Group I) 805 + +MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE QUANTITY PER CONTROL +AREA + +Defined 2702.1, + +Tables 2703.1 .1(1) through 2703.1 1 + +MEANS OF EGRESS Chapter 10,1411, 2403. 1 2 + +Accessible means of egress 1007 + +Assembly 1025 + +Bleachers 1025.1.1 + +Buildings under construction or +demolition 1411 + +Corridors 1017, 1027.17 + +Defined 1002.1 + +Egress court 1002.1, 1024.5 + +Elevators, escalators and moving +walks 1003.7, 1027.2 + +Emergency escape and rescue 1026 + +Existing buildings 1027 + +Exit access 1014 + +Exit discharge 1 025 + +Exits 1005 + +Guards 1013, 1027.6 + +Handrails 1009.10, 1010.8, 1012, 1025.13 + +Illumination 1006 + +Locks, latches 1008.1 .8 + +Maintenance of 1028 + +Obscuration of 401 .5 + +Occupancies 1004.9 + +Ramps 1010 + +Signs 1011 + +Stairways 1 009 + +MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION (see + +REFRIGERATION SYSTEM, MECHANICAL) +MECHANICAL STOCKING METHODS + +Defined 2302.1 + + + +• + + + +424 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +INDEX + + + +• + + + +MEDICAL GAS SYSTEMS 3006 + +MEMBRANE STRUCTURE + +Defined 2402.1 + +MERCHANDISE PAD 1014.4.2 + +Defined 1002 + +METERS, GAS 603.9 + +MILLS + +Composite board 1 905 + +Plywood 1 905 + +Process 2006 + +Veneer 1905 + +MIRRORS 1028.5 + +MOBILE FUELING 3406.5.4.5 + +Defined 3402.1 + +MODIFICATIONS (of code requirements) 104.8 + +MORTAR + +Defined 3302.1 + +MOTION PICTURE + +PROJECTION ROOMS AND FILM 306 + +Film storage 306.2 + +MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT 1416 + +MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING + +FACILITIES (see also by type of fuel) . . Chapter 22 +MULTIPLE-STATION ALARM DEVICE + +Defined 902.1 + +MULTIPLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM 907.2.10, + +907.3.2 +Defined 902.1 + +N + +NESTING + +Defined 3002.1 + +NET EXPLOSIVE WEIGHT + +Defined 3302.1 + +NITROCELLULOSE 2008.1, 2009.4 + +NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (NTP) + +Defined 2702.1 + +NOSING + +Defined 1002.1 + +NOTICE OF VIOLATION 109.2 + +NOZZLES + +Fuel delivery 2206.7.6 + +Fuel transfer 1 106.3.3 + +Marine craft 2210.3.3 + +NUISANCE ALARM + +Defined 902.1 + +O + +OBSTRUCTIONS TO SPRINKLER +DISCHARGE 315.2.1, 903.3.3 + + + +OCCUPANCY, CHANGE OF + +(see CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY) +OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION + +Defined 202 + +Assembly Group A + +Defined 202 + +Business Group B + +Defined 202 + +Educational Group E + +Defined 202 + +Factory Industrial Group F + +Defined 202 + +High-Hazard Group H + +Defined 202 + +Institutional Group I + +Defined 202 + +Mercantile Group M + +Defined 202 + +Miscellaneous Group U + +Defined 202 + +Residential Group R + +Defined 202 + +Storage Group S + +Defined 202 + +OCCUPANT LOAD + +Defined 1002.1 + +OIL-BURNING EQUIPMENT (see FUEL-FIRED +APPLIANCES) + +OPEN BURNING 307 + +Defined 302.1 + +Permit 105.6.30, 307.2 + +Precautions in tire storage areas 2504.1 + +OPEN FLAMES 308, 804.3, 1104.6, + +2003.6, 2703.7.2, 3304.7.2, 3406.2.1 + +Devices 308.5 + +Group A occupancies 308.3.7 + +Permit 105.6.31, 105.6.32 + +OPEN SYSTEM + +Defined 202 + +OPERATING BUILDING + +Defined 3302.1 + +Separation distances . 3305.3 + +OPERATING PRESSURE + +Defined 202 + +ORDERS AND NOTICES 109.2.2 + +ORGANIC COATING Chapter 20 + +Defined 2002.1 + +Electrical equipment and protection 2004 + +General 2003 + +Kettles 2006 + +Manufacture Chapter 20 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +425 + + + +INDEX + + + +Permit 105.6.33 + +Process structures 2005 + +ORGANIC PEROXIDE 1508, Chapter 39 + +Defined 3902.1 + +Indoor storage 3904.1 + +Outdoor storage 3904.2, + +Table 3904.1 .2, Table 3904.2.4 + +Requirements 3903 + +Use 3905 + +OUTDOOR CONTROL AREA + +Defined 2702.1 + +Hazardous materials 2703.12 + +OVENS (see INDUSTRIAL OVENS) + +OVERCROWDING + +Defined 202 + +Prohibited 107.6 + +OWNER + +Defined 202 + +OXIDIZERS Chapter 40 + +Defined 4002.1 + +Indoor storage 4004.1 + +Outdoor storage 4004.2 + +Requirements 4003 + +Use 4005 + +OXIDIZING GAS + +Defined 4002.1 + +OZONE-GAS GENERATOR 3705 + +Automatic shutdown 3705.5 + +Defined 3702.1 + +Location 3705.3 + +Manual shutdown 3705.6 + +P + +PANIC HARDWARE 1008.1.9 + +Defined 1002.1 + +PARKING AND GARAGING 3406.2.1, 3811.2.1 + +PASS-THROUGH + +Defined 1802.1 + +PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL) + +Defined 2702.1 + +PERMITS 105 + +PESTICIDE + +Defined 2702.1 + +PHYSICAL HAZARD + +Defined 2702.1 + +PIPING, VALVES AND + +FITTINGS 3406.4.7.6, 3705.4 + +Design 2007.1 + +Protection and security 2404.16.3 + +Protection from vehicles 2703.9.3 + + + +PLACARDS; PLACARDING (see also SIGNS) + +Cryogenic fluid containers 3203.4.2 + +Explosives 3304.6.5, 3304.6.5.2 + +Flammable and combustible + +liquid tanks 3403.5.3, 3404.2.3.2 + +Vacant buildings 31 1 .5 + +PLANS (see also CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS) + +Diagrams 408.4.1 + +Evacuation 404.3.1 + +Facility closure 407.7 + +Fire safety 404.3.2 + +Hazardous materials management ..... 3305.2.1 + +Maintenance 3305.2.2 + +Prefire 1408.2 + +Specifications 2208.8.1.2.1 + +Storage 3404.4.1 + +PLASTICS + +Cellulose nitrate Chapter 42 + +Classifications of 2303.7 + +Foam 803.7, 804.2, 807.4.2.1, 808.2 + +Manufacturing of glass-fiber-reinforced 1511 + +Pyroxylin 105.6.37, 903.2.4.3, + +903.6.1, Chapter 42 + +PLOSOPHORIC MATERIAL + +Defined 3302.1 + +PLYWOOD AND VENEER MILLS + +Defined 1902.1 + +Fire alarm system 907.2.17, 1904.1 + +PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS (see FIRE +EXTINGUISHERS) + +PORTABLE TANKS + +Defined 2702.1 + +Design, construction and capacity 3404.3.1 + +Empty 3404.3.3.4 + +Flammable liquids 2206.2.5 + +Flow rate 3704.2.2.7.5, Table 3704.2.2.7.5 + +Indoor storage 3404.3.3 + +Local exhaust 3704.2.2.4, 3704.3.2.3 + +Outdoor storage 3404.4, Table 3404.4, + +3704.3.4 +Piles 3404.3.3.10, 3404.3.7.2.3 + +POWDER COATING 1506 + +POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS 309 + +Battery charging 309.2 + +Defined 302.1 + +Fire extinguishers 309.4 + +Refueling 309.5 + +Repairs 309.6 + +Ventilation 309.3 + +PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE .... Chapter 3, 1404, + +1405.4,2504 + + + +# + + + +426 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +INDEX + + + +PREMISES IDENTIFICATION 505 + +PRESSURE VESSEL + +Defined 2702.1 + +PRIMARY CONTAINMENT + +Defined 202 + +PRIMARY TANK + +Defined 3402.1 + +PROCESS + +Piping 2007 + +Raw materials 2008, 2009 + +PROCESS TRANSFER + +Defined 3402.1 + +Operations 3406.5 + +PROPANE (see LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS) + +PROPELLANT + +Defined 2802.1 + +PROPYLENE (see LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS) + +PROXIMATE AUDIENCE + +Defined 3302.1 + +Displays 3308.2.2 + +PUBLIC ASSEMBLAGES AND EVENTS 403 + +PUBLIC WAY 1024.6 + +Defined 1002.1 + +PYROPHORIC + +Defined 4102.1 + +Indoor storage. 4104.1 + +Materials Chapter 41 + +Outdoor storage 41 04.2 + +Requirements 41 03 + +Use 4105 + +PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION + +Defined 3302.1 + +PYROTECHNIC SPECIAL EFFECT + +Defined 3302.1 + +PYROTECHNIC SPECIAL EFFECTS MATERIAL + +Defined 3302.1 + +Permit 105.6.36 + +PYROXYLIN (CELLULOSE NITRATE) PLASTICS + +Decorative materials 807.3 + +Fire protection 4204.2 + +Raw material 4204.1 + +Requirements 4203 + +Storage and handling 4204 + +Q + +QUICK-RESPONSE SPRINKLERS (see AUTOMATIC +SPRINKLERS) + + + +RACK STORAGE 2308, 2804.4.3, 3404.3.3.6 + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® + + + +RAILWAY + +Defined 3302.1 + +RAMP 1010, 1023 + +Defined 1002.1 + +RAW PRODUCT + +Defined 1902.1 + +Storage and processing 1908 + +READY BOX + +Defined .3302.1 + +RECALL, FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM +COMPONENT 901 .9 + +RECORD DRAWINGS + +Defined 902.1 + +RECORDS 104.6, 104.6.3, 107.2.1, 405.5, + +604.3.2, 606.15, 901.6.2, 1106.5.3.2.2, +2603.5,2703.3.1.1,3303 + +RECREATIONAL FIRE 307.4.2 + +Defined 302.1 + +REDUCED FLOW VALVE + +Defined 3702.1 + +REFERENCED STANDARDS 102.6, Chapter 45 + +REFINERY + +Defined 3402.1 + +REFRIGERANT 606.2 + +Classification 606.3 + +Defined 602.1 + +Detector 606.8 + +Discharge ; . . .606.12 + +Storage 606.1 1 + +Type 606.4 + +REFRIGERATION SYSTEM 606.9.1 + +Defined 602.1 + +REGISTERED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL + +Defined 202 + +RELEASE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL 2703.3 + +REMOTE EMERGENCY SHUTOFF DEVICE + +Defined 3402.1 + +Use of 3406.5.4.5 + +REMOTE SOLVENT RESERVOIR + +Defined 3402.1 + +REPAIR GARAGE 2211 + +Defined 2202.1 + +Gas detection system 221 1 .7.2 + +Sources of ignition 221 1 .3 + +Sprinklers required 903.2.8.1 + +Ventilation 221 1 .4.3 + +REPORTING + +Aviation facilities fire extinguisher use .... 1 105.8 + +Emergencies 401.1 + +Fire alarm 1409 + +Fire 1409 + +Leak 3404.2.7.10 + + + +427 + + + +INDEX + + + +Record keeping 3303 + +RESIN APPLICATION AREA + +Defined 1502.1 + +RESPONSE PROCEDURES 406 + +RESPONSIBLE PERSON + +Defined 2602.1 + +RETAIL DISPLAY AREA (for aerosols) + +Defined 2802.1 + +Manufacturing facilities 2807.1 + +Maximum quantities 2806.2, Table 2806.2, + +Table 2806.3 + +REVOCATION OF PERMITS 105.5 + +RIGHT OF ENTRY 104.3 + +ROADWAYS, ACCESS FOR FIRE APPARATUS +(see FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROAD) + +ROCKETS AND ROCKETRY 3301 .1 .4 + +ROLL COATING + +Defined 1502.1 + +ROOF VENTS 910, 1016.2 + +ROOFING OPERATIONS SAFEGUARDS 1417 + +ROOFS + +Required access 504.1 + +Safeguarding operations 1417 + +Stainway access 504.3 + +RUBBISH (TRASH) +Chutes, automatic +sprinkler protection 903.2.10.2 + +Containers 304.3 + +Defined 202 + +RULES 3303.7. 3305.6.6 + + + +SAFETY CAN + +Defined 2702.1 + +SCISSOR STAIR + +Defined 1002.1 + +Use of 1015.2.1 + +SEATING, FOLDING AND TELESCOPIC + +Compliance 1025.1.1 + +Defined 1002.1 + +SECONDARY CONTAINMENT + +Above-ground tanks 2206.5 + +Defined 2702.1 + +Hazardous materials 2704.2, 2704.2.2, + +2705.1.3, 2705.2.1.4, 2705.2.2.5, +2705.3.5, 2705.3.7 + +Indoor storage 2704.2.2.3 + +Outdoor storage 2704.2.2.4 + +Type II dry cleaning systems 1207.2.3 + + + +Underground tanks 2703.2.4.1 + +SEGREGATED + +Defined 2702.1 + +SELF-SERVICE MOTOR FUEL-DISPENSING +FACILITY 2204 + +Defined 2201.2 + +SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION +FACILITY Chapter 18 + +Automatic sprinkler system 1803.10 + +Defined 1802.1 + +Emergency alarm system 1803.12 + +Emergency power 604.2.8, 1803.15 + +General 1803 + +Manual fire alarm system 1803.1 1 + +Permit 105.6.21 + +Quantity limits Table 1804.2.1 + +Storage 1804 + +Transportation and handling 1805.3 + +Use and handling 1805 + +SERVICE CORRIDOR 1803.3.8, 1803.9, + +1803.12.1.1, 1805.3.3 + +Defined 1802.1 + +SHAFTS 704 + +SHAFTWAY MARKINGS 507.2 + +SHELF STORAGE 2307 + +Defined 2302.1 + +Specialty storage 2310 + +SIGNS (see also PLACARDS, PLACARDING) + +Access roads 3304.6.5.1 + +Alarms and warning 904.3.4, 1607, 1703.3.1, + +2205.6,2210.5.5.1,3403.5.1 + +Electrostatic apparatus 1507.5.2 + +Emergency 606.7, 607.2 + +Exit 604.2.3, 1011,2403.12.6 + +Fire alarms 907.4.4 + +Fire department connection 912.4 + +Fire-resistance-rated construction 703.2.1 + +Foam plastic 808.2 + +Hazardous identification 2703.5, 2703.6, + +2703.11.3.10,3203.4.1 + +Illumination 1026.3 + +Lead-acid battery systems 608.6 + +Marking 503.3 + +No smoking 310.3, 2208.8.1.2.6, + +2305.3, 2703.7.1, 3404.2.3.1 + +Placards 3304.6.5 + +Removal 310.4 + +Stairway exit 101 1 .3, 101 1 .4 + +Storage tanks 3404.2.3, 3406.3.7 + + + +428 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +INDEX + + + +Street or road 505.2 + +Tampering 109.2.4 + +Vacant buildings 311.5 + +Welding 1503.2.7 + +SILANE GAS 4106 + +Indoor storage 4106.2 + +Outdoor storage 4106.3 + +Requirements 4106.1 + +Use and dispensing 41 06.4, 41 06.5 + +SINGLE-STATION SMOKE ALARM 907.2.10, + +907.3.2 + +Defined 902.1 + +SLEEPING UNIT + +Defined 902.1 + +SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION Chapter 33 + +Defined 3302.1 + +SMALL ARMS PRIMERS + +Defined 3302.1 + +Group M 3306.5.1 .3 + +Group R-3 3306.4.2 + +Storage 3306.5.2.3 + +SMOKE ALARM 907.2.10, 907.3.2 + +Defined 902.1 + +SMOKE AND HEAT VENTS 910, 1016.2, 2306.7 + +SMOKE BARRIERS + +Construction 909.5 + +Maintenance 703.1 .2 + +Opening protectives in 703.2, 909.5.2 + +Pressure differential 909.18.6 + +SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS 909 + +SMOKE DETECTOR 907.2.6.2.3, 907.2.12.1, + +907.2.18.1,907.12 + +Defined 902.1 + +SMOKE-PROTECTED + +ASSEMBLY SEATING 1025.6.2 + +Defined 1002.1 + +SMOKE REMOVAL 910.4.6 + +SMOKELESS PROPELLANTS + +Defined 3302.1 + +General 3306 + +Storage and handling 3304 + +SMOKING 310, 1103.2, 1106.3.8, 1404.1, + +1503.2.6, 1903.5.3, 2210.5.5.1, 2504.3, +2703.7.1, 3404.2.3.1, 3406.6.1.9 + +Signs 310.3 + +SOLID + +Defined 2702.1 + +SOLID SHELVING + +Defined 2302.1 + +Fire protection 2308.2.2.1 + +Racks 2308.2.2 + + + +SOLVENT DISTILLATION UNIT 3405.4 + +Defined 3402.1 + +SOLVENT OR LIQUID CLASSIFICATIONS, +DRY CLEANING + +Defined 1202.1 + +SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDING + +Defined 202 + +Fire alarm system 907.2.1 1 , 914.7.2 + +Permit 105.6.2 + +Sprinklers 903.2.13, 914.7.1 + +SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVE DEVICE + +Defined 3302.1 + +SPILL CONTROL + +Carts and trucks 2703.10.3.4 + +Dry cleaning 1207.2.3 + +Flammable and + +combustible liquids 3403.4, 3404.3.7.3, + +3404.3.8.2, 3404.4.3, + +3405.3.7.5.3, 3405.3.7.6.3, + +3405.3.8.1, 3406.2.6, 3406.5.1.5 + +Hazardous materials 2704.2, 2705.1.3, + +2705.2.1 .3, 2705.2.2.4, 2705.3.4, 2705.3.6 + +Lead-acid battery systems 608.5 + +Service stations and repair garages 2205.3 + +SPILLS 1104.4, 1405.6, 2009.4.2, 2210.5.2 + +2404.18.5.3 + +SPONTANEOUS +IGNITION HAZARDS 304.3.1, 305.2, 1404.4 + +SPRAY BOOTH + +Areas adjacent to 1503.2.1 .3 + +Construction 1504.3.2.1 + +Defined 1502.1 + +Ventilation 1503.3.5.2 + +SPRAY FINISHING 1504 + +SPRAY ROOM + +Construction 1504.3.1 + +Defined 1502.1 + +Ventilation 1503.3.5.2 + +SPRAYING SPACE + +Defined 1502.1 + +STAGES, FIRE PROTECTION FOR. . . . 905.3.4, 914.6 + +STAIR + +Defined 1002.1 + +STAIRWAY 1009 + +Defined 1002.1 + +Identification 1020.1.5, 1027.18, 1027.21 + +STAIRWAY, EXTERIOR 1023 + +Defined 1002.1 + +STAIRWAY, INTERIOR 1009 + +Defined 1002.1 + +STAIRWAY, SPIRAL + +Defined 1002.1 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE*' + + + +429 + + + +INDEX + + + +STANDBY PERSONNEL + +(see also FIRE WATCH) 2404.20 + +STANDBY POWER SYSTEM 604, 2705.1.5 + +STANDPIPE SYSTEM, CLASSES OF + +Defined 902.1 + +STANDPIPE, TYPES OF + +Defined 902.1 + +STANDPIPES 905 + +Buildings under construction/demolition .... 1413 + +STATIC PILES + +Defined 1902.1 + +Protection 1 908.6 + +STATIC PROTECTION 3406.5.1 .7 + +STATIONARY LEAD-ACID BATTERY SYSTEMS +(see BATTERY SYSTEM, STATIONARY LEAD +ACID) + +STEEL + +Defined 202 + +STILLS, DRY CLEANING 1204.2.4, 1207.1 + +STORAGE + +Aerosol, inside 2804 + +Attics 315.2.4 + +Baled combustible fibers 2905 + +Boiler rooms 315.2.3 + +Calcium carbide 2607.1 + +Combustible materials, miscellaneous 315 + +Compressed gas 3004 + +Concealed spaces 315.2.4 + +Corrosive materials 3104 + +Cryogenic fluids 3204 + +Cylinder and container 2605.2 + +Detached structure 2904.6 + +Electrical rooms 315.2.3 + +Exterior, finished lumber 1909 + +Flammable gases 3504 + +Flammable solids 3604 + +Foam 3404.2.9.1.2.1 + +Fuel oil 603.3 + +Hazardous materials definition 2702.1, 2704 + +Hogged material 1907, 1908 + +In buildings 315.2 + +Log areas 1 906 + +Loose combustible fibers 2904 + +LP-gas 3809 + +Means of egress 315.2.2 + +Mechanical refrigeration rooms 606.10 + +Mechanical rooms . .315.2.3 + +Nitrocellulose 2009.4 + +Organic peroxide 2009.5, 3904 + +Outside 315.3 + +Oxidizers 4004 + +Pyrophoric materials 4104 + + + +Pyroxylin (cellulose nitrate) plastics 4204 + +Semiconductor fabrication facilities 1804 + +Silane gas 41 06.2, 41 06.3 + +Specialty 2310 + +Tank 2009.2 + +Tire 2505,2509 + +Under floors 315.2.4 + +Unstable (reactive) materials 4304 + +Water-reactive solids and liquids 4404 + +Wood chips 1907, 1908 + +STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS, + +STATIONARY 608 + +Permit 1 05.6.5 + +Room design 608.3 + +Signs 608.6 + +Ventilation 608.5 + +STRAW 2404.5, 2903.4 + +Waste material 304.1.1 + +SUMPS. . 3406.3.3 + +SUPERVISING STATION + +Defined 902.1 + +SUPERVISORY SERVICE + +Defined 902.1 + +SUPERVISORY SIGNAL + +Defined 902.1 + +SUPERVISORY SIGNAL-INITIATING DEVICE + +Defined 902.1 + +SYSTEM + +Defined 2702.1 + + + +TANK + +Abandonment 3404.2.13, 3404.2.13.1.4 + +Above-ground 2206.2.2, 2206.2.3, + +2206.2.4, 2703.2.4.2, 3104.2.1, 3404.2.7.3.5.1, + +3404.2.9,3404.2.13.2 + +Anchoring 3404.2.8.5 + +Capacity 2205.1 .2 + +Compressed gas 3003.1, 3003.4.2 + +Construction 3404.2.9.6.1 + +Defective 2703.2.6.2 + +Defined 202 + +Design and construction 2703.2.1, 3404.2.7, + +3404.2.9.6.1 + +Diking 3404.2.10.2 + +Discharge 3404.2.7.5.5.2 + +Dispensing 3406.2.8, 3406.5.4 + +Drainage control 2206.5 + +Empty 2703.2.5, 3404.3.3.4, + +3404.4.8 +Filling operations 2205.1, 3406.6.1.10 + + + +• + + + +430 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'^ + + + +INDEX + + + + +Inside buildings 2206.2.2, 3404.2.9.4 + +Installation 2703.2.4, 3404.2.7 + +Lining 3404.2.7.11 + +Low pressure 3202.1 + +Maintenance 2003.9 + +Marking 3406.2.2 + +Openings. . . 2206.6.2.1, 3404.2.7.5, 3404.2.9.6.9 + +Out of service 2703.2.6. 1 , 3404.2. 1 3.1.1 + +Outside buildings 3404.2.9.5 + +Overfill protection 3404.2.7.5.8, 3404.2.9.6.6, + +3404.2.11.4, 3406.6.1.5, 3406.8.3, 3406.8.5 + +Permanent and temporary 3406.2.4 + +Piping 2206.6.3 + +Piping, valves and fittings 2206.6.2 + +Portable 2206.2.5, 3404.3 + +Preparation for fueling 2210.5.6 + +Pressure 1509.3, 3404.2.7.2 + +Primary 3402.1 + +Removal 3404.2.14 + +Repair, alteration or reconstruction . . . 3404.2.7.6 + +Security 2206.3 + +Solvent storage 1207.3 + +Stationary 3704.2.2.7.4 + +Storage 2009.2, 3404, 3406.3.2.1, 3406.3.5 + +Testing 3404.2.12 + +Underground 2206.2.1, 2703.2.4.1, + +3404.2.7.3.5.2,3404.2.11, +3404.2.13.1 + +Vaults 2206.2.4 + +Vehicle 2009.3, 3406.5.1.15, + +3406.5.1.16,3406.6 + +Venting 3404.2.7.3, 3404.2.7.3.6, + +3404.2.8.9, 3406.2.4.2 + +Water 508.2.2, 508.5.3 + +TANK, ATMOSPHERIC + +Defined 2702.1 + +TANK CARS +(see also BULK TRANSFER) 3406.5.1 + +Loading racks or stations 2009.3, 3406.5.1.12 + +TANK, PORTABLE + +Defined 2702.1 + +TANK, PRIMARY + +Defined 3402.1 + +TANK, PROTECTED ABOVE-GROUND + +Defined 3402.1 + +TANK, STATIONARY + +Defined 2702.1 + +TANK VEHICLE 2004.3.2, 3406.5.1.16.1, 3406.6 + +Aircraft fuel-servicing 1 105.4 + +Certification 3406.5.1.15 + +Construction 2703.2.1 + +Defined 2702.1 + + + +Dispensing 3406.2.8, 3406.5.4 + +Fire protection 3406.6.4 + +Garaging 3406.6.1,3811.3 + +Loading racks or stations 2009.3 + +Operation 3406.6.1 + +Parking 3406.6.3, 381 1 + +Smoking 3406.6.1 .9 + +Stability 3406.5.1.16 + +Use as storage tank 3404.2.2 + +TAR KETTLE [see ASPHALT (TAR) KETTLES] + +TEMPORARY HEATING EQUIPMENT 1403 + +TEMPORARY WIRING 605.9, 1404.7 + +TENANT SPACES, VACANT +(see VACANT PREMISES) + +TENTS AND OTHER MEMBRANE + +STRUCTURES Chapter24 + +Access 2403.8.1 + +Air-supported structure 2403.10 + +Approval 2403.2 + +Crowd managers 2404.20 + +Defined 2402.1 + +Fire safety requirements 2404.2 + +Generators 2404.19 + +Heating and cooking equipment 2404.15 + +Location 2403.8.3 + +LP-gas 2404.16 + +Means of egress 2403.12 + +Occupant load 2404.14 + +Permit 105.6.43 + +Portable fire extinguisher 2404.8.12 + +Seating 2403.11 + +Structural stability 2403.9 + +Waste 2404.22 + +TESTING, ACCEPTANCE + +(see ACCEPTANCE TESTING) +THEFT RESISTANT + +Defined 3302.1 + +THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING .... Chapter 17 + +Defined 1702.1 + +Fire safety requirements 1703 + +TIMBER AND LUMBER PRODUCTION + +FACILITIES 1907 + +Defined 1902.1 + +TIRE REBUILDING 2503 + +Precautions against fire 2504 + +TIRE STORAGE Chapter 25 + +Access 2506 + +Fencing 2507 + +Indoor 2509 + +Outdoor 2505 + +Precautions against fire 2504 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +431 + + + +INDEX + + + +TIRES, BULK STORAGE OF + +Defined 902.1 + +TOOL + +Defined 1802.1 + +TORCH-APPLIED ROOF SYSTEM + +Defined 2602.1 + +TORCHES 308.4 + +Permit 105.6.31 + +TOXIC + +Defined 3702.1 + +IVlaterials Chapter 37 + +TRAINING, EMPLOYEE EMERGENCY 406 + +TRANSPORTATION + +Hazardous materials 1805.3, 2703.10 + +LP-Gas 3801.1 + +TRANSVERSE FLUE SPACE + +Defined 2302.1 + +TRASH (see RUBBISH) + +TRAVEL DISTANCE, EXIT ACCESS 1016 + +TREATMENT SYSTEMS 606.12.4, 1803.14.3, + +3703.1.3, 3703.2.3.2, 3704.2.2.7, 3704.3.2.5 + +TROUBLE SIGNAL + +Defined 902.1 + +TURNSTILES 1008.3 + +u + +UNAUTHORIZED DISCHARGE . . . 2703.3.1, 3406.2.6 + +Defined 2702.1 + +UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS 404.2, 604.2.16, + +905.3.5,907.2.18, +907.2.19,909.20,914.5 + +UNLAWFUL ACTS 109.1 + +UNSAFE HEATING APPLIANCES 603.7 + +UNSAFE BUILDINGS (see BUILDINGS) + +UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) MATERIAL Chapter 43 + +Defined 4302.1 + +Indoor storage 4304.1 + +Outdoor storage 4304.2 + +Requirements 4303 + +Use 4305.1 + +UNVENTED HEATERS 603.4 + +UNWANTED FIRE + +Defined 202 + +Reporting 401 .3, 1409 + +UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE +(see FURNITURE, UPHOLSTERED) + +USE, CHANGE OF (see CHANGE OF USE) + +USE (MATERIAL) + +Defined 2702.1 + + + +V + +VACANT PREMISES 311 + +Abandoned 31 1 .1 .1 + +Fire protection systems 311 .2.2 + +Placarding 31 1 .5 + +Removal of hazardous materials 31 1 .4 + +Safeguarding 31 1 .2 + +Tenant spaces 31 1 .1 .2 + +Waste removal 31 1 .3 + +VAPOR AREA, FLAMMABLE + +Defined 1502.1 + +VAPOR BALANCE SYSTEM 2206.7.9.1 + +VAPOR PRESSURE + +Defined 2702.1 + +VAPOR-PROCESSING SYSTEM 2206.7.9.2 + +VAPOR-RECOVERY SYSTEM 2206.7.9 + +VEHICLE IMPACT PROTECTION +(see IMPACT PROTECTION, VEHICLE) + +VEHICLES 314.4 + +Compressed natural gas motor 2208 + +Gas-fueled 2404.18 + +Industrial 3803.2.2 + +Liquefied petroleum gas motor 2207 + +Liquid-fueled 2404.1 8 ^j^ + +Overfilling 2207.7 fjj^' + +Storage 313.1 + +Tank. . . 2009.3, 3406.5.1.15, 3406.5.1.16, 3406.6 + +VENTILATION + +Battery systems 608.6 + +Dry cleaning 1204.2.1, 1205.2.3, 1206.3.3 + +Electrostatic equipment 1506.7 + +Exhaust 1803.14, 1803.15.2 + +Floor surfacing 1510.5 + +Hazardous materials 2703.8.4.2, + +2703.8.5.2, 2703.8.6.2 +2705.2.1.1,2705.2.2.2 + +Indoor dispensing 2705.1 .9 + +Indoor storage areas 2704.3 + +Industrial ovens 2103.1 + +Mechanical ventilation for + +reinforced plastics manufacturing 1511.5 + +Powered industrial trucks 309.3 + +Process structures 2005.5 + +Refrigeration machinery room 606.13 + +Repair garages 221 1 .4.3, 221 1 .7.1 + +Spray finishing 1504.1.4.3, 1504.2, 1504.2.4, + +1504.6.3, 1506.10 +VENTS, SMOKE AND HEAT +(see SMOKE AND HEAT VENTS) + +VIOLATION PENALTIES 109.3 + + + +432 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +INDEX + + + +• + + + +VISIBLE ALARM NOTIFICATION + +APPLIANCE 907.10.1 + +Defined 902.1 + +W + +WAREHOUSE + +Aerosol 2802.1 , 2804.3.2, + +Table 2804.3.2, 2804.4 + +Liquid 2804.6, 3404.3.8, 3404.3.8.5, + +Table 3404.3.6(2), Table 3404.3.6(3) + +WARRANTS 104.3.1 + +WASTE MATERIALS, +COMBUSTIBLE 105.6.45, 304, 1404.2 + +WASTEBASKETS AND +WASTE CONTAINERS 304.3, 808.1 + +WATCH, FIRE (see FIRE WATCH) + +WATER-REACTIVE MATERIAL Chapter 44 + +Defined 4402.1 + +Indoor storage 4404.1 + +Outdoor storage 4404.2 + +Requirements 4403 + +Use 4405 + +WATER SUPPLY + +Buildings under construction or demolition, + +standpipes 1413 + +Fire protection 508, 1412 + +Required 508.1 + +Sprinklers 903.3.5 + +Standpipes 1413 + +Test 508.4 + +WEATHER PROTECTION 2704.13, + +2705.3.9, 3308.5.2, 3308.5.2, + +3404.4.7, 3406.5.1.2, 3703.2.5, + +3704.3.3, 4104.2.2, 4105.2, 4106.3.4, 4106.5.2 + +WELDING AND OTHER HOT WORK Chapter 26 + +Cutting 2605 + +Electric arc 2606 + +Gas 2605 + +Permit 105.6.11 + +Requirements 2603, 2604 + +Tire storage yards 2504.2 + +Warning signs in flammable +finish operations 1503.2.7 + +WELL DRILLING 3406.3 + +WET-CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENT .... 904.5 +Defined 902.1 + +WET FUELING (see MOBILE FUELING) + +WET HOSING (see MOBILE FUELING) + +WHARVES 2210.3.1, 2210.5.5, 3406.4.7 + +WINDOW WELLS 1026.5 + +WINDOWLESS STORIES OR AREAS 903.2.10, + +1027.5 + + + +WIRELESS PROTECTION SYSTEM + +Defined 902.1 + +WIRING, ELECTRICAL + +Hazards 605 + +WOODWORKING FACILITIES + +(see LUMBER YARDS) 903.2.3.1 + +WORKSTATION + +Defined 1802.1 + +Z +ZONE, FIRE ALARM + +Defined 902.1 + + + +2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE'' + + + +433 + + + +434 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE^ + + + +Savings. 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New Individual Members will receive one free code book. Upon +receipt of your completed application and payment, you will be contacted by on ICC Member Services Representative regarding your free code +package or code book. For more information, please visit www.iccsafe.org/membership or call 1 -888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233), x33804. + +Please print clearly or type information below: + + + +Name ^H + + +Name of Jurisdiction, Association, Institute or Company, etc. + + +Title + + +Billing Address + + +City State + + +Zip-l-4 + + +Street Address for Shipping + + +City State + + +Zip-l-4 + + +E-mail + + +Telephone + + +Tax Exempt Number (If applicable, must attach copy of tax exempt license if claiming an exemption) +Payment Information: + + + +VISA, MC, AMEX or DISCOVER Account Number + +Return this application to: +International Code Council + +Attn: Membership + +5360 Workman Mill Road +Whittier,CA 90601 -2298 + + + +Exp. Dote + +Toll Free: 1 -888-ICC-SAFE (1-888-422-7233), x33804 + +FAX: (562) 692-6031 (Los Angeles District Office) + +Or, apply online at www.iccsafe.org/membership. + +Please refer to Tracking Number 66-05-274 when applying. + + + +If you have any questions about membership in the International Code Council, +call 1 -888-ICC-SAFE (1-888-422-7233), x33804 and request a Member Services Representative. + + + +REF 66-05-274 + + + +*Membership categories and dues subject to change. +Please visit www.iccsafe.org/membership for the most current information. + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata + + + +THIRD PRINTING (Updated J une 27, 2007) + + + +SECTION 202 +GENERAL DEFINITIONS + +OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION. For the purposes of this code, certain occupancies are defined as follows: + +[B] Assembly Group A. Assembly Group A occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, +for the gathering together of persons for purposes such as civic, social or religious functions; recreation, food or drink consumption; or +awaiting transportation. + +Exceptions: + +1. A building or tenant space used for assembly purposes with an occupant load of less than 50 persons shall be +classified as a Group B occupancy. + +2. A room or space used for assembly purposes with an occupant load of less than 50 persons and accessory to +another occupancy shall be classified as a Group B occupancy or classified as part of that occupancy. + +3. A room or space used for assembly purposes that is less than 750 square feet (70 m^) in area and is accessory to +another occupancy shall be classified as a Group B occupancy or classified as part of that occupancy. + +Assembly occupancies shall include the following: (No change to remainder of Group A text.) (posted 6-27-07) + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - S'"* printing Page 1 of 5 + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata + + + +THIRD PRINTING (Updated J une 27, 2007) + + + +CHAPTERS + +FIRE SERVICE FEATURES + +504.3 Stairway access to roof. New buildings four or more stories in iieigiit, except tiiose witii a roof slope greater than +four units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33.3 percent slope), shall be provided with a stairway to the roof. Stairway access +to the roof shall be in accordance with Section 1009.12 1009.11 . Such stairway shall be marked at street and floor levels +with a sign indicating that the stairway continues to the roof. Where roofs are used for roof gardens orfor other purposes, +stairways shall be provided as required for such occupancy classification, (posted 6-27-07) + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - S'"* printing Page 2 of 5 + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata + + + +THIRD PRINTING (Updated J une 27, 2007) + + + +CHAPTERS + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + +907.2.7 G roup M. A manual fire alarm system shall be installed in Group M occupancies having an occupant load of 500 +or more persons or more than 100 persons above or below the lowest level of exit discharge. The initiation of a signal +from a manual fire alarm box shall initiate alarm notification appliances as required by Section 907.10. + +Exceptions: + +1. A manual fire alarm system is not required in covered mall buildings complying with Section 402 of the +International Building Code. + +2. Manual fire alarm boxes are not required where the building is equipped throughout with an automatic +sprinkler system and the alarm notification appliances will automatically activate upon sprinkler water +flow, (posted 6-27-07) + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - S'"* printing Page 3 of 5 + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata + + + +THIRD PRINTING (Updated J une 27, 2007) + + + +CHAPTER 10 +MEANS OF EGRESS + +1007.5.1 Openness. Platform lifts on an accessible means of egress shall not be installed in a fully enclosed hoistwav of +f i r e- rat e d shaft , (posted 06-27-07) + +1008.1.3.3 Horizontal sliding doors. In other than Group H occupancies, horizontal sliding doors permitted to be a +component of a means of egress in accordance with Exception 5-6 to Section 1008.1.2 shall comply with all of the +following criteria: (No change to Items 1 through 8.) (posted 06-27-07) + +1023.1 Exterior exit ramps and stairways. Exterior exit ramps and stairways serving as an element of a required means +of egress shall comply with this section. + +Exception: Exterior exit ramps and stairways for outdoor stadiums complying with Section 1019.1 1020.1 , +Exception 2. (posted 06-27-07) + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - 3"^ printing Page 4 of 5 + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata + + + +THIRD PRINTING (Updated J une 27, 2007) + + + +APPENDIX D + +FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS + +D104.1 Buildings exceeding tliree stories or 30 feet in lieiglit. Buildings orfacilities exceeding 30 feet (9144 mm) or +tiiree stories in lieiglit siiall have at least tlifee two means of fire apparatus access for each structure, (posted 06-27-07) + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - 3"^ printing Page 5 of 5 + + + +2006 Inbernational Fire Code Errata + + + +SECOND PRINTING (Updated J ANUARY 23, 2006) + + + +CHAPTERS + +INTERIOR FINISH, DECORATIVE MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS + +805.1.1.2 Heat release rate. Newly introduced upholstered furniture shall have limited rates of heat release +when tested in accordance with ASTM E 1537 or California Technical Bulletin 133, as follows: + +1. (No change) + +2. The total energy released by the single upholstered furniture item during the first 5- 10 minutes of the test shal +not exceed 24 25 megajoules (MJ ). + +Exception: Upholstered furniture in rooms or spaces protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system +installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. (posted 1-23-07) + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - 2""* printing Page 1 of 8 + + + +2006 Inbernational Fire Code Errata + + + +SECOND PRINTING (Updated J ANUARY 23, 2006) + + + +CHAPTERS + +FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS + +914.4.1 Automatic sprinkler system. An approved automatic sprinkler system siiall be installed throughout the entire +building. + +Exceptions: + +1. That area of a building adjacent to or above the atrium need not be sprinklered, provided that portion of +the building is separated from the atrium portion by not less than a 2-hour fire resistance-rated fire barrier +or horizontal assembly, or both , (posted 1-23-07) + +2. Where the ceilings of the atrium are more than 55 feet (16 764 mm) above the floor, sprinkler protection at the + +ceiling of the atrium is not required. + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - 2""* printing Page 2 of 8 + + + +2006 Inbernational Fire Code Errata + + + +SECOND PRINTING (Updated J ANUARY 23, 2006) + + + +CHAPTER 10 +MEANS OF EGRESS + +1012.4 Continuity. Handrail-gripping surfaces siiall be continuous, witiiout interruption by newel posts or other +obstructions. + +Exceptions: + +1. Handrails within dwelling units are permitted to be interrupted by a newel post at a stair or ramp landing. +(posted 1-23-07) + +2. And 3. (No change) + +1012.5 Handrail extensions. Handrails shall return to a wall, guard or the walking surface or shall be continuous to the +handrail of an adjacent stair flight or ramp run. At stairways where handrails are not continuous between flights, the +handrails shall extend horizontally at least 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the top riser and continue to slope for the depth of +one tread beyond the bottom riser. At ramps where handrails are not continuous between runs, the handrails shall extend +horizontally above the landing 12 inches (305 mm) minimum beyond the top and bottom of ramps- runs . + +Exceptions: + +1. And 2. (No change) (posted 1-23-07) + +1020.1.7 Smokeproof enclosures. In buildings required to comply with Section 403 or 405 of the International Building +Code, each ofthe exits of a building thatserves stories where the floorsurface is located more than 75 feet(22 860 mm) +above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access or more than 30 feet (9144 mm) below the level of exit discharge +serving such floor levels shall be a smokeproof enclosure or pressurized stairway in accordance with Section 909.20 of +the International Buildino Code , (posted 12-14-06) + +1023.1 Exterior exit ramps and stairways. Exterior exit ramps and stairways serving as an element of a required means +of egress shall comply with this section. + +Exception: Exterior exit ramps and stairways for outdoor stadiums complying with Section 1019.1 1020.1 , +Exception 2. (posted 1-23-07) + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - 2""* printing Page 3 of 8 + + + +2006 Inbernational Fire Code Errata + + + +SECOND PRINTING (Updated J ANUARY 23, 2006) + + + +CHAPTER 14 + +FIRE SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION + +[B]1 4 11.3 St ai rw a y f l oor numb e r s i gns. Temporary sta i rway f l oor number s i gns sha ll be prov i ded i n accordance w i th +th e r e qu i r e m e nts of S e ct i on 1012.1.7. (posted 1-23-07) + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - 2""* printing Page 4 of 8 + + + +2006 Inbernational Fire Code Errata + + + +SECOND PRINTING (Updated J ANUARY 23, 2006) + + + +CHAPTER 33 + +EXPLOSIVES AND FIREWORKS + +TABLE 3301.8.1(1), Column 4 ("Operating Building"), Rows 4 and 5: Table 330 /1 .5.2(2) 3304.5.2(1) (posted 1-23-07) + +TABLE 3301.8.1(2), Column 4 ("Operating Building"), Rows 2, 3, 4 and 5: Table 330^1.5.2(3) 3304.5.2(2) (posted 1-23- +07) + +Section 3306.5.2.3, Item 1 should read as follows: + +3306.5.2.3 Small arms primers. Commercial stocks of small arms primers shall be stored as follows: + +1. Quantities not to exceed 750,000 small arms primers stored in a building shall be arranged such that not +more than 100,000 small arms primers are stored in any one pile and piles are at least 15 feet (4572 mm) +apart, (posted 12-13-06) + + + +2006 International Fire Code Errata - 2""* printing Page 5 of 8 + + + +2006 Inbernational Fire Code Errata + + + +SECOND PRINTING (Updated J ANUARY 23, 2006) + + + +CHAPTER 45 +REFERENCED STANDARDS + +ASME: + +A13.1— 96 (Reaffirmed 2002) Scheme forthe Identification of Piping Systems.. ..(Posted 1-23-07) +UL: + +268—96 Contro l Un i ts for F i re Protect i ve Smol5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +IS 13445 (Parti ) : 1992 + +(Reaffirmed 2001) + +Indian Standard + +INDUSTRIAL WATER TUBE BOILERS — +SUPPLIER'S DATA SHEET + +PART 1 PROPOSAL STAGE + + + +UDC 62M81-2 + + + +© BIS 1992 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG +NEW DELHI 110002 + +August 1992 Price Gronp 4 + + + +Boilers Sectional Committee, HMD 01 + + + +FOREWORD + +This Indian Standard (Part 1 ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft +finalized by the Boilers Sectional Committee had been approved by the Heavy Mechanical +Engineering Division Council. + +This information given by a manufacturer or a supplier according to this data sheet will help a +purchaser to evaluate the product before he finally decides to purchase a particular brand or +type. Control systems are not covered in this standard. + +This Indian Standard ( Part 1 ) contains supplier's data sheet for industrial water tube boilers at +proposal stage. Part 2 of this Indian Standard would contain supplier's data sheet for industrial +water tube boilers at post order stage. + + + +IS 13445 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 + + + +Indian Standard + + + +INDUSTRIAL WATER TUBE BOILERS — +SUPPLIER'S DATA SHEET + + + +PART 1 PROPOSAL STAGE + + + +1 SCOPE + +Covers the technical data to be supplied by a +manufacturer or a supplier of an industrial boiler +to a purchaser. + +2 SUPPLIER'S DATA SHEET FOR +INDUSTRIAL BOILER + + + +2*1 General Information +2, LI Type of Boiler + +2.1.2 Maker + +2.1.3 Model + +2.1.4 Number of Boilers + +2.1.5 Overall Dimensions of the +Unit and the Total Space +Required by the Boiler As +Well As Its Accessories + +2.1.6 a) Size of the Furnace — + +FWy^FDAFH + + + +4 INSTRUMENT AIR ( OIL FREE AND +DRY) + + + +4,1 Quantity + + +mVh at NTP + + +4.2 Pressure + + +Bar ( gauge ) + + +4,3 Temperature + + +°C + + +5 COOLING WATER + + + + +5,1 Quantity + + +t/h + + +5.1.1 Pressure + + +Bar ( gauge ) + + +5.1,2 Temperature ( InletjOutlet ): + + +X + + +6 SERVICE AIR + + + + +6.1 Quantity + + +m^h at NTP + + +6.2 Pressure + + +: Bar ( gauge ) + + +6.3 Temperature + + +'C + + + +b) Furnace Design Pressure : + + + + +7 FUEL + + + + +2.L7 Design Code : + + + + +7.1 Type of Fuel + + + + +3 PARAMETERS AT THE BATTERY LIMIT + + + + + + +OF THE BOILER + + + + +7.1.1 Main Fuel + + + + +3,1 Steam + + + + +7.1.2 Auxiliary Fuel : + + + + +3.1.1 Maximum Continuous : + + +t/h + + +7.1.3 Fuel for Flame Stabilisation + + + + +Rating ( MCR ) + + + + + + + + +3.1,2 Pressure : + + +Bar ( gauge ) + + +7.1.4 Fuel for Lighting Up + + + + +3.1,3 Temperature : + + +X + + +7.2 Quantity of Fuel + + +. t/h or +mVh at NTP + + +3.1.4 Steam Purity : + + + + +7.3 Pressure + + +: Bar ( gauge ) + + +3.2 Feed Water + + + + + + + + + + + + +7.4 Temperature + + +X + + +3.2.1 Total Quantity : + + +t/h + + +7.5 Calorific Value of Fuel + + + + +3.2.2 Pressure + + +Bar ( gauge ) + + +( Design ) + + + + +3,2.3 Temperature : + + +X + + +7.5.1 GCV ( Gross Calorific + + +kcal/kg or + + +3.3 De-superheating Spray Water + + + + +Value ) + + +kcal/m^ at +NTP + +kcal/kg or + + +3.3.1 Quantity for De-superheating +{Max) + + +t/h + + +7.5.2 NCV ( Net Calorific + + + + +Value ) + + +kcal/m^ at + + +3,3,2 Spray Water Temperature : + + +^C + + + + +NTP + + + +IS 13445 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 + + + +8 POWER + +8.1 Total Power Required at kW +100% MCR + +8.1.1 Frequency + +8.1.2 Phase + +8.2 Emergency Power Required kW + +8.2.1 Voltage + +8.2.2 Frequency + +8.2.3 Phase + +8.3 Power Consumed at 100% +MCR + +9 BOILER PERFORMANCE + +9.1 Boiler Performance Test Code: + +9.2 Efficiency at MCR % + +9.2.1 Efficiency Based on GCV/ : % +NCV of Fuel + +10 TIME REQUIRED TO ATTAIN +10.1 MCR : min +10*2 50% MCR from Cold/Hot : min +10.3 100% MCR from 50% MCR: min + +11 BLOWDOWN % + +12 FURNACE HEAT RELEASE RATES + + + +12.1 Effective Protected Radiant +Surface + +12*2 Plan Area + + + +12,3 Volumetric + + + +: kcal/h.m*^ +ofBPRS + +kcal/h-m2 +of Plan area + +kcal/h,m^ + + + +13 FLUE GAS VELOCITIES THROUGH +TUBE BANKS + + + +13.1 Superheater + +13.2 Boiler Bank + +13.3 Economiser + +13.4 Air Heater + +14 CIRCULATION RATIO + +15 GROSS GENERATION OF +BOILER AT MCR + +16 INTERNAL CONSUMP- +TION OF BOILER AT MCR + +17 PRESSURE DATA + +17.1 Pressure in the Furnace + + + +m/s +m/s +m/s +m/s + + + +t/h +t/h + + + +17.2 Flue Gas Pressure Drops + +17.2.1 Flue Gas Pressure Drops : mm of WC +in Boiler Bank + +17.2.2 Flue Gas Pressure Drop in : mm of WC +Superheater 1 + +17.2.3 Flue Gas Pressure Drop in : mm of WC +Superheater II + +17.2.4 Flue Gas Pressure Drop in : mm of WC +Economiser + +17.2.5 Flue Gas Pressure Drop in : mm of WC +Air Heater + +17.2.6 Flue Gas Pressure Drop in : mm of WC +Dust Collector + +17.2.7 Other Flue Gas Pressure : mm of WC +Drop + +17.2.8 Total Pressure Drop for : mm of WC +the Flue Gas in the Boiler + +18 WATER AND STEAM + +18.1 Pressure of Feed Water at : Bar ( gauge ) +Economiser Inlet + +18.2 Pressure in the Drum : Bar ( gauge ) + +18.3 Pressure of Steam at Final : Bar ( gauge ) +SH Outlet + +19 TEMPERATURE DATA + +19.1 Design Ambient Air +Temperature + +20 FLUE GAS + +20.1 Temperature of Flue Gas C +Leaving Furnace + +20.2 Temperature of Flue Gas : C +Entering Eco + +20.3 Temperature of Flue Gas C +Leaving Eco + +20.4 Temperature of Flue Gas : °C +Leaving AH + +20.5 Temperature of Flue Gas : C +at ID Fan Outlet + +21 BOILER CONSTRUCTION DETAILS +21.1 Steam Drum + +21.1.1 Inside Diameter : mm + +21.1.2 Thickness for Shell : mm + +21.1.3 Actual Thickness for : mm +Dished End + +21. L4 Material Specification of : +Drum Shell and Dished +Ends + + + +IS 13445 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 + + + +mm +mm +mm +mm + + + +mm + +mm + +m* + + + +mmxmm + + + +mm + + + +>2 + + + +21.2 Steam Separators + +21.2.1 Type + +21.2.2 Material of Construction + +21.3 Steam Scrubbers + +21.3.1 Type + +21.3.2 Material of Construction + +21.4 Water Drum + +21.4.1 Internal Diameter + +21.4.2 Thickness of Shell + +21.4.3 Thickness of Dished End + +21.4.4 Material Specification of +hrum Shell and Dished +End + +21.5 Water Wall Tubes + +21.5.1 Outside Diameter + +21.5.2 Thickness + +21.5.3 Material Specification + +21.5.4 Effective Projected Radiant: +Surface + +21.6 Boiler Bank + +21.6.1 Tube OD x Thickness : + +21.6.2 Total Heating Surface : +Area + +21.6.3 Material Specification : + +21.7 Super Heater + +Super Heater 1 Super Heater U + +21.7.1 Type + +21.7.2 ODx Thick- mmxmm +ness of Tubes + +21.7.3 Total Heating m^ +Surface Area + +21.7.4 Material Specification + +21.8 Economiser + +21.8.1 Type + +21.8.2 OD X Thickness + +21.8.3 Ein OD x Thickness + +21.8.4 Tofa/ Heating Surface +Area + +21.8.5 Material Specification + +22 AIR HEATER + +22.1 Type + +22.2 Number + +22.3 Outside Diameter x Thick- +ness of Tubes + +22.4 Total Heating Surface Area : + + + +mmxmm + + + +m= + + + +m^ + + + +Bar (gauge) Bar (gauge) + + + +Bar (gauge) +Bar (gauge) + +Parts/million + + + +mmx mm + + + +m'* + + + +22.5 Material Specification + +23 ATTEMPERATOR + +23.1 Type + +23.2 Location + +23.3 Material Specification + +24 SAFETY VALVES + +24.1 Type Drum Super heater + +24.2 Number + +24.3 Set Pressure + +25 DEAERATOR + +25.1 Number + +25.2 Type + +25.3 Operating Pressure + +25.4 Design Pressure/Vacuum + +25.5 Temperature + +25.6 Oxygen Content After +Deaeration + +25.7 Minimum Steam Pressure : Bar (gauge) +Required at the Inlet of the + +Control Valve + +25.8 Effective Storage Capacity : m^ +of Feed Water Tank + +25.9 Material Specification for + +25.9.1 Shell for Deaerating Head : m + +25.9.2 Dished Ends for Deaerating \ +Head + +25.9.3 Shell for Storage Tank : + +25.9.4 Dished End for Storage : +Tank + +26 AIR AND GAS DUCTS + +26.1 Thickness of Air Duct Plate : mm + +26.2 Thickness of Flue Gas Duct : mm +Plate + +26.3 Material of Gas Duct + +26.4 Material of Air Duct + +27 SETTING CASING AND INSULATION +27.1 Insulation Materia! + +kg/m' +mm + + + +27.1.1 Density + +27.1.2 Thickness + +21.2 Thickness of Cladding +Material + + + +mm + + + +IS 13445 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 + + + +27.3 Specification for Refractory : +Material + +27.4 Maximum Cladding : +Temperature + +28 STRUCTURAL STEEL ROOFING +WALKWAYS AND PLATFORMS + + + +28.1 Minimum Width of Plat- +form and Walkways + +28.2 Type of Roofing Material + +28.3 Total Area of Platform and +Walkways + +29 CHIMNEY + +29.1 Number ( Design Code ) + +29.2 Type + +29.3 Height + +29.4 Diameter at Base + +29.5 Diameter at Top + +29.6 Type, Height and Thickness +of Lining + +29.7 Type, Height and Thickness +of External Insulation + +29.8 Material or Construction + +30 FORCED DRAFT FAN + +30.1 Type + +30.2 Number of Fans/Boiler + +30.3 Rating ( Percentage of +100 oMCR ) + + + +30.4 Capacity : + +30.5 Pressure : +30*5.1 Design Margin on Head : + +30.5.2 Design Margin on Capacity : + +30.5.3 Fan Efficiency at 100% : +MCR + +30.6 Temperature + +30.7 Brake Horse Power ; +Required at Shaft + +30.8 Fan Speed + +30.9 Type of Fan Control + +30.10 Power Consumed at 100 ^ +MCR + +30.11 Drive Speed + + + +m + + + +m' + + + +m + +mm +mm +mm + + + +mVs at NT? + +mm/WC + + + +°C + +kW + +rev/min + + + +rev/min + + + +m'Vh at NT? + +mm of water +column + + + +30.12 Type of Drive : Motor/Steam + +Turbine + +30.13 Drive Rating kW + +30.14 Drive Steam Turbine + +30.14.1 Inlet Steam Pressure : Bar ( gauge ) + +30.14.2 Inlet Steam Temperature : "C + +30.14.3 Outlet Steam Pressure : Bar ( gauge ) + +30.14.4 Outlet Steam Temperature: C + +30.15 Steam Consumption at kg/ht +100% MCR + +31 INDUCED DRAFT FAN + +31.1 Type + +31.2 Number of Fans/Boiler + +31.3 Rating { % of 100% MCR) + +31.4 Capacity + +31.5 Pressure + +31.5.1 Design Margin on Head : + +31.5.2 Design Margin on Capacity : + +31.5.3 Fan Efficiency at 100% : +MCR + +31.6 Temperature : + +31.7 Brake Horse Power +Required at Shaft + +31.8 Fan Speed + +31.9 Drive Rating + +31.10 Drive Speed + +31.11 Type of Fan Control + +31.12 Material Specification for +Shaft Impeller and Liners +for Fan Blades + +31.13 Type of Drive + +31.14 Rating of Drive + +32 BOILER FEED PUMPS + +32.1 Number + +31.1.1 No. of Fans I Boiler : + +31.1.2 No, of Fans Normally : +Working /Boiler + +31.2 Type + +32.3 Capacity : mVh + + + +rev/min + +kW +rev/min + + + +Motor/steam +Turbine + +kW + + + +IS 13445 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 + + + +Bar ( gauge ) +Bar ( gauge ) + +mmofWC +mm of WC + + + +32.4 Suction Pressure + +32.5 Discharge Pressure + +32.6 Pump Suction Temperature + +32.7 Shut Oflf Head + +32.8 NPSH ( Net Positive +Suction Head) Required + +32.9 Pump Speed + +32.10 Drive Motor Speed rev/min + +32.11 Driver Elec. motor Steam Turbine + +32.12 Type and Number + +32.13 Brake Horse Power kW kW +at Shaft + +32.14 Rating + +32.15 Material Specification + +32.15.1 Body + +32.15.2 Impeller + +32.15.3 Seal + +33 CHEMICAL FEED SYSTEM + +33.1 Chemical Used + +33.2 Number of Pumps + +33.3 Type of Pump + +33.4 Capacity of Pump + +33.5 Number of Tanks + +33.6 Capacity of Each Tank + +34 SOOT BLOWERS + +34.1 Location Furnace Boiler Bank SH Economiser AH + +34.2 Type + +34.3 Make + +34.4 Number + +35 FLASH TANK + +35.1 Number : + +35.2 Capacity m^ + +35.3 Operating Pressure : Bar ( gauge ) + +35.4 Design Pressure : Bar ( gauge ) + +36 TRAVELLING GRADE + +36.1 Type + +36.2 Number of Sections + + + +36.3 Capacity of Each Section + +36.4 Drive + +36.5 Power Consumption at +MCR of Boiler + +36.6 Rating of Motor + +36.7 Speed of Motor + +36.8 Grate Speed Range + +36.9 Turned Down Ratio + +36.10 Total Grate Area + +37 COAL FEEDER + +37.1 Location + +37.2 Type + +37.3 Number + +37.4 Capacity of Each Feeder + +37.5 Type of Motor + +37.6 Power Consumption at +MCR of Boiler + +37.7 Turned Down Range + +37.8 Motor Rating +37.8.1 Speed of the Motor + + + +t/h + + + +kW + + + +kW + +rev/min + + + +m* + + + +t/h +kW + +kW + +rev/min + + + +38 PRIMARY AIR FAN FOR PF FIRING + +38.1 Type + +38.1.1 Number of Fans j Boiler : + +38.1.2 No, Normally Working/ : +Boiler + + + +38.L3 Capacity of Each Fan : + +38.2 Pressure : + +38.2.1 Design Margin on Head + +38.2.2 Design Margin on Capacity: + +38.2.3 Fan Efficiency at 100 % : +MCR + +38.3 Temperature + +38.4 Drive + +38.5 Power Consumption + +38.6 Rating of Drive + +38.7 Speed of Drive + +38.8 Speed of Fan + +38.9 Type of Fan Control + + + +m=Vs at NTP +mm of WC + + + +"C + +kW +kW + + + +IS 13445 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 + + + +39 COOLING AIR FAN + +39.1 Type + +39.1.1 Number of Fans j Boiler + +39.1.2 No. of Fans Normally +WorkingjBoller + +39.2 Capacity of Each Fan + +39.3 Pressure + +39.3.1 Design Margin on Head + +39.3.2 Design Margin on Capacity + +39.3.3 Fan Efficiency at 100% +MCR + +39.4 Temperature + +39.5 Drive + +39.6 Power Consumption + +39.7 Rating of Drive + +39.8 Speed of Drive + +39.9 Speed of Fan + +40 BURNER + +40.1 Number + +40.2 Type + +40.3 Location + +40.4 Capacity Each + +40.5 Type of Atomisation + +40.6 Pressure of Atomising Air : + +40.7 Pressure of Atomising Steam: + +40.8 Temperature of Atomising +Steam + +40.9 Turn Down Ratio + +41 PULVERISER + +41.1 Type + +41.2 Number Per Boiler +41.2.1 Capacity + +41.3 Percentage of Load Taken +by Each Mill + +41.4 Maximum Feed Size + +41.5 Drive + +41.5.1 Power Consumption + +41.5.2 Drive Rating + + + +m^/s at NTP +mm of WC + + + +kW +kW + +rcv/min + +rev/min + + + +kg/h + + + +41.5.3 Drive Speed + +41.6 Speed of the Mill + +41.7 Outlet Product Size ( % +Through 150 Mesh ) + +41.8 Life of Grinding Elements + +41.9 Bearing and Gear Box +Sealing Arrangement + +42 HEAVY OIL SYSTEM + +42.1 Pump Type + +42.1.1 Number of Pumps I Boiler + +42.2 No, of Fans Normally +Working/Boiler + +42.3 Capacity Each + +42.4 Delivery Pressure + +42.5 Drive + +42.6 Number of Steam Heater + +42.7 Capacity of Heater Each + +42.8 Inlet Oil Temperature + +42.9 Outlet Oil Temperature + +42.10 Electrical Heater Rating +43 LIGHT OIL SYSTEM +43.1 Pump Type + + + +rev/min +rev/min + + + +l/s +Bar (gauge) + + + +'C + +kW + + + +Pressure/Air/ +Steam + + +43.2 Number of Pumps/Boiler : + + + + +Bar (gauge) + + +43.3 No. of Fans Normally : +Working per Boiler + + + + +Bar (gauge) + + +43.4 Capacity each + + +l/s + + +OC + + +43.5 Delivery Pressure : + + +Bar (gauge) + + + + +43.6 Brake Horse Power + + +kW + + + + +43.7 Driver Speed and Rating + + +kW + + + + +44 MECHANICAL DUST SEPARATOR + + + + +44.1 Type + + + + +t/h + + +44.2 Overall Dimensions + +44.3 Material of Cyclone Tubes : + + + + +/o + + +44.4 OD X Thickness of Tubes + + +: mm + + +mm + + +44.5 Efficiency + +44.6 Dust Concentration Before + + +0/ + + +kW + + +Separator + + + + +44.7 Dust Concentration After + + + + +kW + + +Separator + + + + + +IS 13445 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 + + + +45 ELECTROSTATIC DUST PRECIPITATOR + +45.1 Number of Fields : + +45.2 Total Collecting Area : mVtn^/s + +45.2.1 Specific Collecting Area : +(TCE) + +45.3 Collector Rapping + +Equipment + +45.4 Make : + +45.5 Type + +45.6 Number + +45.7 Thickness of Casing and ; +Hopper Plate + +45.8 Total Hopper Storage +Capacity + +45.9 Electrical Energy Consumed +for Hopper Heating + + + +46 BUS SECTION + +46.1 Number per Precipitator + +46.2 Ratio of Bus Section to Gas : +Quantity + +46.3 Treatment Time + +46.4 Dust Concentration Before +ESP + +46.5 Dust Concentration After : +ESP + +46.6 Height of Hopper Outlet +from Ground Level + + + +: Number of +hours at MCR + + + +kW + + + +mm + + + +NOTE — If the supplier wants to iacludc any +special item which is not included above, a separate +sheet may be attached for the same. + + + +Stundard Mark + +The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian +Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark +on products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been +produced to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system +of inspection, testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and +operated by the producer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by +BIS for conformity to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under +which a licence for the use of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or +producers may be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards. + + + +Bureau of Indian Standards + +BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act ^ 1986 to +promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality +certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country. + +Copyright + +BIS has the copyright of all its publications. 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Comments on this Indian Standard maybe +sent to BIS giving the following reference: + +Doc: No. HMD i ( 4519) + + + +Amendments Issued Since Publication + +Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected + + + +C331 01 31 +1331 13 75 + + + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +Headquarters; + +Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 + +Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams ; Manaksanstha + +( Common to all Offices ) + +Regional Offices : Telephone + +Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg +NEW DELHI 110002 + +Eastern : 1/14 C I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola C37 84 99, 37 85 61, + +CALCUTTA 700054 J 37 ^6 26, 37 U 62 + +Northern : SCO 445-446, Sector 35-C. CHANDIGARH 160036 j^^ ^^ ^^' ^^ ^^ '^^' + +C235 02 16 235 04 42 +Southern : C. T. T. Campus, TV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 l^^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^3 15' + +Western ; Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, MaroJ, Andheri ( East ) (632 92 95, 632 78 58, + +BOMBAY 400093 i632 78 91, 632 78 92 + +Branches : AHMADABAD, BANGALORE, BHOPAL, BHUBANESHWAR, COIMBATORE, +FARIDABAD, GHAZTABAD, GUWAHAll, HYDERABAD, JAIPUR, KANPUR, +LUCKNOW, PATNA, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. + + + +Printed at Printwcll Printers. Aligarh, India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/6b534ac898837d10.txt b/corpus/building/text/6b534ac898837d10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..72868050f212c3dcfa5e80b64a1892c7e91931ed --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/6b534ac898837d10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +BEAVER: Building Environments with Assessable Variation for Evaluating Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning + +Recent years have seen significant advancements in designing reinforcement learning (RL)-based agents for building energy management. While individual success is observed in simulated or controlled environments, the scalability of RL approaches in terms of efficiency and generalization across building dynamics and operational scenarios remains an open question. In this work, we formally characterize the generalization space for the cross-environment, multi-objective building energy management task, and formulate the multi-objective contextual RL problem. Such a formulation helps understand the challenges of transferring learned policies across varied operational contexts such as climate and heat convection dynamics under multiple control objectives such as comfort level and energy consumption. We provide a principled way to parameterize such contextual information in realistic building RL environments, and construct a novel benchmark to facilitate the evaluation of generalizable RL algorithms in practical building control tasks. Our results show that existing multi-objective RL methods are capable of achieving reasonable trade-offs between conflicting objectives. However, their performance degrades under certain environment variations, underscoring the importance of incorporating dynamics-dependent contextual information into the policy learning process. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/6c77aaa9fdf4cfbd.txt b/corpus/building/text/6c77aaa9fdf4cfbd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86df6c71c53b0b324fecfcc5a45ef26a3d626f93 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/6c77aaa9fdf4cfbd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Real-time design of architectural structures with differentiable mechanics and neural networks + +Designing mechanically efficient geometry for architectural structures like shells, towers, and bridges is an expensive iterative process. Existing techniques for solving such inverse mechanical problems rely on traditional direct optimization methods, which are slow and computationally expensive, limiting iteration speed and design exploration. Neural networks would seem to offer a solution, via data-driven amortized optimization for specific design tasks, but they often require extensive fine-tuning and cannot ensure that important design criteria, such as mechanical integrity, are met. In this work, we combine neural networks with a differentiable mechanics simulator to develop a model that accelerates the solution of shape approximation problems for architectural structures modeled as bar systems. As a result, our model offers explicit guarantees to satisfy mechanical constraints while generating designs that match target geometries. We validate our model in two tasks, the design of masonry shells and cable-net towers. Our model achieves better accuracy and generalization than fully neural alternatives, and comparable accuracy to direct optimization but in real time, enabling fast and sound design exploration. We further demonstrate the real-world potential of our trained model by deploying it in 3D modeling software and by fabricating a physical prototype. Our work opens up new opportunities for accelerated physical design enhanced by neural networks for the built environment. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/6c8a809256018f17.txt b/corpus/building/text/6c8a809256018f17.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7141935867f3400cbd011ef228ce6990ed9b04ae --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/6c8a809256018f17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Explain Before You Answer: A Survey on Compositional Visual Reasoning + +Compositional visual reasoning has emerged as a key research frontier in multimodal AI, aiming to endow machines with the human-like ability to decompose visual scenes, ground intermediate concepts, and perform multi-step logical inference. While early surveys focus on monolithic vision-language models or general multimodal reasoning, a dedicated synthesis of the rapidly expanding compositional visual reasoning literature is still missing. We fill this gap with a comprehensive survey spanning 2023 to 2025 that systematically reviews 260+ papers from top venues (CVPR, ICCV, NeurIPS, ICML, ACL, etc.). We first formalize core definitions and describe why compositional approaches offer advantages in cognitive alignment, semantic fidelity, robustness, interpretability, and data efficiency. Next, we trace a five-stage paradigm shift: from prompt-enhanced language-centric pipelines, through tool-enhanced LLMs and tool-enhanced VLMs, to recently minted chain-of-thought reasoning and unified agentic VLMs, highlighting their architectural designs, strengths, and limitations. We then catalog 60+ benchmarks and corresponding metrics that probe compositional visual reasoning along dimensions such as grounding accuracy, chain-of-thought faithfulness, and high-resolution perception. Drawing on these analyses, we distill key insights, identify open challenges (e.g., limitations of LLM-based reasoning, hallucination, a bias toward deductive reasoning, scalable supervision, tool integration, and benchmark limitations), and outline future directions, including world-model integration, human-AI collaborative reasoning, and richer evaluation protocols. By offering a unified taxonomy, historical roadmap, and critical outlook, this survey aims to serve as a foundational reference and inspire the next generation of compositional visual reasoning research. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/6e0988d835d926ed.txt b/corpus/building/text/6e0988d835d926ed.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3cc609a92e262ee2df97761ef40561c4d99c2413 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/6e0988d835d926ed.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +VideoGameBench: Can Vision-Language Models complete popular video games? + +Vision-language models (VLMs) have achieved strong results on coding and math benchmarks that are challenging for humans, yet their ability to perform tasks that come naturally to humans--such as perception, spatial navigation, and memory management--remains understudied. Real video games are crafted to be intuitive for humans to learn and master by leveraging innate inductive biases, making them an ideal testbed for evaluating such capabilities in VLMs. To this end, we introduce VideoGameBench, a benchmark consisting of 10 popular video games from the 1990s that VLMs directly interact with in real-time. VideoGameBench challenges models to complete entire games with access to only raw visual inputs and a high-level description of objectives and controls, a significant departure from existing setups that rely on game-specific scaffolding and auxiliary information. We keep three of the games secret to encourage solutions that generalize to unseen environments. Our experiments show that frontier vision-language models struggle to progress beyond the beginning of each game. We find inference latency to be a major limitation of frontier models in the real-time setting; therefore, we introduce VideoGameBench Lite, a setting where the game pauses while waiting for the LM's next action. The best performing model, Gemini 2.5 Pro, completes only 0.48% of VideoGameBench and 1.6% of VideoGameBench Lite. We hope that the formalization of the human skills mentioned above into this benchmark motivates progress in these research directions. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/7100e7effce3d072.txt b/corpus/building/text/7100e7effce3d072.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d06ec1c82f660ff2625844c93c29505b21dbd134 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/7100e7effce3d072.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Building floorspace and stock measurement: A review of global efforts, knowledge gaps, and research priorities + +Despite a substantial body of research-evidenced by our analysis of 2,628 peer-reviewed papers-global building floorspace data remain fragmented, inconsistent, and methodologically diverse. The lack of high-quality and openly accessible datasets poses major challenges to accurately assessing building carbon neutrality. This review focuses on global building floorspace, especially its nexus with energy and emissions. The key research areas include energy modeling, emissions analysis, building retrofits, and life cycle assessments. Each measurement approach-top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid-has its own limitations: top-down methods provide broad estimates but low accuracy, whereas bottom-up approaches are more precise but data intensive. Our simulations reveal a surge in floorspace growth across emerging economies-most notably in India, Indonesia, and Africa-with India's per capita floorspace projected to triple by 2070. We emphasize the need for a high-resolution global floorspace imagery database to compare energy efficiency, track decarbonization progress, and assess renovation impacts while promoting building sufficiency and accelerating the transition to net-zero building systems. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/71e2c3343e5de75b.txt b/corpus/building/text/71e2c3343e5de75b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5536ffb8f0cd8f359aa632bdad77f49d5c23dba --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/71e2c3343e5de75b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Dynamics and dose response in scaffold ligand binding + +This paper considers systems in which two or more ligands bind independently to a common scaffold. Such systems arise in a range of applications, including immunotherapy and synthetic biology. We show that each stoichiometric compatibility class contains a unique steady state, and that this steady state is asymptotically stable. The main result gives a rigorous proof that the steady-state concentration of the fully bound complex, viewed as a function of the total scaffold concentration, has a unique maximum. This biphasic dose response is a characteristic feature of scaffolding systems and, in the special case of two ligands, plays an important role in the design and analysis of bispecific antibody drugs. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/726d3d50a3676329.txt b/corpus/building/text/726d3d50a3676329.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25fec21d9762493db3108fb7f71207dd304bbee3 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/726d3d50a3676329.txt @@ -0,0 +1,199211 @@ +Contents + + + + +Previous + + + + +Query + + + +^^ft Next + + + + +Prev. Hit + + + +8 A AC 77.005. Elevator safety standards code + +(a) The minimum elevator safety standards applicable to elevators, escalators, and similar devices +in the state are set out in the following editions of safety codes for elevators, escalators, platform +lifts and stairway chairlifts, published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) +and are adopted by reference: + + + +(1) the Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, 2004 edition (ASME A17. 1-2004), + + + +(A) including Addenda to ASME Al 7. 1-2004: Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, dated +April 29, 2005 (ASME A17.1a-2005), and Supplement to ASME A17. 1-2004: Safety Code for +Elevators and Escalators , 2005 edition (ASME A17.1S-2005); + + + +Home + + + +How + + + +to Query + + + +(B) except as provided in (b) and (c) of this section; and + + + +(C) except that the following sections are not adopted as part of the minimum elevator safety +standards applicable to elevators, escalators, and similar devices in the state: + + + +(i) Section 1 .1 .2(v) (Dock Levelers); regardless of their length of travel, dock levelers are not +subject to the minimum elevator safety standards applicable to elevators, escalators, and similar +devices in the state; + + + +(ii) Section 4.3 (Hand Elevators); + +(iii) Section 5.3 (Private Residence Elevators); + +(iv) Section 5.4 (Private Residence Inclined Elevators); + +(v) Section 5.8 (Shipboard Elevators); + +(vi) Section 5.9 (Mine Elevators); + + + +Title 8 Labor and Workforce Development +Part 4 Occupational Safety and Health Division +Chapter 77 Elevator Safety Standards +Article 1 Elevator Safety Standards Code + + + +The American Society of +IVIechanical Engineers + + + +ASMEA1 7. 1-2004 + +(Revision of ASME A1 7. 1-2000) + + + +V . + + + +SAFETY CODE +FOR ELEVATORS +AND ESCALATORS + + + +Includes Requi'rements for Elevators, Escalators, Dumbwaiters, Moving Walks, +Material Lifts, and Dumbwaiters With Automatic Transfer Devices + + + +AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD + + + + +The American Society of +l\/leciianical Engineers + + + +AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD + + + +SAFETY CODE + +FOR ELEVATORS + +AND ESCALATORS + + + +Requiremeots iop Elevatops, Escalators, Dumbwaiters, Moving Waiiis, +iVIateriai Lifts, and Dumiiwaiters Witii Automatic Transler Devices + + + +E A17.1-2004 + +(lnltlaiinAI7.1-20lll) + + + + +Date of Issuance: April 30, 2004 + + + +This edition was approved by the American National Standards Institute on January 14, 2004. It was +issued on April 30, 2004 and is effective as of October 31, 2004. + +This edition of the Code is being issued with an automatic addenda subscription service. The use +of an addenda allows revisions made in response to public review comments or committee actions +to be published on a regular basis; revisions published in addenda will become effective six months +after the Date of Issuance of the addenda unless noted otherwise within a given addenda. The next +edition of this Code is scheduled for publication in 2007. + +ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Code. +The interpretations will be included with this edition and with each addenda. Interpretations are also +published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at http://www.asme.org/codes/ as +they are issued. + + + +ASME is the registered trademarl< of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. + +This code was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards. The +Standards Committee that approved the code was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned +interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code was made available for public review and comment +that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public- +at-large. + +ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. + +ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any +items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for +infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability. Users of a code are expressly advised that +determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own +responsibility. + +Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as +government or industry endorsement of this code. + +ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established +ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals. + + + +No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, + +in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, + +without the prior written permission of the publisher. + + + +The American Society of Mechanical Engineers +Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016 + + + +Copyright © 2004 by + +THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS + +All rights reserved + +Printed in U.S.A. + + + +CONTENTS + + + +Foreword viii + +Committee Roster xii + +Preface xvi + +Summary of Changes xix + +Part 1 General 1 + +1.1 Scope 1 + +1.2 Purpose and Exceptions 2 + +1.3 Definitions 2 + +Part 2 Electric Elevators 16 + +2.1 Construction of Hoistways and Hoistway Enclosures 16 + +2.2 Pits 18 + +2.3 Location and Guarding of Counterweights 19 + +2.4 Vertical Clearances and Runbys for Cars and Counterweights 20 + +2.5 Horizontal Car and Counterweight Clearances 23 + +2.6 Protection of Space Below Hoistways 23 + +2.7 Machine Rooms and Machinery Spaces 24 + +2.8 Equipment in Hoistways and Machine Rooms 26 + +2.9 Machinery and Sheave Beams, Supports, and Foundations 27 + +2.10 Guarding of Equipment and Standard Railing 29 + +2.11 Protection of Hoistway Openings 29 + +2.12 Hoistway Door Locking Devices and Electric Contacts, and Hoistway + +Access Switches 37 + +2.13 Power Operation of Hoistway Doors and Car Doors 41 + +2.14 Car Enclosures, Car Doors and Gates, and Car Illumination 43 + +2.15 Car Frames and Platforms 51 + +2.16 Capacity and Loading 54 + +2.17 Car and Counterweight Safeties 59 + +2.18 Speed Governors 62 + +2.19 Ascending Car Overspeed and Unintended Car Movement + +Protection 65 + +2.20 Suspension Ropes and Their Connections 67 + +2.21 Counterweights 73 + +2.22 Buffers and Bumpers 74 + +2.23 Car and Counterweight Guide Rails, Guide-Rail Supports, and + +Fastenings 71 + +I.TA Driving Machines and Sheaves 85 + +2.25 Terminal Stopping Devices 87 + +2.26 Operating Devices and Control Equipment 90 + +2.27 Emergency Operation and Signaling Devices 97 + +2.28 Layout Drawings 104 + +2.29 Identification 104 + +Part 3 Hydraulic Elevators 106 + +3.1 Construction of Hoistways and Hoistway Enclosures 106 + +3.2 Pits 106 + +3.3 Location and Guarding of Counterweights 106 + +3.4 Bottom and Top Clearances and Runbys for Cars and + +Coimterweights 106 + +3.5 Horizontal Car and Counterweight Clearances 108 + + + +3.6 Protection of Spaces Below Hoistway 108 + +3.7 Machine Rooms and Machinery Spaces 108 + +3.8 Electrical Equipment, Wiring, Pipes, and Ducts in Hoistway and Machine + +Rooms 108 + +3.9 Machinery and Sheave Beams, Supports, and Foundations 108 + +3.10 Guarding of Exposed Auxiliary Equipment 108 + +3.11 Protection of Hoistway Landing Openings 108 + +3.12 Hoistway Door Locking Devices, Car Door or Gate Electric Contacts, + +and Hoistway Access Switches 108 + +3.13 Power Operation, Power Opening, and Power Closing of Hoistway Doors + +and Car Doors or Gates 109 + +3.14 Car Enclosures, Car Doors and Gates, and Car Illumination 109 + +3.15 Car Frames and Platforms 109 + +3.16 Capacity and Loading 109 + +3.17 Car and Counterweight Safeties and Plunger Gripper 110 + +3.18 Hydraulic Jacks Ill + +3.19 Valves, Pressure Piping, and Fittings 114 + +3.20 Ropes and Rope Cormections 116 + +3.21 Counterweights 116 + +3.22 Buffers and Bumpers 116 + +3.23 Guide Rails, Guide-Rail Supports, and Fastenings 117 + +3.24 Hydraulic Machines and Tanks 117 + +3.25 Terminal Stopping Devices 117 + +3.26 Operating Devices and Control Equipment 118 + +3.27 Emergency Operation and Signaling Devices 120 + +3.28 Layout Data 121 + +3.29 Identification 121 + +Part 4 Elevators With Other Types of Driving Machines 122 + +4.1 Rack and Pinion Elevators 122 + +4.2 Screw-Column Elevators 124 + +4.3 Hand Elevators 128 + +Part 5 Special Application Elevators 131 + +5.1 Inclined Elevators 131 + +5.2 Limited-Use /Limited- Application Elevators 137 + +5.3 Private Residence Elevators 142 + +5.4 Private Residence Inclined Elevators 149 + +5.5 Power Sidewalk Elevators 153 + +5.6 Rooftop Elevators 157 + +5.7 Special Purpose Persormel Elevators 161 + +5.8 Shipboard Elevators 166 + +5.9 Mine Elevators 167 + +5.10 Elevators Used for Construction 170 + +Part 6 Escalators and Moving Walks 176 + +6.1 Escalators 176 + +6.2 Moving Walks 188 + +Part 7 Dumbwaiters and Material Lifts 199 + +7.1 Power and Hand Dumbwaiters Without Automatic Transfer Devices 199 + +7.2 Electric and Hand Dumbwaiters Without Automatic Transfer + +Devices 203 + +7.3 Hydraulic Dumbwaiters Without Automatic Transfer Devices 209 + +7.4 Material Lifts Without Automatic Transfer Devices 210 + +7.5 Electric Material Lifts Without Automatic Transfer Devices 214 + +7.6 Hydraulic Material Lifts Without Automatic Transfer Devices 219 + +in Automatic Transfer Devices 219 + +7.8 Power Dumbwaiters With Automatic Transfer Devices 220 + + + +7.9 Electric Material Lifts With Automatic Transfer Devices 220 + +7.10 Hydraulic Material Lifts With Automatic Transfer Devices 222 + +7.11 Material Lifts With Obscured Transfer Devices 222 + +Part 8 General Requirements 223 + +8.1 Security 223 + +8.2 Design Data and Formulas 223 + +8.3 Engineering Tests, Type Tests, and Certification 241 + +8.4 Elevator Safety Requirements for Seismic Risk Zone 2 or Greater 248 + +8.5 Escalator and Moving Walk Safety Requirement for Seismic Risk Zone 2 + +or Greater 269 + +8.6 Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement 270 + +8.7 Alterations 279 + +8.8 Welding 293 + +8.9 Code Data Plate 293 + +8.10 Acceptance Inspections and Tests 293 + +8.11 Periodic Inspections and Tests 307 + +Part 9 Reference Codes, Standards, and Specifications 318 + +9.1 Reference Documents 319 + +9.2 Procurement Information 325 + +Figures + +2.16.1.1 Inside Net Platform Areas for Passenger Elevators 55 + +2.20.9.4 Tapered Rope Sockets 70 + +2.20.9.5 Wedge Rope Sockets 70 + +2.23.3 Elevator Guide Rails 71 + +2.23.4.1-1 Maximum Weight of a Car With Rated Load or of Counterweight With + +Safety Device for a Pair of Guide Rails as Specified + +in 2.23.4.1 79 + +2.23.4.1-2 Minimum Moment of Inertia About x-x Axis for a Single Guide Rail + +With Its Reinforcement 80 + +2.27.3.1.6(h) Visual Signal 100 + +2.27.3.3.7 Panel Layout 102 + +2.27.7.1 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation Instructions 104 + +2.27.7.2 Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation 105 + +5.1.17.3 Vertical and Horizontal Components of Velocity 135 + +6.1.3.3.10 Dimensions 178 + +6.1.6.9.1 Caution Sign 186 + +8.2.1.2 Minimum Rated Load for Passenger Elevators 225 + +8.2.2.5.1 Turning Moment Based on Class of Loading 226 + +8.2.4 Gravity Stopping Distances 229 + +8.2.5 Maximum Governor Tripping Speeds 230 + +8.2.6 Stopping Distances for Type B Car and Counterweight Safeties 232 + +8.2.7 Minimum Factors of Safety of Suspension Wire Ropes of Power + +Passenger and Freight Elevators 235 + +8.2.8.1.1 Allowable Gross Loads 236 + +8.2.9.1.3 Load Distribution 239 + +8.4.3.1.3 Arc of Contact 249 + +8.4.8.2-1 12 kg/m (8 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 252 + +8.4.8.2-2 16.5 kg/m (11 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 253 + +8.4.8.2-3 18 kg/m (12 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 254 + +8.4.8.2-4 22.5 kg/m (15 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 255 + +8.4.8.2-5 27.5 kg/m (18.5 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 256 + +8.4.8.2-6 33.5 kg/m (22.5 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 257 + +8.4.8.2-7 44.5 kg/m (30 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 258 + +8.4.8.2-8 Car and Counterweight Load Factor 259 + +8.4.8.9 Guide-Rail Axes 262 + + + +8.4.10.1.1 Earthquake Elevator Equipment Requirements Diagrammatic + +Representation 263 + +8.4.10.1.3 Earthquake Emergency Operation Diagrammatic Representation 265 + +8.11.4.2.19(e) 315 + +Tables + +2.4.2.2 Minimum Bottom Runby for Counterweight Elevators With Spring + +Buffers or Solid Bumpers and Rheostatic Control or Single-Speed + +AC Control 21 + +2.15.10.1 Maximum Allowable Stresses in Car Frame and Platform Members + +and Connections, for Steels Specified in 2.15.6.2.1 and 2.15.6.2.2 54 + +2.16.1.1 Maximum Inside Net Platform Areas for the Various Rated Loads 55 + +2.17.3 Maximum and Miiumum Stopping Distances for Type B Car Safeties + +With Rated Load and Type B Counterweight Safeties 60 + +2.18.2.1 Maximum Car Speeds at Which Speed Governor Trips and Governor + +Overspeed Switch Operates 63 + +2.18.7.4 Multiplier for Determining Governor Sheave Pitch Diameter 65 + +2.20.3 Minimum Factors of Safety for Suspension Wire Ropes 68 + +2.20.9.4.5 Relation of Rope Diameter to Diameter of the Small Socket Hole 70 + +2.22.3.1 Minimum Spring Buffer Stroke 75 + +2.22.4.1 Miiumum Oil Buffer Strokes 76 + +2.23.3 T-Section Guide-Rail Dimensions 78 + +2.23.4.2 Load Multiplying Factor for Duplex Safeties 83 + +2.23.4.3.1 Guide Rails for Counterweight Without Safeties 84 + +2.23.4.3.3 Intermediate Tie Brackets 84 + +2.23.7.2.1 Minimum Thickness of Fishplates and Miiumum Diameter of + +Fastening Bolts 85 + +2.23.10.2 Minimum Size of Rail-Fastening Bolts 85 + +2.26.12.1 Symbol Identification 96 + +4.1.9.1 Maximum and Minimum Stopping Distances for Rack-and-Pinion + +Safeties With Rated Load 124 + +5.1.14.2 Minimum and Maximum Stopping Distances at Given Angles From + +Horizontal 134 + +5.1.17.2 Spring Buffer Stroke 135 + +5.1.17.4.4 Minimum Oil Buffer Strokes at Given Angle From Horizontal 136 + +6.2.3.7 Treadway Width 191 + +6.2.4 Treadway Speed 193 + +7.2.6.4 Factors of Safety for Wire Rope and Chains 206 + +7.2.8.1 Minimum Spring Buffer Strokes 207 + +7.2.8.2 Minimum Oil Buffer Strokes 207 + +7.4.3 Type B Material Lifts 211 + +7.9.2.13 Minimum Spring Buffer Strokes 221 + +7.9.2.14 Minimum Oil Buffer Strokes 222 + +8.4.8.7 Stresses and Deflections of Guide-Rail Brackets and Supports 261 + +8.4.11.3 Pipe Support Spacing 266 + +8.4.12.2.2 Maximum Allowable Deflection 269 + +8.11.2.1.3(cc)(l) Wire Suspension and Compensation Ropes 309 + +8.11.2.1.3(cc)(3) 310 + +8.11.2.3.4 Brake Test Loads 312 + +Nonmandatory Appendices + +A Control System 327 + +B Door Landing and Unlocking Zones 329 + +C Location of Top Emergency Exit 330 + +D Rated Load and Capacity Plates for Passenger Elevators 331 + +E CSA B44 Elevator Requirements for Persons With Physical + +Disabilities 332 + + + +F Ascending Car Overspeed and Unintended Car Movement + +Protection 333 + +G Top of Car Clearance (3.4.4) 337 + +H Private Residence Elevator Guarding (5.3.1.6.2) 339 + +I Escalator and Moving Walk Diagrams 340 + +J CSA B44 Maintenance Requirements and Intervals for Elevators, + +Dumbwaiters, Escalators, and Moving Walks 346 + +K Beveling and Clearance Requirements (7.4.7.4) 347 + +L Index of Alteration Requirements for Electric Elevators, Hydraulic + +Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks 348 + +M Inertia Application for Type A Safety Device Location of Test Weight + +[8.10.2.2.2(bb)(2)] 353 + +N Recommended Inspection and Test Intervals in "Months" 354 + +O Elevator Corridor Call Station Pictograph 356 + +P Plunger Gripper Stopping Distances 357 + +Index 358 + + + +vu + + + +(0« + + + +FOREWORD + + + +The first edition of this Code was published in January +1921. It was prepared by an American Society of +Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Committee on Protection +of Industrial Workers with the assistance of representa- +tives of a number of interests including manufacturers, +insurance carriers, regulatory bodies, and technical soci- +eties. + +Subsequently, ASME requested the American Engi- +neering Standards Committee (AESC) to authorize the +organization of a Sectional Committee to undertake this +revision. They acted favorably on this request, and in +January 1922, assigned sponsorship for the project +jointly to the American Institute of Architects, the +National Bureau of Standards, and ASME, all three of +whom had taken an active part in the preparation of +the first edition of the Code. + +The organization meeting of the Sectional Committee +A17 was held in November 1922. A number of meetings +of the Committee were held during the next two years +and in July 1925, a revision of the 1921 Code was com- +pleted, approved by the AESC, and published as an +American Standard. + +Subsequent to the publication of the 1925 revision of +the Code, the necessity for development research on the +design and construction of car safeties and oil buffers +and for the development of test specifications for various +parts of elevator equipment was realized. + +As a result, a Subcommittee on Research, Recommen- +dations, and Interpretations was appointed in 1926. This +subcommittee held regular meetings thereafter until +interrupted by the war in 1940, and carried on an exten- +sive test program at the National Bureau of Standards +in cormection with oil buffers and car safeties. Subse- +quent to the war, the name of this subcommittee was +changed to "Executive Committee for the Elevator +Safety Code." + +The information gained as a result of these tests, +together with the developments that had occurred in +the design of the equipment as a result of installations +made in very tall buildings, prompted the Sectional +Committee to prepare and issue the third edition of the +Code in 1931. The third edition was approved by the +Sectional Committee in February 1931, and subse- +quently by the sponsors and by the American Standards +Association (formerly the AESC) in July 1931. + +Further experience and developments in the design +of elevator equipment, led the Sectional Committee, in +line with its policy of revising the Code periodically, to +prepare the fourth edition in 1937, which was approved + + + +by the sponsors and by the American Standards Associa- +tion (ASA) in July 1937. + +A fifth edition of the Code was well under way in +1940 when it was necessary to suspend the work due +to the Second World War. However, a number of the +revisions already agreed upon by the Sectional Commit- +tee and approved by the sponsors and by the ASA in +April 1942, were issued as a supplement to the 1937 +edition. They were subsequently incorporated in a +reprint of the 1937 edition in 1945. In response to public +demand, requirements for private residence elevators +were also issued in a separate supplement, ASA A17.1.5- +1953, and incorporated into the Code as Part V in the +1955 edition. + +The Sectional Committee reinitiated consideration of +the fifth edition of the Code in 1946. Due to the consider- +able period which had elapsed since the fourth revision +in 1937, and to the very extensive developments in the +elevator art, the committee decided that the Code should +be completely rewritten and brought up to date. + +Special subcommittees were appointed to prepare the +revisions of the various requirements. The membership +of each subcommittee consisted of persons especially +familiar with the requirements to be covered by that +subcommittee. Fifteen subcommittees were set up with +a total membership of over 150 persons. The member- +ship of these subcommittees was not confined to mem- +bers of the Sectional Committee. It also included other +persons having expert knowledge of the subjects under +consideration by the subcommittees. These subcommit- +tees and their personnel were listed in the 1955 edition +of the Code. + +The drafts prepared by these subcommittees were +widely circulated to interested groups for comment. +After review of the comments and correlation of the +drafts, the fifth edition of the Code was approved by +the Sectional Committee, subsequently by the sponsors, +and by the ASA in June 1955. + +In December 1957, a Supplement to the Code listing +a number of revisions was approved by the ASA and +published by ASME. + +A sixth edition was published in 1960 which incorpo- +rated the revisions contained in the 1957 Supplement as +well as approximately 96 revisions which were approved +by the Sectional Committee in March 1960. + +In 1958 the scope of the A17 Code was ervlarged to +include moving walks. The membership of the Sectional +Committee was expanded to include manufacturers +whose primary interest in the Committee was the devel- +opment of rules and regulations on moving walks. A + + + +subcommittee prepared a Safety Code for Moving Walks +which was approved by the Sectional Committee, the +sponsors, and by the ASA on March 20, 1962. This Code +was published as Part XIII of the A17.1 Code, and was +designated ASA A17.1.13-1962. + +During 1962 and 1963, 38 additional changes to Parts +I through XII of A17.1 were approved by the Sectional +Committee, the sponsors, and the ASA, and were pub- +lished as the 1963 Supplement to the 1960 edition of the +Code. + +A seventh edition was published in 1965 which incor- +porated the rules of the Safety Code for Moving Walks, +ASA A17.1. 13-1962, as Part XIII, the revisions covered +by the 1963 Supplement as well as approximately 90 +other revisions approved by the Sectional Committee, +the sponsors, and the ASA. The title of the Code was +also changed to the American Standard Safety Code for +Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators, and Moving Walks. + +On August 24, 1966, the American Standards Associa- +tion was reconstituted as the United States of America +Standards Institute. The designation of standards +approved as American Standards was changed to USA +Standards. There was no change in the index identifica- +tion or the technical content of the standards. At the +same time, the ASA Sectional Committee, A17 on A +Safety Code for Elevators, was changed to the USA Stan- +dards Committee, A17 on A Safety Code for Elevators. +Four supplements to this edition were published from +1967 through 1970. + +The United States of America Standards Institute later +changed its name to American National Standards Insti- +tute, Incorporated (ANSI) on October 6, 1969. At the +time that the new name became effective, the designa- +tion USA Standard was changed to American National +Standard and the name of committees changed from +USA Standards Committees to American National Stan- +dards Committees. The alphabetical designation of stan- +dard documents was changed from USA to ANSI. + +The eighth edition of the Code (1971) incorporated +the revisions covered by the four supplements and an +additional 94 revisions. Seven supplements were issued +from 1972 through 1976. Part XIV covering Material Lifts +and Dumbwaiters with Automatic Transfer Devices was +added in supplement ANSI A17.1d-1975. + +The ninth edition of the Code (1978) incorporated 75 +revisions in addition to those covered by the previous +supplements. Part XV covering Special Purpose Person- +nel Elevators was added and the Reference Codes, Stan- +dards, and Specifications were moved from the Preface +to a new Part XVI. Two supplements to this edition were +issued in 1979 and 1980. + +The tenth edition of the Code (1981) incorporated the +revisions covered by Supplements ANSI A17.1a-1979 +and ANSI A17.1b-1980, as well as the following new +material: Part XVII, Inclined Elevators; Appendix F, Seis- +mic Regulations; and Appendix G, Recommended Prac- +tice for Accelerating Moving Walks. Rule 211.3 and Part + + + +V were also completely revised, with the Private Resi- +dence Inclined Lifts moved to Part XVIII. Numerous +other revisions and additions were also included which +were approved since the time of the 1980 supplement. + +The tenth edition of the Code was approved by the +A17 Standards Committee. Since that time, the commit- +tee was reorganized in accordance with the ANSI +Accredited Organization Method under the sponsorship +of ASME. With this reorganization, the National Bureau +of Standards and the American Institute of Architects +relinquished their roles as cosecretariats. The Standards, +Conference, and Executive Committees were also +restructured as the Main Committee and the National +Interest Review Committee, with the Working Commit- +tees (subcommittees) continuing to operate as before. + +This reorganization also prompted a change in the +title of the Code to the ANSI/ASME A17.1 Safety Code +for Elevators and Escalators. The title was also shortened +for convenience, and it should not be construed that the +Code no longer covers dumbwaiters, moving walks, or +the other equipment included within the Scope of the +Code. + +Two supplements to the 1981 edition were issued: +ANSI/ASME A17.1a-1982 and ANSI/ASME A17.1b- +1983. The 1982 supplement included a new Part XIX +covering Elevators Used for Construction. In the 1983 +supplement, the requirements for Private Residence +Inclined Lifts in Part XVIII were expanded and incorpo- +rated into a new Part XXI covering Private Residence +Inclined Stairway Chairlifts and Inclined and Vertical +Wheelchair Lifts. Part XX was added to cover these same +devices installed in buildings other than private resi- +dences. Requirements for Screw Column Elevators were +also added and designated as Part XVIII. + +The eleventh edition of the Code (1984) incorporated +the changes made in the 1982 and 1983 supplements, as +well as additional revisions. + +The eleventh edition was updated with five supple- +ments which were issued approximately every 6 months +in 1985 through the spring of 1987. Appendix I (since +redesignated as Appendix E) was added in ANSI/ASME +A17.1a-1985. Requirements for rack and pinion eleva- +tors were added in ANSI/ASME A17.1c-1986, desig- +nated as Part XVI. The previous Part XVI (Reference +Codes, Standards, and Specifications) was moved to Sec- +tion 4 of the Introduction. In ANSI/ASME A17.1d-1986, +the requirements for sidewalk elevators in Part IV, and +alterations in Part XII, were completely revised. + +The twelfth edition of the Code incorporated the +changes made in supplements A17.1a-1985 through +A17.1e-1987, as well as additional revisions. Among +these changes was a complete revision of the require- +ments for dumbwaiters in Part VII. The format of the +Code was also changed editorially to incorporate Excep- +tions into the body of the Rules. + +The thirteenth edition of the Code incorporated the +changes made in A17.1a-1988 and A17.1b-1989 as well + + + +as additional revisions. Part XXII, Shipboard Elevators, +was added in A17.1b-1989. Part XXIII, Rooftop Eleva- +tors, appeared for the first time in this edition. + +The fourteenth edition of the Code incorporates the +changes made in A17.1a-1991 and A17.1b-1992 as well +as the revisions shown in the Summary of Changes. +Safety requirements for seismic risk zone 3 and greater +were moved from Appendix F into new Part XXIV, Eleva- +tor Safety Requirements for Seismic Risk Zone 2 or +Greater. Requirements for seismic risk zone 2 were +added to Part XXIV. + +The fifteenth edition of the Code incorporates the +changes made in A17.1a-1994 and A17.1b-1995 as well +as the revisions shown in the Summary of Changes. Part +XXV, Limited Use /Limited Application Elevators, was +added in A17.1b-1995. The rules in Part III have been +harmonized with the CAN/CSA B44, Elevator Safety +Standard, Sections 4 and 11, and Appendix G4. + +The sixteenth edition of the Code incorporates +changes made in A17.1a-1997 through A17.1d-2000. +Requirements for Mine Elevators have also been added +in Section 5.9 of this edition. In addition, the entire Code + + + +was reformatted to incorporate a decimal numbering +system. For this edition of the Code cross-reference +tables have been provided in order to facilitate the corre- +lation between requirements from the fifteenth edition +of the Code to the renumbered requirements of the six- +teenth edition and vice versa. It is also noted, that this +edition of A17.1 was the result of a joint effort between +the ASME A17 Elevator and Escalator Committee and +the CSA B44 Technical Committee to harmonize require- +ments between the ASME A17.1, Safety Code for Eleva- +tors and Escalators, and the CSA B44, Safety Code for +Elevators. + +This seventeenth edition of the Code incorporates +changes made in A17.1a-2002 and A17.1b-2003. Addi- +tionally, in Sections 8.10 and 8.11, cross-references have +been updated to reflect ASME A17.2-2001, Guide for +Inspection of Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks. + +The following is a complete list of past editions and +supplements to the Code that have been published and +the dates when they received final approval. The dates of +issuance are also included for the documents published +since 1974, and the dates on which they became effective +are included for those published since 1978. + + + +Editions and Supplements + + +Approved + + +Issued + + +First Edition + + +1921 + + +January 1921 + + + + +Second Edition + + +A17-1925 + + +April 1925 + + + + +Third Edition + + +ASA A17-1931 + + +July 1931 + + + + +Fourth Edition + + +ASA A17.1-1937 + + +July 1937 + + + + +Supplements + + +ASA A17.^1942 + + +April 1942 + + + + + + +ASA A17.1.5-1953 + + +June 9, 1953 + + + + +Fifth Edition + + +ASA A17.1-1955 + + +June 15, 1955 + + + + +Supplements + + +ASA A17.1a-1957 + + +December 10, 1957 + + + + +Sixth Edition + + +ASA A17.1-1960 + + +August 29, 1960 + + + + +Supplements + + +ASA A17.1.13-1962 + + +March 20, 1962 + + + + + + +ASA A17.1a-1963 + + +August 16, 1963 + + + + +Seventh Edition + + +ASA A17.1-1965 + + +July 29, 1965 + + + + +Supplements + + +USAS A17.1a-1967 + + +July 7, 1967 + + + + + + +USAS A17.1b-1968 + + +December 11, 1968 + + + + + + +USAS A17.1C-1969 + + +May 6, 1969 + + + + + + +ANSI A17.1d-1970 + + +March 2, 1970 + + + + +Eighth Edition + + +ANSI A17.1-1971 + + +July 27, 1971 + + + + +Supplements + + +ANSI A17.1a-1972 + + +February 16, 1972 + + + + + + +ANSI A17.1b-1973 + + +October 11, 1973 + + + + + + +ANSI A17.1C-1974 + + +AprQ 26, 1974 + + +September 15, 1974 + + + + +ANSI A17.1d-1975 + + +February 26, 1975 + + +October 31, 1975 + + + + +ANSI A17.1fr-1975 + + +March 26, 1975 + + +October 31, 1975 + + + + +ANSI A17.1f-1975 + + +April 2, 1975 + + +October 31, 1975 + + + + +ANSI A17.1g-1976 + + +August 12, 1976 + + +November 30, 1976 + + + +Effective + + + +Editions and Supplements + + + +Approved + + + +Issued + + + +Effective + + + +Ninth Edition + + +ANSI A17.1-1978 + + +May 4, 1978 + + +June 15, 1978 + + +September 15, 1978 + + +Supplements + + +ANSI A17.1a-1979 + + +February 5, 1979 + + +March 30, 1979 + + +June 30, 1979 + + + + +ANSI A17.1b-1980 + + +March 20, 1980 + + +May 15, 1980 + + +August 15, 1980 + + +Tenth Edition + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1-1981 + + +September 8, 1981 + + +October 22, 1981 + + +April 22, 1982 + + +Supplements + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1a-1982 + + +October 5, 1982 + + +November 30, 1982 + + +May 30, 1983 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1b-1983 + + +October 24, 1983 + + +December 23, 1983 + + +June 23, 1984 + + +Eleventh Edition + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1-1984 + + +August 16, 1984 + + +September 16, 1984 + + +March 16, 1985 + + +Supplements + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1a-1985 + + +February 27, 1985 + + +AprU 15, 1985 + + +October 15, 1985 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1b-1985 + + +August 6, 1985 + + +October 15, 1985 + + +AprU 15, 1986 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1C-1986 + + +March 5, 1986 + + +AprU 30, 1986 + + +October 31, 1986 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1d-1986 + + +September 8, 1986 + + +November 30, 1986 + + +May 31, 1987 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1e-1987 + + +February 18, 1987 + + +AprU 30, 1987 + + +October 30, 1987 + + +Twelfth Edition + + +ASME/ANSI A17.1-1987 + + +October 20, 1987 + + +January 15, 1988 + + +July 16,1988 + + +Supplements + + +ASME/ANSI A17.1a-1988 + + +October 6, 1988 + + +November 15, 1988 + + +May 16, 1989 + + + + +ASME/ANSI A17.1b-1989 + + +November 10, 1989 + + +November 30, 1989 + + +May 31, 1989 + + +Thirteenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-1990 + + +October 8, 1990 + + +February 8, 1991 + + +August 9, 1991 + + +Supplements + + +ASME A17.1a-1991 + + +October 21, 1991 + + +February 28, 1992 + + +August 29, 1992 + + + + +ASME A17.1b-1992 + + +October 28, 1992 + + +December 29, 1992 + + +June 30, 1993 + + +Fourteenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-1993 + + +October 18, 1993 + + +December 31, 1993 + + +July 1, 1994 + + +Supplements + + +ASME A17.1a-1994 + + +August 17, 1994 + + +December 31, 1994 + + +July 1, 1995 + + + + +ASME A17.1b-1995 + + +October 5, 1995 + + +January 31, 1996 + + +August 1, 1996 + + +Fifteenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-1996 + + +October 3, 1996 + + +December 31, 1996 + + +July 1, 1997 + + +Supplements + + +ASME A17.1a-1997 + + +January 8, 1998 + + +February 27, 1998 + + +August 28, 1998 + + + + +ASME A17.1b-1998 + + +November 13, 1998 + + +February 19, 1999 + + +August 20, 1999 + + + + +ASME A17.1C-1999 + + +May 13, 1999 + + +June 30, 1999 + + +December 31, 1999 + + + + +ASME A17.1d-2000 + + +October 12, 2000 + + +November 30, 2000 + + +January 31, 2001 + + +Sixteenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-2000 + + +October 16, 2000 + + +March 23, 2001 + + +March 23, 2002 + + +Supplements + + +ASME A17.1a-2002 + + +February 26, 2002 + + +AprU 4, 2002 + + +October 4, 2002 + + + + +ASME A17.1b-2003 + + +April 10, 2003 + + +May 30, 2003 + + +November 30, 2003 + + +Seventeenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + +January 14, 2004 + + +AprU 30, 2004 + + +October 31, 2004 + + + +• + + + +ASME A17 ELEVATOR +AND ESCALATOR COMMITTEE + + + +(December 2003) + + + +STANDARDS COMMIHEE + +R. L. Seymour, Chair + +H. E. Peelle III, Vice Chair + +D. L. Steel, Vice Chair + +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary + +L. Bialy, Otis Elevator Co. + +N. Marchitto, Alternate, Otis Elevator Co. + +W. C. Burklund, Montgomery Kone, Inc. + +D. J. Camp, Thyssen Krupp Elevator + +H. Simpkins, Alternate, Thyssen Krupp Elevator +J. W. Coaker, Coaker & Co., PC + +E. A. Donoghue, Edward A. Donoghue Associates, Inc. +R. E. Droste, Consultant + +J. A. Filippone, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey +J. H. Humphrey, Alternate, Port Authority of New York and New +Jersey + +C. C. Fox, Rainbow Security Control Ltd. + +G. W. Gibson, George W. Gibson and Associates, Inc. + +H. E. Godwin, Jr., The Godwin Co. + +R. A. Gregory, Vertex Corp. + +A. P. Juhasz, Kone, Inc. + +L. C. Kanicki, Elevator Subcode Official Township of Burlington NJ + +G. A. Kappenhagen, Schindler Elevator Corp. + +M. P. Lamb, Alternate, Schindler Elevator Corp. + +K. S. Lloyd, Abell Elevator International + +S. K. Lloyd, Alternate, Abell Elevator International + +N. B. Martin, Chief Elevator Insp. State of Ohio + +Z. R. McCain, Jr., McCain Engineering Associates, Inc. + +M. V. Farinola, Alternate, MV Farinola, Inc. + +D. A. McCoU, Otis Canada, Inc. + +J. L. Meyer, State of California, Division of Occupational Safety and + +Health +H. E. Peelle III, The Peelle Co., Ltd. +S. P. Reynolds, Alternate, The Peelle Co., Ltd. +R. L. Phillips, Georgia Department of Labor +V. P. Robibero, Schindler Elevator Corp. +A. Rehman, Alternate, Schindler Elevator Corp. +R. L. Seymour, Robert L. Seymour and Associates, Inc. +R. S. Seymour, Alternate, Robert L. Seymour and Associates, Inc. + +C. F. Starmer, GAL Manufacturing + +D. L. Steel, David L. Steel Escalators + +D. L. Turner, Davis L. Turner & Associates +R. S. Caporale, Alternate, Elevator World, Inc. +A. H. Verschell, Consulting Engineer + +C. E. Vlahovic, TSSA + +R. Haddaller, Alternate, TSSA + +D. M. Winkle, lUEC Local #14 + +E. V. Baker, Alternate, NEIEP + +D. A. Witham, GAL Manufacturing + + + +L. J. Blaiotta + +W. E. Chamberlain + +B. J. Fanguy +W. J. Figiel + +C. E. Hempel +C. L Kort + +A. A. Mascone + + + +Honorary Members + +J. McAulay, Jr. +H. E. Peelle, Jr. +E. M. Philpot +R. L. Rogers +R. W. Young +L. E. White + + + +Regulatory Advisory Council + + + +L. C. Kanicki, Chair +N. B. Martin, Vice Chair +G. A. Burdeshaw, Staff + +Secretary +J. R. Runyan, Secretary +G. Antona +J. R. Brooks +J. H. Burpee +P. Caploon +N. C. Dimitruck +A. N. Grifnn +R. F. Hadaller + + + +S. J. Hickory +I. D. Jay +M. J. Mellon, Jr. +J. L. Meyer +K. P. Morse +J. S. Nicksic +C. W. Rogler +R. W. Steele +S. F. Stout +W. C. Watson +W. J. Witt +C. D. Wagner + + + +NATIONAL INTEREST REVIEW COMMITTEE + + + +J. P. Andrew +L. C. Arnold +R. Barker +R. J. Blatz +J. E. Bninnon +T. A. Bremer +J. A. Caluori +M. A. Chavez +H. J. Clifford +R. F. Dieter +S. M. Eisenman +B. Faerber +J. J. Faup +S. E. Fisher +P. A. Fleming +J. G. Gerk +L. A. Giovannetti +J. M. Gould +J. E. Herwig +J. Inglis +M. A. Jacobs +D. J. Jolly +F. A. Kilian +J. W. Koshak +M. L. Lane +M. R. Liberatore + + + +M. A. Malek +J. J. Mancuso + +C. C. Mann + +N. E. Marchitto +J. M. McKinley +R. A. Molinari +N. J. Montesano +T. S. Mowrey +J. Murphy +F. G. Newman +J. J. O'Donoghue + +D. J. O'Keefe III + +E. J. Orrico III +M. S. Peck +B. Y. Peyton +M. J. Pfeiffer + +R. B. Pohlman, Jr. +M. Poulin +J. Powell +P. M. Puno +L. S. RIgby +R. D. Schloss +S. Shanes +M. Shipley +M. L. Smith +J. L Stabler + + + +# + + + +R. B. Sweeney +D. A. Swerrie +M. B. Taylor + + + +D. Tolar + +D. J. Wilson + +E. K. Zimpritsch + + + +B44.1/A17.5 ELEVATOR AND ESCALATOR +ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT COMMIHEE + + + +H. E. Godwin, Jr., Chair +T. J. Tulshi, Secretary +J. W. Blain + +A. D. Brown +J. D. Busse +J. Caldwell + +B. Colavecchio +S. E. Fisher + +R. F. Hadaller +R. G. Hames +M. L Hite + + + +S. J. Koinoff + +M. R. Liberatore + +R. Macl(enzie + +A. Rehman + +J. P. Rennel^amp + +J. H. Shull + +C. E. Vlahovic + +J. L. Delia Porta, Alternate + +J. H. Hidaka, Alternate + +J. M. Weber, Alternate + + + +CODE COORDINATION COMMIHEE + + + +E. A. Donoghue, Chair + +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary + +R. A. Atkinson + +L. Bialy + +D. J. Camp + +P. Caploon + + + +R. Cote + +G. W. Gibson + +G. A. Gress + +G. A. Kappenhagen + +M. J. Pfeiffer + +R. D. Weber + + + +DUMBWAITER AND ATD COMMIHEE + +B. Peskuski, Chair E. A. Donoghue + + + +R. Mohamed, Secretary +L. C. Arnold +R. Dolan + + + +R. A. Gregory + +H. E. Peelle, Jr. + +K. Holdcraft, Alternate + + + +EARTHQUAKE SAFETY COMMIHEE + +G. W. Gibson, Chair R. E. Fleming + +J. Smith, Vice Chair J, L. IVleyer + +M. A. Brookes, Secretary W. C. Ribeiro + +B. Blackaby G. W. Rodriguez + +D. J. Camp A. J. Schiff + +R. E. Droste A. J. Shelton + +EDITORIAL COMMITTEE + + + +E. A. Donoghue, Chair + +D. McColl, Vice Chair + +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary + + + +J. A. Filippone +C. E. Vlahovic + + + +ELECTRICAL COMMITTEE + + + +A. P. Juhasz, Chair + +J. D. Busse, Vice Chair +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary +T. D. Barkand +S. H. Benjamin + +B. Blackaby +J. W. Blain +J. Caldwell + +F. J. Christensen +J. P. Donnelly +R. E. Droste +R. Elias + + + +S. E. Fisher +H. E. Godwin, Jr. +R. G. Hames +G. Henry +Y. C. Ho +N. E. Marchitto +T. Moskal +A. L. Peck +R. B. Pohlman, Jr. +D. K. Prince +P. M. Puno +V. P. Robibero + + + +M. Stergulc + +C. E. Vlahovic +M. Yonemoto + +D. Alley, Alternate + +R. L. Frazier, Alternate +S. H. Grainer, Alternate + + + +R. F. Hadaller, Alternate +J. H. Hidaka, Alternate +T. H. Nguyen, Alternate +A. Rehman, Alternate +J. P. Rennekamp, Alternate +J. M. Weber, Alternate + + + +ELEVATORS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION COMMIHEE + + + +R. A. Gregory, Chair +J. B. Peskuski, Vice Chair +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary +R. E. Baxter + + + +E. A. Donoghue +C. C. Fox +R. L. Phillips +J. R. Quackenbush + + + +EMERGENCY OPERATIONS COMMIHEE + + + +D. J. Camp, Chair +M. Martin, Vice Chair +M. A. Brookes, Secretary +M. W. Bunker, Jr. +P. Caploon + +D. Cook + +E. A. Donoghue +J. i. Faup + +B. R. Fraser +A. J. GatHeld +H. Ickes + + + +Koenig +McCoU +H. Murphy + + + +J. L Murphy +T. F. Norton +J. J. O'Donoghue +R. B. Pohlman, Jr. +A. Rehman +L. F. Richardson +R. L. Seymour +S. Shanes +C. F. Starmer + +C. E. Vlahovic + +D. A. Witham + +J. C. Carlson, Alternate +R. F. Hadaller, Alternate +S. R. James, Alternate + + + +ESCALATOR AND MOVING WALK COMMIHEE + + + +D. L. Steel, Chair + +D. L. Turner, Vice Chair + +R. Mohamed, Secretary + +K. A. Apperson + +P. E. Burge + +F. J. Cihak + +R. A. Dipiero + +D. R. Evans + +J. G. Gerk + +S. H. Grainer + +P. L. Hackett + +K. Harris + +J. W. Kenneally + + + +T. G. Moskal +T. R. Nurnberg +D. E. Rush +P. J. Welch + +C. J. White + +R. E, Creak, Alternate +K. G. Hamby, Alternate +Y. Haruta, Alternate + +D. Jarvis, Alternate +G. A. Kappenhagen, + +Alternate +A. Rehman, Alternate +K. J. Smith, Alternate + + + +EVACUATION GUIDE COMMITTEE + + + +J. L. Meyer, Chair +R. S. Seymour, Vice Chair +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary +D. Cook + + + +E. A. Donoghue +R. E. Fleming +C. C. Fox +J. O'Donoghue + + + +EXISTING INSTALLATIONS COMMIHEE + + + +A. J. Saxer, Chair + +D. B. Labrecque, Vice Chair + +E. S. Cho, Secretary +J. Bera + +W. C. Burklund +J. H. Butler +J. D. Carlisle, Jr. +E. A. Donoghue + + + +M. A. Fortin +A. P. Gallo + +A. T. Gazzaniga +R. A. Gregory + +B. R. Hines +A. P. Jolly +R. Kremer + +K. S. Lloyd, Jr. + + + +G. M. Losey +Z. R. McCain, Jr. +D. McCoU +P. McPartland +J. S. Nicksic +G. Nyborg III +S. A. Quinn +R. L. Phillips + + + +J. S. Rearick + +G. Stimer + +C. E. Vlahovic + +P. J. Welch + +L. E. White + +R. D, Cary, Alternate + +S. K. Lloyd, Alternate + +S. N. McGrew, Alternate + + + +HAND AND SIDEWALK ELEVATOR COMMIHEE + +R. S. Caporale, Chair G. Greenberg + +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary H. J. Macuga + +V. G. Bahna J. P. Merkel, Alternate + +E. A. Donoghue + +HOISTWAY COMMIHEE + + + +L. M. Capuano, Chair +D. McColl, Vice Chair +M. A. Brookes, Secretary +L. Bialy +L J. Blaiotta + +D. S. Boucher + +F. R. Cooper + +E. A. Donoghue + +G. W. Gibson + +H. J. Gruszynski +J. L Harding +M. E. Jagoditz +J. R. Johnson +D. Kaczmarek +U. S. Kharbanda +P. Labadie + + + +J. E. Morrissey +J. L. Murphy +H. E. Peelle III +R. L. Phillips +R. Quinlan + +F. Regalado + +S. P. Reynolds +S. W. Smith + +C. E. Vlahovic + +D. A. Witham + +D. J. Camp, Alternate +R. F. Hadaller, Alternate +M. P. Lamb, Alternate +R. K. Leckman, Alternate + +G. L. Nuschler, Alternate +K. Uerling, Alternate + + + +L. C. Kanicki +J. J. Knolmajer +N. B. Martin +Z. R. McCain, Jr. +D. McColl +J. L. Meyer +J. D. Rosen berger + + + +R. D. Schloss + +R. S. Seymour + +J. Strzelec + +M. Tevyaw + +R. D. Troiano + +C. E. Vlahovic + +S. K. Lloyd, Alternate + + + +INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS COMMIHEE + + + +G. W. Gibson, Chair + +L. Bialy Vice Chair + +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary + +R. A. Atkinson + +V Q. Bates + +B. Blackaby + +D. J. Camp + +R. S. Caporale + +E. A. Donoghue +R. E. Droste + + + +G. L. Harmon + +A. P. Juhasz + +G. A. Kappenhagen + +V. P. Robibero + +D. L. Steel + +J. Strzelec + +D. L. Turner + +T. Derwinski, Alternate + +D. R. Evans, Alternate + +J. W. Koshak, Alternate + + + +LIMITED-USE/LIMITED-APPLICATION +ELEVATOR COMMIHEE + + + +R. E. Baxter, Chair + +D. C. Balmer, Vice Chair + +E. S. Cho, Secretary +P. M. Bass + +K. Brinkman +R. G. Buonora +E. A. Donoghue +C. C. Fox +E. J. Matot II +M. L. McDonald + + + +W. M. McKinley + +C. H. Murphy + +M. W. Schumacher +R. D. Stephens +A. H. Verschell +R. B. Weber + +D. M. Winkle + +G. L. Harmon, Alternate +S. L. Whittenburg, Alternate + + + +HYDRAULIC COMMIHEE + + + +G. A. Kappenhagen, Chair +M. G. Miller, Vice Chair +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary +L. Bialy +P. E. Burge +D. J. Camp + +C. C. Fox + +H. A. Hammerstrom +A. Jahn + +D. McColl + +T. S. Mowrey + + + +L. S. Rigby + +C. W. Rogler + +J. N. Rouse III + +W. M. Shrum, Jr. + +H. Simpkins + +J. Strzelec + +L. E. White + +J. W. Koshak, Alternate + +S. S. Pearson, Alternate + +A. Rehman, Alternate + +K. Rice, Alternate + + + +INCLINED ELEVATOR COMMIHEE + + + +A. H. Verschell, Chair + +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary + + + +J. R. Carrick +R. Elias + + + +INSPECTIONS COMMIHEE + + + +K. S. Lloyd, Jr., Chair +W. F. Barkman, Vice Chair +R. Mohamed, Secretary +G. Antona +R. A. Atkinson +R. E. Baxter +J. R. Brooks +J. W. Coaker + + + +C. E. Cunningham +E. A. Donoghue +M. V. Farinola +J. A. Filippone +H. S. Frank +R. F. Hadaller +J. T. Herrity +A. P. Jolly + + + +MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND REPLACEMENT +COMMIHEE + + + +Z. R. McCain, Jr., Chair + +R. A. Gregory, Vice Chair + +E. S. Cho, Secretary + +R. E. Baxter + +J. J. DeLorenzi + +E. A. Donoghue + +M. V. Farinola + +J. A. Filippone + +R. F. Hadaller + +R. E. Haukeness + +A. S. Hopkirk + +J. E. Jaster + +A. P. Jolly +R. Kremer + +D. B. Labrecque + +B. H. Larson +K. S. Lloyd, Jr. + + + +G. M. Losey + +D. McColl + +J. Murphy + +J. S. Nicksic + +W. B. Pletch + +J. R. Quackenbush + +J. S. Rearick + +A. Rehman + +V. P. Robibero + +A. Saxer + +R. D. Schloss + +J. Strzelec + +L. M. Taylor + +C. E. Vlahovic + +M. D. Kao, Alternate + +S. K. Lloyd, Alernate + +S. N. McGrew, Alternate + + + +MECHANICAL DESIGN COMMIHEE + + + +G. W. Gibson, Chair +L. Bialy, Vice Chair + +D. J. Camp, Vice Chair +M. A. Brookes, Secretary + +E. V Baker +R. J. Bolen + + + +M. Boutelle +R. E. Fleming + +C. C. Fox +H. S. Frank +R. F. Hadaller + +D. Kaczmarek + + + +XIV + + + +D. A. Kalgren +K. Konyar +J. W. Koshak +M. P. Lamb +M. L. Lane +A. A. Mascone +D. McColl +T. G. Moskal +A. Rehman +W. C. Ribeiro + + + +M. B. Taylor +D. L. Turner + +C. E. Vlahovic +S. P. Wurth + +R. E. Creak, Alternate +M. E. Jagoditz, Alternate + +D. P. Kraft, Alternate +R. Kremer, Alternate +H. Simpkins, Alternate + + + +MINE ELEVATOR COMMIHEE + + + +A. J. Saxer, Chair + +T. D. Barkand, Vice Chair + +E. S. Cho, Secretary + +C. D. Barchet + +R. M. Bates + +W. M. Dietz + +P. E. Fernatt + +M. G. Kalich + +J. B. Ketchem + + + +D. C. Lewetag +A. L. Martin +N. B. Martin +G. L Miller +H. E. Newcomb +D. J. Shook +R. L Sidwell +J. K. Taylor + + + +NEW TECHNOLOGY COMMIHEE + + + +J. W. Coaker, Chair + +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary + +R. A. Atkinson + +L. Bialy + +A. D. Brown + +A. D. Byram + +R. S. Caporale + +L. M. Capuano + +E. A. Donoghue + + + +R. E. Droste +G. W. Gibson +A. N. Griffin +R. E. Haukeness +I. D. Jay +A. P. Juhasz +L. C. Kanicki +R. M. Kennedy +J. W. Koshak + + + +R. H. Laney +K. S. Lloyd, Jr. +D. McColl +M. Pedram + + + +V. P. Robibero +T. J. Tulshi +D. L. Turner +C. E. Vlahovic + + + +RACK AND PINION AND SPECIAL PURPOSE +PERSONNEL ELEVATOR COMMIHEE + + + +A. J. Marchant, Chair +P. E. Borders, Vice Chair +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary +G. A. Cox +D. F. Grund + + + +J. A. Harrison +R. E. Haukeness +B. L. O'Neill +P. J. Welch + + + +RESIDENCE ELEVATOR COMMIHEE + + + +A. H. Verschell, Chair +P. M. Bass, Vice Chair + +E. S. Cho, Secretary +D. C. Balmer + +K. Brinkman +R. G. Buonora +P. Chance +P. Edwards +R. Elias + +F. M. Hoch +M. J. Holat +S. D. Holat + + + +M. L. McDonald + +R. Murphy + +W. M. McKinley + +H. E. Peelle 111 + +R. L. Phillips + +T. L. Pope + +R. D. Stephens + +G. L. Harmon, Alternate + +J. C. Lund, Alternate + +J. B. Peskuski, Alternate + +S. L. Whittenburg, Alternate + + + +SHIPBOARD ELEVATOR COMMIHEE + +E. J. Crawford + + + +M. R. Tilyou, Chair + +G. A. Burdeshaw, Secretary + + + +W. D. George + + + +(04) + + + +PREFACE + + + +GENERAL + +This Code is one of the numerous codes and standards +developed and published by The American Society of +Mechanical Engineers (ASME) imder the general aus- +pices of the American National Standards Institute, Inc. +(ANSI). + +The Code is intended to serve as the basis for the +design construction, installation, operation, testing, +inspection, maintenance, alteration, and repair of eleva- +tors, dumbwaiters, escalators, moving walks, and mate- +rial lifts. + +Safety codes and standards are intended to enhance +public health and safety. Revisions result from commit- +tee consideration of factors such as technological +advances, new data, and changing environmental and +industry needs. Revisions do not imply that previous +editions were inadequate. + +This Code applies to new installations only, except +Part 1, and 5.10, 8.1, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, and 8.11, +which apply to both new and existing installations. Also, +see ASME A17.3, Safety Code for Existing Elevators and +Escalators, for further requirements. + +The following conditions are not addressed in this +Code: + +(a) assignment of the responsibility for compliance to +any particular party. + +(b) establishment of a frequency for periodic inspec- +tions and tests. See Nonmandatory Appendix N for rec- +ommended inspections and test intervals. + +(c) assignment of responsibility for persons author- +ized to make and witness irispections and tests. + +APPLICATION OF REQUIREMENTS TO NEW +TECHNOLOGY + +Where present requirements are not applicable or do +not describe new technology, the authority having juris- +diction should recogruze the need for exercising latitude +and granting exceptions where the product or system is +equivalent in quality, strength or stability, fire resistance, +effectiveness, durability, and safety to that intended by +the present Code requirements. + +FORM AND ARRANGEMENT + +This Code consists of parts and sections, each covering +a specific subject so as to facilitate reference to the +requirements. + +The Foreword, Preface, Notes, and Appendices that +are included in this document, and the Interpretations + + + +that are provided as a separate booklet are not part of +this American National Standard. They are advisory in +nature and are intended for clarification only. + +In this edition, the revisions that are appearing for the +first time are identified by (04). Where editorial changes +have been made, they are identified by (ED). See also +Summary of Changes. + +METRIC (SI) UNITS + +This edition of the Code uses hard metric (SI) imits +wherever practical. The acceptable equivalent imperial +units are shown in parentheses. Information on the +usage of SI units and conversion to imperial units is +contained in lEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997 Standard for the +Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Mod- +em Metric System, ASME Guide SI-1, Orientation and +Guide for Use of SI (Metric) Units, or CAN/CSA-Z234.1, +Canadian Metric Practice Guide. + +Tables related to speed and load use the hard metric +and hard imperial units in common practice, even +though they are not exactly equivalent (e.g., see Table +2.22.4.1, Minimum Buffer Strokes). The tabular values +have been derived using 8.2.1 formulas and the metric +and imperial values for buffer strokes, safety stopping +distances, etc., are therefore not equivalent. + +ASME ELEVATOR PUBLICATIONS + +The following ASME publications are of special inter- +est to users of this Code. For prices and availability, +contact: + +ASME Order Department + +22 Law Drive + +Box 2300 + +Fairfield, Nf 07007-2300 + +Tel: 800-843-2763 + +Fax: 973-882-1717 + +E-Mail: Lnfocentral@asme.org + +ASME Website: www.asme.org/catalog + +ASME A17.2, Guide for Inspection of Elevators, Escala- +tors, and Moving Walks. This Guide gives detailed proce- +dures for the inspection and testing of elevators, +escalators, and moving walks required to conform to +the Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, A17.1- +1955 and later editions and the Safety Code for Existing +Elevators and Escalators, A17.3. Subsections are +arranged to focus on routine and periodic inspection +requirements, as well as acceptance criteria. + + + +xvi + + + + + +Abbreviations Used in This Code + + + + +Abbreviation + + +Unit + + +Abbreviation + + +Unit + + +A + + +Ampere + + +lb + + +pound (mass) + + +°C + + +degree Celsius + + +Ibf + + +pound (force) + + +deg + + +degree (angle) + + +Ix + + +lux + + +°F + + +degree Fahrenlieit + + +m + + +meter + + +ft/min + + +foot per minute + + +m^ + + +square meter + + +ft/s + + +foot per second + + +m^ + + +cubic meter + + +ft + + +foot + + +mA + + +milliampere + + +fc + + +footcandle + + +m/s + + +meter per second + + +ft^ + + +square foot + + +m/s^ + + +meter per second per second + + +ft^ + + +cubic foot + + +mm + + +millimeter + + +ft/s^ + + +foot per second per second + + +mm^ + + +square millimeter + + +h + + +hour + + +mm^ + + +cubic millimeter + + +Hz + + +hertz + + +MPa + + +megapascal + + +in. + + +inch + + +N + + +Newton + + +in.^ + + +square inch + + +psi + + +pound per square inch + + +in.3 + + +cubic inch + + +s + + +second + + +kg + + +kilogram + + +V + + +volt + + +IcPa + + +kilopascal + + + + + + + +# + + + +Inspection Checklists. The checklist forms shown in +A17.2 are pubHshed in convenient-size pads. + +ASMEA17.3 Safety Code for Existing Elevators and Esca- +lators. This Code covers retroactive requirements for +existing elevators and escalators. The purpose of this +Code is to establish minimum requirements that will +provide a reasonable degree of safety for the general +public. While many of these requirements will also +increase the degree of safety for the elevator mechanic +and inspector, this area has not been specifically +addressed at this time. + +ASME A17 CD-ROM for Elevators and Escalators. This +CD-ROM contains the ASME A17.1, A17.2, and A17.3 +standards. In addition, it contains the published inter- +pretations applicable to these standards. + +ASME A17.4 Guide for Emergency Personnel. This guide +for emergency personnel (fire, police, etc.), building +owners, lessees, and building operating managers +explains the proper procedures to be used for the safe +removal of passengers from stalled cars. + +CAN/CSA-B44.1/ASME A17.5 Elevator and Escalator +Electrical Equipment. This Code contains requirements +for obtaining, labeling, and listing of drive machine con- +trollers, logic controllers, and operating devices for stat- +ing, stopping, regulating, controlling, or protecting +electric motors, generators, and aU other electrical equip- +ment, for elevators, escalators, moving walks, dumb- +waiters, wheelchair lifts, and stairway lifts. + +Published Interpretations. Interpretations of the vari- +ous A17 standards are published periodically. + +Interpretations of A17.1 and A17.2 approved by the +A17 Committee from Jtme 14, 1972 through June 1979, +were published in a separate book in 1980. + +Starting with the 1981 edition of the Code, interpreta- +tions are published with each new edition and supple- +ment of the applicable standard. A compilation of + + + +Interpretations Nos. 2-13 Qime 1979-May 1989) has also +been published by ASME. A compilation of all interpre- +tations can also be obtained through the A17 CD-ROM. + +Handbook on A17.1 Safety Code. This handbook aug- +ments the A17.1 Code with commentary, diagrams, and +illustrations that are intended to explain the require- +ments of the A17.1 Code. + +The commentary contained in the Handbook is the +opiiuon of the author and has not been approved by the +A17 Committee. + +QEI-1 Standard for the Qualification of Elevator Inspec- +tors. This Standard covers requirements for the qualifica- +tion and duties of inspectors and inspection supervisors +engaged in the inspection and testing of equipment +within the scope of the A17.1 Code. It also includes +requirements for the accreditation of organizations that +certify inspectors and inspection supervisors as meeting +the QEI criteria. + +ASME A18.1 Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and +Stairway Chairlifts. This safety Standard covers the +design, construction, installation, operation, inspection, +testing, maintenance, and repair of inclined stairway +chairlifts and inclined and vertical platform lifts +intended for transportation of a mobility impaired per- +son only. + + + +CORRESPONDENCE WITH A17 COMMITTEE + +ASME codes and standards are developed and main- +tained with the intent to represent the consensus of con- +cerned interests. As such, users of this and other ASME +A17 codes and standards may interact with the commit- +tee by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, +and attending committee meetings. Correspondence +should be addressed to: + + + +xvu + + + +Secretary, A17 Standards Committee +The American Society of Mechanical + +Engineers +Three Park Avenue +New York, NY 10016 +E-mail: infocentral@asme.org + +All correspondence to the Committee must include +the individual's name and post office address in case +the Committee needs to request further information. + +Proposing Revisions. Revisions are made periodically +to the Code to incorporate changes that appear necessary +or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained +from the application of the procedures, and in order to +conform to developments in the elevator art. Approved +revisions will be published periodically. + +The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to +this Code. Such proposals should be as specific as possi- +ble: citing the Section number(s), the proposed wording, +and a detailed description of the reasons for the proposal +including any pertinent documentation. + +Requesting Interpretations. On request, the A17 Com- +mittee will render an interpretation of any requirement +of the Code. Interpretations can only be rendered in +response to a written request sent to the Secretary of +the Standards Committee. + +The request for interpretation should be clear and +unambiguous. It is further recommended that the +inquirer submit his request utilizing the following +format: + +Subject: Cite the applicable Section number(s) and +a concise description. + + + +Edition: Cite the applicable edition and supplement +of the Code for which the interpretation is +being requested. + +Question: Phrase the question as a request for an inter- +pretation of a specific requirement suitable +for general understanding and use, not as +a request for an approval of a proprietary +design or situation. The question shall be +phrased, where possible, to permit a specific +"yes" or "no" answer. The inquirer may also +include any plans or drawings that are nec- +essary to explain the question; however, +they should not contain proprietary names +or information. + +Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten +in this format by the Committee prior to being answered, +which may inadvertently change the intent of the origi- +nal request. + +ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any +interpretation when or if additional information that +might affect an interpretation is available. Further, per- +sons aggrieved by an interpretation may appeal to the +cognizant ASME committee or subcommittee. ASME +does not "approve," "certify," "rate," or "endorse" any +item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. + +Attending Committee Meetings. The A17 Standards +Committee and the various Working Committees regu- +larly hold meetings all of which are open to the public. +Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact +the Secretary of the Standards Committee. + + + +xvui + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 +SUMMARY OF CHANGES + + + +Page + + +Location + + +viii-xi + + +Foreword + + +xvi-xviii + + +Preface + + +1 + + +1.1.3 + + + + +1.1.4 + + +2-15 + + +Section 1.3 + + + +Following approval by the ASME A17 Elevator and Escalator Committee, and after public review, +ASME A17.1-2004 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on January 14, +2004. It was issued on April 30, 2004, and is effective as of October 31, 2004. + +ASME A17.1-2004 incorporates the revisions and editorial changes made in ASME A17.1a-2002 +and ASME A17.1b-2003, as well as additional revisions and editorial changes. Revisions are +identified by a margin note, (04). Changes made to correct errors, as well as other new editorial +changes, are identified by (ED). Revision designators will remain on the pages up to the publication +of the next edition of the Code. The (ED) designators will appear only when the editorial changes +are introduced. The following is a summary of the latest revisions and changes: + +Change + +Revised + +Revised + +Revised + +Revised + +(1) Definition of door, folding; door, wrap- +around; escalator skirt cover, dynamic; +and skirt panel, dynamic added + +(2) Definition of escalator skirt and sleeving +(liner) revised + +16 Part 2, Scope Note added for editorial clarification + +17 2.1.3.1.2(b)(2) Last line editorially revised + +18 2.2.2.2 Editorially revised +2.2.3.1 Editorially revised + +19 2.2.6 Editorially revised +2.2.6.1 Editorially revised + +20 2.3.4.2 Editorially revised +22 2.4.9(d)(1) Revised + +24 2.7.3.3.2 Second line editorially revised + +25 2.7.4.3 Editorially revised + +26 2.7.7.4 Last sentence added +28 2.9.3.2.2 Editorially revised + +2.9.3.3.3 Editorially revised + +34 2.11.12.3 Second paragraph editorially revised + +35 2.11.13.4 Revised + +36 2.11.14.2 Revised +2.11.15.1 Revised + + + +Page + + +Location + + +Change + + +36 + + +2.11.15.1.2 + + +Editorially revised + + +37 + + +2.11.18 + + +Revised + + +38 + + +2.12.2.4.4 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +2.12.2.5 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + +39 + + +2.12.3.4.4(a) + + +Editorially revised + + +40 + + +2.12.7.3.3 + + +Editorially revised + + +41 + + +2.13.1 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +2.13.2.2.2 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +2.13.3.1.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +42 + + +2.13.3.4 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + +44 + + +2.14.1.5.1(d) + + +Editorially revised + + +46 + + +2.14.2.1.2(a) + + +Last line editorially revised + + + + +2.14.2.3.1(g) + + +Editorially revised + + +50 + + +2.14.6.2.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +51 + + +2.15.2 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + +52 + + +2.15.6.1.4 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +2.15.6.2.3 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + + + +2.15.6.3 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +2.15.6.4 + + +Title editorially revised + + +54 + + +2.16.1.1 + + +First paragraph editorially revised + + +58 + + +2.16.7.6(b) + + +Editorially revised + + +59 + + +2.17.3 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + + + +2.17.5.2 + + +Editorially revised + + +60,61 + + +2.17.7.1 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + + + +2.17.8.1 + + +Last paragraph editorially revised + + +63 + + +2.18.2.1(b) + + +Editorially revised + + +64 + + +2.18.3.3 + + +Editorially revised + + +69 + + +2.20.9.1(a)(2) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +2.20.9.3.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +71 + + +2.20.9.5.6 + + +Editorially revised + + +72 + + +2.20.9.7.7 + + +Editorially revised + + +73 + + +2.20.10.8 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +2.21.1.3 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + +76 + + +2.22.4.7.2 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +2.22.4.8 + + +Editorially revised + + +77 + + +2.22.4.11(a) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +2.23.2(b) + + +Editorially revised + + + +XX + + + +# + + + +Page + + +Location + + +Change + + +77,78 + + +2.23.4.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +89 + + +2.25.3.4 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + +93 + + +2.26.2.33 + + +Added + + + + +2.26.4.4 + + +Revised + + +94 + + +2.26.6 + + +First line editorially revised + + +99 + + +2.27.3.1.6(h) + + +Revised + + +100 + + +2.27.3.2.6 + + +Revised + + +101 + + +2.27.3.3.1 + + +(1) Subparagraphs (c) and (h) revised + +(2) Subparagraph (m) added + + +102 + + +2.27.3.3.7 + + +Added + + + + +Fig. 2.27.3.3.7 + + +Added + + + + +2.27.3.3.8 + + +Added + + +103 + + +2.27.4.2 + + +Last paragraph revised + + +106 + + +Part 3, Scope + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + +108 + + +3.6.1 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +3.7.1 + + +First line editorially revised + + +110 + + +3.17.3.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +111 + + +3.17.3.5(a) + + +Revised + + +113 + + +3.18.3.7 + + +Revised + + +114 + + +3.18.4.2 + + +Second line revised + + + + +3.19.2.5 + + +Added + + +118 + + +3.25.2.2.4(b) + + +Editorially revised + + +119, 120 + + +3.26.5 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +3.26.7 + + +Editorially revised + + +122, 123 + + +Section 4.1 + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + + + +4.1.2.3 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +4.1.9 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +4.1.14.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +124 + + +Section 4.2 + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + + + +4.2.2.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +128, 129 + + +Section 4.3 + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + + + +4.3.4 + + +First paragraph editorially revised + + + + +4.3.6.2 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + + + +4.3.8.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +131 + + +Section 5.1 + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + +132 + + +5.1.8.1 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.1.10.1 + + +Editorially revised + + + +Page + + +Location + + +Change + + +133 + + +5.1.11.1.2(d) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.1.12.2.6 + + +Added + + + + +5.1.13.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +136 + + +5.1.19.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +137 + + +Section 5.2 + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + +139 + + +5.2.1.12 + + +Subparagraphs (a) and (e) revised + + +141-143 + + +5.2.1.28 + + +First paragraph editorially revised + + + + +5.2.2 + + +New 5.2.2.7 added and subsequent +paragraphs redesignated + + + + +5.3.1.1.3 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.3.1.1.4 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.3.1.7.4 + + +Editorially revised + + +146 + + +5.3.1.13.1(a) + + +Editorially revised + + +154-156 + + +5.5.1.5 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + + + +5.5.1.11.3(d) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.5.1.14.1(c) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.5.1.15.2(a) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.5.1.17 + + +Second paragraph editorially revised + + + + +5.5.1.23 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.5.1.25.2(d) + + +Editorially revised + + +157 + + +Section 5.6 + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + +159 + + +5.6.1.14.1 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.6.1.15.2(a) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.6.1.23 + + +Editorially revised + + +161 + + +Section 5.7 + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + +162 + + +5.7.8.3 + + +First paragraph editorially revised + + +163-165 + + +5.7.10.4 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.7.10.5 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.7.13.2 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.7.13.2.2(a) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.7.15.3 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.7.16.2 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.7.17.1 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.7.18.2 + + +Editorially revised + + +166 + + +Section 5.8 + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + + + +5.8.1.1 + + +Second sentence editorially revised + + + + +5.8.1.2 + + +Second sentence editorially revised + + + +Page + + +Location + + +167 + + +Section 5.9 + + +168 + + +5.9.4 + + +169 + + +5.9.14.1(b) + + + + +5.9.14.4 + + + + +5.9.15.1 + + + + +5.9.17.2 + + + + +5.9.17.3 + + + + +5.9.17.5 + + +170 + + +Section 5.10 + + +171, 172 + + +5.10.1.7.2 + + +174 + + +5.10.1.20.1 + + +176-179 + + +Part 6, Scope + + + + +6.1.3.3 + + + + + +6.1.3.3.13(d) + + + + +6.1.3.5.1 + + + + +6.1.3.5.5 + + +182 + + +6.1.5.3.1(d) + + +183 + + +6.1.6.3.4 + + +184 + + +6.1.6.3.6 + + + + +6.1.6.3.9 + + +185 + + +6.1.6.3.16 + + + + +6.1.6.5 + + + + +6.1.6.10.1(b) + + +186, 187 + + +6.1.6.11 + + +188 + + +6.1.7.4.3 + + + + +6.1.8.2 + + +189 + + +6.2.3.3.7 + + + + +6.2.3.3.8(d) + + +190 + + +6.2.3.5.1 + + + + +6.2.3.6.2 + + +194, 195 + + +6.2.6.3.4 + + +197 + + +6.2.6.14 + + + + +6.2.7.4.3 + + + +Change + +Editorially revised +Last line revised +Revised + +Editorially revised +Editorially revised +Revised +Revised +Revised + +(1) Second paragraph editorially revised + +(2) Note added for editorial clarification + +Subparagraphs (b) and (d) editorially +revised + +Editorially revised + +Note added for editorial clarification + +(1) 6.1.3.3.1 and 6.1.3.3.4 revised in their +entirety + +(2) New 6.1.3.3.7 and 6.1.3.3.8 added and +subsequent paragraphs redesignated +and revised + +Editorially revised + +Revised in its entirety + +Last line revised + +Revised in its entirety + +Revised + +Title revised + +Revised + +Added + +Revised + +Revised + +Revised + +Revised + +First paragraph editorially revised + +Editorially revised + +Editorially revised + +Editorially revised + +Editorially revised + +Revised + +Editorially revised + +Revised + + + +Page + + +Location + + +Change + + +198 + + +6.2.8.2 + + +First paragraph editorially revised + + +199 + + +Part 7, Scope + + +Note added for editorial clarification + + +201, 202 + + +7.1.11.12.3 + + +Editorially revised + + +209 + + +7.3.4.2 + + +Editorially revised + + +214 + + +7.5.1.2.1 + + +Revised + + +219 + + +7.6.4.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +221 + + +7.9.2.7 + + +Revised + + +223-225 + + +Section 8.2 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +8.2.1.2 + + +(1) Editorially revised + + + +228-237 + + + +242 + +243 +247 + + + +249-251 + + + +260 +262 +264 + +266 +269 + + + +8.2.5 + + + +8.2.6 + + + +8.2.8.1.1 + + + +2) Figures 8.2.1.2-1 and 8.2.1.2-2 + +editorially redesignated as Fig. 8.2.1.2 + +1) Editorially revised + +2) Figures 8.2.5-1 and 8.2.5-2 +redesignated as Fig. 8.2.5 + +1) Editorially revised + +2) Figures 8.2.6-1 through 8.2.6-3 +redesignated as Fig. 8.2.6 + +1) Note and subpara. (c) editorially +revised + +2) Figures 8.2.8.1.1-1 and 8.2.8.1.1-2 +redesignated as Fig. 8.2.8.1.1 + + + +3.2.3.3 + + +Subparagraphs (a) and (b) editorially +revised + + +3.2.5.2(a)(1) + + +Editorially revised + + +3.6.3 + + +Editorially revised + + +3.7 + + +Editorially revised + + +3.7.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +3.7.2 + + +Editorially revised + + +4.3.1.4 + + +First paragraph editorially revised + + +4.4.1.1 + + +Last paragraph editorially revised + + +4.7.1.2 + + +Editorially revised + + +.4.7.1.3 + + +First paragraph editorially revised + + +.4.8.2.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +.4.8.2.3 + + +Editorially revised + + +.4.8.6.2 + + +Editorially revised + + +.4.10.1.1(b) + + +Editorially revised + + +.4.10.1.3 + + +Subparagraphs (f) and (h) editorially +revised + + +.4.11.6 + + +Editorially revised + + +.5.2.1.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +.5.1.2.3 + + +Editorially revised + + + +Page + + +Location + + +Change + + +271 + + +8.6.1.6.5 + + +Revised + + +272 + + +8.6.2 + + +Editorially revised + + +273 + + +8.6.3.7 + + +Revised in its entirety + + +278 + + +8.6.8.3.3 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +8.6.8.5 + + +Revised + + +279 + + +8.6.10.5(d) + + +Revised + + +281, 282 + + +8.7.2.10.2 + + +Second line revised + + + + +8.7.2.10.3 + + +Second line revised + + + + +8.7.2.10.4 + + +Second line revised + + + + +8.7.2.10.5(b) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +8.7.2.11.3(c) + + +Editorially revised + + +283 + + +8.7.2.16.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +286 + + +8.7.2.27.3 + + +First paragraph editorially revised + + +293-317 + + +8.8.2 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +Section 8.10 + + +Cross-references updated to reflect +A17.2-2001 + + + + +Section 8.11 + + +Cross-references updated to reflect +A17.2-2001 + + + + +8.11.4.1(h) + + +Revised + + +323 + + +Section 9.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +325, 326 + + +Section 9.2 + + +Editorially revised + + +341 + + +Fig. 1-3 + + +Revised + + +342 + + +Fig. 1-4 + + +Title revised + + +343 + + +Fig. 1-8 + + +Callouts revised + + +357 + + +Nonmandatory +Appendix P + + +Added + + +SPECIAL NOTE: + + + + + + + +The interpretations to ASME A17.1 issued between July 2002 through June 2003 follow the last +page of this edition as a separate supplement. Interpretation No. 26. + + + +XXV + + + +XXVI + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +SAFETY CODE FOR ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS + +Parti +General + + + +• + + + +SECTION 1.1 +SCOPE + +1.1.1 Equipment Covered by This Code + +This Code covers the design, construction, operation, +inspection, testing, maintenance, alteration, and repair +of the following equipment, its associated parts, and its +hoistways, where located in or adjacent to a building or +structure (except as modified by 1.2): + +(a) hoisting and lowering mechanisms, equipped +with a car or platform, which move between two or more +landings. This equipment includes, but is not limited to +elevators (see 1.3). + +(b) power-driven stairways and walkways for car- +rying persons between landings. This equipment +includes, but is not limited to escalators and moving +walks (see 1.3). + +(c) hoisting and lowering mechanisms equipped with +a car that serves two or more landings and is restricted +to the carrying of material by its limited size or limited +access to the car. This equipment includes, but is not +limited to dumbwaiters and material lifts (see 1.3). + +1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered by This Code + +Equipment not covered by this Code includes, but is +not limited to, the following: + +(a) personnel hoists within the scope of ANSI A10.4 +and CSA-Z185 + +(b) material hoists within the scope of ANSI A10.5 +and CSA-Z256 + +(c) platform lifts and stairway chairlifts within the +scope of ASME A18.1, CSA B355, and CSA B613 + +(d) manlifts within the scope of ASME A90.1 and +CSA B311 + +(e) mobile scaffolds, towers, and platforms within the +scope of ANSI A92 and CSA-B354 + +(f) powered platform and equipment for exterior and +interior building maintenance within the scope of ASME +A120.1 and CSA-Z271 + +(g) conveyors and related equipment within the scope +of ASME B20.1 + + + +(h) cranes, derricks, hoists, hooks, jacks, and slings +within the scope of ASME B30, CSA Z150, CSA B167, +CSA Z202, and CSA Z248 + +(i) industrial trucks within the scope of ASME B56 +and CSA B335 + +(j) portable equipment, except for portable escalators, +which are covered by 6.1 + +(k) tiering or piling machines used to move material +to and from storage located and operating entirely +within one story + +(/) equipment for feeding or positioning material at +machine tools, printing presses, etc. + +(m) skip or furnace hoists + +(n) wharf ramps + +(o) amusement devices + +(p) stage and orchestra lifts + +(q) lift bridges + +(r) railroad car lifts and dumpers + +(s) mechanized parking garage equipment + +(t) line jacks, false cars, shatters, moving platforms, +and similar equipment used for installing an elevator + +(u) platform elevators installed in a ship or offshore +drilling rig and used for the purpose of loading and +unloading cargo, equipment, and personnel + +(v) dock levelers (freight platform lifts) having a travel +of 500 mm (12 in.) or less + +(w) in Canadian jurisdictions, devices having a travel +of 2 000 mm (79 in.) or less and used only for the transfer +of materials or equipment + +1.1.3 Application of Parts + +This Code applies to new installations only, except +Part 1, and 5.10, 8.1, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, and 8.11, +which apply to both new and existing installations. + +1.1.4 Effective Date + +The requirements of this edition and subsequent +addenda to the Code are effective as of the date noted +on the copyright page of this document. The authority +having jurisdiction will establish the effective date for +their local regulations. + + + +(04) + + + +(04) + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +SECTION 1.2-SECTION 1.3 + + + +SECTION 1.2 +PURPOSE AND EXCEPTIONS + +The purpose of this Code is to provide for the safety +of life and limb, and to promote the public welfare. + +The provisions of this Code are not intended to pre- +vent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equiva- +lent or superior quality, strength, fire resistance, +effectiveness, durability, and safety to those prescribed +by this Code, provided that there is technical documen- +tation to demonstrate the equivalency of the system, +method, or device. + +The specific requirements of this Code may be modi- +fied by the authority having jurisdiction based upon +technical documentation or physical performance verifi- +cation to allow alternative arrangements that will assure +safety equivalent to that which would be provided by +conformance to the corresponding requirements of this +Code. + +This Code contains requirements that are also covered +in the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC). Refer- +ence to the NBCC is recognition that said requirements +are not within the scope of this Code in Canada. + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the use of +the NBCC is not intended. Exceptions shall be based on +the requirements of the above paragraphs. + +(04) SECTION 1.3 + +DEFINITIONS + +Section 1.3 defines various terms used in this Code. +In addition, some nomenclature and terminology used +in the elevator industry and other ASME publications +are defined. + +access switch: see hoistway access switch. + +alteration: any change to equipment, including its parts, +components, and/or subsystems, other than mainte- +nance, repair, or replacement. + +alternate level: a floor level identified by the building +code or fire authority, other than the designated level. + +annunciator^ car: an electrical device in the car that indi- +cates visually the landings at which an elevator landing +signal registering device has been actuated. + +applied frame entrance: a wraparoimd or partial addi- +tion to an existing entrance frame used to improve the +appearance or to provide the required clearances. + +approved: acceptable to the authority having juris- +diction. + +authority having jurisdiction: the organization, office, +or individual responsible for enforcement of this Code. +Where compliance with this Code has been mandated +by legislation or regulation, the "authority having juris- +diction" is the regulatory authority (see regulatory +authority). + + + +authorized personnel: persons who have been +instructed in the operation of the equipment and desig- +nated by the owner to use the equipment. + +automatic transfer device: a power-operated mecha- +nism that automatically moves a load consisting of a +cart, tote box, pallet, wheeled vehicle, box, or other simi- +lar object from and/or to the car. + +auxiliary power lowering device: an alternatively pow- +ered auxiliary control system that will, upon failure of +the main power supply, allow a hydraulic elevator to +descend to a lower landing. + +brake, driving machine, elevator, dumbwaiter, or mate- +rial lift: an electromechanically or electrohydraulically +released spring, or gravity applied device, which is part +of the electric driving machine of the elevator, dumb- +waiter, or material lift used to apply a controlled force +at a braking surface to hold or retard the elevator, dumb- +waiter, or material lift. See Nonmandatory Appendix F. + +electrohydraulically released: a means of release in which +an electric current applied to a solenoid valve or the +motor of a hydraulic pump directs pressurized hydraulic +fluid to an actuator (such as a hydraulic jack) that over- +comes a resisting force (such as a spring) as long as the +electric current flows. + +electromechanically released: a means of release in which +an electric current applied to an actuator (such as a +solenoid) causes an electromagnetic force that over- +comes a resisting force (such as a spring) as long as the +electric current flows. + +brake, driving machine, escalator, or moving walk: an + +electromechanical device that is part of the electric driv- +ing machine of the escalator or moving walk, used to +apply a controlled force to a braking surface to stop and +hold the escalator /moving walk system. + +braking, electrically assisted: retardation of the eleva- +tor, assisted by energy generated by the driving-machine +motor. See Nonmandatory Appendix F. + +brake, emergency: a mechanical device independent of +the braking system used to retard or stop an elevator +should the car overspeed or move in an unintended +manner. Such devices include, but are not limited to, +those that apply braking force on one or more of the +following: + +(a) car rails + +(b) counterweight rails + +(c) suspension or compensation ropes + +(d) drive sheaves + +(e) brake drums + +For further information, see Nonmandatory Appen- +dix F. + +brake, main drive shaft, escalator and moving walk: a + +device located on the main drive shaft of the escalator +or moving walk used to apply a controlled force to the + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +braking surface to stop and hold the escalator or moving +walk system. + +braking system: driving-machine brake alone, or in +combination with electrically assisted braking, which +operates to slow down and stop the elevator. See Non- +mandatory Appendix F. + +buffer: a device designed to stop a descending car or +counterweight beyond its normal limit of travel by stor- +ing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic energy +of the car or counterweight. + +oil buffer: a buffer using oil as a medium, which absorbs +and dissipates the kinetic energy of the descending car +of counterweight. + +gas spring-return oil bujfer: an oil buffer utilizing the +pressure of a compressed gas to return the buffer plimger +or piston to its fully extended position. + +mechanical spring-return oil buffer: an oil buffer utiliz- +ing the force of the compressed mechanical spring or +springs to return the buffer plunger or piston to its fully +extended position. + +oil buffer stroke: the oil-displacing movement of the +buffer plunger or piston, excluding the travel of the +buffer plunger accelerating device. + +spring buffer: a buffer utilizing one or more springs +to cushion the impact force of the descending car or +counterweight. + +spring buffer load rating: the load required to com- +press the spring buffer an amount equal to its stroke. + +spring buffer stroke: the distance the contact end of +the spring can move under a compressive load until all +coils are essentially in contact or until a fixed stop is +reached. + +building code: an ordinance that sets forth requirements +for building design and construction, or where such an +ordinance has not been enacted, one of the following +model codes: + +(a) National Building Code (NBC) + +(b) Standard Building Code (SBC) + +(c) Uniform Building Code (UBC) + +(d) National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) + +NOTE: Local regulations or laws take precedence. In the absence +of local regulation a model building code is applicable. + +bumper: a device, other than an oil or spring buffer, +designed to stop a descending car or counterweight +beyond its normal limit of travel by absorbing the +impact. + +cable, traveling: see traveling cable. + +capacity: see rated load. + +car door interlock: a device having two related and +interdependent functions, which are: + +(a) to prevent the operation of the driving machine +by the normal operating device unless the car door is +locked in the closed position + + + +(b) to prevent the opening of the car door from inside +the car unless the car is within the landing zone and is +either stopped or being stopped + +car door or gate, power-closed: a door or gate that is +closed by a door or gate power operator. + +car door or gate electric contact: an electrical device, +the function of which is to prevent operation of the +driving machine by the normal operating device ur\less +the car door or gate is in the closed position. + +car door or gate power closer: a device or assembly of +devices that closes a manually opened car door or gate +by power other than hand, gravity, springs, or the move- +ment of the car. + +car, dumbwaiter, material lift: the load-carrying unit +that includes a platform or transfer device and may +include an enclosure and /or car frame. + +car, elevator: the load-carrying unit including its plat- +form, car frame, enclosure, and car door or gate. + +car enclosure: the top and the walls of the car resting +on and attached to the car platform. + +car frame: the supporting frame to which the car plat- +form, upper and lower sets of guide shoes, car safety, +and the hoisting ropes or hoisting rope sheaves, or the +plunger or cylinder of a direct-acting elevator, are +attached. + +car frame, overslung: a car frame to which the hoisting +rope fastenings or hoisting rope sheaves are attached to +the crosshead or top member of the car frame. + +car frame, sub-post: a car frame all of whose members +are located below the car platform. + +car frame, underslung: a car frame to which the hoisting- +rope fastenings or hoisting-rope sheaves are attached at +or below the car platform. + +car platform: the structure that forms the floor of the +car and that directly supports the load. + +car platform, laminated: a self-supporting platform con- +structed of plywood, with a bonded steel sheet facing +on both top and bottom surfaces. + +car platform frame: a structural frame, composed of +intercormecting members, that supports the car plat- +form floor. + +car top access panel: a car top access panel is similar in +design to a car top emergency exit panel. Used on mine +elevators to permit frequent inspection of mine elevator +hoistways for damage caused by environmental condi- +tions. Such panels are openable without the use of tools +or keys. + +NOTE: Subject to the modifications specified in 5.9.14.1(c). + +ceramic permanent magnet: a magnet of the type which +has a force that does not deteriorate with time. + +certified: see listed/certified. + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +certifying organization: an approved or accredited, +independent organization concerned with product eval- +uation that maintains periodic inspection of production +of listed /certified equipment or material and whose list- +ing/certification states whether that equipment meets +appropriate standards or has been tested and found +suitable for use in a specified manner. + +NOTE: For the purpose of this definition, accredited means that an +organization has been evaluated and approved by an Authorized +Agency to operate a Certification /Listing program, and is desig- +nated as such in a publication of the Authorized Agency. + +chain, suspension (hoisting): chain used to raise and +lower a dumbwaiter or material lift car or its counter- +weight. + +chassis: that portion of an inclined elevator that serves +as a car frame with weight-bearing guide rollers. + +clearance, bottom car: the clear vertical distance from +the pit floor to the lowest structural or mechanical part, +equipment, or device installed beneath the car platform, +except guide shoes or rollers, safety jaw assemblies, and +platform or guards, when the car rests on its fully com- +pressed buffers. + +clearance, top car, electric elevators: the shortest vertical +distance between the top of the car crosshead, or +between the top of the car where no crosshead is pro- +vided, and the nearest part of the overhead structure of +any other obstruction when the car floor is level with +the top terminal landing. + +clearance, top car, hydraulic elevators: the shortest ver- +tical distance within the hoistway between the hori- +zontal plane described by the top of the car enclosure +and the horizontal plane described by the lowest part +of the overhead structure or other obstruction when the +car floor is level with the top terminal landing. + +clearance, top car, inclined elevators: the shortest dis- +tance in the direction of travel between the upwardmost +portion of the chassis (car frame) and the nearest +obstruction when the car is level with the top terminal +landing. + +clearance, top counterweight: the shortest vertical dis- +tance between any part of the counterweight structure +and the nearest part of the overhead structure or any +other obstruction when the car floor is level with the +bottom terminal landing. + +comb, escalator and moving walk: the toothed portion +of a combplate designed to mesh with a grooved step, +pallet, or tread way surface. + +combplate, escalator and moving walk: that portion of +the landing adjacent to the step, pallet, or treadway +consisting of one or more plates to which the combs are +fastened. + +compensating rope sheave switch: a device that auto- +matically causes the electric power to be removed from + + + +the elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift driving- +machine motor and brake when the compensating +sheave approaches its upper or lower limit of travel. + +compensation means: wire rope, chain, or other +mechanical means used to counterbalance, or partially +counterbalance, the weight of the suspension ropes. + +component rated pressure: the pressure to which a +hydraulic component can be subjected. + +control, motion: that portion of a control system that +governs the acceleration, speed, retardation, and stop- +ping of the moving member. + +control, AC motor: a motion control that uses an alter- +nating current motor to drive the machine. + +control, AC motor, DC injection: a motion control for +an AC motor that produces retardation torque by +injecting a DC current into either a stator winding of +the motor or a separate eddy-current brake. + +control, single speed AC: a motion control for an AC +motor that has a single synchronous speed. + +control, two speed AC: a motion control for an AC +motor that has two different synchronous speeds by +connecting the motor windings so as to obtain a different +number of poles. + +control, variable voltage, variable frequency (VVVF): +a motion control that changes the magnitude and fre- +quency of the voltage applied to the motor. + +control, variable voltage AC (VVAC): a motion control +for an AC motor that varies the amount and direction +of output torque by controlling the magnitude and phase +sequence of the voltage to the motor. + +control, DC motor: a motion control that uses a DC +motor to drive the machine. + +control, dual bridge thyristor converter: a motion con- +trol for a DC motor that supplies the armature with +variable voltage of either polarity, and is capable of cur- +rent flow in both directions. + +control, generator field: a motion control that is accom- +plished by the use of an individual generator for each +driving-machine motor wherein the voltage applied to +the motor armature is adjusted by varying the strength +and direction of the generator field current. + +control, multivoltage: a motion control that is accom- +plished by impressing successively on the armature of +the driving-machine motor a number of substantially +fixed voltages such as may be obtained from multi- +commutator generators common to a group of elevators. + +control, rheostatic: a motion control that is accom- +plished by varying resistance and /or reactance in the +armature and /or field circuit of the driving-machine +motor. + +control, single bridge thyristor converter: a motion con- +trol for a DC motor that supplies the armature with +variable voltage of fixed polarity. The field is reversed +to control direction and to cause regeneration. + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +control, electrohydraulic: a motion control in which the +acceleration, speed, retardation, and stopping are gov- +erned by varying fluid flow to the hydraulic jack. + +control, static: a motion control in which control func- +tions are performed by solid-state devices. + +control, operation: that portion of a control system that +initiates the starting, stopping, and direction of motion, +in response to a signal from an operating device. + +operation, automatic: operation control wherein the +starting of the elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift car +is effected in response to the momentary actuation of +operating devices at the landing, and /or of operating +devices in the car identified with the landings, and /or +in response to an automatic starting mechanism, and +wherein the car is stopped automatically at the landings. + +operation, group automatic: automatic operation of +two or more nonattendant elevators equipped with +power-operated car and hoistway doors. The operation +of the cars is coordinated by a supervisory control sys- +tem including automatic dispatching means whereby +selected cars at designated dispatching points automati- +cally close their doors and proceed on their trips in a +regulated maimer. It includes one button in each car for +each floor served and "UP" and "DOWN" buttons at +each landing (single buttons at terminal landings). The +stops set up by the momentary actuation of the car +buttons are made automatically in succession as a car +reaches the corresponding landing, irrespective of its +direction of travel or the sequence in which the buttons +are actuated. The stops set up by the momentary actua- +tion of the landing buttons may be accomplished by any +elevator in the group, and are made automatically by +the first available car that approaches the landing in the +corresponding direction. + +operation, nonselective collective automatic: automatic +operation by means of one button in the car for each +landing served and one button at each landing, wherein +all stops registered by the momentary actuation of land- +ing or car buttons are made irrespective of the number +of buttons actuated or of the sequence in which the +buttons are actuated. With this type of operation, the +car stops at all landings for which buttons have been +actuated, making the stops in the order in which the +landings are reached after the buttons have been actu- +ated, but irrespective of its direction of travel. + +operation, selective collective automatic: automatic +operation by means of one button in the car for each +landing served and by "UP" and "DOWN" buttons at +the landings, wherein all stops registered by the momen- +tary actuation of the car buttons are made as defined +under nonselective collective automatic operation, but +wherein the stops registered by the momentary actua- +tion of the landing buttons are made in the order in +which the landings are reached in each direction of travel +after the buttons have been actuated. With this type of +operation, all "UP" landing calls are answered when the + + + +car is traveling in the up direction and all "DOWN" +landing calls are answered when the car is traveling in +the down direction, except in the case of the uppermost +or lowermost calls, which are answered as soon as they +are reached, irrespective of the direction of travel of +the car. + +operation, single automatic: automatic operation by +means of one button in the car for each landing served +and one button at each landing, so arranged that if any +car or landing button has been actuated the actuation +of any other car or landing operating button will have +no effect on the operation of the car until the response +to the first button has been completed. + +operation, car switch: operation control wherein the +movement and direction of travel of the car are directly +and solely imder the control of the attendant by means +of a manually operated car switch or of continuous- +pressure buttons in the car. + +operation, car switch automatic floor-stop: operation in +which the stop is initiated by the attendant from within +the car with a definite reference to the landing at which +it is desired to stop, after which the slowing down and +stopping of the elevator is effected automatically. + +operation, continuous-pressure: operation control by +means of buttons or switches in the car and at the land- +ings, any one of which may be used to control the move- +ment of the car as long as the button or switch is +manually maintained in the actuating position. + +operation, preregister: operation control in which signals +to stop are registered in advance by buttons in the car +and at the landings. At the proper point in the car travel, +the attendant in the car is notified by a signal, visual, +audible, or otherwise, to initiate the stop, after which +the landing stop is automatic. + +operation, signal: operation control by means of single +buttons or switches (or both) in the car, and "UP" or +"DOWN" direction buttons (or both) at the landings, +by which predetermined landing stops may be set up +or registered for an elevator or for a group of elevators. +The stops set up by the momentary actuation of the car +buttons are made automatically in succession as the car +reaches those landings, irrespective of its direction of +travel or the sequence in which the buttons are actuated. +The stops set up by the momentary actuation of the +"UP" and "DOWN" buttons at the landing are made +automatically by the first available car in the group +approaching the landings in the corresponding direc- +tion, irrespective of the sequence in which the buttons +are actuated. With this type of operation, the car can be +started only by means of a starting switch or button in +the car. + +control system: the overall system govenung the start- +ing, stopping direction of motion, acceleration, speed, +and retardation of the moving member. See Normianda- +tory Appendix A. + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +controller: a device or group of devices that serves to +control in a predetermined manner the apparatus to +which it is connected. + +controller, motion: an operative unit comprising a +device or group of devices for actuating the moving +member. + +controller, motor: the operative units of a motion control +system comprising the starter devices and power con- +version equipment required to drive an electric motor. + +controller, operation: an operative unit comprising a +device or group of devices for actuating the motion +control. + +deck, escalator: see escalator deck. + +designated attendant: where elevator operation is con- +trolled solely by authorized personnel (attendant ser- +vice, independent, hospital service, and other similar +operations). + +designated level: the main floor or other floor level +that best serves the needs of emergency personnel for +firefighting or rescue purposes identified by the building +code or fire authority. + +dispatching device, elevator automatic: a device, the +principal function of which is to either: + +(a) operate a signal in the car to indicate when the +car should leave a designated landing, or + +(b) actuate its starting mechanism when the car is at +a designated landing + +displacement switch: a device actuated by the displace- +ment of the counterweight, at any point in the hoistway, +to provide a signal that the counterweight has moved +from its normal lane of travel or has left its guide rails. + +door: the movable portion(s) of an entrance that closes +the openings. It consists of one or more solid face panels +which are permitted to be equipped with a vision panel. + +door, folding: a hinged door consisting of two or more +panels that fold and move horizontally. + +door, horizontally sliding: a door that moves horizon- +tally + +center-opening: a horizontally sliding door con- +sisting of two panels, so arranged to open away from +each other. + +center-opening, multiple-speed: a horizontally sliding +door consisting of more than two panels, so arranged +that the panels or groups of panels open away from +each other. + +multiple-speed: a horizontally sliding door with two + +or more panels, so arranged to open away from one side. + +single-speed: a one-panel horizontally sliding door. + +door or gate, manually operated: a door or gate that is +opened and closed by hand. + +door or gate, power-operated: a door or gate that is +opened and closed by a door or gate power-operator. + + + +door or gate, self-closing: a manually opened door or +gate that closes when released. + +door, swinging: a door that pivots around a vertical axis. + +door, vertically sliding: a counterweighted or counter- +balanced door consisting of one or more panels that +move vertically to open or close. + +door, biparting: a vertically sliding door consisting +of two or more sections, so arranged that the sections +or groups of sections open away from each other. + +door, wrap-around: a horizontally sliding door that +bends around a car enclosure. + +door locked out of service: a hoistway entrance in which +the door is mechanically locked by means other than +the interlock to prevent the door being opened from the +car side without keys or special equipment. + +door or gate closer: a device that closes a door or gate +by means of a spring or gravity. + +door or gate electric contact: an electrical device, the +function of which is to prevent operation of the driving +machine by the normal operating device unless the door +or gate is in the closed position. + +door or gate power operator: a device or assembly of +devices that opens a hoistway door(s) and /or a car door +or car gate by power other than hand, gravity, springs, +or the movement of the car; and that closes them by +power other than hand, gravity, or the movement of +the car. + +driving machine: see machine, driving. + +dumbwaiter: a hoisting and lowering mechanism +equipped with a car of limited size which moves in +guide rails and serves two or more landings that is used +exclusively for carrying materials, and is classified by +the following types. + +dumbwaiter, hand: a dumbwaiter utilizing manual +energy to move the car. + +dumbwaiter, power: a dumbwaiter utilizing energy +other than gravitational or manual to move the car. + +dumbwaiter, electric: a power dumbwaiter where the +energy is applied by means of an electric driving +machine. + +dumbwaiter, hydraulic: a power dumbwaiter where +the energy is applied, by means of a liquid under pres- +sure, in a cylinder equipped with a plunger or piston. + +dumbwaiter, direct-plunger hydraulic: a hydraulic +dumbwaiter having a plunger or cylinder directly +attached to the car frame or platform. + +dumbwaiter, electrohydraulic: a direct-plunger +dumbwaiter where liquid is pumped under pressure +directly into the cylinder by a pump driven by an electric +motor. + +dumbwaiter, maintained-pressure hydraulic: a direct- +plunger dumbwaiter where liquid under pressure is +available at all times for transfer into the cylinder. + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +dumbwaiter, roped-hydraulic: a hydraulic dumb- +waiter having its piston connected to the car with +wire rope. + +dumbwaiter, undercounter: a dumbwaiter that has its +top terminal landing located underneath a coimter. + +earthquake protective devices: a device or group of +devices that serve to regulate the operation of an elevator +or group of elevators in a predetermined marmer during +or after an earthquake. + +elevator: a hoisting and lowering mecharusm, equipped +with a car, that moves within guides and serves two or +more landings and is classified by the following types + +NOTE: See 1.1.2, Equipment Not Covered by This Code. + +elevator, freight: an elevator used primarily for carrying +freight and on which only the operator and the persons +necessary for unloading and loading the freight are per- +mitted to ride. + +NOTE (elevator, freight): Its use is subject to the modifications +specified in 2.16. + +elevator, hand: an elevator utilizing manual energy to +move the car. + +elevator, inclined: an elevator that travels at an angle +of inclination of 70 deg or less from the horizontal. + +elevator, mine: an elevator installed in the mine +hoistway, used to provide access to the mine for person- +nel, materials, equipment, and supplies. To meet the +requirements of a mine elevator, the components must +be designed and installed in conformance to Part 2 of +this Code, except as modified in 5.9. Mine elevators are +similar to electric passenger elevators but are modified +to operate in the mine envirorunent. + +elevator, multicompartment: an elevator having two or +more compartments located one above the other. + +elevator, observation: an elevator designed to permit +exterior viewing by passengers while the car is traveling. + +elevator, passenger: an elevator used primarily to carry +persons other than the operator and persons necessary +for loading and unloading. + +elevator, power: an elevator utilizing energy other than +gravitational or manual to move the car. + +elevator, electric: a power elevator where the energy +is applied by means of an electric driving machine. + +elevator, hydraulic: a power elevator in which the +energy is applied, by means of a liquid under pressure, +in a hydraulic jack. + +elevator, direct-acting hydraulic: a hydraulic eleva- +tor in which the energy is applied by a direct hydraulic +driving machine. + +elevator, electrohydraulic: a hydraulic elevator in +which liquid under pressure is supplied by a hydraulic +machine. + +elevator, maintained-pressure hydraulic: a direct-act- +ing hydraulic elevator in which liquid under pressure is + + + +available at all times for transfer into the hydraulic jack. +elevator, roped-hydraulic: a hydraulic elevator in +which the energy is applied by a roped-hydraulic driv- +ing machine. + +elevator, limited-use/limited-application: a power passen- +ger elevator in which the use and application is limited +by size, capacity, speed, and rise. + +elevator, private residence: a power passenger elevator +which is limited in size, capacity, rise, and speed, and +is installed in a private residence or in a multiple dwell- +ing as a means of access to a private residence. + +elevator, rack-and-pinion: a power elevator with or with- +out a counterweight that is supported, raised, and low- +ered by a motor or motors which drive a pinion or +pillions on a stationary rack mounted in the hoistway. + +elevator, rooftop: a power passenger or freight elevator +operating between a landing at roof level and landings +below. It opens onto the exterior roof level of a building +through a horizontal opening. + +elevator, screw column: a power elevator having an +uncounterweighted car which is supported, raised, and +lowered by means of a screw thread. + +elevator, shipboard: lifting equipment installed in ships, +in offshore drilling rigs, or offshore oil production plat- +forms for the purpose of transporting personnel, mainte- +nance equipment, and ship stores that serves defined +landing levels; comprised of an enclosed car running +between rigid guides, the dimensions and means of con- +struction of which permit the access of persons. + +elevator, sidewalk: an elevator of the freight type +operating between a landing in a sidewalk or other exte- +rior area and floors below the sidewalk or grade level. +It opens onto the exterior area through a horizontal +opening. + +elevator, special purpose personnel: an elevator that is +limited in size, capacity, and speed, and permanently +installed in structures such as grain elevators, radio +anterma, bridge towers, underground facilities, dams, +power plants, and similar structures to provide vertical +transportation of authorized personnel and their tools +and equipment only. + +elevator, used for construction: an elevator being used +temporarily, only for construction purposes. + +elevator personnel: persons who have been trained in +the construction, maintenance, repair, inspection, or test- +ing of equipment. + +emergency personnel: persons who have been trained +in the operation of emergency or standby power and +firefighters' emergency operation or emergency evacu- +ation. + +emergency signal device: a device that can be operated +from within the elevator car to inform persons outside +the hoistway that help is required. + +emergency stop switch: a device located as required and +readily accessible for operation, which, when manually + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +operated, causes the electric power to be removed from +the driving-machine motor and brake of an electric ele- +vator; or from the electrically operated valves and pump +motor of a hydraulic elevator; or of a dumbwaiter; or +of a material lift. + +endurance limit of a component: the maximum stress +that can be alternated or reversed within specified limits +without producing fracture of the component material. + +enforcing authority: see authority having jurisdiction and +regulator]/ authority. + +engineering test: a test carried out by or witnessed by +a registered or licensed professional engineer, testing +laboratory, or certifying organization to ensure confor- +mance to Code requirements. + +entrance, elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift: the pro- +tective assembly that closes the openings normally used +for loading and unloading, including the door(s), gate(s), +transom panel, fixed side panel, hardware, and frame, +if provided. + +entrance, horizontally sliding type: an entrance in which +the door(s) slides horizontally. + +entrance, swinging type: an entrance in which the +door(s) swings around vertical hinges. + +entrance, vertically sliding type: an entrance in which +the door(s) slides vertically. + +entrance frame, applied: see applied frame entrance. + +entrance hardware: all components of an entrance, +exclusive of the frame, door(s), and interlocks, that are +necessary to maintain the position of the doors within +the assembly. + +escalator: power-driven, inclined, continuous stairway +used for raising or lowering passengers. + +escalator, conventional: an escalator on which the run- +ning gear is driven by a single drive shaft at a terminal. + +escalator, modular: an escalator on which the running +gear along the incline is driven by one or more drive +units. + +escalator deck: the transverse members of the balus- +trade, having an interior or exterior section, or both. A +high deck is located immediately below the handrail +stand. A low deck is located immediately above the skirt +panel. + +escalator molding: the connecting means between the +various portions of the balustrade. + +escalator newel: the balustrade termination at the +landing. + +escalator newel base: the panel located immediately +under the newel. + +escalator panel, exterior: the panel enclosing the exterior +side of the balustrade. + +escalator panel, interior: the panel located between the +skirt and the escalator high deck or the handrail stand. + + + +escalator skirt: the fixed, vertical panels located immedi- +ately adjacent to the steps. + +escalator skirt cover, dynamic: the stationary cover that +protects the interface between the dynamic skirt panel +and the escalator balustrade. + +escalator wellway: an opening in a floor provided for +escalator installation between two levels of a building. + +escalators, tandem operation: escalators used in series +with common intermediate landings. + +factor of safety: the ratio of the ultimate strength to +the working stress of a member under maximum static +loading, unless otherwise specified in a particular +requirement. + +fail safe: a characteristic of a system or its elements +whereby any failure or malfunction affecting safety will +cause the system to revert to a state that is known to +be safe. + +fire endurance: a measure of the elapsed time during +which a material or assembly continues to exhibit fire +resistance under specified conditions of test and per- +formance, expressed as a fire-resistance rating. + +fire-resistance rating: the measured time in hours or +fractions thereof that the material or construction will +withstand fire exposure, as determined by fire tests con- +ducted in conformity to recognized standards. + +fire-resistive construction: a method of construction +that prevents or retards the passage of hot gases or +flames, as defined by the fire-resistance rating. + +fixed side panel: a panel used to close a hoistway enclo- +sure opening on the side of a hoistway entrance. + +flat steps: the distance, expressed in step lengths, that +the leading edge of the escalator step travels after emerg- +ing from the comb before moving vertically. + +gate: the moveable portion(s) of an entrance that closes +the opening. A gate has through openings. + +horizontally sliding collapsible gate: a series of horizon- +tally sliding vertical members, joined by a scissors-like +linkage that allows the assembly to collapse. + +horizontally sliding noncollapsible gate: a noncollapsible +assembly consisting of one or more sections that slide +horizontally. + +vertically sliding gate: a counterweighted or counterbal- +anced assembly, consisting of one or more sections that +move vertically to open or close. + +gate, semiautomatic: a gate that is opened manually +and that is closed automatically as the car leaves the +landing. + +governor: see speed governor. + +governor pull-through tension (force): the magnitude +of the tensile load developed in the moving governor +rope after the governor rope retarding means is actuated. + + + +# + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +governor rope retarding means: a mechanical means of +developing a sufficient force in the governor rope to +activate the car or counterweight safeties or to trip the +governor rope releasing carrier, where used. Such +mechanical means include, but are not limited to, rope- +gripping jaws, clutch mechanisms, and traction arrange- +ments. + +handrail stand: the uppermost portion of the balustrade +that supports and guides the handrail. + +hoistway (shaft), elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift: + +an opeiung through a building or structure for the travel +of elevators, dumbwaiters, or material lifts, extending +from the pit floor to the roof or floor above. + +hoistway, blind: the portion of a hoistway where +hoistway entrances are not provided. + +hoistway, multiple: a hoistway with more than one ele- +vator, dumbwaiter, or material lift. + +hoistway, single: a hoistway with a single elevator, +dumbwaiter, or material lift. + +hoistway, mine: The area within a mine shaft, and its +above ground structure required for the elevator equip- +ment, associated supports, and operations, including a +minimum of 450 mm (18 in.) around same. + +hoistway access switch: a switch, located at a landing, +the fimction of which is to permit operation of the car +with the hoistway door at this landing and the car door +or gate open, in order to permit access to the top of the +car or to the pit. + +hoistway door: see door. + +hoistway door electric contact: see door or gate electric +contact. + +hoistway door or gate locking device: a device that +secures a hoistway door or gate in the closed position +and prevents it from being opened from the landing +side except under certain specified conditions. + +hoistway door combination mechanical lock and electric +contact: a combination mechanical and electrical device +with two related, but entirely independent functions, +which are: + +(a) to prevent operation of the driving machine by +the normal operating device unless the hoistway door +is in the closed position + +(b) to lock the hoistway door in the closed position +and prevent it from being opened from the landing side +unless the car is within the landing zone + +NOTE: As there is no positive mechanical connection between +the electric contact and the door locking mechanism, this device +ensures only that the door will be closed, but not necessarily locked, +when the car leaves the landing. Should the lock mechanism fail +to operate as intended when released by a stationary or retiring +car-cam device, the door can be opened from the landing side even +though the car is not at the landing. If operated by a stationary +car-cam device, it does not prevent opening the door from the +landing side as the car passes the floor. + + + +hoistway door interlock: a device having two related +and interdependent functions, which are: + +(a) to prevent the operation of the driving machine +by the normal operating device unless the hoistway door +is locked in the closed position + +(b) to prevent the opening of the hoistway door from +the landing side unless the car is within the landing +zone and is either stopped or being stopped + +hoistway door interlock retiring cam device: a device +that consists of a retractable cam and its actuating mech- +anism and that is entirely independent of the car door +or hoistway door power operator. + +hoistway gate separate mechanical lock: a mechanical +device the function of which is to lock a hoistway gate +in the closed position after the car leaves a landing and +prevent the gate from being opened from the landing +side imless the car is within the landing zone. + +hoistway enclosure: the fixed structure, consisting of +vertical walls or partitions, that isolates the hoistway +from all other areas or from an adjacent hoistway and +in which entrances are installed. + +hoistway gate: usually a counterweighted (counterbal- +anced) assembly, consisting of one or more sections that +are guided in the vertical direction to open or close. The +gate may be of wood or metal cor\struction. Wood gates +may consist of either horizontal or vertical slats. Metal +gates are usually constructed of perforated or expanded +metal. + +hospital service: a special case of operation by a desig- +nated attendant used only for medical emergencies. + +hydraulic jack: a unit consisting of a cylinder equipped +with a plunger (ram) or piston, which applies the energy +provided by a liquid under pressure. + +hydraulic machine: a unit consisting of pump, motor, +valves, and associated internal piping, which converts +electrical energy and supplies it as a liquid under +pressure. + +in-car stop switch: a device located in the car and acces- +sible for operation by elevator personnel only, which, +when manually operated, causes the electric power to +be removed from the driving-machine motor and brake +of an electric elevator or from the electrically operated +valves and pump motor of a hydraulic elevator. + +inclined elevator: see elevator, inclined. + +installation: a complete elevator, dimibwaiter, escalator, +material lift, or moving walk, including its hoistway, +hoistway enclosures and related construction, and all +machinery and equipment necessary for its operation. + +installation, existing: an installation that has been com- +pleted or is under construction prior to the effective date +of this Code. + +installation, new: any installation not classified as an +existing installation by definition, or an existing elevator. + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +dumbwaiter, escalator, material lift, inclined lift, or mov- +ing walk moved to a new location subsequent to the +effective date of this Code. + +interlock: see car door interlock and hoistway door interlock. + +labeled/marked: equipment or material to which has +been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark +of an approved or accredited independent certifying +organization, concerned with product evaluation, that +maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled/ +marked equipment or material, and by whose labeling/ +marking the manufacturer indicates compliance with +appropriate standards or performance in a specified +manner. + +NOTE: For the purpose of this definition, accredited means that an +organization has been evaluated and approved by an Authorized +Agency to operate a Certification /Listing program, and is desig- +nated as such in a publication of the Authorized Agency. + +landing, dumbwaiter: that portion of a floor, balcony, +platform, or landing door used to discharge and receive +materials. + +landing, elevator or material lift: that portion of a floor, +balcony, or platform used to receive and discharge pas- +sengers or freight. + +landing, bottom terminal: the lowest landing served by +the elevator or material lift that is equipped with a +hoistway entrance. + +landing, top terminal: the highest landing served by the +elevator or material lift that is equipped with a hoistway +entrance. + +landing, escalator or moving walk: the stationary area +at the entrance to or exit from an escalator, a moving +walk, or moving walk system. + +landing, next available: the first landing in the direction +of travel that the elevator is electrically and mecharucally +capable of serving with a normal slowdown and stop. + +landing zone: a zone extending from a point 450 mm +(18 in.) below a landing to a point 450 mm (18 in.) above +the landing. + +leveling: controlled car movement toward the landing, +within the leveling zone, by means of a leveling device, +which vertically aligns the car platform sill relative to the +hoistway landing sill to attain a predetermined accuracy. + +leveling device, elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift +car: any mechanism that will either, automatically or +under control of the operator, move the car within the +leveling zone toward the landing only, and automati- +cally stop it at the landing. + +leveling device, anticreep: a leveling device used on +hydraulic elevators to correct automatically a change in +car level caused by leakage or contraction of fluid in the +hydraulic system. + +leveling device, inching: a leveling device that is con- +trolled by the operator by means of continuous-pressure +switches. + + + +leveling device, one-way automatic: a device that corrects +the car level only in case of under-run of the car, but will +not maintain the level during loading and unloading. + +leveling device, two-way automatic maintaining: a device +that corrects the car level on both under-run and over- +run, and maintains the level during loading and +unloading. + +leveling device, two-way automatic nonmaintaining: a +device that corrects the car level on both under-run and +over-run, but will not maintain the level during loading +and unloading. + +leveling zone: the limited distance above or below an +elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift landing within +which the leveling device is permitted to cause move- +ment of the car toward the landing. + +listed/certified: equipment or materials accepted for +inclusion in a publication by a certifying organization. + +NOTE: The means for identifying listed/certified equipment may +vary for each organization concerned with product evaluation, +some of which do not recognize equipment as listed/certified +unless it is also labeled /marked. The authority having jurisdiction +utilizes the system employed by the listing /certifying organization +to identify a listed /certified product. + +load, dynamic: the load applied as a result of accelera- +tion or deceleration. + +load, impact: a suddenly applied load. + +load, static: the load applied as a result of the weight. + +machine, driving: the power unit that applies the energy +necessary to drive an elevator or other equipment cov- +ered by the scope of this Code. + +driving machine, electric: a driving machine in which +the energy is applied by an electric motor. It includes the +motor, driving-machine brake, and the driving sheave or +drum, together with its connecting gearing, belt, or +chain, if any. See Nonmandatory Appendix F. + +driving machine, direct: an electric driving machine, +the motor of which is directly connected mechanically +to the driving sheave, drum, or shaft without the use +of belts or chains, either with or without intermediate +gears. + +geared driving machine: a direct driving machine +in which the energy is transmitted from the motor to +the driving sheave, drum, or shaft through gearing. + +winding drum machine: a geared driving +machine in which the suspension ropes are fastened to +and wind on a drum. + +traction machine: a direct driving machine in +which the motion of a car is obtained through friction +between the suspension ropes and a traction sheave. + +geared traction machine: a geared-drive traction +machine. + +gearless traction machine: a traction machine, +without intermediate gearing, that has the traction + + + +10 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +sheave and the brake drum mounted directly on the +motor shaft. + +worm-geared machine: a direct driving machine in +which the energy from the motor is transmitted to the +driving sheave or drum through worm gearing. + +driving machine, indirect: an electric driving machine, +the motor of which is connected indirectly to the driving +sheave, drum, gear reducer, or shaft by means of a belt +drive or chain drive. + +belt driving machine: an indirect driving machine +equipped with a belt system as the connecting means. +chain driving machine: an indirect driving machine +with a chain system as the connecting means. + +driving machine, rack-and-pinion: an electric driving +machine in which the motion of the car is obtained by +a power-driven rotation piiuon(s) mounted on the car, +traveling on a stationary rack mounted in the hoistway. + +driving machine, screw: an electric driving machine, +the motor of which drives a nut on a vertical screw or +rotates a vertical screw to raise or lower an elevator car. +driving machine, chain, dumbwaiter or material lift: a driv- +ing machine in which the motion of a car is obtained +through a connection between a driven sprocket and +the suspension chains. + +driving machine, hydraulic: a driving machine in which +the energy is provided by a hydraulic machine and +applied by a hydraulic jack. + +direct hydraulic driving machine: a hydraulic driving +machine in which the driving member of the hydraulic +jack is directly attached to the car frame or platform. + +roped-hydraulic driving machine: a hydraulic driving +machine in which the driving member of the hydraulic +jack is connected to the car by wire ropes or indirectly +coupled to the car by means of wire ropes and sheaves. +It includes multiplying sheaves, if any, and their guides. + +main floor, the floor providing normal egress from a +building. + +maintained pressure: the hydraulic pressure between +the pressure source and the control valves of a main- +tained pressure hydraulic elevator. + +maintenance: a process of routine examination, lubrica- +tion, cleaning, and adjustment of parts, components, +and /or subsystems for the purpose of ensuring perform- +ance in accordance with the applicable Code require- +ments. (See also repair and replacement.) + +manual reset, escalator and moving walk: a means, +not accessible to the general public, requiring personal +intervention by an authorized person prior to restarting +the escalator or moving walk. + +material lift: a hoisting and lowering mechanism nor- +mally classified as an elevator, equipped with a car +which moves within a guide system installed at an angle +of greater than 70 deg from the horizontal, serving two or +more landings, for the purpose of transporting materials + + + +which are manually or automatically loaded or +unloaded. Material lifts without an automatic transfer +device are Type A or Type B. On Type A material lifts +no persons are permitted to ride. On Type B material +lifts authorized persormel are permitted to ride. + +may: indicates permission, not a mandatory +requirement. + +mechanical lock: see hoistway door combination mechanical +lock and electric contact and hoistway gate separate mechani- +cal lock. + +modernization: see alteration. + +module: the increment of rise in a modular escalator +that one drive unit is capable of powering. + +molding, escalator: see escalator molding. + +moving walk: a t)^e of passenger-carrying device on +which passengers stand or walk, and in which the pas- +senger-carrying surface remains parallel to its direction +of motion and is uninterrupted. + +moving walk, belt pallet type: a moving walk with a +series of cormected and power-driven pallets to which +a continuous belt tread way is fastened. + +moving walk, belt type: a moving walk with a power- +driven continuous belt treadway. + +moving walk, edge-supported belt type: a moving walk +with the treadway supported near its edges by a succes- +sion of rollers. + +moving walk, pallet type: a moving walk with a series +of cormected and power-driven pallets that together con- +stitute the treadway. + +moving walk, roller-bed type: a moving walk with the +treadway supported throughout its width by a succes- +sion of rollers. + +moving walk, slider-bed type: a moving walk with the +treadway sliding upon a supporting surface. + +moving walk newel: the balustrade termination at the +landing. + +moving walk newel base: the panel located immedi- +ately under the newel. + +moving walk wellway: an opening in a floor provided +for moving walk installation. + +newel, escalator: see escalator newel. + +newel, moving walk: see moving walk newel. + +newel base, escalator: see escalator newel base. + +newel base, moving walk: see moving walk newel base. + +nonstop switch, elevator: a switch that, when operated, +will prevent the elevator from making registered landing +stops. + +normal stopping means: that portion of the operation +control that initiates stopping of the car in normal opera- +tion at landings. + + + +11 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +operating device: the car switch, push buttons, key or +toggle switches, or other devices used to actuate the +operation control. + +operating speed in the down direction: the speed at +which a hydraulic elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift +is set to lower with rated load. + +operation, inspection: a special case of continuous-pres- +sure operation used for troubleshooting, maintenance, +repair, adjustments, rescue, and inspection. + +overhead structure: all of the structural members, walls, +platforms, etc., supporting the elevator machinery, +sheaves, and equipment at the top of the hoistway. + +pallet, moving walk: one of a series of rigid platforms +that together form an articulated treadway or the sup- +port for a continuous treadway. + +panel, exterior escalator: see escalator panel, exterior. + +panel, interior escalator: see escalator panel, interior. + +parking device, elevator: an electrical or mechanical +device, the function of which is to permit the opening +of the hoistway door from the landing side when the +car is within the landing zone of that landing. The device +may also be used to close the door. + +penetrate a floor: to pass through or pierce a floor in +such a way that the opening has a continuous perimeter +and is provided only to allow the equipment to pass +through the floor. + +periodic tests, category: a grouping of tests performed at +common time intervals required by the authority having +jurisdiction. + +Phase I Emergency Recall Operation: the operation of +an elevator where it is automatically or manually +recalled to the recall level and removed from normal +service because of activation of firefighters' emergency +operation. + +Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation: the operation of +an elevator by firefighters where the elevator is under +their control. + +piston: a short cylindrical member that is provided with +a sealing means that travels with the member within a +hydraulic cylinder. Pistons may be coupled to the eleva- +tor, dumbwaiter, or material lift by a coupling means +that passes through a sealing means provided in the +cylinder head. + +piston, rod: the coupling means between the piston and +its driven member. + +pit, dumbwaiter, material lift: the portion of a hoistway +extending from the floor level of the bottom terminal +landing to the floor at the bottom of the hoistway. + +pit, elevator: the portion of a hoistway extending from +the sill level of the bottom terminal landing to the floor +at the bottom of the hoistway. + + + +plunger (ram): a long cylindrical compression member +that is directly or indirectly coupled to the car frame. +This member is not provided with a sealing means. +Where used in assembly with a cylinder, the sealing +means is provided on the cylinder head. In the case of +telescopic plungers and cylinders, a sealing means may +be used in the moving plunger, that is also a cylinder. + +plunger gripper: a mechanical device attached to a sup- +porting structure in the pit, which stops and holds the +car by gripping the plunger. + +position indicator: a device that indicates the position +of the elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift car in the +hoistway. It is called a hall position indicator when +placed at a landing or a car position indicator when +placed in the car. + +power unit, hydraulic: see hydraulic machine. + +pressure piping: the piping for a hydraulic elevator +between the pump and the hydraulic jack. + +private residence: a separate dwelling or a separate +apartment in a multiple dwelling which is occupied only +by the members of a single family unit. + +private residence elevator: see elevator. + +rated load, elevator, dumbwaiter, material lift, or esca- +lator: the load that the equipment is designed and +installed to lift at the rated speed. + +rated load, moving walk: the load that the moving walk +is designed and installed to move, horizontally or at an +incline, at the rated speed. + +rated load performance: the operation of the elevator +with its rated load at rated speed. + +rated speed: the speed at which the elevator, dumb- +waiter, escalator, moving walk, or material lift is +designed to operate under the following conditions: + +elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift: the speed in the up +direction with rated load in the car. (See also operating +speed in the down direction.) + +escalator: the rate of travel of the steps, measured along +the centerline of the steps in the direction of travel, +with rated load on the steps. In the case of a reversible +escalator, the rated speed shall be the rate of travel of +the steps in the up direction, measured along the center- +line of the steps on the incline, with rated load on the +steps. + +moving walk: the rate of travel of the treadway, horizon- +tally or at an incline, with rated load on the treadway. +In the case of reversible inclined moving walks, the rated +speed is the rate of travel of the treadway in the up +direction, measured along the centerline of the treadway +surface in the direction of travel, with rated load on the +treadway. + +readily accessible: capable of being reached quickly for +operation, renewal, or inspection, without requiring +those to whom ready access is a requisite to climb over + + + +12 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +or remove obstacles or resort to portable ladders, +chairs, etc. + +recall level: the designated or alternate level that cars are +returned to when Phase I Emergency Recall Operation is +activated. + +recycling operation, telescope plunger: an operation for +restoring the relative vertical positions of the multiple +plungers in a telescoping plunger arrangement. + +regulatory authority: the person or organization respon- +sible for the administration and enforcement of the +applicable legislation or regulation governing the +design, construction, installation, operation, inspection, +testing, maintenance, or alteration of equipment covered +by this Code. (See also authority having jurisdiction.) + +rehabilitation: see alteration; maintenance; repair; and +replacement. + +releasing carrier, governor rope: a mechanical device +to which the governor rope may be fastened, calibrated +to control the activation of a safety at a predetermined +tripping force. + +remote machine and control rooms: rooms that do not +share a common wall, floor, or ceiling with the hoistway. + +repair: reconditioning or renewal of parts, components, +and /or subsystems necessary to keep equipment in +compliance with applicable Code requirements. (See +also replacement and maintenance.) + +replacement: the substitution of a device or component +and /or subsystems, in its entirety, with a unit that is +basically the same as the original for the purpose of +ensuring performance in accordance with applicable +Code requirements. (See also repair and maintenance.) + +restricted area: (applicable to Part 7) an area accessible +only to authorized personnel who have been instructed +in the use and operation of the equipment. + +rise: the vertical distance between the bottom terminal +landing and the top terminal landing of an elevator, +dum.bwaiter, or material lift. + +rise, escalator and moving walk: the vertical distance +between the top and bottom landings of the escalator +or moving walk. + +rope, aircraft cable: a wire rope built for a special pur- +pose having special flexibility properties, zinc-coating, +high breaking strength, and antirust qualities. Designed +originally for use with aircraft controls. + +rope, car counterweight: wire rope used to connect the +car and counterweight that does not pass over the driv- +ing means. + +rope, counterweight: wire rope used to raise and lower +the coimterweight on an electric elevator, dumbwaiter, +or material lift having a winding drum machine. + +rope, governor: wire rope with at least one end fastened +to the safety activating means or governor rope releasing + + + +carrier, passing over and driving the governor sheave, +and providing continuous information on the speed and +direction of the car or counterweight. + +rope, safety drum (also known as "Tail rope" and +"Minne Line"): a corrosion-resistant wire rope used to +connect the governor rope to the safety. Primarily used +with wedge clamp safeties. + +rope, suspension (hoisting): wire rope used to raise and +lower an elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift car or its +counterweight, or both. + +rope equalizer, suspension: a device installed on an +elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift car or counter- +weight to equalize automatically the tensions in the sus- +pension wire ropes. + +rope-fastening device, auxiliary: a device attached to +the car or counterweight or to the overhead dead-end +rope-hitch support that will fimction automatically to +support the car or counterweight in case the regular +wire rope fastening fails at the point of connection to the +car or counterweight or at the overhead dead-end hitch. + +rope sprocket drive: a driving means consisting of wire +rope with fixed links at constant intervals throughout +its length. The links engage in slots on a grooved drive +cog to provide a positive drive force. + +runby, bottom, elevator car: the distance between the +car buffer striker plate and the striking surface of the +car buffer when the car floor is level with the bottom +terminal landing. + +runby, bottom, elevator counterweight: the distance +between the counterweight buffer striker plate and the +striking surface of the counterweight buffer when the +car floor is level with the top terminal landing. + +runby, top, direct-plunger hydraulic elevator: the dis- +tance the elevator car can run above its top terminal +landing before the plunger strikes its mechanical stop. + +running gear, escalator: all the components of an escala- +tor moving along the tracks. + +running gear, moving walk: all the components of a +moving walk moving along the tracks. + +safety, car or counterweight: a mechanical device +attached to the car, car franie, or to an auxiliary frame; +or to the counterweight or counterweight frame; to stop +and hold the car or counterweight under one or more +of the following conditions: predetermined overspeed, +free fall, or if the suspension ropes slacken. + +safety, self-resetting: a car or counterweight safety +released and reset by movement in the up direction. + +safety bulkhead: a closure at the bottom of the cylinder +located above the cylinder head and provided with an +orifice for controlling the loss of fluid in the event of +cylinder head failure. + + + +13 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +screw column: a vertical structural member provided +with screw threads that support the car of a screw col- +umn elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift. The screw +column may be either in tension or compression. + +seismic switch: a device activated by ground movement +to provide a signal that a potentially damaging earth- +quake is imminent. + +shaft: see hoistway. + +shall: indicates a mandatory requirement. + +should: indicates a recommendation, not a mandatory +requirement. + +sight guard: a vertical member mounted on the hoistway +side of the leading edge of the hoistway door. It is used +to reduce the opening between the leading edges of the +hoistway door and the car door. + +signal device, elevator car flash: one providing a signal +light in the car, which is illuminated when the car +approaches the landings at which a landing signal regis- +tering device has been actuated. + +signal registering device, elevator landing: a button or +other device located at the elevator landing, which, +when actuated by a waiting passenger, causes a stop +signal to be registered in the car. + +signal system, elevator separate: one consisting of but- +tons or other devices located at the landings, which, +when actuated by a waiting passenger, illuminates a +flash signal or operates an annunciator in the car indicat- +ing floors at which stops are to be made. + +signal transfer device, elevator automatic: a device by +means of which a signal to be registered in a car is +automatically transferred to the next car following, in +case the first car passes a floor for which a signal has +been registered without making a stop. + +signal transfer switch, elevator: a manually operated +switch, located in the car, by means of which the operator +can transfer a signal to the next car approaching in the +same direction, when the operator desires to pass a floor +at which a signal has been registered in the car. + +skirt, escalator, see escalator skirt. + +skirt panel, dynamic: the moving vertical panels, with +a positive mechanical connection to the running gear, +adjacent to, and moving with the steps. + +slack-rope switch: a device that automatically causes the +electric power to be removed from the elevator driving +machine motor and brake when the suspension ropes +of a winding drum machine become slack. + +sleeving (liner): the insertion of a smaller diameter cyl- +inder inside the existing cylinder of a hydraulic jack. + +sling: see car frame. + +slope, moving walk: the angle that the centerline of the +treadway makes with the horizontal. + + + +software system failure: a behavior of the software, +including its support (host) hardware, that is not in +accordance with the intended function. + +solid-state device: an element that can control current +flow without moving parts. + +speed governor: a continuously operating speed moni- +toring and detection device that, at predetermined +speeds, provides signals to the controller and imparts +a retarding force to activate the car or counterweight +safety. + +speed governor, escalator and moving walk: a continu- +ously operating speed monitoring and detection device +that, at predetermined speeds, provides signals to the +controller to stop the escalator or moving walk. + +starters control panel, elevator: an assembly of devices +by means of which the starter may control the manner +in which an elevator or group of elevators function. + +static switching: switching of circuits by means of solid- +state devices. + +tandem operation escalators: see escalators, tandem oper- +ation. + +terminal landing: see landing, elevator or material lift. + +terminal speed-limiting device, emergency: a device +that automatically reduces the car and counterweight +speed to within the rated buffer striking speed prior to +buffer engagement. + +terminal speed reducing device, hydraulic: a device on +hydraulic elevators that will reduce the speed prior to +contacting the stop ring in the up direction. + +terminal stopping device, emergency: a device that +automatically causes the power to be removed from the +driving machine motor and brake if the car fails to slow +down as intended when approaching the terminal +landing. + +terminal stopping device, final: a device that automati- +cally causes the power to be removed from a driving- +machine motor and brake, or from a hydraulic machine, +independent of the functioning of the normal stopping +means, normal terminal stopping device, and any emer- +gency terminal speed-limiting device, after the car has +passed a terminal landing. + +terminal stopping device, machine final (stop-motion +switch): final terminal stopping device operated directly +by the driving machine. + +terminal stopping device, normal: device(s) to slow +down and stop an elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift +car automatically at or near a terminal landing, indepen- +dently of the functioning of the normal stopping means. + +threshold comb, moving walk: see comb, escalator and +moving walk. + +threshold plate, moving walk: see combplate, escalator +and moving walk. + + + +14 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +transom: a panel or panels used to close a hoistway +enclosure opening above a hoistway entrance. + +travel: distance measured along the center of the path +of motion between the bottom terminal landing and the +top terminal landing. + +traveling cable: a cable made up of electric conductors, +which provides electrical cormection between an eleva- +tor, dumbwaiter, material lift car, or counterweight, and +a fixed outlet in the hoistway or machine room. + +treadway, moving walk: the passenger-carrying mem- +ber of a moving walk. + +truck zone, elevator: the limited distance above an ele- +vator landing within which the truck zoning device per- +mits movement of the elevator car. + +truck zoning device, elevator: a device that will permit +the operator in the car to move a freight elevator within +the truck zone with the car door or gate and a hoistway +door open. + +type test: a test carried out by or witnessed by a certi- +fying organization concerned with product evaluation +and the issuing of certificates to ensure conformance to +Code requirements. + +unlocking device, hoistway door: a mechanical device, +the function of which is to unlock and permit the open- +ing of a hoistway door from a landing irrespective of +the position of the car. + +unlocking zone: a zone extending from the landing floor +level to a point not less than 75 mm (3 in.) nor more +than 450 mm (18 in.) above and below the landing. + +valley break: a broken wire in a wire rope in which the +outside wire of a strand breaks in the immediate vicinity + + + +of the point where it contacts a wire or wires of an +adjacent strand, generally at a point not visible when +the wire rope is examined externally. One end of the +broken wire is long enough to reach from one valley to +the next one and the other end of the broken wire gener- +ally cannot be seen. + +valve, overspeed: a device installed in the pressure pip- +ing of a hydraulic elevator, between the hydraulic +machine and the hydraulic jack, which restricts and +ceases oil flow from the hydraulic jack through the pres- +sure piping when such flow exceeds a preset value. + +volatile memory: memory lost when operating power +is removed. + +waiting-passenger indicator: an indicator that shows at +which landings and for which direction elevator hall +stop-or-signal calls have been registered and are unan- +swered. + +weatherproof: so constructed or protected that exposure +to the weather will not interfere with successful oper- +ation. + +width, moving walk: the exposed width of the treadway. + +window: an assembly consisting of a surrounding frame +and one or more sashes, ventilators, or fixed lights, or +a combination of these, designed to be installed in a +wall opening for the purpose of admitting light or air, +or both. + +working pressure: the pressure measured at the hydrau- +lic machine when lifting car and its rated load at rated +speed, or with Class C2 loading when leveling up with +maxLmimi static load. + +yield strength: the tensile stress that is sufficient to pro- +duce a permanent deformation of 0.2%. + + + +15 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +SCOPE-2.1.2.2 + + + +Part 2 +Electric Elevators + + + +(ED) SCOPE + +Part 2 applies to electric elevators installed at an angle +greater than 70 deg from the horizontal. It applies to +other equipment only as referenced in the applicable +Part. + +NOTE: See also Part 8 for additional requirements that apply to +electric elevators. + + + +SECTION 2.1 + +CONSTRUCTION OF HOISTWAYS AND HOISTWAY + +ENCLOSURES + +2.1.1 Hoistway Enclosures + +Hoistway enclosures shall conform to 2.1.1.1, 2.1.1.2, +or 2.1.1.3. + +2.1.1.1 Fire-Resistive Construction + +2.1.1.1.1 Where fire-resistive construction is +required, hoistways shall be enclosed in conformance +with the requirements of the building code (see 1.3). + +2.1.1.1.2 Partitions between hoistways and +machine rooms having fire-resistive enclosures shall be +of noncombustible solid or openwork construction that +meets the requirements of 2.1.1.2.2(c)(1), (2), and (3). +Openwork construction shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) +in diameter, except where there are openings essential +for ropes, drums, sheaves, and other elevator equipment. + +2.1.1.1.3 Hoistway enclosure openings shall be +protected with entrances or access doors having a fire- +protection rating conforming to the requirements of the +building code. + +2.1.1.2 Non-Fire-Resistive Construction + +2.1.1.2.1 Where fire-resistive construction is not +required by the building code, hoistway construction +shall conform to 2.1.1.2.2 or 2.1.1.3. + +2.1.1.2.2 The hoistway shall be fully enclosed con- +forming to 2.1.1.2.2(a), (b), and (c), or 2.1.1.2.2(a) and (d). + +(a) Enclosures and doors shall be unperforated to a +height of 2 000 mm (79 in.) above each floor or landing +and above the treads of adjacent stairways. The enclo- +sure shall be unperforated, adjacent to, and for 150 mm +(6 in.) on either side of any moving equipment that is +within 100 mm (4 in.) of the enclosure. + + + +(b) Openwork enclosures, where used above the +2 000 mm (79 in.) level, shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) +in diameter. + +(c) Openwork enclosures shall be + +(1) at least 2.2 mm (0.087 in.) thick wire, if of steel +wire grille + +(2) at least 2.2 mm (0.087 in.) thick, if of +expanded metal + +(3) so supported and braced as to deflect not over +15 mm (0.6 in.) when subjected to a force of 450 N +(100 Ibf) applied horizontally at any point + +(d) Enclosures shall be permitted to be glass, provided +it is laminated glass conforming to ANSI Z97.1, 16 CFR +Part 1201, or CAN/CGSB-12.1, whichever is applicable +(see Part 9). Markings as specified in the applicable stan- +dard shall be on each separate piece of glass and shall +remain visible after installation. + +2.1.1.2.3 Entrances shall be in conformance with +2.11, except 2.11.14, 2.11.15, 2.11.16, and 2.11.18. + +2.1.1.3 Partially Enclosed Hoistways. For elevators +that are not fully enclosed, protection at least 2 400 mm +(94.5 in.) high shall be provided on the hoistway sides +that are located 1 500 mirv (59 in.) or less from elevator +equipment to areas accessible to other than elevator per- +sonnel. Such protection shall comply with 2.1.1.2. + +2.1.1.4 Multiple Hoistways. The number of elevators +permissible in a hoistway shall be in conformance with +the building code. + +2.1.1.5 Strength of Enclosure. The hoistway enclo- +sure adjacent to a landing operung shall be of sufficient +strength to maintain, in true lateral alignment, the +hoistway entrances. Operating mechanisms and locking +devices shall be supported by the building wall, if load- +bearing, or by other building structure. Adequate con- +sideration shall be given to pressure exerted on hoistway +enclosures as a result of windage and elevator operation. + +2.1.2 Construction at Top and Bottom of the +Hoistway + +2.1.2.1 Construction at Top of the Hoistway. The top + +of the hoistway shall be enclosed as required by the +building code. + +2.1.2.2 Construction at Bottom of Hoistway. Pits +extending to the ground shall have noncombustible +floors, and shall be designed to prevent entry of ground + + + +16 + + + +2.1.2.2-2.1.5 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +water into the pit. The pit floor of any hoistway not +extending to the ground shall be of construction having +a fire-resistance rating at least equal to that required for +the hoistway enclosure. (See also 2.2 and 2.6.) + +2.1.2.3 Strength of Pit Floor. The pit equipment, +beams, floor, and their supports shall be designed and +constructed to meet the applicable building code +requirements and to withstand the following loads, +without permanent deformation, in the manner in which +they occur: + +(a) the impact load due to car or counterweight buffer +engagement at 125% of the rated speed or 125% of the +striking speed where reduced stroke buffers are used +(see 8.2.3) + +(b) the part of the load transmitted due to the applica- +tion of the car safety, or where applicable, the counter- +weight safety + +(c) compensation up-pull load where compensation +tie-down is applied (see 2.17.17) + +2.1.3 Floor Over Hoistways + +2.1.3.1 General Requirements + +2.1.3.1.1 A metal or concrete floor shall be pro- +vided at the top of the hoistway. + +2.1.3.1.2 Floors are not required below + +(a) secondary and deflecting sheaves of traction-type +machines located over the hoistway + +(b) overhead sheaves, governors, and other equip- +ment where the elevator machine is located below or at +the side of the hoistway, provided that + +(1) means of access for inspection and servicing of +governors conforming to 2.7.3.3 is provided from outside +the hoistway +(ED) (2) sheaves and other equipment (except gover- + +nors) can be inspected and serviced from the top of +the car or means of access from outside the hoistway +conforming to 2.7.3.3 is provided + +2.1.3.2 Location of Floor. The floor shall be located + +(a) above or level with the top of the machine beams +where the machine is located over the hoistway; or + +(b) below the overhead sheaves where the machine +is not located over the hoistway. + +2.1.3.3 Strengtfi of Floor. The strength of the over- +head floor shall be capable of sustaining a concentrated +load of 1 000 N (225 lb) on any 2 000 mm^ (3 in.^) area, +and in addition, where it constitutes the floor of the +main or secondary level machinery space, it shall be +designed for a live load of not less than 6 kPa (125 Ib/ft^) +in all open areas. + +Where the elevator machine is to be supported solely +by the machine room floor slab, the floor slab shall be +designed in accordance with 2.9.4 and 2.9.5. + +2.1.3.4 Construction of Floors. Floors shall be of con- +crete or metal construction with or without perforations. + + + +Metal floors shall conform to the following: + +(a) If of bar-type grating, the openings between bars +shall reject a ball 20 mm (0.8 in.) in diameter. + +(b) If of perforated sheet metal or of fabricated open- +work construction, the openings shall reject a ball 25 mm +(1 in.) in diameter. + +2.1.3.5 Area to Be Covered by Floor + +2.1.3.5.1 Where a floor over a hoistway is required +by 2.1.3.1, the floor shall extend over the entire area of +the hoistway where the cross-sectional area is 10 m^ +(108 ft^) or less. Where the cross-sectional area is greater, +the floor shall extend not less than 600 mm (24 in.) +beyond the general contour of the machine or sheaves +or other equipment, and to the entrance to the machinery +space at or above the level of that floor. Where the floor +does not cover the entire horizontal area of the hoistway, +the open or exposed sides shaU be provided with a +standard railing conforming to 2.10.2. + +2.1.3.5.2 Where a floor over the hoistway is not +required by 2.1.3.1 and the access door is not located so +that the overhead sheaves and governor can be serviced +from outside the hoistway, a catwalk or platform shall +be provided in the hoistway from the access door to +the machinery. The construction of the platform shall +comply with 2.1.3.4 and it shall be equipped on the +exposed sides with a standard railing conforming to +2.10.2. + +2.1 .3.6 Difference in Floor Levels. Differences in levels +of machine room and machinery-space floors shall be +avoided where practicable. Where there is a difference +in level in such floors exceeding 400 mm (16 in.), a +standard railing conforming to 2.10.2 shall be provided. + +2.1.4 Control of Smoke and Hot Gases + +When required by the building code, hoistways shall +be provided with means to prevent the accumulation of +smoke and hot gases. + +Where air pressurization of the hoistway is utilized +as a means of smoke and hot gas control, the air shall +not be introduced into the hoistway in such a manner +as to cause erratic operation by impingement of traveling +cables, selector tapes, governor ropes, compensating +ropes, and other components sensitive to excessive +movement or deflection. + +2.1.5 Windows and Sl(ylights + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, windows in +the walls of hoistway enclosures are prohibited. + +Windows and skylights and their frames and sashes +in machine rooms shall conform to the requirements of +the building code (see 1.3). + + + +17 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.1.6-2.2.4.2 + + + +2.1.6 Projections, Recesses, and Setbacks in +Holstway Enclosures + +Hoistway enclosures shall have flush surfaces on the +hoistway side, subject to the requirements of 2.1.6.1 and +2.1.6.2. + +2.1.6.1 On sides for loading and unloading, landing +sills, hoistway doors, door tracks, and hangers shall be +permitted to project inside the hoistway enclosure. Sills +shall be guarded as required by 2.11.10.1. + +2.1 .6.2 On sides not used for loading and unloading + +(a) recesses, except those necessary for installation of +elevator equipment, shall not be permitted + +(b) beams, floor slabs, or other building construction +making an angle less than 75 deg with the horizontal +shall not project more than 100 mm (4 in.) inside the +hoistway enclosure unless the top surface of the projec- +tion is beveled at an angle not less than 75 deg with the +horizontal + +(c) separator beams between adjacent elevators are +not required to have bevels + +(d) where setbacks exceeding 100 rrun (4 in.) occur in +the enclosure wall, the top of the setback shall be beveled +at an angle of not less than 75 deg with the horizontal + +(e) bevels are not required if the projections and set-^ +backs are covered with material conforming to the fol- +lowing: + +(1) it shall be equal to or stronger than 1.110 mm +(0.0437 in.) wire + +(2) it shall have openings not exceeding 25 mm +(lin.) + +(3) it shall be supported and braced such that it +will not deflect more than 25 nmi (1 in.) when subjected +to a force of 4.79 kPa (100 Ibf/ft^) apphed horizontally +at any point + +SECTION 2.2 +PITS + +2.2.1 General + +A pit shall be provided for every elevator. + +2.2.2 Design and Construction of Pits + +2.2.2.1 The construction of the pit walls, the pit floor, +and any pit access doors (see 2.2.4) shall conform to +2.1.1 and 2.1.2. + +(ED) 2.2.2.2 The floor of the pit shall be approximately +level, except that + +(a) trenches or depressions shall be permitted for the +installation of buffers, compensating sheaves and +frames, and vertically sliding biparting hoistway doors, +where structural conditions make such trenches or +depressions necessary + +(b) in existing buildings, where new elevators are +installed or existing elevators are altered, existing foun- +dation footings extending above the general level of the + + + +pit floor shall be permitted to remain in place, provided +that the maximum encroachment of such footings does +not exceed 15% of the cubic content of the pit, and further +provided that it is impracticable to remove the footing + +2.2.2.3 Permanent provisions shall be made to pre- +vent accumulation of ground water in the pit (see +2.1.2.2). + +2.2.2.4 Drains and sump pumps, where provided, +shall comply with the applicable plumbing code, and +they shall be provided with a positive means to prevent +water, gases, and odors from entering the hoistway. + +2.2.2.5 In elevators provided with Firefighters' +Emergency Operation, a drain or sump pump shall be +provided. + +2.2.2.6 Sumps and sump pumps in pits, where pro- +vided, shall be covered. The cover shall be secured and +level with the pit floor. + +2.2.2.7 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC sump +pumps and their control equipment shall not be installed +in any elevator pit. + +2.2.3 Guards Between Adjacent Pits + +2.2.3.1 Where there is a difference in level between +the floors of adjacent pits, a metal guard, unperforated, +or perforated with openings that will reject a ball 50 mm +(2 in.) in diameter, shall be installed for separating such +pits. Guards shall extend not less than 2 000 mm (79 in.) +above the level of the higher pit floor and a self-closing +access door shall be permitted. + +2.2.3.2 Where the difference in level is 600 mm +(24 in.) or less, a standard railing conforming to 2.10.2 +shall be permitted to be installed in lieu of the guard. + +2.2.4 Access to Pits + +Safe and convenient access shall be provided to all +pits, and shall conform to 2.2.4.1 through 2.2.4.4. + +2.2.4.1 Access shall be by means of the lowest +hoistway door or by means of a separate pit access door. + +2.2.4.2 There shall be installed in the pit of each +elevator, where the pit extends more than 900 mm (35 in.) +below the sill of the pit access door, a fixed vertical +ladder of noncombustible material, located within reach +of the access door. The ladder shall extend not less than +1 200 mm (48 in.) above the sill of the access door. The +rungs, cleats, or steps shall be a minimum of 400 mm +(16 in.) wide. When unavoidable obstructions are +encountered, the width shall be permitted to be +decreased to less than 400 mm (16 in.). The reduced +width shall be as wide as the available space permits, +but not less than 225 mm (9 in.). The rungs, cleats, or +steps shall be spaced 300 mm (12 in.) on center. A clear +distance of not less than 180 mm (7 in.) from the center- +line of the rungs, cleats, or steps to the nearest permanent + + + +(ED) + + + +18 + + + +2.2.4.2-2.3.2.1 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +object in back of the ladder shall be provided. When +unavoidable obstructions are encountered, the distance +shall be permitted to be reduced to 115 mm (4.5 in.). +Siderails, if provided, shall have a clear distance of not +less than 115 nun (4.5 in.) from their centerline to the +nearest permanent object. The nearest point of the ladder +shall be within 1 000 mm (39 in.), measured horizontally +from the means to unlock the egress door from the pit. +Pit access by a ladder shall not be permitted when +the pit floor is more than 3 000 mm (120 in.) below the +sill of the access door, except where there is no building +floor below the bottom terminal landing, this height +shall be permitted to be greater but not more than +4 200 mm (165 in.). + +2.2.4.3 Pits shall be accessible only to elevator per- +sonnel. + +2.2.4.4 Separate pit door, when provided, shall be +subject to the following requirements: + +(a) If the door swings into the pit, it shall be located +so that it does not interfere with moving equipment. + +(b) If the door swings out, and the lowest structural +or mechanical part, equipment, or device installed +beneath the car platform, except guide shoes or rollers +or safety jaw assemblies, projects below the top of the +separate pit access door opening when the car is level +with the bottom terminal landing + +(1) an electric contact conforming to 2.26.2.26 shall +be provided to prevent operation of the elevator when +the door is open + +(2) the door shall be provided with a vision panel(s) +that is glazed with clear wired glass not less than 6 mm +(0.25 in.) thick, will reject a ball 150 mm (6 in.) in diame- +ter, and have an area of not more than 0.03 m^ (47 in.^) + +(c) The door shall provide a minimimi opening of +750 mm (29.5 in.) in width and 1 825 mm (72 in.) in +height. + +(d) The door shall be equipped with a barrier con- +forming to 2.11.1.2(i), where the door sill is located more +than 300 mm (12 in.) above the pit floor. + +(e) The door shall be self-closing and provided with +a spring-type lock arranged to permit the door to be +opened from inside of the pit without a key. Such doors +shall be kept closed and locked. The key shall be of +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +2.2.5 lUumination of Pits + +A permanent lighting fixture shall be provided and +shall conform to 2.2.5.1 through 2.2.5.3. + +2.2.5.1 The lighting shall provide an illumination of +not less than 100 Ix (10 fc) at the pit floor and at a pit +platform, when provided. + +2.2.5.2 The light bulb(s) shall be externally guarded +to prevent contact and accidental breakage. + + + +2.2.5.3 The light switch shall be so located as to be +accessible from the pit access door. + +2.2.6 Stop Switch in Pits (ed) + +An enclosed stop switch(es), meeting the require- +ments of 2.26.2.7 and 2.2.6.1 through 2.2.6.3, shall be +installed in the pit of each elevator. + +2.2.6.1 The stop switch shall be so located as to be (ED) +accessible from the pit access door. Where access to the + +pits of elevators in a multiple hoistway is by means of +a single access door, the stop switch for each elevator +shall be located adjacent to the nearest point of access +to its pit from the access door. + +2.2.6.2 In elevators where access to the pit is through +the lowest landing hoistway door, a stop switch shall +be located approximately 450 mm (18 in.) above the +floor level of the landing, within reach from this access +floor and adjacent to the pit ladder, if provided. When +the pit exceeds 1 700 mm (67 in.) in depth, an additional +stop switch is required adjacent to the pit ladder and +approximately 1 200 nun (47 in.) above the pit floor. + +2.2.6.3 Where more than one switch is provided, +they shall be wired in series. + +2.2.7 Minimum Pit Depths Required + +The pit depth shall be not less than is required for the +installation of the buffers, compensating sheaves, if any, +and all other elevator equipment located therein and to +provide the miiumum bottom car clearance and runby +required by 2.4.1. + +2.2.8 Access to Underside of Car + +Where the distance from the pit floor to the underside +of the plank channels or slings exceeds 2 100 mm (83 in.), +with the car at the lowest landing, a means shall be +permanently installed or permanently stored in the pit +to provide access to the equipment on the underside of +the car. + + + +SECTION 2.3 +LOCATION AND GUARDING OF COUNTERWEIGHTS + +2.3.1 Location of Counterweights + +Counterweights shall be located in the hoistway of +the elevator that they serve, or in a remote hoistway +subject to the limitations and requirements of 2.3.3. + +2.3.2 Counterweight Guards + +2.3.2.1 Metal guards shall be installed in the pit +and /or machine room located underneath the hoistway +on all open sides of the counterweight runway, except +that + +(a) the guard, or portion thereof, is not required on +the side facing the car where there is no space greater + + + +19 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.3.2.1-2.4.1.3 + + + +than 500 mm (20 in.) between compensating ropes +(chains), or between compensating ropes (chains) and +counterweight rails, or between compensating ropes +(chains) and guards + +(b) where pit-mounted buffers are used, the guard is +not required where the bottom of the counterweight +resting on its compressed buffer is 2 130 mm (84 in.) or +more above the pit floor, or above the machine or control +room floor if located underneath the hoistway + +2.3.2.2 Guards shall + +(a) extend from the lowest part of the counterweight +assembly when the counterweight is resting on the fully +compressed buffer to a point not less than 2 100 mm +(83 in.) and not more than 2 450 mm (96 in.) above the +pit floor + +(h) be the full width of the area being guarded + +(c) not prevent determination of the counterweight +runby + +(d) be fastened to a metal frame reinforced and braced +to be at least equal in strength and stiffness to 2 mm +(0.074 in.) thick sheet steel + +(e) if perforated, reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter + +2.3.3 Remote Counterweight Hoistways + +Where elevators are not provided with either compen- +sating means or counterweight safeties, the counter- +weights shall be permitted to be located in a remote +hoistway conforming to 2.3.3.1 through 2.3.3.6. + +2.3.3.1 The hoistway shall be fully enclosed and shall +be fire resistive, conforming to 2.1.1.1 if it penetrates +separate fire-resistive areas of the structure. + +2.3.3.2 Construction at the top and bottom of the +hoistway shall conform to 2.1.2. + +2.3.3.3 Permanent means shall be provided for +inspection, repair, and maintenance of the counter- +weight, deflecting and secondary sheaves, hoistway, +ropes, counterweight guide rails, and counterweight +buffers or bumpers. Entry doors into the separate coun- +terweight hoistway shall be provided at top, bottom, +and center of counterweight hoistway, but in no case +shall the entry doors be more than 11m (36 ft) from sill to +sill. Doors shall be located and of such width to provide +unobstructed access to the space between the counter- +weight guides. The height of the door shall be at least +1 975 mm (78 in.). Doors shall conform to 2.11.1.2(b) +through (e), inclusive. An enclosed stop switch, meeting +the requirements of 2.26.2.5(a), (b), and (c), a permanent +electric light switch, outlet, and light shall be provided +in the hoistway immediately inside the entry door. + +2.3.3.4 Ropes and sheaves leading to the separate +counterweight hoistways shall be protected against +unauthorized access. + +2.3.3.5 Not more than four counterweights shall be +located in a single separate counterweight hoistway. + + + +Multiple counterweights located in a single hoistway +shall be separated by means of an unperforated metal +guard at the top, bottom, and center of the hoistway. +Guards shall extend a minimum of 2 450 mm (96 in.) in +length opposite the entry door. Doors and all other +means described in 2.3.3.3 shall be provided for each +counterweight. + +2.3.3.6 There shall be a clearance of not less than +600 mm (24 in.) between the weight in the counterweight +frame and the wall containing the entry door. + +2.3.4 Counterweight Runway Enclosures + +Where a counterweight is located in the same +hoistway as the car, the runway for the counterweight +shall be permitted to be separated from the runway for +the car, provided it conforms to 2.3.4.1 and 2.3.4.2. + +2.3.4.1 The partition shall be noncombustible. +Unperforated metal partitions shall be equal to or +stronger than 1.2 mm (0.047 in.) thick sheet steel. Open- +work partitions shall be either wire grille at least 2.2 mm +(0.087 in.) in diameter or expanded metal at least 2.2 mm +(0.087 in.) in thickness. + +2.3.4.2 The counterweight runway shall be permit- +ted to be fully enclosed for the full height, provided that +the partitions are removable in sections weighing not +more than 25 kg (55 lb), which permit inspection and +maintenance of the entire counterweight assembly and +the inspection of the counterweight guide rails and +guide-rail brackets. + +SECTION 2.4 + +VERTICAL CLEARANCES AND RUNBYS FOR CARS + +AND COUNTERWEIGHTS + +2.4.1 Bottom Car Clearances + +2.4.1.1 When the car rests on its fully compressed +buffers or bumpers, there shall be a vertical clearance +of not less than 600 mm (24 in.) between the pit floor +and the lowest structural or mechanical part, equipment, +or device installed beneath the car platform, except as +specified in 2.4.1.2. + +2.4.1.2 The 600 mm (24 in.) clearance does not +apply to + +(a) any equipment on the car within 300 mm (12 in.) +horizontally from any side of the car platform + +(b) any equipment located on or traveling with the +car located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from +either side of the car frame centerline parallel to the +plane of the guide rails + +(c) any equipment mounted in or on the pit floor +located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from either +side of the car frame centerline parallel to the guide rail + +2.4.1.3 In no case shall the available refuge space be +less than either of the following: + + + +(ED) + + + +20 + + + +2.4.1.3-2.4.6.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +(a) a horizontal area of 600 mm x 1 200 mm (24 in. +X 48 in.) with a height of 600 mm (24 in) + +(b) a horizontal area of 450 mm x 900 mm (18 in. x +35 in.) with a height of 1 070 mm (42 in.) + +2.4.1.4 Trenches and depressions or foundation +encroachments permitted by 2.2.2.2 shall not be consid- +ered in determining these clearances. + +2.4.1.5 When the car is resting on its fully com- +pressed buffers or bumpers, no part of the car, or any +equipment attached thereto or equipment traveling with +the car, shall strike any part of the pit or any equipment +mounted therein. + +2.4.1.6 In any area in the pit, outside the refuge +space, where the vertical clearance is less than 600 mim +(24 in.), that area shall be clearly marked on the pit floor. +Markings shall not be required in the area under the +platform guard and guiding means if that is the only +area in the pit where the vertical clearance is less than +600 mm (24 in.). The marking shall consist of alternating +100 mm (4 in.) diagonal red and white stripes. In addi- +tion, a sign with the words "DANGER LOW CLEAR- +ANCE" shall be prominently posted on the hoistway +enclosure and be visible from within the pit and the +entrance to the pit. The sign shall conform to ANSI +Z535.2 or CAN/CSA-Z321, whichever is applicable (see +Part 9). The sign shall be of such material and construc- +tion that the letters and figures stamped, etched, cast, +or otherwise applied to the face shall remain perma- +nently and readily legible. + +2.4.2 Minimum Bottom Runby for Counterwelghted +Elevators + +The bottom runby of cars and counterweights shall +be not less than the requirements stated in 2.4.2.1 and +2.4.2.2. + +2.4.2.1 Where oil buffers are used, the bottom runby +shall be not less than 150 mm (6 in.), except that + +(a) where practical difficulties prevent a sufficient pit +depth or where a top clearance cannot be provided to +obtain the runby specified, it shall be permitted to be +reduced + +(b) where spring-return-type oil buffers are used, the +runby shall be permitted to be eliminated so that the +buffers are compressed by amounts not exceeding those +permitted by 2.22.4.8, when the car floor is level with +the terminal landings + +2.4.2.2 Where spring buffers or solid bumpers are +used, the bottom runby shall be not less than 150 mm +(6 in.), except for rheostatic and single-speed AC control, +not less than shown in Table 2.4.2.2. + +2.4.3 Minimum Bottom Runby for +Uncounterweighted Elevators + +The bottom runby of uncounterweighted elevators +shall be not less than + + + +Table 2.4.2.2 Minimum Bottom Runby for +Counterweight Elevators With Spring Buffers or +Solid Bumpers and Rheostatic Control or Single- +Speed AC Control + + + +Rated Speed, + + +Runby, + + +m/s (ft/min) + + +mm (in.) + + +Not over 0.13 (not over 25) + + +75(3) + + +Over 0.13 to 0.25 (over 25 to 50) + + +150 (6) + + +Over 0.25 to 0.50 (over 50 to 100) + + +225 (9) + + +Over 0.50 to 1.0 (over 100 to 200) + + +300 (12) + + + +(a) 75 mm (3 in.) where the rated speed does not +exceed 0.15 m/s (30 ft/min) + +(b) 150 mm (6 in.) where the rated speed exceeds +0.15 m/s (30 ft/min) + +2.4.4 Maximum Bottom Runby + +In no case shall the maximum bottom runby exceed + +(a) 600 mm (24 in.) for cars + +(b) 900 mm (35 in.) for counterweights + +2.4.5 Counterweight Runby Data Plate + +A data plate permanently and securely attached shall +be provided in the pit, in the vicinity of the counter- +weight buffer, indicating the maximum designed coim- +terweight runby. The data plate shall conform to 2.16.3.3, +except that the letters shall be not less than 25 mm (1 in.) +in height. + +2.4.6 Top Car Clearances for Counterweighted +Elevators + +2.4.6.1 General Requirements. The top car clearance +shall be not less than the sum of either of the following: + +(a) the dimensions specified in 2.4.6.2(a) through (d) + +(b) the dimensions specified in 2.4.6.2(a), (b), (c), +and (e) + +2.4.6.2 Components of the Top Car Clearances. The + +following shall be considered when calculating the mini- +mum top car clearances: + +(a) the designed maximum bottom counterweight +runby [see 2.4.4(b)] + +(b) the stroke of the counterweight buffer, determined +as foUows: + +(1) for full-stroke buffers, the stroke of the buffer +used, or the remaining stroke when the buffer is com- +pressed with the car at the top terminal landing (see +2.4.2 and 2.22.4.8); or + +(2) for reduced-stroke oil buffers (see 2.22.4.1 .2), the +full stroke required by 2.22.4.1.1. + +(c) 600 mm (24 in.) or the distance that any sheave or +any other equipment mounted in or on the car crosshead +projects above the top of the car crosshead, whichever +is greater, but in no case shall there be less than 150 mm + + + +21 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +2.4.6.2-2.4.12.1 + + + +(6 in.) clearance above the equipnient, exclusive of guide- +shoe assemblies or gate posts for vertically sliding gates, +mounted on the car top or in or on the car crosshead +when the car has reached its maximum upward +movement. + +NOTE: See also 2.4.12, requirements for refuge space on top of +car enclosure. + +(d) \ the gravity stopping distance, based on: +{!) 115% of the rated speed where oil buffers are +used, or 115% of the reduced striking speed when emer- +gency terminal speed-limiting devices n\eeting the +requirements of 2.25.4 are used and no compensating +rope tie-down device in conformance with 2.17.17 is +provided (see 8.2.5 for gravity stopping distances); or + +(2) the governor tripping speed where spring buff- +ers are used. + +ie) the distance to which the compensating rope tie- +down device, if provided (see 2.17.17) limits the jump +of the car when the counterweight strikes the buffers at +speeds specified in 2.4.6.2(d). + +2.4.7 Top Car Clearance for Uncounterweighted +Elevators + +The top car clearance shall be r\ot less than the greater +of the following: + +{a) 750 mm (29.5 in.); or + +{h) 150 mm (6 in.), plus the amount that any equip- +ment mounted on the car crosshead, or above the car +top when no crosshead is provided, projects vertically +above the crosshead or top. + +NOTE (2.4.7): See also 2.4.12, requirements for refuge space on +top of car enclosure. + +2.4.8 Vertical Clearances With Underslung Car +Frames + +Where an underslung car frame is used, the clearances +between the overhead car rope dead-end hitch or over- +head car sheave and the portions of the car structure +vertically below them, when the car floor is level with the +top terminal landing, shall be not less than the following: +{a) where no counterweight is used, 230 mm (9 in.) +{h) where a counterweight is used, the sum of the +following items: + +{!) the bottom counterweight runby (see 2.4.2) + +(2) the stroke of the counterweight buffer used, or +the remaining stroke when the buffer is compressed with +the car at the top terminal landing (see 2.4.2 and 2.22.4.8) + +{?>) 150 mm (6 in.) + +(4) \ the gravity stopping distance based on 115% +of the rated speed where oil buffers are used, or 115% +of the reduced striking speed when emergency terminal +speed-liniiting devices meeting the requirements of +2.25.4 are used and no provision is made to prevent the +jump of the car at counterweight buffer engagement, or +on governor tripping speed where spring buffers are + + + +used (see 8.2.5 for gravity stopping distances) + +NOTE [2.4.8(b)(4)]: See also 2.4.12, requirements for refuge space +on top of car enclosure. + +2.4.9 Top Counterweight Clearances + +The top counterweight clearance shall be not less than +the sum of the following items: + +{a) the bottom car runby (see 2.4.2) + +{h) the stroke of the car buffer used, or the remaining +stroke when the buffer is compressed with the car at +the bottom terminal landing (see 2.4.2 and 2.22.4.8) + +{c) 150 mm (6 in.) + +id) \ the gravity stopping distance based on +{!) 115% of the rated speed where oil buffers are (04) +used, or 115% of the reduced striking speed when emer- +gency terminal speed-limiting devices meeting the +requirements of 2.25.4 are used and no provision is made +to prevent the jump of the counterweight at car buffer +engagement; or + +(2) the governor tripping speed where spring buff- +ers are used (see 8.2.5 for gravity stopping distances). + +2.4.10 Overhead Clearances Where Overhead Beams +Are Not Over Car Crosshead + +Where overhead beams or other overhead hoistway +construction, except sheaves, are located vertically over +the car, but not over the crosshead, the requirements of +2.4.10.1 and 2.4.10.2 shall be met. + +2.4.10.1 The clearance from the car top to such +beams or construction, when the car is level with the +top landing, shall be not less than the amount specified +in 2.4.6 and 2.4.7. + +2.4.10.2 Such beams or construction shall be located +not less than 600 mm (24 in.) horizontally from the +crosshead. + +2.4.11 Equipment on Top of Car Not Permitted to +Strilce Overhead Structure + +When the car crosshead, or car top where no crosshead +is provided, is at a distance equal to that specified in +2.4.6.2(c) from the nearest obstruction above it, no equip- +ment on top of the car shall strike any part of the over- +head structure or the equipment located in the hoistway. + +2.4.12 Refuge Space on Top of Car Enclosure + +2.4.12.1 An unobstructed horizontal area of not less +than 0.5 m^ (5.4 ft^) shall be provided on top of the car +enclosure for refuge space. It shall measure not less than +600 mm (24 in.) on any side. This area shall be permitted +to include the space utilized for the top emergency exit +[see 2.14.1.5.1(f)]. The minimum vertical distance in the +refuge area between the top of the car enclosure and the +overhead structure or other obstruction shall be not less +than 1 100 mm (43 in.) when the car has reached its +maximum upward movement. + + + +22 + + + +2.4.12.2-2.6.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +2.4.12.2 In any area outside the refuge space where +the vertical clearance between the top of the car enclo- +sure and the overhead structure or other obstructions is +less than specified in 2.4.12.1, the top of the car enclosure +shall be clearly marked. The marking shall consist of +alternating 100 mm (4 in.) diagonal red and white +stripes. In addition, a sign with the words "DANGER +LOW CLEARANCE" shall be prominently posted on +the crosshead and be visible from the entrance. The +sign shall conform to ANSI Z535.2 or CAN/CSA-Z321, +whichever is applicable (see Part 9). The sign shall be +of such material and construction that the letters and +figures stamped, etched, cast, or otherwise applied to +the face shall remain permanently and readily legible. + +SECTION 2.5 + +HORIZONTAL CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT + +CLEARANCES + +2.5.1 Clearances Between Cars, Counterweights, and +Hoistway Enclosures + +2.5.1.1 Between Car and Hoistway Enclosures. The + +clearance between the car and the hoistway enclosure +shall be not less than 20 mm (0.8 in.), except on the sides +used for loading and unloading. + +2.5.1.2 Between Car and Counterweight and Counter- +weight Guard. The clearance between the car and the +counterweight shall be not less than 25 mm (1 in.). The +clearance between the car and the counterweight guard, +counterweight and the counterweight guard, and +between the counterweight and the hoistway enclosure +shall be not less than 20 mm (0.8 in.). + +2.5.1.3 Between Cars in Multiple Hoistways. The nm- + +ning clearance between the cars and any equipment +attached thereto, of elevators operating in a multiple +hoistway, shall be not less than 50 mm (2 in.). + +2.5.1.4 Between Car and Landing Sills. The clearance +between the car platform sill and the hoistway edge of +any landing sill, or the hoistway side of any vertically +sliding counterweighted or counterbalanced hoistway +door, or of any vertically sliding counterbalanced bipart- +ing hoistway door, shall be not less than 13 mm (0.5 in.) +where side guides are used, and not less than 20 mm +(0.8 in.) where comer guides are used. The maximum +clearance shall be not more than 32 mm (1.25 in.). + +2.5.1.5 Clearance Between Loading Side of Car Plat- +forms and Hoistway Enclosures + +2.5.1.5.1 The clearance between the edge of the +car platform sill and the hoistway enclosure or fascia +plate for the full width of the clear hoistway door open- +ing shall be not more than + +(a) 190 mm (7.5 in.) for vertically sliding doors + +(b) 125 mm (5 in.) for other doors + + + +2.5.1.5.2 This clearance shall be maintained to the +location of the car sill when the car is resting on fully +compressed buffer. + +2.5.1.5.3 The clearance is not limited on passenger +elevators, provided that + +(a) a car door interlock conforming to 2.14.4.2 is pro- +vided to prevent a door from being opened unless the +car is within the unlocking zone + +(b) the strength of the door complies with 2.11.11.2, +2.11.11.4, 2.11.11.6, 2.11.11.7, and 2.11.11.8 + +2.5.1.6 Clearance Between Car Platform Apron and Pit +Enclosure. Where the lowest landing sill projects into +the hoistway, the clearance between the car platform +apron and the pit enclosure or fascia plate shall be not +more than 32 mm (1.25 in.). This clearance shall be main- +tained to the location of the car platform apron when +the car is resting on its fully compressed buffer. + +2.5.1.7 Measurement of Clearances. The clearances +specified in 2.5.1 shall be measured with no load on the +car platform. + + + +SECTION 2.6 +PROTECTION OF SPACE BELOW HOISTWAYS + +Where a hoistway does not extend to the lowest floor +of the building and there is space below the hoistway +that is accessible, requirements of 2.6.1 and 2.6.2 shall +be complied with. + +2.6.1 Where the Space Is Underneath the +Counterweight and/or Its Guides + +Where the space is underneath the counterweight +and /or its guides + +(a) the coimterweight shall be provided with a coun- +terweight safety conforming to 2.17.4 + +(b) spring buffers, if used, shall conform to 2.22, +except that they shall not be fully compressed when +struck by the counterweight at the following speeds (see +2.1.2.3): + +(1) at governor tripping speed where the counter- +weight safety is governor operated, or + +(2) 125% of the rated speed where the counter- +weight safety is not governor operated + +2.6.2 Where the Space Is Underneath the Car and/or +Its Guides + +Where the space is underneath the car and /or its +guides and if spring buffers are used, they shall be so +designed and installed that they will not be fully com- +pressed solid or to a fixed stop when struck by the car +with its rated load at the governor tripping speed (see +2.1.2.3). + + + +23 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +SECTION 2.7-2.7.3.3.4 + + + +SECTION 2.7 +MACHINE ROOMS AND MACHINERY SPACES + +2.7.1 Enclosure of Machine Rooms and Machinery +Spaces + +Machines, control equipment, sheaves, and other +machinery shall not be exposed to the weather. Machine +room and machinery space enclosures shall conform to +2.7.1.1 or 2.7.1.2. + +2.7.1.1 Fire-Resistive Construction. Where fire- +resistive construction is required by the building code, +the requirements of 2.7.1.1.1 and 2.7.1.1.2 shall be con- +formed to. + +2.7.1.1.1 Spaces containing machines, control +equipment, sheaves, and other machinery shall be sepa- +rated from the remainder of the building by a fire- +resistive enclosure conforming to the requirements of +the building code. + +2.7.1.1.2 Openings in the machine room enclosure +shall be protected with access doors having a fire protec- +tion rating conforming to the requirements of the build- +ing code. + +NOTES (2.7.1.1): + +(1) See 2.1.3 for floors of machine rooms and machinery spaces +over the hoistways. + +(2) See 2.7.2.1 for separating elevator machinery from building +machinery. + +(3) See 2.1.1.1.2 for partitions between machine rooms and +hoistways. + +2.7.1.2 Non-Fire-Resistive Construction. Where fire- +resistive construction is not required by the building +code, the requirements of 2.7.1.2.1 and 2.7.1.2.2 shall be +conformed to. + +2.7.1.2.1 Machine rooms and machinery spaces +shall be enclosed with noncombustible material +extending to a height of not less than 2 000 mm (79 in.). + +2.7.1.2.2 The enclosure, if of openwork material, +shall reject a ball 50 mm (2 in.) in diameter. + +2.7.2 Equipment in Machine Rooms + +2.7.2.1 Equipment Permitted. Only machinery and +equipment used in conjunction with the function or use +of the elevator shall be permitted in the elevator machine +room. + +2.7.2.2 Maintenance Clearance + +2.7.2.2.1 A clear path of not less than 450 nun +(18 in.) shall be provided to all components that require +maintenance. + +2.7.2.2.2 A clearance of not less than 450 mm +(18 in.) shall be provided in the direction(s) required for +maintenance access. + + + +2.7.3 Access to Machine Rooms and Machinery +Spaces + +2.7.3.1 General Requirements. A permanent and +unobstructed means of access to elevator machine rooms +and overhead machinery spaces shall be provided. + +2.7.3.2 Access Across Roofs. Where passage over +roofs is necessary to reach the means of access to machine +rooms or machinery spaces, the requirements of 2.7.3.2.1 +and 2.7.3.2.2 shall be conformed to. + +2.7.3.2.1 A stairway with a swinging door and +platform at the top level, conforming to 2.7.3.3, shall be +provided from the top floor of the building to the roof +level. Hatch covers, as a means of access to roofs, shall +not be permitted. + +2.7.3.2.2 Where the passage is over a roof having +a slope exceeding 15 deg from the horizontal, or over a +roof where there is no parapet or guard rail at least +1 070 mm (42 in.) high around the roof or passageway, +a permanent, unobstructed and substantial walkway not +less than 600 mm (24 in.) wide, equipped on the side +sloping away from the walk with a railing conforming +to 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2, and 2.10.2.3, shall be provided from +the building exit door at the roof level to the means of +access to the machine room or machinery spaces. + +2.7.3.3 Means of Access. The means of access to +machine rooms, machinery spaces, and different floor +levels in machine rooms shall conform to 2.7.3.3.1 +through 2.7.3.3.5. + +2.7.3.3.1 A permanent, fixed, noncombustible lad- +der or stair shall be provided where the floor of the +machine room or the machinery space above or below +the floor or roof from which the means of access leads, +or where the distance between the machine room floor +levels, is more than 200 mm (8 in.). + +2.7.3.3.2 A permanent, noncombustible stair shall (ED) +be provided where the floor of the machine room or the +machinery space above or below the floor or roof from +which the means of access leads, or where the distance +between the machine room floor levels, is 900 mm (35 in.) + +or more. Vertical ladders with handgrips shall be permit- +ted to be used in lieu of stairs for access from building +floors or machine rooms to machinery spaces containing +overhead sheaves, secondary and deflecting sheaves, +governors, and auxiliary equipment, not including con- +trollers and motor generators. + +2.7.3.3.3 Permanent, fixed, noncombustible lad- +ders shall conform to ANSI A14.3. + +2.7.3.3.4 Permanent, noncombustible stairs shall +have a maximum angle of 60 deg from the horizontal, +and shall be equipped with a noncombustible railing +conforming to 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2, and 2.10.2.3. + + + +# + + + +24 + + + +2.7.3.3.5-2.7.7 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +2.7.3.3.5 A permanent, noncombustible platform +or floor shall be provided at the top of the stairs with +noncombustible railings conforming to 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2, +and 2.10.2.3 on each open side. In jurisdictions not +enforcing the NBCC, the size of the platform shall be +sufficient to permit the full swing of the door plus +600 mm (24 in.) from the top of the riser to the swing +line of the door. The floor of the platform shall be at the +level of not more than 200 mm (8 in.) below the level +of the access-door sill. Where the door swings inward, +the width of the platform shall be not less than 750 mm +(29.5 in.), and the length not less than the width of +the door. + +2.7.3.4 Access Doors and Openings + +2.7.3.4.1 Access doors to machine rooms and +overhead machinery spaces shall + +(a) for machine rooms, be of a minimum width of +750 mm (29.5 in.) and a minimum height of 2 030 mm +(80 in.); for other spaces as specified in 2.7.4.2 and 2.7.4.3, +be of a minimum width and height of 750 mm (29.5 in.). + +(b) be self-closing and self-locking. + +(c) be provided with a spring-type lock arranged to +permit the doors to be opened from the inside without +a key. + +(d) be kept closed and locked. Keys to imlock the +access doors shall be of Group 2 Security (see 8.1). + +2.7.3.4.2 Doors are not required at openings in +machine room floors for access to deflecting and second- +ary-sheave spaces, provided the access opening is pro- +vided on all four sides with a standard railing +conforming to 2.10.2, one side of which is arranged to +slide or swing to provide access to the ladder or stairs +leading to the secondary sheave space. Trap doors, +where provided, shall have a standard railing conform- +ing to 2.10.2 or guard wings on all open nonaccess sides. + +2.7.3.4.3 Access openings in elevator hoistway +enclosures where complete bodily entry is not necessary +for maintenance and inspection of components shall be + +(a) of adequate size and located to permit the required +maintenance and inspection + +(b) of maximum width of 600 mm (24 in.) and a maxi- +mum height of 600 mm (24 in.) + +(c) provided with doors that shall be kept closed and +locked. Keys to unlock the access doors to the elevator +hoistways shall be of Group 1 Security (see 8.1) + +2.7.3.5 Stop Switch in Overliead Macliinery Space in +tlie Hoistway. A stop switch, conforming to 2.26.2.24, +shall be provided for each elevator in the overhead +machinery space in the hoistway, adjacent to the lock +jamb side of the door or adjacent to the nearest point of +access to its overhead machinery space from the +access door. + + + +2.7.4 Headroom in Mactiine Rooms and Overliead +Machinery Spaces + +2.7.4.1 Elevator machine rooms and machinery +spaces not located over the hoistway shall have a clear +headroom of not less than 2 130 mm (84 in.). + +2.7.4.2 Where a floor is provided at the top of the +hoistway (see 2.1.3), elevator machine rooms and over- +head machinery spaces above such floor shall have a +clear headroom of not less than the following: + +(a) machine, control, and motor-generator rooms, +2 130 mm (84 in.) + +(b) spaces containing only overhead, secondary, or +deflecting sheaves, 1 070 mm (42 in.) + +(c) spaces containing overhead, secondary, or +deflecting sheaves, and governors, signal machines, or +other equipment, 1 350 mm (53 in.) + +2.7.4.3 Where floors are provided under overhead, (ED) +secondary, or deflecting sheaves [see 2.7.4.2(b) and (c)] + +the machine and supporting beams shall be permitted +to encroach on the required headroom, provided there +is a clearance of not less than 900 mm (35 in.) high and +minimum width of 750 mm (29.5 in.) in the path of +access to sheaves, governors, signal machines, or other +equipment. + +2.7.5 Lighting, Temperature, and Humidity in +Machine Rooms and Machinery Spaces + +2.7.5.1 Lighting. Permanent electric lighting shall be +provided in all machine rooms and machinery spaces. +The illumination shall be not less than 200 Ix (19 fc) at the +floor level. The lighting control switch shall be located +within easy reach of the access to such rooms or spaces. +Where practicable, the light control switch shall be +located on the lock-jamb side of the access door. + +2.7.5.2 Temperature and Humidity. Machine rooms +shall be provided with natural or mechanical means to +keep the ambient air temperature and humidity in the +range specified by the elevator equipment manufacturer +to ensure safe and normal operation of the elevator. The +temperature and huirudity range shall be permanently +posted in the machine room. + +2.7.6 Location of Machine Rooms and Control Rooms + +Elevator machine and control rooms shall not be +located in the hoistway. Drive and deflector sheaves and +machine parts and supports are permitted to project into +the hoistway (see 2.1.3.1). + +2.7.7 Machine and Control Rooms Underneath the +Hoistway + +When a machine or control room is located under- +neath the hoistway, it shall conform to 2.7.7.1 through +2.7.7.5. + + + +25 + + + +ASIV1EA17.1-2004 + + + +2.7.7.1-2.8.2.1.3 + + + +2.7.7.1 The machine or control room shall have a +solid ceiling (pit floor, at the normal pit depth) of con- +crete or steel above the machine or control room, with +a minimum 2 130 mm (84 in.) clearance above the +machine or control room floor. + +2.7.7.2 The ceiling of the machine or control room +shall be capable of sustaining a concentrated load of +1 000 N (225 Ibf ) on any 2 000 mm^ (3 in.^) area, and it +shall be designed for a live load of 6 kPa (125 Ibf/ft^) +and loads imposed by rails and /or buffers, if applicable. + +2.7.7.3 The car and counterweight guide rails and +buffer supports shall be permitted to extend into the +machine room and be supported by the machine room +floor. If the counterweight buffer or buffer support +extends to the machine room or control room floor, a +counterweight safety is not required unless the space +below the machine room is not permanently secured +against access. If a counterweight buffer is supported +at the machine room ceiling (pit floor), a counterweight +safety is required. (See 2.6.1 for additional requirements.) + +(04) 2.7.7.4 The solid ceiling (pit floor at normal pit +depth) shall be permitted to be slotted for the penetra- +tion of equipment (suspension ropes, selector drives, +electrical conduit, rails, buffers, etc.). Passage and guards +shall be provided in conformance with 2.3.2 and 2.10.1 +for both the machine or control room and pit. A counter- +weight guard shall be installed at the pit floor as well +as the machine or control room floor if the counterweight +extends into the machine or control room and 2.3.2.1(a) +does not apply. The guard in the machine or control +room shall extend to the ceiling. + +2.7.7.5 Compensating ropes or chains and traveling +cables shall not extend into the machine room located +underneath the hoistway. + +2.7.8 Remote Machine and Control Rooms + +Elevators that are provided with remote machine and/ +or control rooms shall conform to 2.7.8.1 through 2.7.8.4. + +2.7.8.1 Ropes and sheaves leading to the remote +machine room that penetrate separate fire-resistive areas +of the structure shall be fully enclosed, and the enclo- +sures shall conform to 2.1.1.1. + +2.7.8.2 Rope and sheave enclosures leading to the +remote machine room shall be protected against unau- +thorized access. + +2.7.8.3 Permanent means of access shall be provided +to the enclosures for inspection, repair, and maintenance +of hoist ropes passing over sheaves that are not located +in the hoistway or remote machine rooms. Access doors +to these enclosures shall be provided at each sheave +location, conforming to 2.7.3.4. Access openings shall be +provided for inspection and maintenance of hoist ropes +passing over sheaves and shall conform to 2.7.3.4. A + + + +stop switch meeting the requirements of 2.26.2.23, a per- +manent electric outlet, a light switch, and light shall be +provided in the enclosures immediately inside the access +doors and openings. + +2.7.8.4 A permanent means of commimication +between the elevator car and remote machine room and +or control room shall be provided. + +SECTION 2.8 +EQUIPMENT IN HOISTWAYS AND MACHINE ROOMS + +2.8.1 Electrical Equipment and Wiring + +2.8.1.1 Installation of electrical equipment and wir- +ing shall conform to NFPA 70 or CSA-C22.1, whichever +is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.8.1.2 Only such electrical wiring, raceways, and +cables used directly in connection with the elevator, +including wiring for signals, for communication with +the car, for lighting, heating, air conditioning, and venti- +lating the car, for fire detecting systems, for pit sump +pumps, and for heating and lighting the hoistway and/ +or machine room shall be permitted to be installed inside +the hoistway. + +2.8.1.3 Bonding conductors from the lightning pro- +tection system grounding down conductor to long verti- +cal metal bodies in the hoistway such as elevator rails +and vertical wireways shall be permitted to be installed +in the hoistway as required by NFPA 780, or CAN/CSA- +B72, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). The lightning +protection system grounding down conductor shall not +be permitted in the hoistway, and the elevator rails shall +not be used as the lightning protection system ground- +ing down conductor. Bonding conductors installed in +the hoistway shall not interfere with the operation of +the elevator. + +2.8.2 Pipes, Ducts, Tanlcs, and Sprinlclers + +2.8.2.1 Steam and hot-water pipes shall be permitted +to be installed in hoistways, machine rooms, and +machinery spaces for the purpose of heating these areas +only, subject to the requirements of 2.8.2.1.1 through +2.8.2.1.3. + +2.8.2.1.1 Heating pipes shall convey only low- +pressure steam [100 kPa (15 psi) or less] or hot water +[100°C (212°F) or less]. + +2.8.2.1.2 All risers and return pipes shall be +located outside the hoistway. When the machine room +is located above the roof of the building, heating pipes +for the machine room shall be permitted to be located +in the hoistway between the top floor and the machine +room. + +2.8.2.1.3 Traps and shutoff valves shall be pro- +vided in accessible locations outside the hoistway. + + + +26 + + + +2.8.2.2-2.9.2.1 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +2.8.2.2 Ducts shall be permitted to be installed in +the hoistway, machine room, and machinery space for +the purpose of heating, cooling, ventilating, and venting +these areas only and shall not encroach upon the +required clearances. + +2.8.2.3 Sprinkler systems conforming to NFPA 13 +or the NBCC, whichever is applicable (see Part 9), shall +be permitted to be installed in the hoistway, machine +room, and machinery spaces, subject to the requirements +of 2.8.2.3.1 through 2.8.2.3.4. + +2.8.2.3.1 All risers and returns shall be located +outside these spaces. Branch lines in the hoistway shall +supply sprinklers at not more than one floor level. When +the machine room is located above the roof of the build- +ing, risers, return pipes, and branch lines for the machine +room sprinkler(s) shall be permitted to be located in the +hoistway between the top floor and the machine room. + +2.8.2.3.2 In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, +means shall be provided to automatically discormect the +main line power supply to the affected elevator upon +or prior to the application of water from sprinklers +located in the machine room or in the hoistway more +than 600 mm (24 in.) above the pit floor. This means +shall be independent of the elevator control and shall +not be self-resetting. The activation of sprinklers outside +of the hoistway or machine room shall not disconnect +the main line power supply. + +2.8.2.3.3 Smoke detectors shall not be used to +activate sprinklers in these spaces or to disconnect the +main line power supply. + +2.8.2.3.4 In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, +when sprinklers are installed in the hoistway, all electri- +cal equipment, except earthquake protective devices +conforming to 8.4.10.1.2(d), located less than 1 225 mm +(48 in.) above the pit floor, shall be + +(a) weatherproof (NEMA4) + +(b) wiring shall be identified for use in wet locations +in accordance with the requirements in NFPA 70 + +2.8.2.4 Other pipes or ducts conveying gases, +vapors, or liquid and not used in connection with the +operation of the elevator shall not be installed in any +hoistway, machine room, or machinery space. Where a +machine room or hoistway, or both, extend above the +roof of a building, pipes shall be permitted from roof +drains to the closest point where they can be diverted out +of this space. Pipes shall be covered to prevent leakage or +condensate from entering the machine room or hoistway. + +2.8.2.5 Where permitted and provided, pipes, +drains, and tanks, or similar equipment that contains +liquids, shall not be located directly above the elevator +equipment and shall not encroach upon the required +clearances in the hoistway, machine room, or machinery +spaces. + + + +2.8.3 Electrical Heaters + +Listed /certified electrical heaters shall be permitted. + +2.8.4 Air Conditioning + +Air conditioning equipment is permitted to be +installed in machine rooms or machinery spaces for the +purpose of cooling these areas only, subject to the +requirements of 2.8.4.1 through 2.8.4.5. + +2.8.4.1 Air conditiorung equipment shall not be +located directly above elevator equipment. + +2.8.4.2 The clear headroom below suspended air +conditioning equipment shall conform to 2.7.4. + +2.8.4.3 Means shall be provided to collect and drain +condensation water from these spaces. Condensation +drains shall not be located directly above elevator equip- +ment. Drains connected directly to sewers shall not be +installed. + +2.8.4.4 Safe and convenient access within the eleva- +tor machine room shall be provided to the air-condition- +ing equipment for servicing and maintaining. + +2.8.4.5 There shall be no exposed gears, sprockets, +belts, pulleys, or chains. + +NOTES (2.8.4): + +(1) See 2.8.2.2 for requirements for duct work. + +(2) These requirements do not pertain to air-conditioning equip- +ment used to cool selective elevator equipment. + +SECTION 2.9 + +MACHINERY AND SHEAVE BEAMS, SUPPORTS, AND + +FOUNDATIONS + +2.9.1 Beams and Supports Required + +2.9.1.1 Machines, machinery, and sheaves shall be +so supported and maintained in place as to prevent +any part from becoming loose or displaced under the +conditions imposed in service. + +2.9.1.2 Supporting beams, if used, shall be of steel +or reinforced concrete. + +2.9.1.3 Beams are not required under machine(s), +sheave(s), and machinery or control equipment that is +supported on floors, provided such floors are designed +and installed to support the load imposed thereon. + +2.9.2 Loads on Machinery and Sheave Beams, +Floors, or Foundations and Their Supports + +2.9.2.1 Overhead Beams, Floors, and Their Supports. + +Overhead beams, floors, and their supports shall be +designed for not less than the sum of the following +loads: + +(a) the load resting on the beams and supports, which +shall include the complete weight of the machine, +sheaves, controller, governor, and any other equipment. + + + +27 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.9.2.1-2.9.3.4 + + + +together with that portion, if any, of the machine room +floor supported thereon + +(b) two times the sum of the tensions in all wire ropes +supported by the beams with rated load in the car + +NOTE [2.9.2.1(b)]: These tensions are doubled to take care of accel- +erations and decelerations. + +2.9.2.2 Foundations, Beams, and Floors for Machinery +and Slieaves Not Located Directly Over the Hoistway. + +The supports for machines and sheaves located below +or at the sides of the hoistway shall meet the require- +ments of 2.9.2.2.1 through 2.9.2.2.4. + +2.9.2.2.1 The foundation shall support the total +weight of the machine, sheaves, and other equipment, +and the floor, if any. + +2.9.2.2.2 The sheave beams and the foundation +bolts shall withstand two times the vertical force compo- +nent acting thereon as a result of the tension in all the +suspension ropes, less the weight of the machine or +sheaves. + +2.9.2.2.3 The sheave beams and the foundation +bolts shall withstand two times the horizontal force com- +ponent, if any, acting thereon as a result of the tension +in all the suspension ropes. + +2.9.2.2.4 The foundation shall withstand two +times the overturning moment, if any, acting thereon as +a result of the tension in all the suspension ropes. + +2.9.3 Securing of Machinery and Equipment to +Beams, Foundations, or Floors + +2.9.3.1 Overhead Beams and Floors + +2.9.3.1.1 Machinery or equipment shall be secured +to and supported on or from the top of overhead beams +or floors, except for the following equipment: + +(a) secondary or deflecting sheaves of traction ele- +vators + +(b) devices and their accessories for limiting or +retarding car speed + +2.9.3.1.2 Securing bolts or fastenings are not +required where sound isolation is used between bases +of machinery or equipment and supporting beams or +floors. + +2.9.3.2 Beams or Foundations Supporting Machinery +and Sheaves Not Located Directly Over the Hoistway + +2.9.3.2.1 Machines and sheaves located below or +at one side of a hoistway shall be anchored to beams, +foundations, or floors with bolts, conforming to ASTM +A 307, of sufficient size and number to withstand the +applicable load conditions specified in 2.9.2.2. Based on +these initial loads, total tension in anchor bolts shall not +exceed 85 MPa (12,000 psi) of net section, and the total +shear shall not exceed 60 MPa (9,000 psi) of actual area +in the shear plane. + + + +2.9.3.2.2 Bolts made of steel having a greater (ED) +strength than specified by ASTM A 307 shall be permit- +ted to be used, and the maximum allowable stresses +increased proportionally based on the ratio of the ulti- +mate strengths. Elongation shall conform to the require- +ments of the corresponding ASTM specification. + +2.9.3.2.3 Where bolts are used through greater (ED) +than 5 deg sloping flanges of structural shapes, the bolt +heads shall be of the tipped or beveled head type or +shall be fitted with beveled steel washers, and nuts on +greater than 5 deg sloping flanges shall seat on beveled +steel washers. + +2.9.3.3 Overhead Hoisting Rope Hitches + +2.9.3.3.1 Where hoisting ropes are secured to the +structure above a hoistway, the hitch plates and hitch- +plate blocking beams, where used, shall be secured to +and mounted on top of overhead beams, machine beams, +or on top of auxiliary beams connected to the webs of +overhead beams. + +2.9.3.3.2 Hitch plates, blocking, or auxiliary +beams shall be secured by bolts conforming to ASTM +A 307, rivets conforming to ASTM A 502, or welding +conforming to 8.8, and shall be so located that the tension +in the hoisting ropes will not develop direct tensions in +the bolts or rivets. Where bolts and rivets are subjected +to shearing stresses due to tension in the hoisting ropes, +the total shear shall not exceed 60 MPa (9,000 psi) of +actual area in the shear plane. The stresses in welds due +to tensions in the hoisting ropes shall not exceed 55 MPa +(8,000 psi) on the throat area of the welds. + +2.9.3.3.3 Bolts made of steel having greater (ED) +strength than specified by ASTM A 307 shall be permit- +ted to be used, and the maximum allowable stresses +increased proportionally based on the ratio of the ulti- +mate strengths. + +2.9.3.3.4 Elongation shall conform to the require- +ments of the corresponding ASTM specification. + +2.9.3.3.5 The hitch plate supporting beams shall +be designed to withstand two times the sum of the +tensions in all hoisting ropes attached to the hitch plates. +(See also 2.15.13.) + +2.9.3.3.6 Total stresses in hitch plates and hitch- +plate shapes shall not exceed 85 MPa (12,000 psi). + +2.9.3.4 Cast Metals in Tension or Bending. Cast met- +als having an elongation of less than 20% in a length of +50 mm (2 in.), when measured in accordance with ASTM +E 8, which are subject to tension or bending, shall not +be used to support machinery or equipment from the +underside of overhead beams or floors. + + + +28 + + + +2.9.4-2.11.1.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +2.9.4 Allowable Stresses for Machinery and Sheave +Beams or Floors and Their Supports + +2.9.4.1 The unit stresses for all machinery and +sheave beams and floors and their supports, based on +the loads computed as specified in 2.9.2 or 2.9.6, which- +ever is greater, shall not exceed 80% of those permitted +for static loads by the following standards: + +(a) Structural Steel. AISC Book No. S326 or CAN/ +CSA-S16.1, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +(b) Reinforced Concrete. ANSl/ACl 318 or CAN3- +A23.3, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.9.4.2 Where stresses due to loads, other than eleva- +tor loads supported on the beams or floor, exceed those +due to the elevator loads, 100% of the permitted stresses +are permitted. + +2.9.5 Allowable Deftections of Machinery and +Sheave Beams and Their Supports + +The allowable deflections of machinery and sheave +beams and their immediate supports under static load +shall not exceed ^4666 oi the span. + +2.9.6 Allowable Stresses Due to Emergency Braking + +Machinery and sheave beams, supports, and their fas- +tenings subject to forces due to the application of the +emergency brake (see 2.19.4) shall be designed to with- +stand the maximum forces developed during the retar- +dation phase of the emergency braking so that the +resulting stresses due to the emergency braking and all +other loading acting simultaneously, if applicable, shall +not exceed those specified in 2.9.4. + +SECTION 2.10 + +GUARDING OF EQUIPMENT AND STANDARD + +RAILING + +2.10.1 Guarding of Equipment + +In machine rooms and secondary machinery spaces, +the following shall be guarded to protect against acci- +dental contact: + +(a) driving machine sheaves and ropes whose vertical +projection upon a horizontal plane extends beyond the +base of the machine + +(b) sheaves + +(c) exposed gears, sprockets, tape or rope sheaves, or +drums of selectors, floor controllers, or signal machines, +and their driving ropes, chains, or tapes + +(d) keys, keyways, and screws in projecting shafts +Handwinding wheels and flywheels that are not + +guarded shall have yellow markings. + +2.10.2 Standard Railing + +A standard railing shall be substantially constructed +of metal and shall consist of a top rail, intermediate rail, +posts, and toe-board. + + + +2.10.2.1 Top Rail. The top rail shall have a smooth +surface, and the upper surface shall be located at a verti- +cal height of 1 070 mm (42 in.) from the surface on which +the railing is installed. + +2.10.2.2 Intermediate Rail. The intermediate rail shall +be located approximately halfway between the top rail +and the surface on which the railing is installed. + +2.10.2.3 Post. Posts shall be located not more than +2 400 mm (94.5 in.) apart. + +2.10.2.4 Toe-Board. The toe-board shall be securely +fastened to the posts and extend from the surface on +which the railing is installed to a height not less than +100 mm (4 in.). + + + +SECTION 2.11 +PROTECTION OF HOISTWAY OPENINGS + +2.11.1 Entrances and Emergency Doors Required + +2.11.1.1 Hoistway Landing Entrances. All elevator +hoistway landing openings shall be provided with +entrances that shall guard the full height and width of +the openings. Entrances shall be at least 2 030 mm (80 in.) +in height and 800 mm (31.5 in.) in width. + +2.11.1.2 Emergency Doors in Blind Hoistways. Where +an elevator is installed in a single blind hoistway, there +shall be installed in the blind portion of the hoistway +an emergency door at every third floor, but not more +than 11 m (36 ft) from sill to siU, conforming to the +following: + +(a) The clear opeiung shall be at least 700 mm (28 in.) +wide and 2 030 mm (80 in.) high. + +(b) It shall be easily accessible and free from fixed +obstructions. + +(c) It shall be either of the horizontally sliding or +swinging single-section type, irrespective of the t5rpe of +door installed at other landings. + +(d) It shall be self-closing and self -locking and shall +be marked, in letters not less than 50 mm (2 in.) high, +"DANGER, ELEVATOR HOISTWAY." + +(e) It shall be provided with an electromechanical +device that will prevent the operation of the driving +machine unless the door is closed and locked (see +2.26.2.25). + +(/) It shall be unlocked from the landing side only +through the use of a cylinder-type lock, having not less +than five pins or five discs. The cylinder lock shall + +(1) not be unlocked by any key that will open any +other lock or device used for any purpose in the building + +(2) be so designed that the key shall be removable +only in the locked position + +(g) It shall be openable from the hoistway side with- +out the use of a key. + + + +29 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.11.1.2-2.11.4.2 + + + +(h) The key shall be of Group 1 Security (see 8.1). This +key shall also be made available to emergency persormel +during an emergency. + +(i) A hinged self-closing barrier independent of the +door shall be installed horizontally across the entrance +on the hoistway side at a height of 1 070 mm (42 in.). +The barrier shall not open into the hoistway. + +2.11.1.3 Telephone as Alternative to Emergency +Doors. Where an elevator is installed in a single blind +hoistway, and there are no landings from which to gain +access through an emergency door, a means of two-way +conversation conforming to 2.27.1.2 shall be provided. + +NOTE: Examples are pulp mills, grain elevators, dams, or similar +locations. + +2.11.1.4 Access Openings for Cleaning of Car and +Hoistway Enclosures. Nonremovable sliding or swing +panels or doors in the hoistway conforming to +2.11.1.2(d), (f), (g), and (i) shall be permitted for access +to car or hoistway transparent enclosures for cleaning +purposes. An electromechanical device shall be pro- +vided that will prevent the operation of the driving +machine imless the access panels or doors are closed +and locked (see 2.26.2.32). Key shall be Group 2 Security +(see 8.1). + +2.11.2 Types of Entrances + +2.11.2.1 Passenger Elevators. For passenger eleva- +tors, entrances shall be one of the following types: + +(a) horizontally sliding; + +(h) horizontally swinging, single-section; + +(c) combination horizontally sliding and swinging; or + +(d) hand- or power-operated vertically sliding that +slide up to open. + +2.11.2.2 Freight Elevators. For freight elevators, +entrances shall be one of the following tjrpes: + +(a) horizontally sliding + +(b) swinging, single-section + +(c) combination horizontally sliding and swinging + +(d) center-opening, two-section horizontally swing- +ing, subject to restrictions of 2.11.2.3 + +(e) vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced (see +2.16.4) + +(/) vertically sliding counterweighted, single or +multisection + +2.11.2.3 Limitations of Use of Center-Opening Swing- +ing Entrances. Center-opening swinging entrances shall +be permitted only + +(a) for freight elevators which can be operated only +from the car; or + +(b) for freight elevators not accessible to the general +public that can be operated from outside the hoistway, +and that are located in factories, warehouses, garages, +and similar industrial buildings. + + + +2.11.3 Closing of Hoistway Doors + +2.11.3.1 Horizontally sliding or single-section +swinging doors of automatic-operation elevators shall +be provided with door closers arranged to close and +open door automatically if the car, for any reason, leaves +the landing zone. + +2.11.3.2 Horizontally sliding doors shall be closed +when the car is at a landing, except when + +(a) the car is operated by a designated attendant in +the car; + +(b) loading or unloading; + +(c) the elevator conforms to 2.27.3.2.1 and 2.27.3.2.3 +through 2.27.3.2.6, Phase I Emergency Recall Operation +by fire alarm initiating device; or + +(d) the car is at the recall level when Phase I is in +effect [see 2.27.3.1.6(a)]. + +2.11.3.3 On center-opening doors, if there is an inter- +lock on only one panel, the door closer required by +2.11.3.1 shall be provided on the leading panel that oper- +ates in the opposite direction (see 2.11.11.7). + +2.11.4 Location of Horizontally Sliding or Swinging +Hoistway Doors + +Horizontally sliding or swinging doors shall be so +located that the distance from the hoistway face of the +doors to the edge of the hoistway landing sill, measured +from the face of the door section nearest to the car, shall +be not more than the requirements specified in 2.11.4.1 +and 2.11.4.2. + +2.11.4.1 For elevators that can be operated only from +the car, 100 mm (4 in.), except that where new elevators +are installed in existing multiple hoistways or where +alterations involving replacement of the doors are made +to existing elevators in multiple hoistways, and the loca- +tion of the door openings is such that the 100 mm (4 in.) +dimension specified cannot be maintained, the distance +specified is permitted to be increased to not more than +125 nun (5 in.) where horizontally sliding doors are used. + +2.11 .4.2 For elevators with automatic or continuous- +pressure operation, 19 mm (0.75 in.) for swinging doors +and 57 mm (2.25 in.) for sliding doors, except that + +(a) freight elevators not accessible to the general pub- +lic, and which are located in factories, warehouses, gar- +ages, and similar industrial buildings are permitted to +have single-section or center-opening two-section hori- +zontally swinging doors conforming to 2.11.4.1; or + +(b) for swinging doors used on elevators with auto- +matic and continuous-pressure operation, the distance +shall be permitted to be increased from 19 mm to 57 mm +(0.75 in. to 2.25 in.) if such doors are emergency doors +conforming to 2.11.1. (See also 2.14.4.5.) + + + +# + + + +30 + + + +2.11.5-2.11.7.2.3 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.11.5 Projection of Entrances and Other Equipment +Beyond the Landing Sills + +Entrances and equipment shall not project into an +elevator hoistway beyond the line of the landing sill, +except for + +(a) equipment required for interlocking, indicator and +signal devices, and door operating devices + +(b) vertical slide entrances + +2.11.6 Opening of Hoistway Doors + +2.11.6.1 When the car is within the unlocking zone, +the hoistway doors shall be openable by hand from +within the car without the use of tools. + +2.11 .6.2 Means shall not be provided for locking out +of service the doors at + +(a) the top terminal landing + +(b) the bottom terminal landing + +(c) the designated and alternate landings for elevators +equipped with Phase I Emergency Recall Operation, +when Phase I is effective + +(d) no landing for elevators equipped with Phase II +Emergency In-Car Operation when Phase II is effective + +2.11.6.3 Automatic fire doors, the functioning of +which is dependent on the action of heat, shall not lock +any elevator hoistway door so that it cannot be opened +manually from inside the hoistway. + +2.11 .6.4 Handles or other means provided for opera- +tion of manually operated doors shall be so located that +it is not necessary to reach the back of any panel, jamb, +or sash to operate them. + +2.11.7 Glass in Hoistway Doors + +Glass in hoistway doors shall conform to 2.11.7.1 and +2.11.7.2. + +2.11.7.1 Vision Panels. Manually operated or self- +closing hoistw^ay doors of the vertically or horizontally +sliding type, for elevators with automatic or continuous- +pressure operation, shall be provided with a vision +panel. Vision panels shall not be required at landings +of automatic operation elevators where a hall position +indicator is provided. In multisection doors, the vision +panel is required in one section only, but is permitted +to be placed in all sections. All horizontally swinging +elevator doors shall be provided with vision panels. +Vision panels are permitted for any type of hoistway +door. + +Where required or used, vision panels shall conform +to 2.11.7.1.1 through 2.11.7.1.7. + +2.11.7.1.1 The area of any single vision panel shall +be not less than 0.015 m^ (24 in.^), and the total area of +one or more vision panels in any hoistway door shall +be not more than 0.055 m^ (85 in.'^). + + + +2.11.7.1.2 Each clear panel opening shall reject a +ball 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter. + +2.11.7.1.3 Mtmtins used between panel sections +shall be of noncombustible material and of substantial +construction. + +2.11.7.1.4 Panel opening shall be glazed with +either of the following: + +(a) clear wire glass not less than 6 mm (0.25 in.) + +(b) other transparent glazing material not less than +6 mm (0.25 in.) thick that meets the impact safety stan- +dard 16 CFR Part 1201 or CAN/CGSB-12.1, CAN/ +CGSB-12.11, or CAN/CGSB-12.12, whichever is applica- +ble (see Part 9) + +2.11.7.1.5 The center of the panel shall be located +not less than 1 300 mm (51 in.) and not more than +1 700 mm (67 in.) above the landing, except that for +vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced doors, it +shall be located to conform to the dimensions specified +insofar as the door design will permit. + +2.11.7.1.6 Vision panels in power-operated doors +shall be substantially flush with the surface of the land- +ing side of the door. + +2.11.7.1.7 Vision panels shall be protected by pro- +tective grilles made of steel not less than 1.4 nmi +(0.055 in.) thick, in accordance with the following specifi- +cations: + +(a) Grilles shall be sized to fit within or over the vision +panel frame and completely cover the vision panel open- +ing in the hoistway door. + +(b) Grilles shall be secured by means that deter +removal by common tools. + +(c) Grilles shall contain openings that shall be not +larger than 19 mm x 19 mm (0.75 in. x 0.75 in.) in +diameter. Such openings shall be spaced at 25 mm (1 in.) +center-to-center. + +(d) Grille edges shall be free of burrs and beveled. + +(e) Grilles shall be installed on the hoistway side of +the door. + +2.11.7.2 Glass Doors. Where provided, glass +hoistway doors shall conform to 2.11.7.2.1 through +2.11.7.2.5. + +2.11.7.2.1 The glass shall be laminated glass con- +forming to 16 CFR Part 1201 or CAN/CGSB-12.1. Mark- +ings as specified in the applicable standard shall be on +each separate piece of glass and shall remain visible +after installation. + +2.11.7.2.2 The glass shall be not less than 60% of +the total visible door panel surface area as seen from +the landing side of the doors. Door lap shall not be used +in calculating glass size. + +2.11.7.2.3 In power-operated doors, the glass +panel shall be substantially flush with the surface of the +landing side of the door. + + + +31 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.11.7.2.4-2.11.11.5.1 + + + +2.11.7.2.4 A nonglass edge shall be provided on +the leading edge of the door panel. + +2.11.7.2.5 The glass door shall conform to +2.11.11.5.7 for horizontally sliding type entrances, +2.11.12.4 for vertically sliding type entrances, or 2.11.13.3 +for swinging entrances. + +2.11.8 Weights for Closing or Balancing Doors + +Hoistway door weights, where used for closing or +balancing doors, shall be guided or restrained to prevent +them from coming out of their runway. The bottom of +the guides or other restraining means shall be so con- +structed as to retain the weights if the weight suspension +means breaks. + +2.11.9 Hoistway Door Loclcing Devices and Power +Operation + +2.11.9.1 Lodging Devices. Doors shall be provided +with door locking devices conforming to 2.12. + +2.11 .9.2 Power Operation. Where hoistway doors are +power operated or are opened or closed by power, their +operation shall conform to 2.13. + +2.11.10 Landing-Sill Guards, Landing-Sill +Illumination, Hinged Landing Sills, and +Tracks on Landings + +2.11.10.1 Landing-Sill Guards + +2.11.10.1.1 Landing sills shall be guarded on the +underside with guard plates of smooth metal not less +than 1.4 mm (0.055 in.) thick, extending the full width of +the car sill exposed to the landing entrance, and securely +fastened in place. Landing sill guards are not required +for + +(a) vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced doors + +(b) vertically sliding counterweighted doors that slide +down to open + +(c) elevators where the landing sills do not project +into the hoistway + +2.11.10.1.2 Where a car leveling device is pro- +vided and the hoistway edge of the sill is either flush +with or projects into the hoistway, the guard shall have +a straight vertical face extending below the sill not less +than the depth of the leveling zone plus 75 mm (3 in.). +Where the sill projects inward from the hoistway enclo- +sure, the bottom of the guard shall also be beveled at +an angle of not less than 60 deg and not more than 75 deg +from the horizontal, or the guard shall be extended from +the hoistway edge of the landing sill to the top of door +hanger pocket of the entrance next below. + +2.11.10.1.3 Where no car leveling device is pro- +vided and the sill projects inward from the general line +of the hoistway, the guard shall be either beveled at an +angle of not less than 60 deg and not more than 75 deg +from the horizontal, or have a straight vertical face + + + +extending from the hoistway edge of the landing sill to +the top of door hanger pocket of the entrance below. + +2.11.10.2 Illumination at Landing Sills. The building +corridors shall be so lighted that the illumination at the +landing sills, when an elevator is in service, shall be not +less than 100 Ix (10 fc). + +2.11.10.3 Hinged Hoistway Landing Sills. Hinged +hoistway landing sills provided in connection with verti- +cally sliding, biparting, counterbalanced doors of freight +elevators shall be hinged on the landing side so that +they can be lowered only when the landing doors are +in the fully opened position. + +2.11.11 Entrances, Horizontal Slide Type + +2.11.11.1 Landing Sills. Landing sills shall + +(a) be of metal and of sufficient strength to support +the loads to be carried by the sills when loading and +unloading the car, and be secured in place + +(b) be substantially flush with the floor surface of the +elevator landings + +(c) be so designed and maintained as to provide a +secure foothold over the entire width of the door opening + +2.11.11.2 Hangers, Trades, and Trade Supports. + +Hangers, tracks, and their supports and fastenings for +doors shall be constructed to withstand, without dam- +age or appreciable deflection, an imposed static load +equal to four times the weight of each panel as applied +successively downward and upward at the vertical cen- +terline of the panel. (See 2.11.11.5.7 and 2.11.11.5.8.) + +2.11.11.3 Entrance Frames + +2.11.11.3.1 Where used, entrance frames shall be +anchored to the sills and to the building structure or the +track supports. The head of the entrance frame shall not +be used to support the weight of the wall over the frame. + +2.11.11.3.2 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified frames, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.11.4 Hangers. Hangers shall conform to +2.11.11.4.1 and 2.11.11.4.2. + +2.11.11.4.1 Means shall be provided to prevent +the hangers from jumping the track. + +2.11.11.4.2 Stops shall be provided in the entrance +assembly to prevent hangers from overnmning the end +of the track. + +2.11.11.5 Panels. Panels shall conform to 2.11.11.5.1 +through 2.11.11.5.8. + +2.11.11.5.1 The panels shall overlap the top and + +sides of the opening, and each other, in the case of + +multispeed entrances, by not less than 13 mm (0.5 in.). + +Where entrances without frames are used, the overlap + +shall extend the thickness of the facing used to finish + + + +32 + + + +2.11.11.5.1-2.11.11.10 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +the opening plus 13 mm (0.5 in.) or more. + +2.11.11.5.2 The clearance shall not exceed 10 mm +(0.375 in.) between + +(a) the panel and the frame + +(b) the panel and the wall, where entrances without +frames are used in masonry or concrete + +(c) related panels of multispeed entrances + +(d) the panel and the sill measured vertically + +2.11.11.5.3 The leading panel edge of side-open- +ing entrances shall not close into pockets in the strike +jamb and shall be smooth and free of sharp projections. + +2.11.11.5.4 The meeting panel edges of center- +opening entrances shall be smooth and free of sharp +projection. + +The meeting panel edges of center-opening entrances +shall be protected with not less than one resilient male +member extending the full height of the panel. The resil- +ient members shall be permitted to interlock by not more +than 10 mm (0.375 in.). + +When in the closed position, the distance between the +metal parts of the meeting panels shall not exceed 13 mm +(0.5 in.). + +2.11.11.5.5 No areas shall be depressed or raised +more than 3 nun (0.125 in.) from the adjacent area and +edges shall be beveled at not more than 30 deg to the +panel surface. + +2.11.11.5.6 Where decorative material is applied +to listed/certified panels, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.11.5.7 The entrance assembly shall be capa- +ble of withstanding a force of 2 500 N (560 Ibf ) applied +on the landing side at right angles to and approximately +at the center of a panel. This force shall be distributed +over an area of approximately 100 mm x 100 mm (4 in. +X 4 in.). There shall be no appreciable permanent dis- +placement or deformation of any parts of the entrance +assembly resulting from this test. + +2.11.11.5.8 Means shall be provided to prevent +opening of locked doors more than 20 mm (0.8 in.) per +panel at the farthest point from the interlock when a +force of 135 N (30 Ibf) is applied in the opening direction +at the leading edge of the door at the farthest point from +the interlock. + +2.11.11.6 Bottom Guides. Bottom guides shall con- +form to the following: + +(a) The bottom of each panel shall be guided by one +or more members. + +(b) Guide members shall be securely fastened. + +(c) The guide members and any reinforcements or +guards shall engage the corresponding member by not +less than 6 mm (0.25 in.). (See 2.11.11.5.7.) + + + +2.11.11.7 Multipanel Entrances. Panels of multipanel +doors shall conform to either 2.11.11.7.1 or 2.11.11.7.2. +Multiple-speed and center-opening multiple-speed +doors shall also conform to 2.11.11.7.3. + +2.11.11.7.1 Panels shall be intercormected directly +or through their hangers so as to assure simultaneous +movement of all panels. The factor of safety of the inter- +connecting means shall not be less than 10 for cast iron +or 5 for other materials. + +2.11.11.7.2 Panels shall be equipped with +hoistway door interlocks on each driven panel and pro- +vided with a door closer(s) installed to comply with +2.11.3.1. All panels shall move simultaneously when the +car is at the landing. + +2.11.11.7.3 Multiple speed and center-opening +multiple-speed panels shall be provided with secondary +mechanical interconnecting means to ensure that indi- +vidual panels of multiple panel doors moving in the +same direction cannot become separated from the panel +that is locked by the interlock in the event that the normal +interconnecting means fails. + +2.11.11.7.4 Where cable and pulleys are used to +connect panels of multisection sliding doors, each pulley +shall be equipped with a guard to prevent the cable +from leaving the pulley. + +2.11.11.8 Hoistway Door Safety Retainers. The top + +and bottom of horizontally sliding doors shall be pro- +vided with a means of retaining the closed door panel +in position if the primary guiding means fail, and pre- +venting displacement of the door panel top and bottom +by more than 20 mm (0.8 in.) when the door panel is +subjected to a force of 5 000 N (1,125 Ibf) in the direction +of the hoistway applied at right angles to the panel over +an area of 300 mm x 300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.) at the +approximate center of the panel. + +The retaining means shall also withstand, without +detachment or permanent deformation, a force of +1 000 N (225 Ibf) applied upward at any point along +the width of the door panel and, while this force is +maintained, an additional force of 1 100 N (250 Ibf) +applied at right angles to the door at the center of the +panel. This force shall be distributed over an area of +300 mm x 300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.). + +The retaining means shall not be subjected to wear +or stress during normal door operation or maintenance. + +2.11.11.9 Beams, Walls, Floors, and Supports. The + +building structural supports of the entrance, such as +building beams, walls, and floors, shall be designed to +withstand the horizontal forces stipulated in 2.11.11.8. + +2.11.11.10 Hoistway Door to Sill Clearance. The hori- +zontal distance from the hoistway side of the leading +edge of the hoistway door, or sight guard, if provided, +to the edge of the landing sill, shall not exceed 13 mm + + + +33 + + + +ASI\AEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.11.11.10-2.11.12.6 + + + +(0.5 in.). The vertical clearance between the sight guard, +if provided, and the landing sill shall not exceed 13 mm +(0.5 in.). + +2.11.12 Entrances, Vertical Slide Type + +2.11.12.1 Landing Sills + +2.11.12.1.1 Landing sills shall be of metal and of +sufficient strength to support the loads to be carried by +the sills when loading and unloading the car, and be +secured in place (see 2.16.2.2 for classes of loading); the +load on the sill during loading and unloading shall be +considered to be the same as that on the platform mem- +bers specified in 8.2.2.6. + +2.11.12.1.2 Landing sills shall be secured to the +building structure in substantially the same plane as the +elevator landing floor. + +2.11.12.2 Entrance Frames + +2.11.12.2.1 Where used, entrance frames shall be +anchored to the sills and to the building structure or the +track supports. The head of the entrance frame shall not +be used to support the weight of the wall over the frame. + +2.11.12.2.2 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified frames, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +(ED) 2.11.12.3 Rails. The panel guide rails shall be +securely fastened to the building structure and the +entrance frame, at intervals, throughout their entire +length. + +Rails and their supports shall withstand the forces +specified in 2.11.12.4.6. Where truckable sills are pro- +vided as specified in 2.11.12.4.2, the rails shall withstand +any reactions that could be transmitted to the rails as a +result of loading and unloading operations. + +2.11.12.4 Panels. Panels shall conform to 2.11.12.4.1 +through 2.11.12.4.8. + +2.1 1 .1 2.4.1 The panels shall be constructed of non- +combustible material, or of a structural core made of +combustible material if covered with not less than +0.45 mm (0.0175 in.) sheet metal. + +2.11.12.4.2 The lower panel of biparting entrances +and the top of the panel of vertical slide entrances that +slide down to open shall be provided with a truckable sill +designed for the loads specified in 2.11.12.1.1. Provisions +shall be made to transmit the panel sill load to the build- +ing structure. + +2.11.12.4.3 Panels of biparting counterbalanced +entrances shall conform to the following: + +(a) They shall be provided with means to stop the +closing panels when the distance between the closing +rigid members of the panel is not less than 20 mm (0.8 in.) +and not more than 50 mm (2 in.). + + + +(b) A fire-resistive, nonshearing, and noncrushing +member of either the meeting or overlapping type shall +be provided on the upper panel to close the distance +between the rigid door sections when in contact with the +stops. This member shall allow a mirumum compressible +clearance of 20 mm (0.8 in.). + +(c) Rigid members that overlap the meeting edge, and +center-latching devices, are prohibited. + +2.11.12.4.4 The panels, with their attachments for +doors that slide up to open, shall overlap the sides and +top of the entrance opening by at least 50 mm (2 in.) +when in the closed position. Other vertically sliding +panels and their attachments shall overlap their entrance +openings and sills by at least 50 rmn (2 in.) when in the +closed position. The overlap shall extend at least 50 mm +(2 in.) beyond the thickness of any facing used to finish +the opening. + +2.11.12.4.5 The clearance between a panel and the +frame lintel, between a panel and the sill, and between +related panels of multispeed entrances, shall not exceed +25 mm (1 in.). + +2.11.12.4.6 Panels, rails, and door guides shall +conform to the strength requirements of 2.11.11.5.7. +Hangers, guides, and guide shoes shall not be perma- +nently displaced or deformed by more than 20 mm +(0.8 in.) when their panel is subjected to a force of 5 000 N +(1,125 Ibf) in the direction of the hoistway applied at +right angles to the panel over an area of 300 mm x +300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.) at the approximate center of +the panel. + +2.11.12.4.7 Means shall be provided to close the +opening between the upper panel of pass-type entrances +and the entrance frame lintel. The sum of the clearance +between the panel, the device used to close the opening, +and the entrance lintel shall not exceed 25 mm (1 in.). + +2.11.12.4.8 Means shall be provided to prevent +the opening of locked doors more than 25 mm (1 in.) +per panel at the farthest point from the interlock when +a force of 135 N (30 Ibf) is applied in the opening direc- +tion at the leading edge of the door at the farthest point +from the interlock. + +2.11.12.5 Guides. Panel guides shall conform to +2.11.12.5.1 through 2.11.12.5.3. + +2.11.12.5.1 Each panel shall be equipped with not +less than four guide members or with continuous guides. + +2.11.12.5.2 Guide members shall be securely fas- +tened to the panels. + +2.11.12.5.3 Guide members shall be designed to +withstand the forces specified in 2.11.12.4.6. + +2.11.12.6 Counterweighting or Counterbalancing. + +Single or m.ultisection vertically sliding panels shall be +so counterweighted, and vertically sliding biparting + + + +34 + + + +2.11.12.6-2.11.14.1 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +o + + + +panels shall be so counterbalanced, that they will not +open or close by gravity. + +Fastenings shall be provided to prevent the fall of a +counterweight, and the detachment or dislodgment of +counterweight parts or of balancing weights. Suspension +means and their connections, for vertically sliding +biparting counterbalanced doors and for the counter- +weights of vertically sliding counterweighted doors, +shall have a factor of safety of not less than 5. + +2.11.12.7 Sill Guards. Where the panel sill or other +structural member projects more than 13 mm (0.5 in.) +into the hoistway or beyond the panel surface below it, +the projection shall be provided with a metal guard not +less than 1.4 mm (0.055 in.) thick and beveled at an angle +of not less than 50 deg and not more than 75 deg from +the horizontal. + +2.11.12.8 Pull Straps. Manually operated vertically +sliding biparting entrances shall be provided with pull +straps on the inside and outside of the door. + +The length of the pull straps shall conform to +2.11.12.8.1 and 2.11.12.8.2. + +2.11.12.8.1 The bottom of the strap shall be not +more than 2 000 mm (79 in.) above the landing when +the panel is in the fully opened position. + +2.11.12.8.2 The length of the strap shall not be +extended by means of ropes or other materials. + +2.11.13 Entrances, Swinging Type + +2.11.13.1 Landing Sills. Landing sills shall + +(a) be of metal and of sufficient strength to support +the loads to be carried by the sills when loading and +unloading the car, and be secured in place + +(b) be substantially flush with the floor surface of the +elevator landings + +(c) be so designed and maintained as to provide a +secure foothold over the entire width of the door opening + +2.11.13.2 Entrance Frames. Frames shall coriform to +2.11.13.2.1 and 2.11.13.2.2. + +2.11.13.2.1 They shall be designed to support in +place the panels with their hinges or pivots, closer if +attached to the frame and interlock. They shall with- +stand the forces referred to in 2.11.13.3.5, and the forces +resulting from the normal opening of the door or normal +attempts to open it when locked in the closed position. + +2.11.13.2.2 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified panels, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.13.3 Panels. Panels shall cor\form to 2.11.13.3.1 +through 2.11.13.3.7. + +2.11.13.3.1 The panels shall overlap the part of +the frame against which they close by not less than +13 nun (0.5 in.). + + + +2.11.13.3.2 The clearance between a panel and its +sill shall not exceed 10 mm (0.375 in.). + +2.11.13.3.3 The panels of entrances used with +automatic-operation passenger elevators shall have no +hand latches or other hand-operated door-fastening +devices, nor shall such panels have any handles or knobs +on the hoistway side. + +2.11.13.3.4 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified panels, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.13.3.5 Panels and their assembled accesso- +ries shall + +(a) be capable of withstanding a force on the handle +of not less than 450 N (100 Ibf ) in the operung direction +of a closed and locked door. There shall be no permanent +displacement or deformation of the handle or the door +panel resulting from this force. + +(b) conform to 2.11.11.5.7. + +(c) not be permanently displaced or deformed by +more than 20 mm (0.75 in.) when the panel is subjected +to a force of 5 000 N (1,125 Ibf) in the direction of the +hoistway, applied at right angles to the panel over an +area of 300 mm x 300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.) at the approxi- +mate center of the panel. + +2.11.13.3.6 Center-operung horizontally swinging +doors shall have one door section provided with an +overlapping astragal on its vertical edge, except where +each door section is provided with a landing door inter- +lock [see 2.12.2.4.4(c)]. + +2.11.13.3.7 Center-opening horizontally swinging +doors shall have door stops provided at the top entrances +that will stop each door panel when closed and that will +meet the requirements specified in 2.11.13.3.5. + +2.11.13.4 Hinges. Hinges of the mortise and surface (04) +type shall conform to the requirements of NFPA 80, Table +2-4.3.1. + +2.11.13.5 Entrances With Combination Horizontally +Sliding and Swinging Panels. Where both the sliding +and swinging panels are not equipped with hoistway +door interlocks or locks and contacts conforming to 2.12, +the horizontally sliding and swinging panels forming a +part of the entrance shall be so interconnected that + +(a) the swinging panel can be opened only when the +sliding panel is in the open position + +(b) both panels swing as a unit + +2.11.14 Fire Tests + +2.11.14.1 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC + +(a) the fire protection rating of entrances and doors +shall be determined in accordance with the requirements +specified in the NBCC (CAN4-S104) + +(b) where required, the hoistway door interlock mech- +aiusm and associated wiring shall remain operational + + + +35 + + + +ASA/IE A17.1-2004 + + + +2.11.14.1-2.11.17 + + + +for a period of 1 h when subjected to the standard fire +exposure test described in CAN4-S104 + +NOTE (2.11.14.1): Requirements 2.11.14.2 through 2.11.18 do not +apply in jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC. + +(04) 2.11.14.2 In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, +2.11.15 through 2.11.18, and 2.11.14.2.1 through +2.11.14.2.3 apply where fire-resistive construction is +required by 2.1.1.1.3. + +2.11.14.2.1 Entrances shall be subjected to the +type tests specified in 8.3.4. + +2.11.14.2.2 The following basic types of entrances +shall be tested: + +(a) Horizontally Sliding Type. Test a side-sliding and a +center-opening assembly. + +(b) Swinging Type. Test a single swinging assembly. + +(c) Vertically Sliding Type. Test a biparting assembly. + +2.11.14.2.3 When an entrance assembly has been +tested for one t)^e of wall construction, i.e., masonry +or drywall, only the frame-to-wall interface shall be +acceptable to the certifying organization for other types +of construction. + +2.11.15 Marking + +(04) 2.11.15.1 Labeling of Tested Assembly. In jurisdic- +tions not enforcing the NBCC, 2.11.15.1.1 and 2.11.15.1.2 +apply where fire-resistive construction is required by +2.1.1.1.3. + +2.11.15.1.1 Each entrance shall be labeled. Each +label shall be permanently attached to the equipment +and shall be readily visible after installation. The follow- +ing data shall be on the label: + +(a) certifying organization's name or identifying +symbol + +(b) the name, trademark, or file number by which +the organization that manufactured the product can be +identified + +(c) statement of compliance with 8.3.4 + +(ED) 2.11.15.1.2 Labels shall be provided for each + +entrance as follows: + +(a) One label shall be provided for the door panels. + +(b) One label shall be provided for the frame, except +that no label is required where frames are installed in +masonry or concrete and the panel overlaps the wall in +conformance with 2.11.11.5.1 and 2.11.11.5.2, or +2.11.12.4.4. + +(c) One label shall be provided for the transom panel. +One label shall be permitted to be provided for the +frame and transom, provided that the label states that +it includes both the frame and the transom. + +(d) Where entrance hardware components have not all +been tested in complete assembly, individually labeled +hardware components that are designed to be compati- +ble with the entrance assembly shall be provided. A + + + +single label shall be permitted to be provided for the +entrance hardware where the entrance hardware compo- +nents are equivalent to those tested in a complete +assembly. + +(e) A single label shall be permitted to be provided +for the entire entrance assembly where components are +equivalent to those tested as a complete assembly. + +2.11.15.2 Other Assemblies. In jurisdictions not +enforcing the NBCC, the following shall apply. Other +assemblies of the three basic types (see 2.11.14) shall +qualify for labeling or listing /certification: + +(a) when composed of panel(s), frame, and hardware +of the same type as tested and not exceeding the overall +height and width of any panel and frame of the largest +size tested; or + +(b) when such panel(s), frame, and hardware are mod- +ified, and test or technical data demonstrates that the +modifications will meet the performance requirements +of the test procedure in 8.3.3. + +All other elements of the assembly shall conform to +all other applicable requirements of this Code. + +2.11.15.3 Entrances Larger Than Tested Assemblies. + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply. When the entrance is too large for the regu- +larly available test facilities, the certifying organization +shall be permitted to issue oversize certificates or over- +size labels, or such entrances shall be permitted to be +used subject to approval by the authority having juris- +diction. + +2.11.16 Factory Inspections + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply. The manufacturing facilities for the produc- +tion of entrances or components thereof shall be +inspected by the certifying organization at random at +least quarterly, or if they are not manufactured on a +continuous basis, at the time they are being produced, +to assure that production methods are such that +entrances or components thereof similar to those tested +are being produced. + +2.11.17 Transoms and Fixed Side Panels + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply. Transoms and fixed side panels shall be +permitted to close openings above and beside the hori- +zontally sliding or horizontally swinging type entrances, +provided that + +(a) the opening closed by the transom and fixed side +panel does not exceed in width or height the dimensions +of the entrance in which it is installed + +(b) the transom panels and fixed side panels are + +(1) constructed in a manner equivalent to the con- +struction of the entrance panels + +(2) secured + + + +36 + + + +2.11.18-2.12.2.4.1 + + + +ASMEAl 7. 1-2004 + + + +(04) 2.11.18 Installation Instructions + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply: + +(a) Instructions detailing the application and installa- +tion of door listed /certified panels and entrance hard- +ware shall be provided. + +(b) Where frames are used, instructions detailing the +listed /certified frame-to-wall interface shall be pro- +vided. + +2.11.19 Gasketing of Hoistway Entrances + +Where gasketing material is applied to fire-resistive +entrances, it shall conform to 2.11.19.1 through 2.11.19.4. + +2.11.19.1 The gasketing material shall be subjected +to the tests specified in UL lOB, NFPA 252, or CAN4- +S104, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.11.19.2 The gasketing material shall withstand the +maximum, elevated temperature tests as defined by UL +1784 standard without deterioration. + +2.1 1 .1 9.3 Each section of the gasketing material shall +be labeled. Each label shall bear the name of the manu- +facturer and a statement indicating conformance with +2.11.19.1 and 2.11.19.2. The label shall be visible after +installation + +2.11.19.4 Labeled gasketing material shall conform +to 2.11.16 or the NBCC, whichever is applicable. + +NOTES (2.11.19): + +(1) See also 2.1.1.5, 2.11.3, and 2.13.4 for additional requirements to +be considered when gasketing material is applied to a hoistway +entrance. + +(2) These requirements do not evaluate the air and/or smoke leak- +age performance of the gasketing material. + + + +SECTION 2.12 + +HOISTWAY DOOR LOCKING DEVICES AND ELECTRIC + +CONTACTS, AND HOISTWAY ACCESS SWITCHES + +2.12.1 General + +2.12.1.1 When the car is stopped within the +unlocking zone, the hoistway doors shall be unlocked, +or locked but openable from the landing side either +manually or by power. + +2.12.1.2 When the car is outside the unlocking zone, +the hoistway doors shall be openable from the landing +side only by a hoistway door unlocking device (see +2.12.6, 2.12.7, and Nonmandatory Appendix B). + +2.12.1.3 For security purposes, hoistway doors shall +be permitted to be locked out of service, subject to the +requirements of 2.11.6. + +2.12.1.4 Passenger elevator hoistway doors shall be +equipped with interlocks conforming to 2.12.2. + + + +2.12.1.5 Freight elevator hoistway doors shall be +equipped with interlocks conforming to 2.12.2 or combi- +nation mechanical locks and electric contacts conform- +ing to, and where permitted by, 2.12.3. + +2.12.2 Interlocl^ + +2.12.2.1 General. Each entrance at a landing to an +elevator used for passengers or freight and not conform- +ing to 2.12.3.1 shall be equipped with one or more inter- +locks meeting the design requirements of 2.12.2.4. + +2.12.2.2 Closed Position of Hoistway Doors. + +Hoistway doors shall be considered to be in the closed +position under the following conditions. These dimen- +sions apply to the doors in their normal operating condi- +tion (see 2.14.4.11): + +(a) for horizontally sliding or swinging doors, when +the leading edge of the door is within 10 mm (0.375 in.) +of the nearest face of the jamb or when the panels of +center-opening doors are within 10 mm (0.375 in.) of +contact with each other + +(b) for vertically sliding counterweighted doors, +when the leading edge of the door is within 10 mm +(0.375 in.) of the sill for doors which slide up to open, +or 10 mm (0.375 in.) of the lintel for doors that slide +down to open + +(c) for vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced +doors, when the astragal on the upper panel is within +19 mm (0.75 in.) of the lower panel + +2.12.2.3 Operation of the Driving Machine With a +Hoistway Door Unlociced or Not in the Closed Position. + +Operation of the driving machine when a hoistway door +is unlocked or not in the closed position (see 2.12.2.2) +shall be permitted under one of the following conditions: + +(a) by a car leveling or truck zoning device (see +2.26.1.6) + +(b) when a hoistway access switch is operated (see +2.12.7) + +(c) when a bypass switch is activated (see 2.26.1.5) + +2.12.2.4 General Design Requirements. Interlocks +shall conform to 2.12.2.4.1 through 2.12.2.4.7. + +2.12.2.4.1 Interlock contacts shall be positively +opened by the locking member or by a member con- +nected to and mechanically operated by the locking +member, and the contacts shall be maintained in the +open position by the action of gravity, or by a restrained +compression spring, or by both, or by means of the +opening member (see 2.26.2.14). If the contacts are main- +tained in the open position by other than the locking +member, the interlock shall be located such that the +contacts cannot be closed by hand from the car or land- +ing when the doors are open. + +The electrical contact bridging means shall withstand +a separating force of 200 N (45 Ibf ) in any direction from +the locking member. + + + +37 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.12.2.4.2-2.12.3.2 + + + +2.12.2.4.2 The locking member of the interlock +shall hold the door in the locked position by means of +gravity, or by a restrained compression spring, or by +both, or by means of a positive linkage. + +2.12.2.4.3 The interlock shall lock the door in the +closed position with a minimum engagement of 7 mm +(0.28 in.) of the locking members before the interlock +contacts are closed and before the driving machine can +be operated, except as permitted in 2.12.2.3. + +Devices that permit operation of the driving machine +by the normal operating device when the door is closed +but before it is locked are not interlocks and are not +permitted where interlocks are required by this Code. + +(ED) 2.12.2.4.4 Interlocks, used with multisection + +doors, shall conform to the following requirements: + +(a) They shall lock all sections of the door, but shall +be permitted to be applied to only one section of the +door, provided the device used to interconnect the door +sections is so arranged that locking one section will +prevent the opening of all sections. + +(b) Where used with vertically sliding biparting coun- +terbalanced doors, they shall be so arranged that the +interlock contacts are mechanically held in the open +position by the door or devices attached thereto, unless +the door is in the closed position. + +(c) Where used with center-opening horizontally +swinging doors, either + +(1) both door panels shall be equipped with inter- +locks; or + +(2) where the door panels are so arranged that one +panel can be opened only after the other panel has been +opened, the interlock is not required on the section that +opens last, if that door panel is provided with a door +electric contact conforming to 2.14.4.2.3, 2.14.4.2.5, and +2.26.2.15, except that terms "door or gate" and "car door +or gate" shall be replaced with the "hoistway door" or +"hoistway door section" and the term "accessible from +inside the car panel" with the term "accessible from the +landing side when the hoistway doors are closed." + +(d) Where used with combination horizontally sliding +and swinging doors, either + +(1) the sliding and swinging panels shall both be +equipped with interlocks; or + +(2) where the sliding and swinging panels are inter- +connected in conformity with the requirements of +2.11.13.5, the interlock is not required on the swinging +panel, provided that the interlock on the sliding panel is +so designed and installed that the car carmot be operated +unless the sliding and swinging panels are both locked +in the closed position, as defined in 2.12.2.2. + +(e) Where a door closer, used with a combination slid- +ing and swinging door, is arranged to be disconnected +to allow the sliding panel to swing, it shall be so designed +and installed that it shall not make the interlock contact +when disconnected and released. + + + +2.12.2.4.5 Interlock systems employing a single +master switch for more than one door are prohibited. + +2.12.2.4.6 The locking member shall not disen- +gage when the door is subjected to a repetitive force of +450 N (100 Ibf ) in the direction of opening and at a right +angle. + +2.12.2.4.7 Mercury tube switches shall not be +used. + +2.12.2.5 Interlock Retiring Cam Device. Retiring cams (ED) + +used to actuate an interlock shall exert a force at least +double the average force required to operate the inter- +lock and shall have a movement at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) +more than the average movement required to operate +the interlock. + +An interlock retiring cam device shall be permanently +marked by the manufacturer with its rated horizontal +force and rated horizontal movement. + +The rated horizontal force shall be the static force +exerted by a retiring cam device in the horizontal direc- +tion when extended a distance equal to 75% of its rated +horizontal movement. The rated horizontal movement +shall be the horizontal distance traveled by the retiring +cam device from the fully retired position to the fully +extended position. + +2.12.2.6 Location. Interlocks shall be so located that +they are not accessible from the landing side when the +hoistway doors are closed. + +2.12.3 l4oistway Door Combination Mechanical Loclcs +and Electric Contacts + +2.12.3.1 Wliere Permitted. Hoistway door combina- +tion mechanical locks and electric contacts shall be per- +mitted only on freight elevators equipped with manually +operated vertically sliding doors and only at the follow- +ing landings: + +(a) the top terminal landing and the landing located +not more than 1 225 mm (48 in.) below the top terminal +landing, provided that the elevator travel does not +exceed 4 570 mm (15 ft) + +(b) any landing whose sill is within 1 525 mm (60 in.) +of the pit floor, regardless of the elevator travel + +2.12.3.2 Closed Position of Hoistway Doors. + +Hoistway doors shall be considered to be in the closed +position under the following conditions. These dimen- +sions apply to the doors in their normal operating condi- +tion (see also 2.14.4.11): + +(a) for vertically sliding counterweighted doors, +when the leading edge of the door is within 10 mm +(0.375 in.) of the sill for doors that slide up to open, or +10 mm (0.375 in.) of the lintel for doors that slide down +to open + +(b) for vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced +doors, when the astragal on the upper panel is within +19 mm (0.75 in.) of the lower panel + + + +# + + + +38 + + + +2.12.3.3-2.12.5 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.12.3.3 Operation of the Driving Macliine Witli a +Hoistway Door Not in the Closed Position. Operation of +the driving machine when a hoistway door is not in +the closed position shall be pernutted under one of the +following conditions: + +(a) by a car leveling or truck zoning device (see +2.12.2.2 and 2.26.1.6) + +(b) when a hoistway access switch is operated (see +2.12.7) + +(c) when bypass switch is activated (see 2.26.1.5) + +2.12.3.4 General Design Requirements. Combination +mechanical locks and electric contacts shall conform to +2.12.3.4.1 through 2.12.3.4.6. + +2.12.3.4.1 They shall be so designed that the lock- +ing member and the electric contact are mounted on +and attached to a conmion base, in such a manner that +there is a fixed relation between the location of the con- +tact and the location of the locking member. + +They shall be so installed and adjusted that the electric +contact cannot close until the door is in the closed posi- +tion as specified in 2.12.3.2, and so that the locking mem- +ber is in a position to lock the door when or before the +contact closes. In order to prevent motion of the door +from operung the electric contact while the door is locked +in the closed position, multiple-locking points shall, +where necessary, be provided on the locking mechanism. + +2.12.3.4.2 The electric contact shall be positively +opened by the locking bar of the mechanical lock or by +a lever or other device attached to and operated by the +door, and the electric contact shall be maintained in the +open position by the action of gravity or by a restrained +compression spring, or by both, or by positive mechani- +cal means. (See 2.26.2.14.) + +2.12.3.4.3 The mechanical lock shall hold the door +in the locked position by means of gravity or by a +restrained compression spring, or by both. + +2.12.3.4.4 Combination mechanical locks and +electric contacts used with vertical-slide multiple-panel +doors shall conform to the following requirements: + +(ED) (a) They shall lock all panels of the door, but shall be +permitted to be applied to only one section of the door, +provided the device used to interconnect the door sec- +tions is so arranged that locking one panel will prevent +the opening of all panels. + +(b) Where used with vertically sliding biparting coun- +terbalanced doors, the electric contact shall be so +arranged that it is mechanically held in the open position +by the door or a device attached thereto, unless the door +is in the closed position. + +2.12.3.4.5 The locking member shall not disen- +gage when the door is subjected to a repetitive force of +450 N (100 Ibf ) in the direction of opening and at a right +angle. + + + +2.12.3.4.6 Mercury tube switches shall not be +used. + +2.12.3.5 Location. Combination mechanical locks +and electric contacts shall be so located that they are +not accessible from the landing side when the hoistway +doors are closed. + +2.12.4 Listing/Certification Door Loclcing Devices and +Door or Gate Electric Contacts + +2.12.4.1 Type Tests. Each type and make of hoistway +door interlock, hoistway door combination mechanical +lock and electric contact, and door or gate electric con- +tact, shall conform to the type tests specified in 8.3.3, +unless tested prior to + +(a) August 1, 1996, and shall have been subjected to +the tests specified in A17.1a-1994, Section 1101; or + +(b) (insert effective date of ASME A17.1 or CSA + +B44 Code) in jurisdictions enforcing CSA B44 and shall +have been subjected to the tests specified in CSA B44S1- +1997, Clause 11.4. + +The tests shall be done by or under the supervision +of a certifying organization. + +2.12.4.2 Listing/Certification. Each type and make of +hoistway door interlock, hoistway door combination +mechanical lock and electric contact, and door or gate +electric contact shall conform to the general require- +ments for tests and certification specified in 8.3.1. + +2.12.4.3 Identification Marl^ing. Each listed /certified +device shall be labeled. It shall be permanently attached +to the device, and shall be so located as to be readily +visible when the device is installed in its operating +position. + +The labels shall include the following data: + +(a) the name, trademark, or certifying organization +file number by which the organization that manufac- +tured the product can be identified + +(b) the certifying organization name or identifying +symbol + +(c) statement of compliance with ASME A17.1 or +CSA B44 + +(d) a distinctive type, model, or style letter or number + +(e) rated voltage and current, and whether AC or DC + +(f) rated test force and rated test movement when the +device is of a type released by an interlock retiring cam +(see 8.3.3.4.7) + +(g) date (month and year) devices subjected to type +test specified in 2.12.4.1 + +(h) if the device has ordy been type tested and listed/ +certified for use on a private residence elevator, the label +shall indicate the restricted use + +2.12.5 Restricted Opening of Hoistway or Car Doors + +Hoistway and car doors of passenger elevators shaU +conform to 2.12.5.1 through 2.12.5.3. + + + +39 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.12.5.1-2.12.7.3.6 + + + +2.12.5.1 When a car is outside the unlocking zone, +the hoistway doors or car doors shall be so arranged +that the hoistway doors or car doors cannot be opened +more than 100 mm (4 in.) from inside the car. + +2.12.5.2 When the car doors are so arranged that +they cannot be opened when the car is outside the +unlocking zone, the car doors shall be openable from +outside the car without the use of a special tool(s). + +2.12.5.3 The doors shall be openable from within +the car (see 2.14.5.7) when the car is within the +unlocking zone. + +NOTE (2.12.5): See also 2.12.1 and Nonmandatory Appendix B, +Unlocking Zone. + +2.12.6 Hoistway Door Unlocking Devices + +2.12.6.1 General. Except in jurisdictions that limit the +use of hoistway door unlocking devices, they shall be +provided for use by elevator and emergency persormel +for each elevator at every landing where there is an +entrance. + +2.12.6.2 Location and Design. Hoistway door +unlocking devices shall conform to 2.12.6.2.1 through +2.12.6.2.5. + +2.12.6.2.1 The device shall imlock and permit the +opening of a hoistway door from a landing irrespective +of the position of the car. + +2.12.6.2.2 The device shall be designed to prevent +tmlocking the door with common tools. + +2.12.6.2.3 Where a hoistway tmlocking device +consists of an arrangement whereby a releasing chain, +permanently attached to a door locking mechanism, is +kept imder a locked panel adjacent to the landing door, +such a panel shall be self-closing and self-locking and +shall not have identifying markings on its face. + +2.12.6.2.4 The operating means for unlocking the +door shall be Group 1 Security (see 8.1). The operating +means shall also be made available to emergency person- +nel during an emergency. + +2.12.6.2.5 The unlocking device keyway and +locked panel (see 2.12.6.2.3), if provided, shall be located +at a height not greater than 2 100 mm (83 in.) above the +landing. + +2.12.7 Hoistway Access Switclies + +2.12.7.1 General + +2.12.7.1.1 Hoistway access switches shall be pro- +vided when the rated speed is greater than 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min) at + +(a) the lowest landing for access to the pit, when a +separate pit access door is not provided + +(b) the top landing for access to the top of the car + + + +2.12.7.1.2 For elevators with a speed of 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min) or less, hoistway access switches shall be +provided at the top landing when the distance from the +top of the car to the landing sill exceeds 900 mm (35 in.) +when the car platform is level with the landing immedi- +ately below the top landing. + +2.12.7.2 Location and Design. Hoistway access +switches shall conform to 2.12.7.2.1 through 2.12.7.2.3. + +2.12.7.2.1 The switch shall be installed adjacent +to the hoistway entrance at the landing with which it is +identified. + +2.12.7.2.2 The switch shall be of the continuous- +pressure spring-return type, and shall be operated by a +cylinder-type lock having not less than a five-pin or five- +disk combination, with the key removable only when +the switch is in the "OFF" position. The key shall be +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +2.12.7.2.3 The electric contacts in the switch shall +be positively opened mechanically; their openings shall +not be solely dependent on springs. + +2.12.7.3 Operating Requirements. The operation of +the switch shall permit movement of the car with the +hoistway door at this landing unlocked or not in the +closed position, and with the car door or gate not in the +closed position, subject to the requirements of 2.12.7.3.1 +through 2.12.7.3.8. + +2.12.7.3.1 The operation of the switch shall not +render ineffective the hoistway-door interlock or electric +contact at any other landing, nor shall the car move if +any other hoistway door is unlocked. + +2.12.7.3.2 The car cannot be operated at a speed +greater than 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min). + +2.12.7.3.3 For automatic and continuous-pressure (ED) +operation elevators, provided that + +(a) car and landing operating devices are first made +inoperative by means within the car. This means shall +enable the hoistway access switches and shall be key +operated or behind a locked cover. The key shall be +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +(b) power operation of the hoistway door and /or car +door or gate is inoperative. + +2.12.7.3.4 Automatic operation by a car-leveling +device is inoperative. + +2.12.7.3.5 Both top-of-car inspection operation +(see 2.26.1.4.2) and in-car inspection operation (see +2.26.1.4.3) are not in effect. + +2.12.7.3.6 The movement of the car initiated and +maintained by the access switch at the lowest landing, +if this landing is the normal means of access to the pit, +shall be limited in the up direction to the point where + + + +40 + + + +2.12.7.3.6-2.13.3.2.4 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +the bottom of the platform guard is even with hoistway +entrance header. + +2.12.7.3.7 The movement of the car initiated and +maintained by the upper access switch shall be limited +in the down direction to a travel not greater than the +height of the car crosshead above the car platform, and +limited in the up direction to the distance the platform +guard extends below the car platform. + +2.12.7.3.8 The access switch shall only control the +movement of the car within the zone specified in +2.12.7.3.6 or 2.12.7.3.7. Control circuits related to, or oper- +ated by, the hoistway access switches shall comply with +2.26.9.3(c), (d), and (e) and 2.26.9.4. + +SECTION 2.13 + +POWER OPERATION OF HOISTWAY DOORS AND + +CAR DOORS + +(ED) 2.13.1 Types of Doors and Gates Permitted + +Where both a hoistway door and a car door or gate +are opened and /or closed by power, the hoistway door +and the car door or gate shall both be either of the +horizontally sliding type or vertically sliding type. + +2.13.2 Power Opening + +2.13.2.1 Power Opening of Car Doors or Gates. Power +opening of a car door or gate shall be subject to the +requirements of 2.13.2.1.1 and 2.13.2.1.2. + +2.13.2.1.1 Power opening shall occur only at the +landing where the car is stopping, or is leveling, or at +rest, and shall start only when the car is within the +landing zone where an automatic car-leveling device is +provided, except that on elevators with static control, +power shall not be applied to open car doors until the +car is within 300 mm (12 in.) of the landing. + +2.13.2.1.2 Collapsible car gates shall not be power +opened to a distance exceeding one-third of the clear +gate operung, and in no case more than 250 mm (10 in.). + +2.13.2.2 Power Opening of Hoistway Doors. Power +opening of a hoistway door shall conform to 2.13.2.2.1 +through 2.13.2.2.3. + +2.13.2.2.1 Power opening shall occur only at the +landing where the car is stopping, leveling, or at rest, +and shall start only when the car is within the landing +zone where an automatic car leveling device is provided, +except that on elevators with static control, opening shall +not start imtil the car is within 300 mm (12 in.) of the +landing. + +(ED) 2.13.2.2.2 Power opening shall be permitted to be + +initiated automatically through control circuits, pro- +vided that the car is being automatically stopped or +leveled, and that, when stopping under normal + + + +operating conditions, the car shall be at rest or substan- +tially level with the landing before the hoistway door +is fully opened. + +2.13.2.2.3 Sequence operiing of vertically sliding +hoistway doors and adjacent car doors or gates shall +comply with 2.13.6. + +2.13.3 Power Closing + +2.13.3.1 Power Closing or Automatic Self-Closing of +Car Doors or Gates Where Used With Manually Operated +or Self-Closing Hoistway Doors + +2.13.3.1.1 Where a car door or gate of an auto- (ED) +matic or continuous-pressure operation passenger ele- +vator is closed by power, or is of the automatically +released self-closing type, and faces a manually operated + +or self-closing hoistway door, the closing of the car door +or gate shall not be initiated unless the hoistway door +is in the closed position, and the closing mechanism +shall be so designed that the force necessary to prevent +closing of a horizontally sliding car door or gate from +rest is not more than 135 N (30 Ibf). + +2.13.3.1.2 Requirement 2.13.3.1.1 does not apply +where a car door or gate is closed by power through +continuous pressure of a door closing switch, or of the +car operating device, and where the release of the closing +switch or operating device will cause the car door or +gate to stop or to stop and reopen. + +2.13.3.2 Power Closing of Hoistway Doors and Car +Doors or Gates by Continuous-Pressure Means. Horizon- +tally or vertically sliding hoistway doors with manually +closed, or power-operated, or power-closed car doors +or gates shall be permitted to be closed by continuous- +pressure means, subject to the requirements of 2.13.3.2.1 +through 2.13.3.2.5. + +2.13.3.2.1 The release of the closing means shall +cause the hoistway door, and a power-operated or +power-closed car door or gate, to stop or to stop and +reopen. + +2.13.3.2.2 The operation of the closing means at +any landing shall not close the hoistway door at any +other landing, nor the car door or gate when the elevator +car is at any other landing. + +2.13.3.2.3 Any closing means at a landing shall +close only that hoistway door and the car door or gate +at the side where such means is located. + +2.13.3.2.4 For elevators having more than one +hoistway opening at any landing level, a separate closing +means shall be provided in the car for each car door or +gate and its adjacent hoistway door, except that a sepa- +rate closing means need not be furrushed for a horizon- +tally sliding hoistway door and adjacent car door or gate +that conform to 2.13.4. + + + +41 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.13.3.2.5-2.13.4.2.2 + + + +2.13.3.2.5 For sequence closing of vertically slid- +ing hoistway doors and adjacent car doors or gates, see +2.13.6. + +2.13.3.3 Power Closing of Horizontally Sliding +Hoistway Doors and Horizontally Sliding Car Doors or +Gates by Momentary Pressure or by Automatic Means. + +Power closing by momentary pressure or by automatic +means shall be permitted only for automatic or continu- +ous-pressure operation elevators. The closing of the +doors shall be subject to the requirements of 2.13.3.3.1 +and 2.13.3.3.2. + +2.13.3.3.1 The closing of the doors shall conform +to 2.13.4. + +2.13.3.3.2 A momentary pressure switch or button +shall be provided in the car, the operation of which shall +cause the doors to stop or to stop and reopen. The switch +or button shall be identified as required by 2.26.12. + +(ED) 2.13.3.4 Power Closing of Vertically Sliding Hoistway +Doors and Vertically Sliding Car Doors or Gates by +Momentary Pressure or by Automatic Means. Power clos- +ing by momentary pressure or by automatic means shall +be permitted only for automatic or continuous-pressure +operation elevators. + +Vertically sliding hoistway doors used with vertically +sliding power-operated car doors or gates closed by +momentary pressure or automatic means, shall conform +to the requirements of 2.13.3.4.1 through 2.13.3.4.5. + +2.13.3.4.1 A warning bell or other audible signal +shall be provided on the car, which shall start to sound +at least 5 s prior to the time the car door or gate starts +to close and shall continue to sound until the hoistway +door is substantially closed. When the doors are closed +by a closing switch in the car, the 5 s time interval shall +be permitted to be omitted. + +2.13.3.4.2 Sequence closing of the hoistway door +and adjacent car door or gate shall be provided and +shall conform to 2.13.6. Sequence closing is not required +when a biparting vertically sliding hoistway door faces +a biparting vertically sliding car door or gate. + +2.13.3.4.3 The car door or gate shall be equipped +with a reopening device conforming to 2.13.5. + +2.13.3.4.4 A momentary pressure switch or button +shall be provided in the car and at each landing, which, +when operated, shall cause the car door or gate and the +hoistway door at the landing to stop or to stop and +reopen. + +2.13.3.4.5 The average closing speed shall not +exceed 0.3 m/s (1 ft/s) for a vertically sliding counter- +weighted hoistway door or for each panel of a biparting +counterbalanced hoistway door or car gate, and shall +not exceed 0.6 m/s (2 ft/s) for a vertically sliding coun- +terweighted car door or gate. + + + +2.13.4 Closing Limitations for Power-Operated +Horizontally Sliding Hoistway Doors and +Horizontally Sliding Car Doors or Gates + +2.13.4.1 Wliere Required. Where a power-operated +horizontally sliding hoistway door or car door /gate or +both is closed by momentary pressure or by automatic +means (see 2.13.3.3), or is closed simultaneously with +another door or car door /gate or both from one continu- +ous-pressure means (see 2.13.3.2.3 and 2.13.3.2.4), the +closing mecharusm shall be designed and installed to +conform to 2.13.4.2 and the reopening device shall be +designed and installed to conform to 2.13.5. + +2.13.4.2 Closing Mechanism + +2.13.4.2.1 Kinetic Energy + +(a) Wbiere the hoistway door and the car door /gate +are closed in such a manner that stopping either one +manuall)^ will stop both, the kinetic energy of the closing +door system shall be based upon the sum of the hoistway +and the car door weights, as well as all parts rigidly +connected thereto, including the rotational inertia effects +of the door operator and the connecting transmission +to the door panels. + +(b) Where a reopening device conforming to 2.13.5 +is used, the closing door system shall conform to the +following requirements: + +(1) The kinetic energy computed for the actual clos- +ing speed at any point in the Code zone distance defined +by 2.13.4.2.2 shall not exceed 23 J (17 ft-lbf). + +(2) The kinetic energy computed for the average +closing speed as determined in accordance with +2.13.4.2.2 shall not exceed 10 J (7.37 ft-lbf). + +(c) Where a reopening device is not used, or has been +rendered inoperative (see 2.13.5), the closing door sys- +tem shall conform to the following requirements: + +(1) The kinetic energy computed for the actual clos- +ing speed at any point in the Code zone distance defined +by 2.13.4.2.2 shall not exceed 8 J (6 ft-lbf). + +(2) The kinetic energy computed for the average +closing speed within the Code zone distance (see +2.13.4.2.2), or in any exposed opening width, including +the last increment of door travel, shall not exceed 3.5 J +(2.5 ft-lbf). + +2.13.4.2.2 Door Travel in tfie Code Zone Distance + +(a) For all side sliding doors using single or multiple +speed panels, the Code zone distance shall be taken as +the horizontal distance from a point 50 mm (2 in.) away +from the open jamb to a point 50 mm (2 in.) away from +the opposite jamb. + +(b) For all center-opening sliding doors using single +or multiple speed panels, the Code zone distance shall +be taken as the horizontal distance from a point 25 mm +(1 in.) away from the open jamb to a point 25 mm (1 in.) +from the center meeting point of the doors. + + + +42 + + + +2.13.4.2.2-2.14.1.2.3 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +(c) The average closing speed shall be determined by +measuring the time required for the leading edge of the +door to travel the Code zone distance. + +2.13.4.2.3 Door Force. The force necessary to pre- +vent closing of the hoistway door (or the car door or +gate if power operated) from rest shall not exceed 135 N +(30 Ibf) (see 2.13.3.1). This force shall be measured on +the leading edge of the door with the door at any point +between one third and two thirds of its travel. + +2.13.4.2.4 Data Plate. A data plate coivforming to +2.16.3.3 shall be attached to the power door operator or +to the car crosshead and shall contain the following +information: + +(a) miiumum door closing time in seconds for the +doors to travel the Code zone distance as specified in +2.13.4.2.2 corresponding to the kinetic energy limits +specified in 2.13.4.2.1(b)(2) + +(b) minimum door closing time in seconds for the +doors to travel the Code zone distance as specified in +2.13.4.2.2 corresponding to the kinetic energy limits +specified in 2.13.4.2.1(c)(2), if applicable [see +2.27.3.1.6(e)] + +(c) where heavier hoistway doors are used at certain +floors, the minimum door closing time in seconds corres- +ponding to the kinetic energy limits specified in +2.13.4.2.1(b)(2) and 2.13.4.2.1(c)(2), if applicable, for the +corresponding floors shall be included on the data plate + +2.13.5 Reopening Device for Power-Operated Car +Doors or Gates + +2.13.5.1 Where required by 2.13.3.4 or 2.13.4, a +power-operated car door shall be provided with a +reopening device that will function to stop and reopen +a car door and the adjacent landing door sufficiently to +permit passenger transfer in the event that the car door +or gate is obstructed while closing. If the closing kinetic +energy is reduced to 3.5 J (2.5 ft-lb) or less, the reopening +device shall be permitted to be rendered inoperative. +The reopening device used shall be effective for substan- +tially the full vertical opening of the door (see 2.13.4.2). + +2.13.5.2 For center-opening doors, the reopening +device shall be so designed and installed that the +obstruction of either door panel when closing will cause +the reopening device to function. + +2.13.5.3 For vertically sliding doors or gates, +reopening devices shall respond to any obstruction +within the width of the opening to a point 125 mm (5 in.) +maximum from each side of the opening. + +2.13.5.4 Where Phase I Emergency Recall Operation +by a fire alarm initiating device (see 2.27.3.2.3) is not +provided, door reopening devices that can be affected +by smoke or flame shall be rendered inoperative after +the doors have been held open for 20 s. Door closing +for power-operated doors shall conform to 2.13.5. + + + +2.13.6 Sequence Operation for Power-Operated +Hoistway Doors With Car Doors or Gates + +2.13.6.1 Where Required + +2.13.6.1.1 Sequence opening and closing shall be +provided between hoistway doors and car doors or gates +on passenger elevators and freight elevators permitted +to carry passengers (see 2.16.4) when the elevator is +equipped with power-operated vertically sliding slide- +up-to-open type car doors or gates and + +(a) power-operated vertically sliding biparting coun- +terbalanced hoistway doors; or + +(b) power-operated vertically sliding counter- +weighted hoistway doors that slide down to open. + +2.13.6.1.2 Sequence opening and/or closing shall +be permitted for vertically sliding power-operated +hoistway doors and car doors or gates that are closed +by continuous pressure means. + +2.13.6.2 Operating Requirements. The sequence +operation of a hoistway door and adjacent power-oper- +ated vertically sliding car door or gate shall conform to +2.13.6.2.1 and 2.13.6.2.2. + +2.13.6.2.1 In opening, the hoistway door shall be +opened at least two-thirds of its travel before the car +door or gate can start to open. + +2.13.6.2.2 In closing, the car door or gate shall be +closed at least two-thirds of its travel before the hoistway +door can start to close. + + + +SECTION 2.14 + +CAR ENCLOSURES, CAR DOORS AND GATES, AND + +CAR ILLUMINATION + +2.14.1 Passenger and Freight Enclosures, General + +2.14.1.1 Enclosure Required. Elevators shall be +equipped with a car enclosure. + +2.14.1.2 Securing of Enclosures + +2.14.1.2.1 The enclosure shall be securely fastened +to the car platform and so supported that it carmot loosen +or become displaced in ordinary service, on the applica- +tion of the car safety, on buffer engagement, or the appli- +cation of the emergency brake (see 2.19). + +2.14.1.2.2 The car enclosure shall be so con- +structed that removable portions caimot be dismantled +from within the car. + +2.14.1.2.3 Enclosure linings, decorative panels, +light fixtures, suspended ceilings, and other apparatus +or equipment attached within the car enclosure shall be +securely fastened and so supported that they will not +loosen or become displaced in ordinary service, on car +safety application, or on buffer engagement. + + + +43 + + + +ASIVIEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.14.1.2.4-2.14,1.5.1 + + + +2.14.1.2.4 Panels attached to the car enclosure for +decorative or other purposes shall either + +(a) not be unfastened from inside the car by the use +of common tools; or + +(b) be permitted to be removed from inside the car +when perforations, exceeding that which would reject +a ball 13 mm (0.5 in.) in diameter, in the enclosure used +for panel hanging or support have permanent means to +prevent straight through passage beyond the running +clearance. + +2.14.1.3 Strength and Deflection of Enclosure Walls. + +The enclosure walls shall be designed and installed to +withstand a force of 330 N (75 Ibf ) applied horizontally +at any point on the walls of the enclosure without perma- +nent deformation and so that the deflection will not +reduce the rurming clearance below the minimum speci- +fied in 2.5.1, nor cause the deflection to exceed 25 mm +(1 in.). + +2.14.1.4 Number of Compartments in Passenger and +Freight Elevator Cars. Cars shall not have more than two +compartments. Where elevators have two compart- +ments, one shall be located above the other, and the +elevator shall conform to 2.14.1.4.1 through 2.14.1.4.6. + +2.14.1.4.1 The elevator shall be used exclusively +for passengers or exclusively for freight at any one time. +If freight is to be carried in only one compartment, means +shall be provided to lock the other compartment out of +service. + +2.14.1.4.2 Each compartment shall conform to the +requirements of this Section, except that a trap door in +the floor of the upper compartment shall provide access +to the top emergency exit for the lower compartment. + +2.14.1.4.3 Where either or both compartments are +intended for passenger service, the minimum rated load +for each compartment shall conform to 2.16.1. + +Where one compartment is intended for freight use, +its minimum rated load shall conform to 2.16.1 or shall +be based on the freight loads to be handled, if greater +than the minimum rated load required by 2.16.1. + +Where both compartments are used exclusively for +freight, the minimum rated load of each compartment +shall conform to 2.16.2. + +The rated load of the elevator shall be the sum of the +rated loads of the individual compartments. + +2.14.1.4.4 An emergency stop switch, where +required by 2.26.2.5, shall be provided in each compart- +ment, and these emergency stop switches shall be so +cormected that the car cannot run unless both are in the +run position. + +2.14.1.4.5 An in-car stop switch, where required +by 2.26.2.21, shall be provided in each compartment, +and these switches shall be so connected that the car +cannot run unless both are in the run position. + + + +2.14.1.4.6 All hoistway doors shall be closed and +locked and the car doors for each compartment closed +before the car can be operated. + +2.14.1.5 Top Emergency Exits. An emergency exit +with a cover shall be provided in the top of all elevator +cars, except cars in partially enclosed hoistways (see +2.14.1.5.2). + +2.14.1.5.1 Top emergency exits shall conform to +the following requirements: + +(a) The top emergency exit opening shall have an area +of not less than 0.26 m^ (400 in.^) and shall measure not +less than 400 mm (16 in.) on any side. + +(b) The top emergency exit and suspended ceiling +opening, if any, shall be so located as to provide a clear +passageway, unobstructed by fixed equipment located +in or on top of the car. Equipment is permitted directly +above the exit opening, provided that + +(1) it is not less than 1 070 mm (42 in.) above the +top of the car; or + +(2) the exit is located to allow unobstructed passage +of a parallel piped volume measuring 300 mm x 500 mm +by 1 500 mm (12 in. x 20 in. x 59 in.) at an angle not +less than 60 deg from the horizontal (see Nonmandatory +Appendix C). + +(c) The top emergency exit cover shall open outward. +It shall be hinged or securely attached with a chain when +in both the open and closed positions. If a chain is used, +it shall be not more than 300 mm (12 in.) in length and +have a factor of safety of not less than 5. The exit cover +shall only be openable from the top of the car, where it +shall be openable without the use of special tools. The +exit cover of the lower compartment of a multideck +elevator shall be openable from both compartments. On +elevators with two compartments, if the emergency exit +of the lower compartment does not open directly into +the upper compartment, a guarded passageway shall be +provided between the lower compartment roof and the +upper compartment floor. + +(d) The movable portion (exit panel) of the suspended +ceiling that is below the top exit opening shall be +restrained from falling. It shall be permitted to be hinged +upward or downward, provided that the exit permits a +clear opening with the top exit opening. + +(1) A minimum clear headroom of 2 030 mm (80 in.) +above the car floor shall be maintained when down- +ward-swinging suspended ceiling exit panels are used. + +(2) Upward-operung suspended ceiling exit panels +shall be restrained from closing when in use and shall +not diminish the clear opening area of the corresponding +top exit opening. + +(3) The movable portion and the fixed portion of +a suspended ceiling shall not contain lamps that could +be shattered by the rescue operation using the top emer- +gency exit. The movable portion of the suspended ceiling +shall be permitted to contain light fixtures cormected to + + + +(ED) + + + +# + + + +44 + + + +2.14.1.5.1-2.14.1.9.1 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +the stationary portion of the suspended ceiling wiring +by means of a plug and socket or by flexible armored +wiring. Flexible wiring shall not be used to support or +restrain the exit opening in the suspended ceiling in the +open position. + +(e) Where elevators installed in enclosed hoistways +are provided with special car top treatments such as +domed or shrouded canopies, the exit shall be made +accessible, including the car top refuge space as specified +in 2.4.12. + +(f) Immediately adjacent to the top emergency exit +there shall be a space available for standing when the +emergency exit cover is open. This space shall be permit- +ted to include a portion of the refuge area (see 2.4.12). +All exit covers shall be provided with a car top emer- +gency exit electrical device (see 2.26.2.18) that will pre- +vent operation of the elevator car if the exit cover is +open more than 50 mm (2 in.), and the device shall be +so designed that it + +(1) is positively opened + +(2) carmot be closed accidentally when the cover is +removed + +(3) must be manually reset from the top of the car +and only after the cover is within 50 mm (2 in.) of the +fully closed position + +(4) shall be protected against mechanical damage + +2.14.1.5.2 On elevators in partially enclosed +hoistways, means shall be provided to facilitate emer- +gency evacuation of passengers. Such means shall not +require a top emergency exit. A top emergency exit shall +be permitted. + +2.14.1.6 Car Enclosure Tops. Tops of car enclosures +shall be so designed and installed as to be capable of +sustaining a load of 135 kg (300 lb) on any area 600 mm +X 600 mm (24 in. x 24 in.), or 45 kg (100 lb) applied to any +point, without permanent deformation. The resulting +deflection under these loads shall be limited to prevent +damage to any equipment, devices, or lighting assem- +blies fastened to or adjacent to the car enclosure top. + +2.14.1.7 Railing and Equipment on Top of Cars + +2.14.1.7.1 A standard railing conforming to 2.10.2 +shall be provided on the outside perimeter of the car +top on all sides where the perpendicular distance +between the edges of the car top and the adjacent +hoistway enclosure exceeds 300 mm (12 in.) horizontal +clearance. + +2.14.1.7.2 A working platform or equipment that +is not required for the operation of the elevator or its +appliances, except where specifically provided herein, +shall not be located above the top of an elevator car. + +2.14.1.7.3 Devices that detect unauthorized access +to the top of the car shall be permitted. These devices +shall only be permitted to initiate an alarm. Audible + + + +alarms shall not exceed 90 dBA measured 1 m from the +source. + +2.14.1.8 Glass in Elevator Cars + +2.14.1.8.1 Where enclosures include panels of +glass, or transparent or translucent plastic, the panels +shall + +(a) be constructed of laminated glass that complies +with the requirements of 16 CFR Part 1201, Sections +1201.1 and 1201.2; or be constructed of laminated glass, +safety glass, or safety plastic that comply with CAN/ +CGSB-12.1, CAN/CGSB-12.11, or CAN/CGSB-12.12; +whichever is applicable (see Fart 9) + +(b) be provided with a handrail or framing designed +to guard the opening should the panel become detached, +where wall panels are wider than 300 mm (12 in.) + +(c) be moimted in the structure so that the assembly +shall withstand the required elevator tests without dam- +age (see 2.14.1.2) + +2.14.1.8.2 Glass used for lining walls or ceilings +shall conform to 2.14.1.8.1(a) and (c), except that tem- +pered glass shall be permitted, provided that + +(a) it conforms to ANSI Z97.1, 16 CFR Part 1201, Sec- +tions 1201.1 and 1201.2, or CAN/CGSB-12.1; whichever +is applicable (see Part 9) + +(b) the glass is not subjected to further treatment such +as sandblasting, etching, heat treatment, painting, etc., +that could alter the original properties of the glass + +(c) the glass is bonded to a nonpolymeric coating, +sheeting, or film backing having a physical integrity to +hold the fragments when the glass breaks + +(d) the glass is tested and cor\forms to the acceptance +criteria for laminated glass as specified in ANSI Z97.1, +or 16 CFR Part 1201, Section 1201.4, or CAN/CGSB- +12.11, whichever is applicable (see Part 9) + +2.14.1.8.3 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC, +type 3C film reinforced silvered mirror glass that con- +forms to CAN/CGSB-12.5 shall be permitted for lining +walls or ceilings. + +2.14.1.8.4 Markings as specified in the applicable +glazing standard shall be on each separate piece, and +shall remain visible after installation. + +2.14.1.9 Equipment Inside Cars + +2.14.1.9.1 Apparatus or equipment not used in +cormection with the function or use of the elevator shall +not be installed inside of any elevator car, except as +follows: + +(a) Support rails (handrails) are permitted. + +(b) Fastening devices for padded protective linings +are permitted. + +(c) Lift hooks, conveyor tracks, and support beams +for freight handling, mounted in the ceiling of passenger +elevator, shall clear the car floor to a height of 2 450 mm +(96 in.) (see 2.16.9). + + + +45 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.14.1.9.1-2.14.2.3.3 + + + +(ED) + + + +(d) Picture frames, graphic display boards, plaques, +and other similar visual displays shall be mounted to +withstand the required elevator tests without damage. +All edges shall be beveled or rounded. The material +shall conform to 2.14.1.2 and 2.14.2.1. When attached to +the car wall less than 2 130 mm (84 in.) above the floor, +projections from the car wall, excluding support rails, +shall not be greater than 38 mm (1.5 in.). + +(e) Conveyor tracks shaU be permitted in freight ele- +vators cars. + +(/) Heating equipment, ventilating fans, and air-con- +ditioning equipment, if used, shall be securely fastened +in place and located above the car ceiling or outside the +enclosure. + +2.14.1.9.2 Passenger car floors shall have no pro- +jections or depressions greater than 6 mm (0.25 in.). + +2.14.1.10 Side Emergency Exits. Side emergency exits + +are prohibited. + +2.14.2 Passenger-Car Enclosures + +2.14.2.1 Material for Car Enclosures, Enclosure Lin- +ings, and Floor Coverings. All materials exposed to the +car interior and the hoistway shall be metal, glass, or +shall conform to 2.14.2.1.1 through 2.14.2.1.6. + +2.14.2.1.1 Materials in their end-use configura- +tion, other than those covered by 2.14.2.1.2 through +2.14.2.1.6 shall conform to the following requirements, +based on the tests conducted in accordance with the +requirements of ASTM E 84, UL 723, NFPA 252 or CAN/ +ULC-S102.2, whichever is applicable: + +(a) flame spread rating of to 75 + +(b) smoke development of to 450 + +2.14.2.1.2 In jursidictions enforcing the NBCC +materials in their end-use configuration, where the ele- +vator is designed as a firefighters' elevator, shall have + +(a) a flame spread rating for walls and ceiling of to +25 with smoke development of to 100 based on the +test conducted in accordance with the requirements of +CAN/ULC-S102 + +(b) a flame spread rating for floor surfaces of to 300 +with smoke development of to 300, based on the test +conducted in accordance with the requirements of +CAN/ULC-S102.2 + +2.14.2.1.3 Napped, tufted, woven, looped, and +similar materials in their end-use configuration on car +enclosure walls shall conform to 8.3.7 or the NBCC and +National Fire Code of Canada, whichever is applicable. +The enclosure walls to which this material is attached +shall conform to 2.14.2.1.1. + +2.14.2.1.4 Padded protective linings, for tempo- +rary use in passenger cars during the handling of freight, +shall be of materials conforming to either 2.14.2.1.1 or +2.14.2.1.3, whichever is applicable. The protective lining + + + +shall clear the floor by not less than 100 mm (4 in.). + +2.14.2.1.5 Floor covering, underlayment, and its +adhesive shall have a critical radiant flux of not less than +0.45 W/cm^, as measured by ASTM E 648 or conform +to the requirements of the NBCC and ULC standard +CAN/IJLC-S102.2, whichever is applicable. + +2.14.2.1.6 Handrails, operating devices, ventilat- +ing devices, signal fixtures, audio and visual communi- +cation devices, and their housings are not required to +conform to 2.14.2.1.1 through 2.14.2.1.4. + +2.14.2.2 Openings Prohibited. Openings or hinged or +removable panels in an enclosure are prohibited, other +than as required for the following: + +(a) signal, operating, and commurucation equipment + +(b) entrances + +(c) vision panels + +(d) top emergency exit + +(e) ventilation + +(f) access panels for maintenance of equipment or +cleaning glass on observation elevators (see 2.14.2.6) + +Such panels, where provided, shall conform to +2.14.1.10.2(b), (c), (f), (g), and (h), except that they are +not required to be openable from the outside. + +2.14.2.3 Ventilation + +2.14.2.3.1 Natural ventilation openings conform- +ing to the following shall be provided in car enclosures: + +(a) Openings exposed to the inside of the car shall be +located in the portion of the enclosure walls extending +from a point 300 mm (12 in.) above the floor to a point +1 825 mm (72 in.) above the floor. + +(b) Openings less than 300 mm (12 in.) above the floor +shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter and be +guarded to prevent straight-through passage. + +(c) Opervings above the 1 825 mm (72 in.) level shall +reject a ball 50 mm (2 in.) in diameter and be guarded +to prevent straight-through passage. + +(d) Operungs in the car ceiling shall be protected and +shall conform to 2.14.1.6. + +(e) The total area of natural ventilation openings shall +be not less than 3.5% of the inside car floor area divided +equally between the bottom and top of the car enclosure. + +(f) The total unrestricted opening in or around the +car doors or gates shall be permitted to be included as +part of the total natural ventilation required. + +(g) The unrestricted opening provided by forced ven- +tilation systems shall be permitted to be part of the +natural ventilation area on the part of the car in which +it is located. + +2.14.2.3.2 Ventilating fans or blowers, if used, +shall be located above the car ceiling or outside the +enclosure and shall be securely fastened in place. + +2.14.2.3.3 Forced ventilation corvforming to the +following shall be provided on observation elevators + + + +(ED) + + + +46 + + + +2.14.2.3.3-2.14.4.2.3 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +with glass walls exposed to direct sunlight: + +(a) There shall be a minimum air handling capacity +to provide one air change per minute based on net inside +car volum.e. + +(b) An auxiliary power source capable of providing +the minimum air handling capacity for a continuous +period of at least 1 h shall be provided on each eleva- +tor car. + +NOTE (2.14.2.3.3): Special consideration should be given to eleva- +tors such as observation and parking garage elevators, when they +are exposed to the elements. In extreme cases, emergency power +may be required for this purpose. + +2.14.2.4 Headroom in Elevator Cars. A minimum clear +headroom of 2 025 mm (80 in.) above the car floor shall +be provided. + +2.14.2.5 Vision Panels. Vision panels are not +required, but where used, shall + +(a) be of a total area of not more than 0.1 m^ (155 in.^) +and contain no single glass panel having a width +exceeding 150 mm (6 in.). + +(b) be provided with wire-glass panels or laminated- +glass panels conforming to 16 CFR Part 1201 or CAN/ +CGSB-12.11, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). Mark- +ings as specified in the applicable standard shall be on +each separate piece of laminated glass, and shall remain +visible after installation. + +(c) be located in the car door or in the front return +panel of the car enclosure. + +(d) have the inside face of a car door vision panel, +grille, or cover located substantially flush with the inside +surface of the car door. + +(e) have fasteners that are located on the hoistway +side. It shall not be possible to remove the fasteners with +common tools. + +2.14.2.6 Access Panels. Nonremovable sliding or +swing panels shall be permitted for access to the car or +hoistway transparent enclosures for cleaning purposes. +Such panels or doors shall + +(a) if hinged, open only into the car + +(b) be provided with cylinder-type locks, having not +less than a five-pin or a five-disc combination, or a lock +that provides equivalent security, arranged so that they +can be unlocked with a key from the car side, and the +key shall be Group 2 Security (see 8.1) + +(c) be openable by hand from the hoistway side + +(d) be self-locking + +(e) be provided with a device arranged so that the +panel must be in the closed and locked position (see +2.26.2.31) before the elevator can operate + +(f) have a bottom edge a minimum of 1 070 mm +(42 in.) from the floor in cases where the adjacent +hoistway wall is more than 140 mm (5.5 in.) from the +car enclosure or where there is no adjacent hoistway wall + + + +2.14.3 Freight-Car Enclosure + +2.14.3.1 Enclosure Material. Enclosures shall be of +metal without perforations to a height of not less than +1 825 mm (72 in.) above the floor. + +Above the 1 825 mm (72 in.) level, the walls and top +of the enclosure shall be metal with or without perfora- +tions, except that portion of the enclosure wall in front +of and extending 150 mm (6 in.) on each side of the +counterweight, which shall be without perforations. + +Perforated portions of enclosures shall reject a ball +25 mm (1 in.) in diameter. + +Freight elevators that are permitted to carry passen- +gers (see 2.16.4) shall conform to 2.14.2.2. + +2.14.3.2 Openings in Car Tops. Hinged or removable +panels shall not be provided in car tops, except for emer- +gency exits. + +2.14.3.3 Ventilation. If ventilating grilles or louvers +are provided in the enclosure below the 1 825 mm (72 in.) +level, they shall be located not more than 300 mm (12 in.) +above the floor and shall reject a ball 50 mm (2 in.) in +diameter. + +2.14.4 Passenger and Freight Car Doors and Gates, +General Requirements + +2.14.4.1 Where Required. A door shall be provided +at each entrance to a passenger car and a door or gate +shall be provided at each entrance to a freight car. + +2.14.4.2 Door and Gate Electric Contacts and Door +Interloclcs + +2.14.4.2.1 Each car door or gate shall be provided +with a door or gate electric contact conforming to +2.26.2.15, 2.14.4.2.3, and 2.14.4.2.5, or a car-door interlock +conforming to 2.26.2.28, 2.14.4.2.4, and 2.14.4.2.5. + +2.14.4.2.2 A car door interlock shall be required +for + +(a) car doors of elevators where the clearance between +the loading side of the car platform and hoistway enclo- +sure exceeds the maximum specified in 2.5.1.5 + +(b) car doors of elevators that face an unenclosed por- +tion of the hoistway during the travel of the car + +2.14.4.2.3 Car door and gate electric contacts shall + +(a) prevent operation of the driving machine when +the car door or gate is not in the closed position, except +under one of the following conditions: + +(1) when a hoistway access switch is operated (see +2.12.7) + +(2) when a car-leveling or truck-zoning device is +operated (see 2.26.1.6) + +(3) when a bypass switch is activated (see 2.26.1.5) + +(b) be positively opened by a lever or other device +attached to and operated by the door or gate + + + +47 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.14A2.3-2.14A8 + + + +(c) be maintained in the open position by the action +of gravity or by a restrained compression spring, or by +both, or by positive mechanical means + +(d) be so designed or located that they shall not be +accessible from within the car + +(e) not utilize mercury tube switches + +2.14.4.2.4 Car door interlocks shall + +(a) prevent operation of the driving machine when +the car door is not in the closed and locked position, +except + +(1) when the car is within the unlocking zone for +that entrance + +(2) under the conditions specified in 2.14.4.2.3(a) + +(b) prevent opening of the car door from within the +car, except when the car is in the unlocking zone for +that entrance + +(c) hold the car door in the locked position by means +of gravity or by a restrained compression spring, or by +both, or by means of a positive linkage + +(d) be so located that they are not accessible from +within the car when the car doors are closed + +(e) be designed in accordance with 2.12.2.4 + +2.14.4.2.5 Each type and make of car door electric +contact, car gate electric contact, and car door inter- +lock shall + +(a) be type tested in conformance with 2.12.4.1 + +(b) be listed /certified in conformance with 2.12.4.2 + +(c) be marked in conformance with 1.11 A3 + +2.14.4.3 Type and Material for Doors. Doors shall be +of the horizontally or vertically sliding type and of mate- +rial conforming to 2.14.2.1. + +2.14.4.4 Type of Gates. Gates, where permitted, shall +be of the horizontally sliding or vertically sliding type, +conforming to 2.14.4.7, 2.14.5, and 2.14.6. + +2.14.4.5 Location + +2.14.4.5.1 Doors or gates for automatic or continu- +ous-pressure operation elevators, except freight eleva- +tors equipped with horizontally swinging doors and +not accessible to the general public, located in factories, +warehouses, garages, and similar buildings, shall be so +located that the distance from the face of the car door +or gate to the face of the hoistway door shall be not +more than the following: + +(a) where a swinging-type hoistway door and a car +gate are used, 100 mm (4 in.) + +(b) where a swinging-type hoistway door and a car +door are used, 140 mm (5.5 in.) + +(c) where a sliding-type hoistway door and a car door +or gate are used, 140 mm (5.5 in.) + +(d) on freight elevators that are equipped with hori- +zontally swinging doors and that are not accessible to +the general public (i.e., located in factories, warehouses, +garages, and similar buildings), the distance specified + + + +in 2.14.4.5.1(a), (b), and (c) shall be not more than 165 +mm (6.5 in.) + +2.14.4.5.2 The distances specified shall be mea- +sured as follows: + +(a) where a multisection car door and multisection +hoistway door are used, or where one of these doors is +multisection and the other is single section, between the +sections of the car door and the hoistway door nearest +to each other + +(b) where a multisection car door and a swinging- +type hoistway door are used, between the hoistway door +and the section of the car door farthest from it + +(c) where a car gate is used, between the car gate and +that section of the hoistway door nearest to the car gate + +2.14.4.6 Strength of Doors, Gates, and Their Guides, +Guide Shoes, Trades, and Hangers. Doors and gates and +their guides, guide shoes, tracks, and hangers shall be +so designed, constructed, and installed that when the +fully closed door or gate is subjected to a force of 335 +N {J5 Ibf), applied on an area 300 mm (12 in.) square +at right angles to and approximately at the center of the +door or gate, it will not deflect beyond the line of the +car sill. + +When subjected to a force of 1 100 N (250 Ibf) similarly +applied, doors and vertically sliding gates shall not +break or be permanently deformed and shall not be +displaced from their guides or tracks. + +Where multisection doors or gates are used, each +panel shall withstand the forces specified. + +2.14.4.7 Vertically Sliding Doors and Gates. Vertically +sliding doors or gates shall conform to 2.14.4.7.1 through +2.14.4.7.5. + +2.14.4.7.1 They shall be of the balanced counter- +weighted type or the biparting counterbalanced type. + +2.14.4.7.2 Gates shall be constructed of wood or +metal, and shall be of a design that will reject a ball +50 mm (2 in.) in diameter, except that if multisection +vertical lift gates are used, the panel shall be designed +to reject a ball 10 mm (0.375 in.) in diameter. + +2.14.4.7.3 Doors shall be constructed of material +conforming to 2.14.2.1. + +2.14.4.7.4 Doors or gates shall guard the full +width of the car entrance openings, and their height +shall conform to 2.14.5.4 or 2.14.6.2.3. + +2.14.4.7.5 Balanced cotmterweighted doors or +gates shall be either single or multiple section, and shall +slide either up or down to open, conforming to 2.14.5.3 +and 2.14.6.2. + +2.14.4.8 Weights for Closing or Balancing Doors or +Gates. Weights used to close or balance doors or gates +shall be located outside the car enclosure and shall be + + + +48 + + + +2.14.4.8-2.14.5.7 + + + +ASIVIEA17.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +guided or restrained to prevent them from coming out +of their runway. + +The bottom of the guides or other restraining means +shall be so constructed as to retain the weights if the +weight suspension means breaks. + +Weights that extend beyond the hoistway side of the +car door or gate guide rail shall be guarded to prevent +accidental contact. + +2.14.4.9 Factor of Safety for Suspension Members. + +Suspension members of vertically sliding car doors or +gates, and of weights used with car doors or gates, shall +have a factor of safety of not less than 5. At least two +independent suspension means shall be provided so that +the failure of one suspension means shall not permit the +car doors or gates to fall; or a safety device shall be +provided to prevent the doors or gates from falling, if +the suspension means fails. + +2.14.4.10 Power-Operated and Power-Opened or +Power-Closed Doors or Gates. The operation of power- +operated and power-opened or power-closed doors or +gates shall conform to 2.13. + +2.14.4.11 Closed Position of Car Doors or Gates. Car + +doors or gates shall be considered to be in the closed +position under the following conditions: + +(a) for horizontally sliding doors or gates, when the +clear open space between the leading edge of the door +or gate and the nearest face of the jamb does not exceed +50 mm (2 in.) except where car doors are provided with +a car door interlock(s), 10 mm (0.375 in.) + +(b) for vertically sliding counterweighted doors or +gates, when the clear open space between the leading +edge of the door or gate and the car platform sill does +not exceed 50 mm (2 in.) + +(c) for horizontally sliding center-opening doors, or +vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced doors, +when the door panels are within 50 mm (2 in.) of contact +with each other, except where horizontally sliding cen- +ter-opening car doors are provided with a car door inter- +lock(s), 10 rrm\ (0.375 in.) + +2.14.5 Passenger Car Doors + +2.14.5.1 Number of Entrances Permitted. There shall +be not more than two entrances to the car, except in +existing buildings where structural conditions make +additional entrances necessary. + +2.14.5.2 Type Required. Horizontally or vertically +sliding doors subject to the restrictions of 2.14.5.3 shall +be provided at each car entrance. + +2.14.5.3 Vertically Sliding Doors. Vertically sliding +doors shall be + +(a) of the balanced counterweighted type that slide +in the up direction to open + + + +(b) power operated where facing a power-operated +vertically sliding counterbalanced or a vertically sliding- +down-to-open hoistway door + +2.14.5.4 Dimensions of Doors. Doors, when in the +fully closed position, shall protect the full width and +height of the car entrance opening. + +2.14.5.5 Openings in Doors. There shall be no open- +ings in doors, except where vision panels are used. + +2.14.5.6 Door Panels + +2.14.5.6.1 Door panels shall have a flush surface +on the side exposed to the car interior. The panels shall +have no area or molding depressed or raised more than +3 mm (0.125 in.) and areas raised or depressed shall be +beveled at not more than 30 deg to the panel surface. + +2.14.5.6.2 Panels shall overlap the top and sides +of the car entrance operung by not less than 13 mm +(0.5 in.) when in the closed position. + +2.14.5.6.3 The vertical clearance between a panel +and the sill, or in the case of a vertically sliding door +the vertical clearance between the leading edge and the +sill, shall not exceed 10 mm (0.375 in.) when in the fully +closed position. + +2.14.5.6.4 The horizontal clearance shall not +exceed 13 mm (0.5 in.) for horizontally sliding panels +and 25 mm (1 in.) for vertically sliding panels between + +(a) the car side of a panel and the related car +entrance jamb + +(b) related panels of multispeed entrances + +(c) the car side of the panel and the related car +head jamb + +2.14.5.6.5 The leading edges of doors shall be free +of sharp projections. + +2.14.5.6.6 The meeting panel edges of center- +opening entrances shall be protected with not less than +one resilient male member extending the full height +of the panel. The meeting edges shall be permitted to +interlock by not more than 10 mm (0.375 in.). When in +the closed position, the distance between the metal parts +of the meeting panels shall not exceed 13 mm (0.5 in.). + +2.14.5.6.7 The clearance between the leading edge +of the trailing panel of multiple-speed panels and the +jamb shall not exceed + +(a) 13 mm (0.5 in.) for horizontal slide + +(b) 25 mm (1 in.) for vertical slide + +2.14.5.7 Manual Opening of Car Doors. Car doors +shall be so arranged that when the car is stopped within +the unlocking zone (see 2.12.5.3) and power to the door +operator is cut off, they and the mechanically related +hoistway door, if any, shall be movable by hand from +inside the car. The force required at the edge of sliding +doors to move them shall not exceed 330 N (75 Ibf). + + + +49 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.14.5.8-2.14.7.1.3 + + + +(ED) + + + +2.14.5.8 Glass in Car Doors + +2.14.5.8.1 Vision panels, where provided, shall +conform to 2.14.2.5. + +2.14.5.8.2 Glass doors, where provided, shall con- +form to the following requirements: + +(a) The glass shall be laminated glass conforming to +the requirements of ANSI Z97.1, or 16 CFR Part 1201, +or be laminated glass, safety glass, or safety plastic con- +forming to the requirements of CAN/CGSB-12.1, which- +ever is applicable (see Part 9). Markings as specified +shall be on each separate piece, and shall remain visible +after installation. + +(b) The glass shall be not less than 60% of the total +visible door panel surface area as seen from the car side +of the doors. Door lap shall not be used in calculating +glass size. + +(c) In power-operated doors, the glass panel shall be +substantially flush with the surface of the car side of +the door. + +(d) The glass shall conform to the applicable strength +requirements of 2.14.4.6. + +(e) The glass shall be so mounted that it, and its +mounting structure, will withstand the required elevator +tests without becoming damaged or dislodged. + +(f) A nonglass edge shall be provided on the leading +edge of the door panel. + +2.14.6 Freight Elevator Car Doors and Gates + +2.14.6.1 Type of Gates + +2.14.6.1.1 For elevators designed for Class A load- +ing (see 2.16.2.2), car gates shall be either of the vertically +sliding type (see 2.14.6.2) or the horizontally sliding col- +lapsible type (see 2.14.6.3). + +2.14.6.1.2 For elevators designed for Class B or +Class C loading (see 2.16.2.2), car gates shall be of the +vertically sliding type (see 2.14.6.2). + +2.14.6.2 Vertically Sliding Doors and Gates + +2.14.6.2.1 On elevators used exclusively for +freight, car doors and gates shall be either of the balanced +counterweighted type that slide up or down to open, +or of the biparting counterbalanced type. They shall be +manually operated or power operated. + +2.14.6.2.2 Where used on freight elevators permit- +ted to carry passengers (see 2.16.4), car doors shall con- +form to 2.14.5. + +2.14.6.2.3 Car doors and gates shall protect the +full width of the car entrance opening, and their height +shall be determined as follows: + +(a) car doors and gates shall extend from a point not +more than 25 mm (1 in.) above the car floor to a point +not less than 1 825 mm (72 in.) above the car floor + + + +(b) where a vertically sliding car gate with a door +reoperung device is provided, the 25 mm (1 in.) maxi- +mum dimension specified shall be measured from the +car floor to the bottom of the leading member + +2.14.6.2.4 The horizontal clearance between the +car side of a panel and the related car entrance jamb or +between related panels of multispeed doors or gates +shall not exceed 25 mm (1 in.). + +2.14.6.3 Collapsible-Type Gates + +2.14.6.3.1 Collapsible-type gates shall protect the +full width of the car entrance opening, and they shall +extend from the car floor to a height of not less than +1 825 mm (72 in.) when fully closed. + +2.14.6.3.2 When in the fully closed (extended) +position, the opening between vertical members shall +not be more than 115 mm (4.5 in.). + +2.14.6.3.3 Every vertical member shall be +restricted from moving perpendicular to the direction +of travel more than 13 mm (0.5 in.). + +2.14.6.3.4 They shall not be power opened, except +as permitted by 2.13.2.1.2. + +2.14.6.3.5 When in the fully opened (collapsed) +position, collapsible gates shall be permitted to be +arranged to swing inward. + +2.14.6.3.6 Handles of manually operated collaps- +ible gates nearest the car operating device on elevators +operated from the car only shall be so located that the +nearest handle is not more than 1 225 mm (48 in.) from +the car operating device when the gate is closed +(extended position), and not more than 1 225 mm (48 in.) +above the car floor. Gate handles shall be provided with +finger guards. + +2.14.7 Illumination of Cars and Lighting Fixtures + +2.14.7.1 Illumination and Outlets Required. Cars shall +be provided with an electric light or lights conforming +to 2.14.7.1.1 through 2.14.7.1.4. + +2.14.7.1.1 Not less than two lamps shall be pro- +vided. + +2.14.7.1.2 The minimum illumination at the car +threshold, with the door closed, shall be not less than + +(a) 50 Ix (5 fc) for passenger elevators + +(b) 25 Ix (2.5 fc) for freight elevators + +2.14.7.1.3 Passenger elevators shall be provided +with auxiliary lighting on each elevator conforming to +the following: + +(a) The intensity of auxiliary lighting illum^ination +1 225 mm (48 in.) above the car floor and approximately +300 mm (12 in.) in front of the car operating device shall +be not less than 2 Ix (0.2 fc). Auxiliary Lights shall be +automatically turned on in all elevators in service after + + + +50 + + + +2.14.7.1.3-2.15.5.4 + + + +ASIVIEA17.1-2004 + + + +normal car lighting power fails. The power system shall +be capable of maintaining the above light intensity for +a period of at least 4 h. + +(b) Not less than two lamps of approximately equal +wattage shall be used and battery-operated units shall + +(1) comply with CSA C22.2 No. 141 (see Part 9) + +(2) have a 4 h rating + +(3) be permanently connected to the car light +branch circuit + +(4) have an output rating that includes the auxiliary +lights and if coimected, the emergency signaling device +(see 2.27.1.1.3) + +2.14.7.1.4 Each elevator shall be provided with +an electric light and convenience outlet fixture on the +car top. + +2.14.7.2 Light Control Switches + +2.14.7.2.1 Light control switches for in-car light- +ing shall be permitted. When provided, they shall + +(a) be located in or adjacent to the operating device +in the car. + +(h) in elevators having automatic operation, be of the +key-operated type or located in a fixture with a locked +cover. The key shall be Group 2 Security (see 8.1). + +2.14.7.2.2 Automatic operation of the car lights +shall be permitted. When provided, the operating circuit +shall be arranged to turn off the lights only when the +following conditions exist for not less than 5 min: + +(a) the car is at a floor + +(b) the doors are closed + +(c) there is no demand for service + +(d) the car is on automatic operation +Momentary interruption of any of the above condi- +tions shall cause the car lights to turn on. + +2.14.7.3 Car Lighting Devices + +2.14.7.3.1 Glass used for lighting fixtures shall +conform to 2.14.1.8. + +2.14.7.3.2 Suspended glass used in lighting fix- +tures shall be supported by a metal frame secured at +not less than three points. + +2.14.7.3.3 Fastening devices shall not be remov- +able from the fixture. + + + +2.14.7.3.4 + +attachment. + + + +Glass shall not be drilled for + + + +2.14.7.3.5 Light troughs supporting wiring race- +ways and other auxiliary lighting equipment, where +used, shall be of metal, except where lined with noncom- +bustible materials. + +2.14.7.3.6 Materials for light diffusion or trans- +mission shall be of metal, glass, or materials conforming +to 2.14.2.1.1 and shall not come in contact with light +bulbs and tubes. + + + +2.14.7.4 Protection of Light Bulbs and Tubes. Light +bulbs and tubes within the car shall + +(a) be equipped with guards, be recessed, or be +mounted above a drop ceiling to prevent accidental +breakage. Cars that operate with the drop ceiling +removed shall have a permanent separate guard for the +light bulb or tube. + +(b) be so mounted in the structure that the structure +and the bulb or tube will withstand the required elevator +tests without being damaged or becoming dislodged. + +SECTION 2.15 +CAR FRAMES AND PLATFORMS + +2.15.1 Car Frames Required + +Every elevator shall have a car frame (see 1.3). + +2.15.2 Guiding Members + +Car frames shall be guided on each guide rail by upper +and lower guiding members attached to the frame. + +Retention means shall be provided to prevent the car +from being displaced by more than 13 mm (0.5 in.) from +its normal running position should any part of the guid- +ing means fail, excluding the guiding member base and +its attachment to the frame. The retention means shall +be permitted to be integral with the base. + +2.15.3 Design of Car Frames and Guiding Members + +The frame and its guiding members shall be designed +to withstand the forces resulting under the loading con- +ditions for which the elevator is designed and installed +(see 2.16). + +2.15.4 Underslung or Sub-Post Frames + +The vertical distance between the centerlines of the +top and bottom guide shoes of an elevator car having +a sub-post car frame or having an underslung car frame +located entirely below the car platform shall be not less +than 40% of the distance between guide rails. + +2.15.5 Car Platforms + +2.15.5.1 Every elevator car shall have a platform +consisting of a nonperforated floor attached to a plat- +form frame supported by the car frame, and extending +over the entire area within the car enclosure. + +2.15.5.2 The platform frame members and the floor +shall be designed to withstand the forces developed +under the loading conditions for which the elevator is +designed and installed. + +2.15.5.3 Platform frames are not required where +laminated platforms are provided. + +2.15.5.4 Laminated platforms shall be permitted to +be used for passenger elevators having a rated load of +2 300 kg (5,000 lb) or less. + + + +(ED) + + + +51 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.15.5.5-2.15.9 + + + +2.15.5.5 The deflection at any point of a laminated +platform, when uniformly loaded to rated capacity, shall +not exceed ^950 of the span. The stresses in the steel +facing shall not exceed one-fifth of its ultimate strength, +and the stresses in the plywood core shall not exceed 60% +of the allowable stresses in Section 3.14 of the American +Pl)rwood Association Plywood Design Specification or +CSA 086.1, as applicable (see Part 9). + +2.15.6 Materials for Car Frames and Platform Frames + +2.15.6.1 Materials Permitted. Materials used in the +construction of car frames and platforms shall conform +to 2.15.6.1.1 through 2.15.6.1.4. + +2.15.6.1.1 Car frames and outside members of +platform frames shall be made of steel or other metals. + +2.15.6.1.2 Platform stringers of freight elevators +designed for Class B or Class C loading shall be of steel +or other metals. + +2.15.6.1.3 Platform stringers of passenger eleva- +tors and of freight elevators designed for Class A loading +shall be made of steel or other metals, or of wood. + +(ED) 2.15.6.1.4 Cast iron shall not be used for any part + +subject to tension, torsion, or bending, except for guiding +supports and guide shoes. + +2.15.6.2 Requirements for Steel. Steel used in the +construction of car frames and platforms shall conform +to 2.15.6.2.1 through 2.15.6.2.3. + +2.15.6.2.1 Car-Frame and Platform-Frame Members. + +Steel shall be rolled, formed, forged, or cast, conforming +to the requirements of the following specifications: + +(a) Rolled and Formed Steel ASTM A 36 or ASTM A +283 Grade D or CAN/CSA-G40.21. + +(b) Forged Steel. ASTM A 668 Class B. + +(c) Cast Steel. ASTM A 27 Grade 60/30. + +2.15.6.2.2 Rivets, Bolts, and Rods. Steel used for +rivets, bolts, and rods shall conform to the following +specifications: + +(a) ASTM A 502, Rivets + +(b) ASTM A 307, Bolts and Rods + +(ED) 2.15.6.2.3 Steels of Other Strength. Steels of + +greater or lesser strength than those specified by +2.15.6.2.1 shall be permitted to be used, provided they +have an elongation of not less than 20% in a length of +50 mm (2 in.) when tested in accordance with ASTM +E8, and provided that the stresses and deflections con- +form to 2.15.10 and 2.15.11, respectively. + +Rivets, bolts, and rods made of steel having greater +strength than specified by ASTM A 307 and ASTM A +502 shall be permitted to be used and the maximum +allowable stresses increased proportionally, based on the +ratio of the ultimate strengths. Elongation shall conform +to the requirements of the corresponding ASTM specifi- +cations. + + + +2.15.6.3 Requirements for Metals Other Than Steel. (ED) + +Metals other than steel shall be permitted to be used in +the construction of car frames and platforms, provided +the metal used has the essential properties to meet all +the requirements for the purpose in accordance with +good engineering practice, and provided the stresses +and deflections conform to 2.15.10 and 2.15.11, respec- +tively. + +2.15.6.4 Requirements for Wood Used for Platform (ED) +Floors and Stringers. Wood used for platform stringers + +and platform floors and sub-floors shall be of structural +quality lumber or exterior-type plywood conforming to +the requirements of the following: + +(a) ASTM D 245, Struchiral Grades of Lumber + +(b) ASTM D 198, Static Tests of Structural Timbers + +(c) ANSI Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-74 or CSA +0151, Softwood Plywood, Construction and Industrial + +2.15.7 Car Frame and Platform Connections + +2.15.7.1 Internal Connections. Connections between +members of car frames and platforms shall be riveted, +bolted, or welded, and shall conform to 2.15.7.3. + +2.1 5.7.2 Connection Between Car Frame and Platform. + +The attachment of the platform to the car frame shall +be done in accordance with good engineering practice +and shall develop the required strength to transmit the +forces safely from the platform to the car frame in accor- +dance with 2.15.10. Bolts, nuts, and welding, where used, +shall conform to 2.15.7.3. + +2.15.7.3 Bolts, Nuts, and Welding + +2.1 5.7.3.1 Bolts, where used through greater than +5 deg sloping flanges of structural members, shall have +bolt heads of the tipped-head type or shall be fitted with +bevelled washers. + +2.15.7.3.2 Nuts used on greater than 5 deg sloping +flanges of structural members shall sit on beveled +washers. + +2.15.7.3.3 All welding shall conform to 8.8. + +2.15.8 Protection of Platforms Against Fire + +All platform materials exposed to the hoistway shall +be either of the following: + +(a) metal + +(b) other materials that, in their end-use configura- +tion, conform to the following requirements, based on +the tests conducted in accordance with the requirements +of ASTM E 84, UL 723, NFPA 255, or CAN/ULC-S102.2, +whichever is applicable (see Part 9): + +(1) flame spread rating of to 75 + +(2) smoke development of to 450 + +2.15.9 Platform Guards (Aprons) + +The entrance side of the platform of passenger and +freight elevators shall be provided with smooth metal + + + +52 + + + +2.15.9-2.15.13 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +guard plates of not less than 1.5 mm (0.059 in.) thick +steel, or material of equivalent strength and stiffness, +adequately reinforced and braced to the car platform +and conforming to 2.15.9.1 through 2.15.9.4. + +2.15.9.1 The guard plate shall extend not less than +the full width of the widest hoistway-door opening. + +2.15.9.2 The guard plate shall have a straight vertical +face, extending below the floor surface of the platform, +conforming to one of the following: + +(a) where the elevator is required to conform to +2.19.2.2(b) the depth of the truck zone, where provided, +plus 75 mm (3 in.), but in no case less than 1 220 mm +(48 in.) + +(b) where the elevator is not required to conform to +2.19.2.2(b) the depth of the leveling zone or truck zone, +where provided, plus 75 mm (3 in.); but in no case less +than 525 mm (21 in.) + +2.1 5.9.3 The lower portion of the guard shall be bent +back at an angle of not less than 60 deg nor more than +75 deg from the horizontal. + +2.15.9.4 The guard plate shall be securely braced +and fastened in place to withstand a constant force of +not less than 650 N (145 Ibf ) applied at right angles to +and at any position on its face without deflecting more +than 6 mm (0.25 in.), and without permanent defor- +mation. + +Where the car entrance on the truck loading side is +provided with a collapsible-t)^e gate and the height of +the hoistway door opening is greater than the distance +from the car floor to the car top, a head guard extending +the full width of the door opening shall be provided on +the car to close the space between the car top and the +soffit of the hoistway-door opening when the car plat- +form is level with the floor at the truck loading landing +entrance. + +2.15.10 Maximum Allowable Stresses in Car Frame +and Platform Members and Connections + +2.15.10.1 The stresses in car frame and platform +members and their connections, based on the static load +imposed upon them, shall not exceed the following: + +(a) for steels meeting the requirements of 2.15.6.2.1 +and 2.15.6.2.2, as listed in Table 2.15.10.1 + +(b) for steels of greater or lesser strength, as permitted +by 2.15.6.2.3, the allowable stresses listed in Table +2.15.10.1 are to be adjusted proportionally, based on the +ratio of the ultimate strengths + +(c) for metals other than steel, as permitted by +2.15.6.3, the allowable stresses listed in Table 2.15.10.1 +are to be adjusted proportionally, based on the ratio of +the ultimate strengths + +2.15.10.2 Car frame members, brackets, and their +connections subject to forces due to the application of +the emergency brake (see 2.19.4) shall be designed to + + + +withstand the maximum forces developed during the +retardation phase of the emergency braking so that the +resulting stresses due to the emergency braking and all +other loading acting simultaneously, if applicable, shall +not exceed 190 MPa (27,500 psi). + +2.15.11 Maximum Allowable Deflections of Car +Frame and Platform Members + +The deflections of car frame and platform members +based on the static load imposed upon them shall be +not more than the following: + +(a) for crosshead, plank, and platform frame mem- +bers, V%Q of the span + +(b) for uprights (stiles), as determined by 8.2.2.5.3 + +2.15.12 Car Frames With Sheaves + +Where a hoisting rope sheave is mounted on the car +frame, the construction shall conform to 2.15.12.1 +through 2.15.12.3. + +2.1 5.12.1 Where multiple sheaves mounted on sepa- +rate sheave shafts are used, provision shall be made to +take the compressive forces, developed by tension in +the hoisting ropes between the sheaves, on a strut or +struts between the sheave shaft supports, or by provid- +ing additional compressive strength in the car frame or +car-frame members supporting sheave shafts. + +2.15.12.2 Where the sheave shaft extends through +the web of a car-frame member, the reduction in area of +the member shall not reduce the strength of the member +below that required. Where necessary, reinforcing plates +shall be welded or riveted to the member to provide the +required strength. The bearing pressure shall in no case +be more than that permitted in Table 2.15.10.1 for bolts +in clearance holes. + +2.15.12.3 Where the sheave is attached to the car +crosshead by means of a single threaded rod or specially +designed member or members in tension, the require- +ments of 2.15.12.3.1 and 2.15.12.3.2 shall be conformed to. + +2.15.12.3.1 The single rod, member, or members +shall have a factor of safety 50% higher than the factor +of safety required for the suspension wire ropes, but in +no case shall have a factor of safety of less than 15. + +2.15.12.3.2 The means for fastening the single- +threaded rod, member, or members to the car frame +shall conform to 2.15.13. + +2.15.13 Suspension-Rope Hitch Plates or Shapes + +Where cars are suspended by hoisting ropes attached +to the car frame or to the overhead supporting beams +by means of rope shackles, the shackles shall be attached +to steel hitch plates or to structural or formed steel +shapes. + +Such plates or shapes shall be secured to the underside +or to the webs of the car-frame member with bolts, rivets. + + + +53 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.15.13-2.16.1.1 + + + +Table 2.15.10.1 Maximum Allowable Stresses in Car Frame and Platform Members and +Connections, for Steels Specified in 2.15.6.2.1 and 2.15.6.2.2 + + + + + + + +Maximum Stress, + + + + +Member Type + + +Stress Type + + +MPa (psi) + + +Area Basis + + +Car crosshead + + +Bending + + +95 (14,000) + + +Gross section + + +Car frame plank (normal loading) + + +Bending + + +95 (14,000) + + +Gross section + + +Car frame plank (buffer reaction) + + +Bending + + +190 (27,500) + + +Gross section + + +Car frame uprights (stiles) + + +Bending plus tension + + +115 (17,000) + + +Gross section + + + + + + +140 (20,200) + + +Net section + + +Hoisting rope hitch plate and + + +Bending plus tension + + +75 (11,000) + + +Net section + + +shapes + + + + + + + + +Platform framing + + +Bending + + +95 (14,000) + + +Gross section + + +Platform stringers + + +Bending + + +115 (17,000) + + +Gross section + + +Threaded brace rods and other + + +Tension + + +60 (9,000) + + +Net section + + +tension members except bolts + + + + + + + + +Bolts + + +Tension + + +55 (8,000) + + +Net section + + +Bolts in clearance holes + + +Shear + + +55 (8,000) + + +Actual area in shear plane + + + + +Bearing + + +120 (17,500) + + +Gross section + + +Rivets or tight body-fit bolts + + +Shear + + +75 (11,000) + + +Actual area in shear plane + + + + +Bearing + + +140 (20,000) + + +Gross section + + +Any framing member normal loading + + +Compression + + +Note (1) + + +Gross section + + + +NOTE: + +(1) The maximum allowable compressive stress in any member at normal loading shall not exceed 80% of those permitted +for static loads by the AISC #S326 or CSA S16.1. + + + +or welds so located that the tensions in the hoisting +ropes will not develop direct tension in the bolts or +rivets. + +The stresses shall not exceed those permitted by +2.9.3.3. + +2.15.14 Calculation of Stresses in Car-Frame and +Platform-Frame Members + +The calculation of the stresses and deflection in the +car-frame plank and uprights and platform frames shall +be based on the formulas and data in 8.2.2. + +2.15.15 Platform Side Braces + +Where side bracing and similar members are attached +to car-frame uprights, the reduction in area of the upright +shall not reduce the strength of the upright below that +required by 2.15. + +2.15.16 Hinged Platform Sills + +Hinged platform sills, where used, shall conform to +2.15.16.1 through 2.15.16.3. + +2.15.16.1 Hinged platform sills shall be provided +with electric contacts conforming to 2.12.5, which will +prevent operation of the elevator by the normal +operating device unless the hinged sill is within 50 mm +(2 in.) of its fully retracted position, provided that when +in this position, the sill does not reduce the clearance +specified in 2.5.1.4. + + + +2.15.16.2 The elevator shall be permitted to be oper- +ated by the leveling device in the leveling zone with the +sill in any position. + +2.15.16.3 The strength of the sills shall conform to +2.11.11.1. + +2.15.17 Fastening of Compensation Means + +Fastenings to the car of the suspension ropes' compen- +sation means shall conform to 2.21.4. + + + +SECTION 2.16 +CAPACITY AND LOADING + +2.16.1 Minimum Rated Load for Passenger Elevators + +2.16.1.1 Minimum Load Permitted. The rated load in +kg (lb) for passenger elevators shall be based on the +inside net platform area, and shall be not less than shown +by Fig. 8.2.1.2 (see Nonmandatory Appendix D and +2.26.11). + +The inside net platform area shall be determined at +a point 1 000 mm (39 in.) above the floor and inside of +any panels or wall surfaces, but exclusive of any hand- +rails and space for doors as shown in Fig. 2.16.1.1. To +allow for variations in car designs, an increase in the +maximum inside net area not exceeding 5% shall be +permitted for the various rated loads. See Table 2.16.1.1. + + + +(ED) + + + +54 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +Inside net platform +area =Ax B + + + +Inside net platform +area =Ax B + + + +Fig. 2.16.1.1 Inside Net Platform Areas for Passenger Elevators + + + +Table 2.16.1.1 + + +Maximum Inside Net Platform Areas for the Various + + + + + + + + +Rated Loads + + + + + + +SI Units + + + + + + +Imperial Units + + + + + + +inside Net + + + + +Inside Net + + +Rated Load, + + + + +Platform Area, + + +Rated Load, + + +Platform Area, + + +kg + + + + +m^ + + +lb + + +ft^ + + +230 + + + + +0.65 + + +500 + + +7.0 + + +270 + + + + +0.77 + + +600 + + +8.3 + + +320 + + + + +0.89 + + +700 + + +9.6 + + +450 + + + + +1.23 + + +1,000 + + +13.3 + + +550 + + + + +1.45 + + +1.200 + + +15.6 + + +700 + + + + +1.76 + + +1,500 + + +18.9 + + +800 + + + + +2.05 + + +1,800 + + +22.1 + + +900 + + + + +2.25 + + +2,000 + + +24.2 + + +1 150 + + + + +2.70 + + +2,500 + + +29.1 + + +1 350 + + + + +3.13 + + +3,000 + + +33.7 + + +1 600 + + + + +3.53 + + +3,500 + + +38.0 + + +1 800 + + + + +3.92 + + +4,000 + + +42.2 + + +2 000 + + + + +4.29 + + +4,500 + + +46.2 + + +2 250 + + + + +4.65 + + +5,000 + + +50.0 + + +2 700 + + + + +5.36 + + +6,000 + + +57.7 + + +3 200 + + + + +6.07 + + +7,000 + + +65.3 + + +3 600 + + + + +6.77 + + +8,000 + + +72.9 + + +4 100 + + + + +7.48 + + +9,000 + + +80.5 + + +4 500 + + + + +8.18 + + +10,000 + + +88.0 + + +5 400 + + + + +9.57 + + +12,000 + + +103.0 + + +7 000 + + + + +11.62 + + +15,000 + + +125.1 + + +8 000 + + + + +13.65 + + +18,000 + + +146.9 + + +9 000 + + + + +14.98 + + +20,000 + + +161.2 + + +11 500 + + + + +18.25 + + +25,000 + + +196.5 + + +13 500 + + + + +21.46 + + +30,000 + + +231.0 + + + +GENERAL NOTE: To allow for variations in cab designs, an increase in the maximum inside net platform +area not exceeding 5% sfiall be permitted for the various rated loads. + + + +55 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.16.1.2-2.16.2.2.4 + + + +2.16.1.2 Use of Partitions for Reducing Inside Net +Platform Area. Where partitions are installed in elevator +cars for the purpose of restricting the platform net area +for passenger use, they shall be permanently bolted, +riveted, or welded in place. Gates, doors, or handrails +shall not be used for this purpose. Partitions shall be so +installed as to provide for approximately symmetrical +loading. + +2.16.1.3 Carrying of Freiglit on Passenger Elevators. + +When freight is to be carried on a passenger elevator, +the requirements of 2.16.1.3.1 and 2.16.1.3.2 shall be con- +formed to. + +2.16.1.3.1 The minimum rated load shall conform +to 2.16.1 or 2.16.2, whichever is greater. + +2.16.1.3.2 The elevator shall be designed for appli- +cable class of freight elevator loading. + +2.16.2 Minimum Rated Load for Freight Elevators + +2.16.2.1 Minimum Load Permitted. The minimum +rated load for freight elevators in pounds shall be based +on the weight and class of the load to be handled, but +shall in no case be less than the minimum specified in +2.16.2.2 for each class of loading based on the inside net +platform area. + +2.16.2.2 Classes of Loading and Design Require- +ments. Freight elevators shall be designed for one of the +following classes of loading. + +2.16.2.2.1 Class A: General Freight Loading. Where +the load is distributed, the weight of any single piece +of freight or of any single hand truck and its load is not +more than 25% of the rated load of the elevator, and the +load is handled on and off the car platform manually +or by means of hand trucks. + +For this class of loading, the rated load shall be based +on not less than 240 kg/m^ (49 Ib/ft^) of inside net +platform area. + +2.16.2.2.2 Class B: Motor Vehicle Loading. Where +the elevator is used solely to carry automobile trucks or +passenger automobiles up to the rated capacity of the +elevator. + +For this class of loading, the rated load shall be based +on not less than 145 kg/m"^ (30 Ib/ft^) of inside net +platform area. + +2.16.2.2.3 Class C. There are three types of Class +C loadings: + +(a) Class CI: Industrial Truck Loading. Where the static +load during loading and unloading does not exceed the +rated load. + +(b) Class CI: Industrial Truck Loading. Where the static +load during loading and unloading is permitted to +exceed the rated load. + + + +(c) Class C3: Other Loading With Heavy Concentrations. +Where the static load during loading and unloading +does not exceed the rated load. + +2.16.2.2.4 Class C loadings in 2.16.2.2.3 apply +where the weight of the concentrated load including a +powered industrial or hand truck, if used, is more than +25% the rated load and where the load to be carried +does not exceed the rated load. (For concentrated loads +exceeding the rated load, see 2.16.6.) + +The following are additional requirements: + +(a) For Class CI, Class C2, and Class C3 loadings, the +rated load of the elevator shall be not less than the load +(including any truck) to be carried, and shall in no case +be less than 240 kg/m^ (49 Ib/ft^) of inside net plat- +form area. + +The elevator shall be provided with a two-way auto- +matic leveling device (see 1.3). + +(h) For Class CI and Class C2 loadings, the following +additional requirements shall apply: + +(1) For elevators with rated loads of 9 000 kg +(20,000 lb) or less, the car platform shall be designed for +a loaded truck of weight equal to the rated load or +for the actual weight of the loaded truck to be used, +whichever is greater. + +(2) For elevators with rated loads exceeding +9 000 kg (20,000 lb), the car platform shall be designed +for a loaded truck weighing 9 000 kg (20,000 lb), or for +the actual weight of the loaded truck to be used, which- +ever is greater. + +(c) For Class C2 loading, the following requirements +shall apply: + +(1) The maximum load on the car platform during +loading or unloading shall not exceed 150% of rated +load. + +(2) For any load in excess of rated load on elevators +with a rated load of 9 000 kg (20,000 lb) or less, the +driving-machine motor, brake, and traction relation shall +be adequate to sustain and level the full 150% of +rated load. + +(3) For any load in excess of the rated load on eleva- +tors with a rated load exceeding 9 000 kg (20,000 lb), the +driving machine motor, brake, and traction relation shall +be adequate to sustain and level the rated load plus +either 4 500 kg (10,000 lb), or the weight of the unloaded +truck to be used, whichever is greater. + +NOTES (2.16.2): + +(1) When the entire rated load is loaded or unloaded in increments +by an industrial truck, the load imposed on the car platform, +while the last increment is being loaded or the first increment +unloaded, will exceed the rated load by part of the weight of +the empty industrial truck. + +(2) Requirement 2.16.2 does not prohibit the carrying of an indus- +trial truck on a freight elevator of Class C2 or Class C3 loading, +provided that the total weight on the elevator does not exceed +the rated load of the elevator, and the elevator is designed to +meet the requirements of 8.2.2 and 8.2.9, as appropriate, for +the load involved. + + + +56 + + + +2.16.3-2.16.5.1.1 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.16.3 Capacity and Data Plates + +2.16.3.1 Plates Required and Locations. Every eleva- +tor shall be provided with a capacity plate and a data +plate permarieritly and securely attached. + +The capacity plate shall be located in a conspicuous +position inside the car. + +The data plate shall be located on the car crosshead, +or inside the car for underslung elevators having no +crosshead. + +2.16.3.2 Information Required on Plates + +2.16.3.2.1 Capacity plates shall indicate the rated +load of the elevator in kilograms or pounds or both (see +Nontnandatory Appendix D), and, in addition, this plate +or a separate plate shall indicate + +(a) the capacity lifting one-piece loads where the ele- +vator conforms to 2.16.7 + +(b) for freight elevators designed for Class C2 loading, +the maximum load the elevator is designed to support +while being loaded or unloaded [see 2.16.2.2.4(c)] + +2.16.3.2.2 Data plates shall indicate + +(a) the weight of the complete car, including the car +safety and all auxiliary equipment attached to the car + +(b) the rated load and speed + +(c) the wire rope data required by 2.20.2.1 + +(d) the name or trademark of the manufacturer and +year manufactured + +(e) rail lubrication instructions (see 2.17.16) + +2.16.3.3 Material and Marlcing of Plates. Plates shall +be of such material and construction that the letters and +figures stamped, etched, cast, or otherwise applied to +the faces shall remain permanently and readily legible. + +The height of the letters and figures shall be not +less than + +(a) 6 imn (0.25 in.) for passenger elevator capacity +plates + +(b) 25 mm (1 in.) for freight elevator capacity plates + +(c) 3 mm (0.125 in.) for data plates + +2.16.4 Carrying of Passengers on Freight Elevators + +Freight elevators conforming to 2.16.4.1 through +2.16.4.9 shall be permitted to carry passengers. + +2.16.4.1 The elevator shall not be accessible to the +general public. + +2.16.4.2 The rated load shall not be less than that +required by 2.16.1. + +2.16.4.3 The elevator shall conform to 2.16.8. + +2.16.4.4 Hoistway entrances shall conform to +2.12.1.1 and 2.11.2.1, or shall be power-operated doors +conforming to 2.11.2.2(e). + +2.16.4.5 Car doors shall be provided, and shall con- +form to 2.14.5. + + + +2.16.4.6 Openings in car enclosures shall conform +to 2.14.2.2. + +2.16.4.7 Hoistway doors and/or car doors shaU con- +form to 2.12.5. + +2.16.4.8 The factors of safety for suspension wire +ropes shall corvform to Table 2.20.3 for passenger ele- +vators. + +2.16.4.9 Power-operated vertically sliding doors +shall be power closed conforming to the following: + +(a) requirements 2.13.3.2 or 2.13.3.4. + +(b) shall be provided with a reopening device con- +forming to 2.13.5. The reopening device shall detect +obstruction in the path of closing door travel without +the necessity of physical contact. This can be provided +by mounting the protection device(s) on the car door +itself or on the car or door jamb. + +(c) vertically sliding hoistway and car doors shall con- +form to 2.13.6. + +(d) supporting chains, cables, or ropes shall not be +exposed to the car interior. + +(e) when closed by automatic means, shall be pro- +vided with a visual warning to function over the same +period as the audible signal in 2.13.3.4.1. + +2.16.5 Signs Required in Freiglit Elevator Cars + +2.16.5.1 Signs Required. Signs, in addition to the +capacity and data plates required by 2.16.3.1, shall be +provided inside the car and shall be located in a conspic- +uous position and permanently and securely fastened to +the car enclosure, subject to the requirements of 2.16.5.1.1 +through 2.16.5.1.3. + +2.16.5.1.1 For every freight elevator, the sign shall +specify the type of loading (see 2.16.2.2) for which the +elevator is designed and installed, with one of the fol- +lowing markings. + +(a) "CLASS A LOADING. ELEVATOR TO BE +LOADED OR UNLOADED MANUALLY OR BY +MEANS OF HAND TRUCKS ONLY NO SINGLE PIECE +OF FREIGHT OR SINGLE HAND TRUCK AND ITS +LOAD SHALL EXCEED KG ( LB)." + +(b) "CLASS B LOADING. THIS ELEVATOR +DESIGNED TO TRANSPORT MOTOR VEHICLES +HAVING A MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT NOT TO +EXCEED KG ( LB)." + +(c) "CLASS CI LOADING. THIS ELEVATOR +DESIGNED TO TRANSPORT LOADED INDUSTRIAL +TRUCK. MAXIMUM COMBINED WEIGHT OF +INDUSTRIAL TRUCK AND LOAD NOT TO +EXCEED KG ( LB)." + +(d) "CLASS C2 LOADING. THIS ELEVATOR +DESIGNED FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING BY +INDUSTRIAL TRUCK. MAXIMUM LOADING AND +UNLOADING WEIGHT WHILE PARKED NOT TO +EXCEED KG ( LB). MAXIMUM WEIGHT + + + +57 + + + +ASA/IE A17.1-2004 + + + +2.16.5.1.1-2.16.7.11 + + + +TRANSPORTED NOT TO EXCEED KG ( + +LB)." + +(e) "CLASS C3 LOADING. THIS ELEVATOR +DESIGNED TO TRANSPORT CONCENTRATED +LOADS NOT TO EXCEED KG ( LB)." + +2.16.5.1.2 For elevators not permitted to carry +passer\gers, the sign shall read: "THIS IS NOT A PAS- +SENGER ELEVATOR. NO PERSONS OTHER THAN +THE OPERATOR AND FREIGHT HANDLERS ARE +PERMITTED TO RIDE ON THIS ELEVATOR." + +2.16.5.1.3 For freight elevators permitted to carry +passengers (see 2.16.4), a sign reading "PASSENGERS +ARE PERMITTED TO RIDE THIS ELEVATOR." + +2.16.5.2 Material and Marking of Signs. The material +and marking of all signs shall conform to 2.16.3.3, except +that the letters shall be not less than 13 mm (0.5 in.) high. + +2.16.6 Overloading of Freight Elevators + +Freight elevators shall not be loaded in excess of their +rated load as specified on the capacity plate required +by 2.16.3, except for + +(a) static loads on elevators loaded and unloaded by +industrial trucks as noted on capacity or separate plate +[see 2.16.2.2.3 and 2.16.3.2.1(b)] + +(b) elevators designed and installed to conform to + +2.16.7 to carry one-piece loads exceeding their rated load + +2.16.7 Carrying of One-Piece Loads Exceeding the +Rated Load + +Passenger and freight elevators shall be permitted to +be used, where necessary, to carry one-piece loads +greater than their rated load, provided they are +designed, installed, and operated to conform to 2.16.7.1 +through 2.16.7.11. + +2.16.7.1 A locking device shall be provided that +will hold the car at any landing, independently of the +hoisting ropes, while the car is being loaded or +unloaded. + +2.16.7.2 The locking device shall be so designed that +it cannot be unlocked until the entire weight of the car +and load is suspended on the ropes. + +2.16.7.3 A removable wrench or other device shall +be provided to operate the locking device. + +2.16.7.4 The locking device shall be so designed that +the locking bars will be automatically withdrawn should +they come into contact with the landing locks when the +car is operated in the up direction. + +2.16.7.5 A special capacity plate shall be provided +inside the elevator car and located in a conspicuous +place that shall bear the words "CAPACITY LIFTING +ONE-PIECE LOADS" in letters, followed by figures giv- +ing the special capacity in kilograms (pounds) for lifting + + + +one-piece loads for which the machine is designed. For +material and size of letters, see 2.16.3.3. + +2.16.7.6 The car frame, car platform, sheaves, shafts, +ropes, and locking devices shall be designed for the +specified "Capacity Lifting One-Piece Loads," pro- +vided that + +(a) in the design of the car frame, platform, sheaves, +shafts, and ropes, the allowable stress is permitted to +be 20% higher than those permitted for normal loading + +(b) the factor of safety for the locking device is not (ED) +less than 5 + +2.16.7.7 The car safeties shall be designed to stop +and hold the specified "Capacity Lifting One-Piece +Loads" with the ropes intact. The safety is not required +to conform to the safety stopping distances specified in +Table 2.17.3 if applied while the elevator is carrying a +one-piece load exceeding the rated load. + +2.16.7.8 Where there is an occupied space, or an +unoccupied space not secured against unauthorized +access (see 2.6), imder the hoistway, the requirements of + +2.16.7.8.1 through 2.16.7.8.4 shall be conformed to. + +2.16.7.8.1 The machine shall be designed to oper- +ate the "Capacity Lifting One-Piece Loads" at slow +speed. + +2.16.7.8.2 The car safety shall be designed to stop +and hold the car with this load, independently of the +hoisting ropes. + +2.16.7.8.3 The counterweight safety, where +required by 2.6, shall be designed to stop and hold the +entire weight of the counterweight, independently of +the ropes. + +2.16.7.8.4 Under the conditions described in + +2.16.7.8.2 and 2.16.7.8.3, the car and counterweight safe- +ties are not required to conform to the safety stopping +distances specified in Table 2.17.3 when the elevator is +carrying a one-piece load exceeding the rated load and +the counterweight is provided with additional weight +as required by 2.16.7.9. + +2.16.7.9 For traction machines, where it is necessary +to secure adequate traction, an additional counterweight +shall be added during the period of use with one-piece +loads so that the total overbalance is at least equal to +45% of the "Capacity Lifting One-Piece Loads." + +2.16.7.10 A special operating device of the car +switch or continuous-pressure type shall be provided in +the machine room, located near the driving machine, to +operate the elevator. When this device is operative, all +other operating devices shall be inoperative (see +2.26.1.3). + +2.16.7.11 The "Capacity Lifting One-Piece Loads" +of any passenger traction elevator shall not exceed 1.33 +times the rated load of the elevator. + + + +58 + + + +2.16.8-2.17.5.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.16.8 Additional Requirements for Passenger +Overload in the Down Direction + +Passenger elevators and freight elevators permitted +by 2.16.4 to carry passengers shall be designed and +installed to safely lower, stop, and hold the car with an +additional load up to 25% in excess of the rated load. + +The elevator is not required to attain rated load per- +formance under the passenger overload conditions spec- +ified but shall conform to + +(a) requirement 2.17.2, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(b) requirement 2.17.3, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in the first paragraph in place of the +rated load. Second paragraph of 2.17.3, except that 125% +of the rated load shall be used in place of the rated +load, and the rated load performance including safety +stopping distance is not required. + +(c) requirement 2.24.2.3, except that 125% of rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(d) requirement 2.24.8, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(e) requirement 2.25.2.1, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(f) requirement 2.26.9.8, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(g) requirement 2.26.10, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(h) requirement 2.19.2.2(b), except that 125% of the +rated load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(/) requirement 2.27.2.1, except that 125% of rated load +shall be used in place of rated load. + +2.16.9 Special Loading Means + +Where special means (lift hooks, conveyor tracks, and +support beams) that exert loads upon the car frame or +platform, or both, are used to carry loads other than as +described in 2.16.2.2, the effects of their loading on the +car frame and platform shall be considered in accordance +with 8.2.2.1 and 8.2.9.1. The allowable stresses and +deflections shall be as specified in 2.15.10 and 2.15.11. +The connections shall conform to 2.15.7. + + + +SECTION 2.17 +CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT SAFETIES + +2.17.1 Where Required and Location + +The car of every elevator suspended by wire ropes +shall be provided with one or more car safety devices +of one of the types identified in 2.17.5. The safeties shall +be attached to the car frame, and one safety shall be +located within or below the car frame. + +All car safeties shall be mounted on a single car frame +and shall operate only on one pair of guide rails between +which the frame is located. + + + +2.17.2 Duplex Safeties + +Where duplex (two) safeties are provided, the lower +safety device shall be capable of developing not less +than one-half of the force required to stop the entire car +with rated load (see 2.16.8). Duplexed safety devices +shall be arranged so as to function approximately simul- +taneously. + +Type A or Type C safety devices (see 2.17.5) shall not +be used in multiple (duplexed). + +2.17.3 Function and Stopping Distance of Safeties (ed) + +The safety device, or the combined safety devices, +where furnished, shall be capable of stopping and sus- +taining the entire car with its rated load from governor +tripping speed (see also 2.16.8). + +Type B safeties shall stop the car with its rated load +from governor tripping speed within the range of the +maximum and minimum stopping distances as deter- +mined by the formulas in 8.2.6. Table 2.17.3 and Fig. +8.2.6 show the maximimi and minimum stopping dis- +tances for various governor tripping speeds, when tested +in conformance with 8.10 and 8.11. + +2.17.4 Counterweight Safeties + +Counterweight safeties, where furnished [see 2.6 and +2.19.3.2(a)(1)], shall conform to the requirements for car +safeties, except as specified in 2.17.7 and 2.18.1. + +2.17.5 Identification and Classification of Types of +Safeties + +Car safety devices (safeties) are identified and classi- +fied on the basis of performance characteristics after the +safety begins to apply pressure on the guide rails. On +this basis, there are three types of safeties. + +2.17.5.1 Type A Safeties. Safeties that develop a rap- +idly increasing pressure on the guide rails during the +stopping interval, the stopping distance being very short +due to the inherent design of the safety. The operating +force is derived entirely from the mass and the motion +of the car or the counterweight being stopped. These +safeties apply pressure on the guide rails through eccen- +trics, rollers, or similar devices, without any flexible +medium purposely introduced to limit the retarding +force and increase the stopping distance. + +2.17.5.2 Type B Safeties. Safeties that apply limited (ED) +pressure on the guide rails during the stopping interval, + +and which provide stopping distances that are related +to the mass being stopped and the speed at which appli- +cation of the safety is initiated. Retarding forces are +reasonably uniform after the safety is fully applied. Safe- +ties that require or do not require continuous tension in +the governor rope to operate the safety during the entire +stopping interval shall be permitted. Minimum and +maximum distances are specified on the basis of gover- +nor tripping speed (see 2.17.3). + + + +59 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.17.5.3-2.17.8.1 + + + +Table 2.17.3 Maximum and Minimum Stopping Distances for +Type B Car Safeties With Rated Load and Type B Counterweight Safeties + + + + + +SI Units + + + + + + + + +Imperial Units + + + + + + +Rated + + +Maximum +Governor + + +Stopping Distances, + + +Rated + + +Maximum +Governor + + +Stopping Distances, + + +Speed, + +m/s + + +Trip Speed, +m/s + + +mm + + +Speed, +ft/min + + +Trip Speed, +ft/min + + +in. + + +Min. + + +Max. + + +Min. + + +Max. + + +0-0.63 + + +0.90 + + +25 + + +380 + + +0-125 + + +175 + + +1 + + +15 + + +0.75 + + +1.05 + + +50 + + +415 + + +150 + + +210 + + +2 + + +16 + + +0.87 + + +1.25 + + +75 + + +485 + + +175 + + +250 + + +3 + + +19 + + +1.00 + + +1.40 + + +100 + + +540 + + +200 + + +280 + + +4 + + +22 + + +1.12 + + +1.55 + + +125 + + +605 + + +225 + + +308 + + +5 + + +24 + + +1.25 + + +1.70 + + +150 + + +675 + + +250 + + +337 + + +6 + + +27 + + +1.50 + + +2.00 + + +200 + + +840 + + +300 + + +395 + + +8 + + +33 + + +1.75 + + +2.30 + + +250 + + +1025 + + +350 + + +452 + + +10 + + +40 + + +2.00 + + +2.55 + + +330 + + +1 200 + + +400 + + +510 + + +13 + + +48 + + +2.25 + + +2.90 + + +430 + + +1480 + + +450 + + +568 + + +17 + + +58 + + +2.50 + + +3.15 + + +505 + + +1700 + + +500 + + +625 + + +20 + + +68 + + +3.00 + + +3.70 + + +710 + + +2 250 + + +600 + + +740 + + +28 + + +91 + + +3.50 + + +4.30 + + +940 + + +2 950 + + +700 + + +855 + + +38 + + +128 + + +4.00 + + +4.85 + + +1 200 + + +3 680 + + +800 + + +970 + + +49 + + +150 + + +4.50 + + +5.50 + + +1 540 + + +4 660 + + +900 + + +1,085 + + +61 + + +183 + + +5.00 + + +6.00 + + +1 835 + + +5 500 + + +1,000 + + +1,200 + + +75 + + +222 + + +5.50 + + +6.60 + + +2 220 + + +6 600 + + +1,100 + + +1,320 + + +90 + + +268 + + +6.00 + + +7.20 + + +2 640 + + +7 800 + + +1,200 + + +1,440 + + +107 + + +316 + + +6.50 + + +7.80 + + +3 100 + + +9 110 + + +1,300 + + +1,560 + + +126 + + +371 + + +7.00 + + +8.40 + + +3 595 + + +10 530 + + +1,400 + + +1,680 + + +146 + + +427 + + +7.50 + + +9.00 + + +4 125 + + +12 050 + + +1,500 + + +1,800 + + +168 + + +490 + + +8.00 + + +9.60 + + +4 695 + + +13 670 + + +1,600 + + +1,920 + + +191 + + +555 + + +8.50 + + +10.20 + + +5 300 + + +15 400 + + +1,700 + + +2,040 + + +215 + + +628 + + +9.00 + + +10.80 + + +5 940 + + +17 240 + + +1,800 + + +2,160 + + +241 + + +700 + + +9.50 + + +11.40 + + +6 620 + + +19 180 + + +1,900 + + +2.280 + + +269 + + +779 + + +10.00 + + +12.00 + + +7 335 + + +21 220 + + +2,000 + + +2,400 + + +299 + + +862 + + + +(ED) + + + +2.17.5.3 Type C Safeties (Type A With Oil Buffers). + +Safeties that develop retarding forces duririg the com- +pression stroke of one or more oil buffers interposed +between the lower members of the car frame and a +governor-operated Type A auxiliary safety plank +applied on the guide rails. The stopping distance is equal +to the effective stroke of the buffers. + +2.17.6 Reserved for Future Use + +2.17.7 Governor-Actuated Safeties and Car Safety +Mechanism Switches Required + +2.1 7.7.1 Counterweight safeties, where provided for +rated speeds over 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min), and car safeties, +shall be actuated by separate speed governors. + +Counterweight safeties for rated speeds of not over +0.75 m/s (150 ft/min) shall be permitted to be operated +as a result of the breaking or slackening of the suspension +ropes and shall be permitted to be of the inertia or other +approved type without governors. + + + +Where counterweight safeties are furnished to provide +ascending car overspeed protection in accordance with +2.19.1.1, they shall be actuated by a counterweight speed +governor (see 2.17.4). + +2.17.7.2 Every car safety shall be provided with a +switch, operated by the car safety mechanism (see +2.26.2.9). + +A switch operated by the safety mechanism is not +required on counterweight safeties. + +2.17.7.3 The car safety mechanism switch shall oper- +ate before or at the time of application of the safety. + +2.17.7.4 Switches operated by the car safety mecha- +nism shall be of a type that carmot be reset until the car +safety mechanism has been returned to the unapplied +position. + +2.17.8 Limits of Use of Various Types of Safeties + +2.17.8.1 Type A (Instantaneous) Safeties. Type A +safeties shall be permitted on elevators having a rated + + + +(ED) + + + +60 + + + +2.17.8.1-2.17.11 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +Speed of not more than 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min). + +When overspeed occurs, with the hoisting rope intact, +such safeties shall be actuated by the governor. + +On the parting of the hoisting ropes (free fall). Type +A governor-operated safeties shall apply without appre- +ciable delay, and their application shall be independent +of the speed action of the governor and of the location +of the break in the hoisting ropes (inertia application), +and shall be permitted to be accomplished by the use +of a governor and governor rigging having a sufficiently +high value of inertia to apply the safety on free fall +independently of the speed action of the governor (see +8.10 for inertia-application test of car safety). + +2.17.8.2 Type C (Combination Instantaneous and Oil- +Buffer Safety). Type C safeties shall be permitted subject +to the requirements of 2.17.8.2.1 through 2.17.8.2.8. + +2.17.8.2.1 The rated speed shall be not more than +2.5 m/s (500 ft/min). + +2.17.8.2.2 The oil buffers shall conform to all +requirements specified in 2.22 for oil buffers, except that +the stroke shall be based on governor tripping speed +and on an average retardation not exceeding 9.81 m/s^ +(32.2 ft/s^). + +2.17.8.2.3 After the buffer stroke, as defined in +2.17.8.2.2, has been completed, provision shall be made +for an additional travel of the plunger or piston of not +less than 10% of the buffer stroke, to prevent excessive +impact on the buffer parts and the auxiliary safety plank. + +2.17.8.2.4 Where the distance between guide rails +exceeds 2 450 mm (96 in.), the safety shall be provided +with two oil buffers of substantially identical calibration, +and the buffers shall be so located as to develop mini- +mum stresses in the auxiliary safety plank during safety +operation. + +Buffers shall be located in line with and symmetrically +between the guide rails. + +2.17.8.2.5 The auxiliary safety plank shall be so +supported and guided below the car frame that the +clearances specified in 2.17.10 for the safety parts are +maintained during normal operation. + +The auxiliary safety plank shall be so designed that +the maximum stresses in the plank shall not exceed those +specified for similar car-frame members in 2.15. + +2.1 7.8.2.6 The rail-gripping device of the auxiliary +safety plank shall be so arranged and cormected as to +prevent the plank from being out of level more than +13 mm (0.5 in.) in the length of the plank when the +safety is operated to stop the car. + +2.17.8.2.7 An electric switch shall be provided +and so arranged and cormected that the elevator cannot +be operated by means of the normal operating device +if any buffer is compressed more than 10% of its stroke +(see 2.26.2.13). + + + +2.17.8.2.8 Means shall be provided to prevent +operation of the elevator by means of the normal +operating device if the oil level in buffer is below the +minimum level (see 2.26.2.13). + +2.17.9 Application and Release of Safeties + +2.17.9.1 Means of Application. Safeties shall be +applied mechanically. Electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic +devices shall not be used to apply the safeties required +by 2.17, nor to hold such safeties in the retracted +position. + +2.17.9.2 Level of Car on Safety Application. The appli- +cation of a Type A or Type B safety to stop the car, with +its rated load centered on each quarter of the platform +symmetrically with relation to the centerlines of the plat- +form, shall not cause the platform to be out of level +more than 30 mmi/m (0.36 in. /ft) in any direction. (See +2.17.8.2.6 for Type C safeties.) + +2.17.9.3 Release. When car safeties are applied, no +decrease in tension in the governor rope or motion of +the car in the down direction shall release the safeties, +but such safeties shall be permitted to be released by +the motion of the car in the up direction. + +2.17.9.4 Force Providing Stopping Action to Be Com- +pressive. Safeties shall be so designed that, on their +application, the forces that provide the stopping action +shall be compressive forces on each side of the guide- +rail section. + +2.17.10 IVlinimum Permissible Clearance Between +Rail-Gripping Faces of Safety Parts + +In the normally retracted position of the safety, the +distance between the rail-gripping faces of the safety +parts shall be not less than the thickness of the guide +rail plus 3.5 nun (0.14 in.), and the clearance on any side +between the gripping face and the guide rail shall be +not less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.), as measured on the side +of the rail toward which the car frame is pressed with +sufficient force to take up all clearances in the guide- +shoe assembly. Safety jaws, while in the retracted posi- +tion, shall be so restrained as to prevent a reduction of +this minimum clearance. + +2.17.11 iVIaximum Permissible Movement of +Governor Rope to Operate the Safety +Mechanism + +For all Type B safeties, the movement of the governor +rope, relative to the car or the counterweight, respec- +tively, required to operate the safety mechanism from +its fully retracted position to a position where the safety +jaws begin to exert pressure against the guide rails, shall +not exceed the following values based on rated speed: + +(a) for car safeties + +(1) 1 m/s (200 ft/min) or less, 1 070 mm (42 in.) + + + +61 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.17.11-2.18.1.1 + + + +(2) 1.01 m/s (201 ft/min) to 1.9 m/s (375 ft/min), +915 mm (36 in.) + +(3) over 1.9 m/s (375 ft/min), 756 mm (30 in.) + +(b) for counterweight safeties, all speeds, 1 070 mm +(42 in.) + +Drum-operated car and counterweight safeties, +requiring continual unwinding of the safety drum rope +to fully apply the safety, shall be so designed that not +less than three turns of the safety rope will remain on +the drum after the overspeed test of the safety has been +made with rated load in the car. + +2.17.12 Minimum Factors of Safety and Stresses of +Safety Parts and Rope Connections + +2.17.12.1 Parts of safeties, except springs, safety- +rope drums, leading sheaves, and their supporting +brackets and safety-jaw gibs, shall have a factor of safety +of not less than 3.5, and the materials used shall have +an elongation of not less than 15% in a length of 50 rmn +(2 in.) when tested in accordance with ASTM E 8. Forged, +cast, or welded parts shall be stress relieved. + +2.17.12.2 Springs are permitted in the operation of +car or counterweight safeties. Where used, and where +partially loaded prior to safety operation, the loading +on the spring shall not produce a fibre stress exceeding +one-half the elastic limit of the material. During opera- +tion of the safety, the fibre stress shall not exceed 85% +of the elastic limit of the material. Helical springs, where +used, shall be in compression. + +2.17.12.3 Safety-rope drums, leading sheaves, and +their supporting brackets and safety-jaw gibs, are per- +mitted to be made of cast iron and other metals provided +such parts have a factor of safety of not less than 10. + +2.17.12.4 Rope used as a connection from the safety +to the governor rope, including rope wound on the +safety-rope drum, shall be not less than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) +in diameter, shall be made of metal, and shall be corro- +sion resistant. The factor of safety of the rope shall be +not less than 5. Tiller-rope construction shall not be used. + +2.17.12.5 The factors of safety shall be based upon +the maximum stresses developed in the parts during +the operation of the safety when stopping rated load +from governor tripping speed. + +2.17.12.6 Safety-rope leading sheave brackets and +other safety operating parts shall not be attached to or +supported by wood platform members. + +2.17.13 Corrosion-Resistant Bearings in Safeties and +Safety Operating Mechanisms + +Bearings in safeties and in the safety-operating mecha- +nisms shall be of corrosion-resistant construction, with +one or both members of the bearing made of, or electro- +plated with, a corrosion-resistant material. + + + +2.17.14 Marlcing Plates for Safeties + +A metal plate shall be securely attached to each safety +so as to be readily visible, and shall be marked in a +legible and permanent manner with letters and figures +not less than 6 mm (0.25 in.) in height indicating: + +(a) the type of safety, based on 2.17.5 + +(b) the maximum tripping speed in m/s (ft/min) for +which the safety is permitted + +(c) the maximum weight in kg (lb), which the safety +is designed and installed to stop and sustain + +(d) the force in N (Ibf ) required to activate the safety +or rope releasing carrier, if provided + +(e) the manufacturer's name or trademark + +2.17.15 Governor-Rope Releasing Carriers + +Where a governor-rope releasing carrier is used to +prevent actuation of the safety by the inertial forces of +the governor-rope system, or used for any other pur- +pose, the governor-rope releasing carrier on the car (or +on the counterweight) shall be set to require a tension +in the governor rope, to pull the rope from the carrier, +of not more than 60% of the pull-through tension devel- +oped by the governor. The means to regulate the gover- +nor-rope pull-out force shall be mechanical and shall be +sealed. The carrier shall be designed so that the pull- +out tension cannot be adjusted to exceed the amount +specified without breaking the seal. + +2.17.16 Rail Lubricants and Lubrication Plate + +Rail lubricants or coatings that will reduce the holding +power of the safety, or prevent its functioning as required +in 2.17.3, shall not be used (see 8.7 for maintenance +requirements). + +A metal plate as required by 2.16.3.2 shall be securely +attached to the car crosshead in an easily visible location, +and, where lubricants are to be used, shall carry the +notation, "CONSULT MANUFACTURER OF THE +SAFETY FOR THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RAIL +LUBRICANT TO BE USED." If lubricants are not to be +used, the plate shall so state. + +If lubricants other than those recommended by the +manufacturer are used, a safety test shall be made to +demonstrate that the safety will fimction as required by +2.17.3. + +SECTION 2.18 +SPEED GOVERNORS + +2.18.1 Speed Governors Required and Location + +2.18.1.1 Counterweight safeties, where provided +with rated speeds over 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min), and car +safeties shall be actuated by separate speed governors. + +Where counterweight safeties are furnished to provide +ascending car overspeed protection in accordance with +2.19.1.1, they shall be actuated by a counterweight speed +governor (see 2.17.4.) + + + +62 + + + +2.18.1.2-2.18.3.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +Table 2.18.2.1 Maximum Car Speeds at Which Speed Governor Trips and Governor Overspeed + +Switch Operates + + + + + +SI Units + + + + + + +Imperial Units + + + + + + + + +Maximum Car Speed + + + + + + +Maximum Car Speed + + + + + + +at Wiiich Governor + + + + + + +at Which Governor + + + + +Maximum + + +Overspeed Switcli + + + + +Maximum + + +Overspeed Switch + + +Rated + + +Car Governor + + +Operates, Down, + + +Rated + + +Car Governor + + +Operates, Down, + + +Speed, + + +Trip Speed, + + +m/s + + +Speed, + + +Trip Speed, + + +ft/min + + +m/s + + +m/s + + +[Note (1)] + + +ft/min + + +ft/min + + +[Note (1)1 + + +0-0.63 + + +0.90 + + +0.81 + + +0-125 + + +175 + + +175 + + +0.75 + + +1.05 + + +0.95 + + +150 + + +210 + + +210 + + +0.87 + + +1.25 + + +1.13 + + +175 + + +250 + + +225 + + +1.00 + + +1.40 + + +1.26 + + +200 + + +280 + + +252 + + +1.12 + + +1.55 + + +1.40 + + +225 + + +308 + + +277 + + +1.25 + + +1.70 + + +1.53 + + +250 + + +337 + + +303 + + +1.50 + + +2.00 + + +1.80 + + +300 + + +395 + + +355 + + +1.75 + + +2.30 + + +2.07 + + +350 + + +452 + + +407 + + +2.00 + + +2.55 + + +2.30 + + +400 + + +510 + + +459 + + +2.25 + + +2.90 + + +2.61 + + +450 + + +568 + + +512 + + +2.50 + + +3.15 + + +2.84 + + +500 + + +625 + + +563 + + +3.00 + + +3.70 + + +3.52 + + +600 + + +740 + + +703 + + +3.50 + + +4.30 + + +4.09 + + +700 + + +855 + + +812 + + +4.00 + + +4.85 + + +4.61 + + +800 + + +970 + + +921 + + +4.50 + + +5.50 + + +5.23 + + +900 + + +1,085 + + +1,031 + + +5.00 + + +6.00 + + +5.70 + + +1,000 + + +1,200 + + +1,140 + + +5.50 + + +6.60 + + +6.27 + + +1,100 + + +1,320 + + +1,254 + + +6.00 + + +7.20 + + +6.84 + + +1,200 + + +1,440 + + +1,368 + + +6.50 + + +7.80 + + +7.41 + + +1,300 + + +1,560 + + +1,482 + + +7.00 + + +8.40 + + +7.98 + + +1,400 + + +1,680 + + +1,596 + + +7.50 + + +9.00 + + +8.55 + + +1,500 + + +1,800 + + +1,710 + + +8.00 + + +9.60 + + +9.12 + + +1,600 + + +1,920 + + +1,824 + + +8.50 + + +10.20 + + +9.69 + + +1,700 + + +2,040 + + +1,938 + + +9.00 + + +10.80 + + +10.26 + + +1,800 + + +2,160 + + +2,052 + + +9.50 + + +11.40 + + +10.83 + + +1,900 + + +2,280 + + +2,166 + + +10.00 + + +12.00 + + +11.40 + + +2,000 + + +2,400 + + +2,280 + + + +NOTE: + +(1) See 2.18.4.2.5. + + + +(ED) + + + +2.18.1.2 The governor shall be located where it can- +not be struck by the car or the counterweight in case of +overtravel, and where there is adequate space for full +movement of governor parts. + +2.18.2 Tripping Speeds for Speed Governors + +2.18.2.1 Car Speed Governors. Speed governors for +car safeties shall be set to trip at car speeds as follows: + +(a) at not less than 115% of the rated speed. + +(b) at not more than the tripping speed listed opposite +the applicable rated speed in Table 2.18.2.1. Maximum +tripping speeds for intermediate rated speeds shall be +determined from Fig. 8.2.5. For rated speeds exceeding +10 m/s (2,000 ft/min), the maximum tripping speeds +shall not exceed 120% of the rated speed. + + + +2.18.2.2 Counterweight Speed Governors. Speed gov- +ernors, where provided for counterweight safeties, shall +be set to trip at an overspeed greater than that at which +the car speed governor is to trip, but not more than 10% +higher. + +2.18.3 Sealing and Painting of Speed Governors + +2.18.3.1 Speed governors shall have their means of +speed adjustment sealed after test. If speed governors +are painted after sealing, all bearing and rubbing sur- +faces shall be kept free or freed of paint and a hand +test made to determine that all parts operate freely as +intended. + +2.18.3.2 Where the rope retarding means provides +for adjustment of the rope pull-through force (tension). + + + +63 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.18,3.2-2.18.6.1 + + + +means shall be provided to seal the means of adjustment +of the rope tension. + +(ED) 2.18.3.3 Seals shall be of a type that will prevent +readjustment of the sealed governor adjustments with- +out breaking the seal. Provision shall be made to enable +affixing seals after tests. + +2.18.4 Speed-Governor Overspeed Switch + +2.18.4.1 Where Required and Function + +2.18.4.1.1 A switch shall be provided on every +car and counterweight speed governor (see 2.26.2.10). + +2.18.4.1.2 The switches required in 2.18.4.1.1 shall +be operated by the overspeed action of the governor, +except that the counterweight governor switch shall be +permitted to be operated upon activation of the counter- +weight governor-rope retarding means (see 2.18.6.1). + +2.18.4.2 Setting of Car Speed-Governor Overspeed +Switches. The setting of the car speed-governor +overspeed switch shall conform to 2.18.4.2.1 through +2.18.4.2.6. + +2.18.4.2.1 For rated speeds more than 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min), up to and including 2.5 m/s (500 ft/min), +the car speed-governor overspeed switch shall open in +the down direction of the elevator at not more than 90% +of the speed at which the governor is set to trip in the +down direction. + +2.18.4.2.2 For rated speeds more than 2.5 m/s +(500 ft/min), the car speed-governor overspeed switch +shall open in the down direction of the elevator at not +more than 95% of the speed at which the governor is +set to trip in the down direction. + +2.18.4.2.3 For elevators with static control, the +car speed-governor overspeed switch shall open in the +down direction of the elevator at not more than 90% of +the speed at which the governor is set to trip in the +down direction. + +2.18.4.2.4 The switch, when set as specified in +either 2.18.4.2.1, 2.18.4.2.2, or 2.18.4.2.3, shall open in the +up direction at not more than 100% of the speed at which +the governor is set to trip in the down direction. + +2.18.4.2.5 The speed-governor overspeed switch +shall be permitted to open in the down direction of the +elevator at not more than 100% of the speed at which +the governor is set to trip in the down direction, subject +to the following requirements: + +(a) A speed-reducing switch of the manually reset +type is provided on the governor, which will reduce the +speed of the elevator in case of overspeed, and which +shall be set to open as specified in 2.18.4.2.1, 2.18.4.2.2, +or 2.18.4.2.3. + +(b) Subsequent to the first stop of the car following +the opening of the speed-reducing switch, the car shall + + + +remain inoperative until the switch is manually reset. + +2.18.4.3 Setting of the Counterweight Governor +Switch. Where the counterweight governor switch is +operated by the overspeed action (see 2.18.2.2), the +switch shall be set to open when the counterweight is +descending at a speed greater than the elevator rated +speed, but not more than the speed at which the counter- +weight governor is set to trip. + +2.18.4.4 Type of Speed-Governor Overspeed Switches +and Speed-Reducing Switches. Switches used to perform +the function specified shall be positively opened. +Overspeed and speed-reducing switches permitted by +2.18.4.2.5 and operated by the speed governor shall +remain in the open position until manually reset. + +2.18.5 Governor Ropes + +2.18.5.1 Material and Factor of Safety. Governor +ropes shall be of iron, steel, monel metal, phosphor +bronze, or stainless steel. They shall be of a regular-lay +construction and not less than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) in +diameter. The factor of safety of governor ropes shall be +not less than 5. Tiller-rope construction shall not be used. + +2.18.5.2 Speed-Governor-Rope Clearance. During +normal operation of the elevator, the governor rope shall +run free and clear of the governor jaws, rope guards, or +other stationary parts. + +2.18.5.3 Governor-Rope Tag. A metal data tag shall +be securely attached to the governor rope fastening. This +data tag shall bear the following wire-rope data: + +(a) the diameter (mm or in.) + +(b) the manufacturer's rated breaking strength + +(c) the grade of material used + +(d) the year and month the rope was installed + +(e) whether nonpreformed or preformed + +(f) construction classification + +(g) name of the person or organization who installed +the rope + +(h) name or trademark by which the manufacturer of +the rope can be identified + +A new tag shall be installed at each rope renewal. The +material and marking of the rope data tag shall conform +to 2.16.3.3, except that the height of the letters and figures +shall be not less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.). + +2.18.6 Design of Governor-Rope Retarding iVIeans for +Type B Safeties + +Type B car and counterweight safeties shall be acti- +vated by a speed governor with a governor-rope +retarding means conforming to 2.18.6.1 through 2.18.6.5. + +2.18.6.1 Upon activation at the tripping speeds +given by 2.18.2, the means shall retard the rope with a +force that is at least 67% greater than the force required to +activate the safety or to trip the governor-rope releasing +carrier, where used (see 2.17.15). + + + +64 + + + +2.18.6.2-2.19.1.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.18.6.2 The means shall be set to allow the governor +rope to slip through the speed governor at a rope tension +(the governor pull-through tension) higher than +required to activate the safety or to trip the releasing +carrier as specified in 2.17.15. The maximum tension in +the rope shall not exceed one-fifth of the rated ultimate +strength of the rope. + +2.18.6.3 The means shall be designed to prevent +appreciable damage to, or deformation of, the governor +rope resulting from its application (stopping action). + +2.18.6.4 The means shall provide a continuous ten- +sion in the governor rope as required to operate the +safety during the entire stopping interval in accordance +with 2.17.5.2. + +2.18.6.5 The governor shall be arranged to be +tripped by hand to facilitate the tests specified in 8.10. + +2.18.7 Design of Speed-Governor Sheaves and +Traction Between Speed-Governor Rope and +Sheave + +2.18.7.1 The arc of contact between the governor +rope and the governor sheave shall, in conjunction with +a governor-rope tension device, provide sufficient trac- +tion to cause proper functioning of the governor. + +2.18.7.2 Where the rope force imparted to the gover- +nor rope (see 2.18.6.1) necessary to activate the safety, +or to trip the releasing carrier, if used, is dependent +upon the tension in the governor rope prior to governor +tripping, a switch or switches mechanically opened by +the governor tension sheave before the sheave reaches +its upper or lower limit of travel shall be provided. This +switch shall be of the manually reset type and shall +conform to 2.26.4.3. Subsequent to the first stop of the +car following the opening of the switch, the car shall +remain inoperative until the switch is manually reset. + +2.18.7.3 Governor sheave grooves shall have +machine-finished surfaces. Governor tension sheaves +shall have machine-finished grooves for rated car speeds +of more than 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min). Machined governor +sheave grooves shall have a groove diameter of not more +than 1.15 times the diameter of the governor rope. + +2.18.7.4 The pitch diameter of governor sheaves and +governor tension sheaves shall be not less than the prod- +uct of the diameter of the rope and the applicable multi- +plier listed in Table 2.18.7.4, based on the rated speed +and the number of strands in the rope. + +2.18.8 Factors of Safety in Load-Bearing Parts of +Speed Governor + +2.18.8.1 Material, except cast iron, used in load- +bearing parts of speed governors shall have a factor of +safety of not less than 3.5, and the materials used shall +have an elongation of not less than 15% in a length of + + + +Table 2.18.7.4 Multiplier for Determining +Governor Sheave Pitch Diameter + + + +Rated Speed, +m/s (ft/min) + + + +Number of Strands + + + +Multiplier + + + +1.00 or less (200 or less) + + +6 + + +42 + + +1.00 or less (200 or less) + + +8 + + +30 + + +Over 1.00 (over 200) + + +6 + + +46 + + +Over 1.00 (over 200) + + +8 + + +32 + + + +50 mm (2 in.) when tested in accordance with ASTM E +8. Forged, cast, or welded parts shall be stress relieved. +Cast iron shall have a factor of safety of not less than 10. + +2.18.8.2 The factors of safety shall be based upon +the maximum stresses developed in the parts during +normal or governor tripping operation. + +2.18.9 Speed-Governor i\/larl + + +s + + +s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +V + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +*x + + +s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +•■"- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + +\ + + +s + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + +V + + +-; + + +i3 + + +5 + + +tgC + + +,#. + + + + + + +il + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +^ + + +0; ic + + + + + + + + + + +w + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + + + +-- + + +- + + +- + + +.._ + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + +"Ni^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i 1 + + +V + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +s. + + +m^^ + + +^ + + +- + + +.... + + +.... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +^ + + +V + + +s + + +N^, + + +-; + + +!7 + + +5 + + + + + + +8.^ + + + + + + +il- + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +^ + + + +• •• + +• • • + +• • • + +REAR/SIDE OP"EN" + + + +■ + + + +Door Close + + + +►14 + + + +• • • • + +• • • « + +• • • + +CLOSE + + + +I + + + +•• CO so oa ao +oo mo o* ao oa +oo ao ao ao oo + + + +Rear/Side +Door Close + + + +►4 + + + +•• • • • • + +• • • O + +• • • + +REAR/SIDE CLOSE + + + +•• ao ao oa ao +oo ao oa ao oa +oo ao ao ao oo + + + +Main + + + +• •• + +i + +• • + +MA"IN" + + + +m + + + +Alarm + + + +4^ + + + + + + +• •• +AL"AR"M + + + + +ao ao o» aa +oo ao oa oo +oo ao ao ao + + + +Phone + + + +c + + + +• •• + + + +PH"ONE" + + + +I + + + +aa ao oo ao +ao •• oa oa +ao oo oo ao + + + +Emergency +Stop + + + +O + + + +• • • +"ST"OP + + + + +ao ao ao + + + +96 + + + +2.26.12.4-2.27.1.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.26.12.4 Identify "HELP" button [see 2.27.1.1.3(b)] +and visual indication [see 2.27.1.1.3(c)] with the phone +symbol. + +SECTION 2.27 +EMERGENCY OPERATION AND SIGNALING DEVICES + +NOTE (2.27): Additional requirements may be found in the build- +ing code. + +2.27.1 Car Emergency Signaling Devices +2.27.1.1 Emergency Communications + +2.27.1.1.1 A two-way communications means +between the car and a location in the building, that is +readily accessible to authorized and emergency person- +nel shall be provided. + +2.27.1.1.2 When the two-way communications +location in the building is not staffed 24 h a day, by +authorized personnel who can take appropriate action, +the means of two-way communications shall automati- +cally be directed within 30 s to an additional on- or off- +site location, staffed by authorized personnel, where an +appropriate response can be taken. + +2.27.1.1.3 The two-way communication means +within the car shall comply with the following require- +ments: + +(a) In jurisdictions enforcing NBCC, Appendix E of +CAN/CSA B44, or in jurisdictions not enforcing NBCC, +ICC/ANSI A117.1. + +(b) A push button to actuate the two-way communica- +tion means shall be provided in or adjacent to a car +operating panel. The push button shall be visible and +permanently identified as "HELP." The identification +shall be on or adjacent to the "HELP" button. When +the push button is actuated, the emergency two-way +communication means shall initiate a caU for help and +establish two-way communications. + +(c) A visual indication on the same panel as the +"HELP" push button shall be provided, which is acti- +vated by authorized personnel, to acknowledge that +two-way conmiunications link has been established. The +visual indication shall be extinguished when the two- +way communication link is terminated. + +(d) The two-way communication means shall provide +on demand to authorized personnel, information that +identifies the building location and elevator number and +that assistance is required. + +(e) After the call acknowledgement signals are sent +[2.27.1.1.3(c)], the two-way voice communications shall +be available between the car and authorized personnel. + +(f) The two-way communications, once established, +shall be disconnected only when authorized personnel +outside the car terminate the call. + +(g) The two-way communication means shall not use +a handset in the car. + + + +(h) The two-way communications shall not be trans- +mitted to an automated answering system. The call for +help shall be answered by authorized personnel. + +(i) Operating instructions shall be incorporated with +or adjacent to the "HELP" button. + +2.27.1.1.4 Where the elevator travel is 18 m (60 ft) +or more, a two-way voice communication means within +the building shall be provided and comply with the +following requirements: + +(a) The means shall enable emergency personnel +within the building to establish two-way voice commu- +nications to each car individually. Two-way voice com- +munication shall be established without any intentional +delay and shall not require intervention by a person +within the car. The means shall override communica- +tions to outside of the building. + +(b) Two-way voice communications, once established, +shall be disconnected only when emergency personnel +outside the car terminates the call. + +(c) Once the two-way voice communication has been +established, the visual indication [see 2.27.1.1.3(c)] +within the car shall illuminate. The visual indication +shall be extinguished when the two-way communication +is terminated. + +(d) Operating instructions shall be incorporated with +or adjacent to the two-way voice communication outside +the car. Instructions shall conform to 2.27.7.3. + +2.27.1.1.5 If the emergency commimication +means is normally connected to the building power sup- +ply, it shall automatically transfer to a source of standby +or emergency power as required by the applicable build- +ing code or, where applicable. Standard for Health Care +Facilities (ANSI/NFPA-99), after the normal power sup- +ply fails. The power source shall be capable of providing +for illumination of the visual indication [see 2.27.1.1.3(c)] +within the car, and the means of emergency communica- +tions for at least 4 h; and the audible signaling device +(see 2.27.1.2) for at least 1 h. + +2.27.1.2 Emergency Stop Switch Audible Signal. + +When an emergency stop switch (2.26.2.5) is provided, +an audible signaling device shall be provided. The audi- +ble signaling device shall + +(a) have a rated sound pressure rating of not less than +80 dBA nor greater than 90 dBA at 3 m (10 ft) + +(b) respond without delay after the switch has been +activated + +(c) be located inside the building and audible inside +the car and outside the hoistway + +(d) for elevators with a travel greater than 30 m +(100 ft), be duplicated as follows: + +(1) one device shall be mounted on the car + +(2) a second device shall be placed at the desig- +nated level + + + +97 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.27.2-2.27.3.1.5 + + + +2.27.2 Emergency or Standby Power System + +Where an emergency or standby power system is pro- +vided to operate an elevator in the event of normal +power supply failure, the requirements of 2.27.2.1 +through 2.27.2.5 shall be complied with. + +2.27.2.1 The emergency or standby power system +shall be capable of operating the elevator(s) with rated +load (see 2.16.8), at least one at a time, urJess otherwise +required by the building code. + +2.27.2.2 The transfer between the normal and the +emergency or standby power system shall be automatic. + +2.27.2.3 An illuminated signal marked "ELEVATOR +EMERGENCY POWER" shall be provided in the eleva- +tor lobby at the designated level to indicate that the +normal power supply has failed and the emergency or +standby power is in effect. + +2.27.2.4 Where the emergency or standby power +system is not capable of operating all elevators simulta- +neously, requirements of 2.27.2.4.1 through 2.27.2.4.5 +shall be conformed to. + +2.27.2.4.1 A selector switch(es) marked "ELEVA- +TOR EMERGENCY POWER" in red lettering a mini- +mum of 5 mm (0.25 in.) in height, which is key-operated +or under a locked cover (see 2.27.8), shall be provided +to permit the selection of the elevator(s) to operate on +the emergency or standby power system. The key shall +be Group 3 Security (see 8.1). + +2.27.2.4.2 The selector switch(es) positions shall +be marked to correspond with the elevator identification +number (see 2.29) and a position marked "AUTO." + +2.27.2.4.3 The selector switch(es) shall be located +at the designated level in view of all elevator entrances, +or if located elsewhere means shall be provided adjacent +to the selector switch(es) to indicate that the elevator is +at the designated level with the doors in the normally +open position. + +2.27.2.4.4 When the selector switch is in the +"AUTO" position, automatic power selection shall be +provided, which will return each elevator that is not on +designated attendant operation, inspection operation or +Phase II In-Car Emergency Operation, one or more at a +time, to the recall level. Failure of the selected car to +move shall cause power to be transferred to another car. + +2.27.2.4.5 The selector switch(es) positions corres- +ponding to the elevator identification numbers (see +2.29.1) shall override the automatic power selection. +Operation of the selector switch(es) shall not cause +power to be removed from any elevator imtil the elevator +is stopped. + +NOTE (2.27.2.4): The selector switch(es) should normally be placed +in the "AUTO" position. + + + +2.27.2.5 When the emergency or standby power sys- +tem is designed to operate only one elevator at a time, +the energy absorption means (if required) shall be per- +mitted to be located on the supply side of the elevator +power disconnecting means, provided all other require- +ments of 2.26.10 are conformed to when operating any +of the elevators the power might serve. Other building +loads, such as power and lights that can be supplied by +the emergency or standby power system, shall not be +considered as a means of absorbing the regenerated +energy for the purposes of conforming to 2.26.10, unless +such loads are normally powered by the emergency or +standby power system. + +2.27.3 Firefighters' Emergency Operation: Automatic +Elevators + +Firefighters' Emergency Operation shall apply to all +automatic elevators except + +(a) where the hoistway or a portion thereof is not +required to be fire-resistive construction (see 2.1.1.1), the +travel does not exceed 2 000 mm (80 in.), and the +hoistway does not penetrate a floor + +(b) in jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC where the +NBCC does not require Firefighters' Emergency Oper- +ation + +Where Firefighters' Emergency Operation is provided +voluntarily these requirements shall also apply. + +2.27.3.1 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation + +2.27.3.1.1 A three-position key-operated switch +shall be + +(a) provided only at the designated level for each +single elevator or for each group of elevators. + +(b) labeled "FIRE RECALL" and its positions marked +"RESET," "OFF," and "ON" (in that order), with the +"OFF" position as the center position. The "FIRE +RECALL" letters shall be a minimum of 5 mm (0.25 in.) +high in red or a color contrasting with a red background. + +(c) located in the lobby within sight of the elevator or +all elevators in that group and shall be readily accessible. + +2.27.3.1.2 An additional key-operated "FIRE +RECALL" switch, with two positions, marked "OFF" +and "ON" (in that order), shall be permitted only at the +building fire control station. + +2.27.3.1.3 The switch(es) shall be rotated clock- +wise to go from the "RESET" (designated level switch +only), to "OFF" to "ON" positions. Keys shall be remov- +able only in the "OFF" and "ON" positions. + +2.27.3.1.4 Only the "FIRE RECALL" switch(es) or +fire alarm initiating device located at floors that are +served by the elevator, or in the hoistway, or in the +elevator machine room (see 2.27.3.2) shall initiate Phase +I Emergency Recall Operation. + +2.27.3.1.5 All "FIRE RECALL" switches shall be +provided with an illuminated visual signal to indicate + + + +98 + + + +2.27.3.1.5-2.27.3.2.1 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +# + + + +when Phase I Emergency Recall Operation is in effect. + +2.27.3.1.6 When a "FIRE RECALL" switch is in +the "ON" position all cars controlled by the switch shall +operate as follows: + +(a) A car traveling towards the designated level shall +continue nonstop to the designated level and power- +operated doors shall open and remain open. + +On cars with two entrances, if both entrances can be +opened at the designated level, only the doors serving +the lobby where the "FIRE RECALL" switch is located +shall open and remain open. + +(b) A car traveling away from the designated level +shall reverse at or before the next available landing with- +out opening its doors and proceed to designated level. + +(c) A stopped car shall have the in-car stop switch +(see 2.26.2.21) and the emergency stop switch in the car +(see 2.26.2.5) when provided, rendered inoperative as +soon as the car moves away from the landing. A moving +car shall have the in-car stop switch and the emergency +stop switch in the car when provided, rendered inopera- +tive without delay. Once the emergency stop switch in +the car and the in-car stop switch have been rendered +inoperative, they shall remain inoperative while the car +is on Phase I Emergency Recall Operation. All other stop +switches required by 2.26.2 shall remain operative. + +(d) A car standing at a landing other than the desig- +nated level, with the doors open and the in-car stop +switch and the emergency stop switch in the car when +provided, in the run position, shall conform to the fol- +lowing: + +(1) Elevators having automatic power-operated +horizontally sliding doors shall close the doors without +delay and proceed to the designated level. + +(2) Elevators having power-operated vertically +sliding doors provided with automatic or momentary +pressure closing operation per 2.13.3.4 shall have the +closing sequence initiated without delay in accordance +with 2.13.3.4.1, 2.13.3.4.2, 2.13.3.4.3, and 2.13.3.4.5, and +the car shaU proceed to the designated level. + +(3) Elevators having power-operated doors pro- +vided with continuous pressure closing operation (see +2.13.3.2), or elevators having manual doors, shall be pro- +vided with a visual and audible signal system [see +2.27.3.1.6(h)] to alert an operator to close the doors and +shall, when the doors are closed, proceed to the desig- +nated level. Sequence operation, if provided, shall +remain effective. + +(e) Door reopening devices for power-operated doors +that are sensitive to smoke or flame shall be rendered +inoperative without delay. Door reopening devices not +sensitive to smoke or flame (e.g., mechanically actuated +devices) are permitted to remain operative. Door closing +for power-operated doors shall conform to 2.13.5. + +(f) All car and corridor call buttons shall be rendered +inoperative. All call-registered lights and directional lan- +terns shall be extinguished and remain inoperative. Car + + + +position indicators, where provided, shall remain opera- +tive. Where provided, landing position indicators shall +be extinguished and remain inoperative, except at the +designated level and the building fire control station, +where they shall remain operative. + +(g) Where provided on elevators with vertically slid- +ing doors, corridor door open and door close buttons +shall remain operative. + +(h) An illuminated visual and audible signal system (04) +shall be activated. The visual signal shall be one of the +symbols shown in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) and located on the +car-operating panel. The entire circular or square area +or the outline of the hat, or the outline of the area shown +in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) shall be illuminated. The visual sig- +nal shall remain activated imtil the car is restored to +automatic operation. When the door is open, the audible +signal shall remain active until the door is closed. When +the door is closed, the audible signal shall remain active +for a minimum of 5 s. The audible signal shall not be +active when the car is at the recall level. + +(i) A car stopped at a landing shall have the in-car +door open button rendered inoperative as soon as the +car moves away from the landing. The in-car door close +button shall remain inoperative when a car stops to +reverse direction. Once the in-car door open button has +been rendered inoperative, it shall remain inoperative +until the car has returned to the designated level. + +(;■) Where an additional "FIRE RECALL" switch is +provided, both "FIRE RECALL" switches shall be in the +"ON" position to recall the elevator to the designated +level if the elevator was recalled to the alternate level +(see 2.27.3.2.4). + +(k) To remove the elevator(s) from Phase I Emergency +Recall Operation, the "FIRE RECALL" switch shall be +rotated first to the "RESET," and then to the "OFF" +position, provided that + +(1) the additional two-position "FIRE RECALL" +switch, where provided, is in the "OFF" position + +(2) no fire alarm initiating device is activated (see +2.27.3.2). + +(/) Means used to remove elevators from normal oper- +ation, other than as specified in this Code, shall not +prevent Phase I Emergency Recall Operation. + +(m) No device, which measures load, shall prevent +operation of the elevator at or below the capacity and +loading required in 2.16. + +2.27.3.2 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation by Fire +Alarm Initiating Devices + +2.27.3.2.1 In jurisdictions not enforcing the +NBCC, fire alarm initiating devices used to initiate Phase +I Emergency Recall Operation shall be installed in con- +formance with the requirements of NFPA 72, and shall +be located + +(a) at each floor served by the elevator + +(b) in the associated elevator machine room + + + +99 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +2.27.3.2.1-2.27.3.3 + + + + + +GENERAL NOTE: Grid is for scaling purposes only. + +Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) Visual Signal + + + +(c) in the elevator hoistway, when sprinklers are +located in those hoistways + +2.27.3.2.2 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC, +automatic Emergency Recall Operation shall be permit- +ted when the following devices, complying with the +requirements in the NBCC, initiate the operation: + +(a) smoke detectors installed in each elevator lobby, +or the building fire alarm system + +(b) smoke detectors installed in the elevator lobby at +the designated level, if that floor area is not sprlnklered +throughout + +(c) smoke detectors installed in the machine room if +the machine room is sprinklered + +2.27.3.2.3 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation to +the designated level shall conform to the following: + +(a) The activation of a fire alarm initiating device +specified in 2.27.3.2.1 or 2.27.3.2.2(a) at any floor, other +than at the designated level, shall cause all elevators +that serve that floor, and any associated elevator of a +group automatic operation, to be returned nonstop to +the designated level. + +(b) The activation of a fire alarm initiating device +specified in 2.27.3.2.1(b) or 2.27.3.2.2(c) shall cause all +elevators having any equipment located in that machine +room, and any associated elevators of a group automatic +operation, to be returned nonstop to the designated +level. If the machine room is located at the designated +level, the elevator(s) shall be returned nonstop to the +alternate level. + +(c) The activation of a fire alarm initiating device spec- +ified in 2.27.3.2.1(c) shall cause all elevators having any +equipment in that hoistway, and any associated elevators +of a group automatic operation, to be returned nonstop +to the designated level, except that initiating device(s) +installed at or below the lowest landing of recall shall +cause the car to be sent to the upper recall level. + + + +(d) The Phase I Emergency Recall Operation to the +designated level shall conform to 2.27.3.1.6(a) through +(m). + +2.27.3.2.4 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation to +an alternate level (see 1.3) shall conform to the following: + +(a) the activation of a fire alarm initiating device spec- +ified in 2.27.3.2.1(a) or 2.27.3.2.2(a) that is located at the +designated level, shall cause all elevators serving that +level to be recalled to an alternate level, unless a "FIRE +RECALL" switch is already in the "ON" position + +(b) the requirements of 2.27.3.1.6(f), (j), and (m) + +(c) the requirements of 2.27.3.1.6(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), +(g), (h), (i), (k), and (1), except that all references to the +"designated level" shall be replaced with "alternate +level" + +2.27.3.2.5 The recall level shall be determined by +the first activated fire alarm initiating device for that +group [see 2.27.3.2.1 or 2.27.3.2.2, see also 2.27.3.1.6(j)]. + +2.27.3.2.6 When a fire alarm initiating device in +the machine room or hoistway initiates Phase I Emer- +gency Recall Operation, as required by 2.27.3.2.3 or +2.27.3.2.4, the visual signal [see 2.27.3.1.6(h) and Fig. +2.27.3.1.6(h)] shall illuminate intermittently orUy in a +car(s) with equipment in that machine room or hoistway. +When activated, heat detector [2.27.3.2.1(d)] in the +machine room shall cause the visual signal [see +2.27.3.1.6(h) and Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h)] to illuminate intermit- +tently only in a car(s) with equipment in that machine +room. + +2.27.3.3 Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation. A + +three-position ("OFF," "HOLD," and "ON," in that +order) key-operated switch shall be labeled "FIRE +OPERATION"; provided in an operating panel in each +car; and shall be readily accessible. The label "FIRE +OPERATION" lettering shall be a minimum of 5 mm +(0.25 in.) high in red or a color contrasting with a red + + + +(04) + + + +100 + + + +2.27.3.3-2.27.3.3.4 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +background. It shall become effective only when Phase + +I Emergency Recall Operation is in effect and the car +has been returned to the recall level. The switch shall +be rotated clockwise to go from "OFF" to "HOLD" to +"ON." + +The key shall only be removable in the "OFF" and +"HOLD" position. The "OFF," "HOLD," and "ON" posi- +tions shall not change the mode of operation within +Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation until the car is at +a landing with the doors in the normal open position, +except as required by 2.27.3.3.4. + +(04) 2.27.3.3.1 When the "FIRE OPERATION" switch + +is in the "ON" position, the elevator shall be on Phase + +II Emergency In-Car Operation, for use by emergency +personnel only, and the elevator shall operate as follows: + +(a) The elevator shall be operable only by a person +in the car. + +(b) The car shall not respond to landing calls. Direc- +tional lanterns, where provided, shall remain inopera- +tive. Car position indicators, where provided, shall +remain operative. Landing position indicators, where +provided, shall remain inoperative, except at the desig- +nated level and the building fire control station, where +they shall remain operative. + +(c) Door open and close buttons shall be provided +for power-operated doors and located as required by +2.27.3.3.7. The door open and door close buttons shall +be labeled "OPEN" and "CLOSE." + +(d) The opening of power-operated doors shall be +controlled only by a continuous pressure door open but- +ton. If the button is released prior to the doors reaching +the normal open position, the doors shall automatically +reclose. Requirements 2.13.3.3, 2.13.3.4, 2.13.4.2.1(b)(2), +and 2.13.4.2.1(c) do not apply + +On cars with multiple entrances, if more than one +entrance can be opened at the same landing, separate +door open buttons shall be provided for each entrance. + +(e) Open power-operated doors shall be closed only +by continuous pressure on the door close button. If the +button is released prior to the doors reaching the fully +closed position, horizontally sliding doors shall auto- +matically reopen, and vertically sliding doors shall auto- +matically stop or stop and reopen. + +On cars with multiple entrances, if more than one +entrance can be opened at the same landing, a separate +door close button shall be provided for each entrance. + +(f) Opening and closing of power-operated car doors +or gates that are opposite manual swing or manual slide +hoistway doors shall conform to 2.27.3.3.1(d) and (e). + +(g) All door reopening devices, except the door open +button, shall be rendered inoperative. Full speed closing +shall be permitted. + +Landing door opening and closing buttons, where +provided, shall be rendered inoperative. + +(h) Every car shall be provided with a button labeled +"CALL CANCEL," located as required in 2.27.3.3.7, + + + +which shall be effective during Phase II Emergency In- +Car Operation. When activated, all registered calls shall +be canceled and a traveling car shall stop at or before +the next available landing. + +(i) Floor selection buttons shall be provided in the car +to permit travel to all landings served by the car, and +they shall be operative at all times, except as in 2.27.3.3.2. +Means to prevent the operation of the floor selection +buttons or door-operating buttons shall be rendered +inoperative. + +(j) A traveling car shall stop at the next available land- +ing for which a car call was registered. When a car stops +at a landing, all registered car calls shall be canceled. + +(k) Means used to remove elevators from normal +operation, other than as specified in this Code, shall not +prevent Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation. + +(/) No device, which measures load, shall prevent +operation of the elevator at or below the capacity and +loading required in 2.16. + +(m) Every car shall be provided with a switch, con- +forming to the requirements of 2.26.2.33 and located as +required in 2.27.3.3.7. When the switch is in the "STOP" +position, all registered calls shall be canceled and power +shall be removed from the elevator driving-machine +motor and brake. When the switch is moved to the +"RUN" position from the "STOP" position, the car shall +not move, except for leveling, until a call is entered. + +2.27.3.3.2 When the car is at a landing, with the +doors open, and the "FIRE OPERATION" switch is in +the "HOLD" position, the car shall remain at the landing +with the doors open. The door close buttons shall be +inoperative, and car calls shall not be registered. + +2.27.3.3.3 When the car is at a landing other than +the recall level, with the doors in the normal open posi- +tion, and, the "FIRE OPERATION" switch is in the +"OFF" position, power-operated doors shaU operate as +follows: + +(a) Horizontal sliding doors shall close automatically. +All door reopening devices shall remain inoperative. +Door open buttons shall remain operative. Full-speed +closing is permitted. If the "FIRE OPERATION" switch +is turned to the "ON" or "HOLD" position prior to the +completion of door closing, the doors shall reopen. + +(b) Elevators having vertically sliding doors shall +have corridor "DOOR OPEN" and "DOOR CLOSE" but- +tons rendered operative. All door reopening devices +shall remain inoperative. Door closing shall be in accor- +dance with 2.27.3.3.1(e). Full-speed closing is permitted. +If the "FIRE OPERATION" switch is turned to the "ON" +or "HOLD" position prior to the completion of door +closing, the doors shall reopen. + +2.27.3.3.4 When the car is stopped with the doors +in the closed position, or in motion, and the "FIRE OPER- +ATION" switch is in the "OFF" position, the elevator +remains on Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation and + + + +101 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +2.27.3.3.4-2.27.4.1 + + + +shall return to the designated level in conformance with +2.27.3.1.6(a) through (m). + +2.27.3.3.5 Elevators shall be removed from Phase +II Emergency In-Car Operation only when the "FIRE +OPERATION" switch is in the "OFF" position and the +car is at the designated level and the doors are in the +normal open position. + +2.27.3.3.6 The occurrence of an accidental ground +or short circuit in elevator electrical equipment located +on the landing side of the hoistway enclosure, and in +associated wiring, shall not disable Phase II Emergency +In-Car Operation once it has been activated. + +(04) 2.27.3.3.7 The "FIRE OPERATION" switch + +(2.27.3.3), the "CALL CANCEL" button [2.27.3.3.1(h)], +the "STOP" switch [2.27.3.3.1(m)], the door open but- +ton(s), the door close button(s), the additional visual +signal (2.27.3.3.8), and the operating instructions shown +in Fig. 2.27.7.2 shall be grouped together at the top of +a main car operating panel behind a locked cover. + +The firefighters' operation panel cover shall be open- +able by the same key that operates the "FIRE OPERA- +TION" switch. The cover shall be permitted to open +automatically when the car is on Phase I Emergency +Recall Operation and at the recall level. When the key +is in the "FIRE OPERATION" switch, the cover shall +not be capable of being closed. When closed, the cover +shall be self-locking. + +Where rear doors are provided, buttons for both the +front and rear doors shall be provided in the firefighters' +operation panel. The door open and door close buttons +for the rear entrance shall be labeled "OPEN REAR" +and "CLOSE REAR." + +All buttons and switches shall be readily accessible, +located not more than 1 800 mm (72 in.) above the floor +and shall be arranged as shown in Fig. 2.27.3.3.7. +Requirement 2.26.1.2 does not apply to these buttons +and switches. The front of the cover shall contain the +words "FIREFIGHTERS' OPERATION" in red letters at +least 10 mm (0.4 in.) high. + +(04) 2.27.3.3.8 An additional visual signal shall be pro- + +vided and located as required by 2.27.3.3.7. The addi- +tional visual signal shall be one of the symbols shown +in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h). The entire circular or square area +shown in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) shall be illuminated. This +additional visual signal shall be activated whenever the +visual signal in 2.27.3.1.6(h) is activated. + +2.27.3.4 Interruption of Power. Upon the resumption +of power (normal, emergency, or standby), the car shall +be permitted to move to reestablish absolute car posi- +tion. Restoration of electrical power following a power +interruption shall not cause any elevator to be removed +from Phase I Emergency Recall Operation or Phase II +Emergency In-Car Operation. + + + +Additional +visual signal + +4- + + + +Call +cancel + + + + +Door +open +button +(rear), +when +required + + + +Fire operation +key switch + + + +Stop +switch + + + +Door +close +button + + + +Door +close +button +(rear), +when +required + + + +GENERAL NOTES: + +(a) Switches and buttons show only the location not the labeling. + +(b) When manually operated doors are provided, door open and +close buttons and instructions for their use are not required. + +(c) Not to scale. + +Fig. 2.27.3.3.7 Panel Layout + + + +2.27.3.5 iVIulticompartment Elevators. Multicompart- +ment elevators shall also conform to 2.27.3.5.1 and +2.27.3.5.2. + +2.27.3.5.1 The "FIRE RECALL" switch (2.27.3.1) +shall be located at the designated level served by the +upper compartment. + +2.27.3.5.2 The "FIRE OPERATION" switch (see +2.27.3.3) shall be located in the upper compartment. The +elevator shall be provided with a means for placing +the lower compartment out of service, located in that +compartment or adjacent to the entrance at the lower +lobby landing. + +2.27.4 Firefigliters* Emergency Operation: +Nonautomatic Elevators + +Firefighters' Emergency Operation shall apply to all +nonautomatic elevators, except as follows: + +(a) where the hoistway or a portion thereof is not +required to be fire-resistive construction (see 2.1.1.1), the +travel does not exceed 2 000 mm (80 in.), and the +hoistway does not penetrate a floor + +(b) in jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC where the +NBCC does not require Firefighters' Emergency Oper- +ation + +(c) where Firefighters' Emergency Operation is pro- +vided voluntarily these requirements shall also apply + +2.27.4.1 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation. A + +three-position key-operated switch shall be provided at + + + +(04) + + + +102 + + + +2.27.4.1-2.27.6 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +• + + + +the designated level for each single elevator or for each +group of elevators. The three-position switch shall be +labeled "FIRE RECALL" and its positions marked +"RESET," "OFF," and "ON" (in that order), with the +"OFF" position as the center position. The "FIRE +RECALL" letters shall be a minimum of 5 mm (0.25 in.) +high in red or a color contrasting with a red background. +The three-position switch shall be located in the lobby +within sight of the elevator or all elevators in that group +and shall be readily accessible. + +An additional "FIRE RECALL" switch with two-posi- +tions, "OFF" and "ON" (in that order), shall be permitted +only at the building fire control station. + +The switch(es) shall be rotated clockwise to go from +the "RESET" (designated level switch only), to the +"OFF" and to the "ON" positions. All keys shall be +removable only in the "OFF" and "ON" positions. + +Only the "FIRE RECALL" switch(es) or fire alarm +initiating devices located at floors that are served by the +elevator, or in the hoistway, or in the elevator machine +room (see 2.27.3.2) shall initiate Phase I Emergency +Recall Operation. All "FIRE RECALL" switches shall be +provided with an illuminated visual signal to indicate +when Phase I Emergency Recall Operation is in effect. + +When all switches are in the "OFF" position, normal +elevator service shall be in effect and the fire alarm +initiating devices required by 2.27.4.2 shall be operative. + +When a "FIRE RECALL" switch is in the "ON" posi- +tion, a visual and audible signal shall be provided to +alert the attendant to return nonstop to the designated +or alternate level. The visual signal shall read "FIRE + +RECALL — RETURN TO " [insert level to which + +the car should be returned (the designated or alternate +level)]. The signal system shall be activated when Phase +I Emergency Recall Operation is in effect. + +Where an additional "FIRE RECALL" switch is pro- +vided, both "FIRE RECALL" switches must be in the +"ON" position to recall the elevator to the designated +level if the elevator was recalled to the alternate level. + +Where an additional "FIRE RECALL" switch is pro- +vided, it shall not affect the visual signal if the designated +level fire alarm initiating device (see 2.27.3.2.4) has been +activated. + +To extinguish the audible and visual signals, the "FIRE +RECALL" switch shall be rotated first to the "RESET" +and then to the "OFF" position, provided that: + +(a) the additional two-position "FIRE RECALL" +switch, where provided, is in the "OFF" position + +(b) no fire alarm initiating device is activated (see also +2.27.3.2.4) + +No device, which measures load, shall prevent opera- +tion of the elevator at or below the capacity and loading +required in 2.16. + +(04) 2.27.4.2 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation by Fire +Alarm Initiating Devices. Fire alarm initiating devices +shall be installed at each floor served by the elevator, and + + + +in the associated machine room and elevator hoistway, in +compliance with the requirements in NFPA 72 or NBCC, +whichever is applicable (see Part 9). In jurisdictions +enforcing the NBCC, compliance with 2.27.4.2 is not +required where the NBCC specifies manual Emergency +Recall operations only. + +Phase I Emergency Recall Operation, conforming to +2.27.4.1, shall be initiated when any Phase I Emergency +Recall Operation fire alarm initiating device at the eleva- +tor lobbies, machine room, or hoistway is activated. + +Phase I Emergency Recall Operation, when initiated +by a Phase I Emergency Recall Operation fire alarm +initiating device, shall be maintained until canceled by +moving the "FIRE RECALL" switch to the "RESET" +position. + +When a fire alarm initiating device in the machine +room or hoistway initiates Phase I Emergency Recall +Operation, as required by 2.27.3.2.3 or 2.27.3.2.4, the +visual signal [see 2.27.3.1.6(h) and Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h)] shall +illun\tnate intermittently only in a car(s) with equipment +in that machine room or hoistway. When activated, a +heat detector [2.27.3.2.1(d)] in the machine room shall +cause the visual signal [see 2.27.3.1.6(h) and Fig. +2.27.3.1.6(h)] to illuminate intermittently only in a car(s) +with equipment in that machine room. + +2.27.5 Firefighters' Emergency Operation: Automatic +Elevators With Designated-Attendant +Operation + +2.27.5.1 When designated-attendant operation is +not in effect, elevators shall conform to 2.27.3. + +2.27.5.2 When operated by a designated attendant +in the car, except hospital service: + +(a) elevators parked at a floor shall conform to +2.27.3.1.6(h). At the completion of a time delay of not +less than 10 s and not more than 30 s, elevators shall +conform to 2.27.3. + +(b) A moving car shall conform to 2.27.3. + +2.27.5.3 When on hospital service, the elevator shall +conform to 2.27.3.1.6(h) while Phase I Emergency Recall +Operation is in effect. An elevator on firefighter emer- +gency operation shall not be placed on hospital service. + +2.27.6 Firefighters' Emergency Operation: Inspection +Operation + +When an elevator that is provided with firefighters' +service is on inspection operation (see 2.26.1.4 and +2.26.1.5) or when the hoistway access switch(es) has been +enabled [see 2.12.7.3.3(a)], a continuous audible signal, +audible at the location where the operation is activated +shall sound when the "FIRE RECALL" switch(es) (see +2.27.3.1) is in the "ON" position or when the fire alarm +initiating device (see 2.27.3.2) is activated to alert the +operator of an emergency. The car shall remain under +the control of the operator until removed from inspection + + + +103 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +2.27.6-2.29.1 + + + +FIREFIGHTERS' OPERATION + +To recall elevators +Insert fire key and turn to "ON" + + + +Fig. 2.27.7.1 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation +Instructions + + + +operation or hoistway access operation. Inspection oper- +ation or hoistway access operation shall take precedence +over Phase I Emergency Recall Operation and Phase II +Emergency In-Car Operation. + +2.27.7 Firefighters' Emergency Operation: Operating +Procedures + +2.27.7.1 Instructions for operation of elevators +under Phase I Emergency Recall Operation shall be +incorporated with or adjacent to the "FIRE RECALL" +switch at the designated level. The instructions shall +include only the wording shown in Fig. 2.27.7.1. + +2.27.7.2 Instructions for operation of elevators +under Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation shall be +incorporated with or adjacent to the switch, in or adja- +cent to the operating panel in each car. They shall include +the wording shown in Fig. 2.27.7.2. + +2.27.7.3 Instructions shall be in letters not less than +3 mm (0.125 in.) in height and shall be permanently +installed and protected against removal or defacement. + +2.27.7.4 In jurisdictions that enforce the NBCC, a +symbol showing a red firefighters' hat on a contrasting +background, as shown in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) (figure not to +scale), shall be used exclusively to identify elevators that +comply with 2.27.3 and additional NBCC requirements. +This identification shall be located on the elevator +entrance frame or adjacent to it at each emergency recall +level. The identification on the entrance frame, or adja- +cent to it, shall be a minimum of 50 mm (2 in.) in height. + +2.27.8 Switch Keys + +The key switches required by 2.27.2 through 2.27.5 for +all elevators in a building shall be operable by the same +key. The keys shall be Group 3 Security (see 8.1). There +shall be a key for each switch provided. + +These keys shall be kept on the premises in a location +readily accessible to firefighters and emergency person- +nel, but not where they are available to the public. Where +provided, a lock box, including its lock and other compo- +nents, shall conform to the requirements of UL 1037 (see +Part 9). + + + +NOTE (2.27.8): Local authorities may specify additional require- +ments for a uniform keyed lock box and its location to contain the +necessary keys. + + + +SECTION 2.28 +LAYOUT DRAWINGS + +2.28.1 Information Required on Layout Drawings + +Elevator layout drawings shall, in addition to other +data, indicate the following: + +(a) the maximum bracket spacing (see 2.23) + +(b) the estimated maximum vertical forces on the +guide rails on application of the safety or other retarding +device (see 2.23 and 2.19.3) + +(c) in the case of freight elevators for Class B or C +loading (see 2.16.2.2), the horizontal forces on the guide- +rail faces during loading and imloading, and the esti- +mated maximum horizontal forces in a post-wise direc- +tion on the guide-rail faces on the application of the +safety device (see 2.23) + +(d) the size and linear weight kg/m (lb /ft) of any rail +reinforcement, where provided (see 2.23) + +(e) the impact loads imposed on machinery and +sheave beams, supports, and floors or foundations +(see 2.9) + +(f) the impact load on buffer supports due to buffer +engagement at the maximum permissible speed and +load (see 8.2.3) + +(g) where compensation tie-down is applied (see +2.21.4.2), the load on the compensation tie-down sup- +ports + +(h) the total static and dynamic loads from the gover- +nor, ropes, and tension system + +(i) the horizontal forces on the building structure stip- +ulated by 2.11.11.8 and 2.11.11.9 + +SECTION 2.29 +IDENTIFICATION + +2.29.1 Identification of Equipment + +In buildings with more than one elevator, each eleva- +tor in the building shall be assigned a unique alphabeti- +cal or numerical identification, a minimum of 50 mm +(2 in.) in height unless otherwise specified. The identifi- +cation shall be painted on, engraved, or securely +attached to + +(a) the driving machine + +(b) MG set + +(c) controller +selector + + + +(d) +(e) +(f) + + + +governor + +main line disconnect switch +(g) the crosshead, or where there is no crosshead, the +car frame, such that it is visible from the top of the car + + + +104 + + + +2.29.1-2.29.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + + + +FIRE OPERATION + + +When / + + +> \ Flashes, exit elevator + + +To operate car + + +Insert fire key and turn to "ON." + + + + +Press desired button. + + +To cancel +floor selection + + +Press "CALL CANCEL" button. + + +To close power- +operated door + + +Press and hold "DOOR CLOSE" button. + + +To open power- +operated door + + +Press and hold "DOOR OPEN" button. + + +To hold car +at floor + + +With doors open, turn key to "HOLD." + + +To automatically send +car to recall floor + + +Turn key to "OFF." + + + +Fig. 2.27.7.2 Phase II Emergency in-Car Operation + + + +(h) the car operating panel, minimum of 13 mm +(0.5 in.) in height + +{{) adjacent to or on every elevator entrance at the +designated level, minimum of 7^ mm (3 in.) in height + + + +2.29.2 Identification of Floors + +Hoistways shall have floor numbers, not less than +100 mm (4 in.) in height, on the hoist way side of the +enclosure or hoistway doors. + + + +105 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +SCOPE-3.4.1.5 + + + +Parts +Hydraulic Elevators + + + +(ED) SCOPE + +Part 3 applies to direct-acting hydraulic elevators and +the roped-hydraulic types. + +NOTE: See also Part 8 for additional requirements that apply to +hydraulic elevators. + + + +SECTION 3.1 + +CONSTRUCTION OF HOISTWAYS AND HOISTWAY + +ENCLOSURES + +Hoistways, hoistway enclosures, and related construc- +tion shall conform to 2.1.1 through 2.1.6 and 2.29.2, +except 2.1.2.3, 2.1.3.1.2, and 2.1.3.2. + +3.1.1 Strength of Pit Floor + +The pit equipment, beams, floor, and their supports +shall be designed and constructed to meet the applicable +building code requirements and to withstand the follow- +ing loads in the maimer in which they occur: + +(a) the impact load due to car buffer engagement (see +8.2.3 and 3.22.2) + +(b) where a plimger gripper, or car, or coimterweight +safety is furnished, the part of the load transmitted by +the application of such gripper(s) or safety(s) + +(c) loads im^posed by the hydraulic jack + +(1) to the cylinder during normal operation + +(2) to the buffer when resting on the buffer or dur- +ing conditions described in 3.1.1(a) + +(d) hoist rope up-pull, where applicable, for indirect +roped-hydraulic elevators + +3.1.2 Floors Over Hoistways + +The floor shall be located entirely above the horizontal +plane required for hydraulic elevator top car clearance. + +When a hydraulic pump unit and /or control equip- +ment is located on a floor over the hoistway, access shall +comply with 2.7.3. + +SECTION 3.2 +PITS + +Pits shall conform to 2.2, except 2.2.7. + +3.2.1 Minimum Pit Deptfis Required + +The pit depth shall not be less than is required for the +installation of the buffers, hydraulic jack, platform guard +(apron), and all other elevator equipment located + + + +therein, and to provide the miiumum bottom clearance +and runby required by 3.4.1 and 3.4.2, respectively. + +SECTION 3.3 +LOCATION AND GUARDING OF COUNTERWEIGHTS + +The location and guarding of counterweights, where +provided, shall conform to 2.3. + +SECTION 3.4 + +BOnOM AND TOP CLEARANCES AND RUNBYS FOR + +CARS AND COUNTERWEIGHTS + +Requirement 2.4 does not apply to hydraulic elevators. + +3.4.1 Bottom Car Clearance + +3.4.1.1 When the car rests on its fully compressed +buffers or bumpers, there shall be a vertical clearance +of not less than 600 mm (24 in.) between the pit floor +and the lowest structural or mechanical part, equipment, +or device installed beneath the car platform, including +a plunger-follower guide, if provided, except as specified +in 3.4.1.2. + +3.4.1.2 The 600 mm (24 in.) clearance does not apply +to the following: + +(a) any equipment on the car within 300 mm (12 in.) +horizontally from any side of the car platform + +(b) any equipment located on or traveling with the +car located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from +either side of the car frame centerline parallel to the +guide rails + +(c) any equipment mounted in or on the pit floor +located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from either +side of the car frame centerline parallel to the guide rails + +3.4.1.3 In no case shall the available refuge space be +less than either of the following: + +(a) a horizontal area 600 rmn X 1 200 mm (24 in. x +47 in.), with a height of 600 mm (24 in.) + +(b) a horizontal area 450 mm x 900 mm (18 in. x +35 in.), with a height of 1 070 mm (42 in.) + +3.4.1.4 Trenches and depressions or foundation +encroachments permitted by 2.2.2 shall not be consid- +ered in determining these clearances. + +3.4.1.5 When the car is resting on its fully com- +pressed buffers or bumpers, no equipment traveling + + + +106 + + + +3.4.1.5-3.4.8 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +with the car, including a plunger-follower guide, if pro- +vided, shall strike any part of the pit or any equipment +mounted therein. + +3.4.1.6 Where the vertical clearance outside the ref- +uge space is less than 600 mm (24 in.), that area shall +be clearly marked on the pit floor. Markings shall not +be required in the area under the apron and guiding +means. The marking shall consist of alternating 100 mm +(4 in.) diagonal red and white stripes. In addition, a sign +with the words "DANGER LOW CLEARANCE" shall +be prominently posted on the hoistway enclosure and +shall be visible from within the pit and at the entrance +to the pit. The sign shall conform to ANSI Z535.2 or +CAN/CSA-Z321, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). +The sign shall be of such material and construction that +the letters and figures stamped, etched, cast, or other- +wise applied to the face remain permanently and readily +legible. + +3.4.2 Minimum Bottom and Top Car Runby + +3.4.2.1 Bottom Car Runby. The bottom car runby +shall be + +(a) not less than 75 mm (3 in.) for operating speed(s) +in the down direction up to 0.50 m/s (100 ft/min) + +(b) increased from 75 mm (3 in.) to 150 mm (6 in.) in +proportion to the increase in operating speed(s) in the +down direction from 0.50 m/s (100 ft/min) to 1 m/s +(200 ft/min) + +(c) a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) for operating +speed(s) in the down direction exceeding 1 m/s +(200 ft/min) + +3.4.2.2 Car Top Minimum Runby. The top runby of +the car shall be + +(a) not less than 75 nun (3 in.) for rated speeds up to +0.50 m/s (100 ft/min) + +(b) increased from 75 mm (3 in.) to 150 mm (6 in.) in +proportion to the increase in rated speed from 0.50 m/s +(100 ft/min) to 1 m/s (200 ft/min) + +(c) a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) for rated speeds +exceeding 1 m/s (200 ft/min) + +3.4.3 Car Top and Bottom Maximum Runby + +Neither the top nor the bottom runby of the car shall +be more than 600 mm (24 in.). + +3.4.4 Top Car Clearance + +The top car clearance shall be not less than the sum +of the following two items (see Norunandatory Appen- +dix G): + +(a) the top car nmby + +(b) the height of the refuge space on top of the car (see +3.4.7) or the clearance required for equipment projecting +above the car top or crosshead (see 3.4.5), whichever is +greater + + + +3.4.5 Equipment Projecting Above the Car Top + +When the car reaches its maximum upward movement + +(a) all equipment attached to and projecting above +the car top, other than equipment mentioned in 3.4.5(b) +shall be at least 150 mm (6 in.) from striking any part +of the overhead structure or any equipment located in +the hoistway + +(b) guide-shoe assemblies or gate posts for vertically +sliding gates shall not strike any part of the overhead +structure + +(c) the car crosshead shall have a minimum of 300 mm +(12 in.) vertical clearance to the horizontal plane +described by the lowest point of the overhead structure +(see 1.3) + +3.4.6 Top Clearance and Bottom Runby of +Counterweight + +Where a counterweight is provided, the top clearance +and the bottom runby of the counterweight shall con- +form to 3.4.6.1 and 3.4.6.2. + +3.4.6.1 Top Clearance. The top clearance shall be not +less than the sum of the following: + +(a) the bottom car runby + +(b) the stroke of the car buffers used + +(c) 150 mm (6 in.) + +3.4.6.2 Bottom Runby. The bottom runby shall be not +less than the sum of the following: + +(a) the distance the car can travel above its top termi- +nal landing until the plunger strikes its mechanical stop + +(b) 150 mm (6 in.) + +The minimum runby specified shall not be reduced +by rope stretch (see 3.22.2 prohibiting counterweight +buffers). + +3.4.7 Refuge Space on Top of Car Enclosure + +An unobstructed horizontal area of not less than +0.51 m^ (5.49 ft^) shall be provided on top of the car +enclosure for refuge space. It shall measure not less than +600 mm (24 in.) on any side. The area shall be permitted +to include the space utilized for top emergency exit +[see 2.14.1.5.1(f)]. The minimum vertical distance in the +refuge area between the top of the car enclosure and +the horizontal plane described by the lowest point of +the overhead structure or other obstruction shall be not +less than 1 100 mm (43 in.) when the car has reached its +maximum upward movement. + +3.4.8 Vertical Clearances With Underslung Car +Frames + +Where an underslung car frame is used, the clearances +between the overhead car rope dead-end hitch, or over- +head car sheave, and the portions of the car structure +vertically below them, when the car floor is level with the +top terminal landing, shall be not less than the following: + + + +107 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +3.4.8-3.12.2 + + + +(a) where no counterweight is used, the sum of the +following items: + +(1) the car top runby + +(2) 200 mm (8 in.) + +(b) where a counterweight is used, the sum of the +following items: + +(1) the bottom counterweight rimby (see 3.4.6.2) + +(2) 150 mm (6 in.) + +SECTION 3.5 + +HORIZONTAL CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT + +CLEARANCES + +The horizontal car and counterweight clearances shall +conform to 2.5. + +SECTION 3.6 +PROTECTION OF SPACES BELOW HOISTWAY + +Requirement 2.6 does not apply to hydraulic elevators. + +Where there is space below the hoistway that is acces- +sible to persons, requirements of 3.6.1 through 3.6.4 shall +be conformed to. + +(ED) 3.6.1 jack-Supporting Structure + +The hydraulic jack shall be supported by a structure +of sufficient strength to support the entire static load at +rated capacity that is capable of being imposed upon it. +The design factor of safety shall be not less than 5, based +on ultimate strength for static loads transmitted. + +3.6.2 Counterweight Safety Actuation + +Where the space referred to in 3.6 falls underneath +the counterweight and /or its guides, the counterweight +shall be provided with a safety device that functions as a +result of the breaking or slackening of the counterweight +suspension ropes. + +3.6.3 Buffer Types + +The car shall be provided with buffers of either of the +following types: + +(a) oil buffers conforming to 3.22.1 + +(b) spring buffers of a design that will not be fully +compressed when struck by a car with rated load at the +operating speed in the down direction (see 3.22.1) + +3.6.4 Buffer Supports + +Car buffer supports shall be provided that will with- +stand, without permanent deformation, the impact +resulting from buffer engagement by a car with rated +load at the operating speed in the down direction. The +design factor of safety shall conform to 2.22.4.3. + +SECTION 3.7 +MACHINE ROOMS AND MACHINERY SPACES + +Machine rooms and machinery spaces shall conform +to 2.7.1 through 2.7.5 and 2.7.7. + + + +3.7.1 Location of Machine Rooms + +Hydraulic elevator machine and control rooms shall +be located overhead, adjacent to, underneath the +hoistway, or at a remote location. They shall not be +located in the hoistway. + +Where hydraulic machines and electrical control +equipment are located in spaces separated from the +hoistway enclosure (see 2.1.1), such spaces shall be sepa- +rated from other parts of the building by enclosures +conforming to 2.7.1.2 and having an access door con- +forming to 2.7.3.4. + +SECTION 3.8 + +ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, WIRING, PIPES, AND + +DUCTS IN HOISTWAY AND MACHINE ROOMS + +Electrical equipment, wiring, pipes, and ducts shall +conform to 2.8. + + + +SECTION 3.9 + +MACHINERY AND SHEAVE BEAMS, SUPPORTS, AND + +FOUNDATIONS + +Machinery and sheave beams, supports, and founda- +tions shall conform to 2.9. + +SECTION 3.10 +GUARDING OF EXPOSED AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT + +Guarding of exposed auxiliary equipment shall con- +form to 2.10. + + + +SECTION 3.11 +PROTECTION OF HOISTWAY LANDING OPENINGS + +Protection of hoistway landing openings shall con- +form to 2.11, except as excluded by 3.11.1. + +3.11.1 Emergency Doors + +Emergency doors, where required by 2.11.1, are +required only when car safeties are provided. + +SECTION 3.12 + +HOISTWAY DOOR LOCKING DEVICES, CAR DOOR + +OR GATE ELECTRIC CONTACTS, AND HOISTWAY + +ACCESS SWITCHES + +3.12.1 Hoistway Door Lodging Devices and Electric +Contacts, and Hoistway Access Switches + +Hoistway door locking devices and electric contacts, +and hoistway access switches shall conform to 2.12. + +3.12.2 Car Door or Gate Electric Contacts and Car +Door Interlocl^ + +Car door or gate electric contacts and car door inter- +locks shall conform to 2.14.4.2. + + + +(ED) + + + +108 + + + +SECTION 3.13-3.16.3 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +SECTION 3.13 + +POWER OPERATION, POWER OPENING, AND + +POWER CLOSING OF HOISTWAY DOORS AND CAR + +DOORS OR GATES + +Power operation, power opening, and power closing +of hoistway doors and car doors or gates shall conform +to 2.13. + + + +SECTION 3.14 + +CAR ENCLOSURES, CAR DOORS AND GATES, AND + +CAR ILLUMINATION + +Car enclosures, car doors and gates, and car illumina- +tion shall conform to 2.14. + + + +SECTION 3.15 +CAR FRAMES AND PLATFORMS + +3.15.1 Requirements + +3.15.1.1 Direct-acting hydraulic elevators shall be +provided with car frames and platforms conforming to +2.15, subject to the modification hereinafter specified. +(See 3.18.2.3 for connection between plunger and plat- +form or car frame.) + +A car frame shall not be required, provided 3.15.1.1.1 +through 3.15.1.1.6 are conformed to. + +3.15.1.1.1 The platform frame shall be of such +design and construction that all eccentric loads are car- +ried through the structure and plunger attachment into +the hydraulic jack (see 3.18.2.3). + +3.15.1.1.2 The platform frame shall be guided on +each guide rail by single-guiding members attached to +the frame. + +3.15.1.1.3 The platform frame shall be designed +to withstand the forces resulting from the class of load- +ing for which the elevator is designed without exceeding +the stresses and deflections in 2.15.10 and 2.15.11 (see +8.2.2.6). + +3.15.1.1.4 The hydraulic jack connection to the +car shall be designed to transmit the full eccentric +moment into the plunger with a factor of safety of not +less than 4 (see 3.18.2.3). + +3.15.1.1.5 The hydraulic j ack shall be designed to +withstand the stresses due to bending during the loading +and unloading of the platform based on the type of +loading for which the elevator is designed (see 8.2.8.1.2). + +3.15.1.1.6 Car safeties shall not be provided. + +3.15.1.2 Roped-hydraulic elevators shall be pro- +vided with car frames and platforms conforming to 2.15. + + + +3.15.2 Maximum Allowable Stresses and Deflections +In Car Frame and Platform Members + +3.15.2.1 Direct-Acting Hydraulic Elevators. The + +stresses and deflections in car frame and platform mem- +bers and their connections, based on the static load +imposed upon them, shall be not more than those per- +mitted by 2.15, provided that the maximum stresses +in the car frame uprights that are normally subject to +compression shall conform to 8.2.9.1.1. + +3.15.2.2 Roped-Hydraulic Elevators. The stresses and +deflection in car frame and platform members and their +connections, based on the static load imposed upon +them, shall be not more than those permitted by 2.15, +and shall conform to 8.2.2. + +3.15.3 Calculations of Stresses and Deflections in +Car Frame and Platform Members + +3.1 5.3.1 Direct-Acting Hydraulic Elevators. The calcu- +lations of the stresses and deflections in side-post car +frame and platform members shall be based on the for- +mulas and data in 8.2.9. + +For cars with corner-post or sub-post car frames, the +formulas and specified methods of calculations do not +generally apply and shall be modified to suit the specific +conditions and requirements in each case. + +3.15.3.2 Roped-Hydraulic Elevators. The calculations +of the stresses and deflections in side-post car frame and +platform members shall be based on the formulas and +data in 8.2.2. + +For cars with corner-post or sub-post car frames, or +where the rope hitches are not on the crosshead, the +formulas and specified methods of calculations do not +generally apply and shall be modified to suit the specific +conditions and requirements in each case. + +SECTION 3.16 +CAPACITY AND LOADING + +3.16.1 Minimum Rated Load for Passenger Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.1 shall apply. + +3.16.2 Minimum Rated Load for Freight Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.2 shall apply, except, in +2.16.2.2.4(c) the wording "hydraulic jack, hydraulic +machine, pressure piping and fittings" shall be substi- +tuted for the wording "driving-machine motor, brake +and traction relation." + +3.16.3 Capacity and Data Plates + +The requirements of 2.16.3 shall apply, except: + +(a) requirement 2.16.3.2.1(a) shall not apply to +hydraulic elevators. + +(b) on data plates (see 2.16.3.2.2), the weight of the +plunger is not to be included in the weight of the com- +plete car, even though it is attached. The plunger weight + + + +109 + + + +ASMEAl 7,1-2004 + + + +3.16.3-3.17.3.2.2 + + + +is to be indicated independently. The operating speed +in the down direction shall also be indicated. + +3.16.4 Carrying of Passengers on Freight Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.4 shall apply, except 2.16.4.3 +shall not apply to hydraulic elevators. + +3.16.5 Signs Required in Freiglit Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.5 shall apply. + +3.16.6 Overloading of Freight Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.6 shall apply except 2.16.6(b) +shall not apply to hydraulic elevators. + +3.16.7 One-Piece Loads Exceeding the Rated Load + +Requirement 2.16.7 shall not apply. One-piece loads +exceeding rated load shall not be carried on hydraulic +elevators. + +3.16.8 Additional Requirements for Passenger +Overload + +Requirement 2.16.8 shall not apply. Hydraulic passen- +ger elevators shall be designed based on 100% of +rated load. + +3.16.9 Special Loading Means + +The requirements of 2.16.9 shall apply. + +SECTION 3.17 + +CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT SAFETIES AND + +PLUNGER GRIPPER + +3.17.1 Car Safeties + +Car safeties shall be provided for roped-hydraulic ele- +vators and shall be permitted to be provided for direct- +acting hydraulic elevators. When provided, car safeties +shall conform to 2.17, and to 3.17.1.1 through 3.17.1.3. + +3.17.1.1 The slack-rope device required by 3.18.1.2 +shall be permitted to be an additional means of activat- +ing the car safety on roped-hydraulic elevators using +hydraulic jacks equipped with plimgers. The slack-rope +device required by 3.18.1.2.7 shall be an additional +means of activating the car safety on roped-hydraulic +elevators using hydraulic jacks equipped with pistons. + +3.17.1.2 The safety shall be of a type that can be +released only by moving the car in the up direction. To +return a car to normal operation after a safety set, the +car shall be moved hydraulically in the up direction. +For repairs of obvious or suspected malfunction, the car +shall be permitted to be raised by other means capable +of holding the entire car weight. Prior to releasing the +other means, the car shall be run hydraulically in the +up direction. + +3.17.1.3 The switches required by 2.18.4.1 shall, +when operated, remove power from the hydraulic + + + +machine motor and control valves before or at the time +of application of the safety. + +3.17.2 Counterweight Safeties + +Counterweight safeties, where provided in accor- +dance with 3.6.2, shall conform to 2.17, provided that +safeties shall be operated as a result of the breaking +or slackening of the counterweight suspension ropes, +irrespective of the rated speed of the elevator. + +3.17.3 Plunger Gripper + +A plimger gripper shall be permitted to be provided +for direct-acting hydraulic elevators using hydraulic +jacks equipped with plungers. A plunger gripper shall +be capable of stopping and holding the car with its rated +load from the actual measured tripping speed per Table +2.18.2.1 and shall conform to 3.17.3.1 through 3.17.3.9. +In Table 2.18.2.1 the words "rated speed" shall be +replaced by "operating speed in the down direction." + +3.17.3.1 Limits of Application. A plunger gripper +shall be permitted, provided that + +(a) the external pressure applied to the plunger by +the device is symmetrically distributed at locations +around the circumference of the plunger. The resulting +stress in the plunger shall not exceed 67% of the yield +strength at any point of the plunger. + +(b) the external pressure applied to the plunger by +the device does not exceed 67% of the value that will +cause local buckling. Where the external pressure is +applied over substantially the full circumference of the +plunger, the maximum value shall be permitted to be +determined by 8.2.8.6. + +(c) during the application, the plunger and the +plunger gripper are capable of withstanding any vertical +forces imposed upon them, and transfer such forces to +the supporting structure. During the application of the +device, any loading on the plunger shall not damage +the cylinder. + +(d) power is removed from the hydraulic machine +before or at the time of application. + +3.17.3.2 Means of Application. A plunger gripper +shall mechanically grip the plunger. + +3.17.3.2.1 Hydraulic means are permitted to be +used to hold the gripper in the retracted position. A +loss of hydraulic pressure or fluid causing uncontrolled +downward motion is permitted to be used to apply the +plunger gripper. + +3.1 7.3.2.2 When electrical means are used to actu- +ate the gripper, the following shall apply. + +(a) The plimger gripper shall be fully operational dur- +ing a. primary electrical system power failure. + +(b) In the event of the failure of any single mechani- +cally operated switch, contactor, relay, solenoid, or any +single solid-state device, or a software system failure. + + + +(ED) + + + +• + + + +110 + + + +3.17.3.2,2-3.18.1.2.2 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +or the occurrence of a single ground, the elevator shall +not be permitted to restart after a normal stop. + +3.17.3.3 Release + +3.17.3.3.1 The plunger gripper shall be released +by establishing at least no-load static pressure on the +hydraulic system, or by other means capable of holding +the entire car weight. + +3.17.3.3.2 The elevator shall not be permitted to +be restarted without establishing at least no-load static +pressure on the hydraulic system. + +3.17.3.4 Clearance. In the normally retracted position +of the plunger gripper, any contact between the gripping +surface and the plunger shall not cause degradation of +the plunger or premature degradation of the gripping +surface. + +3.17.3.5 Deceleration. The deceleration of the eleva- +tor upon actuation of the plunger gripper shall comply +with the following criteria: + +(04) (a) The average deceleration rate at rated load shall +be not less than 0.1 gravity nor more than 1.0 gravity. +(See Nonmandatory Appendix P for minimum and max- +imum stopping distances.) + +(b) Any peak deceleration rate in excess of 2.0 gravity +shall have a duration of not greater than 0.04 s. + +3.17.3.6 Minimum Factors of Safety and Stresses of +Safety Parts and Rope Connections + +3.17.3.6.1 Compliance with 2.17.12.1 and 2.17.12.6 +is required. Springs shall be permitted in the operation +of the plimger gripper. The maximum fiber stress in the +spring shall not exceed 85% of the elastic limit in the +material at any time. The factor of safety of wire ropes, +if provided in the construction of the plunger gripper, +shall not be less than 5. Tiller-rope construction shall +not be used. + +3.17.3.6.2 Leaf and roller chains, if provided in +the construction of the plunger gripper, shall conform +to ASME B29. + +3.1 7.3.6.3 The factors of safety shall be based upon +the maximum stresses developed in the parts during +operation of the gripper when stopping rated load from +the tripping speed (see 3.17.3) of the speed-measuring +device. + +3.17.3.6.4 Rope or tape used to drive an electrical +encoder is not required to comply with the requirements +for governor rope. + +3.17.3.6.5 If a governor is used, it must comply +with 2.18.5.1, except lang-lay construction is permitted +and the diameter is permitted to be less than 9.5 mm +(0.0375 in.). + + + +3.17.3.7 Corrosion-Resistant Bearings in Plunger +Gripper and Gripper Operating Mechanisms. Compliance +with 2.17.13 is required. + +3.17.3.8 Marking Plates for a Plunger Gripper. A per- +manent marking plate shall be securely attached to each +plunger gripper so as to be readily visible, and shall be +marked in a legible and permanent manner with letters +and symbols not less than 6 mm (0.25 in.) in height, +indicating + +(a) that it is a plunger gripper. + +(b) the maximum operating speed in the down direc- +tion in m/s (ft/min) for which the plunger gripper shall +be permitted to be used. + +(c) the maximum load in Newtons (pounds) for which +the gripper is designed and installed to stop and sustain. + +(d) the manufacturer's name or trademark and identi- +fication number of the device. + +(e) space for date of acceptance test. Date to be perma- +nently marked following test. + +(f) the diameter and minimum wall thickness of the +plunger for which the device is applicable. + +3.17.3.9 Flexible Hoses. Flexible hoses used for the +operation of a plunger gripper shall be permitted, pro- +vided that their failure does not cause an uncontrolled +descent. These flexible hoses are not required to meet +the requirements of 3.19.3.3. + +SECTION 3.18 +HYDRAULIC JACKS + +3.18.1 Hydraulic Jacic and Connections + +Where multiple hydraulic jacks are used, they shall +be hydraulically connected to form a single hydraulic +system. + +3.18.1.1 Direct-Acting Hydraulic Elevators. The driv- +ing member of the hydraulic jack shall be attached to +the car frame or car platform with fastenings of sufficient +strength to support that member with a factor of safety +of not less than 4 and shall be capable of withstanding, +without damage, any forces resulting from a plunger +stop as described in 3.18.4.2. + +Any plunger or cylinder head mechanical cormector +or cormection shall conform to 3.18.2.1, 3.18.2.4, 3.18.4, +and 3.18.5. + +3.18.1.2 Roped-Hydraulic Elevator + +3.18.1.2.1 The driving member of the hydraulic +jack shall be vertical. Cars shall be suspended with not +less than two wire ropes per hydraulic jack in confor- +mance with 2.15.13 and 2.20. + +3.18.1.2.2 Where three or more hydraulic jacks +are utilized, one rope per hydraulic jack shall be permit- +ted to be used. Should one hydraulic jack become discon- +nected, the remaining hydraulic jacks shall be capable + + + +111 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +3.18.1.2.2-3.18.2.7.1 + + + +of supporting the load without exceeding allowable car +frame stresses or hydraulic jack stress. The ropes shall +conform to 2.15.13 and 2.20. + +3.18.1.2.3 Ropes passing through seals fixed in +cylinder heads shall be permitted to have a clear plastic +coating applied in order to seal properly and facilitate +rope inspection. + +3.18.1.2.4 The roping ratio that relates the driving +member of the hydraulic jack speed to the car speed +shall not exceed 1:2. + +3.18.1.2.5 Sheaves used to transfer load from the +hydraulic jack to the car frame through wire ropes shall +conform to 2.24.2, 2.24.3, and 2.24.5. + +3.18.1.2.6 Means shall be provided to prevent the +ropes, if slack, from leaving the sheave grooves. + +3.18.1.2.7 A slack-rope device with an enclosed +manually reset switch shall be provided that shall cause +the electric power to be removed from the hydraulic +machine pump motor and the control valves should any +rope become slack. + +3.18.1.2.8 The traveling sheave shall be attached +with fasterungs having a minimum factor of safety of +4, based upon the ultimate strength of the material used. +The load to be used in determining the factor of safety +shall be the resultant of the maximum tensions in the +ropes leading from the sheave with the elevator at rest +and with rated load in the car. + +3.18.2 Plungers + +3.18.2.1 Material. The plunger and connecting cou- +plings for the plunger shall be of materials in accordance +with 3.18.2.1.1 and 3.18.2.1.2. + +3.18.2.1.1 Tensile, compressive, bending, and tor- +sional loading shall have a factor of safety of not less +than 5, based on ultimate strength. + +3.18.2.1.2 Pressure loadings shall have a factor of +safety not less than that calculated per 8.2.8.5. + +3.18.2.2 Plunger Design. Plimgers made of steel shall +be designed and constructed in compliance with the +applicable formula in 8.2.8.1 for calculation of elastic +stability, bending, and external pressure. For other mate- +rials, the appropriate modulus of elasticity must be uti- +lized. + +Plungers subject to internal pressure shall also be +designed and constructed in accordance with cylinder +design formula in 8.2.8.2. + +3.18.2.3 Plunger Connection + +3.18.2.3.1 When the hydraulic jack is not sub- +jected to eccentric loading, it shall + +(a) carry in tension the weight of the plunger with a +factor of safety not less than 4 + + + +(b) restrict total vertical movement to less than 20% +of the buffer stroke, where vibration damping means +are provided + +3.18.2.3.2 In addition, when the hydraulic jack is +subjected to eccentric loading, the following shall also +apply: + +(a) The plunger connection to the car shall also be so +designed and constructed as to transmit the full eccentric +moment into the plimger with a factor of safety not less +than 4. + +(b) The plimger and the plunger connection to the +car shall also be so designed and constructed that the +total vertical deflection of the loading edge of the car +platform due to eccentric loading of the car shall not +exceed 19 mm (0.75 in.). + +3.18.2.4 Plunger Joints. Plungers composed of more +than one section shall have joints designed and con- +structed to + +(a) carry in tension the weight of all plunger sections +below the joint with a factor of safety of not less than 4 + +(b) transmit in compression the gross load on the +plimger with a factor of safety of not less than 5, based +on ultimate strength + +(c) withstand without damage any forces resulting +from a plunger stop as described in 3.18.4.2 + +(d) for eccentric loading, the joints shall conform to +3.18.2.2 and 3.18.2.3 + +3.18.2.5 Plungers Subject to External Pressure. For + +plungers subjected to external pressure, the working +pressure shall be not greater than indicated by the for- +mula in 8.2.8.1.3. + +3.18.2.6 Plunger Heads Subject to Fluid Pressure. + +Heads of plungers subject to fluid pressure shall con- +form to 3.18.3.6. + +3.18.2.7 Plunger-Follower Guide + +3.18.2.7.1 A plunger-follower guide shall be per- +mitted to be used, provided it is arranged so that the +elevator is always in a position where the unsupported +length of the plunger conforms to the "maximum free +length" as defined in 8.2.8.1. If this length is exceeded, +upward movement of the car shall immediately stop, +and it shall be permitted to allow the car to return non- +stop to the lowest landing; power-operated doors shall +open, and electric power shall be removed from the +motor and the control valve. After not less than 15 s nor +more than 60 s, the doors shall close in compliance with +2.11.3. A manual reset of the means shall be required +before the elevator is returned to service. The in-car door +open button shall remain operative. + +Plunger-follower guides shall be designed and con- +structed to comply with all applicable requirements of +2.15. + + + +112 + + + +3.18.2.7.2-3.18.4.1 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +# + + + +3.18.2.7.2 Telescopic plungers shall have each +plunger section internally guided. If more than two +movable sections are used, external guides shall be pro- +vided for each plunger section. External guides shall be +designed and constructed to comply with all applicable +requirements of 2.15. + +3.18.3 Cylinders + +3.18.3.1 Material. The cylinder and connecting cou- +plings for the cylinder shall be made of materials in +compliance with 3.18.3.1.1 and 3.18.3.1.2. + +3.18.3.1.1 For tensile, compressive, bending, and +torsional loading, the cylinder and cormecting couplings +shall have a factor of safety of not less than 5, based on +ultimate strength. + +3.18.3.1.2 For pressure calculations, the cylinder +and connecting coupling shall have a factor of safety +not less than that calculated as specified in 8.2.8.5. + +3.18.3.2 Cylinder Design. Cylinders shall be designed +and constructed in accordance with the formula in +8.2.8.2. + +3.18.3.3 Clearance at Bottom of Cylinder. Clearance +shall be provided at the bottom of the cylinder so that +the bottom of the plunger will not strike the safety bulk- +head of the cylinder when the car is resting on its fully +compressed buffer (see 3.22.1). + +3.18.3.4 Safety Bull^head. Cylinders buried in the +ground shall be provided with a safety bulkhead having +an orifice of a size that would permit the car to descend +at a speed not greater than 0.075 m/s (15 ft/min), nor +less than 0.025 m/s (5 ft/min). A space of not less than +25 mm (1 in.) shall be left between the welds of the +safety bulkhead and the cylinder head. Safety bulkheads +shall conform to 3.18.3.6. + +A safety bulkhead shall not be required where a dou- +ble cylinder is used and where both inner and outer +cylinders conform to 3.18.3. + +3.18.3.5 Cylinder Paclcing Heads. Cylinder packing +heads shall conform to appropriate requirements of + +3.18.4 and 8.2.8.3. + +3.18.3.6 Closed Cylinder and Plunger Heads. Closed +heads of cylinders, and heads of plungers subject to fluid +pressure, shall conform to 3.18.3.6.1 through 3.18.3.6.3. + +3.18.3.6.1 Closed Cylinder Heads. Closed heads of +cylinders shall be only of dished seamless construction, +concave to pressure, except if the bottom of the cylinder +is supported, and if the cylinder is not buried. + +3.18.3.6.2 Design Formulas. They shall be designed +and constructed in accordance with the applicable for- +mulas in 8.2.8.3, provided that steel heads shall in no +case have a thickness less than that required for the +adjoining shell. + + + +3.18.3.6.3 Dished Seamless Heads, Convex to Pres- +sure. Dished seamless heads, convex to pressure, if used +on plungers, shall have a maximum allowable working +pressure of not more than 60% of that for heads of the +same dimensions with pressure on the concave side. + +3.18.3.7 Collection of Oil Leakage. Means shall be (04) +provided to collect for removal any oil leakage from + +the cylinder head seals or packing gland. The amount +collected before removal shall not exceed 19 L (5 gal). + +3.18.3.8 Cylinders Buried in the Ground + +3.18.3.8.1 Cylinders buried in the ground shall be +protected from corrosion due to galvanic or electrolytic +action, salt water, or other underground conditions. + +3.18.3.8.2 The methods specified in 3.18.3.8.3 shall +be considered as acceptable, provided that they + +(a) are designed and installed with means for moni- +toring and maintaining them in accordance with recog- +riized industry standards applicable to the methods + +(b) are effective for specific conditions where the cyl- +inder is installed + +(c) provide means for checking ongoing compliance +with 3.18.3.8.1 + +3.18.3.8.3 The following are the specified +methods: + +(a) the cylinder shall be constructed of a material that +is immune to the stated conditions; or + +(b) the cylinder shall be completely covered or +encased in a material that completely surrounds the +exterior surface and is immune to the stated conditions. +If the space between the protective casing and the cylin- +der is empty, the casing must be designed to withstand +a static head of water from ground level to the bottom +of the cylinder, based on the manufacturer's rating of +the material used; or + +(c) the cylinder shall be protected by a monitored +cathodic protection system; or + +(d) the cylinder shall be protected by a means that will +provide an immunity level not less than that provided by +the above methods for the stated conditions. + +3.18.3.9 Means for Relief of Air or Gas. Cylinders +shall be provided with a means to release air or other gas. + +3.18.4 Plunger Stops + +3.18.4.1 Metal Stops and/or Other Means. Metal +stops and /or other means shall be provided at one end +of the plunger and at the packing head end of the cylin- +der to prevent the plimger from traveling beyond the +limits of the cylinder. + +The metal stops and/or other means shall be so +designed and constructed as to stop the plunger travel- +ing in the up direction at maximum speed under full +load pressure, should the normal terminal stopping +device (see 3.25.1) fail to operate, or at a reduced speed + + + +113 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +3.18.4.1-3.19.3.3.1 + + + +when a terminal speed-reducing device is provided as +required by 3.25.2. No running test onto the stop ring +is required [see 8.10.3.2.2(s)]. + +(04) 3.18.4.2 Hydraulic System. The connections to the +hydraulic machine, plunger, plunger connection, cou- +plings, plunger joints, cylinder, cylinder connecting cou- +plings, or any other parts of the hydraulic system shall +be designed and constructed to withstand, without dam- +age, a plunger stop in accordance with 3.18.4.1. + +3.18.5 Welding + +All welding of hydraulic jack components shall con- +form to 8.8. + + + +SECTION 3.19 +VALVES, PRESSURE PIPING, AND FIHINGS + +3.19.1 Materials and Working Pressures + +3.19.1.1 Materials. Pressure piping, valves, fittings, +and mufflers shall be designed and made of materials +having properties such that a factor of safety not less +than that calculated per 8.2.8.5 is achieved. + +Piping and fittings of a grade not subjected to listed/ +certified testing (ASTM or equivalent) shall not be used +for hydraulic pressure piping and fittings. + +NOTE (3.19.1.1): Examples of two acceptable pipe standards are +ASTM A106 and ASTM A 53, Type E or S. + +3.19.1.2 Worthing Pressures. The working pressure +(see 1.3) shall not exceed the component rated pressure +(see 1.3) of the pipes, valves, mufflers, and fittings used +on the pressure side of the hydraulic system. + +3.19.1.3 Component Proof Test. For elongations +greater than or equal to 10%, the component design shall +be substantiated either in accordance with 8.2.8.5 or by +an unrestrained proof test of 5 times the component +rated pressure without resulting in fracture. For elonga- +tions of less than 10%, the test value shall be 1.5 times the +value indicated by 8.2.8.5 multiplied by the component +rated pressure. + +3.19.1.4 Component Marlcings. Valves, fittings, and +mufflers shall be pressure rated, and shall bear the man- +ufacturer 's name or trademark by which the organiza- +tion that manufactured the product can be identified, +and identification symbols to indicate the materials and +service designations for which the manufacturer's rating +applies. + +NOTE: Valves and fittings rated for a different system may be +used in hydraulic elevator systems when substantiated in accor- +dance with the elevator code. + +3.19.2 Pressure Piping + +3.19.2.1 Wall Thiclcness. The minimum wall thick- +ness shall conform to 8.2.8.4. + + + +3.19.2.2 Tlireading. Pipe lighter than Schedule 40 +shall not be threaded. + +3.19.2.3 Pipe Supports. Piping shall be so supported +as to eliminate undue stresses at joints and fittings, par- +ticularly at any section of the line subject to vibration. + +3.19.2.4 Pipe, Tubing, or Fittings. Pipe, tubing, or +fittings shall be permitted to be used for instrument +or control purposes and shall coriform to ASME B31.1, +para. 122.3. + +3.19.2.5 Hydraulic Pipeline Identification. A marking (04) +shall be applied, to accessible piping that is located out- +side the elevator machine room or hoistway, stating "Ele- +vator Hydraulic Line" in letters that are at least 19 mm +(0.75 in.) high in a contrasting color. The marking shall + +be visible after installation and applied at intervals not +greater than 3 000 mm (120 in.). + +3.19.3 Connections and Fittings + +3.19.3.1 Connections. All piping cormections shall be +of the welded, grooved, threaded, or bolted flange type. +Threads of valves, piping, and fittings shall conform to +the requirements of ASME Bl.20.1, ASME Bl.20.3, or +ASME Bl.20.4. Hydraulic tube fittings shall conform to +SAE J514. + +3.19.3.2 Grooved Pipe Fittings + +3.19.3.2.1 Grooved pipe fitting assemblies shall +be permitted to be used for hydraulic connections. They +shall be installed in conformance with the manufactur- +er's specifications. They shall be installed in locations +that will permit disassembly and inspection of all of +their component parts. + +3.19.3.2.2 Grooved pipe fittings shall be so +designed and constructed that failure of a sealing ele- +ment will not permit separation of the parts connected. +The devices or means used for preventing the separation +of the parts cormected shall be removable only with the +use of tools. Devices or means removable with hand- +operated quick-release levers or toggles are prohibited. + +3.19.3.3 Flexible Hydraulic Connections. Flexible +hose and fitting assemblies, and flexible couplings, shall +be permitted to be used for hydraulic connections. +Where installed between the check valve or control valve +and the cylinder, they shall conform to 3.19.3.3.1 and +3.19.3.3.2. + +3.19.3.3.1 Flexible hose and fitting assemblies +shall + +(a) not be installed within the hoistway, nor project +into or through any wall. Installation shall be accom- +plished without introducing any twist in the hose, and +shall conform with the minimum bending radius of SAE +100, R2 type, high pressure, steel wire reinforced, rubber- +covered hydraulic hose specified in SAE J517. + + + +114 + + + +3.19.3.3.1-3.19.4.7.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +(b) have a bursting strength sufficient to withstand +not less than 10 times working pressure (see 1.3). They +shall be tested in the factory or in the field prior to +installation at a pressure of not less than 5 times working +pressure and shall be marked with date and pressure +of test. + +(c) conform to the requirements of SAE 100, R2 type +hose specified in SAE J517 and be compatible with the +fluid used. + +(d) be of nor\reusable-type fittings. + +(e) be permanently labeled /marked, indicating + +(1) the name or trademark by which the manufac- +turer of the hose and fittings can be identified + +(2) the type of hose and fitting + +(3) the minimum factory test pressure + +(4) the minimum bending radius of hose + +(5) the date of installation + +(6) the inspection procedure + +(7) the name of elevator contractor + +(/) have a line over speed valve conforming to 3.19.4.7. + +3.19.3.3.2 Flexible couplings are permitted for +hydraulic connections. Such couplings shall be so +designed and constructed that failure of the sealing ele- +ment will not permit separation of the connected parts. +The devices or means used to prevent the separation of +the connected parts shall be removable only with the +use of tools. Any devices or means that are removable +with hand-operated quick-released levers are pro- +hibited. + +3.19.4 Valves + +3.19.4.1 Shutoff Valve. A manually operated shutoff +valve shall be provided between the hydraulic machines +and the hydraulic jack and shall be located outside the +hoistway and adjacent to the hydraulic machine on all +hydraulic elevators. + +3.19.4.2 Pump Relief Valve + +3.19.4.2.1 Each pump or group of pumps shall be +equipped with one or more relief valve(s) conforming +to the following requirements: + +(a) Type and Location. The relief valve shall be located +between the pump and the check valve and shall be of +such a type and so installed in the bypass cormection +that the valve cannot be shut off from the hydraulic +system. + +(b) Size. The size of the relief valve and bypass shall +be sufficient to pass the maximum rated capacity of the +pump without raising the pressure more than 50% above +the working pressure. Two or more relief valves shall +be permitted to be used to obtain the required capacity. + +(c) Sealing. Relief valves shall be sealed after being +set to the correct pressure. + +3.19.4.2.2 No relief valve is required for centrifu- +gal pumps driven by induction motors, provided the + + + +shut-off, or maximum pressure that the pump can +develop, is not greater than 135% of the working pres- +sure at the pump. + +3.19.4.3 Check Valve. A check valve shall be provided +and shall be so installed that it will hold the elevator +car with rated load at any point when the pump stops +and the down valves are closed or the maintained pres- +sure drops below the minimum operating pressure. + +3.19.4.4 Manual Lowering Valve. A manually oper- +ated valve, located on or adjacent to the control valves, +shall be provided and identified, which permits low- +ering the car at a speed not exceeding 0.10 m/s +(20 ft/min). This valve shall be so marked to indicate +the lowering position. + +3.19.4.5 Pressure Gauge Fittings. A pressure gauge +fitting with shutoff valve shall be provided on jack side +of the check valve or immediately adjacent to the +hydraulic control valve. + +3.19.4.6 Type Tests, Certification, and Maricing Plates +for Control Valves + +3.19.4.6.1 Each type or model and make of +hydraulic control valve shall be subjected to the engi- +neering tests and to the certification process as specified +in 8.3.5. + +3.19.4.6.2 Hydraulic control valves shall be +plainly marked in a permanent manner with the follow- +ing information: + +(a) certifying organization's name or identifying +symbol + +(b) the name, trademark, or file number by which +the organization that manufactured the product can be +identified + +(c) statement of compliance with ASME A17.1 or +CSA B44 + +(d) type designation + +(e) component rated pressure +(/) electrical coil data + +3.19.4.7 Overspeed Valves. When provided, +overspeed valves and their coruiections and attachments +shall conform to 3.19.4.7.1 through 3.19.4.7.6. + +3.19.4.7.1 Overspeed Valve Tests. Each type or +model of overspeed valve shall be subjected to the engi- +neering tests specified in 8.3.9. + +3.19.4.7.2 Marl + + +r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +y^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + +/^ + + +/^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +y + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +500(1,101) + + + + + + + + + + +y + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + + + +> + + +/< + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +•; + + +x^ + + +y + + +/^ + + + + + + + +— + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +liixz + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +n + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + +(10.8) + + + +2 + +(21.5) + + + +3 +(32.3) + + + +4 +(43.11 + + + +5 +(53.8) + + + +Inside Net Platform Area, m^ (ft^) + +Fig. 8.2.1.2 Minimum Rated Load for Passenger Elevators + + + +iSl Units) + + + +Stress (MPa) = 9.807 + + + +DjC + W) +TL + + + +[Imperial Units) + + + +Stress (psi) = + + + +DjC + W) + + + +Where more than one oil buffer is used, the formula +shall be modified to suit the location of the buffers. + +NOTE (see 8.2.2.4): Symbols used in the preceding formula are +defined in 8.2.2.1.1. + +8.2.2.5 Car Frame Uprights (Stiles). The total stress +in each car frame upright due to tension and bending, +and the slendemess ratio of each upright and its moment +of inertia, shall be determined in accordance with the +following formulas. + +8.2.2.5.1 Stress Due to Bending and Tension + + + +{SI Units) + + + +Total stress (MPa) = + + + +KL 9.807G + + + +4HZu 2A + + + +(Imperial Units) + +Totalstress(psi)=^ + ^ + +Where KL/4HZt, is the bending stress in each upright in +the plane of the frame due to live load W on the platform +for the class of loading A, B, or C for which the elevator +is to be used (see 2.16.2.2); G/2A is the tensile strength +in each upright, and K is determined by the following +formulas [see Fig. 8.2.2.5.1]: + +(a) For Class A freight loading or passenger loading +(SI Units) + + + +K = 9.807 + + + +WB + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +K = + + + +WB + + + +(b) For Class B freight loading +(SI Units) + +K = 9.807 W jl - 1.219 J or K = 9.807 (^ +whichever is greater. + + + +225 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +14000(30,837) + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + +13 000(28,634) +12 000(26,432) + + + + + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + +> + + + + + + + + +\ + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + +j + + + + + + +1 J + + + + + + + + +J + + + + + + + + + + + + +11 000 (24,229) + + + + +1 + + + + + + +I j + + + + + + +J + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + +y^ + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + +10 000(22,026) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +'~yr~~~' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +y + + +^ \ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +D> 9000(19,824) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +J + + +/ + + +] + + + + + + + + + + +r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 8000(17,621) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +/ + + + + +i 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +_i + + + + + + + + +; + + + + +y + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +B 7 000(15,419) + +(0 + + + + + + + + + + +J + + +/ + + + + + + + + +r " + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +j + + +y + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + +6000(13,216) +5 000(11,013) + + + + + + + + +J + + +/ + + +/- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +4000(8,811) + + + + + + + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + +r-^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +y + + +r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +3000(6,608) + + + + +d + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +! F + + + + + + + + + + + + +'A + + +/ + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +T + + + + + + +2 000 (4,405) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ \ \ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +5 10 15 + + +20 25 + + +( + + +53 + + +.8) + + + + + + +(10 + + +7.6) + + + + + + +(161.5) + + + + + + +(215.3) + + + + + + + + +(269.1 + + + +Inside Net Platform Area, m^ (ft^) + +Fig. 8.2.1.2 Minimum Rated Load for Passenger Elevators (Cont'd) + + + +^ + + + +T + + + +W +2 + + + +S + + + +W + + + +T + + + +H + + + +^-i + + + + + + +Class A Freight Loading +or Passenger Loading + + + +^ + + + +zr + + + +M + + + +>t?" + + + +w + + + +^f-48 + + + +T-f-n- + + + +r + + + +T + + + +/C= 1/1/ (I -48) + + + +Class B Freight Loading + + + +^ + + + +^-^ ^ + + + + + + +4 + + + +i^ l^f + +'^^X + + + +M + + + +T + + + +Class C Freight Loading + + + +GENERAL NOTE: See 8.2.2.5.1 for formulas in SI Units. + +Fig. 8.2.2.5.1 Turning Moment Based on Class of Loading + +226 + + + +8.2.2.5.1-8.2.3.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +B \ WB + + + +whichever is greater. + +(c) For Class C freight loading + + + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +K = 9.807 + + + +WB + + + +K = + + + +WB + + + +NOTE (8.2.2.5.1): Symbols used in the preceding formulas are +defined in 8.2.2.1.1. + +8.2.2.5.2 Slenderness Ratio. The slenderness ratio +L/R for uprights subject to compressions other than those +resulting from safety and buffer action shall not exceed +120. Where the upper side-brace connections on passen- +ger elevator car frame uprights are located at a point +less than two-thirds of L from the bottom, (top fasterung +in car frame plank) a slenderness ratio of L/R not +exceeding 160 is permissible (L/R < 160). + +NOTE (8.2.2.5.2): Symbols used in the above formulas are defined +in 8.2.2.1.1. + +8.2.2.5.3 Moment of Inertia. The moment of inertia +of each upright shall be not less than determined by the +following formula: + + + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +I = + + + +W + + + +457.2EH + + + +I = + + + +18EH + + + +NOTE (8.2.2.5.3); Symbols used in the preceding formula are +defined in 8.2.2.1.1. + +8.2.2.6 Freigtit Elevator Platform. The calculation for +stresses in the platform members of freight elevators +shall be based on the following concentrated loads +assumed to occupy the position that will produce the +maximum stress: + +(a) for Class A Loading, 25% of the rated load + +(b) for Class B Loading, 75% of the rated load or +15 400 kg (34,000 lb), whichever is less, divided into two +equal parts 1 525 mm (60 in.) apart + +(c) for Class CI Loading, with a load rating of 9 000 kg +(20,000 lb) or less, 80% of the rated load divided into +two equal parts, 765 mm (30 in.) apart + +(d) for Class C2 Loading, with a load rating of 9 000 kg +(20,000 lb) or less, 80% of the rated load or of the loaded + + + +truck weight, whichever is greater, divided into two +equal parts, 765 mm (30 in.) apart + +(e) for Class CI or C2 Loading, with a rated load in +excess of 9 000 kg (20,000 lb), 80% of the 9 000 kg +(20,000 lb) or of the maximum loaded truck weight, +whichever is greater, divided into two equal parts, +765 mm (30 in.) apart + +(f) for Class C3 Loading, determined on the basis +of the actual loading conditions but not less than that +required for Class A loading + +8.2.2.7 Hoisting Rope Hitch Plates and Shapes. The + +stresses in hoisting rope hitch plates and shapes shall +be based on the total applied rope load with the car and +its rated load at rest at the top terminal landing. + +8.2.3 Impact on Buffer Supports + +8.2.3.1 Buffer Reaction and Impact for Oil Buffer Sup- +ports. The following formulas give the buffer reaction +and the impact on the car and counterweight oil buffer +supports resulting from buffer engagement [see +2.1.2.3(a) or 3.22.1.2.1]: + +(a) Buffer Reaction + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +(b) Impact + + + +R = W (9.807 + 25 + + + +R = W 1 + + + + +64.4S + + + +P = 2R + + + +8.2.3.2 Buffer Reaction and Impact for Spring Buffer +Supports. The following formulas give the buffer reac- +tion and the impact on the supports of car and counter- +weight spring buffers that do not fully compress under +the conditions outlined in 2.1.2.3(a): + +(a) Buffer reaction + + + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +(b) Impact + + + +R = 2W (9.807 + ^ + + + +R = 2W\1 + + + + +64.4S + + + +P = R + + + +where + +P = impact, N (Ibf) + + + +227 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.2.3.2-8.2.8.1.1 + + + +R = buffer reaction, N (Ibf ) + +S = buffer stroke, m (ft) + +V = speed at impact (for electric), m/s (ft/s); +operating speed in the down direction (for +hydraulic), m/s (ft/s) + +W = weight of car plus rated load or weight of coun- +terweight, kg (lb) + +8.2.4 Gravity Stopping Distances + +The following formula gives the value of the stopping +distance based on gravity retardation from any initial +velocity (see 2.4.6, 2.4.8, 2.4.9, and 2.22.4.1): + + + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +where + + + +S = 51V^ + + + +S = + + + +V + + + +19,320 + + + +S = free fall (gravity stopping distance), mm (in.) +V = initial velocity, m/s (ft/min) + +Figure 8.2.4 shows the gravity stopping distances from +various initial velocities. + +(ED) 8.2.5 Governor Tripping Speeds + +Figure 8.2.5 gives the maximum governor tripping +speeds for various rated speeds (see 2.18.2.1). + +(ED) 8.2.6 Stopping Distances for Car and Counterweight +Safeties + +The following formulas shall be used to determine the +maximum and minimum stopping distances for Type B +car and counterweight safeties (see 2.17.3): + + + +(SI Units) + + + +S = -^ + 0.2560 + + + +6.870 + + + +S' = + + + +V + + + +19.63 + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +S = + + + +¥■ + + + +81,144 + + + ++ 0.84 + + + +S' = + + + +V' + + + +231,840 + + + +where + +S = maximum stopping distance, m (ft) + +S ' = minimum stopping distance, m (ft) + +V = governor tripping speed, m/s (ft/min) + + + +Figure 8.2.6 shows the maximum and minimum stop- +ping distances from various governor tripping speeds. + +8.2.7 Factors of Safety for Suspension Wire Ropes +for Power Elevators + +Figure 8.2.7 shows the minimum factors of safety for +suspension wire ropes of power elevators for various +rope speeds (see 2.20.3). + +8.2.8 Hydraulic Jacl< and Piping + +8.2.8.1 Plunger Design. Plungers shall be designed +and constructed in accordance with one of the following +formulas (8.2.8.1.1 through 8.2.8.1.4). + +8.2.8.1.1 Plungers Not Subject to Eccentric Loading + +(a) Where slenderness ratio of plunger is less than 120 + + + +(SI Units) + + + +^ = 9.377 X 10^ - 3.344 x 10^ (L/Rf + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +W + + + += 13,600 - 0.485 (L/Rf + + + +(b) Where slenderness ratio of plunger is greater +than 120 + +(SI Units) + + + + + +W 6.550 X 10" +A ~ (L/Rf + + +(Imperial Units) + + + + + + +W 95,000,000 +A ~ (L/Rf + + + +Formulas are for steel where + + + +A = + + + +L = + + + +R = + + + +W = + + + +net sectional area of plunger (area of metal), +m^ (in.2) + +maximum free length of plunger, mm (in.). +Where a plunger-follower guide conforming +to 3.18.2.7 is used, L shall be taken as one- +half the amount that the free length would +be if no follower guide were provided, +radius of gyration of plvmger section, mm +(in.) + +allowable gross weight to be sustained by +plimger, N (Ibf). Where a counterweight is +provided, the weight of the counterweight +plus the unbalanced weight of the counter- +weight ropes shall be permitted to be +deducted in determining W. In determirung +W, one-half of the weight of the plunger shall +be included except where a plunger-follower +guide conforming to 3.18.2.7 is used, in + + + +(ED) + + + +228 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + + + +3.5 (689) +3.0(591) +2.5 (492) +2.0 (394) +1.5 (295) +1.0 (197) +0.5 (98) + + + +( + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 ! + + + + +', + + + + + + + + + + + + +-- + + + + + + + + +' + + +" + + + + +. ^_ J + +i ^ + +r + + + + +f - + + + + +1 \ + +T "i ■ i + + +- + + + + +_ +■ + + +i + + +0f + + +.^ + + +-~ + + + + + + + +1 + + + + +— + + + + + + + + +^^^^ + + +P" + + + + + + + + + + + + +— + + + + + +™,...__i_ + + + + +y + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + +— + + + + + + + + + + +— + + + + +I . + + +u + + +-J + + +-™ + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +__,_j_ + + + + + + +i P + + +" T^i " + + + + + + +i__^™^ + + + + +. ^ + + + + +*■ ■■■ + + + + +! + + + + + + + + +— + + + + + + +— + + + + +^ + + +y + + +^ \ ! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +j + + + + + + +\ ! + + + + +■ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-— + + +--,— + + +H- — + + + + +.^yr + + +^ + + + + + + +i , + + + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + +/C... + + +t 1 + + +'- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +, + + + + +"n~~ + + +/^ + + +I + + +— 1 — + +1 + + + + + + + + +E + +M + + + + +. .. i +1 ___ + + +— + + +/ + + +1 ^ + + + + +"1 + + + + + + +i ; + + + + + + +; + + + + +'V- + + +H--^ + + +f + + +.... + + +L_ + + +1 + + +- + + +E + + + + + + + + +— + + +i + + +- + + +o +o + + +" + + +! + +_ ! + + +/ + + +r + + +" + + + + + + +■ , i + +i +1 + + + + + + +I + +i . ! + + +. 1 „ +|- - + + +— + + +"i + + +-- + + + + +r" + + +r + + + + + + +1 + +i + + + + + + +; ' 1 • +1 - 1 + +) + + +.. :i L i ' + + +i. . + + +J + + +i + + +z + + + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + +/ 1 + + +- + + +h'-" + + +"- + + +( + + + + +, y-r-*"-"!—- + + + + + + + + + + + + +™.H + + + + + + + + + + + + +J + + +„ ^ + + + + + + + + +. — I . + + +"~V~ + + +^ : ^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + +— + + +— + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +' \ + + + + + + + + + + + + +) + + + + + + +1C +(3 + + +)0 +9) + + + + +2( + +(7 + + +)0 +9) + + + + +3C + +(11 + + +)0 400 +.8) (15.7) + + + + +500 +(19.7) + + + + + + + + +600 +(23.6) + + + +Gravity Stopping Distance, mm (in. + + + +E + +M + +E + +^^ +o +o + + + +13 (2,559) + + + + + + +i 1 + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + +\ \ + + + + + + +- \ \ + + + + +1 i + + + + + + + + +I \ + + + + + + +" + + +- + + +7"- + + +-- + + +Ji — + + +4 + + + + + + +- + + +J. + + +' \ {\ + + + + +- + + +' i I + + + + +-j>r + + + + +- + + +12 (2,362) + + +- + + +- + + + + + + + + +-■- + + +\ + + +1 + +j + + + + + + +! + + +""■-r + + +- + + + + + + +L->^^ + + + + + + + + + + +11 (2,165) + +10(1,969) + +9(1,772) + + + + + + + + + + +; + + +¥* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + +"- + + +1 . + + + + + + +I . + + +...... + + +11. + +i + + + + + + +1 + + + + +X + + +j + + +- + + +, j + + + + + + +1 . + + +- + + + + + + +; + + + + + + +1 ! + + +i ■ + + + + +\ + + + + +> + + +y( + + +- + + + + +1 + +; i + + + + +- -~ -; - + + + + +i ;_ + + +.. + + +- + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + +, + + + + +> + + +)tr + + +~~\ -, -- + + +„ + + +i + + +- + + + + +-" + + +i ■' i + + + + + + +8(1,575) + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + +y + + +\ + + +! + + + + + + + + +~~ + + +J_ - + + +- + + +_ + + +i ■ + + +' + + + + +^ + + + + +- + + +1 + + + + +- + + +^ :i. + + + + +i + + +... + + +- + + +Ti r- + + +- + + + + +7(1,378) + +6(1,181) + +5 (984) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +"1 ; ■ + + + + + + + + +> + + +/ + + + + + + +! + + + + +i + + +: 1 i + + +i 1 + + + + + + + + +! ' + + + + + + + + +- + + + + + + + + +/ + + +r + + +^- + + +" + + +^ + + +i + + +- + + +- + + +-- + + +' i + + +.J- + + + + +- + + +i +„. ... j_.. + + + + +- + + +-T— + + +~ + + +-- + + + + + + + + +/ + + +^ + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ i + + + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +4 (787) + +3(591) +n + + + + + + +V + + + + + + + + +; + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + +i + + +hj + + + + + + + + + + +—! — i — ■ — + + + + + + + + + + +/ + + + + +- + + + + +^ + + +1 + + + + +\ + + + + +" + + +h + + +.......1 + + + + +. ; 1 + + + + +. . ; .j.. + + +... + + + + + + + + + + + + +i i + + + + + + +. + + +i + + + + +\ + + +^ + + + + +, \ \ + + +. , i + + + + +. : i + + + + +I : + + + + + +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 + +(3.3) (6.6) (9.8) (13.1) (16.4) (19.7) (23.0) (26.2) + +Gravity Stopping Distance, m (ft) + +Fig. 8.2.4 Gravity Stopping Distances + + + +229 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.2.8.1.1-8.2.8.1.2 + + + +4.0 (787.4) + + + + + +3.5 (689.0) + + +_c + + + + +E + + +3.0 (590.6) + + +E + + + + +Q. + + +2.5(492.1) + + + + + + +Q. +Q. + +O + +c + + +2.0 (393.7) + + +> +o +CD + + + + +E +E + + +1.5 (295.3) + + + +1.0 (196.9) + + + +0.5 (98.4) + + + +\ \ \ \ + + +i 1 1 i + + +i : ' ■ + + +1 i 1 1 + + +\ \ \ \ + + +1 ! i 1 + + + + +-;- - + + +L _.,„™ + +i + + +1 ' ! + + +1 + + +__J _ J L .. + +j i * 1 + + +! J +1 ( + + +-- + + +- -- - -| -- -- + + +1 +j + +1 + + +"' ;— ■-- + + +i + + +. ' . _ ,. - i .. + + +; I + + +- + + +■ i + + +i + +'"; '~\ + + +i + + +\ + + +^ + + + + +-- + + +! + + +1 + + +! + + +/^ + + +: , 1 +j 1 + + +1 + +^ i +i ! ! + + +- + + +i + + +! J + + +X'- "' + + +i ■ + + +. ' „ 1 „ + +'-■ ^ " ! + + +i * 1 +1 1 ' + + +- + + +! + + +1 > + + +' 1 + + +1 \ + + +i ; i +! ' 1 + + + + +- + + + + +^^*^ + + +\ i ' + + +!. . ^ _ + +1 + + +1 ' i +j + + +. 1 ■- - i + +i + +j i + + + + +i + + +i „, . . + +i . .. + + +~~ + + +; ; + + + + + +0.5 + + +1.0 + + +1.5 + + +2.0 + + +2.5 + + +3.0 + + +(98.4) + + +(196.9) + + +(295.3) + + +(393.7) + + +(492.1) + + +(590.6) + + + +Rated Car Speed, m/s (ft/min) + +Fig. 8.2.5 Maximum Governor Tripping Speeds + + + +which case, three-fourths of the plunger +weight shall be included. +W/A = fiber stress, kPa (psi) + +NOTE [8.2.8.1.1(a) and (b)]: Figure 8.2.8.1.1 has been calculated +from the formulas given in 8.2.8.1.1 for the more usual pipe sizes +and pipe schedules and indicate allowable gross loads directly. + +{c) Plungers having a free length of 7.6 m (25 ft) or +less shall be permitted to be accepted without further +examination for strength and elastic stability, provided +all of the following conditions exist: + +il) the working pressure is 2 070 kPa (300 psi) or +less + +(2) the plunger is 100 mm (4 in.) nominal pipe size +or larger + +(3j pipe not lighter than schedule 40 is used, and +not more than 1.6 mm (0.063 in.) of metal has been +removed from the wall thickness in machining + + + +{d) Plungers With Varying Cross Section. For plungers +with varying cross section, the stress shall be calculated +for a factor of safety of at least 3 using accepted methods +for elastic stability. + +8.2.8.1.2 Plungers Subject to Eccentric Loading. For + +plungers subject to bending, the stresses due to bending +as determined by the following formulas shall be sub- +tracted from the stresses W/A as determined by the +applicable formula in 8.2.8.1.1. + + + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +S = + + + +S = + + + +Wb£ + + + +VVb£ + +z + + + +230 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +E + + + +T3 +0) + +(a + +Q. + +w + +O) + +c + +'q. + +Q. + + + +O + +c + +(U + +> + +o +CD + + + +13 (2,559) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +! L + + + + +MM + + +1 M ! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + +1 1 + + +™j >._™,_L. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +. 1 + + +"-• + + +M • ' + + + + + + + + +"-" + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 + + +... + + +.. + + + + +-- + + + + +-- + + +- + + +... + + +-- + + +-- + + +/ + + +/ + + +f + + +- + + +... + + +... + + +12(2,362) + + + + + + + + + + + + +J + + +i 4_4 + + +— + + + + +-- + + +i + + +> + + +! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 — p.! — U- + + +1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +J + + +r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +j. ' + + +- ; + + +— . — ^ — + + + + + + + + +- + + + + +- + + +- + + + + + + +- + + +i + + +/ + + +f + + +-- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +11 (2,165) + + +] ' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +J ! j i + +1 i +i I + + +- + + + + +-.. + + +\ + + +i 1 +1 >■ - + + +1 + +! + + +— + + +-— + + +™.. + + +/ + + +/ + + +/ + + +- + + +-- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +---; — -L- + + + + +' 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +' + + +\ + + + + + + + + +y + + +f + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +10(1,969) + + + + +TTT^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +J + + +r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +5 +1 \ + + +i ■ . ' + +if--, +i 1 ! J + + +:- • • T + + +'' > + + +! + + +/ + + +ri + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +J 1 1 + + +/ + + +... + + +-- + + +-- + + +- + + +- + + +.. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +~~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +— + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +9(1,772) + + +'Tr\ + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +. + + + + +__i_-__ + + +-- + + + + + + +J + + +f + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +— + + +s + + + + +1 ' ' + + + + + +; + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +. i ■ + + +i + +'":" !'"" "!"" +1 + + +._; ^. 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Where any +or all of this load is caused by moving wheel +loads imposed on the edge of the platform, +the total of such loads shall be doubled for +impact (see 8.2.2.6). +Z = section modulus of plunger section, mm'^ (in.^) + +8.2.8.1.3 Plungers Subjected to External Pressure. + +For plimgers subjected to external pressure, the working +pressure shall be not more than that indicated by the +following formulas. + +(a) Where the ratio of t/D is less than 0.023: + +(SI Units) + + + +p = 1296 + + + +1 - + + + +1 - 1 600 1-^ + + + +(Imperial Units) + +p = 333 + + + +1- Jl- 1,600 (^ + + + +(b) Where the ratio of t/D is greater than 0.023: +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +p = 199 200 - - 3 185 + + + +p = 28,890 ^ - 462 + + + +where + +D = external finished diameter, mm (in.) + +p = working pressure, kPa (psi) + +t = finished wall thickness, mm (in.) + + + +232 + + + +8.2.8.1.4-8.2.8.3 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +c +E + + + +a +w +■D + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +^'? o "ido) - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + +11 17 ^R'^\ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +9^ + + +s\av + + +,ce_ + + + + +^ + + +^^ + + +'^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +..oPP'^^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +10 (1 969i - + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + +w>^<:: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +! + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +9 (1 772) - + + + + + + +^ + + +"^ + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +» + + +,^ + + + + + + +I + + + + + + + + +•-"■■■■ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +R M R7R\ - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ : + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +7 (1 378) - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +stoi + + +- + + + + +jtarce + + + + + + + + + + + + +^^^ + + + + + + +6 (1 181) - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + +urn + + +ip\n9d' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +5 (984) - + + +M\^x\rn + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +a + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i +i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +4 1787) - + + + + + + + + + + + + +" ■"■■ i i~ '" + + + + +! + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +3(591) - + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +J.._ + + + + + + + + + + +i ! +^1 i + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +j ^_ + + + + +1 i + + + + + + + + + + +i i + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + +5 + + +6 + + +7 + + +8 + + +9 + + +10 + + +(16.4) + + +(19.7) + + +(23.0) + + +(26.2) + + +(29.5) + + +(32.8) + + + +Stopping Distance, m (ft) + +Fig. 8.2.6 Stopping Distances for Type B Car and Counterwieght Safeties (Cont'd) + + + +• + + + +8.2.8.1.4 Telescoping Plungers. Telescoping plung- +ers shall have each plunger section internally guided. +If more than two movable sections are used, plunger +follower guides shall be provided for each plunger sec- +tion. In the formulas in 8.2.8.1.1(a) and 8.2.8.1.1(b), the +values of A and K shall be for the smallest plunger +section. When plunger follower guides are used, the +value of L shall be the maximum free length of the +smallest section in millimeters (inches). When plunger +follower guides are not used, the value of L shall be +taken as 1.4 times the maximum free length of the small- +est plunger section. + +8.2.8.2 Cylinder Design. Cylinders shall be designed +and constructed in accordance with the following +formula: + +IS + +where + +C = depth of the thread or groove, mm (in.) + +d. = internal diameter, mm (in.) + +/? = working pressure, kPa (psi) + + + +S = allowable stress, kPa (psi) (see 8.2.8.5.2) +t = minimum thickness of wall, mm (in.) + +8.2.8.3 Cylinder and Plunger Heads. Heads of cylin- +ders and heads of plungers subject to fluid pressure +shall be designed and constructed in accordance with +one of the following applicable formulas: + +{a) Flat unreinforced heads + + + +ih) Dished seamless hemispherical heads, concave to +pressure + + + +I = + + + +_ 5pr + + + +6S + + + +(c) Dished seamless ellipsoidal heads, concave to +pressure (ellipsoidal heads in which one-half of the +minor axis equals one-quarter the inside diameter of +skirt). + + + +t = + + + +5pD +6S + + + +233 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +c + +"e + + + +Q. + +cn + +■o + + + +Q. + + + +w + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +_ + + +1 + + + + +i + + + + +- + + +R /1 1fi1 \ - + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + +1 1 + +- J. .-i^rfti + + + + + + + + + + + + +-_^^ + + + + +^^^^^isi*"-^** + + + + + +1 i + + +"'"I + + +1 + + + + + + + + +« + + + + +^ + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + + +\ L^ + +i 1 + + + + + + + + + + +1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +4 I/O/) - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + +i i + + + + + + + + +V i i + + + + +\ \ \ + + + + + +9(1,772) + + + +8(1,575) + + + +7(1,378) + + + +10(1,969) + + + +9(1,772) + + + +8(1,575) + + + +7(1,378) + + + +5 + + +6 + + +7 + + +8 + + +9 + + +10 + + +(16.4) + + +(19.7) + + +(23.0) + + +(26.2) + + +(29.5) + + +(32.8) + + + +Stopping Distance, m (ft) + + + + +10 + + +11 + + +12 + + +13 + + +14 + + +15 + + +(32.8) + + +(36.1) + + +(39.2) + + +(42.6) + + +(45.9) + + +(49.2) + + + +Stopping Distance, m (ft) + + + + + + + +i ! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i : + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 1 1 + + + + +1 — + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +i +i +i + + +— + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +J- + + +stance + + +1 ; + + + + + + +■i-i" + + +^ + + +W\4^\rf + + +um + + +stopp\rj9 " + + + + +"1 — * ' + + + + +-"^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 i + + + + +i +i + + +■■—- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 +J + + + + +\ \ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 \ 1 + + + + + +15 + + +16 + + +17 + + +18 + + +19 + + +20 + + +(49.2) + + +(52.5) + + +(55.7) + + +(59.0) + + +(62.3) + + +(65.5) + + + +Stopping Distance, m (ft) + +Fig. 8.2.6 Stopping Distances for Type B Car and Counterweight Safeties (Cont'd) + + + +234 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +(D +(/) + +o +o + + + +1 + +(197) + + + +12 + + + + +-1- ^ ■; + +! i i + + + + +I +I + +■ • ! 1 + +, S ' 1. +, , . i i - + + +i + +f + +i + + + + + + + + + + +. + + +_ + + +~ + + + + +^ + + + + + + + + +....I... \ - + + + + + + + + +...; I.J + +— ^^- + + +— ■ + + +- M-- + + +-— - - • - + + +* 1 \ + +1 + + +r r - ■ + + + + +.J... + + +>«• + + +^ + + +„^ + + +- + + +~ + + +- + + +zr + + +-•! 1 + + +1 + + + + +... + + + + +-- + + + + +~"i~-:-r-- + + +— + + +i + + + + + + +1 ! + + + + +i 1 + + + + +1 + + +] i 1 + + + + + + +i i ' ' + + + + + + +T"! — + + +I + + +! + + +1 : . + + + + +\ i i + + + + +II + + +I ! 1 i +• i 1 ! + + + + + + +U^ 1 + + + + +1" + +If: + +.J _ + + +! +( + + + + +! + + +1 ; ' ■ + + + + +: ' + + + + + + +> + + +1 ■ ; + + +4^-H- + + +w™ ™ + + + + +I + + +1 i + + + + +' 1 + + + + + + +, ! 1 , + + + + +:^^: + + +^tx.^ + + +-- + + +■" + + +1 + + +j + + + + +1 i + + + + + + +! 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' + + +r + + +.. + + +5 + + +- Tip + + + + +1 + + + + + + +i 1 - + +1 1 + + +...Li 1 ' + + +.I..I.^J„- + + + + + + + + + + +! + + + + + + +^■™i~ + + + + +7 + + +1 . M + + +; + + +i i 1 ! + + + + +f + + +i + + + + +! + + + + +! i + + +! 1 i , + + + + + + + +2 + +(394) + + + +3 + +(5911 + + + +4 +(787) + + + +5 +(984) + + + +6 +(1,181) + + + +7 +(1,378) + + + +8 + +(1,575) + + + +Rope Speed, m/s (ft/mln) + + + +1 +(197) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +I * - + + +i + +1 + + +" 1" i . + + + + + + + + +" + + +.; + + + + + + + + +. + + + + +j +1 - + + +1 + + +i ; , + + +- + + +11 + + +.. L J, J... + + +, — + + +- - - + + + + +-'■i^^ + + +\ + + + + +*»- + + +{ 1 +T'T- + + + + +y_ + + + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +t + + + + +i + + + + +, , ■ ! + + + + +10 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +. 1 + + +; '"' 1 ' + + +— + + + + + + + + + + +j j + + +■ + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + +-|^iie>1^ + + +:i: + + +„j - + + +I + + +-^ + + +! + + +1 i ' , + + +> + + + + + + +! ! ' 1 + + + + + + +L. + + +::[: + + +' L ■'IL + +™.| } y 1 + + +."IZZirT-Il- + + + + + + +4 + +\ + + + + + + + + +! , 1 + + +- + + +- + + +-- + + + + + + +i + + +-' - -- + + +\^^^><^- + + +- + + +9 + + + + +i ] + +i I ..4. + +1 i"! " + + +y^ + + + + +Pow^r frei + + +,h + + +te + + +lev + +■ + + +at + + +)r + + +• + + + + +- + + + + +\ + + +i !. i + + +L t .! + + + + +8 + + + + +1 + + +■ + + + + +__4.„ . + + +1 + + +/L^^ . _ + + +' + + +; 1 ; + + +\ + + +-— + + + + + + + + +— + + +-— + + +4^ + +1 + + +— 1 — + + +_^ + + +J + + +] '. + + + + + + +; jf + + + + +"^ , + + +1 i ' ' + + + + + + + + + + + + +4x0- + + + + + + + + +! + + +i i + + + + + + +i . ^ + + + + + + +! , 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +! + + +i i + + +;■ i ' !■ ■ + +1 ' 1 + + + + +7 + + +X~yn + + + + +1 ' 1 + + +! \ \ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +■ 1 + +1 + + +] I 1 + + + + + + + + + + +-™-^--- - - + + +__;_ 1 + +.... ;.. j. . + + +:j q- + + +\ \ + + +- + + +~ + + + + + + +.„4- . + + +i 1 + + + + + + + + +, + + +~ + + +i +--t " + + +- + + +■■-i'rr +i i i + + +_ V -—- + + + + +~ + + +6 + + + + +-! ! 1- + + +.. + + +i + + +I ; :-+- + + +1 i , i ■ + + +- ■• + + +: i| : + + + + + + +', i 1 + + + + + + +i + + + + +i i 1 + + +! i I + + +1 I i 1 + + + + + +2 + +(394) + + + +3 + +(591] + + + +4 +(787) + + + +5 +(984) + + + +6 + +(1,1811 + + + +7 +(1,378) + + + +8 + +(1,575) + + + +Rope Speed, m/s (ft/min) + +Fig. 8.2.7 Minimum Factors of Safety of Suspension Wire Ropes of Power Passenger and Freiglit + +Elevators + + + +235 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.2.8.3-8.2.8.4 + + + +E + + + +0) + +c + +(U + + + +->^^ + + + + + + + +5(16.4) + + + +Vertical lines'= +\ Pfor max. +' external pressure +on plunger + + + +Gross Weight, W,kQx^Q^(\b) + +GENERAL NOTES: + +(a) Curves are based upon the removal of not more than 1.5 mm (0.0625 in.) from the wall thickness in +machining. + +(b) Curves stop at 18 m (59 ft) for convenience only. For plunger sizes or lengths not shown on this +chart, see the applicable formula in 8.2.8.1.1. + + + +Fig. 8.2.8.1.1 Allowable Gross Loads + + + +5 + + +10 + + +15 + + +20 + + +25 + + +11,013) + + +(22,026) + + +(33,040) + + +(44,053) + + +(55,066) + + + +where + +D = inside diameter of skirt, nun (in.) + +d = diameter of head between supporting edges, + +mm (in.) +p = working pressure, kPa (psi) +r = radius to which head is dished, measured on + +concave side (not greater than d), mm (in.) +S = allowable stress, kPa (psi) (see 8.2.8.5.2) +t = minimum thickness of head, mm (in.) + +8.2.8.4 Wall Thickness of Pressure Piping. The mini- +mum wall thickness of pipe shall be 1.65 mm plus C or +as determined by the following: + + + +or + + + +where +C = + + + +leS + + + +2eS + + + +1.3 mm (0.05 in.) for threaded pipe up to 9.5 mm +{% in.) pipe size, the depth of the thread in +millimeters for threaded pipe over 9.5 mm +{% in.) pipe size, the depth of groove in millime- +ters for grooved pipe, or 0.000 for other pipe or +unreduced thickness + + + +236 + + + +8.2.8.4-8.2.8.5.1 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + + + + + +# + + + + + +20 (65.6) + +15(49.2) + +10 (32.8) + +5(16.4) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + +\ + + + + + + +^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + +s. + + + + +t + + +\ + +\ +\ + + + + + + + +\i + +\ +% + + + + +\ + + +V + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + +\ + + +\ + + + + + + + + +Vertical liries = + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + + + +.\ + +\ +\ + + + + + + + + + +\ + + +V~- + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + +Pform^x. +-externa! - - +pressurje + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + +— + + + + +- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +on plunjger + + + + + + + + +*: + + + + + + +> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +E + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + +I + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +D3 + + + + +"o + + + + + +— + + + + + + + + + + + + +- + + +I + + + + + + +I-- + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 + + + + + + +0) + +—1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +0) + +c + + + + + +| + + + + +> 1 +} 1 + + + + + + +"O 1 +0) I + + + + + + + + +3 1 + +"O 1 +0) ■ + + + + + + + + + + +(/3 + + + + + +■b + +CO + +d + +CM + +£ +E + + +u +d + +E + +E + + +.... + + +■b + +CO + +d +— to- + +€■■ + +E + + + + +■b + +CO + +d + +.QJ. + +i + +E + + +III + +|; CO + +li d + + + + +w + + +c! + + +3 1 +> J + + + + +— + + +■bl + +!^l + + + + + + + + +^1 + + + + + + + + + + +d + + + + +1.-1— + + +1 + + +d 1 + +«V-I_-. + + + + + + + + +d 1 + + + + + + + + + + +i + +E + + + + +■i-i E + +ll ^ + + +c + + +:[ + + +J + + + + + + + + +C + + + + + + + + +c_-... + + + + + + + + +E + + +:| + + +i + +1 + + +: 1 + + + + + + +Ej + + + + + + + + +1 1 +Ej + + + + + + + + + + +in + +CM + + + + +o + +00 + + +in + +CO + + + + +^ + + + + +in + + +|i in + +■ 1 ^ + + +^ + + +f! + + +u +p + + +> 1 + + + + + + +^1 + + + + + + + + +i| + + + + + + + + +3 + + +1 + + + + + + + +(4 + + +2 +4, + + + +053) + + +3 + + + + + + + +A +(88 + + +to + +110) + + +5 + + + + + +e + +(132 + + + +,160) + + +70 + + +80 +(176,210) + + +90 + + +100 +(220,260) + + + +Gross Weight, M/, kg (lb) + + + +GENERAL NOTES: + +(a) Curves are based upon the removal of not more than 1.5 mm (0.0625 In.) from the wall thickness in +machining. + +(b) Curves stop at 18 m (59 ft) for convenience only. For plunger sizes or lengths not shown on this +chart, see the applicable formula in 8.2.8.1.1. + + + + + + + +Fig. 8.2.8.1.1 Allowable Gross Loads (Cont'd) + + + +# + + + +D = the outside diameter of pipe, mm (in.) +e = the joint efficiency: 1 for seamless pipe; 0.85 for + +electric resistance welded pipe +p = the maximum working pressure, kPa (psi) +t = the minimum wall thickness, mm (tn.) +S = the allowable stress, based on a factor of safety + +in accordance with 8.2.8.5.2, kPa (psi) + +Steel pipes and fittings used for gauge ports need not +comply with this formula, but shall be a minimum of +Schedule 80 pipe and maximum length of 75 mm (3 in.), +except as permitted by 3.19.2.4. + + + +8.2.8.5 Factor of Safety + +8.2.8.5.1 Except as required in 3.19.3.3.1(b), the +minimum factor of safety for components subject to fluid +pressure shall be as follows: + + + +f = + + + +5.04 +E-2.8 + + + ++ 2.7 + + + +where +E = percent elongation in 50 mm (2 in.) gauge length +as per ASTM Standard E 8 expressed as a whole + + + +237 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.2.8.5.1-8.2.9.1.3 + + + +number (e.g., 20% = 20 and 5% = 5). The mini- +mum allowable £ shall be 5. +F = minimum factor of safety based on 0.2% proof +stress yield point. The minimum allowable F +shall be 3. + +8.2.8.5.2 The allowable stress to be used in 8.2.8.2 +through 8.2.8.4 shall be determined as follows: + + + +S = + + + +Y.P. +F + + + +where +f + +S +Y.P. + + + +minimum factor of safety based on 0.2% proof +stress yield point as determined in 8.2.8.5.1 +allowable stress kPa (psi) +yield point, based on 0.2% proof stress yield +point, kPa (psi) + + + +8.2.8.6 Plunger Gripper Application Pressure. The + +maximum pressure to be applied by the plunger gripper +to avoid local buckling should be calculated as follows +for steel: + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +Prr... = 2.9 X loM^ + + + += 4.2 X 10' I ^ + + + +where +D + + + +P = + +^ max — +t = + + + +outside diameter of plunger, mm (in. +maximum pressure, MPa (psi) +minimum wall thickness, mm (in.) + + + +8.2.9 Hydraulic Elevator Car Frame and Platform +Stresses and Deftections + +8.2.9.1 General Requirements. The stresses and +deflections in side-post-type car frame and platform +members shall be based on the data and formulas listed +in 8.2.9. + +All stresses and their resultant deflections, not only +those based on the data and formulas in this Section, +shall be considered when side-post-type car frames are +located off the platform center line by more than one- +eighth of the distance from the front to the back of the +platform. + +For cars and corner-post, sub-post, or other special +car frame and platform construction, the formulas and +specified methods of calculation of loads and the +resulting stresses and deflections do not generally apply +and shall be modified to suit the specific conditions and +requirements in each case. + + + +The maximum allowable stresses and deflections of +members of all car frames and platforms shall be not +more than those permitted by 3.15.2. + +8.2.9.1.1 Maximum Stresses in Car Frame Upriglits. + +The maximum stresses in car frame uprights which are +normally subject to compression shall be such that the +quantity [(fa /¥„) + (fb /Fb)] does not exceed unity + + + +where + + + +fa = + + + +Fu = + + + +L + + + +R = + + + +allowable axial compressive unit stress [not + +exceeding 117 200 - 3.344 (L/Rf in SI units and + +17,000 - 0.485 (L/Rf in Imperial units] + +actual axial compressive unit stress based on + +gross section + +allowable bending unit stress [113 MPa + +(16,500 psi), if area basis is gross section or + +138 MPa (20,000 psi) if area basis is net section] + +actual bending unit stress + +free length of uprights (distance from lowest + +fastening in crosshead to top fastening in + +plank), mm (in.) + +least radius of gyration of section, mm (in.) + + + +8.2.9.1.2 Car Frame Crosshead. The stresses in the +car frame crosshead shall be based on the total load, if +any, supported by the crosshead. + +The crosshead members(s) and connection between +the crosshead and upright (stile) shall be designed to +resist the bending moment, shear and axial forces trans- +ferred between the upright and the crosshead. + +8.2.9.1.3 Car Frame Planlc. The bending stresses in +the car frame planks due to the normal loading shall be +based on the following loads: + +(a) concentrated load(s) located at their point of appli- +cation equal to the total maximum, static load on all the +driving members lifting the car divided by the number +of lifting members [see Fig. 8.2.9.1.3, sketch (a)] + +(b) five-eighths of the platform weight uniformly dis- +tributed over the length of the planks when the platform +members are supported directly by the plank members +[see Fig. 8.2.9.1.3, sketch (b)] + +(c) the duty load distribution is as follows: + +(1) for passenger and Class A freight loading, five- +eighths of the rated load uniformly distributed over the +length of the planks when the platform members are +supported directly by the plank members [see Fig. +8.2.9.1.3, sketch (c)] + +(2) for Classes B and C freight loading, the loading +in conformance with 8.2.2.6 + +(d) the balance of loads shall be taken as acting at +their respective point(s) of application [see Fig. 8.2.9.1.3, +sketch (d)] + +(e) where the platform members are only supported +directly by the planks at or adjacent to the ends of the +planks, 8.2.9.1.3(b) and 8.2.9.1.3(c)(1) do not apply and + + + +• + + + +238 + + + +8.2.9.1.3-8.2.9.1.4 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +Plank with one plunger + + + +Plank with n plungers +1 2 n + + + +PJn PJn PJn + + + +^Totalload = 0.625l^p + + + +(a) Plunger Load Distribution + + + +Plank i; y_ ;; v y y | | y y I + +members + +(b) Platform Weight Distribution + + + +-Total load = 0.625 lA^ + + + +P-,--Pn + + + + + + + +/ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Plank + + + + +Plank + + +1 + + +' ' + + +' ' + + +J , + + +' ' + + +W w ,, + + +' + + +members + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +members + + + + + + + + + + + +(c) Distribution of Other Loads + + + +(d) Rated Load Distribution + + + +0.500Ps + +Plank +members + + + + +Platform supported at +or near ends + + + +0.500Pc + + + +(e) Distribution of Loads + + + +D = distance between guide rails, m (in.) +W = rated load, kg (lb) (passenger or Class A freight) +Wp = platform weight, kg (lb) +P■^, Pj, - balance of loads acting on the plank members located at their respective points of +P3, Pfr, application. Such loads typically include the weights of cab and doors, carframe +members and guide shoes, traveling cables, electrical devices, door devices, and +the balance of load distributions of the platform weight and rated load not +distributed to the plank members. +Ps = total maximum static load on all the driving members, kg (lb) + +GENERAL NOTES: + +(a) 1 mm = 1 in./25.4 (1 in. = 25.4 mm); + +(b) 1 kg = 1 lb/0.454 (1 lb = 0.454 kg). + + + +Fig. 8.2.9.1.3 Load Distribution + + + +# + + + +concentrated loads equal to one-half of the total maxi- +mum static load on all the driving members shall be +applied at each end of the planks [see Fig. 8.2.9.1.3, +sketch (e)] + +8.2.9.1.4 Car Frame Uprights (Stiles). The stresses +in each car frame upright due to compression and bend- +ing and the slenderness ratio of each upright and its +moment of inertia shall be determined in accordance +with the following formulas: +(a) Stresses Due to Bending + + + +where +fb = + + + +K = + + + +J' 4HZu + + + +the bending stress in each upright in the plane +of the frame due to the live load W on the plat- +form for the class of loading A, B, or C for which +the elevator is to be used (see 2.16.2.2 and 3.16) +turning moment in Nm (Ibf-in.) as determined +by the class of loading (see Fig. 8.2.2.5.1) by the +following formulas + + + +239 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +8.2.9.1.4-8.2.12 + + + +(1) For Class A freight loading or passenger loading +(SI Units) + +(WB] + + + +K = 9.807 + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +K = + + + +WB + + + +(2) For Class B freight loading +(SI Units) + + + +IB \ WB + +K = 9.807 W (- - 1.2191 or K = 9.807 ' + + + +whichever is greater +(Imperial Units) + + + +X=w(f-48UrK='^» + + + +whichever is greater. + +(3) For Class C freight loading + + + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +K = 9.807 + + + +WB + + + +K = + + + +WB + + + +NOTE [8.2.9.1.4(a)]: Symbols used in the above formulas are +defined in 8.2.2.1.1. + +(b) Stresses Due to Compression + +fa = compressive stress in each upright + +(c) Slenderness Ratio. The slenderness ratio L/R for +uprights subject to compressions other than those +resulting from buffer or safety action shall not exceed +120. Where the upper side-brace cormections on passen- +ger elevator car frame uprights are located at a point +less than two-thirds of L from the bottom (top fasterung +in car frame plank), a slenderness ratio of L/R not +exceeding 160 is permissible. + +(d) Moment of Inertia. The moment of inertia of each +upright shall be not less than determined by the follow- +ing formula: + + + +(SI Units) + + + +I = + + + +KL^ + + + +457.2EH + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +I = + + + +18EH + + + +NOTE [8.2.9.1.4(d)]: Symbols used in the above formula are +defined in 8.2.2.1.1. + +8.2.10 Minimum Oil Buffer Strolces: Inclined +Elevators + +The following formula shall be used to determine the +minimum stroke of oil buffers used for inclined elevators +(see 5.1.17.4): + + + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +S„,in = 269.5u^cos(! + + + +S • = + + + +3,652 + + + +where + + + +'-'inin — + + + +■'mm + +V + +6 + + + +minimum oil buffer stroke, mm (in.) + +rated car speed, m/s (ft/min) + +angle of inclination from horizontal (degrees) + + + +8.2.11 Stopping Distances for Car and + +Counterweiglit Safeties for Inclined Elevators + +The following formulas shall be used to determine the +maximum and minimum stopping distances for Type B +car and counterweight safeties used on inclined eleva- +tors (see 5.1.14.2): + + + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +Sn,in = 203.77z; I cos + + + +^max — ■'■•'*>^^mm ' ■ + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +! 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+Bracket Spacing, m (ft) + +Fig. 8.4.8.2-7 44.5 kg/m (30 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Braclcet Spacing + + + +23 587 (52) + + + +258 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +# + + + + + +1.60 + + + + +1.55 + + + + +1.50 + + + + +1.45 + + +u + + + + +ij- + + + + +o + + +1.40 + + +o + + + + +(Q + + + + +U. + + + + +•o + + +1.35 + + +(D + + + + +O + + + + +_l + + + + + + +1.30 + + +03 + + + + + + + + + + + +1.25 + + +0) + + + + ++-1 + + + + +c + + +1.20 + + +o + + + + +o + + + + + + +1.15 + + + + +1.10 + + + + +1.05 + + + + +1.0 + + + + +0.05 + + + +, 0.15 ^^ 0.25 „^ 0.35 „, 0.45 „ +.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0. + + + +0.55 0.65 + +5 0.6 0.7 + + + +Ratio ^ + + + +• + + + +L = distance between upper and lower counterweight position restraints, mm (in.) + +€ = distance between guide brackets, mm (in.) +W = actual weight of counterweight, kg (lb) +Wg = adjusted weight of counterweight, kg (lb) + +For ratios of U€ < 0.65, the adjusted counterweight Wg= QW\s to be used in determining +bracket spacing and the number of intermediate tie brackets required. + +EXAMPLE (Per 15 lb Guide Rail): +(SI Units) + +For ratio U£ = 0.1 5, and actual weight of counterweight = 3 630 kg += 1.35 +1^3 = 1.35(3,630) = 4900 kg +From Fig. 8.4.8.2-4 zone 3 or greater +Required bracket spacing = 3 200 mm (no tie bracket) + +or = up to 4 21 5 mm (one tie bracket) +or = up to 4 675 mm (two tie brackets) + +(Imperial Units) + +For ratio U( = 0.15, and actual weight of counterweight = 8,000 lb +Q = 1.35 +Wg 1= 1.35 (8,000) = 10800 kg +From Fig. 8.4.8.2-4 zone 3 or greater +Required bracket spacing = 10 ft 6 in. (no tie bracket) + +or= up to 13 ft 10 in. (one tie bracket) +or = up to 1 5 ft 4 in. (two tie brackets) + +Fig. 8.4.8.2-8 Car and Counterweight Load Factor + + + +259 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.4.8.3-8.4.8.9.2 + + + +material used. Stress determinations shall be based upon +a seismic force acting horizontally on the car plus 40% +of its rated capacity, that required to produce an accelera- +tion of: + +(a) \ gravity (zone 3 or greater); or + +ih) \ gravity (zone 2). + +8.4.8.4 Brackets, Fastenings, and Supports. Guide- +rail brackets and their fastenings and supports, such as +building beams and walls, shall be capable of withstand- +ing the horizontal forces imposed by the seismic loads +specified in Table 8.4.8.7, with a total deflection at the +point of support not to exceed 6 mm (0.25 in.). + +8.4.8.5 Type and Strength of Rail Joints. Metal guide +rails shall be joined together by fishplates as specified +in 8.4.8.6 and shall be designed to withstand the forces +specified in 2.23.5.1 and 8.4.8.3 without exceeding the +stress and deflection limitations. + +8.4.8.6 Design and Construction Rail Joints + +8.4.8.6.1 The joints of metal guide rails shall con- +form to the following requirements: + +{a) The ends of the rails shall be accurately machined +with a tongue and matching groove centrally located in +the web. + +ih) The backs of the rail flanges shall be accurately +machined, in relation to the rail guiding surfaces, to a +uniform distance front to back of the rails to form a flat +surface for the fishplates. + +{c) The ends of each rail shall be bolted to the fish- +plates with not less than four bolts. + +id) The width of the fishplate shall be not less than +the width of the back of the rail. + +ie) The section modulus and the moment of inertia +of the fishplate shall be not less than that of the rail. + +if) The diameter of the bolts for each size of guide +rails shall be not less than specified in Table 2.23.7.2.1. + +(^) The diameter of bolt holes shall not exceed the +diameter of the bolts by more than 2 mm (0.08 in.) for +guide rails nor 3 mm (0.125 in.) for fishplates. + +{\i) The threaded portion of the bolts shall not occur +in the shear plane of the guide-rail fishplate assembly. + +(ED) 8.4.8.6.2 Joints of different design and construc- + +tion to those specified shall be permitted to be used, +provided they are equivalent in strength and will ade- +quately maintain the accuracy of the rail alignment. + +8.4.8.7 Design and Strength of Braclcets and Sup- +ports. Guide-rail brackets including intermediate tie +brackets, where provided, shall be designed to with- +stand the forces imposed by the car plus 40% of its rated +load, or the counterweight, when subjected to a seismic +force of not less than that required to produce an acceler- +ation of + +{a) \ gravity horizontally (zone 3 or greater) +ih) \ gravity horizontally (zone 2) + + + +The stresses and deflections shall not exceed those +specified in Table 8.4.8.7. + +NOTE (8.4.8.7): Since the specific designs of the rail brackets, their +reinforcements where provided, and the method of attachment to +the building structure will vary between designs, the maximum +stresses and deflections shall be analyzed to suit the specific design. + +8.4.8.8 Type of Fastenings. Guide rails shall be +secured to their brackets by clips, welds, or bolts. Bolts +used for fastening shall be of such strength as to with- +stand the forces specified in 2.23.5.2 and 2.23.9.1, plus +8.4.8.4 and 8.4.8.7. + +Welding, where used, shall conform to 2.15.7.3. + +8.4.8.9 Information on Elevator Layouts. The follow- +ing information regarding horizontal seismic forces +imposed on the guide-rail faces by the lower position +restraints of the car or counterweight is required on +elevator layout drawings. The forces are to be deter- +mined as specified in 8.4.8.9.1 and 8.4.8.9.2 (see Fig. +8.4.8.9). + +8.4.8.9.1 Force normal to the x-x axis of the +guide rail: +ia) Where L > € (see Table 8.4.8.7): + + + +{SI Units) + + + +F^.^ = 9.807 + + + +F,., = 9.807 + + + +W + + + +(?) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +W +3 +W +6 + + + +(b) Where L<£ (see Table 8.4.8.7): +(SI Units) + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +f,., = 9.807(^111- + + + +F,.^ = 9.807 + + + +3€ + + + +»4: + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +F =^1--^ +^'-' 2 y 3€ + +F =^1--^ +'-' 4 3€ + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +8.4.8.9.2 Where normal to the y-y axis: +(a) Where L > € (see Table 8.4.8.7): + + + +260 + + + +Table 8.4.8.7 Stresses and Deflections of Guide-Rail Brackets and Supports + + + + + +L + + +Bracket +Type + + +Vertical +Location + + +Typical +Figure + + +Bracket + +IVloment + +of Inertia, + +mm* (in.*) + + +Zone > 3 + +Bracket Design Load, P + +[Notes (1) and (2)] + + +Allowable + + +Guide- +Rail +Bracket + + +N + + +lb + + +Bend Stress, Deflection, +MPa (psi) mm (in.) + + +Main (car and + + +> Rail +span £ + + +Any + + +Building +supports + + + + + + +(W\ +9.807 ^ + + +W +3 + + +0.88F>'p + + +2.54 + + +counterweigiit) + + +< Rail +span € + + +W +9.807 y + + +i^-M + + + + +W +2 + + +H] + + + + +(0.10) + + + + + + +Double + +"U" +bracket + + +Mid-span + + + + +Id + + +(W\ +9.807 -T- + +\^ 1 + + +W +6 + + + + + + +h H + + + + +intermediate + + +V3 span + + + + +tie (counter- +weigiit) + + + + + + +Single + +"U" +bracket + + +Mid-span + + + + +2/d + + + + + + +h H + + + + + + +V3 span + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Fyp — + +Id = + +L = + +e = + +W = + +P = + + + +minimum yield stress of material, MPa (psi) + +moment of inertia of single "U" intermediate, tie bracket, mm* (in.*), in a double "U" bracket arrangement + +vertical distance between the upper and lower position restraints required by 8.4.5.1 and 8.4.7.2, mm (in.) + +distance (rail span) between adjacent main guide rail brackets mm (in.) + +maximum weight of car with 40% rated cpacity or counterweight, kg (lb) + +horizontal seismic load, N (lb) + + + +NOTES: + +(1) For hydraulic elevator main bracket design load (car) add V^ the weight of the plunger (zone 3 or greater). + +(2) For Zone 2, multiply design load "P" by 0.5. + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.4.8.9.2-8.4.10.1.2 + + + +X- + + + +Fig. 8.4.8.9 Guide-Rail Axes + + + +(SI Units) + + + +f„-, = 9.807 (^ + + + +y-y + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +W +fy-y = 9.807 - + + + +F =^ + +v-y 6 + +F =^ + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +(h) Where L < € (see Table 8.4.8.7): +(SI Units) + + + +F,, = 9.807^1-^ + + + +F„.„ = 9.807|^Vl-^ + + + +y-y + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +F =^1--^ +^J'-y 4 y- 3€ + +^y-J' 8 3€ + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +where + +f = seismic force, N (Ibf) + +W = total weight of car plus 40% of its rated load, +or the total weight of the counterweight, kg (lb) + +8.4.9 Driving Machines and Sheaves + +8.4.9.1 Seismic Requirements for Driving IVIachine +and Sheaves. All integral parts of driving n\achines +together with their supports shall be capable of with- +standing the inertia effect of their masses without per- +manent deformation when subjected seismic forces + + + +acting separately of not less than those required to pro- +duce an acceleration of + +(a) gravity horizontally and V2 gravity vertically (zone +3 or greater) + +(b) \ gravity horizontally and \ gravity vertically +(zone 2) + +8.4.10 Emergency Operation and Signaling Devices + +8.4.10.1 Operation of Elevators Under Earthquake +Emergency Conditions. Earthquake emergency opera- +tion shall be provided for seismic risk zone 2 or greater +conforming to 8.4.10. + +Earthquake emergency operation is not required for +risk zone 2, provided the car and counterweight guide- +rail systems, guiding members, and position restraints +conform to the requirements for zone 3 or greater in +8.4.5, 8.4.7, and 8.4.8. + +8.4.10.1.1 Earthqualce Equipment (See Also Fig. +8.4.10.1.1) + +(a) All traction elevators operating at a rated speed +of 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min) or more and having counter- +weights located in the same hoistway shall be provided +with the following: + +(1) seismic zone 3 or greater: a minimum of one +seismic switch per building + +(1) seismic zone 2 or greater: + +(a) a displacement switch for each elevator + +(b) an identified momentary reset button or +switch for each elevator, located in the control panel in +the elevator machine room [see 8.4.10.1.3(1)] + +(h) For attendant-operated elevators and automatic (ED) +elevators on designated attendant service, a signal sys- +tem consisting of both visual and audible types activated +by either the seismic switch or the displacement switch +shall be provided to alert the attendant that the car is +under earthquake emergency control and that the atten- +dant is to return the car to the nearest available floor. +The audible signal required by 2.27.3.1.6(h) shall be per- +mitted to be used for this purpose in lieu of a separate +audible signal. + +8.4.10.1.2 Equipment Specifications + +(a) Earthquake protective devices shall be of the fail- +safe type. + +(h) Seismic switch shall activate upon excitation in a +vertical direction of not more than 0.15 times gravity +acceleration, 9.81 m/s^ (32.2 ft/s^). The frequency +response of the switch shall be 1 Hz to 10 Hz. + +Where the seismic switch is used exclusively to control +the elevators, it shall be located in the elevator machine +room and, where possible, shall be moimted adjacent to +a vertical load-bearing building structural member. + +(c) A displacement switch shall be activated by the +derailment of the counterweight at any point in the +hoistway to provide information to the control system +that the counterweight has left its guides. + + + +262 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + + +Fig. 8.4.10.1.1 Earthquake Elevator Equipment Requirements Diagrammatic Representation + + + +# + + + +263 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +8.4.10.1.2-8.4.11.3 + + + +(d) Earthquake protective devices with exposed live +electrical parts in the hoistway shall operate at not more +than 24 V root mean square alternating current or 24 V +direct current above or below ground potential and shall +not be capable of supplying more than 0.5 A when short- +circuited. + +(ED) 8.4.10.1.3 Elevator Operation (See Fig. 8.4.10.1.3) + +(a) Upon activation of a seismic switch, all elevators +with traction machines, counterweights, and selective, +collective, or group automatic operation that are in +motion shall proceed to the nearest available floor, open +their doors, and shut down; except that where Phase II +Emergency In-Car Operation is in effect, door operation +shall conform to 2.27.3.3. + +(h) When the counterweight displacement switch is +activated, the elevator, if in motion, shall initiate an +emergency stop and then proceed away from the coun- +terweight at a speed of not more than 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min) to the nearest available floor, open the +doors, and shut down; except that where Phase II Emer- +gency In-Car Operation is in effect, door operation shall +corvform to 2.27.3.3. + +(c) Elevators with power-operated doors, upon reach- +ing a landing shall cause their doors to open and remain +open; except that where Phase II Emergency In-Car +Operation is in effect, door operation shall conform to +2.27.3.3. + +(d) Upon activation of an earthquake protective +device, an elevator standing at a floor with its doors +open shall remain at the floor. If its doors are closed, it +shall open its doors. Where Phase II Emergency In-Car +Operation is in effect, door operation shall conform to +2.27.3.3. + +(e) An elevator not in operation when an earthquake +protective device is activated shall remain at the landing. + +(/) An elevator shall be permitted to be operated at +a speed of not more than 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min), provided +the counterweight displacement switch is of the continu- +ously monitoring type and is not activated. + +(g) Continuous activation of a displacement switch +shall + +(1) prevent operation of the car, except from the +inspection station located on top of the car + +(2) prevent operation of the car by means of the +emergency service key described in 2.27.3.1 and 2.27.3.3, +hospital emergency service key, and other similar t)q?es +of operation + +(h) Elevators stopped by an earthquake protective +device with a volatile-type memory shall remain idle in +the event of a power failure. Subsequent restoration of +power shall not cancel the status of the earthquake pro- +tective devices nor the slow speed status of the elevator +system if such existed prior to the loss of power. + +(/) An elevator shall be permitted to be returned to +normal service by means of the momentary reset button + + + +or switch [see 8.4.10.1.1(a)(2)], provided the displace- +ment switch is not activated. + +(;') Electrical protective devices required by 2.26.2 +shall not be rendered inoperative nor bypassed by earth- +quake protective devices + +8.4.10.1.4 Maintenance of Equipment. Earthquake +protective devices shall be arranged to be checked for +satisfactory operation and shall be calibrated at intervals +specified by the manufacturer. + +8.4.11 Hydraulic Elevators + +8.4.11.1 Machinery Rooms and Machinery Spaces. + +Where buildings are designed with expansion joints, the +machine room and the hoistway shall be located on the +same side of an expansion joint. + +8.4.11.2 Overspeed Valve. Hydraulic elevators not +provided with car safeties complying with 3.17.2 shall +be provided with an overspeed valve(s) conforming to +3.19.4.7. + +8.4.11.3 Pipe Supports. Piping supports to restrain +transverse motion shall be provided near changes in +direction and particularly near valves and joints and +shall comply with 8.4.2.3. + +Horizontal spans shall be supported at intervals not +to exceed those specified in Table 8.4.11.3. + +(a) Spacing is based on a natural frequency limit of +20 Hz. The pipe is presumed to have oil in it and, for +an added margin of safety, the oil is assumed to weigh +900 kg/m^ (56 Ib/ft^) at 15.6°C (60°F). + +(b) Maximum combined bending and shear stress is +limited to 71.8 kPa (1,500 psi). + +(c) Maximum sag at the center of the span is limited +to 2.5 mm (0.1 in.). + +(d) For pipe sizes other than shown, the maximum +spacing between supports shall be determined by the +following formula: + + + +(SI Units) + + + +£ = 0.01163 + + + +EI y + +9.807W j + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +€ = 0.192 (f + + + +where + +E = modulus of elasticity for steel [2,068 x 10^ MPa + +(30 X 10^ psi)] +/ = moment of inertia or pipe, mm"* (in.^) +€ = maximum spacing between supports, m (ft) +W = weight per foot of pipe with oil at 15.6°C (60°F), +kg/m (lb/ft) + + + +264 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +Q Start J + + + +Protective Device +Operated + + + + + +Yes + + + +Permissible to Operate + +Elevator From + +Top of Car + + + +Yes + + + +,,No + + + +Operate Visual +& Audible Signal + + + +Permissible to Run + +Elevator at Reduced + +Speed [ 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min)] + + + + + +Proceed at + +Reduced Speed + +[< 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min)l + +in Direction Away + +From CWT + + + +Stop at Nearest +Landing + + + +Authorized Personnel to +Determine if it Is Safe to +Run Elevators. Use Momentary +Reset Button or Switch in +Control Panel in Machine +Room to Restore Normal +Service. + + + +& + + + +Power Interrupt +Sub-Routine + + + +• + + + + +Yes + + + +Open doors + + + +Opening of Doors + +Subject to + +Fireman + + + +Shutdown + + + +Yes + + + + +Elevator Remains +Stopped + + + +Elevator Resumes Status + +That Prevailed Prior + +to Interruption + + + +Fig. 8.4.10.1.3 Earthquake Emergency Operation Diagrammatic Representation + + + +265 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.4.11.3-8.4.12.1 + + + +Table 8.4.11.3 Pipe Support Spacing + + + +(SI Units) + + + +Nominal +Pipe Size, + + +Maximum Spacing +Between Supports, + + +F.-x = 9.807 + + + + +(Zone > 3) + + +in. + + +mm (in.) + + + + +'^1-4 + ^' +4 I 3€/ 8 + + + + +1.0 + + +1 525 (60) + + +f.-x = 9.807 + + +(Zone 2) + + +1.5 + + +2 300 (90) + + + + + + +2.0 + + +2 600 (102) + + +(Imperial Units) + + + + +2.5 + + +2 750 (108) + + + + + + +3.0 +4.0 + + +3 000 (120) +3 500 (138) + + +'-' 2 y- 3€j 4 + + +(Zone > 3) + + + +0.192 = constant = + + + +TT /32.2 +40 1^144 + + + +8.4.11.4 Counterweights. Where counterweights are +provided, they shall conform to 8.4.7. + +8.4.11.5 Guide Rails, Guide-Rail Supports, and Fas- +tenings. Guide rails, guide-rail supports, and their fas- +tenings shall conform to the following, whichever is +more restrictive: + +(a) Where car safeties are provided, 3.17.2 shall apply. + +(b) Seismic load application: + +(1) Requirement 8.4.8 shall apply. + +(2) The load on the car side of direct-plunger +hydraulic elevators shall be as determined by 8.4.8.3(a) +and (b). + +(3) Requirement 8.4.8.9 shall not apply. + +(ED) 8.4.11.6 Support of Tanl«. Means shall be provided +to prevent the tank from being overturned or displaced. +Such means shall comply with 8.4.2.3. + +8.4.11.7 Information on Elevator Layouts. The follow- +ing information regarding horizontal seismic forces +imposed on the guide-rail faces by the lower position +restraints of the car or counterweight is required on +elevator layout drawings. The forces are to be deter- +mined as specified in 8.4.11.7.1 and 8.4.11.7.2. + +8.4.11.7.1 Force normal to x-x axis of the rail (see +8.4.8.9): + +(a) Where L>€ (see Table 8.4.8.7): + + + +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +f,., = 9.807(1 + ^ +f ... = 9.807(^ + ^ + + + +J-x-x -3+4 + +^^-^ "68 + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +'-' 4 3€ 8 + + + +(Zone 2) + + + +8.4.11.7.2 Force normal to y-y axis of the rail (see +8.4.8.9): +(a) Where L > € (see Table 8.4.8.7): + + + +(SI UnUs) + + + + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +^y-y + + +"6^8 + + +(Zone > 3) + + +"y-y " 12 16 + + +(Zone 2) + + +(b) Where L < € (see Table 8.4.8.7): + + + + +(SI Units) + + + + +Fy.y = 9.807 + + +"W / L \ Wg +4 \ 3€J ^ 8 + + +(Zone > 3) + + +Fy.y = 9.807 + + +8 \ 3€J 16 + + +(Zone 2) + + +(Imperial Units) + + + + + + + +(b) Where L < € (see Table 8.4.8.7): + + + +^" = f(^-^^t (Zone 2) + + + +where + +F = seismic force, N (Ibf) +W = total weight of car plus 40% of rated capacity + +kg (lb) +Wp = plunger weight, kg (lb) + +Where counterweights are provided, the horizontal +seismic forces imposed on the guide rails by the lower +position restraints shall be determined by the formulas +in 8.4.8.9.1 and 8.4.8.9.2. + +8.4.12 Design Data and Formulas for Elevators + +8.4.12.1 Maximum Weight Per Pair of Guide Rails. + +The following formulas shall be used to determine the + + + +266 + + + +8.4.12.1-8.4.12.1.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +# + + + +maximum allowable weight per pair of guide rails. + +8.4.12.1.1 Force Normal to x-x Axis of Rail (See +8.4.8.9) + +{a) No intermediate tie brackets (car and counter- +weight rails): + +(1) Traction elevators (or hydraulic elevator coun- +terweight rails, where provided): + +iSl Units) + + + +(SI Units) + + + + + +W = 504.5 -f + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 1 009 ^ + + +(Zone 2) + + +(Imperial Units) + + + + + + + + +W = 717,671 ^ + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 1,435,342 Y + + +(Zone 2) + + + + + +W = 740.6 ^ + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 1 481 y + + +(Zone 2) + + +(Imperial Units) + + + + + + + + +W = 1,053,495 y + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 2,106,990 y + + +(Zone 2) + + + +8.4.12.1.2 Force Normal to /-/ Axis of Rail (See +8.4.8.9) + +(a) No intermediate tie brackets (car and counter- +weight rails): + +(1) Traction elevators (or hydraulic elevator coun- +terweight rails, where provided): + +(SI Units) + + + +(2) Hydraulic elevators (car guide rails only): +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +W = 168-^ + + + +W = 239,224-^ + + + + + +W = 1 009 ^ + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 2018^ + + +(Zone 2) + + +(Imperial Units) + + + + + + + + +W = 1,435,342 ^ + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 2,870,684 ^ + + +(Zone 2) + + + +where + + + +W W +6 8 + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +(b) One intermiediate tie bracket located midway +between main coimterweighted guide-rail brackets: + +(SI Units) + + + + + +W = 669 ^ + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 1 338 y + + +(Zone 2) + + +(Imperial Units) + + + + + + + + +W = 951,991 y + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 1,903,982 ^ + + +(Zone 2) + + + +(2) Hydraulic elevators (car guide rails only): +(SI Units) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +where + + + +W = 336^ + + + +W = 478,448-^ + + + +3 4 +6 8 + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +(b) One intermediate tie bracket located midway +between main counterweighted guide-rail brackets: + +(SI Units) + + + +# + + + +(c) Two intermediate tie brackets approximately +equally spaced between main counterweighted guide- +rail brackets: + + + +W = 1 338.5 -f +W = 2 677 ^ + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +267 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + + + + +(Imperial Units) + + +(SI Units) + + + + +W = 1,903,982 ^ (Zone > 3) + + +h + + += 9.807 + + +W = 3,807,962 ^ (Zone 2) + + +h + + += 9.807 + + +(c) Two intermediate tie brackets approximately + + +(Imperial Units) + + + + + +8.4.12.1.2-8.4.12.2.2 + + + +rail brackets: +(SI Units) + + + + + +W = 1 481 ^ + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 2 962 ^ + + +(Zone 2) + + +(Imperial Units) + + + + + + + + +W = 2,106,990 ^ + + +(Zone > 3) + + + + +W = 4,213,963 ^ + + +(Zone 2) + + + +where + +€ = distance between main car or coiinterweight + +guide-rail brackets, mm (in.) +W = weight of car plus 40% rated capacity, or coun- +terweight, kg (lb) +W ' = maximum weight per pair of car guide rails + +(hydraulic elevators), kg (lb) +Wp = weight of hydraulic plunger, kg (lb) +Zx = section modulus of rail about x-x axis, mm^ + +(in.3) +Zy = section modulus of rail about y-y axis, mm'' +(in.3) + +8.4.12.2 Required Moment of Inertia of Guide Rails. + +The following formulas shall be used to determine the +minimum allowable moment of inertia of guide rails. + +8.4.12.2.1 Force Normal to x-x Axis of Rail (See +8.4.8.9) + +(a) Traction elevators (or hydraulic elevator counter- +weight rails, where provided): + + + +(SI Units) + + + +L = 9.807 + + + +we + +249AE + + + +^'-'■"^l^) + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +h = + +Ir = + + + +we + +249AE + +we + +498AE + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +e w Wj + +AE \249 "^ 267 +W_ W^ +AE 1498 "^ 534 + + + +"" ~ AE 1^249 "^ 267 +' ~ AE 498 "^ 534 + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +8.4.12.2.2 Force Normal to y-y Axis of Rail (See +8.4.8.9) + +(a) Traction elevators (or hydraulic elevator counter- +weight rails, where provided): + + + +(SI Units) + + + +h = 9.807 1^ + + + +ly = 9.807 + + + +we \ + +996AEJ + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +_ we + +y ~ 498AE + +_ ^^^ +^ ~ 996AE + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +(h) Hydraulic elevators (car guide rails only): +(SI Units) + + + +ly = 9.807 + + + +ly = 9.807 + + + +AE 1498 "^ 534 + +e I W Wr, + ++ — 2. + + + +AE 996 1 068 + + + +(Imperial Units) + + + +" AE \498 534 +y AE 996 1,068 + + + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + +(Zone > 3) +(Zone 2) + + + +where + + + +(b) Hydraulic elevators (car guide rails only): + + + +€ = distance between main car and counterweight +guide-rail brackets, mm (in.) + +E = modulus of elasticity for steel = 2.068 X +10^ MPa (30 X 10^ psi) + +Ix = moment of inertia of rail about x-x axis, +mm* (in.*) + +ly = moment of inertia of rail about y-y axis, +mm* (in.*) + +W = weight of car plus 40% rated capacity, or coun- +terweight, kg (lb) + + + +o + + + +268 + + + +8.4.12.2.2-8.5.2.2 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +Table 8.4.12.2.2 Maximum Allowable Deflection + + + +# + + + +# + + + +Rail Size, + + +A, Max., + + +kg (lb) + + +mm (in.) + + +12.0 (8.0) + + +20 (0.75) + + +16.5 (11.0) + + +25 (1.00) + + +18.0 (12.0) + + +32 (1.25) + + +22.5 (15.0) + + +38 (1.50) + + +27.5 (18.5) + + +38 (1.50) + + +33.5 (22.5) + + +38 (1.50) + + +45.0 (30.0) + + +45 (1.75) + + + +Wp = weight of hydraulic plunger, kg (lb) +A = maximum allowable deflection at center of rail +span, mm (in.), based on Table 8.4.12.2.2. + +8.4.13 Ground Motion Parameters + +8.4.13.1 For application to building codes of the +United States: + + + +Zone(s) + +Gand 1 + +2 + +3 and 4 + + + +Affected Peak +Velocity Acceleration, A^ + +Ay < 0.10 + +0.10 3 + + + +2 < Z„ < 4 +Z„>4 + + + +SECTION 8.5 + +ESCALATOR AND MOVING WALK SAFETY + +REQUIREMENT FOR SEISMIC RISK ZONE 2 OR + +GREATER + +Requirement 8.5 applies to all escalators and moving +walks, where installed in buildings that are designed +and built to the requirements of, and located in, seismic +risk zone 2 or greater as defined by the building code +(see 1.3). + +Where the applicable building code does not make +reference to seismic risk zones, the ground motion +parameters shown in 8.4.13 shall be used. + +The escalator and moving walk safety requirements +contained in 8.5 shall be in addition to the requirements +in the other parts of the Code imless otherwise specified + +8.5.1 Balustrade Construction + +Balustrades shall be designed to resist a lateral load +of 730 N/m (50 Ibf/ft) applied to the top of the handrail. + + + +In balustrades where glass is part of the structural sys- +tem the design shall include provision for the application +of 0.5 gravity in both principle directions and the +required lateral load to verify that the glass does not +exceed the material deflection limit or stress limit. + +8.5.2 Truss Members + +All members of escalators and moving walk trusses +together with their supports shall be capable of with- +standing the inertia effect of their masses without per- +manent deformation when subjected to seismic forces +active separately in vertical and horizontal directions. + +8.5.2.1 Lateral forces shall be applied in horizontal +directions which result in the most critical loadings as +calculated in conformance with the AISC Specifications +for Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel +for Buildings. The most critical loading shall be based +on the total dead load of the escalator including cladding +plus 25% of the rated load in accordance with 6.1.3.9. +The horizontal seismic force shall be considered to be +not less than: + + + +where +C„ + + + +Pp = +I = + + + +z + + + +Fp = ZlCpiWp + Wr) + + + +horizontal force factor + +total horizontal force += importance factor += dead load including cladding += 25% of the rated load calculated per 6.1.3.9 += seismic zone factor + + + +8.5.2.1.1 The seismic zone shall be taken from the (ED) +NHRP maps. + +NOTE: When local building codes are more stringent, higher val- +ues may be applicable: + +(a) For zone 2, Z = 0.25. + +(b) For zone 3 or 4, Z = 0.5. + +Where the applicable building code does not make reference to +seismic risk zones, the ground motion parameters shown in 8.4.13 +shall be used. + +8.5.2.1.2 The escalator or moving walk is consid- +ered a nonbuilding structure component. The value of +/ shall be considered to be 1.0 unless the building is +specified as an essential facility in which case a value +of 1.25 shall be used. + +8.5.2.1.3 The value of Cp shall be 0.75 when any (ED) +portion of an escalator is located above grade and 0.50 +when an escalator is located below grade. + +NOTE: When more than six stories above grade other values of Cp +may apply and should be determined based upon the fundamental +period of the building. + +8.5.2.2 Vertical forces shall be split equally between +the two end supports. The total vertical force shall be +(1 ± 0.25) X (Wp + Wr) for zone 2 and (1 ± 0.50) x (Wp + + + +269 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.5.2.2-8.6.1.2.1 + + + ++ Wr) for zone 3 or greater. Wp and Wr are defined in +8.5.2.1. + +8.5.2.3 Truss Calculations. The members in the truss +shall be calculated by the Allowable Stress Method of +the AISC Specification for Design, Fabrication, and Erec- +tion of Structural Steel for Buildings. The allowable +stress as stipulated by the various sections is required +to be used in lieu of yield stress. (See AISC example Dl +for tension, E2 for compression, and F4 for shear stress. +There are multiple rules for bending depending on type +of section; therefore, examples are not listed.) Truss anal- +ysis, whether verified by computer or hand calculations, +shall consider axial stresses of either compression or +tension, combined axial compressive and bending stress, +and combined axial tension and bending stress. There +is no requirement for the escalator truss to be considered +as a structural member of the building. + +8.5.3 Supporting Connections Between tlie Truss +and the Building + +8.5.3.1 The end supports shall provide lateral +restraint for forces in both principle horizontal directions +imposed by seismic forces on the truss. Vertical restraint +is not required since per formula downward force will +be 0.50 {Wp + Wr) or greater (see 8.5.2.1). Calculations +shall be permitted to be based on either rigid or flexible +restraints. Where suitable flexible restraints are used, +forces resulting from movement of building structure +members are not considered as being applied to the +truss. + +8.5.3.2 The design cortnections shall account for +maximum design story drift. + +8.5.3.2.1 Where seismic restraint is provided at +one end, the design shall account for the forces devel- +oped by building movement in a manner that restricts +transfer of these forces to the truss. All other supports +shall be free to slide in the longitudinal direction. Where +seismic restraint, which allows some degree of longitudi- +nal and transverse motion, is provided at both ends, +additional means shall be provided to prevent the upper +end of the truss from slipping off the building support. +All other supports shall be free to slide in the longitudi- +nal direction sufficiently to accommodate the remainder +of the design story drift. + +8.5.3.2.2 At the sliding end or ends, the width or +widths of the beam seat shall be capable of accommodat- +ing, without damage, at least 1.5 times story drift as +obtained by either of the following: + +(a) through engineering calculations + +(b) by using the maximum code allowed story drift +per the NEHRP 1997 Table for Allowable Story Drifts. +This table allows story drifts of 0.0375 hgx where hgx is +the building story height. + + + +8.5.4 Earthqualce Protective Devices + +Earthquake protective devices shall be of the fail- +safe type. + +A minimum of one seismic switch shall be provided +in every building in which an escalator or moving walk +is installed. + +(a) The seismic switch shall conform to 8.4.10.1.2(b). + +(b) Activation of the seismic switch(es) shall remove +power from the escalator driving machine motor and +brake. + +(c) Where a seismic switch(es) is used exclusively to +control the escalator or moving walk, it shall be located +in a machine room, machinery space, and where possible +shall be mounted adjacent to a vertical load-bearing +member. Should no vertical load-bearing member be in +close proximity, it shall be permitted to locate the seismic +switch at the nearest accessible vertical load-bearing +member at approximately the same horizontal level as +the upper machinery space or machine room. + +SECTION 8.6 +MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND REPLACEMENT + +Requirement 8.6 applies to maintenance, repairs, and +replacements. + +NOTE: See 8.7 for alteration requiremerits. + +8.6.1 General Requirements + +8.6.1.1 Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement + +8.6.1.1.1 Equipment covered within the scope of +this Code shall be maintained in accordance with 8.6. + +8.6.1.1.2 Maintenance, repairs, and replacements +shall conform to 8.6 and the + +(a) Code at the time of the installation + +(b) Code requirements at the time of any alteration + +(c) ASME A17.3 if adopted by the authority having +jurisdiction + +8.6.1.1.3 It is not the intent of 8.6 to require +changes to the equipment to meet the design, nameplate +or performance standard other than those specified in +8.6.1.1.2, unless specifically stated in 8.6. + +8.6.1.2 General Maintenance Requirements + +8.6.1.2.1 A written Maintenance Control Program +shall be in place to maintain the equipment in compli- +ance with the requirements of 8.6. + +(a) The Maintenance Control Program shall consist of +but not be limited to + +(1) examinations, maintenance, and tests of equip- +ment at scheduled intervals in order to ensure that the +installation conforms to the requirements of 8.6. The +maintenance procedures and intervals shall be based on +(a) equipment age, condition, and accumulated +wear + + + +270 + + + +8.6.1.2.1-8.6.1.6.6 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +(b) design and inherent quality of the equipment + +(c) usage + +(d) environmental conditions + +(e) improved technology + +(2) cleaning, lubricating, and adjusting applicable +components at regular intervals and repairing or replac- +ing all worn or defective components where necessary +to maintain the installation in compliance with the +requirements of 8.6. + +(b) The instructions for locating the Maintenance +Control Program shall be provided in or on the controller +along with instructions on how to report any corrective +action that might be necessary to the responsible party. + +(c) The maintenance records required by 8.6.1.4 shall +be kept at a central location. + +(d) The Maintenance Control Program shall be acces- +sible to the elevator personnel and shall document com- +pliance with 8.6. + +8.6.1.2.2 Where a defective part directly affecting +the safety of the operation is identified, the equipment +shall be taken out of service until the defective part has +been adjusted, repaired, or replaced. + +8.6.1.3 Maintenance Personnel. Maintenance, +repairs, and replacements shall be performed only by +elevator personnel (see 1.3). + +8.6.1.4 Maintenance Records + +8.6.1.4.1 Maintenance records shall document +compliance with 8.6 of the Code and shall include rec- +ords on the following activities: + +(a) description of maintenance task performed and +dates + +(b) description and dates of examinations, tests, +adjustments, repairs, and replacements + +(c) description and dates of call backs (trouble calls) +or reports that are reported to elevator personnel by any +means, including corrective action taken + +(d) written record of the findings on the firefighter's +service operation required by 8.6.10.1 + +8.6.1.4.2 Record Availability. The maintenance rec- +ords shall be available to the elevator personnel. + +8.6.1.5 Code Data Plate + +8.6.1.5.1 A data plate that indicates the Code and +edition in effect at the time of installation and any alter- +ation (see 8.7.1.8) shall be provided. The data plate shall +also specify the Code and edition in effect at the time +of any alteration and the applicable requirements of 8.7. + +8.6.1.5.2 The Code data plate shall comply with +8.9. + +8.6.1.6 General Maintenance Methods and Proce- +dures + +8.6.1.6.1 Mailing Safety Devices Inoperative or Inef- +fective. No person shall at any time make inoperative + + + +or ineffective any device on which safety of users is +dependent, including any electrical protective device, +except where necessary during tests, inspections (see +8.10 and 8.11), maintenance, repair, and replacement, +provided that the installation is first removed from nor- +mal operation. + +Such devices shall be restored to their normal +operating condition in conformity with the applicable +requirements prior to returning the equipment to service +(see 2.26.7 and 8.6.1.6). + +8.6.1.6.2 Lubrication. All parts of the machinery +and equipment requiring lubrication shall be lubricated +with lubricants equivalent to the type and grade recom- +mended by the manufacturer. + +Alternative lubricants shall be permitted when +intended lubrication effects are achieved. + +All excess lubricant shall be cleaned from the equip- +ment. Containers used to catch leakage shall not be +allowed to overflow. + +8.6.1.6.3 Controllers, Wiring, and Wiring Diagrams + +(a) Up-to-date wiring diagrams detailing circuits of +all electrical protective devices (see 2.26.2) and critical +operating circuits (see 2.26.3) shall be available in the +machine room. + +(b) The interiors of controllers and their components +shall be cleaned when necessary to minimize the accu- +mulation of foreign matter that can interfere with the +operation of the equipment. + +(c) Temporary wiring and insulators or blocks in the +armatures or poles of magnetically operated switches, +contactors, or relays on equipment in service are pro- +hibited. + +(d) When jumpers are used during maintenance, +repair, or testing, all jumpers shall be removed and the +equipment tested prior to returning it to service. Jump- +ers shall not be stored in the machine space, hoistway, +or pit (see also 8.6.1.6.1). + +(e) Control and operating circuits and devices shall +be maintained in compliance with applicable Code +requirements (see 8.6.1.1.2). + +8.6.1.6.4 Painting. Care shall be used in the paint- +ing of the equipment to make certain that it does not +interfere with the proper functioning of any component. +Painted components shall be tested for proper operation +upon completion of painting. + +8.6.1.6.5 Fire Extinguishers. Except in jurisdictions (04) +enforcing NBCC, Class "ABC" fire extinguishers shall + +be provided in elevator electrical machinery and control +spaces, walk-in machinery and control rooms for escala- +tors and moving walks, and shall be located convenient +to the access door. + +8.6.1.6.6 Worlcmanship. Care should be taken dur- +ing operations such as torquing, drilling, cutting, and +welding to ensure that no component of the assembly is + + + +271 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.6.1.6,6-8.6.3.3.3 + + + +damaged or weakened. Rotating parts shall be properly +aligned. + +8.6.1.6.7 Signs and Data Plates. Required signs and +data plates that are damaged or missing shall be repaired +or replaced. + +(ED) 8.6.2 Repairs + +See 8.6.2.1 through 8.6.2.5 for general requirements +for repairs. + +8.6.2.1 Repair Parts. Repairs shall be made with parts +of at least equivalent material, strength, and design (see +8.6.3.1). + +8.6.2.2 Welding and Design. Welding and design of +welding shall conform to 8.7.1.4 and 8.7.1.5. + +8.6.2.3 Repair of Speed Governors. Where a repair is +made to a speed governor that affects the tripping link- +age or speed adjustment mechanism, the governor shall +be checked in conformance with 8.11.2.3.2. + +Where a repair is made to the governor jaws or associ- +ated parts that affect the pull-through force, the governor +pull-through force shall be checked in conformance with +8.11.2.3.2(b). A test tag shall be attached, indicating the +date the pull-through test was performed. + +8.6.2.4 Repair of Releasing Carrier. When a repair is +made to a releasing carrier, the governor rope pull-out +and pull-through forces shall be verified in conformance +with 8.11.2.3.2(b). + +8.6.2.5 Repair of Ropes. Suspension, governor, and +compensating ropes shall not be lengthened or repaired +by splicing (see 8.7.2.21). + +8.6.3 Replacements + +8.6.3.1 Replacement Parts. Replacements shall be +made with parts of at least equivalent material, strength, +and design. + +8.6.3.2 Replacement of a Single Suspension Rope. If + +one rope of a set is worn or damaged and requires +replacement, the entire set of ropes shall be replaced, +except, where one rope has been damaged during instal- +lation or acceptance testing prior to being subjected to +elevator service, it shall be permissible to replace a single +damaged rope with a new rope, provided that the +requirements of 8.6.3.2.1 through 8.6.3.2.6 are met. + +8.6.3.2.1 The wire rope data for the replacement +rope must correspond to the wire rope data specified +in 2.20.2.2(a), (b), (c), (f ), and (g) for the other ropes. + +8.6.3.2.2 The replacement rope shall be provided +with a wire rope data tag conforming to 2.20.2.2. + +8.6.3.2.3 The suspension ropes, including the +damaged rope, shall not have been shortened since their +original installation. + + + +8.6.3.2.4 The diameter of any of the remaining +ropes shall not be less than the nominal diameter minus +0.4 mm (0.015 in.). + +8.6.3.2.5 The tension of the new replacement rope +shall be checked and adjusted as necessary at semi- +monthly intervals over a period of not less than two +months after installation. If proper equalization of rope +tension cannot be maintained after 6 months, the entire +set of hoist ropes shall be replaced. + +8.6.3.2.6 The replacement rope shall be provided +with the same type of suspension rope fasterung used +with the other ropes. + +8.6.3.3 Replacement of Ropes Otiier than Governor +Ropes + +8.6.3.3.1 Replacement of all ropes, except gover- +nor ropes (see 8.6.3.4), shall conform to the following: + +(a) Replacement ropes shall be as specified by the +original elevator manufacturer or be at least equivalent +in strength, weight, and design. + +(b) Ropes that have been previously used in another +installation shall not be reused. + +(c) When replacing suspension, compensating, and +car or drum counterweight ropes, all ropes in a set shall +be replaced, except as permitted by 8.6.3.2. + +(d) The ropes in the set shall be new, all from the +same manufacturer, and of the same material, grade, +construction, and diameter. + +(e) Data tags conforming to 2.20.2.2 shall be applied. +(/) Suspension, car, and drum counterweight rope fas- +tenings shall conform to 2.20.9. + +8.6.3.3.2 Rope Fastenings and Hitchplates. + +Replacement of rope fastenings and hitchplates shall +conform to the following: + +(a) When the suspension rope fastenings are replaced +with an alternate means that conforms to 2.20.9, existing +hitch plates that cause interference between the replace- +ment fastening shall have the replacement fastening +staggered, or the hitch plates shall be replaced with +a design that provides clearance between replacement +shackles. + +(b) Replacement hitch plates shall conform to 2.15.13. + +(c) Replacement fastenings shall be permitted to be +installed on the car only, the counterweight only, at either +of the dead-end hitches, or at both attachment points. + +(d) Rope fastenings at the drum cormection of wind- +ing-drum machines shall comply with 8.6.4.10.2. + +8.6.3.3.3 Runby and Clearances After Reroping or +Shortening. The minimum car and counterweight clear- +ances specified in 2.4.6 and 2.4.9 shall be maintained +when new suspension ropes are installed or when +existing suspension ropes are shortened. + +The minimum clearances shall be maintained by any +of the following methods (see 8.6.4.11). + + + +272 + + + +8.6.3.3.3-8.6.3.11 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +(04) + + + +• + + + +(a) Limit the length that the ropes are shortened. + +(b) Provide blocking at the car or counterweight strike +plate. The blocking shall be of sufficient strength and +secured in place to withstand the reactions of buffer +engagement as specified in 8.2.3. If wood blocks are +used to directly engage the buffer, a steel plate shall +be fastened to the engaging surface or shall be located +between that block and the next block to distribute the +load upon buffer engagements. + +(c) Provide blocking under the car and /or counter- +weight buffer of sufficient strength and secured in place +to withstand the reactions of buffer engagement as +described in 8.2.3. + +8.6.3.4 Replacement of Governor or Safety Rope + +8.6.3.4.1 Governor ropes shall be of the same size, +material, and construction as the rope specified by the +governor manufacturer, except that a rope of the same +size but of different material or construction shall be +permitted to be installed in conformance with 8.7.2.19. + +8.6.3.4.2 The replaced governor ropes shall com- +ply with 2.18.5. + +8.6.3.4.3 After a governor rope is replaced, the +governor pull-through force shall be checked as speci- +fied in 8.11.2.3.2(b). + +8.6.3.4.4 A test tag indicating the date when the +pull-through test was performed shall be attached. + +8.6.3.4.5 The safety rope shall comply with +2.17.12.4 and 2.17.12.5. + +8.6.3.5 Belts and Chains. If one belt or chain of a +set is worn or stretched beyond that specified in the +manufacturer's recommendation, or is damaged so as +to require replacement, the entire set shall be replaced. + +Spockets and toothed sheaves shall also be replaced +if worn beyond that specified in the manufacturer's rec- +ommendations. + +8.6.3.6 Replacement of Speed Governor. When a +speed governor is replaced, it shall conform to 2.18. +When a releasing carrier is provided, it shall conform +to 2.17.15. The governor rope shall be of the type and +size specified by the governor manufacturer. + +The governor shall be checked in conformance with +8.11.2.3.2. Drum-operated safeties that require continu- +ous tension in the govemi )r rope to achieve full safety +application shall be checked as specified in 8.11.2.3.1 +and 8.7.2.19. + +8.6.3.7 Listed/Certified Devices + +8.6.3.7.1 Where a listed/certified device is +replaced, the replacement shall be subject to the applica- +ble engineering or type test as specified in 8.3, or the +requirements of CAN/CSA B44.1/ASME A17.5. +Hoistway door interlocks, hoistway door combination +mechanical lock and electric contact, and door or gate + + + +electric contact, shall conform to the type tests specified +in 2.12.4.1. The device shall be labeled by the certifying +organization (see 8.6.1.1). In jurisdictions not eriforcing +NBCC, door panels, frames, and entrances hardware +shall be provided with the instructions required by +2.11.18. + +8.6.3.7.2 Where a component in a Listed /certified +device is replaced, the replacement component shall be +subject to the requirements of the applicable edition of +CAN/CSA B44.1/ASME A17.5 and/or the engineering +or type test in 8.3. Hoistway door interlocks, hoistway +door combination mechanical lock and electric contact, +and door or gate electric contact, shall conform to the +type tests specified in 2.12.4.1. The component shall be +included in the original manufacturer's listed /certified +device documentation or as a listed /certified replace- +ment component (see 8.6.1.1). + +Each replacement component shall be plairUy marked +for identification. In jurisdictions not enforcing NBCC, +door panels, frames, and entrances hardware shall be +provided with the instructions required by 2.11.18. + +NOTE (8.6.3.7): Devices that may fall under this requirement are +included but not limited to: hoistway door locking devices and +electric contacts, car door contacts and interlocks, hydraulic control +valves, escalator steps, fire doors, and electrical equipment. + +8.6.3.8 Replacement of Door Reopening Device. + +Where a reopening device for power-operated car doors +or gates is replaced, it shall conform to 8.7.2.13. + +8.6.3.9 Replacement of Releasing Carrier. Where a +replacement is made to a releasing carrier, the governor +rope pull-out and pull-through forces shall be verified +in coriformance with 8.11.2.3.2(b). + +8.6.3.10 Replacement of Hydraulic Jacic, Plunger, Cyl- +inder, Tanlcs, and Anticreep Leveling Device + +8.6.3.10.1 A hydraulic jack replacement shall be +classified as an alteration and shall comply with +8.7.3.23.1. + +8.6.3.10.2 A plimger replacement shall be classi- +fied as an alteration and shall comply with 8.7.3.23.2. + +8.6.3.10.3 A cylinder replacement shall be classi- +fied as an alteration and shall comply with 8.7.3.23.3. + +8.6.3.10.4 A tank replacement shall be classified +as an alteration and shall comply with 8.7.3.29. + +8.6.3.10.5 An anticreep leveling device replace- +ment shall be classified as an alteration and shall comply +with 8.7.3.31.3. + +8.6.3.11 Replacement of Valves and Piping. Where +any valves, pipings, or fittings are replaced, replace- +ments shall conform to 3.19 with the exception of +3.19.4.6. Replacement control valves must conform to +the Code under which it was installed. + + + +273 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.6.4-8.6.4.8.2 + + + +8.6.4 Maintenance of Electric Elevators + +The maintenance of electric elevators shall conform +to 8.6.1 through 8.6.4. + +8.6.4.1 Suspension and Compensating Wire Ropes + +8.6.4.1.1 Suspension and compensating ropes +shall be kept lightly lubricated and clean so that they +can be visually inspected. + +8.6.4.1.2 Precautions shall be taken in lubricating +suspension wire ropes to prevent the loss of traction. +Lubrication shall be in accordance with instructions on +the rope data tag [see 2.20.2.2(j)], if provided. + +8.6.4.1.3 Equal tension shall be maintained +between individual ropes in each set. + +8.6.4.2 Governor Wire Ropes + +8.6.4.2.1 The ropes shall be kept clean. + +8.6.4.2.2 Governor wire ropes shall not be lubri- +cated after installation. If lubricants have been applied +to governor ropes, they shall be replaced, or the lubricant +removed, and the governor and safety shall be tested +as specified in 8.11.2.3.2(b) and 8.11.2.2.2. + +8.6.4.3 Lubrication of Guide Rails + +8.6.4.3.1 The lubrication of guide rails shall be in +accordance with the requirements on the crosshead data +plate (see 2.17.16), where provided. + +8.6.4.3.2 Where a data plate is not provided, the +lubrication of guide rails shall conform to the following: + +(a) Guide rails, except those of elevators equipped +with roller or other types of guiding members not requir- +ing lubrication, shall be kept lubricated. + +(b) Where sliding-type safeties are used, the guide- +rail lubricants, or prelubricated or impregnated guide- +shoe gibs, where used, shall be of a type recommended +by the manufacturer of the safety (see 8.6.1.2.3). + +8.6.4.3.3 If lubricants other than those recom- +mended by the manufacturer are used, a safety test con- +forming to 8.11.2.3.1 shall be made to demonstrate that +the safety will function as required by 2.17.3. + +8.6.4.3.4 Rails shall be kept clean and free of lint +and dirt accumulation and excessive lubricant. Means +shall be provided at the base of the rails to collect excess +lubricant. + +8.6.4.3.5 Rust-preventive compounds such as +paint, mixtures of graphite and oil, and similar coatings +shall not be applied to the guiding surfaces, unless rec- +ommended by the manufacturer of the safety. Once +applied, the safety shall be checked as specified in +8.11.2.3.1. + +8.6.4.4 Oil Buffers + +8.6.4.4.1 The oil level shall be maintained at the +level indicated by the manufacturer. The grade of oil to + + + +be used shall be as indicated in on the buffer marking +plate, where required (see 2.22.4.10 and 2.22.4.11). + +8.6.4.4.2 Buffer plungers shall be kept clean and +shall not be coated or painted with a substance that will +interfere with their operation. + +8.6.4.4.3 Buffer oil shall not be stored in the pit +or hoistway or on top of the car. + +8.6.4.5 Safety Mechanisms + +8.6.4.5.1 Safety mechanisms shall be kept lubri- +cated and free of rust and dirt that can interfere with +the operation of the safety. + +8.6.4.5.2 The required clearance between the +safety jaws and the rail shall be maintained. + +8.6.4.6 Braises + +8.6.4.6.1 The driving-machine brake shall be +maintained to ensure proper operations, including, but +not limited to the following: + +(a) residual pads (antimagnetic pads) + +(b) lining and running clearances + +(c) pins and levers + +(d) springs + +(e) sleeves and guide bushings + +(f) discs and drums + +(g) brake coil and plunger + +8.6.4.6.2 If any part of the driving machine brake +is changed or adjusted that can affect the holding capac- +ity or decelerating capacity of the brake when required +(see 2.24.8.3), it shall be adjusted and checked by means +that will verify its proper function and holding capacity. + +8.6.4.7 Cleaning of Hoistways and Pits + +8.6.4.7.1 Hoistways and pits shall be kept free +of dirt and rubbish and shall not be used for storage +purposes. + +8.6.4.7.2 Landing blocks and pipe stands shall be +permitted to be stored in the pit, provided that they do +not interfere with the operation of the elevator and do +not present a hazard for persons working in the pit. + +8.6.4.7.3 Pit access doors shall be kept closed and +locked. + +8.6.4.7.4 Water and oil shall not be allowed to +accumulate on pit floors. See also 8.6.10.3. + +8.6.4.8 Macliine Rooms and Machinery Spaces + +8.6.4.8.1 Floors and machinery spaces shall be +kept free of water, dirt, rubbish, oil, and grease. + +8.6.4.8.2 Articles or materials not necessary for +the maintenance or operation of the elevator shall not +be stored in machine rooms and machinery spaces. + + + +274 + + + +8.6.4.8.3-8.6.4.14 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + +• + + + +8.6.4.8.3 Flammable liquids having a flashpoint +of less than 44°C (110°F) shall not be kept in such rooms +or spaces. + +8.6.4.8.4 Access doors shall be kept closed and +locked. + +8.6.4.9 Cleaning of Top of Cars. The tops of cars shall +be kept free of oil, water, dirt, and rubbish, and shall +not be used for storing lubricants, spare parts, tools, or +other items. + +8.6.4.10 Refastening or Resocketing of Car-Hoisting +Ropes on Winding-Drum Machines + +8.6.4.10.1 General. The hoisting ropes of elevators +having winding-drum driving-machines with 1:1 rop- +ing, if of the babbitted rope socket type, shall be resock- +eted, or for other type of fastenings, replaced or moved +on the rope to a point above the existing fastening at +the car ends at intervals no longer than + +(a) 1 year, for machines located over the hoistway. + +(b) 2 years, for machines located below or at the side +of the hoistway. + +(c) where auxiliary rope-fastening devices conform- +ing to 2.20.10 are installed, refasterung at the periods +specified is not required, provided that, where such +devices are installed, all hoisting ropes shall be refas- +tened on the failure or indication of failure of any rope +fastening. + +(d) where the elevator is equipped with a drum coun- +terweight, the fastenings shall be examined for fatigue +or damage at the socket. Where fatigue or damage is +detected, the ropes shall be refastened in conformance +with 8.6.4.10.2. + +8.6.4.10.2 Procedure. In resocketing babbitted rope +sockets or replacing other types of fastenings, a sufficient +length shall be cut from the end of the rope to remove +damaged or fatigued portions. The fastenings shall con- +form to 2.20.9. Where the drum ends of the ropes extend +beyond their clamps or sockets, means shall be provided +to prevent the rope ends from coming out of the inside +of the drum and to prevent interference with other parts +of the machine. + +8.6.4.10.3 Tags. A legible metal tag shall be +securely attached to one of the wire rope fastenings after +each resocketing or changing to other types of fastenings +and shall bear the following information: + +(a) the name of the person or firm who performed the +resocketing or changing of other types of fastenings and + +(b) the date on which the rope was resocketed or other +types of fastening changed + +The material and marking of the tags shall conform +to 2.16.3.3, except that the height of the letters and figures +shall be not less than 1.5 mm (0.0625 in.). + + + +8.6.4.11 Runby + +8.6.4.11.1 The car and counterweight runby shall +be permitted to be reduced (see 2.4.2), provided the car +or counterweight does not strike the buffer, the top car +clearances are not reduced below that required at the +time of installation or alteration, and the final terminal- +stopping device is still operational (see also 8.6.3.3.3). + +8.6.4.1 1 .2 Where spring-return oil buffers are pro- +vided and compression was permitted with the car at the +terminals (see 2.4.2 and 2.22.4.8), the buffer compression +shall not exceed 25% of the buffer stroke. + +8.6.4.12 Governors + +8.6.4.12.1 Governors shall be examined to ensure +that all seals are intact and operated by hand to deter- +mine that all moving parts, including the rope-grip jaws +and switches, operate freely. + +8.6.4.12.2 Governors, governor ropes, and all +sheaves shall be free from contaminants or obstructions, +or both, that interfere with operation or function, includ- +ing the accumulation of rope lubricant or materials, or +both, in the grooves of governors or sheaves. + +8.6.4.13 Door Systems + +8.6.4.13.1 General. All landing and car-door or +gate mechanical and electrical components shall be +maintained to ensure safe and proper operation includ- +ing but not limited to, the following: + +(a) hoistway door interlocks or mecharucal locks and +electric contacts + +(b) car door electric contacts or car door interlocks, +where required + +(c) door reoperung devices + +(d) vision panels and grilles, where required + +(e) hoistway door unlocking devices and escutcheons + +(f) hangers, tracks, door rollers, up-thrusts, and door +safety retainers, where required + +(g) astragals and resilient members, door space +guards, and sight guards, where required + +(h) sills and bottom guides, fasterungs, condition, and +engagement + +(i) clutches, engaging vanes, retiring cams, and +engaging rollers + +(j) interconnecting means + +(k) door closers, where required + +(/) door restrictors, where required + +8.6.4.13.2 Kinetic Energy and Force Limitation for +Automatic Closing, Horizontal Sliding Car and Hoistway +Doors or Gates. Where a power-operated horizontally +sliding door is closed by momentary pressure or by +automatic means, the closing kinetic energy and closing +force shall be maintained to conform to 2.13.4 and 2.13.5. + +8.6.4.14 Hoistway Access Switclies. Hoistway access +switches, where provided, shall be maintained. + + + +275 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +8.6.4.15-8.6.6.2 + + + +8.6.4.15 Car Emergency System. Emergency opera- +tion of signaling devices (see 2.27), lighting (see 2.14.7), +communication (see 2.27.1.1.2, 2.27.1.1.3, and 2.27.1.2) +and ventilation (see 2.14.2.3), shall be maintained. + +8.6.4.16 Stopping Accuracy. The elevator shall be +maintained to provide a stopping accuracy at the land- +ings during normal operation as appropriate for the type +of control, in accordance with applicable Code require- +ments. + +8.6.4.17 Ascending Car Overspeed and Unintended +Car Movement Protection. Devices for ascending car +overspeed and unintended car movement protection +shall be maintained. + +8.6.5 Maintenance of Hydraulic Elevators + +The maintenance of hydraulic elevators shall conform +to 8.6.1 through 8.6.3, and the applicable requirements +of 8.6.4 and 8.6.5. + +8.6.5.1 Pressure Janks + +8.6.5.1.1 Cleaning. Pressure tanks shall be thor- +oughly cleaned internally at least every 3 years and prior +to the inspection and test required by 8.11.3.3. + +8.6.5.1.2 Level. The liquid level in pressure tanks +should be maintained at about two-thirds of the capacity +of the tank. + +8.6.5.2 Piston Rods. Piston rods of roped-hydraulic +elevators shall be thoroughly cleaned prior to the inspec- +tion required by 8.11.3.3. + +8.6.5.3 Water-Hydraulic Plungers. Plungers of water- +hydraulic elevators shall be thoroughly cleaned to +rem.ove any buildup of rust and scale prior to the inspec- +tion required by 8.11.3.3. + +8.6.5.4 Tanl^ Levels. The level of oil in the oil tanks +shall be checked and, where necessary, adjusted to com- +ply with the prescribed minimum and maximum level. + +8.6.5.5 Gland Pacl25 mm + +(1 in. + +<100 mm +(4 in.) + + + +<250 mm +(10 in. + + + +Fig. 8.11.4.2.19(e) + +(d) The coefficient of friction shall be measured with +the test specimen conforming to the requirements of +6.1.3.3.7(b) sliding in the direction of the step motion +imder a 110 N (25 Ibf) normal force at the operating +speed of the escalator and shall be measured with +devices having sensitivity better than ± 2.2 N (0.5 Ibf). +The direction of step motion shall be the direction of +normal operation. If the escalator is operated in both +directions, the down direction shall be used for the test. + +(e) For both the coefficient of friction measurement +and the loaded gap measurements, the center of the +applied load shall be between 25 mm (1 in.) and 100 mm +(4 in.) below the nose line of the steps. The center of +the applied load shall be not more than 250 mm (10 in.) +from the nose of the step. See Fig. 8.11.4.2.19(e). + +(f) Verify that the step /skirt performance index con- +forms to the requirements in 6.1.3.3.7 and 8.6.8.3 (Item +7.17). + +8.11.4.2.20 Clearance Between Step and Sll IV + + + +Input Power/Standby Power + + + +Machine +Power + + + +Moving +Member + +• Motor + +• Hydro +Plunger + + + +FIG. A-1 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B +DOOR LANDING AND UNLOCKING ZONES + + + +Shall not be +openable + + + +450 mm (18 in. +landing +zone + +Landing + + + +•777777777777777777?, + +I + +450 mm (18 in.g +landing ^ +zone ^/, + +I + + + +May be openable + + + +75 mm (3 in.) Shall be + + + +75 mm (3 in.) openable + + + +May be openable + + + +Shall not be +openable + + + +• + + + +Fig. B-1 Unlocking Zone +(2.12.5) + + + +329 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C +LOCATION OF TOP EMERGENCY EXIT + + + + +(!;;;■;-! r~ Lowest obstruction, +beams, sheaves, +guards, or rope hitch + + + +m + + + +Fig. C-1 Parallelepiped Volume Orientations +[2.14.1.5.1(b)(2)] + + + +330 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D +RATED LOAD AND CAPACITY PLATES FOR PASSENGER + +ELEVATORS + + + +Requirement 2.16.1 specifies the minimum rated load persons should be calculated by dividing the rated load, + +for passenger elevators in terms of kilograms (pounds). if expressed in kilograms, by 72.5 or by 160 if expressed + +Requirement 2.16.3.2.1 requires that a capacity plate in pounds. The result (quotient) should be reduced to + +indicating the rated load in kilograms (pounds) be the next lowest whole number. As an example, if the + +located inside the car. result is 14.97, the capacity in terms of persons should + +When local ordinances require the elevator capacity be 14. +to be also indicated in terms of persons, the number of + + + +331 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX E +CSA B44 ELEVATOR REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONS WITH + +PHYSICAL DISABILITIES + + + +These requirements apply in Canadian jurisdictions. +The requirements can be found in CSA B44-00. + + + +332 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX F + +ASCENDING CAR OVERSPEED AND UNINTENDED CAR + +MOVEMENT PROTECTION + + + +333 + + + + + +Table F-1 + + +Traction Elevator Brake Type, Function, and Performance + + + + +Location + + +Mnrm.i Op^r.Hnn Fm.ra.nry Opor.tinn Performance (Minimum Required) + + +Brake Type + + +Function Function Normal Emergency + + + +4^ + + + +Driving machine brake +(see 1.3 and 2.24.8.3) + + + +Braking system (see 1.3 +and 2.24.8.2) + + + +Emergency brake (see +1.3 and 2.19.3) + + + +Electric driving maciiine +(see 1.3 and +2.24.8.1) + + + +Not specified + + + +Electric driving +machine, hoist +ropes, compensa- +tion ropes, car, or +counterweight (see +2.19.3.2) + + + +To hold car stationary +at floor [Note (1)] +[see 2.24.8.3(a) +and (b), and +2.26.8] + +Note (1) +(see 2.26.8) + + + +Not permitted [see +2.19.3.2(c)] + + + +Retard car during emergency +stops [see 2.24.8.3(c), +2.26.8.3(c) and (d)] + + + +Retard car during emergency +stops, [see 2.24.8.2 and +2.26.8.3(c) and (d)] + + + +Retard car during ascending +car overspeed and unin- +tended movement, inde- +pendently of the braking +system [see 2.19.1.2(b) +and 2.19.2.2(b)] + + + +Hold 125% rated load +[Note (2)] [see +2.24.8.3(a)] + + + +Note (1) + + + +Not applicable [see +2.19.3.2(c)] + + + +Retard empty car in up +direction [see 2.24.8.3(c)] + + + +Retard 125% rated load car +in down direction from +rated speed (see +2.24.8.2) + +Retard empty car in the up +direction [see 2.19.3.2(a)] +up to 110% of governor +tripping speed [see +2.19.1.2(a)] + +Stop unintended motion: +125% rated load down or +empty car up [see +2.19.2.2(b) and Note (2)] + + + +GENERAL NOTE: See 1.3, 2.19, and 2.24.8. + +NOTES: + +(1) It is permitted that the braking system, or the driving machine brake function in normal retardation of the elevator car. + +(2) For freight elevators not authorized to carry passengers, 100% rated load (see 2.16.8). + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +Apply Emergency + +Brake + +[2.19.1.2(b)] + + + +Overspeed Detection + +Means Requires + +IVlanual Reset + +[2.19.1.2(a)(4)] + + + + +Apply Emergency + +Brake +[2.19.1.2(a)(1)(a)] + + + +Stop +[2.19.1.2(a)(3)] + + + +Fig. F-1 Ascending Car Overspeed Protection (2.19.1) + + + +335 + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + + + + +Yes + + + +Apply Emergency + +Brake + +[2.19.2.2(b)] + + + +Detection Means + +Requires IVIanual + +Reset + +[2.19.2.2(a)(4)] + + + + +Apply Emergency + +Brake +[2.19.2.2(a)(1)(a)] + + + +Stop +[2.19.2.2(a)(3)] + + + +Fig. F-2 Unintended Car Movement Protection (2.19.2) + + + +336 + + + +ASME Al 7.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX G +TOP OF CAR CLEARANCE (3.4.4) + + + +3.4.7 and +3.4.4(b) + + + +# + + + +Overhead 3.4.5(a) + +^ obstruction + + + +Minimum +Refuge Space! + + + +3.4.5(c) + + + + + + +Car crosshead + + + +Overhead + +/ horizontal + +plane + + + +U + + + +\" + + + +Cartop +horizontal +plane + + + +Runby + +3.4.2.2 and +_ 3.4.4(a) + + + +Fig. G-1 Projection Lower Than Refuge Space +(Car Shown at Maximum Upward Movement) + + + +337 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +3.4.7 and +3.4.4(b) + + + + +Overhead 3.4.5(a) + +^ obstruction + + + +3.4.5(c) + + + +Cartop +Pro|ecti6h + + + +Overhead + +y horizontal + +plane + + + +/ + + + +Car crosshead + + + +U + + + +\ + + + +Cartop +horizontal +plane + + + +Runby + +3.4.2.2 and +_ 3.4.4(a) + + + +Fig. G-2 Projection Higher Ttian Refuge Space +(Car Shown at Maximum Upward Movement) + + + +338 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX H +PRIVATE RESIDENCE ELEVATOR GUARDING + +(5.3.1.6.2) + + + + +Stairway + + + +\ 180 deg + + + +Fig. H-1 + + + +339 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX I +ESCALATOR AND MOVING WALK DIAGRAMS + + + +25 mm (1 in.) min +(6.1.3.2.2) + + + + +100 mm (4 in.) min. (6.1.3.2.2) + + + +240 mm (9.5 in.) max. (6.1.3.2.2) + + + +150 mm (6 in.) max, +(6.1.3.3.4) + + + +Interior High-Deck +Balustrade + + + + +i + + + +-»-25 mm (1 in.) min.^^__I[ "! Ill "X\" + + + +i — ^! + +4 20 deg min. — ^J. + +30 deg max. T_ ^ +(6.1.3.3.4) ] + + + +25 mm (1 in.) min. +(6.1.3.2.2) + + + +35 mm (1.25 in.) max. +(6.1.3.3.4) + + + +560 mm (22 in.) min. +- 1020 mm (40 in.) max. +(6.1.3.5.2) + + + +Interior Low-Deck +Balustrade + + + +Fig. 1-1 Relationship of Escalator Parts + + + +T + + + +^ + + + +25 mm (1 in.) min. +(6.1.3.2.2) + +_A + + + +10 mm (0.375 in.) max. +(6.1.3.4.6) + + + +—>^ H-1 + +'A + + + +100 mm (4 in.) min. +(6.1.3.2.2) + + + +Fig. 1-2 Handrail + + + +340 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +Note(5l^°'««'Note(4) ""'^ '"' ^ote (31 + + + +\ + + + +Note (9) + + + +Note (10)- + + + +Note (8) ■ +Note (ID- + + + +/ + + + +y /Note (5) + + + +Note (2) + + + +y + + + +Note (10) + +Note (6) +Noted) + + + +QQ + + + + +Note (8) + + + +Note (9) + + + +Note (10) + + + +Note (11) + + + +Interior Low-Deck Interior High-Deck +Solid Balustrade Solid Balustrade + + + +^n. + + + +Note (13) + + + +Note (12) + + + +fc. + + + +J Z + + + +Interior Low-Deck Interior High-Deck +Solid Balustrade Solid Balustrade + + + +• + + + +Note (8) + +/ Note (4) M^t,. in\ + +^ Note (3) \ ^Note(3) + + + + + + +Note (7) + + + +Note (ID- + + + +\ + + + +Section + + + +Note (6) +\ + +Noted) + + + +Note (8) + + + +Note (7) + + + +/ + + + +Note (11) + + + +Elevation + + + +Interior Low-Deck Glass Balustrade + + + + + + + +r^ + + + +Section + + + +Note (13) + + + +Note (12) + + + +J Z + + + +Elevation + + + +Interior Low-Deck Glass Balustrade + + + +NOTES: + + + +(1) + + +Skirt panel. + + +(2) + + +Interior panel. + + +(3) + + +Handrail stand. + + +(4] + + +High-deck interior. + + +(5] + + +High-deck exterior. + + +(6) + + +Low-deck interior. + + +(7) + + +Low-deck exterior. + + +(8) + + +Handrail. + + +(9) + + +Exterior panel. + + +(10) + + +Newel. + + +(11) + + +Newel base. + + +(12) + + +Dynamic skirt panel. + + +(13) + + +Dynamic skirt panel cover + + + +Fig. 1-3 Escalator Nomenclature + + + +(04) + + + +341 + + + +ASMEAl 7.1-2004 + + + + +(04) + + + +Fig. 1-4 Skirt or Dynamic Skirt Panel: Step Nose +(6.1.3.3.6) + + + +Height 350 mm +(14 in.) min. + + + + +Fig. 1-5 Ceiling or Soffit Guard +(6.1.3.3.9) + + + +100 mm (4 in.) min. + + + +f\ + + + + +Fig. 1-6 Antislide Device +(6.1.3.3.10) + + + +342 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +Slot width +6.5 mm (0.25 in.) +max. (6.1.3.5.4) + + + +\ + + + +Cleat required on each +side of step adjacent - +to skirt + + + +Minimum run + +- 400 mm -^ + +(15.75 in.) + +(6.1.3.5.2) + + + +IJlliLJlJlJlJLJLllJi + + + +Slot center to center +9.5 mm (0.375 in.) +max. (6.1.3.5.5) + + + +Slot depth +9.5 mm (0.375 in. +min. (6.1.3.5.5) + + + +Maximum rise +220 mm (8.5 in. +(6.1.3.5.2) + + + +Fig. 1-7 Escalator Step Tread + + + + +Measurement of clearance between +skirt or dynamic skirt panel and step + +/ + +Check the space in +these positions + +Step treads and +vertical cleats +must be in mesh +all the time +// + + + +Vertical cleats + + + +Step treads + + + +"Step + + + +Fig. i-8 Cleated Riser (6.1.3.5.3) + + + +(04) + + + +# + + + +343 + + + +ASIV1EA17.1-2004 + + + +25 mm (1 in.) min + + + + +100 mm (4 in.) min. (6.2.3.2.3) + + + +240 mm (9.5 in.) max. + + + +(6.2.3.2.3) + + + + +Perpendicular +treadway + +1000 mm (39 in.) max. +900 mm (35 in.) min. +(6.2.3.2.2) + + + +4 20 deg min. +30 deg max. +(6.2.3.3.4) + + + +Width of moving walk +(exposed width of + +treadway) +560 mm (22 in.) min. +(6.2.3.7) + + + +25 mm (1 in.) min. + + + +150 mm (6 in.) max. + +(6.2.3.3.4) +35 mm (1.25 in.) max. + +(6.2.3.3.4) + + + + +25 mm (1 in.) +min. + +1^ + + + +10 mm (0.375 in.) +max. + + + +Handrail + + + +Fig. 1-9 Moving Wallc Geometry + + + +344 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +# + + + +6.5 mm (0.25 in.) max +(6.2.3.5.1) + + + +Cleat adjacent to +skirt panel + + + + +Maximum slot center to center +13 mm (0.5 in.) max. + +Cleat adjacent to +skirt panel + + + + +Minimum slot depth — ' +4.8 mm (0.188 in.) min. +(6.2.3.6.2) + + + +Fig. 1-10 Moving Wallc Treadway Slots + + + +0.50 (98) + + + +T3 +(D + +w 0.45(96) + + + +J + + + +100 150 + +(4 in.) (6 in.) + +Stopping Distance, mm (in. + + + +GENERAL NOTE:The above represents the stopping distance of an escalator +under a constant deceleration of 0.91 m/s^ (3 ft/s^) and does not represent +the total stopping distance of the escalator when it is stopped under no load. + +Fig. 1-11 Stopping Distances Corresponding to +a Deceleration Rate of 0.91 m/s^ [6.1.5.3.1(c)] + + + +# + + + +345 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX J + +CSA B44 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS AND INTERVALS FOR + +ELEVATORS, DUMBWAITERS, ESCALATORS, AND + +MOVING WALKS + + + +These requirements apply in Canadian jurisdictions. +The requirements can be found in CSA B44-00. + + + +346 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX K +BEVELING AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS + +(7.4.7.4) + + + +# + + + +60deg + + + +'■Cm + +■sm + + + +15 mm +(0.6 in. + +100 mm + +(4 in.) max. + + + +Header + + + +Interlock + + + +Door + + + +Fig. K-1 + + + +347 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX L + +INDEX OF ALTERATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRIC + +ELEVATORS, HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS, AND + +MOVING WALKS + + + +Item + + + +Electric +Elevators + + + +Hydraulic +Elevators + + + +Escalators and +Moving Walks + + + +Access doors and openings +Access, means +Access switch + +Access to macliine room and spaces +Addition of elevator to existing lioistway +Alteration requirements +Alternating current, change to direct +Anti-creep leveling device + +Ascending car overspeed and unintended movement +Automatic stop valve +Automatic transfer device +Auxiliary power lowering operation + +Balustrades + + + +8.7.2.7.3 + +8.7.2.7.3 + +8.7.2.11.4 + +8.7.2.7.2, 8.7.2.7.3 + +8.7.2.1.2 + +8.7.1.1 + +8.7.2.27.3 + +8.7.2.20 + +8.7.7.2 + + + +8.7.2.7.3 + +8.7.2.7.2 + +8.7.3.11 + +8.7.2.7.2, 8.7.2.7.3 + +8.7.2.1.2 + +8.7.1.1 + +8.7.3.31.4 + +8.7.3.31.3 + +8.7.3.24 + +8.7.7.2 + +8.7.3.31.9 + + + +Beam, machinery and sheave + + +8.7.2.9 + + +8.7.3.9 + + +Brake + + +8.7.2.25.1 + + + + +Buffer + + +8.7.2.23 + + +8.7.3.27 + + +Building structure + + +8.7.2.9 + + +8.7.3.9 + + +Bumper + + +8.7.2.23 + + +8.7.3.27 + + +Cable (rope) + + +8.7.2.21 + + +8.7.3.25 + + +Capacity + + +8.7.2.16 + + + + +Car, decrease or increase in dead weight of + + +8.7.2.15.2 + + +8.7.3.21 + + +Car door or gate + + +8.7.2.14 + + +8.7.3.13 + + +Car enclosure + + +8.7.2.14, 8.7.2.27.7 + + +8.7.3.13 + + +Car frame + + +8.7.2.15.1 + + +8.7.3.14 + + +Car leveling device + + +8.7.2.27.2 + + +8.7.3.31.2 + + +Car platform + + +8.7.2.15.1 + + +8.7.3.14 + + +Car safeties + + +8.7.2.18 + + +8.7.3.15 + + +Check valve + + + + +8.7.3.24 + + +Class of freight loading, change of + + +8.7.2.16.2 + + +8.7.3.18 + + +Clearance, after reroping + + +8.7.1.7 + + +8.7.1.7 + + +Clearance, bottom and top + + +8.7.2.4 + + +8.7.3.4 + + +Clearance, horizontal + + +8.7.2.5 + + +8.7.3.5 + + +Combplates + + + + + + +Construction at bottom of hoistway + + +8.7.2.1.4 + + +8.7.2.1.4 + + +Construction at top of hoistway + + +8.7.2.1.3 + + +8.7.2.1.3 + + +Construction requirements (escalators and moving + + + + + + +walks) + + + + + + +Contact, mechanical lock and + + +8.7.2.11.2 + + +8.7.3.11 + + +Control, change in type of motion + + +8.7.2.27.5 + + +8.7.3.31.6 + + +Control, change in type of operation + + +8.7.2.27.6 + + +8.7.3.31.7 + + +Control equipment + + +8.7.2.27 + + +8.7.3.31 + + +Control of smoke and hot gas + + +8.7.2.1.5 + + +8.7.2.1.5 + + +Control valve + + + + +8.7.3.24 + + +Controller + + +8.7.2.27.4 + + +8.7.3.31.5 + + +Counterweight + + +8.7.2.22 + + +8.7.3.26 + + +Counterweight, location and guarding of + + +8.7.2.3 + + +8.7.3.3 + + + +8.7.6.1.14, 8.7.6.2.14 + + + +8.7.1.1 + + + +8.7.6.1.5(c), 8.7.6.2.5(c) + + + +8.7.6.1.8, 8.7.6.2.8 + + + +8.7.6.1.5, 8.7.6.2.5 + + + +348 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX L + + + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + + + + + +Electric + + +Hydraulic + + +Escalators and + + +Item + + +Elevators + + +Elevators + + +Moving Walks + + +Counterweight, rod type + + +8.7.2.22.2 + + + + + + +Counterweight safeties + + +8.7.2.18 + + +8.7.3.15 + + + + +Cylinder + + + + +8.7.3.23.3 + + + + +Data plate, code + + +8.7.1.8 + + +8.7.1.8 + + +8.7.1.8 + + +Dead weight of car, increase or decrease in + + +8.7.2.15.2 + + +8.7.3.21 + + + + +Decrease in travel + + +8.7.2.17.1 + + +8.7.3.22.1 + + + + +Design + + +8.7.1.5 + + +8.7.1.5 + + +8.7.1.5 + + +Direct current, change to alternating + + +8.7.2.27.3 + + +8.7.3.31.4 + + + + +Door, car + + +8.7.2.14 + + +8.7.3.13 + + + + +Door, hoistway + + +8.7.2.10.1 + + +8.7.3.10 + + + + +Door, machine room + + +8.7.2.7.3 + + +8.7.2.7.3 + + + + +Door, power operation of + + +8.7.2.12 + + +8.7.3.12 + + + + +Doors, Reopening Device + + +8.7.2.13 + + +8.7.2.13 + + + + +Doors, restricted opening + + +8.7.2.11.5 + + +8.7.2.11.5 + + + + +Driving machine + + +8.7.2.25.1 + + +8.7.3.23 + + + + +Driving machine, change in location of + + +8.7.2.25.2 + + +8.7.3.23.4 + + + + +Duct in hoistway or machine room + + +8.7.2.8 + + +8.7.3.8 + + + + +Dumbwaiter, addition of automatic transfer device + + +8.7.7.2 + + +8.7.7.2 + + + + +Dumbwaiters without automatic transfer devices + + +8.7.7 + + +8.7.7 + + + + +Egress, escalator + + + + +8.7.6.1.15 + + + + +Electric contact, mechanical lock and + + +8.7.2.11.2 + + +8.7.3.11 + + + + +Electric wiring + + +8.7.2.8 + + +8.7.3.8 + + +8.7.6.1.14, 8.7.6.2.14 + + +Electrically operated control valve + + + + +8.7.3.24 + + + + +Emergency door + + +8.7.2.10.1 + + +8.7.2.10.1 + + + + +Emergency operation + + +8.7.2.28 + + +8.7.3.31.8 + + + + +Emergency signaling device + + +8.7.2.28 + + +8.7.3.31.8 + + + + +Enclosure, car + + +8.7.2.14, 8.7.2.27.7 + + +8.7.3.13 + + + + +Enclosure, hoistway + + +8.7.2.1 + + +8.7.3.1 + + + + +Enclosure, machine room and machinery spaces + + +8.7.2.7 + + +8.7.2.7 + + +6.1.7, 6.2.7 + + +Entrance, escalator and moving walk + + + + + + +8.7.6.1.15 + + +Entrance, hoistway + + +8.7.2.10 + + +8.7.3.10 + + + + +Entrance, horizontal slide type + + +8.7.2.10.2 + + +8.7.2.10.2 + + + + +Entrance, swing type + + +8.7.2.10.4 + + +8.7.2.10.4 + + + + +Entrance, vertical slide type + + +8.7.2.10.3 + + +8.7.2.10.3 + + + + +Entrance assembly, marking of + + +8.7.2.10.5 + + +8.7.2.10.5 + + + + +Equipment, non elevator + + +8.7.2.8 + + +8.7.2.8 + + + + +Fastening, suspension rope + + +8.7.2.21 + + +8.7.3.25 + + + + +Final terminal stopping device + + +8.7.2.26 + + +8.7.2.26 + + + + +Firefighters' service + + +8.7.2.28 + + +8.7.3.31.6 + + + + +Fitting, hydraulic + + + + +8.7.3.24 + + + + +Foundation + + +8.7.2.9 + + +8.7.3.8 + + + + +Frame, car + + +8.7.2.15.1 + + +8.7.3.14 + + + + +Freight elevator, change in class of loading + + +8.7.2.16.2 + + +8.7.3.18 + + + + +Freight elevator changed to passenger service + + +8.7.2.16.1 + + +8.7.3.17 + + + + +Freight elevator permitted to carry passengers + + +8.7.2.16.3 + + +8.7.3.19 + + + + +Frequency, change in + + +8.7.2.27.3 + + +8.7.3.31.4 + + + + +Gate, car + + +8.7.2.14 + + +8.7.3.13 + + + + +General requirements + + +8.7.1 + + +8.7.1 + + +8.7.6.1.1, 8.7.6.2.1 + + +Geometry + + + + + + +8.7.6.1.5(b), 8.7.6.2.5(b) + + +Governor + + +8.7.2.19 + + +8.7.3.16 + + + + +Governor rope + + +8.7.2.19 + + +8.7.3.16 + + + + +Guide rail + + +8.7.2.24 + + +8.7.3.28 + + + + +Guide shoe, car + + +8.7.2.15.1 + + +8.7.3.14 + + + + +Guide shoe, counterweight + + +8.7.2.22 + + +8.7.3.26 + + + + + +Hand elevators +Handrails (escalators and moving walks) +Headroom, machine room + + + +8.7.2.7.4 + + + +8.7.4.3 + + + +8.7.2.7.4 + + + +8.7.6.1.6, 8.7.6.2.6 + + + +349 + + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + + +NONMANDATORY APPENDIX L + + + +Item + + + +Electric + + +Hydraulic + + +Elevators + + +Elevators + + +8.7.2.1.2 + + +8.7.2.1.2 + + +8.7.2.1.4 + + +8.7.2.1.4 + + +8.7.2.1.3 + + +8.7.2.1.3 + + +8.7.2.6 + + +8.7.3.6 + + +8.7.2.12 + + +8.7.3.12 + + +8.7.2.11.1 + + +8.7.3.11 + + +8.7.2.11 + + +8.7.3.11 + + +8.7.2.11.4 + + +8.7.3.11 + + +8.7.2.1 + + +8.7.3.1 + + +8.7.2.10 + + +8.7.3.10 + + +8.7.2.10.2 + + +8.7.2.10.2 + + +8.7.2.14 + + +8.7.3.13 + + +8.7.5.1 + + +8.7.5.1 + + +8.7.2.15.2 + + +8.7.3.21 + + +8.7.2.16.4 + + +8.7.3.20 + + +8.7.2.17.2 + + +8.7.3.22.2 + + +8.7.2.17.1 + + +8.7.3.22.1 + + + + +8.7.3.23.4 + + +8.7.1.3 + + +8.7.1.3 + + +8.7.2.11.1 + + +8.7.3.11 + + + +Escalators and +Moving Walks + + + +Hoistway, addition of elevator to +Hoistway, construction at bottom of +Hoistway, construction at top of +Hoistway, protection of space below +Hoistway door, power operation of +Hoistway door inter[ocly^M + + + +9l78079lll828663 + + + + +A09604 + + + + + + +• + + + + + +A17.1 Elevators and Escalators + +INTERPRETATIONS +No. 26 + +July 2002-June 2003 + + + +THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS +THREE PARK AVENUE • NEW YORK, NY 10016 + + + +No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, + +in an electronic retrieval system or othenwise, + +without the prior written permission of the publisher. + + + +Copyright © 200A by + +THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS + +All rights reserved + +Printed in U.S.A. + + + +• + + + +INTERPRETATIONS No. 26 + + + +July 2002 through June 2003 + + + +INTRODUCTION + +As a service to persons who use the A17.1 Code for +enforcement or as a guide, the A17 Comnuttee renders +interpretations of the requirements upon request. The +Preface to the Code explains the procedure for +requesting interpretations. + +This booklet includes the interpretations which were +issued by the A17 Committee from July 2002 through +Jime 2003. Subsequent interpretations will be included +with each addenda and new edition of the Code. + +APPLICABILITir OF INTERPRETATIONS + +Each interpretation applies to the edition and supple- +ments listed for that inquiry. Many of the Rules on which +the interpretations have been made have been revised +in later editions or supplements. Where such revisions +have been made, the interpretations may no longer be +applicable to the revised Rule. + +ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of these +interpretations when or if additional information is +available which might affect any interpretation. Further, +persons aggrieved by any interpretation may appeal to +the cognizant ASME committee or subcommittee. ASME +does not "approve," "certify," "rate," or "endorse" any +item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. + +INTERPRETATIONS INDEX + +A subject index of interpretations is included in this +booklet on pages v through xv. This index includes all +interpretations which have been issued on the A17.1 +Code since 1972. + +The interpretations are listed in order by the subjects +(Part, Section, Rule, etc.). The "Edition" refers to the +edition or addenda of the Code on which the interpreta- +tion was rendered, e.g., "85a" refers to A17.1a-1985. + +The "Bk. No." refers to the interpretations booklet +number in which the interpretation was published. The +interpretations which were issued from 1972 through +1979 were published in a separate book which may be +purchased from ASME. Subsequent interpretations were +issued in separate booklets which have accompanied +each edition and supplement of the A17.1 Code since +1981. These are listed below. + +Books 2 through 13 have also been compiled in a +separate publication which may be purchased from +ASME. + + + + + + + +Edition or + + +Number + + +Dates Interpretations Were Issued + + +Supplement + + +1 + + +1972 through 1979 + + + + +2 + + +June 1979 through September 1980 + + +A171-1981 + + +3 + + +September 1980 through December +1981 + + +A17.1a-1982 + + +4 + + +January 1982 through December +1982 + + +A17.11^1983 + + +5 + + +January 1983 through December +1983 + + +A17.1-1984 + + +6 + + +January 1984 through September +1984 + + +A17.1a-1985 + + +7 + + +October 1984 through April 1985 + + +A17.1b-1985 + + +8 + + +May 1985 through October 1985 + + +A17.1C-1986 + + +9 + + +November 1985 through April 1986 + + +A17.1d-1986 + + +10 + + +May 1986 through October 1986 + + +A171e-1987 + + +11 + + +November 1986 through April 1987 + + +A171-1987 + + +12 + + +May 1987 through April 1988 + + +A171a-1988 + + +13 + + +May 1988 through May 1989 + + +A17.1b-1989 + + +14 + + +June 1989 through May 1990 + + +A171-1990 + + +15 + + +Jxme 1990 through May 1991 + + +A171a-1991 + + +16 + + +June 1991 through May 1992 + + +A17.1b-1992 + + +17 + + +June 1992 through May 1993 + + +A17.1-1993 + + +18 + + +June 1993 through May 1994 + + +A17.1a-1994 + + +19 + + +June 1994 through May 1995 + + +A171b-1995 + + +20 + + +June 1995 through May 1996 + + +A171-1996 + + +21 + + +June 1996 through May 1997 + + +A171a-1997 + + +22 + + +June 1997 through May 1998 + + +A17.1b-1998 + + +23 + + +June 1998 through March 2000 + + +A171-2000 + + +24 + + +April 2000 through May 2001 + + +A17.1a-2002 + + +25 + + +June 2001 through June 2002 + + +A17.1b-2003 + + +26 + + +July 2002 through June 2003 + + +A17.1-2004 + + + +FORM AND ARRANGEMENT + +Inquiry Number. The interpretations are listed in the +order of the assigned serial numbers. The first two digits +represent the year in which the interpretations were +received. + +Subject. The primary requirement and subject of the +interpretation is listed for each inquiry. + +Edition. For each interpretation, the edition and +addenda, if any, on which the interpretation was ren- +dered are listed. + +Question. The questions are taken verbatim from the +original inquiries except for editorial corrections neces- +sary to improve clarity. + +Answer. The answers are those approved by the A17 +Committee, except for editorial corrections necessary to +improve clarity. + + + +HI + + + +Figures. Where the original inquiry included a plan +or drawing which was essential for the understanding +of the interpretation, a figure has been included. + +Approval Dates. The date of approval by the A17 Com- +mittee is listed for each interpretation. + + + +IV + + + +# + + + +01-03, 01-42 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +Inquiiy: 01-03 + +Subject: Rule 102.2(c)(5), Installation of Pipes or Ducts Conveying Gases... +Edition: ASME A17.1-1996 including A17.1a-1997 + +Question: When the elevator is at the lowest landing, there may be electrical equipment and/ +or wiring below the 4 ft level. Does that equipment and /or wiring need to comply with the +referenced Rule? + +Answer: This Code does not address this question. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: January 8, 2003 + +Inquiry: 01-42 + +Subject: Requirement 7.5.1.2.1, Car Doors and Gates +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): Requirement 7.5.1.2.1 states "Requirement 2.14.4.1 applies to Type A Material +Lifts, where car doors or gates are provided..." Requirement 2.14.4.1 does not give any requirement +for doors or gates other than "where required," and reads "A door shall be provided at each +entrance to a passenger car and a door or gate shall be provided at each entrance to a freight car." + +Is a door or gate required to be provided at each entrance to a material lift Type A car? If the +answer is "no," how can a Type A Material Lift with a volimtarily provided car door or gate +meet the requirements of 7.5.1.2.1? + +Answer (1): Yes. An errata has been posted on the A17 website to the A17.1-2000 edition and +reads as follows: + +7.5.1.2.1 Requirement 2.14.4.1 applies to Type A Material Lifts and where car doors or +gates are provided for Type B Material Lifts. + +Question (2): Requirement 7.5.1.2.1 states "Requirement 2.14.4.1 applies to ..., and to Type B +Material Lifts." No condition for application of the Subject requirement is given for Type B +material lifts. + +Is a door or gate required to be provided at each entrance to a material lift Type B car? If the +answer is "no," explain how can one come to such answer by reading the Subject requirement? + +Answer (2): See response to Question (1). + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 01-43 + + + +Inquiry: 01-43 + +Subject: Requirement 2.20.9.5, Wedge Rope Sockets +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): Requirement 2.20.9.5.1 requires that a wedge rope socket specimen must be +subjected to a destructive tensile engineering test. This requirement also contains the first criteria +for assessing the test results: " The rope socketing shall develop at least 80% of the ultimate +breaking strength of the rope... without rope slipping through the assembly." + +(a) Is only one test on one specimen required? + +(b) Is the rope used in the test expected to be assembled with the wedge specimen as shown +in Fig. 2.20.9.5, including the number and type of retaining clips as intended for an actual elevator +installation? + +Answer (1): + +(a) Yes. + +(b) Yes. + +Question (2): Requirement 2.20.9.5.2 gives the second criteria for assessing the results of the +test required in 2.20.9.5.1: "Wedge socket assemblies shall be of such a strength that when tested +as in 2.20.9.5.1, the rope shall break before the socket or wedge is materially deformed." + +(a) If, when tested, the rope slipped under a force corresponding to 81% of the ultimate breaking +strength of the rope, and did not break, is it necessary to continue the test to verify compliance +with the criteria in 2.20.9.5.2 ("rope shall break, etc.")? + +(b) If the answer to Question (2)(a) is "yes," how can the "breaking of the rope" be achieved +if the rope is permitted to slip out of assembly? (Note: Rope slippage would make the criteria +in 2.20.9.5.2 impossible to verify.) + +(c) If the answer to Question (2)(a) is "no" (it is not necessary to continue the test), then again, +why do we have the requirement in 2.20.9.5.2? + +Answer (2): + +(a) No. + +(b) See response to Question (2)(a). + +(c) The Code requires that the ultimate failure of the suspension means shall not occur in the +termination. + +Question (3): What is the minimum strength of the suspension rope fastenings, such as wedge +sockets, that the Code requires? + +(a) Is it minimum 80% of the rope ultimate breaking strength, as implied in 2.20.9.5.1? + +(b) Is it minimum 100% of the rope ultimate breaking strength, as implied in 2.20.9.5.2? + +Answer (3): + +(a) Yes. + +(b) Yes, based on current language. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + + + +01-50, 01-51. 01-58 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +Inquiry: 01-50 + +Subject: Types of Driving Machines + +Edition: Rule 220 of A17.1-1937; Rule 208.1 of A17.1-1996; and Scope of Part XV of A17.1-1996 + +Question: An existing winding-drum elevator was built in accordance with the 1937 Code, and +the elevator travel caimot be shortened. Should it be considered, that in this case, full compliance +to Rule 208.1 of A17.1-1996 for the replacement of the winding-drum elevator is not practicable +or necessary, as it is stated in the Scope of Part XV of the ASME A17.1? + +Answer: Rule 1502.9 (limitation of load, speed, and platform area) includes a reference to Rule +208.1 that provides requirements for winding-drum machines. Winding-drum machines shall +comply with the requirements of Rule 208.1. See also A17.1-1996, Section 2. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + + + +Inquiry: 01-51 + +Subject: Requirement 2.19.3, Emergency Brake +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): The inquirer believes the stops made during inspection operation (2.26.1.4) with +the transfer switch [2.26.1.4.1(b)] in the "INSPECTION" position are not the "normal elevator +stops" referred to in 2.19.3.2(c). Is this correct? + +Answer (1): The A17.1-2000 Code does not address this issue. The operation described is +neither required nor prohibited. + +Question (2): The inquirer also believes that the transfer switch [2.26.1.4.1(b)] must be in the +"NORMAL" position before the "normal elevator stops" referred to in 2.19.3.2(c), can occur. Is +this correct? + +Answer (2): See response to Question (1). + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + +Inquiry: 01-58 + +Subject: Rule 1203.1g, Bottom and Top Car and Counterweight Clearances and Runby +Edition: A17.1-1996 including A17.1c-1999 + +Question: An alteration was made to a two-stop, single wall cylindered, holed hydraulic, which +was replaced in an existing hoistway, with a two-stop holeless hydraulic, retaining existing speed +and capacity, hoistway entrances and other salvageable peripheral equipment. + +The existing elevator had only 2 ft in. refuge space, as required by the Code at the time of +installation. By reducing the inside cab height, an additional 18^/4 in. of refuge space was gained, +for a total of 41^/^ in. of refuge space. + +Since Rule 1203.1g states that "Existing clearances may be maintained" and the clearances were +actually increased to the maximum available for the existing hoistway, does the end result meet, +or exceed, the requirements of Rule 1203.1g? + +Answer: The alteration is considered a change in the location of the driving machine. As such +Rule 1203.3e requires the installation to conform to the requirements in Part III of the Code. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: April 10, 2002 + +A17 Standards Committee Approval (reaffirmation): January 8, 2003 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 02-11 + + + +Inquiry: 02-11 + +Subject: Section 8.7, Alterations +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): What is the meaning of the word "new" in 8.7.2.18 (car and counterweight +safeties)? + +(a) Does "installation of a new safeties" mean installation of safeties on a car or CWT, which +was never equipped with a safety? + +(b) Does "installation of a new safeties" mean installation of a new safeties to replace the old +(existing) safety? + +(c) If the answer to Question (l)(b) is "no," does it mean that the capacity and stopping +distances of the new safety need not be tested per Section 8.10? + +Answer (1): + +(a) Yes. + +(b) Since the question pertains to Section 8.7, the answer is "yes," provided that the new +equipment does not meet the definition of replacement. + +(c) See response to Question (l)(b). + +Question (2): What is the meaning of the word "new" in 8.7.2.3 (counterweights)? Does installa- +tion of a new counterweight also mean replacement of an existing counterweight? + +Answer (2): Yes. See response to Question (l)(b). + +Question (3): What is the meaning of the word "new" in 8.7.2.9 (machinery or sheave beams)? +Does installation of new beams also mean replacement of existing beams? + +Answer (3): Yes. See response to Question (l)(b). + +Question (4): What is the meaning of the word "new" in 8.7.2.10.1 through 8.7.2.10.4 (entrances +and doors)? Does installation of a new entrance also mean replacement of an existing entrance? + +Answer (4): Yes. See response to Question (l)(b). + +Question (5): What is the meaning of the word "new" in 8.7.2.14.1 (new cars)? Does installation +of a new car also mean replacement of an existing car? + +Answer (5): Yes. See response to Question (l)(b). + +Question (6): What is the mearung of the word "new" in 8.7.3.23 (jack, plunger, or cylinder)? +Does "installation of a jack, plunger, or cylinder as a part of an alteration" in this requirement +mean that + +(a) the installation of a new jack, plunger, or cylinder to replace an existing jack, plunger, or +cylinder is not an alteration if it is the only elevator component that is installed (on that day or +week), and consequently need not be tested /verified for compliance with the Code in accordance +with Section 8.10? + +(b) the work described in Question (1) , however will be considered an alteration if any of +the above components is replaced as a part of an alteration of any other elevator component +(simultaneously, or during the same day or week?), e.g., simultaneously with the installation of +an auxiliary power operation per 8.7.3.31.9, and in that case the newly installed plunger, cylinder, +or jack will have to be subjected to tests specified in 8.10? + +Answer (6): See requirement 8.6.3.10. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: January 8, 2003 + + + +# + + + +02-20, 02-22. 02-24 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +Inquiry: 02-20 + +Subject: Rule 204.1), Side Emergency Exits +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question: Rule 204.1j(2)(g) requires that the car door electric contact for a side emergency exit +be located so as to be inaccessible from inside the car. Must the contacts be inaccessible from +inside the car with the side emergency door in the open and closed positions? + +Answer: The Code does not specify whether the door is in the open or closed position. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: January 8, 2003 + +Inquiry: 02-22 + +Subject: Requirement 2.13.5, Reopening Device for Power-Operated Car Doors or Gates +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: If that same device as described in Inquiries 85-43 and 99-05 (i.e., a device that has +an active zone conforming to body dimensions) is used on a vertical slide-up to open car door, +is it in compliance with 2.13.5? + +Answer: Yes. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + +Inquiry: 02-24 + +Subject: Requirement 2.19.3, Tables Fl and F2, Emergency Brake +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Background: The Al 7. 1-2000 edition is quite clear that when the "ascending car overspeed +device [see 2.19.1.2(b)/2.26.2.29]" or the "unintended car movement device [see 2.19.2.2(b)/ +2.26.2.30]" are activated (operated, opened) that the "emergency brake," required by 2.19.3, be +applied (also see Section 1.3, Table Fl and Figs. Fl and F2). + +Question (1): Can the "emergency brake" also be applied to a moving braking surface when +any of the other "electrical protective devices (see 2.26.2)" are activated (operated, opened)? + +Answer (1): The A17.1-2000 Code does not address this issue. The operation described is +neither required nor prohibited. + +Question (2): If the answer to Question (1) is "yes," might the reliability of the "emergency +brake" be compromised when most needed to protect against the failure mechanisms described +in 2.19.1.1 and 2.19.2.1? + +Answer (2): See response to Question (1). + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 02-30, 02-31 + + + +Inquiry: 02-30 + +Subject: Rule 206.3, Sealing and Painting of Speed Governor; Rule 206.4, Speed Governor ^'^ + +Overspeed and Car Safety Mechanism Switches + +Edition: A17.1-1996 including A17.1d-2000 + +Question (1): Is the means of adjustment for the governor overspeed switch setting required +to be sealed? + +Answer (1): No. + +Question (2): Is the means of adjustment for the governor jaw tripping setting required to be +sealed? + + + +O + + + +Answer (2): Yes. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + +Inquiry: 02-31 + +Subject: Requirement 2.23.9.3, Bracket Fastenings +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: With regards to 2.23.9.3 requiring rail brackets with slotted fastenings to be pirmed: + +(a) Would the bracket shown in Fig. A require pirming, or is this considered a double-bolt +fastening bracket and; therefore, excluded from the requirement? + +(b) Would the bracket shown in Fig. B require pinning, or is this cor\sidered a double-bolt i^lk +fastening bracket and; therefore, excluded from the requirement? M|| + +(c) If the bracket shown in Fig. B does not meet requirements, does the bracket shown in Fig. +C meet them? + +(d) The bracket shown in Fig. D shows fastening to the wall. + +(1) Are connections to the wall subject to the same requirements? + +(2) Would these connections need to be pinned if we are fastening to unistrut? + +(3) Stud anchors? + +(d) The bracket shown in Fig. E shows a double fasterung to the wall. + +(1) Would these cormections need to be pinned if we are fastening to imistrut? + +(2) Stud anchors? + +(f) The bracket shown in Fig. F shows fastening to the rail. + +(1) Are connections to the rail subject to the same requirements? + +(2) Would these connections need to be pinned? ^Blk + +Answer: Requirement 2.23.9.3 is clear as written. ASME does not address specific designs. ^^ + +(Note: Figures are not included since ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, +construction, proprietary device, or activity.) + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + + + +02-34, 02-35, 02-39 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +Inquiry: 02-34 + +Subject: Section 2.19, Ascending Car Overspeed and Unintended Car Movement Protection +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): Is it permitted to activate the emergency brake for an overspeed condition in the +down direction? + +Answer (1): The A17.1-2000 Code does not address this issue. The operation described is +neither required nor prohibited. + +Question (2): When the emergency brake is activated during overspeed conditions, is compound +braking (i.e., simultaneous activation of the mechanical safety and the emergency brake) per- +mitted? + +Answer (2): See response to Question (1). + +A17 Standards Connmittee Approval: September 11, 2002 + + + +Inquiry: 02-35 + +Subject: Rule 209.3e, Additional Requirements for Winding-Drum Machines +Edition: A17.1-1987 + +Question (1): Does the main line wiring from the disconnect switch on the wall to the machine +have to be opened when over-travel from the drum has occurred? + +Answer (1): Rule 209.3e(2) requires that the main line circuit to the driving-machine motor and +the circuit of the driving-machine brake coil shall be directly opened either by the contacts of +the machine stop switch or by stopping switches mounted in the hoistway and operated by a +cam attached to the car. This switch is separate from the final terminal stopping switch required +by Rule 209.3b. + +Question (2): Is the main line circuit, referred to in Rule 209.3e, the wiring on the controller +for the final limit circuit? + +Answer (2): No. The main line circuit is the power circuit to the driving-machine motor and +brake. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + + + +Inquiry: 02-39 + +Subject: Requirement 5.3.1.16.2, Driving Machines: General Requirements +Edition: A17.1-2000 including A17.1a-2002 + +Question: Requirement 5.3.1.16.2(b)(1)(b) states "21 times the diameter for wire suspensions +means..." Is the diameter being referred to, the true diameter or the pitch diameter referred to +in 2.24.2.2 (minimum pitch diameter)? + +Answer: The referenced diameter is the pitch diameter. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 02-40, 02-41, 02-42 + + + +Inquiry: 02-40 + +Subject: Requirement 2.15.6.4, Materials for Car Frames and Platform Frames +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: Is Oriented Strand Board (OSB), which has passed Voluntary Product Standards PS +2-92 and CSA 0325, a suitable material for use as a sub-floor on hydraulic elevator platforms? + +Answer: No. Requirement 2.15.6.4(c) requires that the material complies with ANSI Voluntary +Standard PSl or CSA 0151. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + +Inquiry: 02-41 + +Subject: Requirement 2.27.3.3.2, Phase n Emergency In-Car Operation +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): Under the conditions stated in 2.27.3.3.2, is the car required to remain at the +landing in the case of power failure and subsequent restoration of power? + +Answer (1): Yes. + +Question (2): After restoration of power with the car remaining at the landing on "HOLD," +the Phase 11 Fire Operation Switch is then turned to either the "OFF" or "ON" position. Is the +car permitted to move to re-establish absolute car position exactly as stated in Inquiries 01-30 +and 02-01? + +Answer (2): Yes. fli + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: January 8, 2003 + +Inquiry: 02-42 + +Subject: Rule 210.4, Electrical Equipment and Wiring +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question (1): Is a hoistway limit switch required to have the CSA-B44.1/ASME A17.5 designa- +tion listed on each device? + +Answer (1): Requirements for listing /certifying or labeling /marking of hoistway limit switches ^^ + +are not addressed by the Code. ^Il + +Question (2): If the answer to Question (1) is "yes," would a CSA, UL, or UL equivalent be +sufficient? + +Answer (2): See answer to Question (1). + +Question (3): Would this apply to door locks? + +Answer (3): No. Hoistway door interlocks and door gate switches have their own requirements. +See Rule 111.6 of A17.1-1996 and Clause 1.3 of 844.1/ A17.5-1996. + +Question (4): Would this apply to electrical door restriction devices? + +Answer (4): Requirements for listing/certifying or labeling/marking of electrical door restriction +devices are not addressed by the Code. See Inquiry 00-30. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + +8 + + + +# + + + +02-43, 02-44 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +Inquiry: 02-43 + +Subject: Rule 1202.7(a), Speed Governors and Governor Ropes +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question: Would a full-load be required to test a new governor installed on an existing elevator? + +Answer: No. The requirements for inspection and test are contained in Part X. The requirements +for inspection and testing of altered (see Section 3, definitions) equipment are in Rule 1003.3. +A17.1d-2000 and earlier editions do not have a requirement for testing of governors that have +been replaced. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +Inquiry: 02-44 + +Subject: Rule 1202.7, Speed Governors and Governor Ropes +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question: The bearings in an existing governor have worn to a point where a new governor +has to be installed. Would this be considered an "alteration," or a "maintenance," "repair," or +"replacement"? + +Answer: If the new governor is "basically the same" as the existing governor, it is a replacement +(see definition). If not, it is an alteration. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 02-45, 02-46 + + + +Inquiry: 02-45 + +Subject: Requirement 3.26.1, Operating Devices and Control Equipment; 3.26.3, Anticreep and +Leveling Operation + +Edition: A17.1-2000 + + + +II + + + +Question (1): Requirement 3.26.1(c) states "Requirement 2.26.1.6 applies as specified by 3.26.3." +Nowhere in 3.26.3 does the Code specify compliance with 2.26.1.6.6, which states that elevators +with static control must have an independent meaiis of limiting the leveling speed to a maximum +of 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min) with the doors open should the normal means to control this speed fail +to do so. Although 3.26.3.2 limits the leveling speed on a hydraulic elevator to 0.125 m/s (25 ft/ +min), there is no reference to an independent means of limiting this speed when static valve +controls are used (which would presumably necessitate the use of speed monitoring on hydraulic +elevators with static valve control). ^^ + +(a) Is an independent means of limiting the leveling speed to 0.125 m/s (25 ft/min) required MB +on hydraulic elevators with static valve controls? + +(b) If so, is speed monitoring required to ensure the leveling speed is 25 ft/min or less? + +Answer (1): + +(a) No. + +(b) See answer to Question (l)(a). + +Question (2): Requirement 3.26.1 requires operating devices and control equipment to conform +to 2.26, and does not exclude requirement 2.26.9.3(c) for hydraulic elevators. Although most +hydraulic elevators are limited to speeds of 150 ft/min or less, some are rated for speeds of up +to 200 ft/min on normal operation. But as long as there are two separate and independent means +of limiting the car speed to 150 ft/min or less during access and inspection, and 25 ft/min or +less during leveling, and a single ground or any other single failure will not permit speeds in +excess of 150 ft/min, is it necessary to also monitor the car speed (assuming static valve control +is not being used in this case)? + +Answer (2): No. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: January 8, 2003 + +Inquiry: 02-46 + +Subject: Rule 209.3b, Final Terminal Stopping Devices +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question: Does this Rule require that the car or counterweight come to a stop prior to coming +into contact with the buffer, in the case where spring buffers are used? + +Answer: No. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: September 11, 2002 + + + +# + + + +10 + + + +02-47, 02-48 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +Inquiry: 02-47 + +Subject: Rule 211.7(b), Firefighters' Service Operating Procedures (Phase H) +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question: This Rule requires Fire Phase II operating instructions to be incorporated with or +adjacent to the Phase II switch in the car, including the wording shown in Fig. 211.7(b). + +The wording in Fig. 211.7(b) instructs the firefighters to turn the key to "OFF" with the doors +open, if they wish to automatically send the car to the recall floor. However, this does not reflect +the requirement for power-operated vertically sliding doors to be closed only with constant +pressure, per Rule 211.3c(3)(b). + +Is it permissible to alter the Phase II instructions shown in Fig. 211.7(b) to reflect specific Code +requirements, such as those mentioned above? For example, to automatically send the car to the +recall floor, the firefighters might be instructed as follows: "With doors open, turn key to "OFF"; +press and hold door close button". This example includes the required verbiage, and also appends +to it more detailed instructions that reflect the specific Code requirements for that particular +application. Is this acceptable? + +Answer: The Code requires the inclusion of verbiage in Fig. 211.7(b). The Code does not address +the inclusion of specific additional verbiage. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +Inquiry: 02-48 + +Subject: Requirement 2.27.3.2.3(c), Phase I Emergency Recall Operation by Fire Alarm Irutiating +Device + +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: Requirement 2.27.3.2.3(c) states that a fire alarm initiating device installed in the +elevator hoistway shall cause all elevators having any equipment in that hoistway, and any +associated elevators of a group automatic operation, to be returned nonstop to the designated +level, except where the initiating device is installed at or below the lowest landing of recall, in +which case the car shall be sent to the upper level of recall. + +What should happen in the case where the alternate level of recall is the lowest level of recall, +and the hoistway fire alarm initiating device that is activated is installed at the designated level? + +Answer: The activation of a fire alarm initiating device located in the hoistway causes recall +to the designated level unless that device is at or below^ the lowest landing of recall. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +11 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 02-49. 02-50 + + + +Inquiry: 02-49 + + + +Question (1): Does Inquiry 94-73 apply to ASME A17.1d-2000 and later editions of the Code? +Answer (1): No. + +Question (2): If the answer to Question (1) is "no," is it permissible under A17.1d-2000 and +later editions of the Code to install skirt deflectors on existing escalators installed under AlZ.lc- +1999 and earlier editions? + +Answer (2): Yes. + +Question (3): Do A17.1d-2000 and later editions of the Code require skirt deflectors on existing +escalators installed under A17.1c-1999 and earlier editions when the step/skirt performance +index > 0.15 and is < 0.4? + +Answer (3): Yes. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: January 8, 2003 + +A17 Standards Committee Reaffirmation: May 7, 2003 + +12 + + + +^ + + + +Subject: Requirement 3.18.3.8, Cylinders Buried in the Ground +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): + +(a) Does Al 7. 1-2000 require PVC pipe encapsulation of buried hydraulic cylinders? + +(b) If PVC pipe encapsulation is used as a method of protection, does Al 7. 1-2000 require the +method to be monitored? + +Answer (1): + +(a) No. The Code does not specifically require PVC pipe encapsulation. PVC pipe encapsulation +may be one of several acceptable methods that are covered by 3.18.3.8.2, as long as it complies +with 3.18.3.8.3(b). + +(b) No. The Code does not require that the encasing material be monitored. The Code requires +a means for monitoring any method in accordance to 3.18.3.8.2(a). + +Question (2): Do 3.18.3.8.2(a) and (c) prohibit sealing the exterior surface of the buried hydraulic +cylinder with a waterproof mastic coating as the only method of protection against corrosion? + +Answer (2): No, as long as requirement 3.18.3.8 is met, which requires cylinder protection +against the environment and further requires a means to monitor the on-going compliance of +that protection method. + +Question (3): Does the (recorded) monitoring of oil loss/use for a buried hydraulic cylinder +meet the requirements for "means for monitoring" and ensuring "on-going compliance" of the +corrosion protection system? + +Answer (3): No. The monitoring of oil loss does not ensure or verify that there is on-going ^Kk + +compliance of the method for cylinder protection. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +Inquiry: 02-50 + +Subject: Step /Skirt Performance Index + +Edition: Rule 1206.6c of A17.1d-2000; 8.6.8.3 of A17.1-2000 + + + +# + + + +02-52, 02-55 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +Inquiry: 02-52 + +Subject: Rule 211.2(c), Standby Power Selection Switch +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question: When standby power selection switch is set to select a particular car (as opposed +to being in the "AUTO" position), does the following operation comply with this Rule? + +(a) All cars that were not already stopped at a floor, when the power transferred, would first +be brought sequentially to their nearest respective landings, and the doors cycled. + +(b) Once all cars have stopped at a floor, the selected car will return to the designated land- +ing first. + +(c) Once the selected car has completed its return, the other cars in the group will then be +automatically returned, one at a time, to the designated level. + +(d) Once all cars have returned to the designated level, the selected car can be then be run on +automatic operation. + +Answer: No. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +Inquiry: 02-55 + +Subject: Requirement 2.27.3, Firefighters Emergency Operation — Automatic Elevators +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Background: A building does not have an additional fire control station "FIRE RECALL" key +switch. The elevator(s) is at the alternate level, doors open, having been recalled there as a result +of the fire alarm initiating device at the designated level being active. + +Question (1): The fire alarm initiating device at the designated level continues to be active. +Under this condition, is it a requirement of 2.27.3.1.6(j) and 2.27.3.2.4 to prohibit the "FIRE +RECALL" key switch at the designated level from recalling the car to the designated level? + +Answer (1): No. + +Question (2): The fire alarm initiating device at the designated level has been cleared and is +no longer active. Does the Code require the "FIRE RECALL" key switch to first be turned to the +"RESET" position before this switch can be effective to recall the elevators to the designated level +by turning it to the "ON" position? + +Answer (2): No. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +13 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 02-56, 02-57 + + + +Inquiry: 02-56 + +Subject: Requirements 8.7.2.10.2, 8.7.2.10.3, and 8.7.2.10.4, Alteration +Edition: A17.1-2000 up to and including A17.1a-2002 + +Background: The second sentence in the above-mentioned requirements states the following: +New components that are installed shall conform as follows: + +(a) Landing sills shall conform... + +(b) Hanger tracks and track supports shall conform... + +(c) Entrance frames shall conform... + +(d) Hangers shall conform... + +(e) Panels shall comply... + +(f) Door safety retainers shall conform... + +Question (1): Does this mean that the addition/installation/replacement of these components +is deemed an "alteration"? + +Answer (1): Yes, for new entrances. + +Question (2): Is the addition/installation/replacement of these components permitted under +the category of "maintenance," "repair," or "replacement"? + +Answer (2): Yes, for an existing entrance. + +Question (3): Is the same true for the second sentences in requirements 8.7.2.10.3 and 8.7.2.10.4, +that those items are Alterations and are not permitted under the category of "maintenance," +"repair," or "replacement"? + +Answer (3): See response to Questions (1) and (2). + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + +Inquiry: 02-57 + +Subject: Requirement 8.7.2.13, Alteration + +Edition: A17.1-2000 up to and including A17.1a-2002 + +Question: Is the switch substitution from a mechanical safety edge to an electronic safety edge +intended to be covered by the wording in 8.7.2.13 "where a reopening device... is altered or +added" even though the mechanical edge was not altered, nor was a reopening device added +since the elevator originally had an edge? + +If the answer is "yes" (switch from mechanical to electronic edge is an alteration), should the +wording not be clarified? + +If the ai\swer is "no," is this a "maintenance/repair/replacement" issue? (With important +features of 2.13.4 and 2.13.5 overlooked.) + +Answer: This issue is addressed in Inquiry 03-10. + +A17 Standards Conunittee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +14 + + + +02-58, 03-03 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +Inquiry: 02-58 + +Subject: Requirement 2.25.3.4, Single Short Circuit Affecting Final and Normal Terminal Stopping +Devices + +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): How can a single short circuit prevent "both circuits" if only one circuit, either +"normal terminal stopping device" or "final terminal stopping device" is short-circuited? + +Answer (1): It is possible that someone could consider the normal terminal stopping device +and the final terminal stopping device share a common circuit, which could be made ineffective +by a single short circuit. Compliance with the provisions of this requirement would preclude +them from doing so. + +Question (2): Assuming that "or" is replaced with "and," which single short circuit must be +taken into consideration: + +(a) resulting from equipment's failure, e.g., deterioration of wiring insulation or deliberate act, +e.g., installed jumpers? + +(b) short circuit between the devices? + +(c) short circuit between wiring and/or terminals inside controller? + +(d) short circuit between wires of circuits incorporating the devices throughout the elevator +installation irrespective of the level of conductors' insulation and their compliance with applicable +electric codes and standards? + +Answer (2): All single short circuits must be considered that prevent both the normal and final +terminal stopping device circuits from stopping the car. + +Question (3): What is the mearung of term "control," which must not prevent normal terminal +stopping device and /or final terminal stopping device circuits from stopping the car in the case +of a single short circuit? + +Answer (3): "Control" as used here is the elevator "motion control." + +Question (4): Since this requirement had been introduced when technologies and protective +measures used in elevators as well as the applied safety standards were quite different from the +current ones, should the same Code requirement still be applicable to the new elevators incorporat- +ing multiple levels of car speed monitoring and control systems and sophisticated protective +measures provided in accordance with much advanced safety requirements specified in the current +A17.1 Code? + +Answer (4): Yes. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +Inquiry: 03-03 + +Subject: Requirement 8.6.1.4, Maintenance Records +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: Does 8.6.1.4 require maintenance records be available immediately? Or does it mean +within another time limit? + +Answer: This is not addressed by the Code. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + +15 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 03-07, 03-08, 03-09 + + + +Inquiry: 03-07 + +Subject: Rule 300.8(a)(3), Bottom Car Clearance +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Background: Rule 300.8(a)(3) allows two specific refuge space geometries: + +(fl) 24 H X 24 W X 47 L = 27,027 in.^ +(W 42 H X 18 W X 36 L = 27,216 in.^ + +Question: Would dimensions 32 H x 21 W x 41 L = 27,552 in.^ be allowed by Rule 300.8(a)(3)? +Answer: No. The Code is very specific in these requirements. +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + +Inquiry: 03-08 + +Subject: Requirement 6.1.6.7, Step Demarcation Lights +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: May a light source of equivalent luminescence and color, as such low-voltage incandes- +cent lights or light emitting diodes, be installed in lieu of "fluorescent light fixtures"? + +Answer: No. The present requirement specifically requires fluorescent lights. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + +Inquiry: 03-09 + +Subject: Walking on Stopped Escalators + +Edition: Part VIII of A17.1-1996 through A17.d-2000; Section 6.1 of A17.1-2000 through + +A17.1a-2002 + +Question (1): Does the Code prohibit the public from walking on escalators that are not running? +Answer (1): A17.1 Code does not address this issue. + +Question (2): Does the Code prohibit the public from walking on escalators that are shut down +due to a safety device? + +Answer (2): A17.1 Code does not address this issue. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +16 + + + +03-10, 03-12 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +Inquiry: 03-10 + +Subject: Requirement 8.6.3.8, Replacement of Door Reopening Device +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): This question originates from the cited code referring you to 8.7.2.13. +Based on the definitions in Section 1,3 of replacement versus alteration, if you replace a mechanical +safety edge with an electronic infrared curtain is this an alteration or a replacement? + +Ai\swer (1): It is a replacement. The replacement shall comply with the requirements of 8.7.2.13. + +Question (2): Based on the same situation, if you replace a mechanical safety edge with a +mechanical safety edge is this an alteration or a replacement? + +Answer (2): It is a replacement. The replacement shall comply with the requirements of 8.7.2.13. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +Inquiry: 03-12 + +Subject: Door Position Monitoring + +Edition: Requirement 2.26.5(b) of A17.1-2000; Rule 210.15(b) of A17.1-1996 + +Question: It has been argued by elevator inspectors in certain jurisdictions that this requirement +does not apply during Fire Phase II operation. It is their contention that if the hoistway doors +fail to couple with the car gate when the firefighters open the car door on Fire Phase II operation, +they should have the option of closing the car door and either trying again or moving the car +to a different landing. + +Is compliance with Rule 210.15(b) or Requirement 2.26.5(b) required during Fire Phase 11 +operation? + +Answer: Yes. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 7, 2003 + + + +17 + + + +18 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 26 + + + +INTERPRETATIONS INDEX + + + + + + + + + +Bk. + + + + + + + + +Bk. + + + + + + + + +Bk. + + +Subfect + + +Edition + + +Inquiry + + +No. + + +Subject + + +Edition + + +Inquiry + + +No. + + +Subject + + +Edition + + +Inquiry + + +No. + + +A17.1-2000 AND LATER EDITIONS + + + + +Parte + + +00 + + +01-27 + + +25 + + +A17.1d-2000 + + +AND PRIOR PUBLICATIONS + + +1.3 + + +00 + + +01-53 + + +25 + + +6.1 + + +02a + + +03-09 + + +26 + + +(Cont'd) + + + + + + + + +2.1.2.1 + + +00 + + +01-61 + + +25 + + 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The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from +competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed manual was made available +for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, +regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large. + +ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. + +ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any +items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for +infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability. Users are expressly advised that determination +of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. + +Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as +government or industry endorsement of this code or standard. + +ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established +ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals. + + + +No part of this document may be reproduced in any form + +in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, + +without the prior written permission of the publisher. + + + +The American Society of Mechanical Engineers +Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 + + + +Copyright © 2005 by + +THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS + +All rights reserved + +Printed in U.S.A. + + + +ASMEA17.1a-2005 + + + +Following approval by the ASME A17 Elevator and Escalator Committee, and after public review, +ASME A17.1a-2005 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on March 18, +2005. + +This is the first Addenda to the 2004 edition of the Code. It was issued on April 29, 2005 and is +effective as of October 29, 2005. + +The pages included in this Addenda replace the pages in ASME A17.1-2004 that have the +corresponding page numbers. Where the length of the change necessitated the inclusion of +additional pages, the additional pages are numbered sequentially following a decimal point (e.g., +page 10.1 should be inserted following page 10). Revisions are incorporated directly into the +affected pages. It is advisable, however, that this page, the Addenda title and copyright pages, +and all replaced pages be retained for reference. + +SUMMARY OF CHANGES + +Revisions being made in this Addenda are identified by a margin note, (05a). Changes made to +correct errors in Al 7. 1-2004, as well as other new editorial changes, are identified by (ED). +Revision designators will remain on the pages up to the publication of the next edition of the +Code. The (ED) designators will appear only when the editorial changes are introduced. The +following is a summary of the latest revisions and changes: + +Change + +Updated to reflect Addenda changes + +Editorially revised and updated + +Revised + +Editorially revised + +Definition of building code revised + +Definitions of door, vertically sliding +sequence operation; landing, lower, +escalator; landing, lower, moving walk; +landing, upper, escalator; landing, upper, +moving walk; left, right convention; lower +landing, escalator; lower landing, moving +walk; sequence operation; upper landing, +esclator; and upper landing, moving walk +added + +Added + +Revised + +Editorially revised + +Editorially revised + +Revised + +Added + +Revised in its entirety + + + +Page + + + + + + +Location + + +iii, V, vii + + + + + + +Contents + + +xi + + + + + + +Foreword, List of Editions +and Supplements + + +1 + + + + + + +1.1.2(e) +1.1.2(v) + + +3 + + + + + + +Section 1.3 + + +6, 10, 10.1, + + +14, + + +15 + + +Section 1.3 + + + +20, 20.1 + + +2.3.2.3 + + +23 + + +2.5.1.4 + + + + +2.5.1.5.2 + + + + +2.5.1.6 + + +27, 27.1 + + +2.8.2.3.2 + + + + +2.8.6 + + +29 + + +2.10.2 + + + +(c) + + + +Page + + +Location + + +Change + + +30 + + +2.11.1.3 + + +Revised + + + + +2.11.3.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +31, 31.1 + + +2.11.6.3 + + +Revised + + +34 + + +2.11.12.2 + + +Revised in its entirety + + +35 + + +2.11.13.3.3 + + +Revised + + +37 + + +2.12.2.4.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +38 + + +2.12.3.1(a) + + +Editorially revised + + +39 + + +2.12.4.1(b) + + +Revised + + +44 + + +2.14.1.5.1(b)(2) + + +Editorially revised + + +45 + + +2.14.1.7.1 + + +Revised + + +46 + + +2.14.2.3.1(a) + + +First line corrected by errata + + +50,51 + + +2.14.5.8.2(a) + + +Revised + + + + +2.14.7.1.3 + + +Revised in its entirety + + +65 + + +2.18.6.5 + + +Revised + + +87 + + +2.24.8.4 + + +Revised + + + + +2.24.9.3 + + +Revised + + +92 + + +2.26.2.5(d) + + +Revised + + +95 + + +2.26.12.3 + + +Note editorially revised + + +97 + + +2.27.1.1.5 + + +Revised + + +100 + + +2.27.3.2.4(a) + + +Revised + + + + +2.27.3.2.5 + + +Revised + + +102 + + +2.27.3.3.7 + + +Last paragraph editorially revised + + +103 + + +2.27.5.3 + + +Revised + + +104 + + +2.27.7.2 + + +Revised + + + + +2.27.9 + + +Added + + +105 + + +Fig. 2.27.7.2 + + +Revised + + +105.1 + + +Fig. 2.27.9 + + +Added + + +110 + + +3.17.1.2 + + +Revised + + +116 + + +Section 3.21 + + +Revised + + +117 + + +3.23.1.3 + + +Editorially revised + + + + +3.24.5 + + +Deleted + + +120, 120.1 + + +3.26.9 + + +Revised in its entirety + + +133 + + +5.1.11.4 + + +Added + + +137 + + +5.1.23 + + +Added + + +140 + + +5.2.1.18 + + +Subparagraph (d) deleted + + +141 + + +5.2.1.31 + + +Added + + +142 + + +5.2.2.12 + + +Revised + + + +(d) + + + +Page + + +Location + + +Change + + + + +5.2.2.14 + + +Revised + + + + +5.2.2.15 + + +Revised + + + + +5.2.2.17 + + +Added + + +143 + + +5.3.1.1.4 + + +Deleted + + +143 + + +5.3.1.7.1 + + +Editorially revised + + +144, 145 + + +5.3.1.9.2(b)(1) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.3.1.11.5 + + +Editorially revised + + +146, 147 + + +5.3.1.16.2(b)(1) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.3.1.16.2(d) + + +Editorially revised + + + + +5.3.1.16.2(e) + + +Editorially revised + + +168 + + +5.9.2.2 + + +Revised + + + + +5.9.8 + + +(1) Editorially revised + +(2) Requirement 5.9.8.3 editorially +redesignated as Note (5.9.8) + + +169 + + +5.9.15.1 + + +Revised + + +170 + + +5.9.26 + + +Revised + + +178 + + +6.1.3.3.10(a) + + +Subparagraphs (2) and (3) editorially +revised + + +182 + + +6.1.5.3.1(d)(5) + + +Revised + + +193 + + +6.2.5.3.1(d)(5) + + +Added + + + + +6.2.6.2.1(a)(3) + + +Revised + + +201 + + +7.1.9.1 + + +Revised + + + + +7.1.9.3 + + +Added + + +209 + + +7.3.5 + + +Revised + + +213 + + +7.4.13.2.2(e) + + +Added + + +215 + + +7.5.3.3 + + +Revised + + + + +7.5.3.5 + + +Added + + +219 + + +7.6.4.1 + + +Revised + + + + +7.6.5.2 + + +Revised + + +271 + + +8.6.1.6.3(d) + + +Revised + + +276 + + +8.6.5.8 + + +Revised + + +277-279.1 + + +8.6.8 + + +Revised in its entirety + + + + +8.6.9 + + +New 8.6.9 added + + + + +8.6.10 + + +Former 8.6.9 redesignated + + + + +8.6.11 + + +Former 8.6.10 redesignated + + + + +8.6.11.3 + + +Former 8.6.10.3 revised in its entirety + + + + +8.6.11.4 + + +Former 8.6.10.4 revised in its entirety + + + + +8.6.11.5 + + +Former 8.6.10.5 revised in its entirety + + + +(e) + + + +Page + + +Location + + +Change + + +281 + + +8.7.2.10.2 + + +First paragraph revised + + + + +8.7.2.10.3 + + +First paragraph revised + + + + +8.7.2.10.4 + + +First paragraph revised + + +286, 286.1 + + +8.7.2.27.5 + + +Revised in its entirety + + +288 + + +8.7.3.20 + + +Revised + + + + +8.7.3.21 + + +Revised + + + + +8.7.3.22.2(1) + + +Revised + + +289 + + +8.7.3.26 + + +Revised + + +291 + + +8.7.5.9 + + +Added + + + + +8.7.6.1.5 + + +Revised + + +292 + + +8.7.6.1.16 + + +Added + + +293, 293.1 + + +8.7.6.2.15 + + +Added + + + + +8.7.7.1 + + +Revised + + + + +8.7.7.1.1 + + +Revised + + + + +8.7.7.3.1 + + +Revised + + +301 + + +8.10.3.2.3(u) + + +Revised + + + + +8.10.3.2.3(bb) + + +Revised + + +302, 302.1 + + +8.10.3.2.5(n) + + +Added + + +306, 306.1 + + +8.10.4.2.2(1) + + +Added + + +308 + + +8.11.1.6 + + +Editorially revised + + +313 + + +8.11.3.2.2 + + +Revised + + +314 + + +8.11.3.4 + + +(1) Note editorially relocated + +(2) 8.11.3.4.4 Added + + +316 + + +8.11.4.2.22 + + +Added + + +317 + + +Section 8.12 + + +Added + + +319, 322, 323 + + +Section 9.1 + + +Revised + + +325, 326 + + +Section 9.2 + + +Revised + + +356 + + +Nonmandatory +Appendix O + + +Deleted + + +377 + + +Index, Sheave + + +Reference to car frame editori; + + +SPECIAL NOTE + + + + + + + +The interpretations to ASME A17.1 Issued between July 2003 and June 2004 follow the last page +of this Addenda as a separate supplement. Interpretations No. 27. + + + +(f) + + + +CONTENTS + + + +(05a) + + + +Foreword viii + +Committee Roster xii + +Preface xvi + +Summary of Changes xix + +Part 1 General 1 + +1.1 Scope 1 + +1.2 Purpose and Exceptions 2 + +1.3 Definitions 2 + +Part 2 Electric Elevators 16 + +2.1 Construction of Hoistways and Hoistway Enclosures 16 + +2.2 Pits 18 + +2.3 Location and Guarding of Counterweights 19 + +2.4 Vertical Clearances and Runbys for Cars and Counterweights 20 + +2.5 Horizontal Car and Counterweight Clearances 23 + +2.6 Protection of Space Below Hoistways 23 + +2.7 Machine Rooms and Machinery Spaces 24 + +2.8 Equipment in Hoistways and Machine Rooms 26 + +2.9 Machinery and Sheave Beams, Supports, and Foundations 27 + +2.10 Guarding of Equipment and Standard Railing 29 + +2.11 Protection of Hoistway Operiings 29 + +2.12 Hoistway Door Locking Devices and Electric Contacts, and Hoistway + +Access Switches 37 + +2.13 Power Operation of Hoistway Doors and Car Doors 41 + +2.14 Car Enclosures, Car Doors and Gates, and Car Illumination 43 + +2.15 Car Frames and Platforms 51 + +2.16 Capacity and Loading 54 + +2.17 Car and Counterweight Safeties 59 + +2.18 Speed Governors 62 + +2.19 Ascending Car Overspeed and Uruntended Car Movement + +Protection 65 + +2.20 Suspension Ropes and Their Connections 67 + +2.21 Counterweights 73 + +2.22 Buffers and Bumpers 74 + +2.23 Car and Couunterweight Guide Rails, Guide-Rail Supports, and + +Fastenings 77 + +2.24 Driving Machines and Sheaves 85 + +2.25 Terminal Stopping Devices 87 + +2.26 Operating Devices and Control Equipment 90 + +2.27 Emergency Operation and Signaling Devices 97 + +2.28 Layout Drawings 104 + +2.29 Identification 105 + +Part 3 Hydraulic Elevators 106 + +3.1 Construction of Hoistways and Hoistway Enclosures 106 + +3.2 Pits 106 + +3.3 Location and Guarding of Counterweights 106 + +3.4 Bottom and Top Clearances and Runbys for Cars and + +Counterweights 106 + +3.5 Horizontal Car and Coimterweight Clearances 108 + + + +3.6 Protection of Spaces Below Hoistway 108 + +3.7 Machine Rooms and Machinery Spaces 108 + +3.8 Electrical Equipment, Wiring, Pipes, and Ducts in Hoistway and Machine + +Rooms 108 + +3.9 Machinery and Sheave Beams, Supports, and Foundations 108 + +3.10 Guarding of Exposed Auxiliary Equipment 108 + +3.11 Protection of Hoistway Landing Openings 108 + +3.12 Hoistway Door Locking Devices, Car Door or Gate Electric Contacts, + +and Hoistway Access Switches 108 + +3.13 Power Operation, Power Opening, and Power Closing of Hoistway Doors + +and Car Doors or Gates 109 + +3.14 Car Enclosures, Car Doors and Gates, and Car Illumination 109 + +3.15 Car Frames and Platforms 109 + +3.16 Capacity and Loading 109 + +3.17 Car and Counterweight Safeties and Plunger Gripper 110 + +3.18 Hydraulic Jacks Ill + +3.19 Valves, Pressure Piping, and Fittings 114 + +3.20 Ropes and Rope Connections 116 + +3.21 Counterweights 116 + +3.22 Buffers and Bumpers 116 + +3.23 Guide Rails, Guide-Rail Supports, and Fastenings 117 + +3.24 Hydraulic Machines and Tanks 117 + +3.25 Terminal Stopping Devices 117 + +3.26 Operating Devices and Control Equipment 118 + +3.27 Emergency Operation and Signaling Devices 120 + +3.28 Layout Data 121 + +3.29 Identification 121 + +Part 4 Elevators With Other Types of Driving Machines 122 + +4.1 Rack and Pinion Elevators 122 + +4.2 Screw-Column Elevators 124 + +4.3 Hand Elevators 128 + +Part 5 Special Application Elevators 131 + +5.1 Inclined Elevators 131 + +5.2 Limited-Use /Limited- Application Elevators 137 + +5.3 Private Residence Elevators 142 + +5.4 Private Residence Inclined Elevators 149 + +5.5 Power Sidewalk Elevators 153 + +5.6 Rooftop Elevators 157 + +5.7 Special Purpose Personnel Elevators 161 + +5.8 Shipboard Elevators 166 + +5.9 Mine Elevators 167 + +5.10 Elevators Used for Construction 170 + +Part 6 Escalators and Moving Wallcs 176 + +6.1 Escalators 176 + +6.2 Moving Walks 188 + +Part 7 Dumbwaiters and Material Lifts 199 + +7.1 Power and Hand Dumbwaiters Without Automatic Transfer Devices .... 199 + +7.2 Electric and Hand Dumbwaiters Without Automatic Transfer + +Devices 203 + +7.3 Hydraulic Dumbwaiters Without Automatic Transfer Devices 209 + +7.4 Material Lifts Without Automatic Transfer Devices 210 + +7.5 Electric Material Lifts Without Automatic Transfer Devices 214 + +7.6 Hydraulic Material Lifts Without Automatic Transfer Devices 219 + +in Automatic Transfer Devices 219 + +7.8 Power Dumbwaiters With Automatic Transfer Devices 220 + +iv + + + +7.9 Electric Material Lifts With Automatic Transfer Devices 220 + +7.10 Hydraulic Material Lifts With Automatic Transfer Devices 222 + +7.11 Material Lifts With Obscured Transfer Devices 222 + +Part 8 General Requiremesits 223 + +8.1 Security 223 + +8.2 Design Data and Formulas 223 + +8.3 Engineering Tests, Type Tests, and Certification 241 + +8.4 Elevator Safety Requirements for Seismic Risk Zone 2 or Greater 248 + +8.5 Escalator and Moving Walk Safety Requirement for Seismic Risk Zone 2 + +or Greater 269 + +8.6 Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement 270 + +8.7 Alterations 279.1 + +8.8 Welding 293 + +8.9 Code Data Plate 293 + +8.10 Acceptance Inspections and Tests 293.1 + +8.11 Periodic Inspections and Tests 307 + +8.12 Flood Resistances 317 + +Part 9 Reference Codes, Standards, and Specifications 318 + +9.1 Reference Documents 319 + +9.2 Procurement Information 325 + +Figures + +2.16.1.1 Inside Net Platform Areas for Passenger Elevators 55 + +2.20.9.4 Tapered Rope Sockets 70 + +2.20.9.5 Wedge Rope Sockets 70 + +2.23.3 Elevator Guide Rails 11 + +2.23.4.1-1 Maximum Weight of a Car With Rated Load or of Counterweight With + +Safety Device for a Pair of Guide Rails as Specified + +in 2.23.4.1 79 + +2.23.4.1-2 Minimum Moment of Inertia About x-x Axis for a Single Guide Rail + +With Its Reinforcement 80 + +2.27.3.1.6(h) Visual Signal 100 + +2.27.3.3.7 Panel Layout 102 + +2.27.7.1 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation Instructions 104 + +2.27.7.2 Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation 105 + +2.27.9 Elevator Corridor Call Station Pictograph 105.1 + +5.1.17.3 Vertical and Horizontal Components of Velocity 135 + +6.1.3.3.10 Dimensions 178 + +6.1.6.9.1 Caution Sign 186 + +8.2.1.2 Minimum Rated Load for Passenger Elevators 225 + +8.2.2.5.1 Turning Moment Based on Class of Loading 226 + +8.2.4 Gravity Stopping Distances 229 + +8.2.5 Maximum Governor Tripping Speeds 230 + +8.2.6 Stopping Distances for Type B Car and Counterweight Safeties 232 + +8.2.7 Minimum Factors of Safety of Suspension Wire Ropes of Power + +Passenger and Freight Elevators 235 + +8.2.8.1.1 Allowable Gross Loads 236 + +8.2.9.1.3 Load Distribution 239 + +8.4.3.1.3 Arc of Contact 249 + +8.4.8.2-1 12 kg/m (8 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 252 + +8.4.8.2-2 16.5 kg/m (11 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 253 + +8.4.8.2-3 18 kg/m (12 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 254 + +8.4.8.2-4 22.5 kg/m (15 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 255 + +8.4.8.2-5 27.5 kg/m (18.5 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 256 + +8.4.8.2-6 33.5 kg/m (22.5 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 257 + +8.4.8.2-7 44.5 kg/m (30 lb/ft) Guide-Rail Bracket Spacing 258 + +8.4.8.2-8 Car and Counterweight Load Factor 259 + +8.4.8.9 Guide-Rail Axes 262 + + + +8.4.10.1.1 Earthquake Elevator Equipment Requirements Diagrammatic + +Representation 263 + +8.4.10.1.3 Earthquake Emergency Operation Diagrammatic Representation 265 + +8.11.4.2.19(e) 315 + +Tables + +2.4.2.2 Minimum Bottom Runby for Counterweight Elevators With Spring + +Buffers or Solid Bumpers and Rheostatic Control or Single-Speed + +AC Control 21 + +2.15.10.1 Maximum Allowable Stresses in Car Frame and Platform Members + +and Connections, for Steels Specified in 2.15.6.2.1 and 2.15.6.2.2 54 + +2.16.1.1 Maximum Inside Net Platform Areas for the Various Rated Loads 55 + +2.17.3 Maximum and Minimum Stopping Distances for Type B Car Safeties + +With Rated Load and Type B Counterweight Safeties 60 + +2.18.2.1 Maximum Car Speeds at Which Speed Governor Trips and Governor + +Overspeed Switch Operates 63 + +2.18.7.4 Multiplier for Determining Governor Sheave Pitch Diameter 65 + +2.20.3 Minimum Factors of Safety for Suspension Wire Ropes 68 + +2.20.9.4.5 Relation of Rope Diameter to Diameter of the Small Socket Hole 70 + +2.22.3.1 Minimum Spring Buffer Stroke 75 + +2.22.4.1 Minimum Oil Buffer Strokes 76 + +2.23.3 T-Section Guide-Rail Dimensions 78 + +2.23.4.2 Load Multiplying Factor for Duplex Safeties 83 + +2.23.4.3.1 Guide Rails for Counterweight Without Safeties 84 + +2.23.4.3.3 Intermediate Tie Brackets 84 + +2.23.7.2.1 Minimum Thickness of Fishplates and Minimum Diameter of + +Fastening Bolts 85 + +2.23.10.2 Minimum Size of Rail-Fastening Bolts 85 + +2.26.12.1 Symbol Identification 96 + +4.1.9.1 Maximum and Minimum Stopping Distances for Rack-and-Pinion + +Safeties With Rated Load 124 + +5.1.14.2 Minimum and Maximum Stopping Distances at Given Angles From + +Horizontal 134 + +5.1.17.2 Spring Buffer Stroke 135 + +5.1.17.4.4 Minimum Oil Buffer Strokes at Given Angle From Horizontal 136 + +6.2.3.7 Treadway Width 191 + +6.2.4 Treadway Speed 193 + +7.2.6.4 Factors of Safety for Wire Rope and Chains 206 + +7.2.8.1 Minimum Spring Buffer Strokes 207 + +7.2.8.2 Minimum Oil Buffer Strokes 207 + +7.4.3 Type B Material Lifts 211 + +7.9.2.13 Minimum Spring Buffer Strokes 221 + +7.9.2.14 Minimum Oil Buffer Strokes 222 + +8.4.8.7 Stresses and Deflections of Guide-Rail Brackets and Supports 261 + +8.4.11.3 Pipe Support Spacing 266 + +8.4.12.2.2 Maximum Allowable Deflection 269 + +8.11.2.1.3(cc)(l) Wire Suspension and Compensation Ropes 309 + +8.11.2.1.3(cc)(3) 310 + +8.11.2.3.4 Brake Test Loads 312 + +Non mandatory Appendices + +A Control System 327 + +B Door Landing and Unlocking Zones 329 + +C Location of Top Emergency Exit 330 + +D Rated Load and Capacity Plates for Passenger Elevators 331 + +E CSA B44 Elevator Requirements for Persons With Physical + +Disabilities 332 + + + +F Ascending Car Overspeed and Unintended Car Movement + +Protection 333 + +G Top of Car Clearance (3.4.4) 337 + +H Private Residence Elevator Guarding (5.3.1.6.2) 339 + +I Escalator and Moving Walk Diagrams 340 + +J CSA B44 Maintenance Requirements and Intervals for Elevators, + +Dumbwaiters, Escalators, and Moving Walks 346 + +K Beveling and Clearance Requirements (7.4.7.4) 347 + +L Index of Alteration Requirements for Electric Elevators, Hydraulic + +Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks 348 + +M Inertia Application for Type A Safety Device Location of Test Weight + +[8.10.2.2.2(bb)(2)] 353 + +N Recommended Inspection and Test Intervals in "Months" 354 + +P Plunger Gripper Stopping Distances 357 + +Index 358 + + + +vu + + + +(04) + + + +FOREWORD + + + +The first edition of this Code was published in January +1921. It was prepared by an American Society of +Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Committee on Protection +of Industrial Workers with the assistance of representa- +tives of a number of interests including manufacturers, +insurance carriers, regulatory bodies, and technical soci- +eties. + +Subsequently, ASME requested the American Engi- +neering Standards Committee (AESC) to authorize the +organization of a Sectional Committee to undertake this +revision. They acted favorably on this request, and in +January 1922, assigned sponsorship for the project +jointly to the American Institute of Architects, the +National Bureau of Standards, and ASME, all three of +whom had taken an active part in the preparation of +the first edition of the Code. + +The organization meeting of the Sectional Committee +A17 was held in November 1922. A number of meetings +of the Committee were held during the next two years +and in July 1925, a revision of the 1921 Code was com- +pleted, approved by the AESC, and published as an +American Standard. + +Subsequent to the publication of the 1925 revision of +the Code, the necessity for development research on the +design and construction of car safeties and oil buffers +and for the development of test specifications for various +parts of elevator equipment was realized. + +As a result, a Subcommittee on Research, Recommen- +dations, and Interpretations was appointed in 1926. This +subcommittee held regular meetings thereafter until +interrupted by the war in 1940, and carried on an exten- +sive test program at the National Bureau of Standards +in connection with oil buffers and car safeties. Subse- +quent to the war, the name of this subcommittee was +changed to "Executive Committee for the Elevator +Safety Code." + +The information gained as a result of these tests, +together with the developments that had occurred in +the design of the equipment as a result of installations +made in very tall buildings, prompted the Sectional +Committee to prepare and issue the third edition of the +Code in 1931. The third edition was approved by the +Sectional Committee in February 1931, and subse- +quently by the sponsors and by the American Standards +Association (formerly the AESC) in July 1931. + +Further experience and developments in the design +of elevator equipment, led the Sectional Committee, in +line with its policy of revising the Code periodically, to +prepare the fourth edition in 1937, which was approved + + + +by the sponsors and by the American Standards Associa- +tion (ASA) in July 1937. + +A fifth edition of the Code was well under way in +1940 when it was necessary to suspend the work due +to the Second World War. However, a number of the +revisions already agreed upon by the Sectional Commit- +tee and approved by the sponsors and by the ASA in +April 1942, were issued as a supplement to the 1937 +edition. They were subsequently incorporated in a +reprint of the 1937 edition in 1945. In response to public +demand, requirements for private residence elevators +were also issued in a separate supplement, ASA Al 7.1.5- +1953, and incorporated into the Code as Part V in the +1955 edition. + +The Sectional Committee reinitiated consideration of +the fifth edition of the Code in 1946. Due to the consider- +able period which had elapsed since the fourth revision +in 1937, and to the very extensive developments in the +elevator art, the committee decided that the Code should +be completely rewritten and brought up to date. + +Special subcommittees were appointed to prepare the +revisions of the various requirements. The membership +of each subcommittee consisted of persons especially +familiar with the requirements to be covered by that +subcommittee. Fifteen subcommittees were set up with +a total membership of over 150 persons. The member- +ship of these subcommittees was not confined to mem- +bers of the Sectional Committee. It also included other +persons having expert knowledge of the subjects under +consideration by the subcommittees. These subcommit- +tees and their personnel were listed in the 1955 edition +of the Code. + +The drafts prepared by these subcommittees were +widely circulated to interested groups for comment. +After review of the comments and correlation of the +drafts, the fifth edition of the Code was approved by +the Sectional Committee, subsequently by the sponsors, +and by the ASA in June 1955. + +In December 1957, a Supplement to the Code listing +a number of revisions was approved by the ASA and +published by ASME. + +A sixth edition was published in 1960 which incorpo- +rated the revisions contained in the 1957 Supplement as +well as approximately 96 revisions which were approved +by the Sectional Committee in March 1960. + +In 1958 the scope of the A17 Code was enlarged to +include moving walks. The membership of the Sectional +Committee was expanded to include manufacturers +whose primary interest in the Committee was the devel- +opment of rules and regulations on moving walks. A + + + +Editions and Supplements + + +Approved + + +Issued + + +Effective + + +Ninth Edition + + +ANSI A17.1-1978 + + +May 4, 1978 + + +June 15, 1978 + + +September 15, 1978 + + +Supplements + + +ANSI A17.1a-1979 + + +February 5, 1979 + + +March 30, 1979 + + +June 30, 1979 + + + + +ANSI A17.1b-1980 + + +March 20, 1980 + + +May 15, 1980 + + +August 15, 1980 + + +Tenth Edition + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1-1981 + + +September 8, 1981 + + +October 22, 1981 + + +April 22, 1982 + + +Supplements + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1a-1982 + + +October 5, 1982 + + +November 30, 1982 + + +May 30, 1983 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1b-1983 + + +October 24, 1983 + + +December 23, 1983 + + +June 23, 1984 + + +Eleventh Edition + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1-1984 + + +August 16, 1984 + + +September 16, 1984 + + +March 16, 1985 + + +Supplements + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1a-1985 + + +February 27, 1985 + + +April 15, 1985 + + +October 15, 1985 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1b-1985 + + +August 6, 1985 + + +October 15, 1985 + + +April 15, 1986 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1C-1986 + + +March 5, 1986 + + +April 30, 1986 + + +October 31, 1986 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1d-1986 + + +September 8, 1986 + + +November 30, 1986 + + +May 31, 1987 + + + + +ANSI/ASME A17.1e-1987 + + +February 18, 1987 + + +April 30, 1987 + + +October 30, 1987 + + +Twelfth Edition + + +ASME/ANSI A17.1-1987 + + +October 20, 1987 + + +January 15, 1988 + + +July 16,1988 + + +Supplements + + +ASME/ANSI A17.1a-1988 + + +October 6, 1988 + + +November 15, 1988 + + +May 16, 1989 + + + + +ASME/ANSI A17.1b-1989 + + +November 10, 1989 + + +November 30, 1989 + + +May 31, 1990 + + +Thirteenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-1990 + + +October 8, 1990 + + +February 8, 1991 + + +August 9, 1991 + + +Supplements + + +ASME A17.1a-1991 + + +October 21, 1991 + + +February 28, 1992 + + +August 29, 1992 + + + + +ASME A17.1b-1992 + + +October 28, 1992 + + +December 29, 1992 + + +June 30, 1993 + + +Fourteenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-1993 + + +October 18, 1993 + + +December 31, 1993 + + +July 1, 1994 + + +Supplements + + +ASME A17.1a-1994 + + +August 17, 1994 + + +December 31, 1994 + + +July 1, 1995 + + + + +ASME A17.1b-1995 + + +October 5, 1995 + + +January 31, 1996 + + +August 1, 1996 + + +Fifteenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-1996 + + +October 3, 1996 + + +December 31, 1996 + + +July 1, 1997 + + +Supplements + + +ASME A17.1a-1997 + + +January 8, 1998 + + +February 27, 1998 + + +August 28, 1998 + + + + +ASME A17.1b-1998 + + +November 13, 1998 + + +February 19, 1999 + + +August 20, 1999 + + + + +ASME A17.1C-1999 + + +May 13, 1999 + + +June 30, 1999 + + +December 31, 1999 + + + + +ASME A17.1d-2000 + + +October 12, 2000 + + +November 30, 2000 + + +January 31, 2001 + + +Sixteenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-2000 + + +October 16, 2000 + + +March 23, 2001 + + +March 23, 2002 + + +Supplements + + +ASME A17.1a-2002 + + +February 26, 2002 + + +April 4, 2002 + + +October 4, 2002 + + + + +ASME A17.1b-2003 + + +April 10, 2003 + + +May 30, 2003 + + +November 30, 2003 + + +Seventeenth Edition + + +ASME A17.1-2004 + + +January 14, 2004 + + +April 30, 2004 + + +October 31, 2004 + + +Supplements + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + +March 18, 2005 + + +April 29, 2005 + + +October 29, 2005 + + + +(ED) + + + +ASME A17 ELEVATOR +AND ESCALATOR COMMITTEE + + + +(December 2003) + + + +STANDARDS COMMITTEE + +R. L. Seymour, Chair + +H. E. Peelle III. Vice Chair + +D. L. Steel, Vice Chair + +G, A. Burdeshaw, Secretary + +I. Bialy, Otis Elevator Co. + +N. Marchitto, Alternate, Otis Elevator Co. + +W. C. Burklund, Montgomery Kone, Inc. + +D. J. Camp, Tliyssen Krupp Elevator + +H. SImpklns, Alternate, Thyssen Krupp Elevator +J. W. Coaker, Coaker & Co., PC + +E. A. Donoghue, Edward A. Donoghue Associates, Inc. +R. E. Droste, Consultant + +J. A. Fllippone, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey +J. H, Humphrey, Alternate, Port Authority of New York and New +Jersey + +C. C. Fox, Rainbow Security Control Ltd. + +G. W. Gibson, George W. Gibson and Associates, Inc. + +H. E. Godwin, Jr., The Godwin Co. + +R. A. Gregory, Vertex Corp. + +A. P. Juhasz, Kone, Inc. + +L. C. Kanicki, Elevator Subcode Official Township of Burlington NJ + +G. A. Kappenhagen, Schindler Elevator Corp. + +M. P. Lamb, Alternate, Schindler Elevator Corp. + +K. S. Lloyd, Abell Elevator International + +S. K. Lloyd, Alternate, Abell Elevator International + +N. B. Martin, Chief Elevator Insp. State of Ohio + +Z, R. McCain, jr., McCain Engineering Associates, Inc. + +M. V. Farinola, Alternate, MV Farinola, Inc. + +D. A. McColl, Otis Canada, Inc. + +J. L. Meyer, State of California, Division of Occupational Safety and + +Health +H. E. Peelle III, The Peelle Co., Ltd. +S. P. Reynolds, Alternate, The Peelle Co., Ltd. +R. L. Phillips, Georgia Department of Labor +V. P. Robibero, Schindler Elevator Corp. +A. Rehman, Alternate, Schindler Elevator Corp. +R. L. Seymour, Robert L. Seymour and Associates, Inc. +R. S. Seymour, Alternate, Robert L. Seymour and Associates, Inc. + +C. F. Starmer, GAL Manufacturing + +D. L. Steel, David L. Steel Escalators + +D. L. Turner, Davis L. Turner & Associates +R. S. Caporale, Alternate, Elevator World, Inc. +A. H. Verschell, Consulting Engineer + +C. E. Vlahovic, TSSA + +R. Haddaller, Alternate, TSSA + +D. M. Winkle, lUEC Local #14 + +E. V. Baker, Alternate, NEIEP + +D. A. Witham, GAL Manufacturing + + + + + +Honorary Members + + +L. J. Blaiotta + + +J. McAulay, Jr. + + +W. E. Chamberlain + + +H. E. Peelle, Jr. + + +B. J. Fanguy + + +E. M. Philpot + + +W. J. Figiel + + +R. L. Rogers + + +C. E. Hempel + + +R. W. Young + + +C. L Kort + + +L. E. White + + +A. A. Mascone + + + + + +Regulatory Advisory Council + + + +L. C. Kanicki, Chair +N. B. Martin, Vice Chair +G. A. Burdeshaw, Staff + +Secretary +J. R. Runyan, Secretary +G. Antona +J. R. Brooks +J. H. Burpee +P. Caploon +N. C. Dimitruck +A. N. Griffin +R. F. Hadaller + + + +S. J. Hickory +1. D. Jay +M. J. Mellon, Jr. +J. L. Meyer +K. P. Morse +J. S. Nicksic +C. W. Rogler +R. W. Steele +S. F. Stout +W. C. Watson +W. J. Witt +C. D. Wagner + + + +NATIONAL INTEREST REVIEW COMMITTEE + + + +J. p. Andrew +L. C. Arnold +R. Barker +R. J. Blatz +J. E. Brannon +T. A. Bremer +J. A. Caluori +M. A. Chavez +H. J. Clifford +R. F. Dieter +S. M. Eisenman +B. Faerber +J. J. Faup +S. E. Fisher +P. A. Fleming +J. G. Gerk +L. A. Giovannetti +J. M. Gould +J. E. Herwig +J. Inglis +M. A. Jacobs +D. J. Jolly +F. A. Kilian +j. W. Koshak +M. L. Lane +M. R. Liberatore + + + +M. A. Malek +J. J. Mancuso + +C. C. Mann + +N. E. Marchitto +J. M. McKinley +R. A. Molinari +N. J. Montesano +T. S. Mowrey +J. Murphy +F. G. Newman +J. J. O'Donoghue + +D. J. O'Keefe Ml + +E. J. Orrico 111 +M. S. Peck +B. Y. Peyton +M. J. Pfeiffer + +R. B. Pohlman, Jr. +M. Poulin +J. Powell +P. M. Puno +L. S. Rigby +R. D. Schloss +S. Shanes +M. Shipley +M. L. Smith +J. L. Stabler + + + +SECTION 1.1-1.1.4 + + + +ASIVIEA17.1a-2005 + + + +SAFETY CODE FOR ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS + +Part 1 +General + + + +(05a) + + + +SECTION 1.1 +SCOPE + +1.1.1 Equipment Covered by This Code + +This Code covers the design, construction, operation, +inspection, testing, maintenance, alteration, and repair +of the following equipment, its associated parts, and its +hoistways, where located in or adjacent to a building or +structure (except as modified by 1.2): + +(a) hoisting and lowering mechanisms, equipped +with a car or platform, which move between two or more +landings. This equipment includes, but is not limited to +elevators (see 1.3). + +(b) power-driven stairways and walkways for car- +rying persons between landings. This equipment +includes, but is not limited to escalators and moving +walks (see 1.3). + +(c) hoisting and lowering mechanisms equipped with +a car that serves two or more landings and is restricted +to the carrying of material by its limited size or limited +access to the car. This equipment includes, but is not +limited to dumbwaiters and material lifts (see 1.3). + +1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered by This Code + +Equipment not covered by this Code includes, but is +not limited to, the following: + +(a) personnel hoists within the scope of ANSI A10.4 +and CSA-Z185 + +(b) material hoists within the scope of ANSI A10.5 +and CSA-Z256 + +(c) platform lifts and stairway chairlifts within the +scope of ASME A18.1, CSA B355, and CSA B613 + +(d) manlifts within the scope of ASME A90.1 and +CSA B311 + +(e) mobile scaffolds and towers; platforms within the +scope of ANSI/SIA A92 and CSA-B354 + +(f) powered platform and equipment for exterior and +interior building maintenance within the scope of ASME +A120.1 and CSA-Z271 + +(g) conveyors and related equipment within the scope +of ASMEB20.1 + + + +(h) cranes, derricks, hoists, hooks, jacks, and slings +within the scope of ASME B30, CSA Z150, CSA B167, +CSA Z202, and CSA Z248 + +(i) industrial trucks within the scope of ASME B56 +and CSA B335 + +(j) portable equipment, except for portable escalators, +which are covered by 6.1 + +(k) tiering or piling machines used to move material +to and from storage located and operating entirely +within one story + +(I) equipment for feeding or positioning material at +machine tools, printing presses, etc. + +(m) skip or furnace hoists + +(n) wharf ramps + +(o) amusement devices + +(p) stage and orchestra lifts + +(q) lift bridges + +(r) railroad car lifts and dumpers + +(s) mechanized parking garage equipment + +(t) line jacks, false cars, shafters, moving platforms, +and similar equipment used for installing an elevator + +(u) platform elevators installed in a ship or offshore +drilling rig and used for the purpose of loading and +unloading cargo, equipment, and personnel + +(v) dock levelers (freight platform lifts) having a travel +of 500 mm (20 in.) or less + +(w) in Canadian jurisdictions, devices having a travel +of 2 000 mm (79 in.) or less and used only for the transfer +of materials or equipment + +1.1.3 Application of Parts + +This Code applies to new installations only, except +Part 1, and 5.10, 8.1, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, and 8.11, +which apply to both new and existing installations. + +1.1.4 Effective Date + +The requirements of this edition and subsequent +addenda to the Code are effective as of the date noted +on the copyright page of this document. The authority +having jurisdiction will establish the effective date for +their local regulations. + + + +(ED) + + + +(04) + + + +(04) + + + +ASA/IE A17.1a-2005 + + + +SECTION 1.2-SECTION 1.3 + + + +SECTION 1.2 +PURPOSE AND EXCEPTIONS + +The purpose of this Code is to provide for the safety +of life and limb, and to promote the public welfare. + +The provisions of this Code are not intended to pre- +vent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equiva- +lent or superior quality, strength, fire resistance, +effectiveness, durability, and safety to those prescribed +by this Code, provided that there is technical documen- +tation to demonstrate the equivalency of the system, +method, or device. + +The specific requirements of this Code may be modi- +fied by the authority having jurisdiction based upon +technical documentation or physical performance verifi- +cation to allow alternative arrangements that will assure +safety equivalent to that which would be provided by +conformance to the corresponding requirements of this +Code. + +This Code contains requirements that are also covered +in the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC). Refer- +ence to the NBCC is recognition that said requirements +are not within the scope of this Code in Canada. + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the use of +the NBCC is not intended. Exceptions shall be based on +the requirements of the above paragraphs. + +(04) SECTION 1.3 + +DEFINITIONS + +Section 1.3 defines various terms used in this Code. +In addition, some nomenclature and terminology used +in the elevator industry and other ASME publications +are defined. + +access switch: see hoistway access switch. + +alteration: any change to equipment, including its parts, +components, and /or subsystems, other than mainte- +nance, repair, or replacement. + +alternate level: a floor level identified by the building +code or fire authority, other than the designated level. + +annunciator, car: an electrical device in the car that indi- +cates visually the landings at which an elevator landing +signal registering device has been actuated. + +applied frame entrance: a wraparound or partial addi- +tion to an existing entrance frame used to improve the +appearance or to provide the required clearances. + +approved: acceptable to the authority having juris- +diction. + +authority having jurisdiction: the organization, office, +or individual responsible for enforcement of this Code. +Where compliance with this Code has been mandated +by legislation or regulation, the "authority having juris- +diction" is the regulatory authority (see regulatory +authority). + + + +authorized personnel: persons who have been +instructed in the operation of the equipment and desig- +nated by the owner to use the equipment. + +automatic transfer device: a power-operated mecha- +nism that automatically moves a load consisting of a +cart, tote box, pallet, wheeled vehicle, box, or other simi- +lar object from and /or to the car. + +auxiliary power lowering device: an alternatively pow- +ered auxiliary control system that will, upon failure of +the main power supply, allow a hydraulic elevator to +descend to a lower landing. + +brake, driving machine, elevator, dumbwaiter, or mate- +rial lift: an electromechanically or electrohydraulically +released spring, or gravity applied device, which is part +of the electric driving machine of the elevator, dumb- +waiter, or material lift used to apply a controlled force +at a braking surface to hold or retard the elevator, dumb- +waiter, or material lift. See Nonmandatory Appendix F. + +electrohydraulically released: a means of release in which +an electric current applied to a solenoid valve or the +motor of a hydraulic pump directs pressurized hydraulic +fluid to an actuator (such as a hydraulic jack) that over- +comes a resisting force (such as a spring) as long as the +electric current flows. + +electromechanically released: a means of release in which +an electric current applied to an actuator (such as a +solenoid) causes an electromagnetic force that over- +comes a resisting force (such as a spring) as long as the +electric current flows. + +brake, driving machine, escalator, or moving walk: an + +electromechanical device that is part of the electric driv- +ing machine of the escalator or moving walk, used to +apply a controlled force to a braking surface to stop and +hold the escalator /moving walk system. + +braking, electrically assisted: retardation of the eleva- +tor, assisted by energy generated by the driving-machine +motor. See Norunandatory Appendix F. + +brake, emergency: a mechanical device independent of +the braking system used to retard or stop an elevator +should the car overspeed or move in an unintended +manner. Such devices include, but are not limited to, +those that apply braking force on one or more of the +following: + +(a) car rails + +(b) counterweight rails + +(c) suspension or compensation ropes + +(d) drive sheaves + +(e) brake drums + +For further information, see Nonmandatory Appen- +dix F. + +brake, main drive shaft, escalator and moving walk: a + +device located on the main drive shaft of the escalator +or moving walk used to apply a controlled force to the + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +braking surface to stop and hold the escalator or moving +walk system. + +braking system: driving-m.achine brake alone, or in +combination with electrically assisted braking, which +operates to slow down and stop the elevator. See Non- +mandatory Appendix F. + +buffer: a device designed to stop a descending car or +counterweight beyond its normal limit of travel by stor- +ing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic energy +of the car or coimterweight. + +oil buffer: a buffer using oil as a medium, which absorbs +and dissipates the kinetic energy of the descending car +of counterweight. + +gas spring-return oil buffer: an oil buffer utilizing the +pressure of a compressed gas to return the buffer plunger +or piston to its fully extended position. + +mechanical spring-return oil buffer: an oil buffer utiliz- +ing the force of the compressed mechanical spring or +springs to return the buffer plunger or piston to its fully +extended position. + +oil buffer stroke: the oil-displacing movement of the +buffer plunger or piston, excluding the travel of the +buffer plunger accelerating device. + +spring buffer: a buffer utilizing one or more springs +to cushion the impact force of the descending car or +counterweight. + +spring buffer load rating: the load required to com- +press the spring buffer an amount equal to its stroke. + +spring buffer stroke: the distance the contact end of +the spring can move under a compressive load imtil all +coils are essentially in contact or until a fixed stop is +reached. + +(05a) building code: an ordinance that sets forth requirements +for building design and construction, or where such an +ordinance has not been enacted, one of the following +model codes: + +(a) International Building Code (IBC) + +(b) Building Construction and Safety Code +(NFPA 5000) + +(c) National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) + +NOTE: Local regulations or laws take precedence. In the absence +of local regulation a model building code is applicable. + +bumper: a device, other than an oil or spring buffer, +designed to stop a descending car or counterweight +beyond its normal limit of travel by absorbing the +impact. + +cable, traveling: see traveling cable. + +capacity: see rated load. + +car door interlock: a device having two related and +interdependent functions, which are: + +(a) to prevent the operation of the driving machine +by the normal operating device urvless the car door is +locked in the closed position + + + +(b) to prevent the opening of the car door from inside +the car unless the car is within the landing zone and is +either stopped or being stopped + +car door or gate, power-closed: a door or gate that is +closed by a door or gate power operator. + +car door or gate electric contact: an electrical device, +the function of which is to prevent operation of the +driving machine by the normal operating device unless +the car door or gate is in the closed position. + +car door or gate power closer: a device or assembly of +devices that closes a manually opened car door or gate +by power other than hand, gravity, springs, or the move- +ment of the car. + +car, dumbwaiter, material lift: the load-carrying unit +that includes a platform or transfer device and may +include an enclosure and /or car frame. + +car, elevator: the load-carrying unit including its plat- +form, car frame, enclosure, and car door or gate. + +car enclosure: the top and the walls of the car resting +on and attached to the car platform. + +car frame: the supporting frame to which the car plat- +form, upper and lower sets of guide shoes, car safety, +and the hoisting ropes or hoisting rope sheaves, or the +plunger or cylinder of a direct-acting elevator, are +attached. + +car frame, overslung: a car frame to which the hoisting +rope fastenings or hoisting rope sheaves are attached to +the crosshead or top member of the car frame. + +car frame, sub-post: a car frame all of whose members +are located below the car platform. + +car frame, underslung: a car frame to which the hoisting- +rope fastenings or hoisting-rope sheaves are attached at +or below the car platform. + +car platform: the structure that forms the floor of the +car and that directly supports the load. + +car platform, laminated: a self-supporting platform con- +structed of plywood, with a bonded steel sheet facing +on both top and bottom surfaces. + +car platform frame: a structural frame, composed of +interconnecting members, that supports the car plat- +form floor. + +car top access panel: a car top access panel is similar in +design to a car top emergency exit panel. Used on mine +elevators to permit frequent inspection of mine elevator +hoistways for damage caused by environmental condi- +tions. Such panels are openable without the use of tools +or keys. + +NOTE: Subject to the modifications specified in 5.9.14.1(c). + +ceramic permanent magnet: a magnet of the type which +has a force that does not deteriorate with time. + +certified: see listed/certified. + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +certifying organization: an approved or accredited, +independent organization concerned with product eval- +uation that maintains periodic inspection of production +of listed /certified equipment or material and whose list- +ing/certification states whether that equipment meets +appropriate standards or has been tested and found +suitable for use in a specified manner. + +NOTE: For the purpose of this definition, accredited means that an +organization has been evaluated and approved by an Authorized +Agency to operate a Certification/Listing program, and is desig- +nated as such in a publication of the Authorized Agency. + +chain, suspension (hoisting): chain used to raise and +lower a dumbwaiter or material lift car or its counter- +weight. + +chassis: that portion of an inclined elevator that serves +as a car frame with weight-bearing guide rollers. + +clearance, bottom car: the clear vertical distance from +the pit floor to the lowest structural or mechanical part, +equipment, or device installed beneath the car platform, +except guide shoes or rollers, safety jaw assemblies, and +platform or guards, when the car rests on its fully com- +pressed buffers. + +clearance, top car, electric elevators: the shortest vertical +distance between the top of the car crosshead, or +between the top of the car where no crosshead is pro- +vided, and the nearest part of the overhead structure of +any other obstruction when the car floor is level with +the top terminal landing. + +clearance, top car, hydraulic elevators: the shortest ver- +tical distance within the hoistway between the hori- +zontal plane described by the top of the car enclosure +and the horizontal plane described by the lowest part +of the overhead structure or other obstruction when the +car floor is level with the top terminal landing. + +clearance, top car, inclined elevators: the shortest dis- +tance in the direction of travel between the upwardmost +portion of the chassis (car frame) and the nearest +obstruction when the car is level with the top terminal +landing. + +clearance, top counterweight: the shortest vertical dis- +tance between any part of the counterweight structure +and the nearest part of the overhead structure or any +other obstruction when the car floor is level with the +bottom terminal landing. + +comb, escalator and moving walk: the toothed portion +of a combplate designed to mesh with a grooved step, +pallet, or treadway surface. + +combplate, escalator and moving walk: that portion of +the landing adjacent to the step, pallet, or treadway +consisting of one or more plates to which the combs are +fastened. + +compensating rope sheave switch: a device that auto- +matically causes the electric power to be removed from + + + +the elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift driving- +machine motor and brake when the compensating +sheave approaches its upper or lower limit of travel. + +compensation means: wire rope, chain, or other +mechanical means used to counterbalance, or partially +counterbalance, the weight of the suspension ropes. + +component rated pressure: the pressure to which a +hydraulic component can be subjected. + +control, motion: that portion of a control system that +governs the acceleration, speed, retardation, and stop- +ping of the moving member. + +control, AC motor: a motion control that uses an alter- +nating current motor to drive the machine. + +control, AC motor, DC injection: a motion control for +an AC motor that produces retardation torque by +injecting a DC current into either a stator winding of +the motor or a separate eddy-current brake. + +control, single speed AC: a motion control for an AC +motor that has a single synchronous speed. + +control, two speed AC: a motion control for an AC +motor that has two different synchronous speeds by +connecting the motor windings so as to obtain a different +number of poles. + +control, variable voltage, variable frequency (VVVF): +a motion control that changes the magnitude and fre- +quency of the voltage applied to the motor. + +control, variable voltage AC (VVAC): a motion control +for an AC motor that varies the amount and direction +of output torque by controlling the magnitude and phase +sequence of the voltage to the motor. + +control, DC motor: a motion control that uses a DC +motor to drive the machine. + +control, dual bridge thyristor converter: a motion con- +trol for a DC motor that supplies the armature with +variable voltage of either polarity, and is capable of cur- +rent flow in both directions. + +control, generator field: a motion control that is accom- +plished by the use of an individual generator for each +driving-machine motor wherein the voltage applied to +the motor armature is adjusted by varying the strength +and direction of the generator field current. + +control, multivoltage: a motion control that is accom- +plished by impressing successively on the armature of +the driving-machine motor a number of substantially +fixed voltages such as may be obtained from multi- +commutator generators common to a group of elevators. + +control, rheostatic: a motion control that is accom- +plished by varying resistance and /or reactance in the +armature and /or field circuit of the driving-machine +niotor. + +control, single bridge thyristor converter: a motion con- +trol for a DC motor that supplies the armature with +variable voltage of fixed polarity. The field is reversed +to control direction and to cause regeneration. + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASMEA17.1a-2005 + + + +control, electrohydraulic: a motion control in which the +acceleration, speed, retardation, and stopping are gov- +erned by varying fluid flow to the hydraulic jack. + +control, static: a motion control in which control func- +tions are performed by solid-state devices. + +control, operation: that portion of a control s)/^stem that +initiates the starting, stopping, and direction of motion, +in response to a signal from an operating device. + +operation, automatic: operation control wherein the +starting of the elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift car +is effected in response to the momentary actuation of +operating devices at the landing, and /or of operating +devices in the car identified with the landings, and /or +in response to an automatic starting mechanism, and +wherein the car is stopped automatically at the landings. + +operation, group automatic: automatic operation of +two or more nonattendant elevators equipped with +power-operated car and hoistway doors. The operation +of the cars is coordinated by a supervisory control sys- +tem including automatic dispatching means whereby +selected cars at designated dispatching points automati- +cally close their doors and proceed on their trips in a +regulated manner. It includes one button in each car for +each floor served and "UP" and "DOWN" buttons at +each landing (single buttons at terminal landings). The +stops set up by the momentary actuation of the car +buttons are made automatically in succession as a car +reaches the corresponding landing, irrespective of its +direction of travel or the sequence in which the buttons +are actuated. The stops set up by the momentary actua- +tion of the landing buttons may be accomplished by any +elevator in the group, and are made automatically by +the first available car that approaches the landing in the +corresponding direction. + +operation, nonselective collective automatic: automatic +operation by means of one button in the car for each +landing served and one button at each landing, wherein +all stops registered by the momentary actuation of land- +ing or car buttons are made irrespective of the number +of buttons actuated or of the sequence in which the +buttons are actuated. With this type of operation, the +car stops at all landings for which buttons have been +actuated, making the stops in the order in which the +landings are reached after the buttons have been actu- +ated, but irrespective of its direction of travel. + +operation, selective collective automatic: automatic +operation by means of one button in the car for each +landing served and by "UP" and "DOWN" buttons at +the landings, wherein all stops registered by the momen- +tary actuation of the car buttons are made as defined +under nonselective collective automatic operation, but +wherein the stops registered by the momentary actua- +tion of the landing buttons are made in the order in +which the landings are reached in each direction of travel +after the buttons have been actuated. With this type of +operation, all "UP" landing calls are answered when the + + + +car is traveling in the up direction and all "DOWN" +landing calls are answered when the car is traveling in +the down direction, except in the case of the uppermost +or lowermost calls, which are answered as soon as they +are reached, irrespective of the direction of travel of +the car. + +operation, single automatic: automatic operation by +means of one button in the car for each landing served +and one button at each landing, so arranged that if any +car or landing button has been actuated the actuation +of any other car or landing operating button will have +no effect on the operation of the car until the response +to the first button has been completed. + +operation, car switch: operation control wherein the +movement and direction of travel of the car are directly +and solely under the control of the attendant by means +of a manually operated car switch or of continuous- +pressure buttons in the car. + +operation, car switch automatic floor-stop: operation in +which the stop is initiated by the attendant from within +the car with a definite reference to the landing at which +it is desired to stop, after which the slowing down and +stopping of the elevator is effected automatically. + +operation, continuous-pressure: operation control by +means of buttons or switches in the car and at the land- +ings, any one of which may be used to control the move- +ment of the car as long as the button or switch is +manually maintained in the actuating position. + +operation, preregister: operation control in which signals +to stop are registered in advance by buttons in the car +and at the landings. At the proper point in the car travel, +the attendant in the car is notified by a signal, visual, +audible, or otherwise, to initiate the stop, after which +the landing stop is automatic. + +operation, signal: operation control by means of single +buttons or switches (or both) in the car, and "UP" or +"DOWN" direction buttons (or both) at the landings, +by which predetermined landing stops may be set up +or registered for an elevator or for a group of elevators. +The stops set up by the momentary actuation of the car +buttons are made automatically in succession as the car +reaches those landings, irrespective of its direction of +travel or the sequence in which the buttons are actuated. +The stops set up by the momentary actuation of the +"UP" and "DOWN" buttons at the landing are made +automatically by the first available car in the group +approaching the landings in the corresponding direc- +tion, irrespective of the sequence in which the buttons +are actuated. With this type of operation, the car can be +started only by means of a starting switch or button in +the car. + +control system: the overall system governing the start- +ing, stopping direction of motion, acceleration, speed, +and retardation of the moving member. See Nonmanda- +tory Appendix A. + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +controller: a device or group of devices that serves to +control in a predetermined manner the apparatus to +which it is connected. + +controller, motion: an operative unit comprising a +device or group of devices for actuating the moving +member. + +controller, motor: the operative units of a motion control +system comprising the starter devices and power con- +version equipment required to drive an electric motor. + +controller, operation: an operative unit comprising a +device or group of devices for actuating the motion +control. + +deck, escalator: see escalator deck. + +designated attendant: where elevator operation is con- +trolled solely by authorized personnel (attendant ser- +vice, independent, hospital service, and other similar +operations). + +designated level: the main floor or other floor level +that best serves the needs of emergency personnel for +firefighting or rescue purposes identified by the building +code or fire authority. + +dispatching device, elevator automatic: a device, the +principal function of which is to either: + +(a) operate a signal in the car to indicate when the +car should leave a designated landing, or + +(h) actuate its starting mechanism when the car is at +a designated landing + +displacement switch: a device actuated by the displace- +ment of the counterweight, at any point in the hoistway +to provide a signal that the counterweight has moved +from its normal lane of travel or has left its guide rails. + +door: the movable portion(s) of an entrance that closes +the openings. It consists of one or more solid face panels +which are permitted to be equipped with a vision panel. + +door, folding: a hinged door consisting of two or more +panels that fold and move horizontally. + +door, horizontally sliding: a door that moves horizon- +tally + +center-opening: a horizontally sliding door con- +sisting of two panels, so arranged to open away from +each other. + +center-opening, multiple-speed: a horizontally sliding +door consisting of more than two panels, so arranged +that the panels or groups of panels open away from +each other. + +multiple-speed: a horizontally sliding door with two + +or more panels, so arranged to open away from one side. + +single-speed: a one-panel horizontally sliding door. + +door or gate, manually operated: a door or gate that is +opened and closed by hand. + +door or gate, power-operated: a door or gate that is +opened and closed by a door or gate power-operator. + + + +door or gate, self-closing: a manually opened door or +gate that closes when released. + +door, swinging: a door that pivots around a vertical axis. + +door, vertically sliding: a counterweighted or counter- +balanced door consisting of one or more panels that +move vertically to open or close. + +door, vertically sliding sequence operation: where the (05a) +opening and closing relationship of the car and hoistway +doors do not occur simultaneously. + +door, biparting: a vertically sliding door consisting +of two or more sections, so arranged that the sections +or groups of sections open away from each other. + +door, wrap-around: a horizontally sliding door that +bends around a car enclosure. + +door locked out of service: a hoistway entrance in which +the door is mechanically locked by means other than +the interlock to prevent the door being opened from the +car side without keys or special equipment. +door or gate closer: a device that closes a door or gate +by means of a spring or gravity. +door or gate electric contact: an electrical device, the +function of which is to prevent operation of the driving +machine by the normal operating device unless the door +or gate is in the closed position. +door or gate power operator: a device or assembly of +devices that opens a hoistway door(s) and /or a car door +or car gate by power other than hand, gravity, springs, +or the movement of the car; and that closes them by +power other than hand, gravity, or the movement of +the car. + +driving machine: see machine, driving. +dumbwaiter: a hoisting and lowering mechanism +equipped with a car of limited size which moves in +guide rails and serves two or more landings that is used +exclusively for carrying materials, and is classified by +the following types. + +dumbwaiter, hand: a dumbwaiter utilizing manual +energy to move the car. + +dumbwaiter, power: a dumbwaiter utilizing energy +other than gravitational or manual to move the car. + +dumbwaiter, electric: a power dumbwaiter where the +energy is applied by means of an electric driving +machine. + +dumbwaiter, hydraulic: a power dumbwaiter where +the energy is applied, by means of a liquid under pres- +sure, in a cylinder equipped with a plunger or piston. +dumbwaiter, direct-plunger hydraulic: a hydraulic +dumbwaiter having a plunger or cylinder directly +attached to the car frame or platform. + +dumbwaiter, electrohydraulic: a direct-plunger +dumbwaiter where liquid is pumped under pressure +directly into the cylinder by a pump driven by an electric +motor. + +dumbwaiter, maintained-pressure hydraulic: a direct- +plunger dumbwaiter where liquid under pressure is +available at all times for transfer into the cylinder. + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +governor rope retarding means: a mechanical means of +developing a sufficient force in the governor rope to +activate the car or counterweight safeties or to trip the +governor rope releasing carrier, where used. Such +mechanical means include, but are not limited to, rope- +gripping jaws, clutch mechanisms, and traction arrange- +ments. + +handrail stand: the uppermost portion of the balustrade +that supports and guides the handrail. + +hoistway (shaft), elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift: + +an opening through a building or structure for the travel +of elevators, dumbwaiters, or material lifts, extending +from the pit floor to the roof or floor above. + +hoistway, blind: the portion of a hoistway where +hoistway entrances are not provided. + +hoistway, multiple: a hoistway with more than one ele- +vator, dumbwaiter, or material lift. + +hoistway, single: a hoistway with a single elevator, +dumbwaiter, or material lift. + +hoistway, mine: The area within a mine shaft, and its +above ground structure required for the elevator equip- +ment, associated supports, and operations, including a +minimum of 450 mm (18 in.) around same. + +hoistway access switch: a switch, located at a landing, +the fimction of which is to permit operation of the car +with the hoistway door at this landing and the car door +or gate open, in order to permit access to the top of the +car or to the pit. + +hoistway door: see door. + +hoistway door electric contact: see door or gate electric +contact. + +hoistway door or gate locking device: a device that +secures a hoistway door or gate in the closed position +and prevents it from being opened from the landing +side except imder certain specified conditions. + +hoistway door combination mechanical lock and electric +contact: a conibination mechanical and electrical device +with two related, but entirely independent functions, +which are: + +(a) to prevent operation of the driving machine by +the normal operating device unless the hoistway door +is in the closed position + +(b) to lock the hoistway door in the closed position +and prevent it from being opened from the landing side +unless the car is within the landing zone + +NOTE: As there is no positive mechanical connection between +the electric contact and the door locking mechanism, this device +ensures only that the door will be closed, but not necessarily locked, +when the car leaves the landing. Should the lock mechanism fail +to operate as intended when released by a stationary or retiring +car-cam device, the door can be opened from the landing side even +though the car is not at the landing. If operated by a stationary +car-cam device, it does not prevent operung the door from the +landing side as the car passes the floor. + + + +hoistway door interlock: a device having two related +and interdependent functions, which are: + +(a) to prevent the operation of the driving machine +by the normal operating device unless the hoistway door +is locked in the closed position + +(b) to prevent the operung of the hoistway door from +the landing side unless the car is within the landing +zone and is either stopped or being stopped + +hoistway door interlock retiring cam device: a device +that consists of a retractable cam and its actuating mech- +anism and that is entirely independent of the car door +or hoistway door power operator. + +hoistway gate separate mechanical lock: a mechanical +device the function of which is to lock a hoistway gate +in the closed position after the car leaves a landing and +prevent the gate from being opened from the landing +side unless the car is within the landing zone. + +hoistway enclosure: the fixed structure, consisting of +vertical walls or partitions, that isolates the hoistway +from all other areas or from an adjacent hoistway and +in which entrances are installed. + +hoistway gate: usually a counterweighted (counterbal- +anced) assembly, consisting of one or more sections that +are guided in the vertical direction to open or close. The +gate may be of wood or metal construction. Wood gates +may consist of either horizontal or vertical slats. Metal +gates are usually constructed of perforated or expanded +metal. + +hospital service: a special case of operation by a desig- +nated attendant used only for medical emergencies. + +hydraulic jack: a unit consisting of a cylinder equipped +with a plunger (ram) or piston, which applies the energy +provided by a liquid under pressure. + +hydraulic machine: a unit consisting of pump, motor, +valves, and associated internal piping, which converts +electrical energy and supplies it as a liquid under +pressure. + +in-car stop switch: a device located in the car and acces- +sible for operation by elevator persormel only, which, +when manually operated, causes the electric power to +be removed from the driving-machine motor and brake +of an electric elevator or from the electrically operated +valves and pump motor of a hydraulic elevator. + +inclined elevator: see elevator, inclined. + +installation: a complete elevator, dumbwaiter, escalator, +material lift, or moving walk, including its hoistway, +hoistway enclosures and related construction, and all +machinery and equipment necessary for its operation. + +installation, existing: an installation that has been com- +pleted or is under construction prior to the effective date +of this Code. + +installation, new: any installation not classified as an +existing installation by definition, or an existing elevator. + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +dumbwaiter, escalator, material lift, inclined lift, or mov- +ing walk moved to a new location subsequent to the +effective date of this Code. + +interlock: see car door interlock and hoistway door interlock. + +labeled/marked: equipment or material to which has +been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark +of an approved or accredited independent certifying +organization, concerned with product evaluation, that +maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled/ +marked equipment or material, and by whose labeling/ +marking the manufacturer indicates compliance with +appropriate standards or performance in a specified +marmer. + +NOTE: For the purpose of this definition, accredited means that an +organization has been evaluated and approved by an Authorized +Agency to operate a Certification/ Listing program, and is desig- +nated as such in a publication of the Authorized Agency. + +landing, dumbwaiter: that portion of a floor, balcony, +platform, or landing door used to discharge and receive +materials. + +landing, elevator or material lift: that portion of a floor, +balcony, or platform used to receive and discharge pas- +sengers or freight. + +landing, bottom terminal: the lowest landing served by +the elevator or material lift that is equipped with a +hoistway entrance. + +landing, top terminal: the highest landing served by the +elevator or material lift that is equipped with a hoistway +entrance. + +landing, escalator or moving walk: the stationary area +at the entrance to or exit from an escalator, a moving +walk, or moving walk system. + +(05a) landing, lower, escalator: that landing of least elevation +of the two landings. + +(05a) landing, lower, moving walk: that landing of least eleva- +tion of the two landings. On moving walks where the +two landings are of equal elevation, the lower landing +is that landing designated by the manufacturer. + +(05a) landing, upper, escalator: that landing of greatest eleva- +tion of the two landings. + +(05a) landing, upper, moving walk: that landing of greatest +elevation of the two landings. On moving walks where +the two landings are of equal elevation the upper land- +ing is that landing designated by the manufacturer. + +landing, next available: the first landing in the direction +of travel that the elevator is electrically and mechanically +capable of serving with a normal slowdown and stop. + +landing zone: a zone extending from a point 450 mm +(18 in.) below a landing to a point 450 mm (18 in.) above +the landing. + +(05a) left, right convention: left and right designations of +escalator and moving walk components are determined +by facing the equipment at the lower landing. + + + +leveling: controlled car movement toward the landing, +within the leveling zone, by means of a leveling device, +which vertically aligns the car platform sill relative to the +hoistway landing sill to attain a predetermined accuracy. + +leveling device, elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift +car: any mechanism that will either, automatically or +under control of the operator, move the car within the +leveling zone toward the landing only, and automati- +cally stop it at the landing. + +leveling device, anticreep: a leveling device used on +hydraulic elevators to correct automatically a change in +car level caused by leakage or contraction of fluid in the +hydraulic system. + +leveling device, inching: a leveling device that is con- +trolled by the operator by means of continuous-pressure +switches. + +leveling device, one-way automatic: a device that corrects +the car level only in case of under-run of the car, but will +not maintain the level during loading and unloading. + +leveling device, two-way automatic maintaining: a device +that corrects the car level on both under-run and over- +run, and maintains the level during loading and +unloading. + +leveling device, two-way automatic nonmaintaining: a +device that corrects the car level on both under-run and +over-run, but will not maintain the level during loading +and unloading. + +leveling zone: the limited distance above or below an +elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift landing within +which the leveling device is permitted to cause move- +ment of the car toward the landing. + +listed/certified: equipment or materials accepted for +inclusion in a publication by a certifying organization. + +NOTE: The means for identifying listed/certified equipment may +vary for each orgaiuzation concerned with product evaluation, +some of which do not recognize equipment as listed/certified +unless it is also labeled /marked. The authority having jurisdiction +utilizes the system employed by the listing /certifying organization +to identify a listed /certified product. + +load, dynamic: the load applied as a result of accelera- +tion or deceleration. + +load, impact: a suddenly applied load. + +load, static: the load applied as a result of the weight. + +lower landing, escalator: see landing, lower, escalator (05a) + +lower landing, moving walk: see landing, lower, mov- (05a) +ing walk. + +machine, driving: the power unit that applies the energy +necessary to drive an elevator or other equipment cov- +ered by the scope of this Code. + +driving machine, electric: a driving machine in which +the energy is applied by an electric motor. It includes the +motor, driving-machine brake, and the driving sheave or +drum, together with its connecting gearing, belt, or + + + +10 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +chain, if any. See Nonmandatory Appendix F. + +driving machine, direct: an electric driving machine, +the motor of which is directly connected mechanically +to the driving sheave, drum, or shaft without the use +of belts or chains, either with or without intermediate +gears. + +geared driving machine: a direct driving machine +in which the energy is transmitted from the motor to +the driving sheave, drum, or shaft through gearing. + + + +winding drum machine: a geared driving +machine in which the suspension ropes are fastened to +and wind on a drum. + +traction machine: a direct driving machine in +which the motion of a car is obtained through friction +between the suspension ropes and a traction sheave. + +geared traction machine: a geared-drive traction +machine. + +gearless traction machine: a traction machine, +without intermediate gearing, that has the traction + + + +10.1 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +or remove obstacles or resort to portable ladders, +chairs, etc. + +recall level: the designated or alternate level that cars are +returned to when Phase I Emergency Recall Operation is +activated. + +recycling operation, telescope plunger: an operation for +restoring the relative vertical positions of the multiple +plungers in a telescoping plunger arrangement. + +regulatory authority: the person or organization respon- +sible for the administration and enforcement of the +applicable legislation or regulation governing the +design, construction, installation, operation, inspection, +testing, maintenance, or alteration of equipment covered +by this Code. (See als6 authority having jurisdiction.) + +rehabilitation: see alteration; maintenance; repair; and +replacement. + +releasing carrier, governor rope: a mechanical device +to which the governor rope may be fastened, calibrated +to control the activation of a safety at a predetermined +tripping force. + +remote machine and control rooms: rooms that do not +share a common wall, floor, or ceiling with the hoistway. + +repair: reconditioning or renewal of parts, components, +and /or subsystems necessary to keep equipment in +compliance with applicable Code requirements. (See +also replacement and maintenance.) + +replacement: the substitution of a device or component +and /or subsystems, in its entirety, with a unit that is +basically the same as the original for the purpose of +ensuring performance in accordance with applicable +Code requirements. (See also repair and maintenance.) + +restricted area: (applicable to Part 7) an area accessible +ordy to authorized personnel who have been instructed +in the use and operation of the equipment. + +rise: the vertical distance between the bottom terminal +landing and the top terminal landing of an elevator, +dumbwaiter, or material lift. + +rise, escalator and moving walk: the vertical distance +between the top and bottom landings of the escalator +or moving walk. + +rope, aircraft cable: a wire rope built for a special pur- +pose having special flexibility properties, zinc-coating, +high breaking strength, and antirust qualities. Designed +originally for use with aircraft controls. + +rope, car counterweight: wire rope used to connect the +car and counterweight that does not pass over the driv- +ing means. + +rope, counterweight: wire rope used to raise and lower +the counterweight on an electric elevator, dumbwaiter, +or material lift having a winding drum machine. + +rope, governor: wire rope with at least one end fastened +to the safety activating means or governor rope releasing + + + +carrier, passing over and driving the governor sheave, +and providing continuous information on the speed and +direction of the car or counterweight. + +rope, safety drum (also known as "Tail rope" and +"Minne Line"): a corrosion-resistant wire rope used to +cormect the governor rope to the safety. Primarily used +with wedge clamp safeties. + +rope, suspension (hoisting): wire rope used to raise and +lower an elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift car or its +counterweight, or both. + +rope equalizer, suspension: a device installed on an +elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift car or counter- +weight to equalize automatically the tensions in the sus- +pension wire ropes. + +rope-fastening device, auxiliary: a device attached to +the car or counterweight or to the overhead dead-end +rope-hitch support that will function automatically to +support the car or counterweight in case the regular +wire rope fastening fails at the point of connection to the +car or counterweight or at the overhead dead-end hitch. + +rope sprocket drive: a driving means consisting of wire +rope with fixed links at constant intervals throughout +its length. The links engage in slots on a grooved drive +cog to provide a positive drive force. + +mnby, bottom, elevator car: the distance between the +car buffer striker plate and the striking surface of the +car buffer when the car floor is level with the bottom +terminal landing. + +runby, bottom, elevator counterweight: the distance +between the counterweight buffer striker plate and the +striking surface of the counterweight buffer when the +car floor is level with the top terminal landing. + +runby, top, direct-plunger hydraulic elevator: the dis- +tance the elevator car can run above its top terminal +landing before the plunger strikes its mechanical stop. + +running gear, escalator: all the components of an escala- +tor moving along the tracks. + +running gear, moving walk: all the components of a +moving walk moving along the tracks. + +safety, car or counterweight: a mechanical device +attached to the car, car frame, or to an auxiliary frame; +or to the counterweight or counterweight frame; to stop +and hold the car or counterweight under one or more +of the following conditions: predetermined overspeed, +free fall, or if the suspension ropes slacken. + +safety, self-resetting: a car or counterweight safety +released and reset by movement in the up direction. + +safety bulkhead: a closure at the bottom of the cylinder +located above the cylinder head and provided with an +orifice for controlling the loss of fluid in the event of +cylinder head failure. + + + +13 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +screw column: a vertical structural member provided +with screw threads that support the car of a screw col- +umn elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift. The screw +coluirm may be either in tension or compression. + +seismic switch: a device activated by ground movement +to provide a signal that a potentially damaging earth- +quake is imminent. + +(05a) sequence operation: see door, vertically sliding sequence +operation. + +shaft: see hoistway. + +shall: indicates a mandatory requirement. + +should: indicates a recommendation, not a mandatory +requirement. + +sight guard: a vertical member mounted on the hoistway +side of the leading edge of the hoistway door. It is used +to reduce the opening between the leading edges of the +hoistway door and the car door. + +signal device, elevator car flash: one providing a signal +light in the car, which is illuminated when the car +approaches the landings at which a landing signal regis- +tering device has been actuated. + +signal registering device, elevator landing: a button or +other device located at the elevator landing, which, +when actuated by a waiting passenger, causes a stop +signal to be registered in the car. + +signal system, elevator separate: one consisting of but- +tons or other devices located at the landings, which, +when actuated by a waiting passenger, illuminates a +flash signal or operates an annunciator in the car indicat- +ing floors at which stops are to be made. + +signal transfer device, elevator automatic: a device by +means of which a signal to be registered in a car is +automatically transferred to the next car following, in +case the first car passes a floor for which a signal has +been registered without making a stop. + +signal transfer switch, elevator: a manually operated +switch, located in the car, by means of which the operator +can transfer a signal to the next car approaching in the +same direction, when the operator desires to pass a floor +at which a signal has been registered in the car. + +skirt, escalator: see escalator skirt. + +skirt panel, dynamic: the moving vertical panels, with +a positive mechanical connection to the running gear, +adjacent to, and moving with the steps. + +slack-rope switch: a device that automatically causes the +electric power to be removed from the elevator driving +machine motor and brake when the suspension ropes +of a winding drum machine become slack. + +sleeving (liner): the insertion of a smaller diameter cyl- +inder inside the existing cylinder of a hydraulic jack. + +sling: see car frame. + + + +slope, moving walk: the angle that the centerline of the +treadway makes with the horizontal. + +software system failure: a behavior of the software, +including its support (host) hardware, that is not in +accordance with the intended function. + +solid-state device: an element that can control current +flow without moving parts. + +speed governor: a continuously operating speed moni- +toring and detection device that, at predetermined +speeds, provides signals to the controller and imparts +a retarding force to activate the car or counterweight +safety. + +speed governor, escalator and moving walk: a continu- +ously operating speed monitoring and detection device +that, at predetermined speeds, provides signals to the +controller to stop the escalator or moving walk. + +starters control panel, elevator: an assembly of devices +by means of which the starter may control the marmer +in which an elevator or group of elevators function. + +static switching: switching of circuits by means of solid- +state devices. + +tandem operation escalators: see escalators, tandem oper- +ation. + +terminal landing: see landing, elevator or material lift. + +terminal speed-limiting device, emergency: a device +that automatically reduces the car and counterweight +speed to within the rated buffer striking speed prior to +buffer engagement. + +terminal speed reducing device, hydraulic: a device on +hydraulic elevators that will reduce the speed prior to +contacting the stop ring in the up direction. + +terminal stopping device, emergency: a device that +automatically causes the power to be removed from the +driving machine motor and brake if the car fails to slow +down as intended when approaching the terminal +landing. + +terminal stopping device, final: a device that automati- +cally causes the power to be removed from a driving- +machine motor and brake, or from a hydraulic machine, +independent of the functioning of the normal stopping +means, normal terminal stopping device, and any emer- +gency terminal speed-limiting device, after the car has +passed a terminal landing. + +terminal stopping device, machine final (stop-motion +switch): final terminal stopping device operated directly +by the driving machine. + +terminal stopping device, normal: device(s) to slow +down and stop an elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift +car automatically at or near a terminal landing, indepen- +dently of the functioning of the normal stopping means. + +threshold comb, moving walk: see comh, escalator and +moving walk. + + + +14 + + + +SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +threshold plate, moving walk: see comhplate, escalator +and moving walk. + +transom: a panel or panels used to close a hoistway +enclosure opening above a hoistway entrance. + +travel: distance measured along the center of the path +of motion between the bottoni terminal landing and the +top terminal landing. + +traveling cable: a cable made up of electric conductors, +which provides electrical connection between an eleva- +tor, dumbwaiter, material lift car, or counterv^eight, and +a fixed outlet in the hoistway or machine room. + +treadway, moving walk: the passenger-carrying mem- +ber of a moving walk. + +truck zone, elevator: the limited distance above an ele- +vator landing within which the truck zoning device per- +mits movement of the elevator car. + +truck zoning device, elevator: a device that will permit +the operator in the car to move a freight elevator within +the truck zone with the car door or gate and a hoistway +door open. + +type test: a test carried out by or witnessed by a certi- +fying organization concerned with product evaluation +and the issuing of certificates to ensure conformance to +Code requirements. + +unlocking device, hoistway door: a mechanical device, +the function of which is to unlock and permit the open- +ing of a hoistway door from a landing irrespective of +the position of the car. + +unlocking zone: a zone extending from the landing floor +level to a point not less than 75 mm (3 in.) nor more +than 450 mm (18 in.) above and below the landing. + +(05a) upper landing, escalator: see landing, upper, escalator. + +(05a) upper landing, moving walk: see landing, upper, mov- +ing walk. + + + +valley break: a broken wire in a wire rope in which the +outside wire of a strand breaks in the immediate vicinity +of the point where it contacts a wire or wires of an +adjacent strand, generally at a point not visible when +the wire rope is examined externally. One end of the +broken wire is long enough to reach from one valley to +the next one and the other end of the broken wire gener- +ally cannot be seen. + +valve, overspeed: a device installed in the pressure pip- +ing of a hydraulic elevator, between the hydraulic +machine and the hydraulic jack, which restricts and +ceases oil flow from the hydraulic jack through the pres- +sure piping when such flow exceeds a preset value. + +volatile memory: memory lost when operating power +is removed. + +waiting-passenger indicator: an indicator that shows at +which landings and for which direction elevator hall +stop-or-signal calls have been registered and are unan- +swered. + +weatherproof: so constructed or protected that exposure +to the weather will not interfere with successful oper- +ation. + +width, moving walk: the exposed width of the treadway. + +window: an assembly consisting of a surrounding frame +and one or more sashes, ventilators, or fixed lights, or +a combination of these, designed to be installed in a +wall opening for the purpose of admitting light or air, +or both. + +working pressure: the pressure measured at the hydrau- +lic machine when lifting car and its rated load at rated +speed, or with Class C2 loading when leveling up with +maximum static load. + +yield strength: the tensile stress that is sufficient to pro- +duce a permanent deformation of 0.2%. + + + +15 + + + +ASIVlEA17.1a-2005 + + + +SCOPE-2.1.2.2 + + + +Part 2 +Electric Elevators + + + +SCOPE + +Part 2 applies to electric elevators installed at an angle +greater than 70 deg from the horizontal. It applies to +other equipment only as referenced in the applicable +Part. + +NOTE: See also Part 8 for additional requirements that apply to +electric elevators. + + + +SECTION 2.1 + +CONSTRUCTION OF HOISTWAYS AND HOISTWAY + +ENCLOSURES + +2.1.1 Hoistway Enclosures + +Hoistway enclosures shall conform to 2.1.1.1, 2.1.1.2, +or 2.1.1.3. + +2.1.1.1 Fire-Resistive Construction + +2.1.1.1.1 Where fire-resistive construction is +required, hoistways shall be enclosed in conformance +with the requirements of the building code (see 1.3). + +2.1.1.1.2 Partitions between hoistways and +machine rooms having fire-resistive enclosures shall be +of noncombustible solid or openwork construction that +meets the requirements of 2.1.1.2.2(c)(1), (2), and (3). +Openwork construction shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) +in diameter, except where there are operungs essential +for ropes, drums, sheaves, and other elevator equipment. + +2.1.1.1.3 Hoistway enclosure openings shall be +protected with entrances or access doors having a fire- +protection rating conforming to the requirements of the +building code. + +2.1.1.2 Non-Fire-Resistive Construction + +2.1.1.2.1 Where fire-resistive construction is not +required by the building code, hoistway construction +shall conform to 2.1.1.2.2 or 2.1.1.3. + +2.1.1.2.2 The hoistway shall be fully enclosed con- +forming to 2.1.1.2.2(a), (b), and (c), or 2.1.1.2!2(a) and (d). + +(a) Enclosures and doors shall be unperforated to a +height of 2 000 mm (79 in.) above each floor or landing +and above the treads of adjacent stairways. The enclo- +sure shall be unperforated, adjacent to, and for 150 mm +(6 in.) on either side of any moving equipment that is +within 100 mm (4 in.) of the enclosure. + + + +(b) Openwork enclosures, where used above the +2 000 mm (79 in.) level, shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) +in diameter. + +(c) Openwork enclosures shall be + +(1) at least 2.2 mm (0.087 in.) thick wire, if of steel +wire grille + +(2) at least 2.2 mm (0.087 in.) thick, if of +expanded metal + +(3) so supported and braced as to deflect not over +15 mm (0.6 in.) when subjected to a force of 450 N +(100 Ibf) applied horizontally at any point + +(d) Enclosures shall be permitted to be glass, provided +it is laminated glass conforming to ANSI Z97.1, 16 CFR +Part 1201, or CAN/CGSB-12.1, whichever is applicable +(see Part 9). Markings as specified in the applicable stan- +dard shall be on each separate piece of glass and shall +remain visible after installation. + +2.1.1.2.3 Entrances shall be in conformance with +2.11, except 2.11.14, 2.11.15, 2.11.16, and 2.11.18. + +2.1.1.3 Partially Enclosed Hoistways. For elevators +that are not fully enclosed, protection at least 2 400 mm +(94.5 in.) high shall be provided on the hoistway sides +that are located 1 500 mm (59 in.) or less from elevator +equipment to areas accessible to other than elevator per- +sonnel. Such protection shall comply with 2.1.1.2. + +2.1.1.4 Multiple Hoistways. The number of elevators +permissible in a hoistway shall be in conformance with +the building code. + +2.1.1.5 Strength of Enclosure. The hoistway enclo- +sure adjacent to a landing opening shall be of sufficient +strength to maintain, in true lateral alignment, the +hoistway entrances. Operating mechanisms and locking +devices shall be supported by the building wall, if load- +bearing, or by other building structure. Adequate con- +sideration shall be given to pressure exerted on hoistway +enclosures as a result of windage and elevator operation. + +2.1.2 Construction at Top and Bottom of the +Hoistway + +2.1.2.1 Construction at Top of the Hoistway. The top + +of the hoistway shall be enclosed as required by the +building code. + +2.1.2.2 Construction at Bottom of Hoistway. Pits +extending to the ground shall have noncombustible +floors, and shall be designed to prevent entry of ground + + + +16 + + + +2.2.4.2-2.3.2.1 + + + +ASfVIE A17.1a-2005 + + + +object in back of the ladder shall be provided. When +unavoidable obstructions are encountered, the distance +shall be permitted to be reduced to 115 mm (4.5 in.). +Siderails, if provided, shall have a clear distance of not +less thari 115 mm (4.5 in.) from their centerline to the +nearest permanent object. The nearest point of the ladder +shall be within 1 000 mm (39 in.), measured horizontally +from the means to unlock the egress door from the pit. +Pit access by a ladder shall not be permitted when +the pit floor is more than 3 000 mm (120 in.) below the +sill of the access door, except where there is no building +floor below the bottom terminal landing, this height +shall be permitted to be greater but not more than +4 200 mm (165 in.). + +2.2.43 Pits shall be accessible only to elevator per- +sonnel. + +2.2.4.4 Separate pit door, when provided, shall be +subject to the following requirements: + +(a) If the door swings into the pit, it shall be located +so that it does not interfere with moving equipment. + +(b) If the door swings out, and the lowest structural +or mechanical part, equipment, or device installed +beneath the car platform, except guide shoes or rollers +or safety jaw assemblies, projects below the top of the +separate pit access door opening when the car is level +with the bottom terminal landing + +(1) an electric contact conforming to 2.26.2.26 shall +be provided to prevent operation of the elevator when +the door is open + +(2) the door shall be provided with a vision panel(s) +that is glazed with clear wired glass not less than 6 mm +(0.25 in.) thick, will reject a ball 150 mm (6 in.) in diame- +ter, and have an area of not more than 0.03 m^ (47 in.^) + +(c) The door shall provide a minimum opening of +750 mm (29.5 in.) in width and 1 825 mm (72 in.) in +height. + +(d) The door shall be equipped with a barrier con- +forming to 2.11.1.2(1), where the door sill is located more +than 300 mm (12 in.) above the pit floor. + +(e) The door shall be self-closing and provided with +a spring-type lock arranged to permit the door to be +opened from inside of the pit without a key. Such doors +shall be kept closed and locked. The key shall be of +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +2.2.5 lUumination of Pits + +A permanent lighting fixture shall be provided and +shall conform to 2.2.5.1 through 2.2.5.3. + +2.2.5.1 The lighting shall provide an illumination of +not less than 100 Ix (10 fc) at the pit floor and at a pit +platform, when provided. + +2.2.5.2 The light bulb(s) shall be externally guarded +to prevent contact and accidental breakage. + + + +2.2.5.3 The light switch shall be so located as to be +accessible from the pit access door. + +2.2.6 Stop Switch in Pits + +An enclosed stop switch(es), meeting the require- +ments of 2.26.2.7 and 2.2.6.1 through 2.2.6.3, shall be +installed in the pit of each elevator. + +2.2.6.1 The stop switch shall be so located as to be +accessible from the pit access door. Where access to the +pits of elevators in a multiple hoistway is by means of +a single access door, the stop switch for each elevator +shall be located adjacent to the nearest point of access +to its pit from the access door. + +2.2.6.2 In elevators where access to the pit is through +the lowest landing hoistway door, a stop switch shall +be located approximately 450 mm (18 in.) above the +floor level of the landing, within reach from this access +floor and adjacent to the pit ladder, if provided. When +the pit exceeds 1 700 mm (67 in.) in depth, an additional +stop switch is required adjacent to the pit ladder and +approximately 1 200 mm (47 in.) above the pit floor. + +2.2.6.3 Where more than one switch is provided, +they shall be wired in series. + +2.2.7 Minimum Pit Doptlis Required + +The pit depth shall be not less than is required for the +installation of the buffers, compensating sheaves, if any, +and all other elevator equipment located therein and to +provide the minimum bottom car clearance and runby +required by 2.4.1. + +2.2.8 Access to Onderslde of Car + +Where the distance from the pit floor to the underside +of the plank channels or slings exceeds 2 100 mm (83 in.), +with the car at the lowest landing, a means shall be +permanently installed or permanently stored in the pit +to provide access to the equipment on the underside of +the car. + +SECTION 2.3 +LOCATION AND GUARDING OF COUNTERWEIGHTS + +2.3.1 Location of Cournterweights + +Counterweights shall be located in the hoistway of +the elevator that they serve, or in a remote hoistway +subject to the limitations and requirements of 2.3.3. + +2.3.2 Counterweight Guards + +2,3.2,1 Metal guards shall be installed in the pit +and /or machine room located underneath the hoistway +on all open sides of the counterweight runway, except +that + +(a) the guard, or portion thereof, is not required on +the side facing the car where there is no space greater + + + +19 + + + +ASIVlEA17.1a-2005 + + + +2.3.2.1-2,4.1.1 + + + +than 500 mm (20 in.) between compensating ropes +(chains), or between compensating ropes (chains) and +counterweight rails, or between compensating ropes +(chains) and guards + +(b) where pit-mounted buffers are used, the guard is +not required where the bottom of the counterweight +resting on its compressed buffer is 2 130 mm (84 in.) or +more above the pit floor, or above the machine or control +room floor if located underneath the hoistway + +2.3.2.2 Guards shall + +(a) extend from the lowest part of the counterweight +assembly when the counterweight is resting on the fully +compressed buffer to a point not less than 2 100 mm +(83 in.) and not more than 2 450 mm (96 in.) above the +pit floor + +(b) be the full width of the area being guarded + +(c) not prevent determination of the counterweight +runby + +(d) be fastened to a metal frame reinforced and braced +to be at least equal in strength and stiffness to 2 mm +(0.074 in.) thick sheet steel + +(e) if perforated, reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter + +(05a) 2.3.2.3 Guarding of Counterweights in a Multiple-Ele- +vator Hoistway. Where a counterweight is located +between elevators, the counterweight runway shall be +guarded on the side next to the adjacent elevator. The +guard shall be of noncombustible material. The guard, +if of openwork material, shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) +in diameter and be made from material equal to or +stronger than 1.110 mm (0.0437 in.) diameter wire. The +guard shall be so supported that when subjected to a +force of 450 N (100 Ibf) applied over an area of 100 mm +X 100 mm (4 in. x 4 in.) at any location, the deflection +shall not reduce the clearance between the guard and +the counterweight below 25 mm (1 in.). + +2.3.3 Remote Counterweight Hoistways + +Where elevators are not provided with either compen- +sating means or counterweight safeties, the counter- +weights shall be permitted to be located in a remote +hoistway conforming to 2.3.3.1 through 2.3.3.6. + +2.3.3.1 The hoistway shall be fully enclosed and shall +be fire resistive, conforming to 2.1.1.1 if it penetrates +separate fire-resistive areas of the structure. + +2.3.3.2 Construction at the top and bottom of the +hoistway shall conform to 2.1.2. + +2.3.3.3 Permanent means shall be provided for +inspection, repair, and maintenance of the counter- +weight, deflecting and secondary sheaves, hoistway, +ropes, counterweight guide rails, and counterweight +buffers or bumpers. Entry doors into the separate coun- +terweight hoistway shall be provided at top, bottom, +and center of counterweight hoistway, but in no case + + + +shall the entry doors be more than 11 m (36 ft) from sill to +sill. Doors shall be located and of such width to provide +unobstructed access to the space between the counter- +weight guides. The height of the door shall be at least +1 975 mm (78 in.). Doors shall conform to 2.11.1.2(b) +through (e), inclusive. An enclosed stop switch, meeting +the requirements of 2.26.2.5(a), (b), and (c), a permanent +electric light switch, outlet, and light shall be provided +in the hoistway immediately inside the entry door. + +2.3.3.4 Ropes and sheaves leading to the separate +counterweight hoistways shall be protected against +unauthorized access. + +2.3.3.5 Not more than four counterweights shall be +located in a single separate counterweight hoistway. +Multiple counterweights located in a single hoistway +shall be separated by means of an unperforated metal +guard at the top, bottom, and center of the hoistway. +Guards shall extend a minimum of 2 450 mm (96 in.) in +length opposite the entry door. Doors and all other +means described in 2.3.3.3 shall be provided for each +counterweight. + +2.3.3.6 There shall be a clearance of not less than +600 mm (24 in.) between the weight in the counterweight +frame and the wall containing the entry door. + +2.3.4 Counterweight Runway Enclosures + +Where a counterweight is located in the same +hoistway as the car, the runway for the counterweight +shall be permitted to be separated from the runway for +the car, provided it conforms to 2.3.4.1 and 2.3.4.2. + +2.3.4.1 The partition shall be noncombustible. +Unperforated metal partitions shall be equal to or +stronger than 1.2 mm (0.047 in.) thick sheet steel. Open- +work partitions shall be either wire grille at least 2.2 mm +(0.087 in.) in diameter or expanded metal at least 2.2 mm +(0.087 in.) in thickness. + +2.3.4.2 The counterweight runway shall be permit- +ted to be fully enclosed for the full height, provided that +the partitions are removable in sections weighing not +more than 25 kg (55 lb), which permit inspection and +maintenance of the entire counterweight assembly and +the inspection of the counterweight guide rails and +guide-rail brackets. + +SECTION 2.4 + +VERTICAL CLEARANCES AND RUNBYS FOR CARS + +AND COUNTERWEIGHTS + +2.4.1 Bottom Car Clearances + +2.4.1.1 When the car rests on its fully compressed +buffers or bumpers, there shall be a vertical clearance +of not less than 600 mm (24 in.) between the pit floor + + + +20 + + + +2.4.1.1-2.4.1.3 AS/ME A17.1a-2005 + + + +and the lowest Structural or mechanical part, equipment, either side of the car frame centerline parallel to the + +or device installed beneath the car platform, except as plane of the guide rails + +specified in 2.4.1.2. (c) any equipment mounted in or on the pit floor + +2.4.1.2 The 600 mm (24 in.) clearance does not located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from either + +apply to side of the car frame centerline parallel to the guide rail + +(a) any equipment on the car within 300 mm (12 in.) + +horizontally from any side of the car platform 2.4.1.3 In no case shall the available refuge space be + +(b) any equipment located on or traveling with the less than either of the following: +car located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from + + + +20.1 + + + +2.4.12.2-2.6.2 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +(05a) + + + +2.4.12.2 In any area outside the refuge space where +the vertical clearance between the top of the car enclo- +sure and the overhead structure or other obstructions is +less than specified in 2.4.12.1, the top of the car enclosure +shall be clearly marked. The marking shall consist of +alternating 100 mm (4 in.) diagonal red and white +stripes. In addition, a sign with the words "DANGER +LOW CLEARANCE" shall be prominently posted on +the crosshead and be visible from the entrance. The +sign shall conform to ANSI Z535.2 or CAN/CSA-Z321, +whichever is applicable (see Part 9). The sign shall be +of such material and construction that the letters and +figures stamped, etched, cast, or otherwise applied to +the face shall remain permanently and readily legible. + +SECTION 2.5 + +HORIZONTAL CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT + +CLEARANCES + +2.5.1 Clearances Between Cars, Counteirweights, and +Hoistway Enclosures + +2.5.1.1 Between Car and Hoistway Enclosures. The +clearance between the car and the hoistway enclosure +shall be not less than 20 mm (0.8 in.), except on the sides +used for loading and unloading. + +2.5.1.2 Between Car and Counterweight and Counter- +weight Guard. The clearance between the car and the +counterweight shall be not less than 25 mm (1 in.). The +clearance between the car and the counterweight guard, +counterweight and the counterweight guard, and +between the counterweight and the hoistway enclosure +shall be not less than 20 mm (0.8 in.). + +2.5.1.3 Between Cars In Multiple Hoistways. The run- +ning clearance between the cars and any equipment +attached thereto, of elevators operating in a multiple +hoistway, shall be not less than 50 mm (2 in.). + +2.5.1.4 Between Car and Landing Sills. The clearance +between the car platform sill and the hoistway edge of +any landing sill, or the hoistway side of any vertically +sliding counterweighted or counterbalanced hoistway +door, or of any vertically sliding counterbalanced bipart- +ing hoistway door, shall be not less than + +(a) where car side guides are used: + +(1) 13 mm (0.5 in.) for all elevators except freight +elevators + +(2) 20 mm (0.8 in.) for freight elevators + +(h) where car corner guides are used, 20 mm (0.8 in.) +The maximum clearance shall be not more than 32 mm +(1.25 in.). + +2.5.1.5 Clearance Between Loading Side of Car Plat- +forms and Hoistway Enclosures + +2.5.1.5.1 The clearance between the edge of the +car platform sill and the hoistway enclosure or fascia + + + +plate for the full width of the clear hoistway door open- +ing shall be not more than + +(a) 190 mm {7.5 in.) for vertically sliding doors + +(b) 125 mm (5 in.) for other doors + +2.5.1.5.2 This clearance shall be maintained until +the car is resting on its fully compressed buffer. + +2.5.1.5.3 The clearance is not limited on passenger +elevators, provided that + +(a) a car door interlock conforming to 2.14.4.2 is pro- +vided to prevent a door from being opened unless the +car is within the unlocking zone + +(b) the strength of the door complies with 2.11.11.2, +2.11.11.4, 2.11.11.6, 2.11.11.7, and 2.11.11.8 + +2.5.1.6 Clearance Between Car Platform Apron and Pit +Enclosure. Where the lowest landing sill projects into +the hoistway, the clearance between the car platform +apron and the pit enclosure or fascia plate shall be not +more than 32 mm (1.25 in.). This clearance shall be main- +tained until the car is resting on its fully compressed +buffer. + +2.5.1.7 Measurement of Clearances. The clearances +specified in 2.5.1 shall be measured with no load on the +car platform. + +SECTION 2,6 +PROTECTION OF SPACE BELOW HOISTWAYS + +Where a hoistway does not extend to the lowest floor +of the building and there is space below the hoistway +that is accessible, requirements of 2.6.1 and 2.6.2 shall +be complied with. + +2.6.1 Where the Space is Underneath the +Counterweight and/or Its Guides + +Where the space is underneath the counterweight +and /or its guides + +(a) the counterweight shall be provided with a coim- +terweight safety conforming to 2.17.4 + +(b) spring buffers, if used, shall conform to 2.22, +except that they shall not be fully compressed when +struck by the counterweight at the following speeds (see +2.1.2.3): + +(1) at governor tripping speed where the counter- +weight safety is governor operated, or + +(2) 125% of the rated speed where the counter- +weight safety is not governor operated + + + +fl/here the Space Is Underneath the Car and/or + +ts Guides + + + +2.6.2 + + + +Where the space is underneath the car and /or its +guides and if spring buffers are used, they shall be so +designed and installed that they will not be fully com- +pressed solid or to a fixed stop when struck by the car +with its rated load at the governor tripping speed (see +2.1.2.3). + + + +(EO) + + + +23 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +SECTION 2.7-2.7.3.3.4 + + + +SECTION 2.7 +MACHINE ROOMS AND MACHINERY SPACES + +2.7.1 Enclosure of Machine Rooms and Machinery +Spaces + +Machines, control equipment, sheaves, and other +machinery shall not be exposed to the weather. Machine +room and machinery space enclosures shall conform to +2.7.1.1 or 2.7.1.2. + +2.7.1.1 Fire-Resistive Construction. Where fire- +resistive construction is required by the building code, +the requirements of 2.7.1.1.1 and 2.7.1.1.2 shall be con- +formed to. + +2.7.1.1.1 Spaces containing machines, control +equipment, sheaves, and other machinery shall be sepa- +rated from the remainder of the building by a fire- +resistive enclosure conforming to the requirements of +the building code. + +2.7.1.1.2 Openings in the machine room enclosure +shall be protected with access doors having a fire protec- +tion rating conforming to the requirements of the build- +ing code. + +NOTES (2.7.1.1): + +(1) See 2.1.3 for floors of machine rooms and machinery spaces +over the hoistways. + +(2) See 2.7.2.1 for separating elevator machinery from building +machinery. + +(3) See 2.1.1.1.2 for partitions between machine rooms and +hoistways. + +2.7.1.2 Non-Fire-Resistive Construction. Where fire- +resistive construction is not required by the building +code, the requirements of 2.7.1.2.1 and 2.7.1.2.2 shall be +conformed to. + +2.7.1.2.1 Machine rooms and machinery spaces +shall be enclosed with noncombustible material +extending to a height of not less than 2 000 mm (79 in.). + +2.7.1.2.2 The enclosure, if of openwork material, +shall reject a ball 50 mm (2 in.) in diameter. + +2.7.2 Equipment in Machine Rooms + +2.7.2.1 Equipment Permitted. Only machinery and +equipment used in conjunction with the function or use +of the elevator shall be permitted in the elevator machine +room. + +2.7.2.2 Maintenance Clearance + +2.7.2.2.1 A clear path of not less than 450 mm +(18 in.) shall be provided to all components that require +maintenance. + +2.7.2.2.2 A clearance of not less than 450 mm +(18 in.) shall be provided in the direction(s) required for +maintenance access. + + + +2.7.3 Access to Machine Rooms and Machinery +Spaces + +2.7.3.1 General Requirements. A permanent and +unobstructed means of access to elevator machine rooms +and overhead machinery spaces shall be provided. + +2.7.3.2 Access Across Roofs. Where passage over +roofs is necessary to reach the means of access to machine +rooms or machinery spaces, the requirements of 2.7.3.2.1 +and 2.7.3.2.2 shall be conformed to. + +2.7.3.2.1 A stairway with a swinging door and +platform at the top level, conforming to 2.7.3.3, shall be +provided from the top floor of the building to the roof +level. Hatch covers, as a means of access to roofs, shall +not be permitted. + +2.7.3.2.2 Where the passage is over a roof having +a slope exceeding 15 deg from the horizontal, or over a +roof where there is no parapet or guard rail at least +1 070 mm (42 in.) high around the roof or passageway, +a permanent, unobstructed and substantial walkway not +less than 600 mm (24 in.) wide, equipped on the side +sloping away from the walk with a railing conforming +to 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2, and 2.10.2.3, shall be provided from +the building exit door at the roof level to the means of +access to the machine room or machinery spaces. + +2.7.3.3 Means of Access. The means of access to +machine rooms, machinery spaces, and different floor +levels in machine rooms shall conform to 2.7.3.3.1 +through 2.7.3.3.5. + +2.7.3.3.1 A permanent, fixed, noncombustible lad- +der or stair shall be provided where the floor of the +machine room or the machinery space above or below +the floor or roof from which the means of access leads, +or where the distance between the machine room floor +levels, is more than 200 mm (8 in.). + +2.7.3.3.2 A permanent, noncombustible stair shall +be provided where the floor of the machine room or the +machinery space above or below the floor or roof from +which the means of access leads, or where the distance +between the machine room floor levels, is 900 mm (35 in.) +or more. Vertical ladders with handgrips shall be permit- +ted to be used in lieu of stairs for access from building +floors or machine rooms to machinery spaces containing +overhead sheaves, secondary and deflecting sheaves, +governors, and auxiliary equipment, not including con- +trollers and motor generators. + +2.7.3.3.3 Permanent, fixed, noncombustible lad- +ders shall conform to ANSI A14.3. + +2.7.3.3.4 Permanent, noncombustible stairs shall +have a maximum angle of 60 deg from the horizontal, +and shall be equipped with a noncombustible railing +conforming to 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2, and 2.10.2.3. + + + +24 + + + +2.8.2.2-2.9.1.1 + + + +ASIWE A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.8.2.2 Ducts shall be permitted to be installed in +the hoistway, machine room, and machinery space for +the purpose of heating, cooling, ventilating, and venting +these areas only and shall not encroach upon the +required clearances. + +2.8.2.3 Sprinkler systems conforming to NFPA 13 +or the NBCC, whichever is applicable (see Part 9), shall +be permitted to be installed in the hoistway, machine +room, and machinery spaces, subject to the requirements +of 2.8.2.3.1 through 2.8.2.3.4. + +2.8.2.3.1 All risers and returns shall be located +outside these spaces. Branch lines in the hoistway shall +supply sprinklers at not more than one floor level. When +the machine room is located above the roof of the build- +ing, risers, return pipes, and branch lines for the machine +room sprinkler(s) shall be permitted to be located in the +hoistway between the top floor and the machine room. + +(05a) 2.8.2.3,2 In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, + +means shall be provided to automatically disconnect the +main line power supply to the affected elevator upon +or prior to the application of water from sprinklers +located in the machine room or in the hoistway more +than 600 mm (24 in.) above the pit floor. + +(a) This means shall be independent of the elevator +control and shall not be self-resetting. + +(b) Heat detectors and sprinkler flow switches used to +initiate main line elevator power shutdown shall comply +with the requirements of NFPA 72. + +(c) The activation of sprinklers outside of the +hoistway or machine room shall not disconnect the main +line elevator power supply. + +2.8.2.3.3 Smoke detectors shall not be used to +activate sprinklers in these spaces or to disconnect the +main line power supply. + +2.8.2.3.4 In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, +when sprinklers are installed in the hoistway, all electri- +cal equipment, except earthquake protective devices +conforming to 8.4.10.1.2(d), located less than 1 225 mm +(48 in.) above the pit floor, shall be + +(a) weatherproof (NEMA4) + +(b) wiring shall be identified for use in wet locations +in accordance with the requirements in NFPA 70 + +2.8.2.4 Other pipes or ducts conveying gases, +vapors, or liquid and not used in cormection with the +operation of the elevator shall not be installed in any +hoistway, machine room, or machinery space. Where a +machine room or hoistway, or both, extend above the +roof of a building, pipes shall be permitted from roof +drains to the closest point where they can be diverted out +of this space. Pipes shall be covered to prevent leakage or +condensate from entering the machine room or hoistway. + +2.8.2.5 Where permitted and provided, pipes, +drains, and tanks, or similar equipment that contains + + + +liquids, shall not be located directly above the elevator +equipment and shall not encroach upon the required +clearances in the hoistway, machine room, or machinery +spaces. + +2.3.3 Electrical Sweaters + +Listed /certified electrical heaters shall be permitted. + +2.8.4 Air Conditioning + +Air conditioning equipment is permitted to be +installed in machine rooms or machinery spaces for the +purpose of cooling these areas only, subject to the +requirements of 2.8.4.1 through 2.8.4.5. + +2.8.4.1 Air conditioning equipment shall not be +located directly above elevator equipment. + +2.8.4.2 The clear headroom below suspended air +conditioning equipment shall conform to 2.7.4. + +2.8.4.3 Means shall be provided to collect and drain +condensation water from these spaces. Condensation +drains shall not be located directly above elevator equip- +ment. Drains connected directly to sewers shall not be +installed. + +2.8.4.4 Safe and convenient access within the eleva- +tor machine room shall be provided to the air-condition- +ing equipment for servicing and maintaining. + +2.8.4.5 There shall be no exposed gears, sprockets, +belts, pulleys, or chains. + +NOTES (2.8.4): + +(1) See 2.8.2.2 for requirements for duct work. + +(2) These reqiiirements do not pertain to air-conditioning equip- +ment used to cool selective elevator equipment. + +2,8.6 Miscellaneous Equipment (05a) + +Enclosed moving, rotating, hanging machinery, +equipment, stationary decorative lighting, stationary +signage or other stationary special effects devices, +securely attached to either one or more of the car, coun- +terweight, or hoistway shall be permitted, provided that +the elevator, including the equipment and devices, con- +forms to 2.4, 2.5, 2.8.1, 2.14.2.1.1, 2.15.7, 8.2.2.1, and +8.2.9.1. Any unenclosed moving, rotating, or hanging +machinery or equipment, attached to the exterior of the +car or counterweight, interior of the hoistway, exterior +of the car, or any other elevator equipment in the +hoistway is prohibited unless it is used in conjunction +with the designed use of the elevator. + +SECTION 2.9 + +MACHINERY AND SHEAVE BEAMS, SUPPORTS, AND + +FOUNDATIONS + +2,9.1 Beams and Supports Required + +2,9.1.1 Machines, machinery, and sheaves shall be +so supported and maintained in place as to prevent + + + +27 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.9.1.1-2.9.2.1 + + + +any part from becoming loose or displaced under the +conditions imposed in service. + +2.9.1.2 Supporting beams, if used, shall be of steel +or reinforced concrete. + +2.9.1.3 Beams are not required under machine(s), +sheave(s), and machinery or control equipment that is +supported on floors, provided such floors are designed +and installed to support the load imposed thereon. + + + +2.9.2 Loads on Machinery and Sheave Beams, +Floors, or Foundations and Their Supports + +2.9.2.1 Overhead Beams, Floors, and Their Supports. + +Overhead beams, floors, and their supports shall be +designed for not less than the sum of the following +loads: + +(a) the load resting on the beams and supports, which +shall include the complete weight of the machine, +sheaves, controller, governor, and any other equipment. + + + +27.1 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.9.2.1-2.9.3.4 + + + +together with that portion, if any, of the machine room +floor supported thereon + +(h) two times the sum of the tensions in all wire ropes +supported by the beams with rated load in the car + +NOTE [2.9.2.1(b)]: These tensions are doubled to take care of accel- +erations and decelerations. + +2.9.2.2 Foundations, Beams, and Floors for Machinery +and Sheaves Not Located Directly Over the Hoistway. + +The supports for machines and sheaves located below +or at the sides of the hoistway shall meet the require- +ments of 2.9.2.2.1 through 2.9.2.2.4. + +2.9.2.2.1 The foundation shall support the total +weight of the machine, sheaves, and other equipment, +and the floor, if any. + +2.9.2.2.2 The sheave beams and the foundation +bolts shall withstand two times the vertical force compo- +nent acting thereon as a result of the tension in all the +suspension ropes, less the weight of the machine or +sheaves. + +2.9.2.2.3 The sheave beams and the foundation +bolts shall withstand two times the horizontal force com- +ponent, if any, acting thereon as a result of the tension +in all the suspension ropes. + +2.9.2.2.4 The foundation shall withstand two +times the overturning moment, if any, acting thereon as +a result of the tension in all the suspension ropes. + +2.9.3 Securing of Machinery and Equipmenit to +Beams, Foundations, or Floors + +2.9.3.1 Overhead Beams and Floors + +2.9.3.1 .1 Machinery or equipment shall be secured +to and supported on or from the top of overhead beams +or floors, except for the following equipment: + +(a) secondary or deflecting sheaves of traction ele- +vators + +(b) devices and their accessories for limiting or +retarding car speed + +2.9.3.1.2 Securing bolts or fastenings are not +required where sound isolation is used between bases +of machinery or equipment and supporting beams or +floors. + +2.9.3.2 Beams or Foundations Supporting Machinery +and Sheaves Not Located Directly Over the Hoistway + +2.9.3.2.1 Machines and sheaves located below or +at one side of a hoistway shall be anchored to beams, +foimdations, or floors with bolts, conforming to ASTM +A 307, of sufficient size and number to withstand the +applicable load conditions specified in 2.9.2.2. Based on +these initial loads, total tension in anchor bolts shall not +exceed 85 MPa (12,000 psi) of net section, and the total +shear shall not exceed 60 MPa (9,000 psi) of actual area +in the shear plane. + + + +2.9.3.2.2 Bolts made of steel having a greater +strength than specified by ASTM A 307 shall be permit- +ted to be used, and the maximum allowable stresses +increased proportionally based on the ratio of the ulti- +mate strengths. Elongation shall conform to the require- +ments of the corresponding ASTM specification. + +2.9.3.2.3 Where bolts are used through greater +than 5 deg sloping flanges of structural shapes, the bolt +heads shall be of the tipped or beveled head type or +shall be fitted with beveled steel washers, and nuts on +greater than 5 deg sloping flanges shall seat on beveled +steel washers. + + + +2.9.3.3 Overhead Hoisting Rope Hitches + +2.9.3.3.1 Where hoisting ropes are secured to the +structure above a hoistway, the hitch plates and hitch- +plate blocking beams, where used, shall be secured to +and mounted on top of overhead beams, machine beams, +or on top of auxiliary beams connected to the webs of +overhead beams. + +2.9.3.3.2 Hitch plates, blocking, or auxiliary +beams shall be secured by bolts conforming to ASTM +A 307, rivets conforming to ASTM A 502, or welding +conforming to 8.8, and shall be so located that the tension +in the hoisting ropes will not develop direct tensions in +the bolts or rivets. Where bolts and rivets are subjected +to shearing stresses due to tension in the hoisting ropes, +the total shear shall not exceed 60 MPa (9,000 psi) of +actual area in the shear plane. The stresses in welds due +to tensions in the hoisting ropes shall not exceed 55 MPa +(8,000 psi) on the throat area of the welds. + +2.9.3.3.3 Bolts made of steel having greater +strength than specified by ASTM A 307 shall be permit- +ted to be used, and the maximum allowable stresses +increased proportionally based on the ratio of the ulti- +mate strengths. + +2.9.3.3.4 Elongation shall conform to the require- +ments of the corresponding ASTM specification. + +2.9.3.3.5 The hitch plate supporting beams shall +be designed to withstand two times the sum of the +tensions in all hoisting ropes attached to the hitch plates. +(See also 2.15.13.) + +2.9.3.3.6 Total stresses in hitch plates and hitch- +plate shapes shall not exceed 85 MPa (12,000 psi). + +2.9.3.4 Cast Metals in Tension ©r Bending. Cast met- +als having an elongation of less than 20% in a length of +50 mm (2 in.), when measured in accordance with ASTM +E 8, which are subject to tension or bending, shall not +be used to support machinery or equipment from the +underside of overhead beams or floors. + + + +28 + + + +2.9.4-2.11.1.2 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.9.4 Allowable Stresses for Machinery and Sheave + +Beams ©r Floors and Their Supports + +2.9.4.1 The unit stresses for all machinery and +sheave beams and floors and their supports, based on +the loads computed as specified in 2.9.2 or 2.9.6, which- +ever is greater, shall not exceed 80% of those permitted +for static loads by the following standards: + +(a) Structural Steel. AISC Book No. S326 or CAN/ +CSA-S16.1, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +(b) Reinforced Concrete. ANSl/ACl 318 or CAN3- +A23.3, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.9.4.2 Where stresses due to loads, other than eleva- +tor loads supported on the beams or floor, exceed those +due to the elevator loads, 100% of the permitted stresses +are permitted. + +2.9.5 Allowable Deflections of Machinery and +Sheave Beams and Their Supports + +The allowable deflections of machinery and sheave +beams and their immediate supports under static load +shall not exceed '/1666 of the span. + +2.9.6 Allowable Stresses Due to Emergency Braking + +Machinery and sheave beams, supports, and their fas- +tenings subject to forces due to the application of the +emergency brake (see 2.19.4) shall be designed to with- +stand the maximum forces developed during the retar- +dation phase of the emergency braking so that the +resulting stresses due to the emergency braking and all +other loading acting simultaneously, if applicable, shall +not exceed those specified in 2.9.4. + +SECTION 2.10 + +GUARDING OF EQUIPMENT AND STANDARD + +RAILING + +2.10.1 Guarding of Equipment + +In machine rooms and secondary machinery spaces, +the following shall be guarded to protect against acci- +dental contact: + +(a) driving machine sheaves and ropes whose vertical +projection upon a horizontal plane extends beyond the +base of the machine + +(b) sheaves + +(c) exposed gears, sprockets, tape or rope sheaves, or +drums of selectors, floor controllers, or signal machines, +and their driving ropes, chains, or tapes + +(d) keys, keyways, and screws in projecting shafts +Handwinding wheels and flywheels that are not + +guarded shall have yellow markings. + +(03a) 2.10.2 Standard Railing + +A standard railing shall be substantially constructed +of metal and shall consist of a top rail, intermediate rail + + + +or equivalent structural member or solid panel, and toe- +board. + +2.10.2.1 Top Rail. The top rail shall have a smooth +surface, and the upper surface shall be located at a verti- +cal height of 1 070 mm (42 in.) from the working surface. + +2.10.2.2 intermediate Rail, Member, or Panel. The +intermediate rail or equivalent structural member or +solid panel shall be located approximately centered +between the top rail and the working surface. + +2.10.2.3 Toe-Board, The toe-board shall be securely +fastened and have a height not less than 100 mm (4 in.) +above the working surface. + +2.10.2.4 Strength of Standard Railing. A standard +railing shall be capable of resisting anywhere along its +length the following forces when applied separately, +without deflecting more than 75 mm (3 in.) and without +permanent deformation: + +(a) a force of at least 890 N (200 Ibf ) applied in any +lateral or downward vertical direction, at any point +along the top rail. + +(b) a force of at least 666 N (150 Ibf) applied in any +lateral or downward vertical direction at any point along +the center of the intermediate rail, member, or panel. If +the standard railing is a solid panel extending from the +top rail to the toe-board, the application of the force +specified in 2.10.2.4(a) shall be considered to meet the +requirements of 2.10.2.4(b). + +(c) a force of 225 N (50 Ibf) applied in a lateral direc- +tion to the toe-board. + + + +SECTION 2.11 +PROTECTION OF HOISTWAY OPENINGS + +2,11.1 Entrances and Emergency Doors Required + +2.11.1.1 Holstway Landing Entrances. All elevator +hoistway landing openings shall be provided with +entrances that shall guard the full height and width of +the openings. Entrances shall be at least 2 030 mm (80 in.) +in height and 800 mm (31.5 in.) in width. + +2.11.1.2 Emergency Doors in Blind Hoistways. Where +an elevator is installed in a single blind hoistway, there +shall be installed in the blind portion of the hoistway +an emergency door at every third floor, but not more +than 11 m (36 ft) from sill to sill, conforming to the +following: + +(a) The clear opening shall be at least 700 mm (28 in.) +wide and 2 030 mm (80 in.) high. + +(b) It shall be easily accessible and free from fixed +obstructions. + +(c) It shall be either of the horizontally sliding or +swinging single-section type, irrespective of the type of +door installed at other landings. + + + +29 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.11.1,2-2.11.4.1 + + + +(d) It shall be self-closing and self-locking and shall +be marked, in letters not less than 50 mm (2 in.) high, +"DANGER, ELEVATOR HOISTWAY." + +(e) It shall be provided with an electromechanical +device that will prevent the operation of the driving +machine unless the door is closed and locked (see +2.26.2.25). + +(f) It shall be unlocked from the landing side only +through the use of a cylinder-type lock, having not less +than five pins or five discs. The cylinder lock shall + +(1) not be unlocked by any key that will open any +other lock or device used for any purpose in the building + +(2) be so designed that the key shall be removable +only in the locked position + +(g) It shall be openable from the hoistway side with- +out the use of a key. + +(h) The key shall be of Group 1 Security (see 8.1). This +key shall also be made available to emergency personnel +during an emergency. + +(/) A hinged self-closing barrier independent of the +door shall be installed horizontally across the entrance +on the hoistway side at a height of 1 070 mm (42 in.). +The barrier shall not open into the hoistway. + +(05a) 2.11.1.3 Telephone as Alternative to Emergency +Doors. Where an elevator is installed in a single blind +hoistway, and there are no landings from which to gain +access through an emergency door, a means of two-way +conversation conforming to 2.27.1.1 shall be provided. + +NOTE: Examples are pulp mills, grain elevators, dams, or similar +locations. + +2.11.1.4 Access Openings for Cleaning of Car and +Hoistway Enclosures. Nonremovable sliding or swing +panels or doors in the hoistway conforming to +2.11.1.2(d), (f), (g), and (i) shall be permitted for access +to car or hoistway transparent enclosures for cleaning +purposes. An electromechanical device shall be pro- +vided that will prevent the operation of the driving +machine uivless the access panels or doors are closed +and locked (see 2.26.2.32). Key shall be Group 2 Security +(see 8.1). + +2.11.2 Types of Entrances + +2.11.2.1 Passenger Elevators. For passenger eleva- +tors, entrances shall be one of the following types: + +(a) horizontally sliding; + +(h) horizontally swinging, single-section; + +(c) combination horizontally sliding and swinging; or + +(d) hand- or power-operated vertically sliding that +slide up to open. + +2.11.2.2 Freight Elevators. For freight elevators, +entrances shall be one of the following types: + +(a) horizontally sliding + +(b) swinging, single-section + +(c) combination horizontally sliding and swinging + + + +(d) center-opening, two-section horizontally swing- +ing, subject to restrictions of 2.11.2.3 + +(e) vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced (see +2.16.4) + +(/) vertically sliding counterweighted, single or +multisection + +2.11 .2.3 Limitations of Use of Center-Opening Swing- +ing Entrances. Center-opening swinging entrances shall +be permitted only + +(a) for freight elevators which can be operated only +from the car; or + +(b) for freight elevators not accessible to the general +public that can be operated from outside the hoistway, +and that are located in factories, warehouses, garages, +and similar industrial buildings. + +2.11.3 Closing of Hoistway Doors + +2.11.3.1 Horizontally sliding or single-section (ED) +swinging doors of automatic-operation elevators shall + +be provided with door closers arranged to close an open +door automatically if the car, for any reason, leaves the +landing zone. + +2.11.3.2 Horizontally sliding doors shall be closed +when the car is at a landing, except when + +(a) the car is operated by a designated attendant in +the car; + +(b) loading or unloading; + +(c) the elevator conforms to 2.27.3.2.1 and 2.27.3.2.3 +through 2.27.3.2.6, Phase I Emergency Recall Operation +by fire alarm initiating device; or + +(d) the car is at the recall level when Phase I is in +effect [see 2.27.3.1.6(a)]. + +2.11 .3.3 On center-opening doors, if there is an inter- +lock on only one panel, the door closer required by +2.11.3.1 shall be provided on the leading panel that oper- +ates in the opposite direction (see 2.11.11.7). + +2.11.4 Location of Horizontally Sliding or Swinging +Hoistway Doors + +Horizontally sliding or swinging doors shall be so +located that the distance from the hoistway face of the +doors to the edge of the hoistway landing sill, measured +from the face of the door section nearest to the car, shall +be not more than the requirements specified in 2.11.4.1 +and 2.11.4.2. + +2.11.4.1 For elevators that can be operated only from +the car, 100 mm (4 in.), except that where new elevators +are installed in existing multiple hoistways or where +alterations involving replacement of the doors are made +to existing elevators in multiple hoistways, and the loca- +tion of the door openings is such that the 100 mm (4 in.) +dimension specified caimot be maintained, the distance +specified is permitted to be increased to not more than +125 mm (5 in.) where horizontally sliding doors are used. + + + +30 + + + +2.11.4.2-2.11.7.2 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.11 .4.2 For elevators with automatic or continuous- +pressure operation, 19 mm (0.75 in.) for swinging doors +and 57 mm (2.25 in.) for sliding doors, except that + +(a) freight elevators not accessible to the general pub- +lic, and which are located in factories, warehouses, gar- +ages, and similar industrial buildings are permitted to +have single-section or center-opening two-section hori- +zontally swinging doors conforming to 2.11.4.1; or + +(b) for swinging doors used on elevators with auto- +matic and continuous-pressure operation, the distance +shall be permitted to be increased from 19 mm to 57 mm +(0.75 in. to 2.25 in.) if such doors are emergency doors +conforming to 2.11.1. (See also 2.14.4.5.) + +2.11.5 Projection of Entrances and Other Equipment +Beyond the Landing Sills + +Entrances and equipment shall not project into an +elevator hoistway beyond the line of the landing sill, +except for + +(a) equipment required for interlocking, indicator and +signal devices, and door operating devices + +(b) vertical slide entrances + +2.11.6 Opening of Hoistway Doors + +2.11.6.1 When the car is within the imlocking zone, +the hoistway doors shall be openable by hand from +within the car without the use of tools. + +2.11 .6.2 Means shall not be provided for locking out +of service the doors at + +(a) the top terminal landing + +(b) the bottom terminal landing + +(c) the designated and alternate landings for elevators +equipped with Phase I Emergency Recall Operation, +when Phase I is effective + +(d) no landing for elevators equipped with Phase II +Emergency In-Car Operation when Phase II is effective + +(OSa) 2.11.6.3 Egress from the interior of the car to any +elevator landing by means of the car and hoistway doors +shall be unrestricted once the car and hoistw^ay doors +are open. + +2.11 .6.4 Handles or other means provided for opera- +tion of manually operated doors shall be so located that +it is not necessary to reach the back of any panel, jamb, +or sash to operate them. + +2.11.7 Glass in l^oistway Doors + +Glass in hoistway doors shall conform to 2.11.7.1 and +2.11.7.2. + +2.11.7.1 Vision Panels. Manually operated or self- +closing hoistway doors of the vertically or horizontally +sliding type, for elevators with automatic or continuous- +pressure operation, shall be provided with a vision +panel. Vision panels shall not be required at landings +of automatic operation elevators where a hall position + + + +indicator is provided. In multisection doors, the vision +panel is required in one section only, but is permitted +to be placed in all sections. All horizontally swinging +elevator doors shall be provided with vision panels. +Vision panels are permitted for any type of hoistway +door. + +Where required or used, vision panels shall conform +to 2.11.7.1.1 through 2.11.7.1.7. + +2.11.7.1.1 The area of any single vision panel shall +be not less than 0.015 m^ (24 in.^), and the total area of +one or more vision panels in any hoistway door shall +be not more than 0.055 m^ (85 in.^). + +2.11.7.1.2 Each clear panel opening shall reject a +ball 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter. + +2.11.7.1.3 Muntins used between panel sections +shall be of noncombustible material and of substantial +construction. + +2.11.7.1.4 Panel opening shall be glazed with +either of the following: + +(a) clear wire glass not less than 6 mm (0.25 in.) + +(b) other transparent glazing material not less than +6 mm (0.25 in.) thick that meets the impact safety stan- +dard 16 CFR Part 1201 or CAN/CGSB-12.1, CAN/ +CGSB-12.11, or CAN/CGSB-12.12, whichever is applica- +ble (see Part 9) + +2.11.7.1.5 The center of the panel shall be located +not less than 1 300 mm (51 in.) and not more than +1 700 mm (67 in.) above the landing, except that for +vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced doors, it +shall be located to conform to the dimensions specified +insofar as the door design will permit. + +2.11.7.1.6 Vision panels in power-operated doors +shall be substantially flush with the surface of the land- +ing side of the door. + +2.11.7.1.7 Vision panels shall be protected by pro- +tective grilles made of steel not less than 1.4 mm +(0.055 in.) thick, in accordance with the following specifi- +cations: + +(a) Grilles shall be sized to fit within or over the vision +panel frame and completely cover the vision panel open- +ing in the hoistway door. + +(b) Grilles shall be secured by means that deter +removal by common tools. + +(c) Grilles shall contain openings that shall be not +larger than 19 mm x 19 mm (0.75 in. x 0.75 in.) in +diameter. Such openings shall be spaced at 25 mm (1 in.) +center-to-center. + +(d) Grille edges shall be free of burrs and beveled. + +(e) Grilles shall be installed on the hoistway side of +the door. + +2.11.7.2 Glass Doors. Where provided, glass +hoistway doors shall conform to 2.11.7.2.1 through +2.11.7.2.5. + + + +31 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 2.11.7.2.1-2.11.7.2.3 + + + +2.11.7.2.1 The glass shall be laminated glass con- the landing side of the doors. Door lap shall not be used + +forming to 16 CFR Part 1201 or CAN/CGSB-12.1. Mark- in calculating glass size. + +ines as specified in the applicable standard shall be on «^^,«-.t ,i ii + +r. J. £ 1 J u 11 • ui 2.11.7.2.3 In power-operated doors, the glass + +each separate piece of glass and shall remam visible ,,i,i , -uni -ii r r .^ + +c^ .. 11 ..• panel shall be substantially flush with the surface of the + +after mstallation. f ,. . i r ^ i + +landmg side of the door. + +2.11.7.2.2 The glass shall be not less than 60% of +the total visible door panel surface area as seen from + + + +31.1 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.11.7.2.4-2.11.11.5.1 + + + +2.11.7.2.4 A nonglass edge shall be provided on +the leading edge of the door panel. + +2.11.7.2.5 The glass door shall conform to +2.11.11.5.7 for horizontally sliding type entrances, +2.11.12.4 for vertically sliding type entrances, or 2.11.13.3 +for swinging entrances. + +2.11.8 Weights for Closing or Balancing Doors + +Hoistway door weights, where used for closing or +balancing doors, shall be guided or restrained to prevent +them from coming out of their ninway. The bottom of +the guides or other restraining means shall be so con- +structed as to retain the weights if the weight suspension +means breaks. + +2.11.9 Hoistway Door Loclcing Devices and Power +Operation + +2.11.9.1 Loclcing Devices. Doors shall be provided +with door locking devices conforming to 2.12. + +2.11.9.2 Power Operation. Where hoistway doors are +power operated or are opened or closed by power, their +operation shall conform to 2.13. + +2.11.10 Landing-Sill Guards, Landing-Sill +Illumination, Hinged Landing Sills, and +Tracks on Landings + +2.11.10.1 Landing-Sill Guards + +2.11.10.1.1 Landing sills shall be guarded on the +underside with guard plates of smooth metal not less +than 1.4 mm (0.055 in.) thick, extending the full width of +the car sill exposed to the landing entrance, and securely +fastened in place. Landing sill guards are not required +for + +(a) vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced doors + +(b) vertically sliding counterweighted doors that slide +down to open + +(c) elevators where the landing sills do not project +into the hoistway + +2.11.10.1.2 Where a car leveling device is pro- +vided and the hoistway edge of the sill is either flush +with or projects into the hoistway, the guard shall have +a straight vertical face extending below the sill not less +than the depth of the leveling zone plus 75 mm (3 in.). +Where the sill projects inward from the hoistway enclo- +sure, the bottom of the guard shall also be beveled at +an angle of not less than 60 deg and not more than 75 deg +from the horizontal, or the guard shall be extended from +the hoistway edge of the landing sill to the top of door +hanger pocket of the entrance next below. + +2.11.10.1.3 Where no car leveling device is pro- +vided and the sill projects inward from the general line +of the hoistway, the guard shall be either beveled at an +angle of not less than 60 deg and not more than 75 deg +from the horizontal, or have a straight vertical face + + + +extending from the hoistway edge of the landing sill to +the top of door hanger pocket of the entrance below. + +2.11.10.2 Illumination at Landing Sills. The building +corridors shall be so lighted that the illumination at the +landing sills, when an elevator is in service, shall be not +less than 100 Ix (10 fc). + +2.11.10.3 Hinged Hoistway Landing Sills. Hinged +hoistway landing sills provided in connection with verti- +cally sliding, biparting, counterbalanced doors of freight +elevators shall be hinged on the landing side so that +they can be lowered only when the landing doors are +in the fully opened position. + +2.11.11 Entrances, Horizontal Slide Type + +2.11.11.1 Landing Sills. Landing sills shall + +(a) be of metal and of sufficient strength to support +the loads to be carried by the sills when loading and +unloading the car, and be secured in place + +(b) be substantially flush with the floor surface of the +elevator landings + +(c) be so designed and maintained as to provide a +secure foothold over the entire width of the door opening + +2.11.11.2 Hangers, Tracks, and Track Supports. + +Hangers, tracks, and their supports and fastenings for +doors shall be constructed to withstand, without dam- +age or appreciable deflection, an imposed static load +equal to four times the weight of each panel as applied +successively downward and upward at the vertical cen- +terline of the panel. (See 2.11.11.5.7 and 2.11.11.5.8.) + +2.11.11.3 Entrance Frames + +2.11.11.3.1 Where used, entrance frames shall be +anchored to the sills and to the building structure or the +track supports. The head of the entrance frame shall not +be used to support the weight of the wall over the frame. + +2.11.11.3.2 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified frames, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.11.4 Hangers. Hangers shall conform to +2.11.11.4.1 and 2.11.11.4.2. + +2.11.11.4.1 Means shall be provided to prevent +the hangers from jumping the track. + +2.11.11.4.2 Stops shall be provided in the entrance +assembly to prevent hangers from overrunning the end +of the track. + +2.11.11.5 Panels. Panels shall conform to 2.11.11.5.1 +through 2.11.11.5.8. + +2.11.11.5.1 The panels shall overlap the top and + +sides of the opening, and each other, in the case of + +multispeed entrances, by not less than 13 mm (0.5 in.). + +Where entrances without frames are used, the overlap + +shall extend the thickness of the facing used to finish + + + +32 + + + +2.11.11.5.1-2.11.11.10 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +the opening plus 13 mm (0.5 in.) or more. + +2.11.11.5.2 The clearance shall not exceed 10 mm +(0.375 in.) between + +(a) the panel and the frame + +(b) the panel and the wall, where entrances without +frames are used in masonry or concrete + +(c) related panels of multispeed entrances + +(d) the panel and the sill measured vertically + +2.11.11.5.3 The leading panel edge of side-open- +ing entrances shall not close into pockets in the strike +jamb and shall be smooth and free of sharp projections. + +2.11.11.5.4 The meeting panel edges of center- +opening entrances shall be smooth and free of sharp +projection. + +The meeting panel edges of center-opening entrances +shall be protected with not less than one resilient male +member extending the full height of the panel. The resil- +ient members shall be permitted to interlock by not more +than 10 mm (0.375 in.). + +When in the closed position, the distance between the +metal parts of the meeting panels shall not exceed 13 mm +(0.5 in.). + +2.11.11.5.5 No areas shall be depressed or raised +more than 3 mm (0.125 in.) from the adjacent area and +edges shall be beveled at not more than 30 deg to the +panel surface. + +2.11.11.5.6 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified panels, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.11.5.7 The entrance assembly shall be capa- +ble of withstanding a force of 2 500 N (560 Ibf ) applied +on the landing side at right angles to and approximately +at the center of a panel. This force shall be distributed +over an area of approximately 100 mm x 100 mm (4 in. +X 4 in.). There shall be no appreciable permanent dis- +placement or deformation of any parts of the entrance +assembly resulting from this test. + +2.11.11.5.8 Means shall be provided to prevent +opening of locked doors more than 20 mm (0.8 in.) per +panel at the farthest point from the interlock when a +force of 135 N (30 Ibf) is applied in the opening direction +at the leading edge of the door at the farthest point from +the interlock. + +2.11.11.6 Bottom Guides. Bottom guides shall con- +form to the following: + +(a) The bottom of each panel shall be guided by one +or more members. + +(b) Guide members shall be securely fastened. + +(c) The guide members and any reinforcements or +guards shall engage the corresponding member by not +less than 6 mm (0.25 in.). (See 2.11.11.5.7.) + + + +2.11.11.7 Multipanel Entrances. Panels of multipanel +doors shall conform to either 2.11.11.7.1 or 2.11.11.7.2. +Multiple-speed and center-opening multiple-speed +doors shall also conform to 2.11.11.7.3. + +2.11.11.7.1 Panels shall be interconnected directly +or through their hangers so as to assure simultaneous +movement of all panels. The factor of safety of the inter- +cormecting means shall not be less than 10 for cast iron +or 5 for other materials. + +2.11.11.7.2 Panels shall be equipped with +hoistway door interlocks on each driven panel and pro- +vided with a door closer(s) installed to comply with +2.11.3.1. All panels shall move simultaneously when the +car is at the landing. + +2.11.11.7.3 Multiple speed and center-opening +multiple-speed panels shall be provided with secondary +mechanical interconnecting means to ensure that indi- +vidual panels of multiple panel doors moving in the +same direction cannot become separated from the panel +that is locked by the interlock in the event that the normal +interconnecting means fails. + +2.11.11.7.4 Where cable and pulleys are used to +connect panels of multisection sliding doors, each pulley +shall be equipped with a guard to prevent the cable +from leaving the pulley. + +2.11.11.8 Hoistway Door Safety Retainers. The top +and bottom of horizontally sliding doors shall be pro- +vided with a means of retaining the closed door panel +in position if the primary guiding means fail, and pre- +venting displacement of the door panel top and bottom +by more than 20 mm (0.8 in.) when the door panel is +subjected to a force of 5 000 N (1,125 Ibf) in the direction +of the hoistway applied at right angles to the panel over +an area of 300 mm x 300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.) at the +approximate center of the panel. + +The retaining means shall also withstand, without +detachment or permanent deformation, a force of +1 000 N (225 Ibf) applied upward at any point along +the width of the door panel and, while this force is +maintained, an additional force of 1 100 N (250 Ibf) +applied at right angles to the door at the center of the +panel. This force shall be distributed over an area of +300 mm x 300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.). + +The retaining means shall not be subjected to wear +or stress during normal door operation or maintenance. + +2.11.11.9 Beams, Walls, Floors, and Supports. The + +building structural supports of the entrance, such as +building beams, walls, and floors, shall be designed to +withstand the horizontal forces stipulated in 2.11.11.8. + +2.11.11.10 Hoistway Door to Sill Clearance. The hori- +zontal distance from the hoistway side of the leading +edge of the hoistway door, or sight guard, if provided, +to the edge of the landing sill, shall not exceed 13 mm + + + +33 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.11.11.10-2.11.12.5.2 + + + +(0.5 in.). The vertical clearance between the sight guard, +if provided, and the landing sill shall not exceed 13 mm +(0.5 in.). + +2.11.12 Entrances, Vertical Slide Type +2.11.12.1 Landing Sills + +2.11.12.1.1 Landing sills shall be of metal and of +sufficient strength to support the loads to be carried by +the sills when loading and unloading the car, and be +secured in place (see 2.16.2.2 for classes of loading); the +load on the sill during loading and unloading shall be +considered to be the same as that on the platform mem- +bers specified in 8.2.2.6. + +2.11.12.1.2 Landing sills shall be secured to the +building structure in substantially the same plane as the +elevator landing floor. + +(05a) 2.11.12.2 Entrance Frames. Where used, frames shall +conform to 2.11.12.2.1 through 2.11.12.2.4. + +2.11.12.2.1 Entrance frames shall be anchored to +the sills and to the building structure or track supports. + +2.11.12.2.2 The weight of the wall above the frame +shall be supported by either of the following: + +(a) lintel + +(h) the head of the frames when designed to support +the load + +2.11.12.2.3 In gypsum board (dry wall) construc- +tion, the frame side jambs shall be extended and securely +fastened to the building structure above the frame. + +2.11.12.2.4 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified frames, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.12.3 Rails. The panel guide rails shall be +securely fastened to the building structure and the +entrance frame, at intervals, throughout their entire +length. + +Rails and their supports shall withstand the forces +specified in 2.11.12.4.6. AAHKere truckable sills are pro- +vided as specified in 2.11.12.4.2, the rails shall withstand +any reactions that could be transmitted to the rails as a +result of loading and unloading operations. + +2.11.12.4 Panels. Panels shall conform to 2.11.12.4.1 +through 2.11.12.4.8. + +2.11.12.4.1 The panels shall be constructed of non- +combustible material, or of a structural core made of +combustible material if covered with not less than +0.45 mm (0.0175 in.) sheet metal. + +2.11.12.4.2 The lower panel of biparting entrances +and the top oi the panel of vertical slide entrances that +slide down to open shall be provided with a truckable sill +designed for the loads specified in 2.11.12.1.1. Provisions +shall be made to transmit the panel sill load to the build- +ing structure. + + + +2.11.12.4.3 Panels of biparting counterbalanced +entrances shall conform to the following: + +(a) They shall be provided with means to stop the +closing panels when the distance between the closing +rigid members of the panel is not less than 20 mm (0.8 in.) +and not more than 50 mm (2 in.). + +ih) A fire-resistive, nonshearing, and noncrushing +member of either the meeting or overlapping type shall +be provided on the upper panel to close the distance +between the rigid door sections when in contact with the +stops. This member shall allow a minimum compressible +clearance of 20 mm (0.8 in.). + +(c) Rigid members that overlap the meeting edge, and +center-latching devices, are prohibited. + +2.11.12.4.4 The panels, with their attachments for +doors that slide up to open, shall overlap the sides and +top of the entrance opening by at least 50 mm (2 in.) +when in the closed position. Other vertically sliding +panels and their attachments shall overlap their entrance +openings and sills by at least 50 mm (2 in.) when in the +closed position. The overlap shall extend at least 50 mm +(2 in.) beyond the thickness of any facing used to finish +the opening. + +2.1 1.12.4.5 The clearance between a panel and the +frame lintel, between a panel and the sill, and between +related panels of multispeed entrances, shall not exceed +25 mm (1 in.). + +2.11.12.4.6 Panels, rails, and door guides shall +conform to the strength requirements of 2.11.11.5.7. +Hangers, guides, and guide shoes shall not be perma- +nently displaced or deformed by more than 20 mm +(0.8 in.) when their panel is subjected to a force of 5 000 N +(1,125 Ibf) in the direction of the hoist way applied at +right angles to the panel over an area of 300 mm x +300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.) at the approximate center of +the panel. + +2.11.12.4.7 Means shall be provided to close the +opening between the upper panel of pass-type entrances +and the entrance frame lintel. The sum of the clearance +between the panel, the device used to close the opening, +and the entrance lintel shall not exceed 25 mm (1 in.). + +2.11.12.4.8 Means shall be provided to prevent +the opening of locked doors more than 25 mm (1 in.) +per panel at the farthest point from the interlock when +a force of 135 N (30 Ibf) is applied in the opening direc- +tion at the leading edge of the door at the farthest point +from the interlock. + +2.11.12.5 Guides. Panel guides shall conform to +2.11.12.5.1 through 2.11.12.5.3. + +2.11.12.5.1 Each panel shall be equipped with not +less than four guide members or with continuous guides. + +2.11.12.5.2 Guide members shall be securely fas- +tened to the panels. + + + +34 + + + +2.11.12.5.3-2.11.14.1 + + + +ASWIE A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.11.12.5.3 Guide members shall be designed to +withstand the forces specified in 2.11.12.4.6. + +2.11.12.6 Counterweighting or Counterbalancing. + +Single or multisection vertically sliding panels shall be +so counterweighted, and vertically sliding biparting +panels shall be so counterbalanced, that they will not +open or close by gravity. + +Fastenings shall be provided to prevent the fall of a +counterweight and the detachment or dislodgment of +counterweight parts or of balancing weights. Suspension +means and their connections, for vertically sliding +biparting counterbalanced doors and for the counter- +weights of vertically sliding counterweighted doors, +shall have a factor of safety of not less than 5. + +2.11.12.7 Sill Guards. Where the panel sill or other +structural member projects more than 13 mm (0.5 in.) +into the hoistway or beyond the panel surface below it, +the projection shall be provided with a metal guard not +less than 1.4 mm (0.055 in.) thick and beveled at an angle +of not less than 50 deg and not more than 75 deg from +the horizontal. + +2.11.12.8 Pull Straps. Manually operated vertically +sliding biparting entrances shall be provided with pull +straps on the inside and outside of the door. + +The length of the pull straps shall conform to +2.11.12.8.1 and 2.11.12.8.2. + +2.11.12.8.1 The bottom of the strap shall be not +more than 2 000 mm (79 in.) above the landing when +the panel is in the fully opened position. + +2.11.12.8.2 The length of the strap shall not be +extended by means of ropes or other materials. + +2.11.13 Entrances, Swinging Type + +2.11.13.1 Landing Sills. Landing sills shall + +(a) be of metal and of sufficient strength to support +the loads to be carried by the sills when loading and +unloading the car, and be secured in place + +(b) be substantially flush with the floor surface of the +elevator landings + +(c) be so designed and maintained as to provide a +secure foothold over the entire width of the door opening + +2.11.13.2 Entrance Frames. Frames shall conform to +2.11.13.2.1 and 2.11.13.2.2. + +2.11.13.2.1 They shall be designed to support in +place the panels with their hinges or pivots, closer if +attached to the frame and interlock. They shall with- +stand the forces referred to in 2.11.13.3.5, and the forces +resulting from the normal opening of the door or normal +attempts to open it when locked in the closed position. + +2.11.13.2.2 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified panels, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.13.3 Panels. Panels shall conform to 2.11.13.3.1 +through 2.11.13.3.7. + + + +2.11.13.3.1 The panels shall overlap the part of +the frame against which they close by not less than +13 mm (0.5 in.). + +2.1 1.13.3.2 The clearance between a panel and its +sill shall not exceed 10 mm (0.375 in.). + +2.11.13.3.3 Handles or knobs on the hoistway side (05a) +of door panels are not permitted. Unlatching devices + +that do not project beyond the face of the door panel +on the hoistway side shall be permitted. + +2.11.13.3.4 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified panels, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying orgaruzation. + +2.11.13.3.5 Panels and their assembled accesso- +ries shall + +(a) be capable of withstanding a force on the handle +of not less than 450 N (100 Ibf ) in the opening direction +of a closed and locked door. There shall be no permanent +displacement or deformation of the handle or the door +panel resulting from this force. + +(b) conform to 2.11.11.5.7. + +(c) not be permanently displaced or deformed by +more than 20 mm (0.75 in.) when the panel is subjected +to a force of 5 000 N (1,125 Ibf) in the direction of the +hoistway, applied at right angles to the panel over an +area of 300 mm x 300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.) at the approxi- +mate center of the panel. + +2.11.13.3.6 Center-opening horizontally swinging +doors shall have one door section provided with an +overlapping astragal on its vertical edge, except where +each door section is provided with a landing door inter- +lock [see 2.12.2.4.4(c)]. + +2.1 1 .13.3.7 Center-opening horizontally swinging +doors shall have door stops provided at the top entrances +that will stop each door panel when closed and that will +meet the requirements specified in 2.11.13.3.5. + +2.11.13.4 Hinges. Hinges of the mortise and surface (04) +type shall conform to the requirements of NFPA 80, Table +2-4.3.1. + +2.11.13.5 Entrances With Combination Horizontally +Sliding and Swinging Panels. Where both the sliding +and swinging panels are not equipped with hoistway +door interlocks or locks and contacts conforming to 2.12, +the horizontally sliding and swinging panels forming a +part of the entrance shall be so interconnected that + +(a) the swinging panel can be opened only when the +sliding panel is in the open position + +(b) both panels swing as a unit + +2.11.14 Fire Tests + +2.11.14.1 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC + +(a) the fire protection rating of entrances and doors +shall be determined in accordance with the requirements +specified in the NBCC (CAN4-S104) + +(b) where required, the hoistway door interlock mech- +anism and associated wiring shall remain operational + + + +35 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.11.14.1-2.11.17 + + + +for a period of 1 h when subjected to the standard fire +exposure test described in CAN4-S104 + +NOTE (2.11.14.1): Requirements 2.11.14.2 through 2.11.18 do riot +apply in jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC. + +(04) 2.11.14.2 In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, +2.11.15 through 2.11.18, and 2.11.14.2.1 through +2.11.14.2.3 apply where fire-resistive construction is +required by 2.1.1.1.3. + +2.11.14.2.1 Entrances shall be subjected to the +type tests specified in 8.3.4. + +2.11.14.2.2 The following basic types of entrances +shall be tested: + +(a) Horizontally Sliding Type. Test a side-sliding and a +center-opening assembly. + +(b) Swinging Type. Test a single swinging assembly. + +(c) Vertically Sliding Type. Test a biparting assembly. + +2.11.14.2.3 When an entrance assembly has been +tested for one type of wall construction, i.e., masonry +or drywall, only the frame-to-wall interface shall be +acceptable to the certifying organization for other types +of construction. + +2.11.15 Marking + +(04) 2.11.15.1 Labeling of Tested Assembly. In jurisdic- +tions not enforcing the NBCC, 2.11.15.1.1 and 2.11.15.1.2 +apply where fire-resistive construction is required by +2.1.1.1.3. + +2.11.15.1.1 Each entrance shaU be labeled. Each +label shall be permanently attached to the equipment +and shall be readily visible after installation. The follow- +ing data shall be on the label: + +(a) certifying organization's name or identifying +symbol + +(b) the name, trademark, or file number by which +the organization that manufactured the product can be +identified + +(c) statement of compliance with 8.3.4 + +2.11.15.1.2 Labels shall be provided for each +entrance as follows: + +(a) One label shall be provided for the door panels. + +(b) One label shall be provided for the frame, except +that no label is required where frames are installed in +masonry or concrete and the panel overlaps the wall in +conformance with 2.11.11.5.1 and 2.11.11.5.2, or +2.11.12.4.4. + +(c) One label shall be provided for the transom panel. +One label shall be permitted to be provided for the +frame and transom, provided that the label states that +it includes both the frame and the transom. + +(d) Where entrance hardware components have not all +been tested in complete assembly, individually labeled +hardware components that are designed to be compati- +ble with the entrance assembly shall be provided. A + + + +single label shall be permitted to be provided for the +entrance hardware where the entrance hardware compo- +nents are equivalent to those tested in a complete +assembly. + +(e) A single label shall be permitted to be provided +for the entire entrance assembly where components are +equivalent to those tested as a complete assembly. + +2.11.15.2 Other Assemblies. In jurisdictions not +enforcing the NBCC, the following shall apply. Other +assemblies of the three basic types (see 2.11.14) shall +qualify for labeling or listing/certification: + +(a) when composed of panel(s), frame, and hardware +of the same type as tested and not exceeding the overall +height and width of any panel and frame of the largest +size tested; or + +(b) when such panel(s), frame, and hardware are mod- +ified, and test or technical data demonstrates that the +modifications will meet the performance requirements +of the test procedure in 8.3.3. + +All other elements of the assembly shall conform to +all other applicable requirements of this Code. + +2.11.15.3 Entrances Larger Tlian Tested Assemblies. + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply. When the entrance is too large for the regu- +larly available test facilities, the certifying organization +shall be permitted to issue oversize certificates or over- +size labels, or such entrances shall be permitted to be +used subject to approval by the authority having juris- +diction. + +2.11.16 Factory Inspections + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply. The manufacturing facilities for the produc- +tion of entrances or components thereof shall be +inspected by the certifying organization at random at +least quarterly, or if they are not manufactured on a +continuous basis, at the time they are being produced, +to assure that production methods are such that +entrances or components thereof similar to those tested +are being produced. + +2.11.17 Transoms and Fixed Side Panels + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply. Transoms and fixed side panels shall be +permitted to close openings above and beside the hori- +zontally sliding or horizontally swinging type entrances, +provided that + +(a) the opening closed by the transom and fixed side +panel does not exceed in width or height the dimensions +of the entrance in which it is installed + +(b) the transom panels and fixed side panels are + +(1) constructed in a manner equivalent to the con- +struction of the entrance panels + +(2) secured + + + +36 + + + +2.11.18-2.12.2.4.1 + + + +ASMEA17.1a-2005 + + + +2.11.18 InstaUation Instructions + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply: + +(a) Instructions detailing the application and installa- +tion of door listed/certified panels and entrance hard- +ware shall be provided. + +(b) Where frames are used, instructions detailing the +listed/certified frame-to-wall interface shall be pro- +vided. + +2.11.19 Gasketing of Hoistway Entrances + +Where gasketing material is applied to fire-resistive +entrances, it shall conform to 2.11.19.1 through 2.11.19.4. + +2.11.19.1 The gasketing material shall be subjected +to the tests specified in UL lOB, NFPA 252, or CAN4- +S104, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.11.19.2 The gasketing material shall withstand the +maximum elevated temperature tests as defined by UL +1784 standard without deterioration. + +2.1 1.19.3 Each section of the gasketing material shall +be labeled. Each label shall bear the name of the manu- +facturer and a statement indicating conformance with +2.11.19.1 and 2.11.19.2. The label shall be visible after +installation + +2.11.19.4 Labeled gasketing material shall conform +to 2.11.16 or the NBCC, whichever is applicable. + +NOTES (2.11.19): + +(1) See also 2.1.1.5, 2.11.3, and 2.13.4 for additional requirements to +be considered when gasketing material is applied to a hoistway +entrance. + +(2) These requirements do not evaluate the air and /or smoke leak- +age performance of the gasketing material. + + + +SECTION 2.12 + +HOISTWAY DOOR LOCKING DEVICES AND ELECTRIC + +CONTACTS, AND HOISTWAY ACCESS SWITCHES + +2.12.1 General + +2.12.1.1 When the car is stopped within the +unlocking zone, the hoistway doors shall be urdocked, +or locked but openable from the landing side either +manually or by power. + +2.12.1.2 When the car is outside the unlocking zone, +the hoistway doors shall be openable from the landing +side only by a hoistway door unlocking device (see +2.12.6, 2.12.7, and Nonmandatory Appendix B). + +2.12.1.3 For security purposes, hoistway doors shall +be permitted to be locked out of service, subject to the +requirements of 2.11.6. + +2.12.1.4 Passenger elevator hoistway doors shall be +equipped with interlocks conforming to 2.12.2. + + + +2.12.1.5 Freight elevator hoistway doors shall be +equipped with interlocks conforming to 2.12.2 or combi- +nation mechanical locks and electric contacts conform- +ing to, and where permitted by, 2.12.3. + +2.12.2 Interlocks + +2.12.2.1 General Each entrance at a landing to an +elevator used for passengers or freight and not conform- +ing to 2.12.3.1 shall be equipped with one or more inter- +locks meeting the design requirements of 2.12.2.4. + +2.12.2.2 Closed Position of Hoistway Doors. + +Hoistway doors shall be considered to be in the closed +position under the following conditions. These dimen- +sions apply to the doors in their normal operating condi- +tion (see 2.14.4.11): + +(a) for horizontally sliding or swinging doors, when +the leading edge of the door is within 10 mm (0.375 in.) +of the nearest face of the jamb or when the panels of +center-opening doors are within 10 mm (0.375 in.) of +contact with each other + +(b) for vertically sliding counterweighted doors, +when the leading edge of the door is within 10 mm +(0.375 in.) of the sill for doors which slide up to open, +or 10 mm (0.375 in.) of the lintel for doors that slide +down to open + +(c) for vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced +doors, when the astragal on the upper panel is within +19 mm (0.75 in.) of the lower panel + +2.12.2.3 Operation of the Driving Machine With a +Hoistway Door Unlocked or Not In the Closed Position. + +Operation of the driving machine when a hoistway door +is unlocked or not in the closed position (see 2.12.2.2) +shall be permitted under one of the following conditions: + +(a) by a car leveling or truck zoning device (see +2.26.1.6) + +(b) when a hoistway access switch is operated (see +2.12.7) + +(c) when a bypass switch is activated (see 2.26.1.5) + +2.12.2.4 General Design Requirements. Interlocks +shall conform to 2.12.2.4.1 through 2.12.2.4.7. + +2.12.2.4.1 Interlock contacts shall be positively (ED) +opened by the locking member or by a member con- +nected to and mechanically operated by the locking +member, and the contacts shall be maintained in the +open position by the action of gravity, or by a restrained +compression spring, or by both, or by means of the +opening member (see 2.26.2.14). Contacts shall be open +when the hoistway door interlock is unlocked. If the +contacts are maintained in the open position by other +than the locking member, the interlock shall be located +such that the contacts caimot be closed by hand from +the car or landing when the doors are open. + +The electrical contact bridging means shall withstand +a separating force of 200 N (45 Ibf ) in any direction from +the locking member. + + + +37 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.12.2.4.2-2.12.3.2 + + + +2.12.2.4.2 The locking member of the interlock +shall hold the door in the locked position by means of +gravity, or by a restrained compression spring, or by +both, or by means of a positive linkage. + +2.12.2.4.3 The interlock shall lock the door in the +closed position with a minimum engagement of 7 mm +(0.28 in.) of the locking members before the interlock +contacts are closed and before the driving machine can +be operated, except as permitted in 2.12.2.3. + +Devices that permit operation of the driving machine +by the normal operating device when the door is closed +but before it is locked are not interlocks and are not +permitted where interlocks are required by this Code. + +2.12.2.4.4 Interlocks, used with multisection +doors, shall conform to the following requirements: + +(a) They shall lock all sections of the door, but shall +be permitted to be applied to only one section of the +door, provided the device used to interconnect the door +sections is so arranged that locking one section will +prevent the opening of all sections. + +(b) Where used with vertically sliding biparting coun- +terbalanced doors, they shall be so arranged that the +interlock contacts are mechanically held in the open +position by the door or devices attached thereto, imless +the door is in the closed position. + +(c) Where used with center-opening horizontally +swinging doors, either + +(1) both door panels shall be equipped with inter- +locks; or + +(2) where the door panels are so arranged that one +panel can be opened only after the other panel has been +opened, the interlock is not required on the section that +opens last, if that door panel is provided with a door +electric contact conforming to 2.14.4.2.3, 2.14.4.2.5, and +2.26.2.15, except that terms "door or gate" and "car door +or gate" shall be replaced with the "hoistway door" or +"hoistway door section" and the term "accessible from +inside the car panel" with the term "accessible from the +landing side when the hoistway doors are closed." + +(d) Where used with combination horizontally sliding +and swinging doors, either + +(1) the sliding and swinging panels shall both be +equipped with interlocks; or + +(2) where the sliding and swinging panels are inter- +connected in conformity with the requirements of +2.11.13.5, the interlock is not required on the swinging +panel, provided that the interlock on the sliding panel is +so designed and installed that the car carmot be operated +unless the sliding and swinging panels are both locked +in the closed position, as defined in 2.12.2.2. + +(e) Where a door closer, used with a combination slid- +ing and swinging door, is arranged to be disconnected +to allow the sliding panel to swing, it shall be so designed +and installed that it shall not make the interlock contact +when disconnected and released. + + + +2.12.2.4.5 Interlock systems employing a single +master switch for more than one door are prohibited. + +2.12.2.4.6 The locking member shall not disen- +gage when the door is subjected to a repetitive force of +450 N (100 Ibf ) in the direction of opening and at a right +angle. + +2.12.2.4.7 Mercury tube switches shall not be +used. + +2.12.2.5 Interlock Retiring Cam Device. Retiring cams +used to actuate an interlock shall exert a force at least +double the average force required to operate the inter- +lock and shall have a movement at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) +more than the average movement required to operate +the interlock. + +An interlock retiring cam device shall be permanently +marked by the manufacturer with its rated horizontal +force and rated horizontal movement. + +The rated horizontal force shall be the static force +exerted by a retiring cam device in the horizontal direc- +tion when extended a distance equal to 75% of its rated +horizontal movement. The rated horizontal movement +shall be the horizontal distance traveled by the retiring +cam device from the fully retired position to the fully +extended position. + +2.12.2.6 Location. Interlocks shall be so located that +they are not accessible from the landing side when the +hoistway doors are closed. + +2.12.3 Hoistway Door Combination Mechanical Loclcs +and Electric Contacts + +2.12.3.1 Where Permitted. Hoistway door combina- +tion mechanical locks and electric contacts shall be per- +mitted only on freight elevators equipped with manually +operated vertically sliding doors and only at the foUow^- +ing landings: + +(a) the top terminal landing and the landing whose (ED) +sill is located not more than 1 225 mm (48 in.) below +the top terminal landing sill, provided that the elevator +travel does not exceed 4 570 mm (15 ft) + +(h) any landing whose sill is within 1 525 mm (60 in.) +of the pit floor, regardless of the elevator travel + +2.12.3.2 Closed Position of Hoistway Doors. + +Hoistway doors shall be considered to be in the closed +position under the following conditions. These dimen- +sions apply to the doors in their normal operating condi- +tion (see also 2.14.4.11): + +(a) for vertically sliding counterweighted doors, +when the leading edge of the door is within 10 mm +(0.375 in.) of the sill for doors that slide up to open, or +10 mm (0.375 in.) of the lintel for doors that slide down +to open + +(b) for vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced +doors, when the astragal on the upper panel is within +19 mm (0.75 in.) of the lower panel + + + +38 + + + +2.12.3.3-2.12.5 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.1233 Operation of the Driving Machine With a +Hoistway Door Hot in the Closed Position. Operation of +the driving machine when a hoistway door is not in +the closed position shall be permitted under one of the +following conditions: + +(a) by a car leveling or truck zoning device (see +2.12.2.2 and 2.26.1.6) + +(b) when a hoistway access switch is operated (see +2.12.7) + +(c) when bypass switch is activated (see 2.26.1.5) + +2.12.3.4 General Design Requirements. Combination +mechanical locks and electric contacts shall conform to +2.12.3.4.1 through 2.12.3.4.6. + +2.12.3.4.1 They shall be so designed that the lock- +ing member and the electric contact are moimted on +and attached to a common base, in such a manner that +there is a fixed relation between the location of the con- +tact and the location of the locking member. + +They shall be so installed and adjusted that the electric +contact cannot close until the door is in the closed posi- +tion as specified in 2.12.3.2, and so that the locking mem- +ber is in a position to lock the door when or before the +contact closes. In order to prevent motion of the door +from opening the electric contact while the door is locked +in the closed position, multiple-locking points shall, +where necessary, be provided on the locking mechanism. + +2.12.3.4.2 The electric contact shall be positively +opened by the locking bar of the mechanical lock or by +a lever or other device attached to and operated by the +door, and the electric contact shall be maintained in the +open position by the action of gravity or by a restrained +compression spring, or by both, or by positive mechani- +cal means. (See 2.26.2.14.) + +2.12.3.4.3 The mechanical lock shall hold the door +in the locked position by means of gravity or by a +restrained compression spring, or by both. + +2.12.3.4.4 Combination mechanical locks and +electric contacts used with vertical-slide multiple-panel +doors shall conform to the following requirements: + +(a) They shall lock all panels of the door, but shall be +permitted to be applied to only one section of the door, +provided the device used to interconnect the door sec- +tions is so arranged that locking one panel will prevent +the opening of all panels. + +(b) Where used with vertically sliding biparting coun- +terbalanced doors, the electric contact shall be so +arranged that it is mechanically held in the open position +by the door or a device attached thereto, unless the door +is in the closed position. + +2.12.3.4.5 The locking member shall not disen- +gage when the door is subjected to a repetitive force of +450 N (100 Ibf ) in the direction of opening and at a right +angle. + + + +2.12.3.4.6 Mercury tube switches shall not be +used. + +2.12.3.5 Location. Combination mechanical locks +and electric contacts shall be so located that they are +not accessible from the landing side when the hoistway +doors are closed. + +2.12.4 Listing/Certification Door Locking Devices and + +Door or Gate Electric Contacts + +2.12.4.1 Type Tests. Each type and make of hoistway +door interlock, hoistway door combination mechanical +lock and electric contact, and door or gate electric con- +tact, shall conform to the type tests specified in 8.3.3, +unless tested prior to + +(a) August 1, 1996, and shall have been subjected to +the tests specified in A17.1a-1994, Section 1101; or + +(b) March 23, 2002 in jurisdictions enforcing CSA B44 (05a) +and shall have been subjected to the tests specified in +CSA B44S1-97, Clause 11.5. + +The tests shall be done by or under the supervision +of a certifying organization. + +2.12.4.2 Listing/Certification. Each type and make of +hoistway door interlock, hoistway door combination +mechanical lock and electric contact, and door or gate +electric contact shall conform to the general require- +ments for tests and certification specified in 8.3.1. + +2.12.4.3 Identification fVlarking. Each listed /certified +device shall be labeled. It shall be permanently attached +to the device, and shall be so located as to be readily +visible when the device is installed in its operating +position. + +The labels shall include the following data: + +(a) the name, trademark, or certifying organization +file number by which the orgaruzation that manufac- +tured the product can be identified + +(b) the certifying organization name or identifying +symbol + +(c) statement of compliance with ASME A17.1 or +CSA B44 + +(d) a distinctive type, model, or style letter or number + +(e) rated voltage and current, and whether AC or DC + +(f) rated test force and rated test movement when the +device is of a type released by an interlock retiring cam +(see 8.3.3.4.7) + +(g) date (month and year) devices subjected to type +test specified in 2.12.4.1 + +(h) if the device has only been type tested and listed/ +certified for use on a private residence elevator, the label +shall indicate the restricted use + +2.12.5 Restricted Opening of Hoistway or Car Doors + +Hoistway and car doors of passenger elevators shall +conform to 2.12.5.1 through 2.12.5.3. + + + +39 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.12.5.1-2.12.7.3.6 + + + +2.12.5.1 When a car is outside the unlocking zone, +the hoistway doors or car doors shall be so arranged +that the hoistway doors or car doors cannot be opened +more than 100 mm (4 in.) from inside the car. + +2.12.5.2 When the car doors are so arranged that +they cannot be opened when the car is outside the +unlocking zone, the car doors shall be openable from +outside the car without the use of a special tool(s). + +2.12.5.3 The doors shall be openable from within +the car (see 2.14.5.7) when the car is within the +unlocking zone. + +NOTE (2.12.5): See also 2.12.1 and Nonmandatory Appendix B, +Unlocking Zone. + +2.12.6 Hoistway Door Unlocking Devices + +2.12.6.1 General. Except in jurisdictions that limit the +use of hoistway door unlocking devices, they shall be +provided for use by elevator and emergency personnel +for each elevator at every landing where there is an +entrance. + +2.12.6.2 Location and Design. Hoistway door +unlocking devices shall conform to 2.12.6.2.1 through +2.12.6.2.5. + +2.12.6.2.1 The device shall unlock and permit the +opening of a hoistway door from a landing irrespective +of the position of the car. + +2.12.6.2.2 The device shall be designed to prevent +unlocking the door with common tools. + +2.12.6.2.3 Where a hoistway unlocking device +consists of an arrangement whereby a releasing chain, +permanently attached to a door locking mechanism, is +kept under a locked panel adjacent to the landing door, +such a panel shall be self-closing and self-locking and +shall not have identifying markings on its face. + +2.12.6.2.4 The operating means for unlocking the +door shall be Group 1 Security (see 8.1). The operating +means shall also be made available to emergency person- +nel during an emergency. + +2.12.6.2.5 The unlocking device keyway and +locked panel (see 2.12.6.2.3), if provided, shall be located +at a height not greater than 2 100 mm (83 in.) above the +landing. + +2.12.7 Hoistway Access Switches + +2.12.7.1 General + +2.12.7.1.1 Hoistway access switches shall be pro- +vided when the rated speed is greater than 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min) at + +(a) the lowest landing for access to the pit, when a +separate pit access door is not provided + +(b) the top landing for access to the top of the car + + + +2.12.7.1.2 For elevators with a speed of 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min) or less, hoistway access switches shall be +provided at the top landing when the distance from the +top of the car to the landing sill exceeds 900 mm (35 in.) +when the car platform is level with the landing immedi- +ately below the top landing. + +2.12.7.2 Location and Design. Hoistway access +switches shall conform to 2.12.7.2.1 through 2.12.7.2.3. + +2.12.7.2.1 The switch shall be installed adjacent +to the hoistway entrance at the landing with which it is +identified. + +2.12.7.2.2 The switch shall be of the continuous- +pressure spring-return type, and shall be operated by a +cylinder-type lock having not less than a five-pin or five- +disk combination, with the key removable only when +the switch is in the "OFF" position. The key shall be +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +2.12.7.2.3 The electric contacts in the switch shall +be positively opened mechanically; their openings shall +not be solely dependent on springs. + +2.12.7.3 Operating Requirements. The operation of +the switch shall permit movement of the car with the +hoistway door at this landing unlocked or not in the +closed position, and with the car door or gate not in the +closed position, subject to the requirements of 2.12.7.3.1 +through 2.12.7.3.8. + +2.12.7.3.1 The operation of the switch shall not +render ineffective the hoistway-door interlock or electric +contact at any other landing, nor shall the car move if +any other hoistway door is unlocked. + +2.12.7.3.2 The car cannot be operated at a speed +greater than 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min). + +2.12.7.3.3 For automatic and continuous-pressure +operation elevators, provided that + +(a) car and landing operating devices are first made +inoperative by means within the car. This means shall +enable the hoistway access switches and shall be key +operated or behind a locked cover. The key shall be +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +(b) power operation of the hoistway door and /or car +door or gate is inoperative. + +2.12.7.3.4 Automatic operation by a car-leveling +device is inoperative. + +2.12.7.3.5 Both top-of-car inspection operation +(see 2.26.1.4.2) and in-car inspection operation (see +2.26.1.4.3) are not in effect. + +2.12.7.3.6 The movement of the car initiated and +maintained by the access switch at the lowest landing, +if this landing is the normal means of access to the pit, +shall be limited in the up direction to the point where + + + +40 + + + +2.13.4.2.2-2.14.1.2.3 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +(c) The average closing speed shall be determined by +measuring the time required for the leading edge of the +door to travel the Code zone distance. + +2.13.4.2.3 Door Force. The force necessary to pre- +vent closing of the hoistway door (or the car door or +gate if power operated) from rest shall not exceed 135 N +(30 Ibf) (see 2.13.3.1). This force shall be measured on +the leading edge of the door with the door at any point +between one third and two thirds of its travel. + +2.13.4.2.4 Data Plate. A data plate conforming to +2.16.3.3 shall be attached to the power door operator or +to the car crosshead and shall contain the following +information: + +(a) minimum door closing time in seconds for the +doors to travel the Code zone distance as specified in +2.13.4.2.2 corresponding to the kinetic energy limits +specified in 2.13.4.2.1(b)(2) + +(b) minimum door closing time in seconds for the +doors to travel the Code zone distance as specified in +2.13.4.2.2 corresponding to the kinetic energy limits +specified in 2.13.4.2.1(c)(2), if applicable [see +2.27.3.1.6(e)] + +(c) where heavier hoistway doors are used at certain +floors, the minimum door closing time in seconds corres- +ponding to the kinetic energy limits specified in +2.13.4.2.1(b)(2) and 2.13.4.2.1(c)(2), if applicable, for the +corresponding floors shall be included on the data plate + +2.13.5 Reopening Device for Power-Operated Car +Doors or Gates + +2.13.5.1 Where required by 2.13.3.4 or 2.13.4, a +power-operated car door shall be provided with a +reopening device that will function to stop and reopen +a car door and the adjacent landing door sufficiently to +permit passenger transfer in the event that the car door +or gate is obstructed while closing. If the closing kinetic +energy is reduced to 3.5 J (2.5 ft-lb) or less, the reopening +device shall be permitted to be rendered inoperative. +The reopening device used shall be effective for substan- +tially the full vertical opening of the door (see 2.13.4.2). + +2.13.5.2 For center-opening doors, the reopening +device shall be so designed and installed that the +obstruction of either door panel when closing will cause +the reopening device to function. + +2.13.5.3 For vertically sliding doors or gates, +reopening devices shall respond to any obstruction +within the width of the opening to a point 125 mm (5 in.) +maximum from each side of the opening. + +2.13.5.4 Where Phase I Emergency Recall Operation +by a fire alarm initiating device (see 2.27.3.2.3) is not +provided, door reopening devices that can be affected +by smoke or flame shall be rendered inoperative after +the doors have been held open for 20 s. Door closing +for power-operated doors shall conform to 2.13.5. + + + +2.13.6 Sequence Operation for Power-Operated +Hoistway Doors With Car Doors or Gates + +2.13.6.1 Where Required + +2.13.6.1.1 Sequence opening and closing shall be +provided between hoistway doors and car doors or gates +on passenger elevators and freight elevators permitted +to carry passengers (see 2.16.4) when the elevator is +equipped with power-operated vertically sliding slide- +up-to-open type car doors or gates and + +(a) power-operated vertically sliding biparting coun- +terbalanced hoistway doors; or + +(b) power-operated vertically sliding counter- +weighted hoistway doors that slide down to open. + +2.13.6.1.2 Sequence opening and/or closing shall +be permitted for vertically sliding power-operated +hoistway doors and car doors or gates that are closed +by continuous pressure means. + +2.13.6.2 Operating Requirements. The sequence +operation of a hoistway door and adjacent power-oper- +ated vertically sliding car door or gate shall cor\form to +2.13.6.2.1 and 2.13.6.2.2. + +2.13.6.2.1 In opening, the hoistway door shall be +opened at least two-thirds of its travel before the car +door or gate can start to open. + +2.13.6.2.2 In closing, the car door or gate shall be +closed at least two-thirds of its travel before the hoistway +door can start to close. + + + +SECTION 2.14 + +CAR ENCLOSURES, CAR DOORS AND GATES, AND + +CAR ILLUMINATION + +2.14.1 Passenger and Freight Enclosures, General + +2.14.1.1 Enclosure Required, Elevators shall be +equipped with a car enclosure. + +2.14.1.2 Securing of Enclosures + +2.14.1.2.1 The enclosure shall be securely fastened +to the car platform and so supported that it cannot loosen +or become displaced in ordinary service, on the applica- +tion of the car safety, on buffer engagement, or the appli- +cation of the emergency brake (see 2.19). + +2.14.1.2.2 The car enclosure shall be so con- +structed that removable portions cannot be dismantled +from within the car. + +2.14.1.2.3 Enclosure linings, decorative panels, +light fixtures, suspended ceilings, and other apparatus +or equipment attached within the car enclosure shall be +securely fastened and so supported that they will not +loosen or become displaced in. ordinary service, on car +safety application, or on buffer engagement. + + + +43 + + + +ASMEA17.1a-2005 + + + +2.14.1.2.4-2.14.1.5.1 + + + +2.14.1.2.4 Panels attached to the car enclosure for +decorative or other purposes shall either + +(a) not be unfastened from inside the car by the use +of common tools; or + +(h) be permitted to be removed from inside the car +when perforations, exceeding that which would reject +a ball 13 mm (0.5 in.) in diameter, in the enclosure used +for panel hanging or support have permanent means to +prevent straight through passage beyond the running +clearance. + +2.14.1.3 Strength and Deflection of Enclosure Walls. + +The enclosure walls shall be designed and installed to +withstand a force of 330 N (75 Ibf ) applied horizontally +at any point on the walls of the enclosure without perma- +nent deformation and so that the deflection will not +reduce the running clearance below the minimum speci- +fied in 2.5.1, nor cause the deflection to exceed 25 mm +(1 in.). + +2.14.1.4 Number of Compartments in Passenger and +Freight Elevator Cars. Cars shall not have more than two +compartments. Where elevators have two compart- +ments, one shall be located above the other, and the +elevator shall conform to 2.14.1.4.1 through 2.14.1.4.6. + +2.14.1.4.1 The elevator shall be used exclusively +for passengers or exclusively for freight at any one time. +If freight is to be carried in only one compartment, means +shall be provided to lock the other compartment out of +service. + +2.14.1.4.2 Each compartment shall conform to the +requirements of this Section, except that a trap door in +the floor of the upper compartment shall provide access +to the top emergency exit for the lower compartment. + +2.14.1 .4.3 Where either or both compartments are +intended for passenger service, the minimum rated load +for each compartment shall conform to 2.16.1. + +Where one compartment is intended for freight use, +its minimum rated load shall conform to 2.16.1 or shall +be based on the freight loads to be handled, if greater +than the minimum rated load required by 2.16.1. + +Where both compartments are used exclusively for +freight, the minimum rated load of each compartment +shall conform to 2.16.2. + +The rated load of the elevator shall be the sum of the +rated loads of the individual compartments. + +2.14.1.4.4 An emergency stop switch, where +required by 2.26.2.5, shall be provided in each compart- +ment, and these emergency stop switches shall be so +connected that the car cannot run uriless both are in the +run position. + +2.14.1.4.5 An in-car stop switch, where required +by 2.26.2.21, shall be provided in each compartment, +and these switches shall be so cormected that the car +cannot run unless both are in the run position. + + + +2.14.1.4.6 All hoistway doors shall be closed and +locked and the car doors for each compartment closed +before the car can be operated. + +2.14.1.5 Top Emergency Exits. An emergency exit +with a cover shall be provided in the top of all elevator +cars, except cars in partially enclosed hoistways (see +2.14.1.5.2). + +2.14.1.5.1 Top emergency exits shall conform to +the following requirements: + +(a) The top emergency exit opening shall have an area +of not less than 0.26 m^ (400 in.'^) and shall measure not +less than 400 mm (16 in.) on any side. + +(b) The top emergency exit and suspended ceiling +opening, if any, shall be so located as to provide a clear +passageway, unobstructed by fixed equipment located +in or on top of the car. Equipment is permitted directly +above the exit opening, provided that + +(1) it is not less than 1 070 mm (42 in.) above the +top of the car; or + +(2) the exit is located to allow unobstructed passage (ED) +of a parallelpiped volume measuring 300 rmn x 500 mm + +by 1 500 mm (12 in. x 20 in. x 59 in.) at an angle not +less than 60 deg from the horizontal (see Nonmandatory +Appendix C). + +(c) The top emergency exit cover shall open outward. +It shall be hinged or securely attached with a chain when +in both the open and closed positions. If a chain is used, +it shall be not more than 300 mm (12 in.) in length and +have a factor of safety of not less than 5. The exit cover +shall only be openable from the top of the car, where it +shall be openable without the use of special tools. The +exit cover of the lower compartment of a multideck +elevator shall be openable from both compartments. On +elevators with two compartments, if the emergency exit +of the lower compartment does not open directly into +the upper compartment, a guarded passageway shall be +provided between the lower compartment roof and the +upper compartment floor. + +(d) The movable portion (exit panel) of the suspended +ceiling that is below the top exit opening shall be +restrained from falling. It shall be permitted to be hinged +upward or downward, provided that the exit permits a +clear opening with the top exit opening. + +(1) A minimum clear headroom of 2 030 mm (80 in.) +above the car floor shall be maintained when down- +ward-swinging suspended ceiling exit panels are used. + +(2) Upward-opening suspended ceiling exit panels +shall be restrained from closing when in use and shall +not dimirush the clear opening area of the corresponding +top exit opening. + +(3) The movable portion and the fixed portion of +a suspended ceiling shall not contain lamps that could +be shattered by the rescue operation using the top emer- +gency exit. The movable portion of the suspended ceiling +shall be permitted to contain light fixtures connected to + + + +44 + + + +2.14.1.5.1-2.14.1.9.1 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +the stationary portion of the suspended ceiling wiring +by means of a plug and socket or by flexible armored +wiring. Flexible wiring shall not be used to support or +restrain the exit opening in the suspended ceiling in the +open position. + +(e) Where elevators installed in enclosed hoistways +are provided with special car top treatments such as +domed or shrouded canopies, the exit shall be made +accessible, including the car top refuge space as specified +in 2.4.12. + +(f) Immediately adjacent to the top emergency exit +there shall be a space available for standing when the +emergency exit cover is open. This space shall be permit- +ted to include a portion of the refuge area (see 2.4.12). +All exit covers shall be provided with a car top emer- +gency exit electrical device (see 2.26.2.18) that will pre- +vent operation of the elevator car if the exit cover is +open more than 50 mm (2 in.), and the device shall be +so designed that it + +(1) is positively opened + +(2) cannot be closed accidentally when the cover is +removed + +(3) must be manually reset from the top of the car +and only after the cover is within 50 mm (2 in.) of the +fully closed position + +(4) shall be protected against mecharucal damage + +2.14.1.5.2 On elevators in partially enclosed +hoistways, means shall be provided to facilitate emer- +gency evacuation of passengers. Such means shall not +require a top emergency exit. A top emergency exit shall +be permitted. + +2.14.1.6 Car Enclosure Tops. Tops of car enclosures +shall be so designed and installed as to be capable of +sustaining a load of 135 kg (300 lb) on any area 600 mm +X 600 mm (24 in. x 24 in.), or 45 kg (100 lb) applied to any +point, without permanent deformation. The resulting +deflection under these loads shall be limited to prevent +damage to any equipment, devices, or lighting assem- +blies fastened to or adjacent to the car enclosure top. + +2.14.1.7 Railing and Equipment on Top of Cars + +(05a) 2.14.1.7.1 A standard railing conform.ing to 2.10.2 + +shall be provided on the outside perimeter of the car +top on all sides where the perpendicular distance +between the edges of the car top and the adjacent +hoistway enclosure exceeds 300 mm (12 in.) horizontal +clearance. The forces specified in 2.10.2.4 shall not deflect +the railing beyond the perimeter of the car top. + +The top of car enclosure, or other surface specified +by the elevator installer, shall be the working surface +referred to in 2.10.2. + +2.14.1.7.2 A working platform or equipment that +is not required for the operation of the elevator or its +appliances, except where specifically provided herein, +shall not be located above the top of an elevator car. + + + +2.14.1.7.3 Devices that detect imauthorized access +to the top of the car shall be permitted. These devices +shall only be permitted to initiate an alarm. Audible +alarms shall not exceed 90 dBA measured 1 m from the +source. + +2.14.1.8 Glass in Elevator Cars + +2.14.1.8.1 Where enclosures include panels of +glass, or transparent or translucent plastic, the panels +shall + +(a) be constructed of laminated glass that complies +with the requirements of 16 CFR Part 1201, Sections +1201.1 and 1201.2; or be constructed of laminated glass, +safety glass, or safety plastic that comply with CAN/ +CGSB-12.1, CAN/CGSB-12.11, or CAN/CGSB-12.12; +whichever is applicable (see Part 9) + +(b) be provided with a handrail or framing designed +to guard the opening should the panel become detached, +where wall panels are wider than 300 mm (12 in.) + +(c) be mounted in the structure so that the assembly +shall withstand the required elevator tests without dam- +age (see 2.14.1.2) + +2.14.1.8.2 Glass used for Lining walls or ceilings +shall conform to 2.14.1.8.1(a) and (c), except that tem- +pered glass shall be permitted, provided that + +(a) it conforms to ANSI Z97.1, 16 CFR Part 1201, Sec- +tions 1201.1 and 1201.2, or CAN/CGSB-12.1; whichever +is applicable (see Part 9) + +(b) the glass is not subjected to further treatment such +as sandblasting, etching, heat treatment, painting, etc., +that could alter the original properties of the glass + +(c) the glass is bonded to a nonpolymeric coating, +sheeting, or film backing having a physical integrity to +hold the fragments when the glass breaks + +(d) the glass is tested and conforms to the acceptance +criteria for laminated glass as specified in ANSI 737.1, +or 16 CFR Part 1201, Section 1201.4, or CAN/CGSB- +12.11, whichever is applicable (see Part 9) + +2.14.1.8.3 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC, +type 3C film reinforced silvered mirror glass that con- +forms to CAN/CGSB-12.5 shall be permitted for lining +walls or ceilings. + +2.14.1.8.4 Markings as specified in the applicable +glazing standard shall be on each separate piece, and +shall remain visible after installation. + +2.14.1.9 Equipment Binside Cars + +2.14.1.9.1 Apparatus or equipment not used in +connection with the function or use of the elevator shall +not be installed inside of any elevator car, except as +follows: + +(a) Support rails (handrails) are permitted. + +(b) Fastening devices for padded protective linings +are permitted. + +(c) Lift hooks, conveyor tracks, and support beams +for freight handling, mounted in the ceiling of passenger +elevator, shall clear the car floor to a height of 2 450 mm +(96 in.) (see 2.16.9). + + + +45 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.14.1.9.1-2.14.2.3.3 + + + +(d) Picture frames, graphic display boards, plaques, +and other similar visual displays shall be mourited to +withstand the required elevator tests without damage. +All edges shall be beveled or rounded. The material +shall conform to 2.14.1.2 and 2.14.2.1. When attached to +the car wall less than 2 130 mm (84 in.) above the floor, +projections from the car wall, excluding support rails, +shall not be greater than 38 mm (1.5 in.). + +(e) Conveyor tracks shall be permitted in freight ele- +vators cars. + +(f) Heating equipment, ventilating fans, and air-con- +ditioning equipment, if used, shall be securely fastened +in place and located above the car ceiling or outside the +enclosure. + +2.14.1.9.2 Passenger car floors shall have no pro- +jections or depressions greater than 6 mm (0.25 in.). + +2.14.1.10 Side Emergency Exits. Side emergency exits +are prohibited. + +2.14.2 Passenger-Car Enclosures + +2.14.2.1 Material for Car Enclosures, Enclosure Lin- +ings, and Floor Coverings. All materials exposed to the +car interior and the hoistway shall be metal, glass, or +shall conform to 2.14.2.1.1 through 2.14.2.1.6. + +2.14.2.1.1 Materials in their end-use configura- +tion, other than those covered by 2.14.2.1.2 through +2.14.2.1.6 shall conform to the following requirements, +based on the tests conducted in accordance with the +requirements of ASTM E 84, UL 723, NFPA 252 or CAN/ +ULC-S102.2, whichever is applicable: + +(a) flame spread rating of to 75 + +(b) smoke development of to 450 + +2.14.2.1.2 In jursidictions enforcing the NBCC +materials in their end-use configuration, where the ele- +vator is designed as a firefighters' elevator, shall have + +(a) a flame spread rating for walls and ceiling of to +25 with smoke development of to 100 based on the +test conducted in accordance with the requirements of +CAN/ULC-S102 + +(b) a flame spread rating for floor surfaces of to 300 +with smoke development of to 300, based on the test +conducted in accordance with the requirements of +CAN/ULC-S102.2 + +2.14.2.1.3 Napped, tufted, woven, looped, and +similar materials in their end-use configuration on car +enclosure walls shall conform to 8.3.7 or the NBCC and +National Fire Code of Canada, whichever is applicable. +The enclosure walls to which this material is attached +shall conform to 2.14.2.1.1. + +2.14.2.1.4 Padded protective linings, for tempo- +rary use in passenger cars during the handling of freight, +shall be of materials conforming to either 2.14.2.1.1 or +2.14.2.1.3, whichever is applicable. The protective lining + + + +shall clear the floor by not less than 100 mm (4 in.). + +2.14.2.1.5 Floor covering, underlayment, and its +adhesive shall have a critical radiant flux of not less than +0.45 W/cm^, as measured by ASTM E 648 or conform +to the requirements of the NBCC and ULC standard +CAN/ULC-S102.2, whichever is applicable. + +2.14.2.1.6 Handrails, operating devices, ventilat- +ing devices, signal fixtures, audio and visual communi- +cation devices, and their housings are not required to +conform to 2.14.2.1.1 through 2.14.2.1.4. + +2.14.2.2 Openings Prohibited. Openings or hinged or +removable panels in an enclosure are prohibited, other +than as required for the following: + +(a) signal, operating, and communication equipment + +(b) entrances + +(c) vision panels + +(d) top emergency exit + +(e) ventilation + +(f) access panels for maintenance of equipment or +cleaning glass on observation elevators (see 2.14.2.6) + +Such panels, where provided, shall conform to +2.14.1.10.2(b), (c), (f), (g), and (h), except that they are +not required to be openable from the outside. + +2.14.2.3 Ventilation + +2.14.2.3.1 Natural ventilation openings conform- +ing to the following shall be provided in car enclosures: + +(a) Openings exposed to the inside of the car shall not (05a) +be located in the portion of the enclosure walls extending +from a point 300 mm (12 in.) above the floor to a point + +1 825 mm (72 in.) above the floor. + +(b) Openings less than 300 mm (12 in.) above the floor +shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter and be +guarded to prevent straight-through passage. + +(c) Openings above the 1 825 mm (72 in.) level shall +reject a ball 50 mm (2 in.) in diameter and be guarded +to prevent straight-through passage. + +(d) Openings in the car ceiling shall be protected and +shall conform to 2.14.1.6. + +(e) The total area of natural ventilation openings shall +be not less than 3.5% of the inside car floor area divided +equally between the bottom and top of the car enclosure. + +(f) The total unrestricted opening in or aroimd the +car doors or gates shall be permitted to be included as +part of the total natural ventilation required. + +(g) The unrestricted opening provided by forced ven- +tilation systems shall be permitted to be part of the +natural ventilation area on the part of the car in which +it is located. + +2.14.2.3.2 Ventilating fans or blowers, if used, +shall be located above the car ceiling or outside the +enclosure and shall be securely fastened in place. + +2.14.2.3.3 Forced ventilation conforming to the +following shall be provided on observation elevators + + + +46 + + + +2.14.4.8-2.14.5.7 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +guided or restrained to prevent them from coming out +of their runway. + +The bottom of the guides or other restraining means +shall be so constructed as to retain the weights if the +weight suspension means breaks. + +Weights that extend beyond the hoistway side of the +car door or gate guide rail shall be guarded to prevent +accidental contact. + +2.14.4.9 Factor of Safety for Suspension Members. + +Suspension members of vertically sliding car doors or +gates, and of weights used with car doors or gates, shall +have a factor of safety of not less than 5. At least two +independent suspension means shall be provided so that +the failure of one suspension means shall not permit the +car doors or gates to fall; or a safety device shall be +provided to prevent the doors or gates from falling, if +the suspension means fails. + +2.14.4.10 Power-Operated and Power-Opened or +Power-Closed Doors or Gates. The operation of power- +operated and power-opened or power-closed doors or +gates shall conform to 2.13. + +2.14.4.11 Closed Position of Car Doors or Gates. Car + +doors or gates shall be considered to be in the closed +position under the following conditions: + +(a) for horizontally sliding doors or gates, when the +clear open space between the leading edge of the door +or gate and the nearest face of the jamb does not exceed +50 mm (2 in.) except where car doors are provided with +a car door interlock(s), 10 nun (0.375 in.) + +(b) for vertically sliding counterweighted doors or +gates, when the clear open space between the leading +edge of the door or gate and the car platform sill does +not exceed 50 mm (2 in.) + +(c) for horizontally sliding center-opening doors, or +vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced doors, +when the door panels are within 50 mm (2 in.) of contact +with each other, except where horizontally sliding cen- +ter-opening car doors are provided with a car door inter- +locks), 10 mm (0.375 in.) + +2.14.5 Passenger Car Doors + +2.14.5.1 Number of Entrances Permitted. There shall +be not more than two entrances to the car, except in +existing buildings where structural conditions make +additional entrances necessary. + +2.14.5.2 Type Required. Horizontally or vertically +sliding doors subject to the restrictions of 2.14.5.3 shall +be provided at each car entrance. + +2.14.5.3 Vertically Sliding Doors. Vertically sliding +doors shall be + +(a) of the balanced coimterweighted type that slide +in the up direction to open + + + +(b) power operated where facing a power-operated +vertically sliding counterbalanced or a vertically sliding- +down-to-open hoistway door + +2.14.5.4 Dimensions ©f Doors. Doors, when in the +fully closed position, shall protect the full width and +height of the car entrance opening. + +2.14.5.5 Openings In Doors. There shall be no open- +ings in doors, except where vision panels are used. + +2.14.5.6 Door Panels + +2.14.5.6.1 Door panels shall have a flush surface +on the side exposed to the car interior. The panels shall +have no area or molding depressed or raised more than +3 mm (0.125 in.) and areas raised or depressed shall be +beveled at not more than 30 deg to the panel surface. + +2.14.5.6.2 Panels shall overlap the top and sides +of the car entrance opening by not less than 13 mm +(0.5 in.) when in the closed position. + +2.14.5.6.3 The vertical clearance between a panel +and the sill, or in the case of a vertically sliding door +the vertical clearance between the leading edge and the +sill, shall not exceed 10 mm (0.375 in.) when in the fully +closed position. + +2.14.5.6.4 The horizontal clearance shall not +exceed 13 mm (0.5 in.) for horizontally sliding panels +and 25 mm (1 in.) for vertically sliding panels between + +(a) the car side of a panel and the related car +entrance jamb + +(b) related panels of multispeed entrances + +(c) the car side of the panel and the related car +head jamb + +2.14.5.6.5 The leading edges of doors shall be free +of sharp projections. + +2.14.5.6.6 The meeting panel edges of center- +opening entrances shall be protected with not less than +one resilient male member extending the full height +of the panel. The meeting edges shall be permitted to +interlock by not more than 10 mm (0.375 in.). When in +the closed position, the distance between the metal parts +of the meeting panels shall not exceed 13 mm (0.5 in.). + +2.14.5.6.7 The clearance between the leading edge +of the trailing panel of multiple-speed panels and the +jamb shall not exceed + +(a) 13 mm (0.5 in.) for horizontal slide + +(b) 25 mm (1 in.) for vertical slide + +2.14.5.7 Manual Opening of Car Doors. Car doors +shall be so arranged that when the car is stopped within +the unlocking zone (see 2.12.5.3) and power to the door +operator is cut off, they and the mechanically related +hoistway door, if any, shall be movable by hand from +inside the car. The force required at the edge of sliding +doors to move them shall not exceed 330 N (75 Ibf). + + + +49 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.14.5.8-2.14.7.1.3 + + + +2.14.5.8 Glass in Car Doors + +2.14.5.8.1 Vision panels, where provided, shall +conform to 2.14.2.5. + +2.14.5.8.2 Glass doors, where provided, shall con- +form to the following requirements: + +(05a) (a) The glass shall be laminated glass conforming to +the requirements of 16 CFR Part 1201, or be laminated +glass, safety glass, or safety plastic conforming to the +requirements of CAN/CGSB-12.1, whichever is applica- +ble (see Part 9). Markings as specified shall be on each +separate piece, and shall remain visible after installation. + +(b) The glass shall be not less than 60% of the total +visible door panel surface area as seen from the car side +of the doors. Door lap shall not be used in calculating +glass size. + +(c) In power-operated doors, the glass panel shall be +substantially flush with the surface of the car side of +the door. + +(d) The glass shall conform to the applicable strength +requirements of 2.14.4.6. + +(e) The glass shall be so mounted that it, and its +mounting structure, will withstand the required elevator +tests without becoming damaged or dislodged. + +(f) A nonglass edge shall be provided on the leading +edge of the door panel. + +2.14.6 Freight Elevator Car Doors and Gates + +2.14.6.1 Type of Gates + +2.14.6.1.1 For elevators designed for Class A load- +ing (see 2.16.2.2), car gates shall be either of the vertically +sliding type (see 2.14.6.2) or the horizontally sliding col- +lapsible type (see 2.14.6.3). + +2.14.6.1.2 For elevators designed for Class B or +Class C loading (see 2.16.2.2), car gates shall be of the +vertically sliding type (see 2.14.6.2). + +2.14.6.2 Vertically Sliding Doors and Gates + +2.14.6.2.1 On elevators used exclusively for +freight, car doors and gates shall be either of the balanced +coimterweighted type that slide up or down to open, +or of the biparting counterbalanced type. They shall be +manually operated or power operated. + +2.14.6.2.2 Where used on freight elevators permit- +ted to carry passengers (see 2.16.4), car doors shall con- +form to 2.14.5. + +2.14.6.2.3 Car doors and gates shall protect the +full width of the car entrance operving, and their height +shall be determined as follows: + +(a) car doors and gates shall extend from a point not +more than 25 mm (1 in.) above the car floor to a point +not less than 1 825 mm (72 in.) above the car floor + +(b) where a vertically sliding car gate with a door +reopening device is provided, the 25 mm (1 in.) maxi- +mum dimension specified shall be measured from the +car floor to the bottom of the leading member + + + +2.14.6.2.4 The horizontal clearance between the +car side of a panel and the related car entrance jamb or +between related panels of multispeed doors or gates +shall not exceed 25 mm (1 in.). + +2.14.6.3 Collapsible-Type Gates + +2.14.6.3.1 Collapsible-type gates shall protect the +full width of the car entrance opening, and they shall +extend from the car floor to a height of not less than +1 825 mm (72 in.) when fully closed. + +2.14.6.3.2 When in the fully closed (extended) +position, the opening between vertical members shall +not be more than 115 mm (4.5 in.). + +2.14.6.3.3 Every vertical member shall be +restricted from moving perpendicular to the direction +of travel more than 13 mm (0.5 in.). + +2.14.6.3.4 They shall not be power opened, except +as permitted by 2.13.2.1.2. + +2.14.6.3.5 When in the fully opened (collapsed) +position, collapsible gates shall be permitted to be +arranged to swing inward. + +2.14.6.3.6 Handles of manually operated collaps- +ible gates nearest the car operating device on elevators +operated from the car only shall be so located that the +nearest handle is not more than 1 225 mm (48 in.) from +the car operating device when the gate is closed +(extended position), and not more than 1 225 mm (48 in.) +above the car floor. Gate handles shall be provided with +finger guards. + +2.14.7 miumination of Cars and Lighting Fixtures + +2.14.7.1 Illumination and Outlets Required. Cars shall +be provided with an electric light or lights conforming +to 2.14.7.1.1 through 2.14.7.1.4. + +2.14.7.1.1 Not less than two lamps shall be pro- +vided. + +2.14.7.1.2 The minimum^ illumination at the car +threshold, with the door closed, shall be not less than + +(a) 50 Ix (5 fc) for passenger elevators + +(b) 25 Ix (2.5 fc) for freight elevators + +2.14.7.1.3 Each elevator shall be provided with (05a) +auxiliary lighting having its power source located on + +the car. It shall conform to the following: + +(a) The intensity of auxiliary lighting illumination +shall be not less than 2 Ix (0.2 fc), measured approxi- +mately 1 225 mm (48 in.) above the car floor and 300 mm +(12 in.) centered horizontally in front of a car operating +panel containing any of the following: + +(1) car operating device(s) + +(2) door open button + +(3) rear or side door open button + +(4) door close button + +(5) rear or side door close button + +(6) "HELP" button and operating instructions + +(7) "ALARM" switch + + + +50 + + + +2.14.7.1.3-2.15.5.4 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +(b) Illummation is not required in front of additional +car operating panels where the devices listed in +2.14.7.1.3(a) are duplicated. + +(c) Auxiliary lights shall be automatically turned on +in all elevators in service after normal car lighting +power fails. + +(d) The power system shall be capable of maintaining +the light intensity specified in 2.14.7.1.3(a) for a period +of at least 4 h. + +(e) Not less than two lamps of approximately equal +wattage shall be used. + +(f) Battery-operated units, where provided, shall + +(1) comply with CSA C22.2 No. 141 (see Section 4) + +(2) have a 4 h rating minimum + +(3) be permanently connected to the car light +branch circuit + +(4) have an output rating that includes the auxiliary +lights and if connected, the emergency signaling device +(see 2.27.1.1.3) + +2.14.7.1.4 Each elevator shall be provided with +an electric light and convenience outlet fixture on the +car top. + +2.14.7.2 Light Control Switchos + +2.14.7.2.1 Light control switches for in-car light- +ing shall be permitted. When provided, they shall + +(a) be located in or adjacent to the operating device +in the car. + +(b) in elevators having automatic operation, be of the +key-operated type or located in a fixture with a locked +cover. The key shall be Group 2 Security (see 8.1). + +2.14.7.2.2 Automatic operation of the car lights +shall be permitted. When provided, the operating circuit +shall be arranged to turn off the lights onl]/^ when the +following conditions exist for not less than 5 min: + +(a) the car is at a floor + +(b) the doors are closed + +(c) there is no demand for service + +(d) the car is on automatic operation +Momentary interruption of any of the above condi- +tions shall cause the car lights to turn on. + +2.14.7.3 Car Lighting Devices + +2.14.7.3.1 Glass used for lighting fixtures shall +conform to 2.14.1.8. + +2.14.7.3.2 Suspended glass used in lighting fix- +tures shall be supported by a metal frame secured at +not less than three points. + +2.14.7.3.3 Fastening devices shall not be remov- +able from the fixture. + +2.14.7.3.4 Glass shall not be drilled for +attachment. + +2.14.7.3.5 Light troughs supporting wiring race- +ways and other auxiliary lighting equipment, where +used, shall be of metal, except where lined with noncom- +bustible materials. + + + +2.14.7.3.6 Materials for light diffusion or trans- +mission shall be of metal, glass, or materials conforming +to 2.14.2.1.1 and shall not come in contact with light +bulbs and tubes. + +2.14,7.4 Protecllooi of Light Bulbs and Tubes, Light +bulbs and tubes within the car shall + +(a) be equipped with guards, be recessed, or be +mounted above a drop ceiling to prevent accidental +breakage. Cars that operate with the drop ceiling +removed shall have a permanent separate guard for the +light bulb or tube. + +(b) be so mounted in the structure that the structure +and the bulb or tube will withstand the required elevator +tests without being damaged or becoming dislodged. + +SECTION 2.15 +CAR FRAMES AND PLATFORMS + +2.15.1 Car Frannes Required + +Every elevator shall have a car frame (see 1.3). + +2.15.2 Guiding Members + +Car frames shall be guided on each guide rail by upper +and lower guiding members attached to the frame. + +Retention means shall be provided to prevent the car +from being displaced by more than 13 mm (0.5 in.) from +its normal running position should any part of the guid- +ing means fail, excluding the guiding member base and +its attachment to the frame. The retention n:\eans shall +be permitted to be integral with the base. + +2.15.3 Design @f Car Frames and Guiding Members +The frame and its guiding members shall be designed + +to withstand the forces resulting under the loading con- +ditions for which the elevator is designed and installed +(see 2.16). + +2.15.4 Underslung ©r Sob-Post Frames + +The vertical distance between the centerlines of the +top and bottom guide shoes of an elevator car having +a sub-post car frame or having an underslung car frame +located entirely below the car platform shall be not less +than 40% of the distance between guide rails. + +2.15.5 Car Platforms + +2.15.5.1 Every elevator car shall have a platform +consisting of a nonperforated floor attached to a plat- +form frame supported by the car frame, and extending +over the entire area within the car enclosure. + +2.15.5.2 The platform frame members and the floor +shall be designed to withstand the forces developed +under the loading conditions for which the elevator is +designed and installed. + +2.15.5.3 Platform frames are not required where +laminated platforms are provided. + +2.15.5.4 Laminated platforms shall be permitted to +be used for passenger elevators having a rated load of +2 300 kg (5,000 lb) or less. + + + +51 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.15.5.5-2.15.9 + + + +2.15.5.5 The deflection at any point of a laminated +platform, when uniformly loaded to rated capacity, shall +not exceed Vg^Q of the span. The stresses in the steel +facing shall not exceed one-fifth of its ultimate strength, +and the stresses in the pl);'wood core shall not exceed 60% +of the allowable stresses in Section 3.14 of the American +Plywood Association Plywood Design Specification or +CSA 086.1, as applicable (see Part 9). + +2.15.6 Materials for Car Frames and Platform Frames + +2.15.6.1 Materials Permitted. Materials used in the +construction of car frames and platforms shall conform +to 2.15.6.1.1 through 2.15.6.1.4. + +2.15.6.1.1 Car frames and outside members of +platform frames shall be made of steel or other metals. + +2.15.6.1.2 Platform stringers of freight elevators +designed for Class B or Class C loading shall be of steel +or other metals. + +2.15.6.1.3 Platform stringers of passenger eleva- +tors and of freight elevators designed for Class A loading +shall be made of steel or other metals, or of wood. + +2.15.6.1.4 Cast iron shall not be used for any part +subject to tension, torsion, or bending, except for guiding +supports and guide shoes. + +2.15.6.2 Requirements for Steel. Steel used in the +construction of car frames and platforms shall conform +to 2.15.6.2.1 through 2.15.6.2.3. + +2.15.6.2.1 Car-Frame and Platform-Frame Members. + +Steel shall be rolled, formed, forged, or cast, conforming +to the requirements of the following specifications: + +(a) Rolled and Formed Steel. ASTM A 36 or ASTM A +283 Grade D or CAN/CSA-G40.21. + +(b) Forged Steel. ASTM A 668 Class B. + +(c) Cast Steel ASTM A 27 Grade 60/30. + +2.15.6.2.2 Rivets, Bolts, and Rods. Steel used for +rivets, bolts, and rods shall conform to the following +specifications: + +(a) ASTM A 502, Rivets + +(b) ASTM A 307, Bolts and Rods + +2.15.6.2.3 Steels of Other Strength. Steels of +greater or lesser strength than those specified by +2.15.6.2.1 shall be permitted to be used, provided they +have an elongation of not less than 20% in a length of +50 mm (2 in.) when tested in accordance with ASTM +E8, and provided that the stresses and deflections con- +form to 2.15.10 and 2.15.11, respectively. + +Rivets, bolts, and rods made of steel having greater +strength than specified by ASTM A 307 and ASTM A +502 shall be permitted to be used and the maximum +allowable stresses increased proportionally, based on the +ratio of the ultimate strengths. Elongation shall conform +to the requirements of the corresponding ASTM specifi- +cations. + + + +2.15.6.3 Requirements for Metals Other Than Steel. + +Metals other than steel shall be permitted to be used in +the construction of car frames and platforms, provided +the metal used has the essential properties to meet all +the requirements for the purpose in accordance with +good engineering practice, and provided the stresses +and deflections conform to 2.15.10 and 2.15.11, respec- +tively. + +2.15.6.4 Requirements for Wood Used for Platform +Floors and Stringers. Wood used for platform stringers +and platform floors and sub-floors shall be of structural +quality lumber or exterior-type plywood conforming to +the requirements of the following: + +(a) ASTM D 245, Structural Grades of Lumber + +(b) ASTM D 198, Static Tests of Structural Timbers + +(c) ANSI Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-74 or CSA +0151, Softwood Plywood, Construction and Industrial + +2.15.7 Car Frame and Platform Connections + +2.15.7.1 Internal Connections. Connections between +members of car frames and platforms shall be riveted, +bolted, or welded, and shall conform to 2.15.7.3. + +2.15.7.2 Connection Between Car Frame and Platform. + +The attachment of the platform to the car frame shall +be done in accordance with good engineering practice +and shall develop the required strength to transmit the +forces safely from the platform to the car frame in accor- +dance with 2.15.10. Bolts, nuts, and welding, where used, +shall conform to 2.15.7.3. + +2.15.7.3 Bolts, Nuts, and Welding + +2.15.7.3.1 Bolts, where used through greater than +5 deg sloping flanges of structural members, shall have +bolt heads of the tipped-head type or shall be fitted with +bevelled washers. + +2.1 5.7.3.2 Nuts used on greater than 5 deg sloping +flanges of structural members shall sit on beveled +washers. + +2.15.7.3.3 All welding shall conform to 8.8. + +2.15.8 Protection of Platforms Against Fire + +All platform materials exposed to the hoistway shall +be either of the following: + +(a) metal + +(b) other materials that, in their end-use configura- +tion, conform to the following requirements, based on +the tests conducted in accordance with the requirements +of ASTM E 84, UL 723, NFPA 255, or CAN/ULC-S102.2, +whichever is applicable (see Part 9): + +(1) flame spread rating of to 75 + +(2) smoke development of to 450 + +2.15.9 Platform Guards (Aprons) + +The entrance side of the platform of passenger and +freight elevators shall be provided with smooth metal + + + +52 + + + +2.18.6.2-2.19.1.2 + + + +ASIVlEA17.1a-2005 + + + +2.18.6.2 The means shall be set to allow the governor +rope to slip through the speed governor at a rope tension +(the governor pull-through tension) higher than +required to activate the safety or to trip the releasing +carrier as specified in 2.17.15. The maximum tension in +the rope shall not exceed one-fifth of the rated ultimate +strength of the rope. + +2.18.6.3 The means shall be designed to prevent +appreciable damage to, or deformation of, the governor +rope resulting from its application (stopping action). + +2.18.6.4 The means shall provide a continuous ten- +sion in the governor rope as required to operate the +safety during the entire stopping interval in accordance +with 2.17.5.2. + +(05a) 2.18.6.5 The governor shall be arranged to be +tripped by hand to facilitate the tests specified in 8.10 +and 8.11. + +2.18.7 Design of Speed-Governor Sheaves and +Traction Between Speed-Governor Rope and +Slieave + +2.18.7.1 The arc of contact between the governor +rope and the governor sheave shall, in conjunction with +a governor-rope tension device, provide sufficient trac- +tion to cause proper functioning of the governor. + +2.18.7.2 Where the rope force imparted to the gover- +nor rope (see 2.18.6.1) necessary to activate the safety, +or to trip the releasing carrier, if used, is dependent +upon the tension in the governor rope prior to governor +tripping, a switch or switches mechanically opened by +the governor tension sheave before the sheave reaches +its upper or lower limit of travel shall be provided. This +switch shall be of the manually reset type and shall +conform to 2.26.4.3. Subsequent to the first stop of the +car following the opening of the switch, the car shall +remain inoperative until the switch is manually reset. + +2.18.7.3 Governor sheave grooves shall have +machine-finished surfaces. Governor tension sheaves +shall have machine-finished grooves for rated car speeds +of more than 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min). Machined governor +sheave grooves shall have a groove diameter of not more +than 1.15 times the diameter of the governor rope. + +2.18.7.4 The pitch diameter of governor sheaves and +governor tension sheaves shall be not less than the prod- +uct of the diameter of the rope and the applicable multi- +plier listed in Table 2.18.7.4, based on the rated speed +and the number of strands in the rope. + +2.18.8 Factors of Safety in Load-Beariing Parts of +Speed Governor + +2.18.8.1 Material, except cast iron, used in load- +bearing parts of speed governors shall have a factor of +safety of not less than 3.5, and the materials used shall +have an elongation of not less than 15% in a length of + + + +Table 2.18.7.4 iVlyltipUer for Determining +Governor Sheave Pitch Diameter + + + +Rated Speed, +m/s (ft/min) + + + +Number of Strands + + + +Multiplier + + + +1.00 or less (200 or less) + + +6 + + +42 + + +1.00 or less (200 or less) + + +8 + + +30 + + +Over 1.00 (over 200) + + +6 + + +46 + + +Over 1.00 (over 200) + + +8 + + +32 + + + +50 mm (2 in.) when tested in accordance with ASTM E +8. Forged, cast, or welded parts shall be stress relieved. +Cast iron shall have a factor of safety of not less than 10. + +2.18.8.2 The factors of safety shall be based upon +the maximum stresses developed in the parts during +normal or governor tripping operation. + +2.18.9 Speed-Governor Marlcing Plate + +A metal plate shall be securely attached to each speed +governor and shall be marked in a legible and permanent +manner with letters and figures not less than 6 mm +(0.25 in.) in height indicating the following: + +(a) the speed in m/s (ft/min) at which the governor +is set and sealed to trip the governor-rope retarding +means + +(b) the size, material, and construction of the governor +rope on which the governor-rope retarding means were +designed to operate + +(c) the governor pull-through tension (force) in N (Ibf ) +(see 2.18.6.2) + +(d) manufacturer's name or trademark + +(e) statement "DO NOT LUBRICATE GOVERNOR +ROPE" + + + +SECTION 2.19 + +ASCENDING CAR OVERSPEED AND UNINTENDED + +CAR MOVEMENT PROTECTION + +2.19.1 Ascending Car Overspeed Protection + +2.19.1.1 Purpose. Ascending car overspeed protec- +tion shall be provided to prevent the car from striking +the hoistway overhead structure as a result of a failure in + +(a) the electric driving-machine motor, brake, cou- +pling, shaft, or gearing + +(b) the control system + +(c) any other component upon which the speed of the +car depends, except the suspension ropes and the drive +sheave of the traction machine + +2.19.1.2 Where Required and Function. All electric +traction elevators, except those whose empty car weight +exceeds the total weight of the suspension ropes and +counterweight, shall be provided with a device to pre- +vent an ascending elevator from striking the hoistway +overhead structure. This device (see 2.26.2.29) shall + + + +65 + + + +ASMEA17.1a-2005 + + + +2.19.1.2-2.19.3.2 + + + +(a) detect an ascending car overspeed condition at a +speed not greater than 10% higher than the speed at +which the car governor is set to trip (see 2.18.2.1). + +(1) If the overspeed detection means requires elec- +trical power for its functioning + +(a) a loss of electrical power to the ascending car +overspeed detection and control means shall cause the +immediate activation of the emergency brake as required +in 2.19.1.2(b) + +(b) the occurrence of a single ground, or the fail- +ure of any mechanically operated switch that does not +meet the requirements of 2.26.4.3, any single magneti- +cally operated switch, contactor, or relay, or any single +solid-state device, or a software system failure, shall not +render the detection means inoperative + +(2) The failure of any single mechanically operated +switch that does not meet the requirements of 2.26.4.3 +shall not render the detection means inoperative. + +(3) When a fauH specified in 2.19.1.2(a)(1)(b) or +2.19.1.2(a)(2) is detected, the car shall stop at or before +the next landing for which a demand was registered, +and shall not be permitted to restart. + +(4) Once actuated by overspeed, the overspeed +detection means shall remain actuated until manually +reset, and the car shall not start or run imless the detec- +tion means is reset. + +(b) decelerate the car when loaded with any load up +to its rated load [see 2.16.8(h)] by applying an emergency +brake conforming to 2.19.3. The car shall not start or +run unless the emergency brake is reset. + +2.19.2 Protection Against Unintended Car Movement + +2.19.2.1 Purpose. Protection shall be provided with +a device to prevent unintended car movement away +from the landing with the hoistway door not in the +locked position and the car door not in the closed posi- +tion, as a result of failure in + +(a) the electric driving-machine motor, brake, cou- +pling, shaft, or gearing + +(b) the control system + +(c) any other component upon which the speed of the +car depends, except the suspension ropes and the drive +sheave of the traction machine + +2.19.2.2 Where Required and Function. All electric +traction elevators shall be provided with a device (see +2.26.2.30) that shall + +(a) detect unintended car movement away from the +landing with the hoistway door not in the locked posi- +tion and the car door not in the closed position. + +NOTE: Freight elevators provided with combinatiori mechanical +locks and contacts on the hoistway door shall detect the closed +position of the hoistway door and the closed position of the car +door. + +(1) If the detection means requires electrical power +for its functioning + + + +(a) a loss of electrical power to the unintended +movement detection and control means shall cause the +immediate activation of the emergency brake as required +in 2.19.2.2(b) + +(b) the occurrence of a single ground, or the fail- +ure of any mechanically operated switch that does not +meet the requirements of 2.26.4.3, any single magneti- +cally operated switch, contactor, or relay, or any single +solid-state device, or software system failure, shall not +render the detection means inoperative + +(2) '^rhe failure of any single mechanically operated +switch that does not meet the requirements of 2.26.4.3, +shall not render the detection means inoperative. + +(3) When a fault specified in 2.19.2.2(a)(1)(b) or +2.19.2.2(a)(2) is detected, the car shall stop at or before +the next landing for which a demand was registered, +and shall not be permitted to restart. + +(4) Once actuated by imintended movement, the +detection means shall remain actuated until manually +reset, and the car shall not start or run unless the detec- +tion means is reset. + +(b) upon detection of unintended car movement, stop +and hold the car, with any load up to rated load [see +also 2.16.8(h)], by applying an emergency brake con- +forming to 2.19.3, with the car movement limited in both +directions, to a maximum of 1 220 mm (48 in.). The +car shall not start or run unless the emergency brake +provided for the unintended movement protection is +reset. + +2.19.3 Emergency Brake (See Nonmandatory +Appendix F) + +2.19.3.1 Wliere Required + +2.19.3.1.1 When required by 2.19.1 for protection +against ascending car overspeed, an emergency brake +(see 1.3) conforming to 2.19.3.2 shall be provided. + +2.19.3.1.2 When required by 2.19.2 for protection +against uruntended car movement, an emergency brake +(see 1.3) conforming to 2.19.3.2 shall be provided. + +2.19.3.1.3 A single device shall be permitted to +meet the requirements of both 2.19.3.1.1 and 2.19.3.1.2, +or separate devices shall be provided. + +2.19.3.2 Requirements. The emergency brake is per- +mitted to consist of one or more devices and shall + +(a) function to decelerate the car by acting on one or +more of the following (see also 2.19.4): + +(1) counterweight [e.g., counterweight safety (see + +2.17.4 and 2.17.7)]. + +(2) car. + +(3) suspension or compensation rope system. + +(4) drive sheave of a traction machine. + +(5) brake drum or braking surface of the driving- +machine brake, provided that the driving-machine brake +surface is integral (cast or welded) with or directly + + + +66 + + + +2.24.8.2-2.25.1.1 + + + +ASIVIE A17.1a-2005 + + + +2.24.5.2 Braking System + +2.24.8.2.1 The braking system shall consist of a +driving machine brake and in addition shall be permit- +ted to include other braking means, such as electrically +assisted braking. + +2.24.8.2.2 The braking system shall be capable of +decelerating the car from its rated speed when it is +carrying its rated load (see 2.16.8) in the down direction, +or empty car in the up direction from the speed at which +the governor overspeed switch is set. Any deceleration +not exceeding 9.8 m/s'^ (32.2 ft/s^) is acceptable, pro- +vided that all factors such as, but not limited to, system +heat dissipation and allowable buffer striking speeds +are considered. The loss of main line power shall not +reduce the braking system capacity below the require- +ments stated here. + +2.24.8.3 Driving-Machine Bralce. The driving- +machine shall be equipped with a friction brake applied +by a spring or springs, or by gravity, and released electro- +mechanically or electrohydraulically (see 1.3) in confor- +mance with 2.26.8. The driving-machine brake, on its +own, shall be capable of + +(a) holding the car at rest with its rated load (see + +2.16.8 and 2.26.8). + +(b) holding the empty car at rest. + +(c) decelerating the empty car traveling in the up +direction from the speed at which the governor +overspeed switch is set. Any deceleration not exceeding +9.8 m/s^ (32.2 ft/s^) is acceptable provided that all fac- +tors such as, but not limited to, system heat dissipation +and allowable buffer striking speeds are considered. + +(05a) 2.24.8.4 Means for Manual Release. Means shall be +permitted for manual release of the driving-machine +brake. The means shall permit car movement in a grad- +ual, controllable manner. Provision shall be made to +prevent unintended actuation of the device. The manual +release device shall be designed to be hand applied only +with continuous effort. The brake shall reapply at its +fully adjusted capacity in the absence of the hand- +applied effort. Devices required in accordance with Sec- +tion 2.19 are permitted to be teniporarily disabled when +the manual release device is in use. + +2.24.8.5 Marlcing Plates for Bralces. The brake setting +and method of measurement shall be permanently and +legibly marked on the driving machine. + +2.24.8.6 Driving-Machine Bral25 mm +(1 in.) + +<100 mm +(4 in.) + + + +<250 mm +(10 in + + + +Fig. 8.11A2.19Ce) + +(d) The coefficient of friction shall be measured with +the test specimen conforming to the requirements of +6.1.3.3.7(b) sliding in the direction of the step motion +under a 110 N (25 Ibf) normal force at the operating +speed of the escalator and shall be measured with +devices having sensitivity better than ± 2.2 N (0.5 Ibf). +The direction of step motion shall be the direction of +normal operation. If the escalator is operated in both +directions, the down direction shall be used for the test. + +(e) For both the coefficient of friction measurement +and the loaded gap measurements, the center of the +applied load shall be between 25 mm (1 in.) and 100 mm +(4 in.) below the nose line of the steps. The center of +the applied load shall be not more than 250 mm (10 in.) +from the nose of the step. See Fig. 8.11.4.2.19(e). + +(f) Verify that the step /skirt performance index con- +forms to the requirements in 6.1.3.3.7 and 8.6.8.3 (Item +7.17). + +8.11.4.2.20 Clearance Between Step and SIcirt +(Loaded Gap). Escalators installed under ASME A17.1d- +2000 shall be tested as follows (Item 7.17): + +(a) Loaded gap measurements shall be taken at inter- +vals not exceeding 300 mm (12 in.) in transition region +(6.1.3.6.5) and before the steps are fully extended. These +measurements shall be made independently on each side +of the escalator. + +(b) The applied load shall not deviate from 110 N +(25 Ibf) by more than ± 11 N (2.5 Ibf) (6.1.3.3.5). The +load shall be distributed over a round or square area no +less than 1 940 mm^ (3 in.^) and no more than 3 870 mm^ +(6 in.2). + +(c) For the loaded gap measurements, the center of +the applied load shall be between 25 mm (1 in.) and +100 mm (4 in.) below the nose line of the steps. The +center of the applied load shall be not more than 250 mm +(10 in.) from the nose of the step. See Fig. 8.11.4.2.19(e). + +8.11.4.2.21 Inspection control devices shall be +tested and inspected to determine conformance with + + + +315 + + + +ASMEA17.1a-2005 + + + +8.11.4.2.21-8.11.5.12 + + + +the requirements of 6.1.6.2.2 for escalators and 6.2.6.2.2 +for moving walks. + +(05a) 8.11.4.2.22 Step Lateral Displacement Device + +(6.1.6.3.14). For curved escalators, manually test the +device. + +8.11.5 Periodic Inspection and Tests of Otiier +Equipment + +For recommended inspection and test frequency (see +8.11.1.3). + +8.11.5.1 Sidewallc Elevator. Sidewalk elevators shall +be subject to the applicable, periodic inspections and +tests specified in 8.11.2 and 8.11.3. The inspection and +test requirements shall apply to the corresponding +requirements in 5.5. Any additional requirements for +this equipment shall also be checked during these +inspections and tests. + +8.11.5.2 Private Residence Elevators and Lifts. Private +residence elevators and lifts should be subject to the +periodic inspections and tests specified in 8.11.2 and +8.11.3. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to +the corresponding requirements in 5.3 and 5.4. Any addi- +tional requirements for this equipment should also be +checked during these inspections and tests. + +8.11.5.3 Hand Elevators. Hand elevators shall be sub- +ject to the applicable, periodic inspections and tests spec- +ified in 8.11.2. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to +the corresponding requirements in 4.3. Any additional +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + +The driving-machine brake required by 4.3.19.2 shall +be tested with both empty car and rated load in the car. + +8.11.5.4 Dumbwaiters. Dumbwaiters shall be subject +to the applicable periodic inspections and tests specified +in 8.11.2 and 8.11.3. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to the +corresponding requirements in Part 7. Any additional +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + +On winding drum machines, the slack-rope devices +required by 2.26.2.1 shall be permitted to be tested as +specified in Item 2.18 of the ASME A17.2, Guide for +Inspection of Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks. +The driving-machine brake shall be tested to determine +conformance with 7.2.10 (Item 2.18 of ASME A17.2). + +8.11.5.5 Material Lifts and Dumbwaiters With Auto- +matic Transfer Devices. Material lifts and dumbwaiters +with automatic transfer devices shall be subject to the +applicable periodic inspections and tests specified in +8.11.2 and 8.11.3. The inspection and test requirements +shall apply to the corresponding requirements in Part +7. Any additional requirements for this equipment shall +also be checked during these inspections and tests. + +The inspection and test requirement shall apply to the +corresponding requirements in Part 7. Any additional + + + +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + +8.11.5.6 Special Purpose Personnel Elevators. Special +purpose personnel elevators shall be subject to the appli- +cable ir\spections and tests specified in 8.11.2 and 8.11.3. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to +the corresponding requirements in 5.7. Any additional +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + +8.11.5.7 Inclined Elevators. Inclined elevators shall +be subject to the applicable periodic inspections and +tests specified in 8.11.2 and 8.11.3. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to +the corresponding requirements in 5.1. Any additional +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + +8.11.5.8 Sliipboard Elevators. Shipboard shall be sub- +ject to the applicable periodic inspections and tests speci- +fied in 8.11.2 and 8.11.3. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to +the corresponding requirements of 5.8. Any additional +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + +8.11.5.9 Screw Column Elevators. Screw column ele- +vators shall be subject to the applicable periodic inspec- +tions and tests specified in 8.11.2 and 8.11.3. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to +the corresponding requirements of 4.2. Any additional +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + +8.11.5.10 Rooftop Elevators. Rooftop elevators shall +be subject to the applicable periodic inspections and +tests specified in 8.11.2 and 8.11.3. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to +the corresponding requirements of 5.6. Any additional +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + +8.11.5.11 Raclcand Pinion Elevators. Rack and pinion +elevators shall be subject to the applicable periodic +inspections and tests specified in 8.11.2 and 8.11.3. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to +the corresponding requirements of 4.1. Any additional +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + +8.11.5.12 Limited-Use/Limited-Application Elevators. + +Limited-use /limited-applications elevators shall be sub- +ject to the applicable periodic inspections and tests speci- +fied in 8.11.2 and 8.11.3. + +The inspection and test requirements shall apply to +the corresponding requirements of 5.2. Any additional +requirements for this equipment shall also be checked +during these inspections and tests. + + + +316 + + + +8.11.5.13-8.12.1 + + + +ASME Al7.1a-2005 + + + +8.11.5.13 Elevators Used for Construction + +8.11.5.13.1 Inspection Requirements. Inspections +shall include the items specified in 8.11.2.1 for electric +elevators and 8.11.3.1 for hydraulic elevators, except that +the requirements of 5.10 shall apply where they are dif- +ferent from those in Part 2 and Part 3. + +8.11.5.13.2 Periodic Test Requirements: Category 1. + +For electric elevators, test as specified in 8.11.2.2.1 +through 8.11.2.2.5. + +For hydraulic elevators, test as specified in 8.11.3.2.1, +8.11.3.2.2, 8.11.3.2.3(a) through (d), and 8.11.3.2.4. + +Where permanent doors have been installed, test as +specified in 8.11.2.2.8. + +NOTE: For test frequency, see 8.11.1.3. + + + +8.11.5.13.3 Periodic Inspection and Test Require- +ments: Category 3. For hydraulic elevators, test as speci- +fied in 8.11.3.3. + +NOTE: For test frequency, see 8.11.1.3. + +3.11.5.13.4 Periodic Test Requirements: Category 5. + +For electric elevators, test as specified in 8.11.2.3.1 +through 8.11.2.3.4, and 8.11.2.3.6. +For hydraulic elevators, test as specified in 8.11.3.4. + +SECTION 8.12 +FLOOD RESISTANCES + +8.12.1 Flood-Resistant Design and Construction + +Where required by the building code, elevators shall +comply with SEI/ASCE 24. + + + +(05a) + + + +317 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 PART 9 + + + +Part 9 +Reference Codes, Standards, and Specifications + + + +This Part covers the codes, standards, and specifica- from which these documents may be procured (see 9.2). + +tions incorporated in this Code by reference and the Only that portion of the code, standard, or specifica- + +specific editions that are appUcable (see 9.1). This Part tion as specified by the requirements in this Code is + +also lists the names and addresses of the organizations applicable. + + + +318 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +Section 9.1 Reference Documenlts + + + +(05a) + + + +Designation + + + +Standard + + + +Publisher + + + +Applicable to + + + +16 CFR Part 1201-86 +30 CFR 75.1106 +ADAAG +AGMA 218.01 + +AISC Book No. S326, 1978 + +American Plywood Design +Specification A3. 3.1 (April 1978) + +ANSI A10.4 (latest edition) + +ANSI A10.5 (latest edition) + +ANSI A12.1-1973 + +ANSI A14.3-1984 + +ANSI A58.1 (latest edition) + +ANSI/SIA A92 (latest edition) +ANSI Z35. 1-1972 +ANSI Z97.1-1984 + +ANSI Z535.2 (latest edition) +ANSI/ACI 318-83 +ANSI/AWS Dl.l (latest edition +ANSI/AWS D1.3 (latest edition) +ANSI/ICC A117.1 (latest edition) + +ANSI/RMA IP-20-1977 + +ANSI/SAE SP-68 + +ANSI/UL 94 (latest edition) + +ANSI/UL 268 (latest edition) + +ANSI/Vol. Prod. Std. PS-1-74 + + + +Arcliitectural Glazing Standards and Related Materials + +Code Federal Regulations + +Americans With Disability Act Accessibility Guidelines + +Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of +Spur and Helical Involute Gear Teeth + +Specification for Design, Fabrication, and Erection of +Structural Steel for Buildings + + + +Safety Requirements for Personnel Hoists + +Safety Requirements for Material Hoists + +Safety Requirements for Floor and Wall Openings, +Railings and Toe Boards + +Safety Requirements for Fixed Ladders + +Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design +Loads in Buildings and Other Structures + +Aerial Platforms + +Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs + +Performance Specifications and Methods of Test for +Safety Glazing Material Used in Buildings + +Environment 8i Facility Safety Signs + +Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete + +Structural Welding Code-Steel + +Structural Welding Code-Sheet Steel + +Specifications for Making Buildings and Facilities +Accessible to, and Usable by, the Physically +Handicapped + +Specifications for Drives Using Classical Multiple +V-belts (A, B, C, D, E Cross Sections) + + + +Test of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in +Devices and Appliances + +Smoke Detectors for Fire Protective Signaling +Systems + +Construction and Industrial Plywood +319 + + + +USGPO + + +US + + +USGPO + + +US + + +US ATBCB + + +US + + +AGMA + + +US + + + +AISC + + + +RMA + +SAE +UL + +UL + +APA + + + +US + + + +APA + + +US, Canada + + +ANSI + + +US + + +ANSI + + +US + + +ANSI + + +US + + +ANSI + + +US, Canada + + +ANSI + + +US + + +SIA + + +US + + +ANSI + + +US + + +ANSI + + +US + + +ANSI + + +US, Canada + + +ACI + + +US + + +AWS + + +US, Canada + + +AWS + + +US, Canada + + +ICC + + +US + + + +US + +US + +US, Canada + +US + +US + + + +ASMEA17.1a-2005 + + + +Section 9.1 Reference Documents (Cont'd) + + + +Designation + + + +Standard + + + +Publisher + + + +Applicable to + + + +ASME A17.2.1 (latest edition) +ASME Al 7.2.2 (latest edition) +ASME Al 7.2.3 (latest edition) +ASME A17.3 (latest edition) +ASME A17.4 (latest edition) +ASME A18.1 (latest edition) + +ASME A90.1 (latest edition) +ASME A120.1 (latest edition) + +ASME Bl.l (latest edition) +ASME B1.13M (latest edition) +ASME Bl. 20.1-1983 +ASME Bl.20.3-1976 (R1982) +ASME Bl.20.4-1976 (R1982) +ASME B20.1 (latest edition) + +ASME B29.1-1975 + +ASME B29.2M-1982 (R1987) +ASME B29.15-1973 (R1987) + +ASME B31.1 (latest edition) + +ASME QEI-1 (latest edition) + +ASME Y14.38 (latest edition) + +ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel +Code Section Vlli (latest edition) + +ASME Guide Sl-1 (latest edition) + +ASTM A 27-84a + +ASTM A 36-84a + +ASTM A 53 (latest edition) + + + +Inspectors' Manual for Electric Elevators + +Inspectors' Manual for Hydraulic Elevators + +Inspectors' Manual for Escalators and Moving Walks + +Safety Code for Existing Elevators and Escalators + +Guide for Emergency Personnel + +Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and Stainway +Chairlifts + +Safety Standards for Manlifts + +Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for +Building Maintenance + +Unified Inch Screw Threads + +Metric Screw Threads + +Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch) + +Dryseal Pipe Threads (Inch) + +Dryseal Pipe Threads (Metric Translation of Bl.20.3) + +Safety Standards for Conveyors and Related +Equipment + +Precision Power Transmission Roller Chains, +Attachments, and Sprockets + +Inverted Tooth (Silent) Chains and Sprockets + +Heavy Duty Roller Type Conveyor Chains and +Sprocket Teeth + +Power Piping + +Standard for the Qualification of Elevator Inspectors + +Abbreviations and Acronyms + + + +Orientation and Guide for Use of SI (Metric Units) + +Specifications for Mild and Medium-Strength Carbon +Steel Castings for General Applications + +Specifications for Structural Steel + +Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and +Hot-Dipped, Zinc Coated, Welded and Seamless + + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US, Canada + + +ASME + + +US, Canada + + +ASME + + +US. Canada + + +ASME + + +US, Canada + + +ASME + + +US, Canada + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US, Canada + + +ASME + + +US. Canada + + +ASME + + +US, Canada + + +ASME + + +US, Canada + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASME + + +US, Canada + + +ASME + + +US + + +ASTM + + +US. Canada + + +ASTM + + +US. Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + + +320 + + + +ASMEA17.1a-2005 + + + +Section 9.1 Reference Docyments (Cont'd) + + + +Designation + + + +Standard + + + +Publisher Applicable to + + + +ASTM A 106 (latest edition) + +ASTM A 283-84a + +ASTM A 307-84a + +ASTM A 502-833 +ASTM A 668-85 + +ASTM D 97-85 +ASTM D 198-84 +ASTM D 245-81 (1986) + +ASTM D 648 + +ASTM D 2270-79 + +ASTM E 8 (latest edition) + +ASTM E 84 (latest edition) + +ASTM E 380 (latest edition) +ASTM E 648-86 + +B311-M1979 + +CABO One and Two Family Dwelling +Code + +CAN3-B354.1-M82 (same as CSA- +B354) + +CAN4-S104-M80 (R1985) + +CAN/CGSB-12.1-M90 (same as +CAN2-12.1) + +CAN/CGSB-12.5-M86 + +CAN/CGSB-12.11-M90 (same as +CAN2-12.il) + +CAN/CGSB-12.12-M90 (same as +CAN2-12.12) + + + +Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Rule +303.1a Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service + +Specifications for Low and Intermediate Tensile +Strength Threaded Standard Fasteners + +Specifications for Low and Intermediate Tensile +Strength Carbon Steel Plate of Structural Quality + +Specifications for Steel Structural Rivets + +Specifications for Carbon Allow Steel Forgings for +General Industrial Use + +Standard Test for Pour Point of Petroleum Oils + +Static Tests of Timbers in Structural Sizes + +Establishing Structural Grades and Related Allowable +Properties for Visually Graded Lumber + +Standard Test Method for Deflection Temperature of +Plastics Under Flextural Load in the Edgewise +Position + +Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity + +Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic +Materials + +Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Character- +istics of Building Materials + +Metric Practice Guide + +Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of +Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat +Energy Source + +Safety Code for Manlifts + + + +Elevating Rolling Work Platforms + +Fire Tests of Door Assemblies +Glass, Safety, Tempered or Laminated + +Mirrors, Silvered +Glass, Wired, Safety + +Glazing, Plastic Safety + + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US, Canada + + +ASTM + + +US + + +ASTM + + +US + + + +CSA +ICC + +CSA + + + +Canada +US + +Canada + + + +CSA + + +Canada + + +CGSB + + +Canada + + +CGSB + + +Canada + + +CGSB + + +Canada + + + +CGSB + + + +Canada + + + +321 + + + +ASME A17.1a-2005 + + + +Section 9.1 Reference Documents (Cont'd) + + + +Designation + + + +Standard + + + +Publisher Applicable to + + + +CAN/CSA-B44.1/ASME A17.5 (latest +edition) + +CAN/CSA-B72-M87 (R1998) (same +as CSA-B72) + +CAN/CSA G40.21-1972 + +CAN/CSA-S16.1-94 + +CAN/CSA-T515-97 (same as CAN3- +T515-IV185) + +CAN/CSA-Z185-M87 (R1997) (same +as CSA-Z185) + +CAN/CSA-Z256-M87 (R1995) (same +as CSA-Z256) + +CAN/CSA-Z271-98 (same as CSA- +Z271) + +CAN/CSA-Z321-96 (same as CSA- +Z321) + +CAN/ULC-S102.2-IV\88 (same as +CAN/ULC-S102) + + + +CSA A23.3-M84 (same as CAN3- +A23.3) + +CSA 8167-96 + + + +CSA B354 (latest edition) +CSA B355-00 +CSA B613-00 + +CSA C22.1-98 + +CSA C22.2 No. 139-1982 (R1992) + +CSA C22.2 No. 141-M1985 (R1992) + +CSA 086.1-94 + +CSA 0151-M1978 (same as CAN/ +CSA-0151-M78) + +CSA W47.1-1992 (R1998) + +CSA W59-M1989 + +CSA Zl 50-98 +CSA Z248-1975 + + + +Standard for Elevator and Escalator Electrical ASME + +Equipment + +Installation Code for Lighting Protection Systems CSA + + + +Structural Quality Steels + +Limit States Design of Steel Structures + +Requirements for Handset Telephones Intended for +Use by the Hard of Hearing + +Safety Code for Personnel Hoists CSA + +Safety Code for Material Hoists CSA + +Safety Code for Suspended Elevating Platforms CSA + +Signs and Symbols for the Workplace CSA + + + +Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning ULC + +Characteristics of Flooring, Floor Covering, and +Miscellaneous Materials and Assemblies + +Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings CSA + + + +Safety Standard for Maintenance and Inspection of CSA + +Overhead Cranes, Gantry Cranes, Monorails, +Hoists, and Trolleys + + + +Work Platform Standards + +Lifts for Persons With Physical Disabilities + +Private Residence Lifts for Persons With Physical +Disabilities + + + +Canadian Electrical Code, Part I (18th edition). Safety CSA + +Std. for Electrical Installations + + + +Electrically Operated Valves +Unit Equipment for Emergency Lighting +Engineering Design in Wood (Limit States Design) +Canadian Softwood Plywood + + + +Certification of Companies for Fusion Welding of CSA +Steel Structures + +Welded Steel Construction (Metal Arc Welding) CSA +(Metric Version) + +Safety Code on Mobile Cranes CSA + +Code for Tower Cranes CSA + + + +US, Canada + + + +Canada + + + +CSA + + +Canada + + +CSA + + +Canada + + +CSA + + +Canada + + + +Canada + + + +Canada + + + +Canada + + + +US, Canada + + + +Canada + + + +Canada + + + +Canada + + + +CSA + + +Canada + + +CSA + + +Canada + + +CSA + + +Canada + + + +Canada + + + +CSA + + +US, Canada + + +CSA + + +Canada + + +CSA + + +Canada + + +CSA + + +Canada + + + +Canada + +US, Canada + +Canada +Canada + + + +322 + + + +ASMEAl7.1a-2005 + + + +Section 9.1 Reference Documents (Cont'd) + + + +Designation + + + +Standard + + + +Publisher + + + +Applicable to + + + +EN 12016: 1998 + +Federal Test Method +FEMA 302 + +IBC (latest edition) +IEEE 45 (latest edition) + +S0L7\S + +Mil Spec 83420 + +Mineral Resources 30 CFR +Parts 1-199 + +NBCC + +NEMA4 + +NFPA 13-1985 + +NFPA 70 (latest edition) + +NFPA 72 (latest edition) + +NFPA 80-1986 + +NFPA 99 (latest edition) + +NFPA 101 (latest edition) + +NFPA 105 (latest edition) + +NFPA 252-1984 + + + +Electromagnetic Compatibility-Product Family +Standard for Lifts, Escalator and Passenger +Conveyors Immunity + +Standard 191 + +NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic +Regulations for New Buildings and Other +Structures, 1997 Edition, Part 1 — Provisions +(FEMA 302) + +International Building Code + +Recommended Practices for Electric Installations on +Shipboard + +International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, +Regulation 3, 1974 Amendment + + + +Code of Federal Regulations MSHA +National Building Code of Canada + +Installation of Sprinkler Systems + +National Electrical Code + +National Fire Alarm Code + +Fire Doors and Windows + +Standard for Health Care Facilities + +Life Safet^r Code + +Recommended Practice for the Installation of Smoke +Control Door Assemblies + +Fire Tests of Door Assemblies + + + +BSI + +GSA +FEMA + +ICC +IEEE + + + +US GPO + + + +US, Canada + +US +US + +US + +US, Canada + +US +US + + + +NRCC + + +Canada + + + + +US + + +NFPA + + +US + + +NFPA + + +US + + +NFPA + + +US + + +NFPA + + +US, Canada + + +NFPA + + +US + + +NFPA + + +US + + +NFPA + + +US, Canada + + + +NFPA + + + +US + + + +NFPA 255 (latest edition) +NFPA 780 (latest edition) +NFPA 5000 (latest edition) +SAE J514-1992 +SAEJ517-1991 +SEI/ASCE 24 + + + +Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials + +Lightning Protection Code + +Building Construction and Safety Code + +Hydraulic Tube Fittings + +Hydraulic Hoses + +Flood Resistance Design and Construction + + + +NFPA + + +US, Canada + + +NFPA + + +US + + +NFPA + + +US + + +SAE + + +US, Canada + + +SAE + + +US, Canada + + +ASCE + + +US + + + +323 + + + +ASMEA17.1a-2005 + + + +Section 9.1 Reference Documents (Cont'd) + + + +Designation + + + +Standard + + + +Publisher + + + +Applicable to + + + +UL lOB (latest edition) +UL 104 (latest edition) +UL 268 (3'" edition) + +UL 723 (latest edition) + +UL924 + +UL 1037 + +UL 1784-1995 + + + +Fire Test of Door Assemblies + +Standard for Elevator Door Loclcing Devices and + +Contacts +UL Standard for Safety Smol equal (parallel) lay 6-8-10-11-13-16-19-22 + +8 X 19 (^' equal (parallel) lay 8-10-11-13-16-19-22 + + + +(1) + + + +8 to 12 outer wires per strand, 2 to 3 layers over a king wire. + + + +Question (1): Is the "construction of the governor rope" specified in 2.18.9(b) the same as the +'construction classification" specified in 2.18.5.3(f)? + +Answer (1): Yes. + +Question (2) Are they the same as the "construction" in Part 3 of ISO 4344? +Answer (2): This is beyond the scope of A17. +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +15 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 03-26. 03-27 + + + +Inquiry: 03-26 + +Subject: Rule 300.3; Electrical Equipment, Wiring, Pipes, and Ducts in Hoistway and Machine +Rooms + +Edition: Al 7. 1-1996 + +Questions (1): For the situation with a common machine room and totally separate hoistways +for a two-car bank or even multicars, does the Code allow the electrical piping /duct and the +hydraulic oil line to run through the pit of the elevator shaft closest to the machine room to get +to the hoistway of the second car? (Both elevator shafts are completely separate from one another +with a masonry wall from the pit floor to the roof and both cars have their own hoistway venting.) +The electrical pipe and oil line in question are for the farthest car from the machine room. Can +they pass through the pit area of the elevator closest to the machine room? + +Answer (1): Yes. See Rule 102.2(d). + +Question (2): If the shaft was across the hall, can the electrical pipe and oil line be routed +through the pit of the hoistway closest to the machine room and go underground to the shaft +across the hall to get to the hoistways of the car or cars? + +Answer (2): Yes. + +Question (3): If the answer to Questions (1) and (2) is "yes," then how many sets of electrical +piping and oil lines are allowed to pass through this one hoistway? + +Answer (3): If used in cormection with the elevator(s), the number of sets is not addressed. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 6, 2004 + + + +Inquiry: 03°27 + +Subject: Rules 300.7 and 106.1b(3), Pits +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question: Rule 300.7 requires that pits for hydraulic elevators comply with Section 106. Rule +106.1b(3) requires a sump pump where drains are not required. Is this pump required to be rated +to pump oil? + +Answer: No. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +f* + + + +16 + + + +03-28, 03-29, 03-30 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 + + + +Subject: Requirement 2.27.3.1.6(h), Phase I Emergency Recall Operation; 2.27.3.3.1(h), Phase II +Emergency In-Car Operation + +Edition: A17.1-2000 including A17.1a-2002 + +Question: Requirement 2.27.3.1.6(h) requires a visual graphic as shown in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h). +Requirement 2.27.3.3.1(h) requires a "CALL CANCEL" button. There is currently advertised an +illuminated button that serves a dual purpose. The button operator has the visual graphic shown +in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) with the words "Call Cancel" inscribed across the graphic. + +(a) Is the described graphic a violation? + +(b) Is dual use permitted? + +Answer: + +(a) Yes. It is the intent of the Code that these be separate devices. + +(b) No. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +Subject: Rule 101.5b, Ventilation for Machine Room and Control Equipment +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Questions (1): Does the installation of a thermostatically controlled HVAC system, with heating +and cooling capabilities, comply with the requirement of Rule 101.5b? + +Answer (1): Yes. + +Question (2): Does Rule 101.5b require that the machine room be exhausted to the exterior, by +way of an exhaust vent or exhaust fan, in addition to the HVAC system? + +Answer (2): No. See Inquiry 91-22. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +Subject: Requirement 2.2.2.5, Design and Construction of Pits +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Questions: Would an acceptable alternative to the sump pump or drain be a design, certification +and verification that the elevator operation could proceed unimpeded if the pit were filled with +water to the level of the lowest landing? + +Answer: No. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +17 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 03-31, 03-32 + + + +Inquiry: 03-31 + +Subject: Requirement 3.24.3.3, Means of Checking Liquid Level +Edition: Al 7. 1-2000 + +Question: Requirement 3.24.3.3 requires that a means of checking the Uquid level of an atmo- +spheric oil storage tank for a hydraulic elevator shall be provided, and that means must be +accessible without the removal of any cover or other part. + +Many tanks use a sight glass or viewport to allow the level in the tank to be viewed without +removing any part or cover. I find this to be practical and effective. Is the use of a dipstick, a +part that must be removed from the tank, now prohibited, because it is a part that must be +removed, in favor of a sight glass or viewport? + +Answer: No, the dipstick is considered an acceptable means. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +Inquiry: 03-32 + +Subject: Requirement 2.27.2.3, Emergency or Standby Power System +Edition: A17.1-2000 including A17.1a-2002 + +Question: Requirement 2.27.2.3 requires that an illuminated signal marked "ELEVATOR EMER- +GENCY POWER" shall be provided in the elevator lobby at the designated level to indicate that +the normal power supply has failed and the emergency or standby power is in effect. + +An illuminated signal marked "ELEVATOR EMERGENCY POWER" is provided in a fire control +center located just off the elevator lobby. This room is separated from the lobby by a door. No +signal is actually provided in the elevator lobby itself. Does this comply with requirement 2.27.2.3? + +Answer: No. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +18 + + + +03-33, 03-34 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 + + + +Subject: Requirement 2.12.7.3.3(a), Hoistway Access Switches Operating Requirements +Edition: A17.1-2000 including A17.1a-2002 + +Question (1): When will the in-car switch enable hoistway access switches to initiate and +maintain movement of the car? + +Answer (1): When the elevator is within the zone specified in 2.12.7.3.6 and 2.12.7.3.7. See also +2.12.7.3.8. + +Question (2): Does this switch override fire service at any time? +Answer (2): See 2.27.6. + +Question (3): Does this switch only operate and enable hoistway access switches when the car +is stopped at a landing where hoistway access switches are provided? + +Answer (3): See response to Question (1). + +Question (4): Can this switch (if key-operated) be the same as the hoistway access switches? + +Answer (4): Yes. See 8.1.2. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +Subject: Requirement 2.27.3.1. 6(k), Phase I Emergency Recall Operation +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: Is it permissible to bypass fire alarm initiating devices if key switch is left in the +reset position? + +Answer: No. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +19 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 03-35, 03-36 + + + +Inquiry: 03-35 + +Subject: Rule 107.1e, Top Car Clearances for Counterweighted Elevators +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question: Is the counterweight runby that must be used to calculate the minimum car top +clearance the minimum (Rule 107.1b), the maximum (Rule 107.1d), or the actual (measured)? + +Answer: The actual runby is used. It should be clearly understood that the designer of the +elevator system when preparing the elevator plans will determine the counterweight runby in +accordance with Rules 107.1b, 107.1d, 107.1e, 107.1g, 107.1i, 107.1J, and 107.1k. + +The designer will typically specify the counterweight runby on the elevator plans. That maxi- +mum designed counterweight runby is specified on a data plate per Rule 107.1d. + +The Code does not specify that the maximum permitted counterweight runby be used in +accordance with Rules 107.1b, 107.1d, 107.1e, 107.1g, 107.1i, 107.1J, and 107.1k. Counterweight +runbys of lesser magnitudes are permitted by the designer. These are the maximum designed +counterweight runbys. This is what is specified on the data plate per Rule 107.1d for future +reference. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 6, 2004 + + + +Dnqulry: 03-36 + +Subject: Requirement 2.12.7.1.2, Hoistway Access Switches +Edition: Al 7. 1-2000 + +Background: A hoistway key access switch is being requested because the top of car enclosure +exceeds 35 in. However, at the front of the car where the door motor and door control box are +situated and clearly has a place to step onto this measures 29 in. The crosshead measures 21 in. + +Question (1): What is the definition of top-of-car as stated in 2.12.7.1.2? +Answer (1): The top of the car is the car top horizontal plane. See Appendix G. + +Question (2): Is it the top-of-car enclosure only? +Answer (2): Yes. + +Question (3): Would the crosshead enter into this equation? + +Answer (3): No. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +20 + + + +03-37, 03-38, 03-39 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 + + + +03-37 + +Subject: Requirements 8.6.8.3, 8.11.4.2.19, and 8.11.4.2.20; Step/Skirt Performance Index Require- +ments + +Edition: A17.1d-2000 of A17.1-1996, A17.1-2000 including through A17.1b-2003 + +Question (1): When testing escalators that were installed imder A17.1c-1999 and earlier editions +the resulting step/skirt performance index is greater than 0.15 but less than or equal to 0.4; then +is installing skirt deflectors the only option or are there other acceptable options (e.g., reducing +the index to equal or less than 0.15 by other means)? + +Answer (1): Any permanent means that reduces the index to 0.15 or less is acceptable. + +Question (2): If skirt deflectors are added to an existing escalator installed under A17.1c or +earlier editions, is this an alteration? + +Answer (2): Yes. + +Question (3): If the answer to Question (2) is "no," then what would this addition to the +escalator be classified as? + +Answer (3): See answer to Question (2). + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +Subject: Requirement 3.26.8, Pressure Switch + +Edition: A17.1-2000 and up to and including A17.1a-2002 + +Question: Is it permissible for the pressure switch required in 3.26.8 to be of a type that does +not utilize moving contacts to indicate a change of state from "ON" to "OFF"? + +Answer: Yes. + +A17 Committee Approval: October 1, 2003 + + + +Subject: Requirement 2.15.7, Car-Frame and Platform Connections +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: It is being required that a support frame be provided and that the support frame +shall carry rubber isolation pads or pads of approved material on which the platform shall rest +without any cormection to the steel frame. Does the A17.1 Code allow a platform to sit, or rest +on isolation pads, in a frame, without any fastening, bolting, or connection of any kind between +the platform and the frame? + +Answer: The Code requires attachment of the platform to the car frame to be done in accordance +with good engineering practice (see 2.15.7.2). In addition, the Code further requires the platform, +frame, and their connections to meet the static requirements of the type of loading. Constraints +on vertical motion are imposed by other parts of the Code, e.g., buffer strikes and ascending car +overspeed protection. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 6, 2004 + +21 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 03-40, 03-41 + + + +Inquiry: 03-40 + +Subject: Requirement 5.3.1.7.4, Locking devices for Hoistway Doors and Gates; 8.3.3, Type Tests +of Interlocks, Combination Mechanical Locks and Electric Contacts, and Door or Gate Electric +Contacts + +Edition: Al 7. 1-2000 + +Question (1): Are residential elevator hoistway door locking devices as described in 5.3.1.7.4 +required to comply with any of 2.12.2.4? If so, please state which sections, and where in the Code +is this stated. + +Answer (1): No. + +Question (2): If 2.12.2.4.1 is not applicable, are enclosed snap-action-type switches permitted +to be used for sensing the closed and locked position of the door? + +Answer (2): ASME does not endorse any product. Any switches used within the device must +conform to 5.3.1.7.4 and pass the tests as required by 8.3.3. + +Question (3): Are residential elevator hoistway door locking devices as described in 5.3.1.7.4 +required to comply with any sections of 8.3.3? If so, please state which sections, and where in +the Code is this stated. + +Answer (3): Yes. Requirement 5.3.1.7.4 references 2.12.4.1 which references 8.3.3. + +Question (4): If compliance with 8.3.3 is required, in reference to 8.3.3.2, which sections of Part +2 would be "applicable requirements"? + +Answer (4): Requirement 5.3.1.7.4 references 2.12.4, and 5.3.1.7.7 references 2.12.6. The primary +requirements are found in 5.3.1.7.4. + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +Inquiry: 03°41 + +Subject: Section 3, Definition of Designated Attendant +Edition: A17.1-1996 + +Question: The definition for "designated attendant" states that this term applies whenever +elevator operation is controlled from inside the car, and the examples of this are listed as "attendant +service, independent, hospital service, and other similar operations." Fire Phase II operation +would seem to be a rather conspicuous omission from this list. + +Is the elevator considered as being operated by a designated attendant during Fire Phase II +operation? If not, then, for the purpose of this definition, what distinguishes Fire Phase II from +any other "designated attendant" type of operation? + +Answer: No. It is the intent that Phase II operation is used by emergency personnel only, not +authorized personnel. + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +22 + + + +03-42 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 + + + +Subject: Requirement 6.1.3.3.8, Skirt Deflector Devices — Step/Skirt Performance Index Require- +ments + +Edition: A17.1-2000 including through A17.1b-2003 + +Background: There is some confusion as to whether the Requirement wording permits deflectors +to be located at any position other than the specific values written in the Requirement, and being +in conflict with Fig. 6.1.3.3.8. + +Question (1): Does 6.1.3.3.8(a)(2) permit the lower edge of the rigid element lower surface +(nearest the step nose line) to be located further outward than 25 mm vertically above the step +nose line? + +Answer (1): Yes. + +Question (2): If the answer to Question (1) is "yes," is there a maximum "outward" distance? +Answer (2): No. But there is a natural limit that is determined by the balustrade geometry. + +Question (3): Does 6.1.3.3.3(a)(3) permit the lower edge of the rigid element lower surface +(nearest the step nose line) to be located higher than 50 mm above the step nose line? + +Answer (3): Yes. + +Question (4): If the answer to Question (3) is "yes," is there a maximum "above" distance? +Answer (4): No. But there is a natural limit that is determined by the balustrade geometry. +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 6, 2004 + + + +23 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 03-43, 03-44 + + + +Inquiry: 03-43 + +Subject: Requirement 1.T7.1, Emergency or Standby Power System; Section 3.27, Emergency Opera- +tion and Signaling Devices + +Edition: Al 7. 1-2000 + +Question (1): Requirement 2.27.2.3 states, "An illuminated signal marked 'ELEVATOR EMER- +GENCY POWER' shall be provided in the lobby at the designated level to indicate that the +normal power supply has failed and the emergency or standby power is in effect." + +{a) In the case of a multi-car group, should there be one illuminated signal per car, or one per +group of elevators? + +ih) If it is one signal per car, should the light only illuminate when the car is selected to run +on emergency /standby power? + +Answer (1): + +{a) The Code requires one illuminated signal per elevator lobby at the designated level. + +{})) See answer to Question (l)(a). + +Question (2): The introductory paragraph to Section 3.27 states that emergency operation and +signaling devices shall conform to Section 2.27 (except as modified therein). + +ia) Is the illuminated signal referenced in Question (1) required in the case of a hydraulic +elevator that has auxiliary power lowering operation? + +ih) If so, shall the light remain illuminated after the car has completed the recall sequence? + +Answer (2): + +{a) No. + +{h) See answer to Question (2) (a). + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +Inquiry: 03-44 + +Subject: Requirement 6.1.3.6.6, Floor Opening Protection Adjacent to Escalator Wellway +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: Does this rule require the floor opening protection of the inclined portion of the +escalator? + +This is assuming that the escalator is not adjacent to a wall or other structure, but perhaps, in +an atrium situation. + +Answer: Yes. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 6, 2004 + + + +24 + + + +03-45, 03-46 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 + + + +Subject: Requirement 3.18.3.7, Collection of Oil Leakage +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): On hydraulic elevators with more than one cylinder: + +(a) does the Code limit the total amount of oil collected before removal to 19 L (5 gal) per +elevator? or + +(b) may each cylinder be equipped with a container that has a capacity of up to 19 L (5 gal)? + +Answer (1): + +(a) No. + +(b) Yes. + +Question (2): Is an oil return line that returns oil from the cylinder head to the storage tank +permitted by Code? + +Answer (2): It is neither required nor prohibited. + +Question (3): Would an installation with an oil return line described in Question (2) require a +separate means for oil collection if the oil return line did not capture oil that leaked past the +packing gland? + +Answer(3): Yes. + +Question (4): Do the responses to the above questions apply to all previous editions of the +Code with similar wording? + +Answer(4): Yes. See also 8.6.5.5.2. + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +Subject: Requirements 3.25.1 and 3.26.6.2, and Rules 305.1a and 306.9(b); Normal Terminal Stop- +ping Devices and Control and Operating Circuits + +Edition: A17.1-2000 and A17.1-1996 + +Background: As a direct-acting hydraulic elevator approaches a terminal floor on a normal +run, it activates a slowdown switch. It then proceeds at reduced speed and is stopped by a +making contact (completing a circuit) in the leveling switch. + +A failure of the slowdown switch to slowdown the car activates a separate NTSD switch. When +activated, the NTSD switch activates a slowdown independent of the slowdown switch. + +The leveling switch has only one contact. The stopping of the car is dependent on the making +of this single contact, during both a normal terminal stop and a NTSD stop. + +Question: The stopping of the car is dependent on the making of the same single device (e.g., +a device for determining position), for both the normal stopping means and a normal terminal +stopping device stop. Does this meet the requirements of A17.1-1996 Rule 305.1 and A17.1-2000 +requirement 3.25.1 for the operation of the normal terminal stopping device? + +Answer: No, the Code states that normal terminal stopping device shall function independently +of the operation of the normal stopping means. See also Inquiry 97-32. + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 6, 2004 + +25 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 03-47, 03-48 + + + +Inquiry: 03-47 + +Subject: Rule 211.3b(3), Phase I Fire Alarm Activation +Editiori: A17.1-1996 including through A17.1a-1997 + +Background: The rule in 1996 specifically stated that an initiating device in a motor room at +the designated floor will send the elevator to the alternate floor. The rule in 1997 edited the +language about a motor room. The requirement in 2000 returned the specific language for alternate +floor recall. Rule 211.3a states that the elevator will respond "to the first initiating device." + +There is controversy as to where the elevator shall go, based upon the change in rules. It has +been interpreted to mean that fiom the 1997 supplement that the Code calls for the elevator to +respond to the designated floor if the motor room initiating device is triggered first even if the +motor room is at the designated floor and may be remote from the hoistway. + +Question: If a motor room initiating device at the designated level is triggered, is the elevator +to go to the alternate level or the designated level? + +Answer: The elevator is to be recalled to the alternate level in compliance with the requirements +to recall to the alternate level when the detector at the designated level is activated per Rule +211.3b(2). + +A17 Standards Committee Approval: May 6, 2004 + + + +Inquiry: 03-48 + +Subject: Requirements 2.27.3.1.6(1), Phase I Emergency Recall Operation; 2.27.3.3.1(1) and (k). +Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation + +Edifion: A17.1-2000 including through A17.1b-2003 + +Background: The International Building Code requires that elevators conform to ASCE 24 for +construction in flood hazard areas. SEI/ASCE 94-98, Section 8.5 states "Where there is potential +for an elevator cab to descend below the elevation specified in Table 8-1 during a flood event, +the elevator shall be equipped with controls that will prevent the cab from descending into +floodwaters." (Table 8-1 specifies Minimum Elevations for different Structure Categories). + +Question: If a device causes the elevator to move to or shut down and park at a landing above +the Flood Elevation in order to meet the requirements of SEI/ASCE 24, does the elevator comply +with the referenced requirements if + +(a) the elevator remains parked at a landing other than the recall landing when a Fire Recall +switch or Fire Alarm Initiating Device is activated? + +(h) the elevator recalls to a landing other than the recall landing when a Fire Recall switch or +Fire Alarm Initiating Device is activated? + +ic) the elevator remains parked at a landing other than the recall landing when a Fire Operation +switch is activated? + +(d) the elevator does not serve all landings during the flood event? + +Answer: The Committee recognized there are conflicting requirements between SEI/ASCE 24 +and ASME A17.1. The following answers are based on the requirements in A17.1. + +ia) No. +(h) No. + +(c) No. + +(d) No. + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + +26 + + + +03-49. 03-50 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 + + + +Subject: Requirement 8.1.1(c), Security +Editior\: A17.1-2000 + +Question (1): What is the definition of "premises"? + +Answer (1): A17.1 does not define "premises." Undefined terms take on common meaning. + +Question (2): Does it meet the Code requirement if the keys are kept at another building within +the same multiple building project with signs placed at each elevator in other buildings within +the same project indicating the location of the keys? + +Answer (2): Yes. + +Question (3): Does your answer apply to previous editions of the Code with similar wording? +Answer (3): Each edition of the Code stands on its own. +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +Subject: Requirements 2.14.7.2.1 and 8.1, Security +Edition: A17.1-2000 including A17.1a-2002 + +Question: It is assumed that 8.1.1(a) is referring to devices or locks that are not part of or +related to the elevator system. + +(a) A common method of controlling the lights and fan in an elevator car has been to include +both the lights and fan in the same key switch, with the positions marked as off-light-light and +fan. Since the fan is not mentioned in Section 8.1 (except possibly under Rule 8.1.5 Group 4 +Other), and since the keys in Group 2 are not prohibited from being part of a master key system, +can the combination light fan switch still be used? + +(h) If separate light and fan switches are used, can the same key control both, with the fan +being considered part of the master key system? + +Answer: + +(a) Yes. + +(b) Yes. + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +27 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 03-51, 03-52 + + + +Inquiry: 03-51 + +Subject: Requirement 2.27.3.2.4(a), Phase I Emergency Recall Operation to an Alternate Level +Edition: ASME Al 7. 1-2000 + +Question: Requirement 2.27.3.2.4(a) states, "the activation of a fire alarm initiating device +specified in 2.27.3.2.1(a) or 2.27.3.2.2(a) that is located at the designated level, shall cause all +elevators serving that level to be recalled to an alternate level, unless a 'FIRE RECALL' switch +is already in the 'ON' position." + +But what should happen in each of the following scenarios: + +(a) Either the main or additional Phase I Emergency Recall switch is momentarily turned to +the "ON" position (and then back to the "OFF" position), and the car goes into Phase I Emergency +Recall operation. Then, with both Phase I switches in the "OFF" position, the main floor fire +alarm initiating device is actuated. + +(b) Either the main or additional Phase I Emergency Recall switch is turned to the "ON" +position and remains in the "ON" position, and the car goes into Phase I recall operation. Then, +with the Phase I switch still in the "ON" position, a fire alarm initiating device at the designated +level is actuated. After that point, the Phase I switch is turned to the "OFF" position. + +In either of these two scenarios, should the car remain at the designated level until the 3- +position Phase I switch is turned to the "RESET" position, or should it respond to the PAID? + +Answer: Operation of the Phase I switch has initiated Phase I recall to the designated level. +The fire alarm initiating device cannot initiate Phase I recall to the alternate level as Phase I is +already in effect. + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +Inquiry: 03-52 + +Subject: Requirement 2.26.9.4, Control and Operating Circuits +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: This section requires that, when a single ground or failure, as specified in 2.26.9.3, +occurs, the car shall not be permitted to restart. However, there is no guideline as to when the +car is permitted to restart in each case. In the case where a fault is self-clearing (e.g., a stuck +relay drops out on its own) and this can be detected without having to first move the car away +from the floor: + +(a) is it permitted to automatically allow the car to return to service when the fault self-clears? or + +(b) should all of these failures require a physical reset before the car can return to service? + +Answer: + +(a) Yes. + +(b) No. + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +28 + + + +03-53, 03-54 A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 + + + +I + +I + + + +Subject: Requirement 2.25.4.1.9, Emergency Terminal Speed Limiting Device +Edition: A17.1-2000 + +Question: This section requires that, where magnetically operated, optical or solid-state devices +are used for position sensing, and a single short circuit or other type of failure occurs, the car +shall not be permitted to restart after a normal stop. However, there is no guideline as to when +the car is permitted to restart. In the case where a iauli is self-clearing, and this can be detected +without having to first move the car away from the floor + +(a) is it permitted to automatically allow the car to return to service when the fault self -clears? or +(h) should any such failure require a manual reset before the car can return to service? + +Answer: +ia) Yes. + +(h) No. + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +Subject: Requirement 8.4.10.1.3, Elevator Safety Requirements for Seismic Risk Zone 2 or Greater +Edition: A17.1-2000 including through A17.1b-2003 + +Question: Requirement 8.4.10.1.3(a), (b), (c), and (d) all seem to be in agreement that automatic, +power-operated doors must open and remain open when the car is stopped at a landing following +actuation of an earthquake protective device (unless the car is on Phase II). But the Code does +permit the car to be run at a speed of not more than 150 ft/min, provided the counterweight +displacement switch is of the continuously monitoring type and is not activated, though it doesn't +specify what modes of operation would be considered acceptable; nor does it explain subsequent +door operation requirements for cars not on Phase II. + +(a) Once the car has completed the earthquake shutdown and opened the doors as required +(assuming the counterweight displacement switch is not activated, and the momentary reset +button mentioned in 8.4.10.1.3(1) has not been actuated), is it permitted to then run the car on +normal operation, albeit at a reduced speed (if necessary) of no more than 150 ft/min? + +(b) If the answer to Question (a) is "yes," is it permitted to close the doors and keep them +closed whenever the car is stopped at a floor with no calls registered? (NOTE: Requirement +2.11.3.2 would actually seem to make this mandatory for horizontally sliding doors, although +this is far from being clear.) + +(c) If the answer to Question (b) is "yes," is there a minimum time the doors must remain +open? + +(d) In what way might the answers to Question (b) or (c) change if the car has walkthrough +doors and/ or security features? + +(e) If the answer to Question (a) is "no," what modes of operation are permitted in this situation? + +Answer: + +{a) The proposed operation is not addressed by the A17.1-2000 Code. The operation is neither +required nor prohibited. +(b)-(e) See response to Question (a) + +A17 Committee Approval: January 14, 2004 + + + +29 + + + +A17.1 INTERPRETATIONS NO. 27 03-56 + + + +Inquiry: 03-56 + +Subject: Requirements 211.3a and 211.3b(4) or (5) + +Edition: A17.1-1987 through A17.1-1996 including through A17.1d-2000 + +Question (1): When Phase I is initiated via the Phase I switch, must the car complete the Phase +I return before the "OFF" position will have any effect? + +Answer (1): No, however the Code does not prohibit the car from completing recall. + +Question (2): When Phase I is initiated via the fire alarm initiating device, must the car complete +the Phase I return before the "BYPASS" position of the Phase I switch will have any effect? + +Answer (2): No; however, the Code does not prohibit the car from completing recall. + +Question (3): If the answer to either of these questions is "yes," please explain. +Answer (3): See response to Questions (1) and (2). +A17 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+96 + +95b + +95b + +95b + +96 + +96 + +95b + +96 +93 + + + +84 +81 + + + +99c + +84 + + + +BM.l/ASME + +A17.5-1991 +Clause 1 96 + +Clause 1.1 91 + + + +94-60 +99-12 +00-43 +00-36 +97-67 +01-56 +00-02 +95-35 +94-66 +99-13 +99-13 + + + +99-45 +99-45 +98-14 +98-14 +97-10 +01-36 +01-36 +96-25 +96-27 +96-25 +98-06 +98-06 +96-25 + +97-24 +98-12 + + + +85-54 +83-41 + + + +00-06 +94-7 + + + +20 +23 +24 +24 +22 +25 +24 +21 +20 +23 +23 + + + +24 +24 +23 +23 +22 +25 +25 +21 +22 +21 +23 +23 +21 + +22 +23 + + + +24 +19 + + + +99-39 +95-05 + + + +24 +20 + + + + + + +45 + + + +# + + + +A9604A + + + +ASMEA17.1S-2005 + + + +> + +m + +> + +(/) + +o +o + +U1 + + + +Supplement to + +ASMEA17.1-2004 + +Safety Code for +Elevators and Escalators + + + +AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +Supplement to + +ASME A17.1-2004 + +Safety Code for +Elevators and Escalators + + + +AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD + + + +Date of Issuance: August 12, 2005 + + + +This Supplement was approved by the American National Standards Institute on March 23, 2005. It +was issued on August 12, 2005 and is effective as of February 12, 2006. + + + +ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. + +This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National +Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from +competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed manual was made available +for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, +regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large. + +ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. + +ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any +items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard agai'ist liability for +infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability. Users are expressly advised tha'c determination +of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. + +Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as +government or industry endorsement of this code or standard. + +ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established +ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals. + + + +No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, + +in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, + +without the prior written permission of the publisher. + + + +The American Society of Mechanical Engineers +Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 + + + +Copyright © 2005 by + +THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS ^Bt" + +All rights reserved ^B^ + +Printed in U.S.A. + + + +CONTENTS + + + +• + + + +Application of This Supplement — vi + +Part 1 General 1 + +1.1 Scope 1 + +1.3 Definitions 1 + +Part 2 Electric Elevators 2 + +2.1 Construction of Hoistways and Hoistway Enclosures 2 + +2.2 Pits 4 + +2.3 Location and Guarding of Counterweights 5 + +2.4 Vertical Clearances and Runbys for Cars and Counterweights 7 + +2.5 Horizontal Car and Counterweight Clearances 9 + +2.6 Protection of Space Below Hoistways 9 + +2.7 Machinery Spaces, Machine Rooms, Control Spaces, and Control + +Rooms 10 + +2.8 Equipment in Hoistways, Machinery Spaces, Machine Rooms, + +Control Spaces, and Control Rooms 17 + +2.9 Machinery and Sheave Beams, Supports, and Foundations 19 + +2.10 Guarding of Equipment and Standard Railing 21 + +2.11 Protection of Hoistway Openings 21 + +2.12 Hoistway Door Locking Devices and Electric Contacts, and Hoistway + +Access Switches 29 + +2.13 Power Operation of Hoistway Doors and Car Doors 33 + +2.14 Car Enclosures, Car Doors and Gates, and Car Illumination 36 + +2.15 Car Frames and Platforms 44 + +2.16 Capacity and Loading 47 + +2.17 Car and Counterweight Safeties 51 + +2.18 Speed Governors 55 + +2.19 Ascending Car Overspeed and Unintended Car Movement + +Protection 58 + +2.20 Suspension Ropes and Their Connections 60 + +2.21 Counterweights 66 + +2.22 Buffers and Bumpers 67 + +2.23 Car and Counterweight Guide Rails, Guide-Rail Supports, and + +Fastenings 70 + +2.24 Driving Machines and Sheaves 79 + +2.25 Terminal Stopping Devices 81 + +2.26 Operating Devices and Control Equipment 83 + +2.27 Emergency Operation and Signaling Devices 90 + +2.28 Layout Drawings 101 + +2.29 Identification 101 + +Part 3 Hydraulic Elevators 102 + +3.1 Construction of Hoistways and Hoistway Enclosures 102 + +3.2 Pits 102 + +3.3 Location and Guarding of Counterweights 102 + +3.4 Bottom and Top Clearances and Runbys for Cars and + +Coimterweights 102 + +3.5 Horizontal Car and Counterweight Clearances 104 + +3.6 Protection of Spaces Below Hoistway 104 + +3.7 Machinery Spaces, Machine Rooms, Control Spaces, and Control + +Rooms 104 + + + +3.8 Electrical Equipment, Wiring, Pipes, and Ducts in Hoistway, + +Machinery Spaces, Machine Rooms, Control Spaces, and Control + +Rooms 105 + +3.9 Machinery and Sheave Beams, Supports, and Foundations 105 + +3.10 Guarding of Exposed Auxiliary Equipment 105 + +3.11 Protection of Hoistway Landing Openings 105 + +3.12 Hoistway Door Locking Devices, Car Door or Gate Electric Contacts, + +and Hoistway Access Switches 105 + +3.13 Power Operation, Power Opening, and Power Closing of Hoistway Doors + +and Car Doors or Gates 105 + +3.14 Car Enclosures, Car Doors and Gates, and Car Illumination 105 + +3.15 Car Frames and Platforms 105 + +3.16 Capacity and Loading 106 + +3.17 Car and Coimterweight Safeties and Plimger Gripper 106 + +3.18 Hydraulic Jacks 108 + +3.19 Valves, Pressure Piping, and Fittings 110 + +3.20 Ropes and Rope Connections 113 + +3.21 Counterweights 113 + +3.22 Buffers and Bimipers 113 + +3.23 Guide Rails, Guide-Rail Supports, and Fasterungs 114 + +3.24 Hydraulic Machines and Tanks 114 + +3.25 Terminal Stopping Devices 114 + +3.26 Operating Devices and Control Equipment 115 + +3.27 Emergency Operation and Signaling Devices 117 + +3.28 Layout Data 118 + +3.29 Identification 118 + +Part 8 General Requirements 119 + +8.1 Security 119 + +8.6 Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement 119 + +Figures + +2.16.1.1 Inside Net Platform Areas for Passenger Elevators 48 + +2.20.9.4 Tapered Rope Sockets 63 + +2.20.9.5 Wedge Rope Sockets 63 + +2.23.3 Elevator Guide Rails 70 + +2.23.4.1-1 Maximum Weight of a Car With Rated Load or of Counterweight With + +Safety Device for a Pair of Guide Rails as Specified + +in 2.23.4.1 72 + +2.23.4.1-2 Minimum Moment of Inertia About x-x Axis for a Single Guide Rail + +With Its Reii\forcement 73 + +2.27.3.1.6(h) Visual Signal 94 + +2.27.3.3.7 Panel Layout 96 + +2.27.7.1 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation Instructions 98 + +2.27.7.2 Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation 99 + +2.27.9 Elevator Corridor Call Station Pictograph 100 + +Tables + +2.4.2.2 Minimum Bottom Runby for Counterweight Elevators With Spring + +Buffers or Solid Bumpers and Rheostatic Control or Single-Speed + +AC Control 7 + +2.15.10.1 Maximum Allowable Stresses in Car Frame and Platform Members + +and Connections, for Steels Specified in 2.15.6.2.1 and 2.15.6.2.2 46 + +2.16.1.1 Maximum Inside Net Platform Areas for the Various Rated Loads 48 + +2.17.3 Maximum and Minimimi Stopping Distances for Type B Car Safeties + +With Rated Load and T)rpe B Counterweight Safeties 53 + +2.18.2.1 Maximum Car Speeds at Which Speed Governor Trips and Governor + +Overspeed Switch Operates 56 + + + +IV + + + +2.18.7.4 Multiplier for Determining Governor Sheave Pitch Diameter 58 + +2.20.3 Minimum Factors of Safety for Suspension Wire Ropes 61 + +2.20.9.4.5 Relation of Rope Diameter to Diameter of the Small Socket Hole 63 + +2.22.3.1 Minimum Spring Buffer Stroke 68 + +2.22.4.1 Minimimi Oil Buffer Strokes 69 + +2.23.3 T-Section Guide-Rail Dimensions 71 + +2.23.4.2 Load Multiplying Factor for Duplex Safeties 76 + +2.23.4.3.1 Guide Rails for Counterweight Without Safeties T7 + +2.23.4.3.3 Intermediate Tie Brackets T7 + +1.'22)n.1X Minimum Thickness of Fishplates and Minimimi Diameter of + +Fastening Bolts 78 + +2.23.10.2 Minimum Size of Rail-Fastening Bolts 79 + +2.26.12.1 Symbol Identification 91 + +Nonmandatory Appendices + +Q Explanatory Figures for the Definitions of Elevator Machinery Space, + +Machine Room, Control Space, Control Room, Remote Machine + +Room, or Remote Control Room 121 + +R Inspection Operation and Hoistway Access Switch Operation + +Hierarchy 124 + + + +APPLICATION OF THIS SUPPLEAAENT + +(This is a special Supplement to the ASME A17.1-2004 Code.) + + + +The advancement of technologies used in the design and construction of elevator equipment +has enabled the installation of the equipment in other than traditional locations such as machine +rooms. The ASME A17 Standards Conm\ittee opened a technical revision in 1997 to fully address +the safety issues regarding such installations and subsequently formed an Ad Hoc Committee +to formulate the proposal. The Ad Hoc Committee, which was bi-national with nearly equal +membership from both the United States and Canada, developed the requirements necessary to +address the safety aspects of the installation of equipment whether it is located in traditional +machine rooms, control rooms, or in machinery spaces and control spaces inside and outside the +hoistway. Over a period of 6 years the revisions were refined by the Ad-Hoc Committee and the +A17 Standards Committee through the ASME/ANSI consensus process. + +The revisions contained in this Supplement went through numerous ballots to all of the members +of the A17 Standards Committee (Hoistway, Electrical, Mechanical Design, Hydraulic, and Emer- +gency Operations committees) as weU as the National Interest Review Group, the Regulatory +Advisory Council, and the CSA B44 Technical Committee in order to achieve consensus by all. + +This Supplement to the ASME A17.1-2004 Code is the result of that work. + +The revisions contained in this Supplement do not apply to all equipment covered by A17.1 +Code at this time. The revisions in this Supplement apply to new installations of electric elevators +and hydraulic elevators within the Scope of ASME A17.1-2004. This Supplement has been harmo- +ruzed with ASME A17.1a-2005 and replaces the requirements of Parts 2 and 3 in its entirety, and +modifies the definitions of Part 1 as well as the requirements of Part 8 as shown in the Supplement. + +This Supplement does not apply to equipment covered by the Scopes of Parts 4, 5, 6, and 7 of +ASME Al 7. 1-2004 including A17.1a-2005, and all references within these Parts are to the require- +ments in ASME A17.1-2004 including A17.1a-2005, not to the requirements in this Supplement. + +The requirements are being released as a special Supplement to the ASME Al 7. 1-2004 Code +at the request of industry and the A17 Standards Committee. + + + +SECTION 1.1-SECTION 1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +SUPPLEMENT TO ASME A17.1-2004 SAFETY CODE FOR +ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS + +Parti +General + + + +SECTION 1.1 +SCOPE + +See A17.1-2004 including A17.1a-2005 for any addi- +tional requirements that apply. + + + +SECTION 1.3 +DEFINITIONS + +control room, elevator, dumbwaiter, material lift: an + +enclosed control space outside the hoistway, intended +for full bodily entry, which contains the motor controller. +The room could also contain electrical and /or mechani- +cal equipment used directly in connection with the eleva- +tor, dumbwaiter, or material lift but not the electric +driving machine or the hydraulic machine. (See Appen- +dix Q.) + +control space, elevator, dumbwaiter, material lift: a + +space inside or outside the hoistway, intended to be +accessed with or without full bodily entry, which con- +tains the motor controller. This space could also contain +electrical and/or mechanical equipment used directly +in coruiection with the elevator, dumbwaiter, or material +Uft but not the electric driving machine or the hydraulic +machine. (See Appendix Q.) + +NOTE: See 2.7.6.3.2 for an exception regarding the location of a +motor controller. + + + +machine room and control room, remote, elevator, +dumbwaiter, material lift: a machine room or control +room that is not attached to the outside perimeter or +surface of the walls, ceiling, or floor of the hoistway. +(See Appendix Q.) + +machine room, elevator, dumbwaiter, material lift: an + +enclosed machinery space outside the hoistway, +intended for fuU bodily entry, which contains the electric +driving machine or the hydraulic machine. The room +could also contain electrical and /or mechanical equip- +ment used directly in connection with the elevator, +dumbwaiter, or material lift. (See Appendix Q.) + +machinery space, elevator, dumbwaiter, material lift: + +a space inside or outside the hoistway, intended to be +accessed with or without fuU bodily entry, which con- +tains elevator, dumbwaiter, or material lift mechanical +equipment, and could also contain electrical equipment +used directly in connection with the elevator, dumb- +waiter, or material lift. This space could also contain the +electric driving machine or the hydraulic machine. (See +Appendix Q.) + +machinery space and control space, remote, elevator, +dumbwaiter, material lift: a machinery space or control +space that is not within the hoistway, machine room, or +control room, and that is not attached to the outside +perimeter or surface of the walls, celling, or floor of the +hoistway. (See Appendix Q.) + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +SCOPE-2.1.1.3 + + + +Part 2 +Electric Elevators + + + +SCOPE + +Part 2 applies to electric elevators installed at an angle +greater than 70 deg from the horizontal. It applies to +other equipment only as referenced in the applicable +Part. + +NOTE: See also Part 8 for additional requirements that apply to +electric elevators. + + + +SECTION 2.1 + +CONSTRUCTION OF HOISTWAYS AND HOISTWAY + +ENCLOSURES + +2.1.1 Hoistway Enclosures + +Hoistway enclosures shall conform to 2.1.1.1, 2.1.1.2, +or 2.1.1.3. + +2.1.1.1 Fire-Resistive Construction + +2.1.1.1.1 Where fire-resistive construction is +required, hoistways shall be enclosed in conformance +with the requirements of the building code (see 1.3). + +2.1.1.1.2 Partitions between hoistways and + +(a) machinery spaces outside the hoistway + +(b) machine rooms + +(c) control spaces outside the hoistway + +(d) control rooms + +having fire-resistive enclosures shaU be of noncombusti- +ble solid or openwork construction that meets the +requirements of 2.1.1.2.2(d)(1), (2), and (3). Partitions of +solid construction shaU be permitted to have openings +essential for ropes, drums, sheaves, and other elevator +equipment. + +Openwork construction shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) +in diameter, except where there are openings essential +for ropes, drums, sheaves, and other elevator equipment. + +2.1.1.1.3 Hoistway enclosure openings shall be +protected with entrances or access doors having a fire- +protection rating conforming to the requirements of the +building code. + +2.1.1.2 Non-Fire-Resistive Construction + +2.1.1.2.1 Where fire-resistive construction is not +required by the building code, hoistway construction +shall conform to 2.1.1.2.2 or 2.1.1.3. + +2.1.1.2.2 The hoistway shall be fully enclosed con- +forming to 2.1.1.2.2(a), (b), (c), and (d); or 2.1.1.2.2(a), +(b), and (e). + + + +(a) Enclosures and doors shall be unperforated to a +height of 2 000 mm (79 in.) above each floor or landing +and above the treads of adjacent stairways. The enclo- +sure shall be unperforated, adjacent to, and for 150 mm +(6 in.) on either side of any moving equipment that is +within 100 mm (4 in.) of the enclosure. + +(h) Partitions between hoistways and + +(1) machinery spaces outside the hoistway + +(2) machine rooms + +(3) control spaces outside the hoistway + +(4) control rooms + +shall be of solid or openwork construction that meets +the requirements of 2.1.1.2.2(d)(1), (2), and (3). Partitions +of soHd construction shall be permitted to have openings +essential for ropes, dnmis, sheaves, and other elevator +equipment. Openwork construction shall reject a ball +25 mm (1 in.) in diameter, except where there are open- +ings for ropes, drums, sheaves, and other elevator +equipment. + +(c) Openwork enclosures, where used above the +2 000 mm (79 in.) level, shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) +in diameter. + +(d) Openwork enclosures shaU be + +(1) at least 2.2 mm (0.087 in.) thick wire, if of steel +wire griUe + +(2) at least 2.2 mm (0.087 in.) thick, if of +expanded metal + +(3) so supported and braced as to deflect not over +15 mm (0.6 in.) when subjected to a force of 450 N +(100 Ibf ) applied horizontally at any point + +(e) Enclosures shall be permitted to be glass, provided +it is laminated glass confornung to ANSI Z97.1, 16 CFR +Part 1201, or CAN/CGSB-12.1, whichever is applicable +(see Part 9). Markings as specified in the applicable stan- +dard shall be on each separate piece of glass and shaU +remain visible after installation. + +2.1.1.2.3 Entrances shall be in conformance with +2.11, except 2.11.14, 2.11.15, 2.11.16, and 2.11.18. + +2.1.1.3 Partially Enclosed Hoistways. For elevators +that are not fully enclosed, protection at least 2 400 mm +(94.5 in.) high shall be provided on the hoistway sides +that are located 1 500 mm (59 in.) or less from elevator +equipment to areas accessible to other than elevator per- +sonnel. Such protection shall comply with 2.1.1.2. + + + +2.1.1.4-2.1.5 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.1.1.4 Multiple Hoistways. The number of elevators +permissible in a hoistway shall be in conformance with +the building code. + +2.1.1.5 Strength of Enclosure. The hoistway enclo- +sure adjacent to a landing opening shall be of sufficient +strength to maintain, in true lateral alignment, the +hoistway entrances. Operating mechanisms and locking +devices shall be supported by the building wall, if load- +bearing, or by other building structure. Adequate con- +sideration shall be given to pressure exerted on hoistway +enclosures as a result of windage and elevator operation. + +2.1.2 Construction at Top and Bottom of the +Hoistway + +2.1.2.1 Construction at Top of the Hoistway. The top + +of the hoistway shall be enclosed as required by the +building code. + +2.1.2.2 Construction at Bottom of Hoistway. Pits +extending to the ground shall have noncombustible +floors, and shall be designed to prevent entry of ground +water into the pit. The pit floor of any hoistway not +extending to the groimd shall be of construction having +a fire-resistance rating at least equal to that required for +the hoistway enclosure. (See also 2.2 and 2.6.) + +2.1.2.3 Strength of Pit Floor. The pit equipment, +beams, floor, and their supports shall be designed and +constructed to meet the applicable building code +requirements and to withstand the following loads, +without permanent deformation, in the manner in which +they occur: + +(a) the impact load due to car or counterweight buffer +engagement at 125% of the rated speed or 125% of the +striking speed where reduced stroke buffers are used +(see 8.2.3) + +(b) the part of the load transmitted due to the applica- +tion of the car safety, or where applicable, the counter- +weight safety + +(c) compensation up-puU load where compensation +tie-down is applied (see 2.17.17) + +(d) the loads imposed by a driving machine where +applicable (see 2.9) + +(e) any other elevator-related loads that are transmit- +ted to the pit floor + +2.1.3 Floor Over Hoistways + +2.1.3.1 General Requirements + +2.1.3.1.1 A metal or concrete floor shall be pro- +vided at the top of the hoistway + +(a) where a machine room or control room is located +above the hoistway + +(b) below overhead sheaves and other equipment that +are located over the hoistway and means of access con- +forming to 2.7.6.3.3 are not provided + + + +(c) below governors that are located over the hoistway +and means of access conforming to 2.7.6.3.4 are not pro- +vided + +2.1 .3.1 .2 Floors are not required below secondary +and deflecting sheaves of traction-type machines located +over the hoistway. + +2.1.3.2 Strength of Floor. Overhead floors shall be +capable of sustaining a concentrated load of 1 000 N +(225 lb) on any 2 000 mm^ (3 in.^) area, and in addition, +where it constitutes the floor of the main or secondary +level machinery space, it shall be designed for a live +load of not less than 6 kPa (125 Ib/ft^) in aU open areas. + +Where the elevator driving machine is to be supported +solely by the machine room floor slab, the floor slab +shall be designed in accordance with 2.9.4 and 2.9.5. + +2.1.3.3 Construction of Floors. Floors shall be of con- +crete or metal construction with or without perforations. +Metal floors shall conform to the following: + +(a) If of bar-type grating, the openings between bars +shall reject a ball 20 nmi (0.8 in.) in diameter. + +(b) If of perforated sheet metal or of fabricated open- +work construction, the operungs shall reject a ball 25 mm +(1 in.) in diameter. + +2.1.3.4 Area to Be Covered by Floor. Where a floor +over a hoistway is required by 2.1.3.1, the floor shall +extend over the entire area of the hoistway where the +cross-sectional area is 10 m^ (108 ft^) or less. Where the +cross-sectional area is greater, the floor shall extend not +less than 600 mm (24 in.) beyond the general contour +of the machine or sheaves or other equipment, and to +the entrance to the machinery space at or above the level +of that floor. Where the floor does not cover the entire +horizontal area of the hoistway, the open or exposed +sides shall be provided with a standard railing conform- +ing to 2.10.2. + +2.1.4 Control of Smolce and Hot Gases + +When required by the building code, hoistways shall +be provided with means to prevent the accimiulation of +smoke and hot gases. + +Where air pressurization of the hoistway is utilized +as a means of smoke and hot gas control, the air shall +not be introduced into the hoistway in such a manner +as to cause erratic operation by impingement of traveling +cables, selector tapes, governor ropes, compensating +ropes, and other components sensitive to excessive +movement or deflection. + +2.1.5 Windows and Skylights + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, windows in +the walls of hoistway enclosures are prohibited. + +Windows and skylights and their frames and sashes +in machine rooms and control rooms shall conform to +the requirements of the building code (see 1.3). + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.1.6-2.2A2 + + + +2.1.6 Projections, Recesses, and Setbacks in +Hoistway Enclosures + +Hoistway enclosures shall have flush surfaces on the +hoistway side, subject to the requirements of 2.1.6.1 and +2.1.6.2. + +2.1.6.1 On sides for loading and unloading, landing +sills, hoistway doors, door tracks, and hangers shall be +permitted to project inside the hoistway enclosure. Sills +shall be guarded as required by 2.11.10.1. + +2.1 .6.2 On sides not used for loading and unloading +(a) recesses, except those necessary for installation of + +elevator equipment, shall not be permitted + +(h) beams, floor slabs, or other building construction +making an angle less than 75 deg with the horizontal +shall not project more than 100 mm (4 in.) inside the +hoistway enclosure unless the top surface of the projec- +tion is beveled at an angle not less than 75 deg with the +horizontal + +(c) separator beams between adjacent elevators are +not required to have bevels + +(d) where setbacks exceeding 100 mm (4 in.) occur in +the enclosure wall, the top of the setback shall be beveled +at an angle of not less than 75 deg with the horizontal + +(e) bevels are not required if the projections and set- +backs are covered with material conforming to the fol- +lowing: + +(1) it shall be equal to or stronger than 1.110 mm +(0.0437 in.) wire + +(2) it shall have openings not exceeding 25 mm +(lin.) + +(3) it shall be supported and braced such that it +will not deflect more than 25 mm (1 in.) when subjected +to a force of 4.79 kPa (100 Ibf/ft^) appUed horizontally +at any point + +SECTION 2.2 +PITS + +2.2.1 General + +A pit shall be provided for every elevator. + +2.2.2 Design and Construction of Pits + +2.2.2.1 The construction of the pit walls, the pit floor, +and any pit access doors (see 2.2.4) shall conform to +2.1.1 and 2.1.2. + +2.2.2.2 The floor of the pit shall be approximately +level, except that + +(a) trenches or depressions shall be permitted for the +installation of buffers, compensating sheaves and +frames, and vertically sliding biparting hoistway doors, +where structural conditions make such trenches or +depressions necessary + + + +(b) in existing buildings, where new elevators are +installed or existing elevators are altered, existing foun- +dation footings extending above the general level of the +pit floor shall be permitted to remain in place, provided +that the maximum encroachment of such footings does +not exceed 15% of the cubic content of the pit, and further +provided that it is impracticable to remove the footing + +2.2.2.3 Permanent provisions shall be made to pre- +vent accumulation of ground water in the pit (see +2.1.2.2). + +2.2.2.4 Drains and sump pumps, where provided, +shall comply with the applicable plumbing code, and +they shall be provided with a positive means to prevent +water, gases, and odors from entering the hoistway. + +2.2.2.5 In elevators provided with Firefighters' +Emergency Operation, a drain or simip pump shall be +provided. + +2.2.2.6 Sumps and sump pimips in pits, where pro- +vided, shall be covered. The cover shall be secured and +level with the pit floor. + +2.2.2.7 In jurisdictions enforcing the ISfBCC sump +pumps and their control equipment shall not be installed +in any elevator pit. + +2.2.3 Guards Between Adjacent Pits + +2.2.3.1 Where there is a difference in level between +the floors of adjacent pits, a metal guard, imperforated, +or perforated with openings that wiU reject a ball 50 mm +(2 in.) in diameter, shall be installed for separating such +pits. Guards shall extend not less than 2 000 mm (79 in.) +above the level of the higher pit floor and a self-closing +access door shall be permitted. + +2.2.3.2 Where the difference in level is 600 mm +(24 in.) or less, a standard railing conforming to 2.10.2 +shall be permitted to be installed in lieu of the guard. + +2.2.4 Access to Pits + +Safe and convenient access shall be provided to all +pits, and shall conform to 2.2.4.1 through 2.2.4.4. + +2.2.4.1 Access shall be by means of the lowest +hoistway door or by means of a separate pit access door. + +2.2.4.2 There shall be installed in the pit of each +elevator, where the pit extends more than 900 mm (35 in.) +below the sill of the pit access door, a fixed vertical +ladder of noncombustible material, located within reach +of the access door. The ladder shall extend not less than +1 200 mm (48 in.) above the sill of the access door. The +rungs, cleats, or steps shall be a minimimi of 400 mm +(16 in.) wide. When unavoidable obstructions are +encountered, the width shall be permitted to be +decreased to less than 400 mm (16 in.). The reduced +width shaU be as wide as the available space permits. + + + +2.2A2-2.3.1 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +but not less than 225 mm (9 in.). The nmgs, cleats, or +steps shall be spaced 300 mm (12 in.) on center. A clear +distance of not less than 180 mm (7 in.) from the center- +line of the rungs, cleats, or steps to the nearest permanent +object in back of the ladder shall be provided. When +unavoidable obstructions are encoimtered, the distance +shall be permitted to be reduced to 115 mm (4.5 in.). +Siderails, if provided, shall have a clear distance of not +less than 115 mm (4.5 in.) from their centerline to the +nearest permanent object. The nearest point of the ladder +shaU be within 1 000 mm (39 in.), measured horizontally +from the means to unlock the egress door from the pit. +Pit access by a ladder shall not be permitted when +the pit floor is more than 3 000 mm (120 in.) below the +sill of the access door, except where there is no building +floor below the bottom terminal landing, this height +shall be permitted to be greater but not more than +4 200 mm (165 in.). + +2.2.4.3 Pits shall be accessible only to elevator per- +sonnel. + +2.2.4.4 Separate pit door, when provided, shall be +subject to the following requirements: + +(a) If the door swings into the pit, it shall be located +so that it does not interfere with moving equipment. + +(h) If the door swings out, and the lowest structural +or mechanical part, equipment, or device installed +beneath the car platform, except guide shoes or rollers +or safety jaw assemblies, projects below the top of the +separate pit access door operiing when the car is level +with the bottom terminal landing + +(1) an electric contact conforming to 2.26.2.26 shall +be provided to prevent operation of the elevator when +the door is open + +(2) the door shall be provided with a vision panel(s) +that is glazed with clear wired glass not less than 6 mm +(0.25 in.) thick, will reject a ball 150 mm (6 in.) in diame- +ter, and have an area of not more than 0.03 m^ (47 in.^) + +(c) The door shall provide a mirumum opening of +750 mm (29.5 in.) in width and 1 825 mm (72 in.) in +height. + +(d) The door shall be equipped with a barrier con- +forming to 2.11.1.2(i), where the door siU is located more +than 300 mm (12 in.) above the pit floor. + +(e) The door shall be self-closing and provided with +a spring-type lock arranged to permit the door to be +opened from inside of the pit without a key. Such doors +shall be kept closed and locked. The key shall be of +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +2.2.5 Illumination of Pits + +A permanent lighting fixture shall be provided and +shall conform to 2.2.5.1 through 2.2.5.3. + +2.2.5.1 The lighting shall provide an illumination of +not less than 100 Ix (10 fc) at the pit floor and at a pit +platform, when provided. + + + +2.2.5.2 The light bulb(s) shall be externally guarded +to prevent contact and accidental breakage. + +2.2.5.3 The light switch shall be so located as to be +accessible from the pit access door. + +2.2.6 Stop Switch in Pits + +An enclosed stop switch(es), meeting the require- +ments of 2.26.2.7 and 2.2.6.1 through 2.2.6.3, shall be +installed in the pit of each elevator. + +2.2.6.1 The stop switch shall be so located as to be +accessible from the pit access door. Where access to the +pits of elevators in a multiple hoistway is by means of +a single access door, the stop switch for each elevator +shall be located adjacent to the nearest point of access +to its pit from the access door. + +2.2.6.2 In elevators where access to the pit is through +the lowest landing hoistway door, a stop switch shaU +be located approximately 450 mm (18 in.) above the +floor level of the landing, within reach from this access +floor and adjacent to the pit ladder, if provided. When +the pit exceeds 1 700 mm (67 in.) in depth, an additional +stop switch is required adjacent to the pit ladder and +approximately 1 200 mm (47 in.) above the pit floor. + +2.2.6.3 Where more than one switch is provided, +they shall be wired in series. + +2.2.7 Minimum Pit Depths Required + +The pit depth shall be not less than is required for the +installation of the buffers, compensating sheaves, if any, +and all other elevator equipment located therein and to +provide the minimum bottom car clearance and runby +required by 2.4.1. + +2.2.8 Access to Underside of Car + +Where the distance from the pit floor to the imderside +of the plank channels or slings exceeds 2 100 mm (83 in.), +with the car at the lowest landing, a means shall be +permanently installed or permanently stored in the pit +to provide access to the equipment on the underside of +the car. + + + +SECTION 2.3 +LOCATION AND GUARDING OF COUNTERWEIGHTS + +2.3.1 Location of Counterweights + +Counterweights shall be located in the hoistway of +the elevator that they serve, or in a remote hoistway +subject to the limitations and requirements of 2.3.3. + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.3.2-2.3.4.2 + + + +2.3.2 Counterweight Guards + +2.3.2.1 Metal guards shall be installed in the pit +and/or a machine room or control room located imder- +neath the hoistway on aU open sides of the counter- +weight runway, except that + +(a) the guard, or portion thereof, is not required on +the side facing the car where there is no space greater +than 500 mm (20 in.) between compensating ropes +(chains), or between compensating ropes (chains) and +counterweight rails, or between compensating ropes +(chains) and guards + +(b) where pit-mounted buffers are used, the guard is +not required where the bottom of the coimterweight +resting on its compressed buffer is 2 130 mm (84 in.) or +more above the pit floor, or above the machine or control +room floor if located underneath the hoistway + +2.3.2.2 Guards shall + +(a) extend from the lowest part of the counterweight +assembly when the coimterweight is resting on the fully +compressed buffer to a point not less than 2 100 mm +(83 in.) and not more than 2 450 mm (96 in.) above the +pit floor + +(b) be the fuU width of the area being guarded + +(c) not prevent determination of the counterweight +runby + +(d) be fastened to a metal frame reinforced and braced +to be at least equal in strength and stiffness to 2 mm +(0.074 in.) thick sheet steel + +(e) if perforated, reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter + +2.3.2.3 Guarding of Counterweights in a Multiple-Ele- +vator Hoistway. Where a counterweight is located +between elevators, the counterweight runway shall be +guarded on the side next to the adjacent elevator. The +guard shall be of noncombustible material. The guard, +if of openwork material, shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) +in diameter and be made from material equal to or +stronger than 1.110 mm (0.0437 in.) diameter wire. The +guard shall be so supported that when subjected to a +force of 450 N (100 Ibf) applied over an area of 100 mm +X 100 mm (4 in. X 4 in.) at any location, the deflection +shall not reduce the clearance between the guard and +the counterweight below 25 mm (1 in.). + +2.3.3 Remote Counterweight Hoistways + +Where elevators are not provided with either compen- +sating means or counterweight safeties, the counter- +weights shall be permitted to be located in a remote +hoistway conforming to 2.3.3.1 through 2.3.3.6. + +2.3.3.1 The hoistway shall be fully enclosed and shall +be fire resistive, conforming to 2.1.1.1 if it penetrates +separate fire-resistive areas of the structure. + +2.3.3.2 Construction at the top and bottom of the +hoistway shall conform to 2.1.2. + + + +2.3.3.3 Permanent means shall be provided for +inspection, repair, and maintenance of the counter- +weight, deflecting and secondary sheaves, hoistway, +ropes, counterweight guide rails, and counterweight +buffers or bumpers. Entry doors into the separate coun- +terweight hoistway shall be provided at top, bottom, +and center of counterweight hoistway, but in no case +shall the entry doors be more than 11 m (36 ft) from siU to +sill. Doors shall be located and of such width to provide +unobstructed access to the space between the counter- +weight guides. The height of the door shall be at least +1 975 mm (78 in.). Doors shall conform to 2.11.1.2(b) +through (e), inclusive. An enclosed stop switch, meeting +the requirements of 2.26.2.5(a), (b), and (c), a permanent +electric Ught switch, duplex receptacle, and light shall +be provided in the hoistway immediately inside the +entry door. + +2.3.3.4 Ropes and sheaves leading to the separate +counterweight hoistways shall be protected against +unauthorized access. + +2.3.3.5 Not more than four coimterweights shall be +located in a single separate counterweight hoistway. +Multiple counterweights located in a single hoistway +shall be separated by means of an unperforated metal +guard at the top, bottom, and center of the hoistway. +Guards shall extend a minimum of 2 450 mm (96 in.) in +length opposite the entry door. Doors and all other +means described in 2.3.3.3 shall be provided for each +counterweight. + +2.3.3.6 There shall be a clearance of not less than +600 mm (24 in.) between the weight in the coimterweight +frame and the wall containing the entry door. + +2.3.4 Counterweight Runway Enclosures + +Where a counterweight is located in the same +hoistway as the car, the runway for the coimterweight +shall be permitted to be separated from the runway for +the car, provided it conforms to 2.3.4.1 and 2.3.4.2. + +2.3.4.1 The partition shall be noncombustible. +Unperforated metal partitions shall be equal to or +stronger than 1.2 mm (0.047 in.) thick sheet steel. Open- +work partitions shall be either wire grille at least 2.2 mm +(0.087 in.) in diameter or expanded metal at least 2.2 mm +(0.087 in.) in thickness. + +2.3.4.2 The counterweight runway shall be permit- +ted to be fully enclosed for the full height, provided that +the partitions are removable in sections weighing not +more than 25 kg (55 lb), which permit inspection and +maintenance of the entire counterweight assembly and +the inspection of the counterweight guide rails and +guide-rail brackets. + + + +SECTION 2.4-2.4.5 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +SECTION 2.4 + +VERTICAL CLEARANCES AND RUNBYS FOR CARS + +AND COUNTERWEIGHTS + +2.4.1 Bottom Car Clearances + +2.4.1.1 When the car rests on its fully compressed +buffers or bumpers, there shall be a vertical clearance +of not less than 600 mm (24 in.) between the pit floorand +the lowest structural or mechanical part, equipment, +or device installed beneath the car platform, except as +specified in 2.4.1.2. + +2.4.1.2 The 600 mm (24 in.) clearance does not +apply to + +(a) any equipment on the car within 300 mm (12 in.) +horizontally from any side of the car platform + +(h) any equipment located on or traveling with the +car located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from +either side of the car frame centerline parallel to the +plane of the guide rails + +(c) any equipment moimted in or on the pit floor +located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from either +side of the car frame centerline parallel to the guide rail + +2.4.1.3 In no case shall the available refuge space be +less than either of the following: + +(a) a horizontal area of 600 mm x 1 200 mm (24 in. +X 48 in.) with a height of 600 mm (24 in) + +(b) a horizontal area of 450 mm x 900 mm (18 in. x +35 in.) with a height of 1 070 mm (42 in.) + +2.4.1.4 Trenches and depressions or foundation +encroachments permitted by 2.2.2.2 shall not be consid- +ered in determining these clearances. + +2.4.1.5 When the car is resting on its fuUy com- +pressed buffers or bumpers, no part of the car, or any +equipment attached thereto or equipment traveling with +the car, shall strike any part of the pit or any equipment +mounted therein. + +2.4.1.6 In any area in the pit, outside the refuge +space, where the vertical clearance is less than 600 mm +(24 in.), that area shall be clearly marked on the pit floor. +Markings shall not be required in the area under the +platform guard and guiding means if that is the only +area in the pit where the vertical clearance is less than +600 mm (24 in.). The marking shall consist of alternating +100 mm (4 in.) diagonal red and white stripes. In addi- +tion, a sign with the words "DANGER LOW CLEAR- +ANCE" shall be prominently posted on the hoistway +enclosure and be visible from within the pit and the +entrance to the pit. The sign shall conform to ANSI +Z535.2 or CAN/CSA-Z321, whichever is applicable (see +Part 9). The sign shall be of such material and construc- +tion that the letters and figures stamped, etched, cast, +or otherwise applied to the face shaU remain perma- +nently and readily legible. + + + +Table 2.4.2.2 Minimum Bottom Runby for +Counterweight Elevators With Spring Buffers or +Solid Bumpers and Rheostatic Control or Single- +Speed AC Control + + + +Rated Speed, +m/s (ft/min) + + + +Runby, +mm (in.) + + + +Not over 0.13 (not over 25) 75 (3) + +Over 0.13 to 0.25 (over 25 to 50) 150 (6) + +Over 0.25 to 0.50 (over 50 to 100) 225 (9) + +Over 0.50 to 1.0 (over 100 to 200) 300 (12) + + + +2.4.2 Minimum Bottom Runby for Counterweighted +Elevators + +The bottom nm^by of cars and counterweights shall +be not less than the requirements stated in 2.4.2.1 and +2.4.2.2. + +2.4.2.1 Where oil buffers are used, the bottom runby +shall be not less than 150 mm (6 in.), except that + +(a) where practical difficulties prevent a siifficient pit +depth or where a top clearance cannot be provided to +obtain the runby specified, it shall be permitted to be +reduced + +(h) where spring-retum-type oil buffers are used, the +runby shall be permitted to be eliminated so that the +buffers are compressed by amounts not exceeding those +permitted by 2.22.4.8, when the car floor is level with +the terminal landings + +2.4.2.2 Where spring buffers or solid bimipers are +used, the bottom runby shall be not less than 150 mm +(6 in.), except for rheostatic and single-speed AC control, +not less than shown in Table 2.4.2.2. + +2.4.3 Minimum Bottom Runby for +Uncounterweighted Elevators + +The bottom runby of uncounterweighted elevators +shall be not less than + +(a) 75 mm (3 in.) where the rated speed does not +exceed 0.15 m/s (30 ft/min) + +(b) 150 mm (6 in.) where the rated speed exceeds +0.15 m/s (30 ft/min) + +2.4.4 Maximum Bottom Runby + +In no case shall the maximum bottom runby exceed + +(a) 600 nmi (24 in.) for cars + +(b) 900 mm (35 in.) for coimterweights + +2.4.5 Counterweight Runby Data Plate + +A data plate permanently and securely attached shall +be provided in the pit, in the vicinity of the counter- +weight buffer, indicating the maximum designed coim- +terweight runby. The data plate shall conform to 2.16.3.3, +except that the letters shaU be not less than 25 mm (1 in.) +in height. + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.4.6-2.4.10.1 + + + +2.4.6 Top Car Clearances for Counterweighted +Elevators + +2.4.6.1 General Requirements. The top car clearance +shall be not less than the sum of either of the following: + +(a) the dimensions specified in 2.4.6.2(a) through (d) + +(b) the dimensions specified in 2.4.6.2(a), (b), (c), +and (e) + +2.4.6.2 Components of the Top Car Clearances. The + +following shall be considered when calculating the mini- +mum top car clearances: + +(a) the designed maximum bottom counterweight +nmby [see 2.4.4(b)] + +(b) the stroke of the coiinterweight buffer, determined +as follows: + +(1) for full-stroke buffers, the stroke of the buffer +used, or the remaining stroke when the buffer is com- +pressed with the car at the top terminal landing (see +2.4.2 and 2.22.4.8); or + +(2) for reduced-stroke oil buffers (see 2.22.4.1.2), the +full stroke reqmred by 2.22.4.1.1. + +(c) 600 mm (24 in.) or the distance that any sheave or +any other equipment mounted in or on the car crosshead +projects above the top of the car crosshead, whichever +is greater, but in no case shall there be less than 150 mm +(6 in.) clearance above the equipment, exclusive of guide- +shoe assemblies or gate posts for vertically sliding gates, +mounted on the car top or in or on the car crosshead +when the car has reached its maximum upward +movement. + +NOTE: See also 2.4.12, requirements for refuge space on top of +car enclosure. + +(d) V2 the gravity stopping distance, based on: + +(1) 115% of the rated speed where oil buffers are +used, or 115% of the reduced striking speed when emer- +gency terminal speed-limiting devices meeting the +requirements of 2.25.4 are used and no compensating +rope tie-down device in conformance with 2.17.17 is +provided (see 8.2.5 for gravity stopping distances); or + +(2) the governor tripping speed where spring buff- +ers are used. + +(e) the distance to which the compensating rope tie- +down device, if provided (see 2.17.17) limits the jump +of the car when the counterweight strikes the buffers at +speeds specified in 2.4.6.2(d). + +2.4.7 Top Car Clearance for Uncounterweighted +Elevators + +The top car clearance shall be not less than the greater +of the following: + +(a) 750 mm (29.5 in.); or + +(b) 150 mm (6 in.), plus the amount that any equip- +ment mounted on the car crosshead, or above the car +top when no crosshead is provided, projects vertically +above the crosshead or top. + + + +NOTE (2.4.7): See also 2.4.12, requirements for refuge space on +top of car enclosure. + +2.4.8 Vertical Clearances With Underslung Car +Frames + +Where an underslung car frame is used, the clearances +between the overhead car rope dead-end hitch or over- +head car sheave and the portions of the car structure +vertically below them, when the car floor is level with the +top terminal landing, shall be not less than the following: + +(a) where no counterweight is used, 230 mm (9 in.) + +(b) where a counterweight is used, the sum of the +following items: + +(1) the bottom counterweight runby (see 2.4.2) + +(2) the stroke of the counterweight buffer used, or +the remaining stroke when the buffer is compressed with +the car at the top terminal landing (see 2.4.2 and 2.22.4.8) + +(3) 150 mm (6 in.) + +(4) V2 the gravity stopping distance based on 115% +of the rated speed where oil buffers are used, or 115% +of the reduced striking speed when emergency terminal +speed-limiting devices meeting the requirements of +2.25.4 are used and no provision is made to prevent the +jump of the car at counterweight buffer engagement, or +on governor tripping speed where spring buffers are +used (see 8.2.5 for gravity stopping distances) + +NOTE [2.4.8(b)(4)]: See also 2.4.12, requirements for refuge space +on top of car enclosure. + +2.4.9 Top Counterweight Clearances + +The top coimterweight clearance shall be not less than +the sum of the following items: + +(a) the bottom car runby (see 2.4.2) + +(b) the stroke of the car buffer used, or the remaining +stroke when the buffer is compressed with the car at +the bottom terminal landing (see 2.4.2 and 2.22.4.8) + +(c) 150 mm (6 in.) + +(d) \ tl^e gravity stopping distance based on + +{!) 115% of the rated speed where oil buffers are +used, or 115% of the reduced striking speed when emer- +gency terminal speed-limiting devices meeting the +requirements of 2.25.4 are used and no provision is made +to prevent the jump of the counterweight at car buffer +engagement; or + +(2) the governor tripping speed where spring buff- +ers are used (see 8.2.5 for gravity stopping distances). + +2.4.10 Overhead Clearances Where Overhead Beams +Are Not Over Car Crosshead + +Where overhead beams or other overhead hoistway +construction, except sheaves, are located vertically over +the car, but not over the crosshead, the requirements of +2.4.10.1 and 2.4.10.2 shall be met. + +2.4.10.1 The clearance from the car top to such +beams or construction, when the car is level with the + + + +• + + + +o + + + +2.4.10.1-SECTION 2.6 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +top landing, shall be not less than the amount specified +in 2.4.6 and 2.4.7. + +2.4.10.2 Such beams or construction shall be located +not less than 600 mm (24 in.) horizontally from the +crosshead. + +2.4.11 Equipment on Top of Car Not Permitted to +Strilce Overhead Structure + +When the car crosshead, or car top where no crosshead +is provided, is at a distance equal to that specified in +2.4.6.2(c) from the nearest obstruction above it, no equip- +ment on top of the car shall strike any part of the over- +head structure or the equipment located in the hoistway. + +2.4.12 Refuge Space on Top of Car Enclosure + +2.4.12.1 An unobstructed horizontal area of not less +than 0.5 m^ (5.4 ft^) shall be provided on top of the car +enclosure for refuge space. It shall measure not less than +600 nun (24 in.) on any side. This area shall be permitted +to include the space utilized for the top emergency exit +[see 2.14.1.5.1(f)]. The minimum vertical distance in the +refuge area between the top of the car enclosure and the +overhead structure or other obstruction shall be not less +than 1 100 mm (43 in.) when the car has reached its +maximum upward movement. + +2.4.12.2 In any area outside the refuge space where +the vertical clearance between the top of the car enclo- +sure and the overhead structure or other obstructions is +less than specified in 2.4.12.1, the top of the car enclosure +shall be clearly marked. The marking shall consist of +alternating 100 mm (4 in.) diagonal red and white +stripes. In addition, a sign with the words "DANGER +LOW CLEARANCE" shall be prominently posted on +the crosshead and be visible from the entrance. The +sign shall conform to ANSI Z535.2 or CAN/CSA-Z321, +whichever is applicable (see Part 9). The sign shall be +of such material and construction that the letters and +figures stamped, etched, cast, or otherwise applied to +the face shaU remain permanently and readily legible. + +SECTION 2.5 + +HORIZONTAL CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT + +CLEARANCES + +2.5.1 Clearances Between Cars, Counterweights, and +Hoistway Enclosures + +2.5.1.1 Between Car and Hoistway Enclosures. The + +clearance between the car and the hoistway enclosure +shall be not less than 20 rmn (0.8 in.), except on the sides +used for loading and unloading. + +2.5.1.2 Between Car and Counterweight and Counter- +weight Guard. The clearance between the car and the +counterweight shall be not less than 25 mm (1 in.). The +clearance between the car and the coimterweight guard. + + + +counterweight and the counterweight guard, and +between the coimterweight and the hoistway enclosure +shall be not less than 20 mm (0.8 in.). + +2.5.1.3 Between Cars in Multiple Hoistways. The run- +ning clearance between the cars and any equipment +attached thereto, of elevators operating in a multiple +hoistway, shall be not less than 50 mm (2 in.). + +2.5.1.4 Between Car and Landing Sills. The clearance +between the car platform sill and the hoistway edge of +any landing sill, or the hoistway side of any vertically +sliding counterweighted or counterbalanced hoistway +door, or of any vertically sliding counterbalanced bipart- +ing hoistway door, shall be not less than + +(a) where car side guides are used + +(1) 13 mm (0.5 in.) for all elevators except freight +elevators + +(2) 20 mm (0.8 in.) for freight elevators + +(b) where car comer guides are used, 20 mm (0.8 in.) +The maximimi clearance shall be not more than 32 mm + +(1.25 in.). + +2.5.1.5 Clearance Between Loading Side of Car Plat- +forms and Hoistway Enclosures + +2.5.1.5.1 The clearance between the edge of the +car platform sill and the hoistway enclosure or fascia +plate for the full width of the clear hoistway door open- +ing shall be not more than + +(a) 190 mm (7.5 in.) for vertically sliding doors + +(b) 125 mm (5 in.) for other doors + +2.5.1.5.2 This clearance shall be maintained imtil +the car is resting on its fully compressed buffer + +2.5.1.5.3 The clearance is not limited on passenger +elevators, provided that + +(a) a car door interlock conforming to 2.14.4.2 is pro- +vided to prevent a door from being opened imless the +car is within the unlocking zone + +(b) the strength of the door complies with 2.11.11.2, +2.11.11.4, 2.11.11.6, 2.11.11.7, and 2.11.11.8 + +2.5.1.6 Clearance Between Car Platform Apron and Pit +Enclosure. Where the lowest landing siU projects into +the hoistway, the clearance between the car platform +apron and the pit enclosure or fascia plate shall be not +more than 32 mm (1.25 in.). This clearance shall be main- +tained until the car is resting on its fully compressed +buffer + +2.5.1.7 IVIeasurement of Clearances. The clearances +specified in 2.5.1 shall be measured with no load on the +car platform. + +SECTION 2.6 +PROTECTION OF SPACE BELOW HOISTWAYS + +Where a hoistway does not extend to the lowest floor +of the building and there is space below the hoistway + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +SECTION 2.6-2.7.2.4 + + + +that is accessible, requirements of 2.6.1 and 2.6.2 shall +be complied with. + +2.6.1 Where the Space Is Underneath the +Counterweight and/or its Guides + +Where the space is underneath the counterweight +and /or its guides + +(a) the counterweight shall be provided with a coun- +terweight safety conforming to 2.17.4 + +(b) spring buffers, if used, shall conform to 2.22, +except that they shall not be fully compressed when +struck by the counterweight at the following speeds (see +2.1.2.3): + +(1) at governor tripping speed where the counter- +weight safety is governor operated, or + +(2) 125% of the rated speed where the counter- +weight safety is not governor operated + +2.6.2 Where the Space Is Underneath the Car and/or +Its Guides + +Where the space is underneath the car and /or its +guides and if spring buffers are used, they shall be so +designed and installed that they will not be fully com- +pressed solid or to a fixed stop when struck by the car +with its rated load at the governor tripping speed (see +2.1.2.3). + + + +SECTION 2.7 + +MACHINERY SPACES, MACHINE ROOMS, CONTROL + +SPACES, AND CONTROL ROOMS + +A machinery space outside the hoistway containing +an electric driving machine and a motor controller shall +be a machine room. + +2.7.1 Enclosure of Rooms and Spaces + +Machinery space and control space enclosures located +outside the hoistway and n\achine room and control +room enclosures shall conform to the requirements of +2.7.1.1 or 2.7.1.2, and shall also conform to 2.7.1.3, as +applicable. + +2.7.1.1 Fire-Resistive Construction. Where the build- +ing code requires fire-resistive construction, the con- +struction shall corvform to the requirements of 2.7.1.1.1 +and 2.7.1.1.2. + +2.7.1.1.1 Spaces containing machines, motor con- +trollers, sheaves, and other machinery shall be separated +from the remainder of the building by a fire-resistive +enclosure conforming to the requirements of the build- +ing code. + +2.7.1.1.2 Openings in room and space enclosures +shall be protected with access doors having a fire protec- +tion rating conforming to the requirements of the build- +ing code. + + + +NOTES (2.7.1.1): + +(1) See 2.1.3 for floors of machine rooms and control rooms over +the hoistway. + +(2) See 2.8.1 for separating elevator machinery from building +machinery. + +(3) See 2.1.1.1.2 for partitions between machine rooms and +hoistways. + +2.7.1.2 Non-Fire-Resistive Construction. Where the +building code does not require fire-resistive construc- +tion, the construction shall conform to the requirements +of 2.7.1.2.1 and 2.7.1.2.2. + +2.7.1.2.1 Enclosure of the rooms or spaces shall +comply with the following: + +(a) Machine rooms and control rooms shall be +enclosed with noncombustible material to a height of +not less than 2 000 mm (79 in.). + +(h) Machinery spaces shall be enclosed with noncom- +bustible material to a height of not less than 2 000 mm +(79 in.), or to the height of the machinery space if it is +less than 2 000 mm (79 in.). + +(c) Control spaces shall be enclosed with noncombus- +tible material to a height of not less than 2 000 mm +(79 in.). + +2.7.1.2.2 The room and space enclosure, if of open- +work material, shall reject a ball 50 mm (2 in.) in +diameter. + +2.7.1.3 Floors + +2.7.1.3.1 Difference in Floor Levels. Differences in +levels of floors shall be avoided where practicable. +Where there is a difference in level exceeding 400 mm +(16 in.), a standard railing conforming to 2.10.2 shall be +provided (see also 2.7.3.3.1 and 2.7.3.3.2). + +2.7.1.3.2 Where machine beams are provided, the +floor shall be located above or level with the top of the +machine bean\s. + +2.7.2 Maintenance Path and Clearance + +2.7.2.1 Maintenance Path in Machine Rooms and Con- +trol Rooms. A clear path of not less than 450 mm (18 in.) +shall be provided to all components that require mainte- +nance. + +2.7.2.2 Maintenance Path in Machinery Spaces and +Control Spaces. All components requiring maintenance +in machinery spaces and control spaces shall have safe +and convenient access. + +2.7.2.3 Maintenance Clearance in Machine Rooms and +Control Rooms. A clearance of not less than 450 mm +(18 in.) shall be provided in the direction required for +maintenance access. + +2.7.2.4 Maintenance Clearance in Machinery Spaces +and Control Spaces + + + +• + + + +10 + + + +2.7.2.4.1-2.7.3.4.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.7.2.4.1 Where a space is intended to be accessed +with full bodily entry, then the requirements of 2.7.2.3 +shaU apply. + +2.7.2.4.2 Where a space is not intended to be +accessed with full bodily entry then all components +requiring maintenance shall have safe and converuent +access. + +NOTE (2.7.2): For electrical clearance requirements, see NFPA 70 +or CSA C22.1, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.7.3 Access to Machinery Spaces, Machine Rooms, +Control Spaces, and Control Rooms + +2.7.3.1 General Requirements + +2.7.3.1.1 A permanent and unobstructed means +of access shall be provided to + +(a) machine rooms and control rooms + +(b) machinery spaces and control spaces outside the +hoistway + +(c) machinery spaces and control spaces inside the +hoistway that do not have a means of access to the space +as specified in 2.7.3.1.2. + +2.7.3.1.2 Access to machinery spaces and control +spaces inside the hoistway + +(a) from the pit shall comply with 2.2.4 and 2.7.5.2.4 + +(b) from the car top shall comply with 2.12.6 and 2.12.7 + +(c) from a platform shaU comply with 2.7.5.3.5 + +(d) from inside the car shall comply with 2.7.5.1.4 + +2.7.3.2 Passage Across Roofs. The requirements of +2.7.3.2.1 and 2.7.3.2.2 shall be conformed to where pas- +sage over roofs is necessary to reach the means of access +to machinery spaces, machine rooms, control spaces, +and control rooms. + +2.7.3.2.1 A stairway with a swinging door and +platform at the top level, conforming to 2.7.3.3, shall be +provided from the top floor of the building to the roof +level. Hatch covers, as a means of access to roofs, shall +not be periiutted. + +2.7.3.2.2 Where the passage is over a roof having +a slope exceeding 15 deg from the horizontal, or over a +roof where there is no parapet or guard rail at least +1 070 mm (42 in.) high around the roof or passageway, +a permanent, unobstructed and substantial walkway not +less than 600 mm (24 in.) wide, equipped on the side +sloping away from the walk with a railing conforming +to 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2, and 2.10.2.3, shall be provided from +the building exit door at the roof level to the means of +access. + +2.7.3.3 Means of Access. The means of access to the +following shall conform to 2.7.3.3.1 through 2.7.3.3.5: + +(a) machine rooms, control rooms, and machinery +spaces and control spaces outside the hoistway, and +machinery spaces and control spaces inside the hoistway + + + +that do not have a means of access to the space as speci- +fied in 2.7.3.1.2 + +(b) between different floor levels in machine rooms, +in control rooms and in machinery spaces or control +spaces outside the hoistway + +(c) from within machine rooms or control rooms to +machinery spaces and control spaces ■ + +2.7.3.3.1 A permanent, fixed, noncombustible lad- +der or stair shall be provided where the floor of the +room or the space above or below the floor or roof from +which the means of access leads, or where the distance +between floor levels in the room or space, is more than +200 mm (8 in.). + +2.7.3.3.2 A permanent, noncombustible stair shaU +be provided where the floor of the room or the space +above or below the floor or roof from which the means +of access leads, or where the distance between floor +levels in the room or space, is 900 mm (35 in.) or more. +Vertical ladders with handgrips shall be permitted to +be used in Ueu of stairs for access to overhead machinery +spaces, except those containing controllers and motor +generators. + +2.7.3.3.3 Permanent, fixed, noncombustible lad- +ders shall conform to ANSI A14.3. + +2.7.3.3.4 Permanent, noncombustible stairs shall +have a maximtra\ angle of 60 deg from the horizontal, +and shall be equipped with a noncombustible railing +conforming to 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2, and 2.10.2.3. + +2.7.3.3.5 A permanent, noncombustible platform +or floor shall be provided at the top of the stairs with +noncombustible railings corvfornung to 2.10.2.1, 2.10.2.2, +and 2.10.2.3 on each open side. In jurisdictions not +enforcing the NBCC, the size of the platform shall be +sufficient to permit the full swing of the door plus +600 mm (24 in.) from the top of the riser to the swing +Hne of the door. The floor of the platform shaU be at the +level of not more than 200 mm (8 in.) below the level +of the access-door sill. Where the door swings inward, +the width of the platform shall be not less than 750 mm +(29.5 in.), and the length not less than the width of +the door. + +2.7.3.4 Access Doors and Openings + +2.7.3.4.1 Access doors shall be + +(a) self-closing and self-locking + +(b) provided with a spring-type lock arranged to per- +mit the doors to be opened from the inside without a key + +(c) kept closed and locked + +2.7.3.4.2 Access doors to machine rooms and con- +trol rooms shall be provided. They shall be of a minimimi +width of 750 mm (29.5 in.) and a minimum height of +2 030 mm (80 in.). Keys to imlock the access doors shall +be Group 2 Security (see 8.1). + + + +11 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.7.3.4.3-2.7.5.1 + + + +2.7.3.4.3 Access doors for spaces specified in +2.7.4.2, 2.7.4.3, and 2.7.4.4 other than those for machine +rooms or control rooms shall be a minimum width and +height of 750 mm (29.5 in.). Keys to unlock the access +doors shall be Group 2 Security (see 8.1). + +2.7.3.4.4 Access doors for control spaces outside +the hoistway shall be a minimum width and height of +750 mm (29.5 in.). Keys to unlock the access doors shall +be Group 2 Security (see 8.1). + +2.7.3.4.5 Doors are not required at openings in +machine room or control room floors for access to +machinery spaces, provided the access opening is pro- +vided on all four sides with a standard railing conform- +ing to 2.10.2, one side of which is arranged to slide or +swing to provide access to the ladder or stairs leading +to the space. Trap doors, where provided, shall have a +standard railing conforming to 2.10.2 or guard wings +on all open nonaccess sides. + +2.7.3.4.6 Access openings in elevator hoistway +enclosures where full bodily entry is not necessary for +maintenance and inspection of components shall be + +(a) located to permit the required maintenance and +inspection. + +(b) of maximum width of 600 mm (24 in.) and a maxi- +mum height of 600 mm (24 in.). These dimensions shall +be permitted to be increased, provided that any resultant +opening through the access opening into the hoistway +shall reject a 300 mm (12 in.) diameter ball. + +(c) provided with doors that shall be kept closed and +locked. Keys to unlock the access doors to the elevator +hoistways shall be of Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +2.7.3.5 Stop Switch for Machinery Spaces or Control +Spaces. A stop switch conforming to 2.26.2.24, or a dis- +connecting means where required by NFPA 70 or CSA +C22.1, whichever is applicable (see Part 9), accessible +and visible from the point of access to machinery spaces +or control spaces shall be provided for each elevator. +Where access to machinery spaces is from the pit, from +the top of the car, or from inside the car, the stop switch +in the pit, the stop switch on top of the car, or, where +provided, the emergency stop switch in the car, respec- +tively, meet these requirements. + +2.7.4 Headroom in Machinery Spaces, Machine +Rooms, Control Spaces, and Control Rooms + +2.7.4.1 Elevator machine rooms, control rooms, and +machinery spaces containing an elevator driving +machine not located in the hoistway shall have a clear +headroom of not less than 2 130 mm (84 in.). (See also +2.7.4.5.) + +2.7.4.2 Where a floor or platform is provided at the +top of the hoistway (see 2.1.3), machinery spaces above +such a floor or platform shall have a clear headroom of +not less than the following: + + + +(a) spaces containing motor-generators, 2 130 mm +(84 in.) + +(b) spaces containing only overhead, secondary, or +deflecting sheaves, 1 070 mm (42 in.) + +(c) spaces containing overhead, secondary, or +deflecting sheaves, and governors, signal machines, or +other equipment, 1 350 mm (53 in.) + +2.7.4.3 Where floors are provided under overhead, +secondary, or deflecting sheaves [see 2.7.4.2(b) and (c)] +the machine and supporting beams shaU be permitted +to encroach on the required headroom, provided there +is a clearance of not less than 900 mm (35 in.) high and +minimum width of 750 mm (29.5 in.) in the path of +access to sheaves, governors, signal machines, or other +equipment. + +2.7.4.4 Where a machinery space is located outside +but not above the hoistway, the headroom of the area +from which any work is performed on the equipment +located inside such space shall be not less than 2 000 mm +(78 in.), except + +(a) spaces containing motor-generators, the head- +room shall be not less than 2 130 mm (84 in.) + +(b) spaces containing only overhead, secondary, or +deflecting sheaves, the headroom shall be not less than +1 070 mm (42 in.) + +(c) spaces containing overhead, secondary, or +deflecting sheaves, and governors, signal machines, or +other equipment, the headroom shall be not less than +1 350 mm (53 in.) + +(d) as permitted in 2.7.4.3 + +2.7.4.5 When working from inside the car, or from +the top of the car in accordance with 2.7.5.1, or from the +pit in accordance with 2.7.5.2, the headroom when the +means required by 2.7.5.1 or 2.7.5.2 are engaged shall + +(a) comply with the height of working space require- +ments of NFPA 70 or CSA C22.1, whichever is apphcable +(see Part 9) + +(b) in no case be less than 1 350 mm (53 in.) + +2.7.4.6 Control spaces outside the hoistway intended +for full bodily entry shall have a clear headroom of not +less than 2 000 mm (78 in.) or the height of the equip- +n\ent, whichever is the greater. + +NOTE: For control spaces outside the hoistway not intended for +full bodily entry, see NFPA 70 or CSA C22.1, whichever is applicable +(see Part 9). + +2.7.5 Worlcing Areas Inside the Hoistway and in the +Pit + +2.7.5.1 Worlcing Areas in the Car or on the Car Top. + +The requirements of 2.7.5.1.1 through 2.7.5.1.4 shall be +complied with if maintenance or inspections of the ele- +vator driving machine brake, emergency brake, elevator +motion controller, or motor controller are to be carried +out from inside the car or from the car top. + + + +12 + + + +2.7.5.1.1-2.7.5.2.1 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.7.5.1 .1 If maintenance or inspection of the eleva- +tor driving machine brake or an emergency brake, or of +elevator motion controllers or motor controllers from +inside the car or from the car top could result in unex- +pected vertical car movement, a means to prevent this +movement shall be provided. + +2.7.5.1.2 The means shall + +(a) be independent of the elevator driving machine +brake, emergency brake, motion controller, and motor +controller + +(b) support not less than the unbalanced weight of +the system with no load and up to rated load (see also +2.16.8) in the car and all suspension ropes in place. The +minimum factor of safety shall be not less than 3.5, and +the materials used shall not have an elongation of less +than 15% in a length of 50 mm (2 in.) when tested in +accordance with ASTM E8. + +(c) when in the engaged position, actuate an electrical +device conforming to 2.26.2.34, which shall cause the +power to be removed from the elevator driving machine +motor and brake + +(d) not cause stresses and deflections that exceed the +applicable requirements for the structure(s) to which +the means transmits load based on 100% of the static +unbalanced weight of the system (see also 2.16.8) + +(e) have a sign in conformance with the requirements +of ANSI Z535.2 or CAN/CSA-Z321, whichever is appH- +cable, which shall be prominently posted in the work +area stating: "WARNING! Engage ' ' before main- +taining or inspecting brake, emergency brake, or control- +ler. Follow manufacturers instructions for use of + +' '" (see 8.6.10.6). Unless the means has been + +designed to support not less than the unsuspended car +with rated load (see also 2.16.8), it shall also contain the +following wording: "Elevator suspension means must +be in place during use." + +NOTE: Substitute name of actual means for " " in the above + +signage. + +(f) be so designed as to prevent accidental disen- +gagement + +(g) when engaged, not require electrical power or the +completion or maintenance of an electrical circuit to +remain engaged. + +2.7.5.1.3 When the means required in 2.7.5.1.1 is +engaged, egress from the working area shall be provided +(see also 2.7.3.4.3). + +The use of the car top emergency exit for egress and +re-entry is permitted subject to the following: + +(a) all edges of the exit opening are smooth and free +of burrs + +(h) means shall be provided to descend safely to the +floor of the car, and subsequently ascend safely to the +car top + +(c) the means required in 2.7.5.1.1 shall not be +arranged to be engaged at a position that would permit + + + +a vertical gap between the bottom of the vertical face +of the platform guard and the elevator landing siU. + +2.7.5.1.4 If provided, equipment access panels in +the car for access to equipment outside the car shall +comply with 2.14.2.2(g)(1), (2), and (5) and shall be pro- +vided with + +(a) a key-operated lock capable of being locked +without a key + +(h) an electrical switch that shall cause the power to +be removed from the driving machine motor and brake +when the access panel is open (see 2.26.2.35) + +(c) a key that shall be Group 1 Security (see 8.1) + +The access panels shall be kept closed and locked, +shall not be self-closing, and shall be self-locking. + +2.7.5.2 Working Areas in tlie Pit. The requirements +of 2.7.5.2.1 through 2.7.5.2.4 shall be complied with if +maintenance or inspections of the elevator driving +machine brake or an emergency brake or of elevator +motion controllers or motor controllers is to be carried +out from the pit. + +2.7.5.2.1 A means in compliance with 2.7.5.1.1, +2.7.5.1.2, and 2.7.4.5 shall be provided; or a mechanical +device shall be provided to stop vertical car movement +to create a vertical clearance as required by 2.7.4.5 +between the floor of the working area and the lowest +part of the car, and between the floor of the working area +and the counterweight where a coimterweight guard in +conformance with 2.3.2 is not provided. + +(a) The mechanical device shall be able to stop vertical +car movement at up to and including 115% of rated +speed with rated load. The retardation shaU not exceed +that required by 2.22.3 or 2.22.4, as applicable. + +(b) The mecharucal device shall be permitted to be +moved into the active position manually or automati- +cally. + +(c) When the mechanical device is in the active posi- +tion, it shall operate an electrical contact, which when +in the open position, shall permit the car to move only +on inspection operation [see 2.26.1.4.1 and 2.26.9.3(d)]. +The electrical contact shall be positively opened mechan- +ically and its opening shall not depend solely on springs. + +(d) A sign in conformance with the requirements of +ANSI Z535.2 or CAN/CSA-Z321, whichever is applica- +ble, shaU be prominently posted in the work area stating: + +"WARNING! Position ' ' before maintaining or + +inspecting brake, emergency brake, or controller. Follow + +manufacturers instructions for use of ' '" (see + +8.6.10.6). + +" in the above + + + +NOTE: Substitute name of actual device for " _ +signage. + +(e) The mechanical device shall be designed to pre- +vent accidental movement from the active position. + +(/) The mecharucal device shall not require electrical +power or the completion or maintenance of an electriccd + + + +13 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.7.5.2.1-2.7.5.5 + + + +circuit to be maintained in the active position. + +2.7.5.2.2 Pit inspection operation, in compliance +with 2.26.1.4, shall be permitted to be provided in the +pit (see 2.26.1.4.4). + +2.7.5.2.3 When the means required in 2.7.5.2.1 is +in the active position, safe and convenient egress from +the working area shaU be provided (see also 2.7.3.4.3). + +(a) Where the egress is through the landing door + +(1) the landing door shall be openable from the +hoistway side + +(2) the means shall be arranged to provide vertical +clearance of not less than 1 220 mm (48 in.) between the +bottom edge of the platform guard and the elevator +landing + +(b) Where the egress is through a separate pit access +door, the door opening shall not be blocked by the car. + +2.7.5.2.4 Where maintenance or inspections of the +elevator driving machine brake or an emergency brake +or of elevator motion controllers or motor controllers is +to be carried out from the pit, and the distance from the +pit floor to this equipment is more than 2 100 mm (83 in.), +a means shall be permanently installed or permanently +stored in the pit to provide access to the equipment. + +2.7.5.3 Working Platforms. A platform located in the +car, on the car, or in the hoistway shall be permitted for +access to and maintenance and inspection of equipment +in machinery spaces or control spaces in the hoistway +and shaU comply with 2.7.5.3.1 through 2.7.5.3.6 (see +also 8.6.10.8). + +2.7.5.3.1 A working platform shall be perma- +nently installed, and it shall be permitted to be retract- +able. Retractable platforms, that are in the line of +movement of the car or counterweight when in the +operating position, shall operate a working platform +electrical device(s) (see 2.26.2.36) that shall cause the +power to be removed from the elevator driving machine +motor and brake unless the platform is in its fully +retracted position. + +2.7.5.3.2 A working platfrom shall be able to sup- +port in any position at least 2 000 N (450 lb), with a load +concentration of at least 1 000 N (225 lb) over an area +of 40 000 mm^ (64 in.^) with a factor of safety of not less +than 5. If the platform is to be used for handling heavy +equipment, the dimensions and the strength of the plat- +form shall be considered accordingly. + +2.7.5.3.3 A working platform shall be provided +with a standard railing conforming to 2.10.2 on the open +or exposed sides where the perpendicular distance +between the edges of the platform and the adjacent +hoistway enclosure exceeds 300 mm (12 in.) horizontal +clearance, and the difference in level between the plat- +form and the surrounding surface exceeds 400 mm +(16 in.). + + + +2.7.5.3.4 Where a car or counterweight passes +within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from a working +platform, a means of protection against shearing hazards +shall be provided to a height as measured from the +platform standing surface of not less than 2 130 mm +(84 in.), or not less than the maximum upward move- +ment of the car or counterweight. The means shall be +at least equal in strength and stiffness to 2 mm (0.074 in.) +thick sheet steel. If perforated, it shall reject a ball 25 mm +(1 in.) in diameter. + +2.7.5.3.5 Where the access to a working platform +that is in the line of movement of the car or counter- +weight is not through the elevator landing doors, but +through an access panel or door in the hoistway, it shaU +be equipped with a device conforming to the require- +ments of 2.11.1.2(e) to prevent operation of the machine +urUess the access panel or door is closed and locked. + +2.7.5.3.6 Working platform inspection operation, +in compliance with 2.26.1.4, shall be permitted to be +provided at the location of a working platform. [See +2.7.5.5(b) for additional requirements when the working +platform is in the line of movement of the car.] + +2.7.5.4 Working Platforms in tlie Line of Movement +of the Car or Counterweiglit. Working platforms in the +line of movement of the car or counterweight shall be +permitted + +(a) where retractable stops are provided and the car is + +(1) below the platform, the travel of the elevator +shall be limited by a retractable stop(s) in such a manner +that the car shall be stopped below the platform at least +the distance required for car top refuge space (see +2.4.12.1) + +(2) above the platform the travel of the elevator +shall be limited by a retractable stop(s) in such a manner +that the car shall be stopped above the platform at least +the distance required in 2.7.4.5; or + +(b) where the elevator is provided with a device con- +forming to 2.7.5.1.1 and 2.7.5.1.2. + +2.7.5.5 Retractable Stops. Retractable stops, where +provided, shall + +(a) be equipped with a retractable stop electrical +device(s) (see 2.26.2.37), that shall cause the power to +be removed from the elevator driving machine motor +and brake, unless the stops are completely in the +retracted position. + +(b) be permitted to be equipped with an electrical +device(s) that permits operation of the car only on +inspection operation when the platform is in the +operating position and the stops are in the fuUy extended +position. When provided with such an electrical device +and the stop(s) is in the extended position, an additional +stopping device conforming to 2.25.3.1 and 2.25.3.3 +through 2.25.3.5 shall cause the car to stop before it +strikes the movable stop(s). This additional stopping + + + +14 + + + +2.7.5.5-2.7.6.4.1 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +device shall be rendered ineffective when the stop(s) is +in the retracted position. Any electrical device(s) used +to render the additional stopping device ineffective shall +be in conformance with 2.26.4.3, 2.26.9.3(a), and 2.26.9.4. + +(c) be operable from outside the hoistway or from the +platform. + +(d) be able to stop the car traveling at 115% of rated +speed with rated load. The retardation shall not exceed +that required by 2.22.3 or 2.22.4, as applicable. + +(e) be so designed as to prevent accidental disen- +gagement. + +2.7.6 Location of Machinery Spaces, Machine + +Rooms, Control Spaces, Control Rooms, and +Equipment + +2.7.6.1 Location of Machine Rooms and Control +Rooms. Elevator machine rooms and control rooms, +where provided, shall not be located in the hoistway. + +2.7.6.2 Location of Machinery Spaces and Control +Spaces. Machinery spaces and control spaces shall be +permitted to be located inside or outside the hoistway. + +NOTE: Inside the hoistway includes, but is not limited to, on or +in the car, on the counterweight, or in the pit. + +2.7.6.3 Location of Equipment. The location of equip- +ment used directly in cormection with the elevator shall +conform to the requirements of 2.7.6.3.1 through +2.7.6.3.4. + +2.7.6.3.1 The electric driving machine shall be +located in a machinery space or machine room. + +2.7.6.3.2 The motor controller shall be located in +a machinery space, machine room, control space, or con- +trol room. + +A motor controller shall be permitted to be located +outside the specified spaces, provided it is enclosed in +a locked cabinet. The locked cabinet shall be + +(a) readily accessible for maintenance and inspection +at all times. + +(b) provided with cabinet door(s) or panel(s) that are +not self-closing, that are self-locking, and which shaU +be kept closed and locked. Keys shall be Group 1 Secu- +rity (see 8.1). + +(c) lit by permanently installed electric Hghting with a +lighting intensity of at least 200 Ix (19 fc) at the floor level. + +(d) located in a space that is provided with natural +or mechanical means to keep the ambient air tempera- +ture and humidity in the range specified by the elevator +equipment manufacturer to ensure safe and normal +operation of the elevator. The temperature and humidity +range shall be permanently posted on the cabinet. + +NOTE (2.7.6.3.2): For electrical clearance requirements, see NFPA +70 or CSA C22.1, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.7.6.3.3 Where sheaves and other equipment +(except governors) are located overhead inside the + + + +hoistway, they shall be provided with a means of access +from outside the hoistway conforming to the require- +ments of 2.7.3.3, unless they can be inspected and ser- +viced from the top of the car. + +2.7.6.3.4 Where a governor is located inside the +hoistway, means of access conforming to the require- +ments of 2.7.3.3 and 2.7.3.4 for inspection and servicing +the governor shall be provided from outside the +hoistway. The access operung shall not be required where + +(a) the governor can be inspected and serviced from +the top of the car or adjacent car, and the governor can +be tripped from testing from the adjacent car or outside +the hoistway; and means are furnished to prevent move- +ment of the car when servicing the governor. A sign +with the words "SECURE CAR AGAINST MOVEMENT +BEFORE SERVICING THE GOVERNOR" shall be prom- +inently posted and be visible from the governor. The +sign shall conform to ANSI Z535.2 or CAN/CSA-Z321, +whichever is applicable. The sign shall be of such mate- +rial and construction that the letters and figures +stamped, etched, cast, or otherwise applied to the face +shall remain permanently and readily legible. + +(h) for elevators in a single hoistway, the governor +can be reset automatically when the car is moved in the +up direction or the governor can be reset from outside +the hoistway. + +2.7.6.4 Means Necessary for Tests. Where an elevator +driving machine brake or an emergency brake, or an +elevator motion controller or motor controller is located +in the hoistway or pit, means necessary for tests that +require movement of the car or release of the driving +machine brake or emergency brake, shall be provided +and arranged so that they can be operated from outside +the hoistway and shall conform to 2.7.6.4.1 through +2.7.6.4.3. These means are also permitted to be used by +elevator personnel for passenger rescue. + +2.7.6.4.1 Where direct observation of the elevator +drive sheave or ropes is not possible from the location +of the means necessary for tests which require movement +of the car or release of the driving machine brake or +emergency brake, display devices or the equivalent shall +be provided. They shall be visible from the location of +the means and shall convey the following information +about the elevator simultaneously + +(a) the direction of movement + +(b) the reaching of a position within the door +imlocking zone + +(c) an indication of the speed + +The display devices or the equivalent shall remain +operable during a failure of the normal building power +supply. The power source shall be capable of providing +for the operation of the display devices or the equivalent +for at least 4 h. Where batteries are used, a moiutoring + + + +15 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.7.6A.1-2.7.7 + + + +system shall be provided. In the event that during nor- +mal operation of the car, the monitoring indicates insuffi- +cient power to operate the display devices or the +equivalent, the car shall not be permitted to restart after +a normal stop at a landing. + +2.7.6.4.2 The means necessary for tests shall be +permitted to be located within an inspection and test +panel conforming to the requirements of 2.7.6.5.2. + +2.7.6.4.3 A means to move the car from outside +the hoistway shall be provided and it shall cor\form to +the following: + +(a) it shall not be dependent on the availability of +normal power. + +(h) it shall be accessible for operation by elevator per- +sonnel only with a key that is Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +(c) it shall allow the car to move only with continuous +effort. + +(d) if the car is moved manually, the effort required +to move the car in the direction of load imbalance shall +not exceed 400 N (90 Ibf ). If the means used is removable, +it shall be stored outside the hoistway and access to the +means shall be with a key that is Group 1 Security. It +shall be suitably marked to indicate the machine for +which it is intended. + +(e) Where the manual effort required to move the car +exceeds 400 N (90 Ibf), a means of electrical operation +shall be provided to allow the car to be moved. This +means of electrical operation shaU require constant pres- +sure operating devices to move the car, and when acti- +vated, operation of the car by all other operating means +shall be prevented. A failure of a single constant pressure +operating device shall not permit the elevator to move +or continue to move. Where batteries are used for this +electrical operation, a monitoring system shall be pro- +vided. In the event, that during normal operation of the +car, the monitoring system indicates insufficient power +to move the car, the car shall not be permitted to restart +after a normal stop at a landing. + +2.7.6.5 Inspection and Test Panel + +2.7.6.5.1 The inspection and test panel shall be +required where any of the following are not accessible +from outside the hoistway: + +(a) The "CAR DOOR BYPASS" and "HOISTWAY +DOOR BYPASS" switches required by 2.26.1.5; or + +(b) the devices necessary for the manual reset of the +detection means for ascending car overspeed protection +[see 2.19.1.2(a)(4)], and protection against unintended +car movement [see 2.19.2.2(a)(4)], or + +(c) the circuits of the following devices: + +(1) the car-safety mechanism switch (see 2.26.2.9) + +(2) the car buffer switch, where provided (see +2.26.2.22) + +(3) the top and bottom final terminal stopping +devices (see 2.26.2.11) + + + +(4) the car and counterweight governor switches, +where provided (see 2.26.2.10) + +2.7.6.5.2 The inspection and test panel, where pro- +vided shall + +(a) be readily accessible for maintenance and inspec- +tion at all times. + +(b) have the required devices located behind a locked +door or panel that does not open into the hoistway, +which is not self-closing, which is self-locking, and +which shall be kept closed and locked. Keys shall be of +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +(c) be provided with a stop switch, conforming to +2.26.2.24. + +(d) be lit by permanently installed electric lighting +with a lighting intensity of at least 200 Ix (19 fc) at +the floor level. A switch placed inside or close to the +enclosure shall control lighting of the enclosure. + +(e) include the display devices as required by 2.7.6.4.1 . +(/) include the "CAR DOOR BYPASS" and + +"HOISTWAY DOOR BYPASS" switches where required +by 2.26.1.5. + +(g) include the devices necessary for the manual reset +of the detection means for ascending car overspeed pro- +tection [see 2.19.1.2(a)(4)], and protection against Unin- +tended Car Movement [see 2.19.2.2(a)(4)] where these +devices are not accessible from outside the hoistway. + +(h) where the circuits of the devices in 2.7.6.5.1(c)(1) +through (4) are not accessible from outside the hoistway, +include landing inspection operation in conformance +with 2.26.1.4.4, and which shall be permitted to render +ineffective the following electrical protective devices, +individually or as a group or groups, in conformance +with the requirements of 2.26.9.3(a) and 2.26.9.4: + +(1) the car-safety mechanism switch (see 2.26.2.9) + +(2) the car buffer switch, where provided (see +2.26.2.22) + +(3) the top and bottom final terminal stopping +devices (see 2.26.2.11) + +(4) the car and counterweight governor switches, +where provided (see 2.26.2.10) + +NOTE (2.7.6.5): For electrical clearance requirements, see NFPA +70 or CSA C22.1, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). See also +2.8.3.3.2. + +2.7.6.6 Equipment Exposure to Weatlier. Machines, +control equipment, sheaves, and other machinery shall +not be exposed to the weather unless they are suitable +for the application. + +2.7.7 Machine Rooms and Control Rooms +Underneath the Hoistway + +When a machine room or control room is located +underneath the hoistway, it shall conform to 2.7.7.1 +through 2.7.7.5. + + + +16 + + + +2.7.7.1-2.8.2.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.7.7.1 The machine or control room shall have a +solid ceiling (pit floor, at the normal pit depth) of con- +crete or steel above the machine room or control room, +with a minimum 2 130 mm (84 in.) clearance above the +machine room or control room floor. + +2.7.7.2 The ceiling of the machine or control room +shall be capable of sustaining a concentrated load of +1 000 N (225 Ibf ) on any 2 000 mm^ (3 in.^) area, and it +shall be designed for a live load of 6 kPa (125 Ibf/ft^) +and loads imposed by rails and/or buffers, if applicable. + +2.7.7.3 The car and counterweight guide rails and +buffer supports shall be permitted to extend into the +machine room and be supported by the machine room +floor. If the counterweight buffer or buffer support +extends to the machine room or control room floor, a +counterweight safety is not required imless the space +below the machine room is not permanently secured +against access. If a counterweight buffer is supported +at the machine room ceiling (pit floor), a counterweight +safety is required. (See 2.6.1 for additional requirements.) + +2.7.7.4 The solid ceiling (pit floor at normal pit +depth) shall be permitted to be slotted for the penetra- +tion of equipment (suspension ropes, selector drives, +electrical conduit, rails, buffers, etc.). Passage and guards +shall be provided in conformance with 2.3.2 and 2.10.1 +for both the machine or control room and pit. A counter- +weight guard shaU be installed at the pit floor as well +as the machine or control room floor if the counterweight +extends into the machine or control room and 2.3.2.1(a) +does not apply. The guard in the machine or control +room shall extend to the ceiling. + +2.7.7.5 Compensating ropes or chains and traveling +cables shall not extend into the machine room located +underneath the hoistway. + +2.7.8 Remote Machine Rooms and Control Rooms + +Elevators that are provided with remote machine +rooms and/or control rooms shall conform to 2.7.8.1 +through 2.7.8.4. + +2.7.8.1 Ropes and sheaves leading to the remote +machine room that penetrate separate fire-resistive areas +of the structure shall be fully enclosed, and the enclo- +sures shaU conform to 2.1.1.1. + +2.7.8.2 Rope and sheave enclosures leading to the +remote machine room shall be protected against unau- +thorized access. + +2.7.8.3 Permanent means of access shall be provided +to the enclosures for inspection, repair, and maintenance +of hoist ropes passing over sheaves that are not located +in the hoistway or remote machine rooms. Access doors +to these enclosures shall be provided at each sheave +location, conforming to 2.7.3.4. Access openings shall be +provided for inspection and maintenance of hoist ropes + + + +passing over sheaves and shall conform to 2.7.3.4. A +stop switch meeting the requirements of 2.26.2.23, a per- +manent electric duplex receptacle, a light switch, and +light shall be provided in the enclosures immediately +inside the access doors and openings. + +2.7.8.4 A permanent nieans of communication +between the elevator car and remote machine room and +or control room shall be provided. + +2.7.9 Lighting, Temperature, and Humidity in + +Machinery Spaces, Machine Rooms, Control +Spaces, and Control Rooms + +2.7.9.1 Lighting. Permanently installed electric light- +ing shall be provided in all machinery spaces, machine +rooms, control spaces, and control rooms. The illumina- +tion shall be not less than 200 Ix (19 fc) at the floor +level, at the standing surface of a working platform (see +2.7.5.3), or at the level of the standing surface when the +car is in the blocked position (see 2.7.5.1). The lighting +control switch shall be located within easy reach of the +access to such rooms or spaces. Where practicable, the +light control switch shall be located on the lock-jamb +side of the access door. + +2.7.9.2 Temperature and Humidity. Machinery spaces, +machine rooms, control spaces, and control rooms shall +be provided with natural or mechanical means to keep +the ambient air temperature and humidity in the range +specified by the elevator equipment manufacturer to +ensure safe and normal operation of the elevator. The +temperature and humidity range, shall be permanently +posted in the machine room, control room, control space, +or where specified by the equipment manufacturer, in +the machinery space. + +SECTION 2.8 + +EQUIPMENT IN HOOSTWAYS, MACHINERY SPACES, + +MACHINE ROOMS, CONTROL SPACES, AND + +CONTROL ROOMS + +2.8.1 Equipment Allowed + +Only machinery and equipment used directly in con- +nection with the elevator shaU be permitted in elevator +hoistways, machinery spaces, machine rooms, control +spaces, and control rooms. + +2.8.2 Electrical Equipment and Wiring + +2.8.2.1 Installation of electrical equipment and wir- +ing shall conform to NFPA 70 or CSA-C22.1, whichever +is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.8.2.2 Only such electrical wiring, raceways, and +cables used directly in connection with the elevator, +including wiring for signals, for communication with +the car, for lighting, heating, air conditioning, and venti- +lating the car, for fire detecting systems, for pit sump + + + +17 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.8.2.2-2.8.5 + + + +pumps, and for heating and lighting the hoist way and/ +or the machinery space, machine room, control space, +or control room shall be permitted to be installed inside +the hoistway, machinery space, machine room, control +space, or control room. + +2.8.2.3 Bonding conductors from the Ughtning pro- +tection system groiinding down conductor to long verti- +cal metal bodies in the hoistway such as elevator rails +and vertical wireways shall be permitted to be installed +in the hoistway as required by NFPA 780, or CAN/CSA- +B72, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). The lightning +protection system grounding down conductor shall not +be permitted in the hoistway, and the elevator rails shall +not be used as the lightning protection system ground- +ing down conductor. Bonding conductors installed in +the hoistway shall not interfere with the operation of +the elevator. + +2.8.3 Pipes, Ducts, Tanks, and Sprinklers + +2.8.3.1 Steam and hot- water pipes shall be pernutted +to be installed in hoistways, machinery spaces, machine +rooms, control spaces, and control rooms for the purpose +of heating these areas only, subject to 2.8.3.1.1 through +2.8.3.1.3. + +2.8.3.1.1 Heating pipes shall convey only low- +pressure steam [100 kPa (15 psi) or less] or hot water +[100°C (212°F) or less]. + +2.8.3.1.2 All risers and return pipes shall be +located outside the hoistway. When the machinery +space, machine room, control space, or control room is +located above the roof of the building, heating pipes for +the machinery space, machine room, control space, or +control room shall be permitted to be located in the +hoistway between the top floor and the machinery space, +machine room, control space, or control room. + +2.8.3.1.3 Traps and shutoff valves shall be pro- +vided in accessible locations outside the hoistway. + +2.8.3.2 Ducts shall be permitted to be installed in +the hoistway, machinery space, machine room, control +space, or control room for the purpose of heating, cool- +ing, ventilating, and venting these areas only and shall +not encroach upon the required clearances. + +2.8.3.3 Sprinkler systems conforming to NFPA 13 +or the NBCC, whichever is applicable (see Part 9), shall +be permitted to be installed in the hoistway, machinery +space, machine room, control space, or control room +subject to 2.8.3.3.1 through 2.8.3.3.4. + +2.8.3.3.1 AU risers and returns shall be located +outside these spaces. Branch lines in the hoistway shall +supply sprinklers at not more than one floor level. When +the machinery space, machine room, control space, or +control room is located above the roof of the building, +risers, return pipes, and branch lines for these sprinklers + + + +shall be permitted to be located in the hoistway between +the top floor and the machinery space, machine room, +control space, or control roon\. + +2.8.3.3.2 In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, +where elevator equipment is located or its enclosure is +configured such that application of water from sprin- +klers could cause unsafe elevator operation, means shall +be provided to automatically disconnect the main line +power supply to the affected elevator upon or prior to +the application of water. + +(a) This means shall be independent of the elevator +control and shall not be self-resetting. + +(b) Heat detectors and sprinkler flow switches used to +initiate main line elevator power shutdown shall comply +with the requirements of NFPA 72. + +(c) The activation of sprinklers outside of such loca- +tions shall not disconnect the main line elevator power +supply See also 2.27.3.3.6. + +2.8.3.3.3 Smoke detectors shall not be used to +activate sprinklers in these spaces or to discormect the +main Hne power supply. + +2.8.3.3.4 In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, +when sprinklers are installed in the hoistway, aU electri- +cal equipment, except earthquake protective devices +coriforming to 8.4.10.1.2(d), located less than 1 220 mm +(48 in.) above the pit floor, shall be + +(a) weatherproof (NEMA4) + +(h) wiring shall be identified for use in wet locations +in accordance with the requirements in NFPA 70 + +2.8.3.4 Other pipes or ducts conveying gases, +vapors, or liquid and not used in connection with the +operation of the elevator shall not be installed in any +hoistway, machinery space, machine room, control +space, or control room. Where a machinery space, +machine room, control space, control room, or hoistway +extend above the roof of a building, pipes shall be per- +mitted from roof drains to the closest point where they +can be diverted out of this space. Pipes shall be covered +to prevent leakage or condensate from entering the +machinery space, machine room, control space, control +room, or hoistway. + +2.8.3.5 Where permitted and provided, pipes, +drains, and tanks, or similar equipment that contains +liquids, shall not be located directly above the elevator +equipment and shall not encroach upon the required +clearances in the hoistway, machinery space, machine +room, control space, or control room. + +2.8.4 Electrical Heaters + +Listed/certified electrical heaters shall be pernutted. + +2.8.5 Air Conditioning + +Air conditioning equipment is permitted to be +installed in machinery spaces, machine rooms, control + + + +18 + + + +2.8.5-2.9.3.1.1 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +spaces, or control rooms for the purpose of cooling these +areas only, subject to 2.8.5.1 through 2.8.5.5. + +2.8.5.1 Air conditioning equipment shall not be +located directly above elevator equipment. + +2.8.5.2 The clear headroom below suspended air +conditior\ing equipment shall conform to 2.7.4. + +2.8.5.3 Means shall be provided to collect and drain +condensation water from these spaces. Condensation +drains shall not be located directly above elevator equip- +ment. Drains cormected directly to sewers shall not be +installed. + +2.8.5.4 Safe and convenient access within the eleva- +tor machinery space, machine room, control space, or +control room shall be provided to the air-conditiorung +equipment for servicing and maintaining. + +NOTE: See also 2.7.3.1. + +2.8.5.5 There shall be no exposed gears, sprockets, +belts, pulleys, or chains. + +NOTES (2.8.5): + +(1) See 2.8.3.2 for requirements for duct work. + +(2) These reqviirements do riot pertain to air-conditiorung eqviip- +ment used to cool selective elevator equipment. + +2.8.6 Miscellaneous Equipment + +Enclosed moving, rotating, hanging machinery, +equipment, stationary decorative lighting, stationary +signage or other stationary special effects devices, +securely attached to either one or more of the car, coun- +terweight, or hoistway shall be permitted, provided that +the elevator, including the equipment and devices, con- +forms to 2.4, 2.5, 2.8.1, 2.14.2.1.1, 2.15.7, 8.2.2.1, and +8.2.9.1. Any unenclosed moving, rotating, or hanging +machinery or equipment, attached to the exterior of the +car or counterweight, interior of the hoistway, exterior +of the car, or any other elevator equipment in the +hoistway is prohibited imless it is used in conjunction +with the designed use of the elevator. + +SECTION 2.9 + +MACHINERY AND SHEAVE BEAMS, SUPPORTS, AND + +FOUNDATIONS + +2.9.1 Supports Required + +Machines, machinery, sheaves, and hitches shall be +supported by overhead beams, structural floors, struc- +tural waUs, or guide rails. + +2.9.1.1 Machines, machinery, and sheaves shaU be +so supported and maintained in place as to prevent +any part from becoming loose or displaced imder the +conditions imposed in service. + +2.9.1.2 Supporting beams, if used, shall be of steel +or reinforced concrete. + + + +2.9.1.3 Beams are not required under machine(s), +sheave(s), and machinery or control equipment that is +supported on floors, provided such floors are designed +and installed to support the load imposed thereon, or +where supported by guide rails or structural walls +designed to meet the requirements of 2.9.3.3. + +2.9.2 Loads on Machinery and Siieave Beams, + +Floors, or Foundations and Their Supports + +2.9.2.1 Overhead Beams, Floors, and Their Supports. +Overhead beams, floors, and their supports shall be +designed for not less than the sum of the following +loads: + +(a) the load resting on the beams and supports, which +shall include the complete weight of the machine, +sheaves, controller, governor, and any other equipment, +together with that portion, if any, of the machinery space, +machine room, control space, or control room floor sup- +ported thereon + +(b) two times the sum of the tensions in all wire ropes +supported by the beams, floors, and their supports with +rated load in the car + +NOTE [2.9.2.1(b)]: These tensions are doubled to take care of accel- +erations and decelerations. + +2.9.2.2 Foundations, Beams, and Floors for Machinery +and Sheaves Not Located Directly Over the Hoistway. + +The supports for machines and sheaves located below +or at the sides of the hoistway shall meet the require- +ments of 2.9.2.2.1 through 2.9.2.2.4. + +2.9.2.2.1 The foundation shall support the total +weight of the machine, sheaves, and other equipment, +and the floor, if any. + +2.9.2.2.2 The sheave beams and the foimdation +bolts shall withstand two times the vertical force compo- +nent acting thereon as a result of the tension in aU the +suspension ropes, less the weight of the machine or +sheaves. + +2.9.2.2.3 The sheave beams and the foundation +bolts shaU withstand two times the horizontal force com- +ponent, if any, acting thereon as a result of the tension +in all the suspension ropes. + +2.9.2.2.4 The foundation shall withstand two +times the overturning moment, if any, acting thereon as +a result of the tension in all the suspension ropes. + +2.9.3 Securing of Machinery and Equipment to +Beams, Foundations, Guide Rails, Structural +Walls, or Floors + +2.9.3.1 Overhead Beams and Floors + +2.9.3.1.1 Where overhead beams and floors are +used to support machinery or equipment, the machinery +or equipment shall be secured to and supported on or + + + +19 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.9.3.1.1-2.9.4.1 + + + +from the top of overhead beams or floors, except for the +following equipment: + +(a) secondary or deflecting sheaves of traction ele- +vators + +(b) devices and their accessories for limiting or +retarding car speed + +2.9.3.1.2 Securing bolts or fastenings are not +required where sound isolation in compression is used +between bases of machinery or equipment and support- +ing beams or floors. + +2.9.3.2 Beams or Foundations Supporting Machinery +and Sheaves Not Located Directly Over the Hoistway + +2.9.3.2.1 Machines and sheaves located below or +at one side of a hoistway shall be anchored to beams, +foundations, or floors with bolts, conforming to ASTM +A 307, of sufficient size and number to withstand the +applicable load conditions specified in 2.9.2.2. Based on +these initial loads, total tension in anchor bolts shall not +exceed 85 MPa (12,000 psi) of net section, and the total +shear shall not exceed 60 MPa (9,000 psi) of actual area +in the shear plane. (See also 2.9.3.5.) + +2.9.3.2.2 Where bolts are used through greater +than 5 deg sloping flanges of structural shapes, the bolt +heads shall be of the tipped or beveled head type or +shall be fitted with beveled steel washers, and nuts on +greater than 5 deg sloping flanges shall seat on beveled +steel washers. + +2.9.3.3 Securing of Machines, Sheaves, Equipment, +and Hitches to Guide Rails or Structural Walls + +2.9.3.3.1 Machines, sheaves, equipment, and +hitches shall be permitted to be secured to and sup- +ported by the guide rails or structural walls, provided +that the tension in the hoisting ropes and the weight of +the equipment will not develop direct tensions in the +bolts or rivets. + +2.9.3.3.2 Securing bolts or fastenings are not +required where sound isolation in compression is used +between bases of machinery or equipment and their +supports. + +2.9.3.3.3 Bolts used to secure equipment to the +guide rails or structural walls shaU conform to ASTM +A 307, and be of sufficient size and number to withstand +the applicable load conditions specified in 2.9.2.2. Based +on these initial loads, total tension in support bolts shall +not exceed 85 MPa (12,000 psi) of net section, and the +total shear in bolts and rivets shall not exceed 60 MPa +(9,000 psi) of actual area in the shear plane. The require- +ments of 2.9.3.2.2 for bolts and 2.9.3.4.3 and 2.9.3.4.4 for +hitch plates shall also apply. The stresses in welds due +to tensions in the hoisting ropes shall not exceed 55 MPa +(8,000 psi) on the throat area of the welds. (See also +2.9.3.5.) + + + +2.9.3.3.4 Guide rails used to support machines, +equipment, sheaves, and hitches shall meet the require- +ments of 2.23.4. + +2.9.3.4 Overhead Hoisting Rope Hitches + +2.9.3.4.1 Where hoisting ropes are secured to the +structure above a hoistway, the hitch plates and hitch- +plate blocking beams, where used, shall be secured to +and mounted on top of overhead bean\s, machine beams, +or on top of auxiliary beams connected to the webs of +overhead beams. + +2.9.3.4.2 Hitch plates, blocking, or auxiliary +beams shall be secured by bolts conforming to ASTM +A 307, rivets conforming to ASTM A 502, or welding +conforming to 8.8, and shall be so located that the tension +in the hoisting ropes will not develop direct tensions in +the bolts or rivets. Where bolts and rivets are subjected +to shearing stresses due to tension in the hoisting ropes, +the total shear shall not exceed 60 MPa (9,000 psi) of +actual area in the shear plane. The stresses in welds due +to tensions in the hoisting ropes shall not exceed 55 MPa +(8,000 psi) on the throat area of the welds. (See also +2.9.3.5.) + +2.9.3.4.3 The hitch plate supporting structure +shall be; designed to withstand two times the sum of +the tensions in all hoisting ropes attached to the hitch +plates. (See also 2.15.13.) + +2.9.3.4.4 Total stresses in hitch plates and hitch- +plate shapes shaU not exceed 85 MPa (12,000 psi). + +2.9.3.5 Bolts Made of Steel. Bolts made of steel used +to comply with the requirements of 2.9.3.2.1, 2.9.3.3.3, +and 2.9.3.4.2 having a greater strength than specified +by ASTM A 307 shall be permitted, provided that the +maximum allowable stresses increased proportionally +based on the ratio of the ultimate strengths. Elongation +shall conform to the requirements of the corresponding +ASTM specification. + +2.9.3.6 Cast Metals in Tension or Bending. Cast met- +als having an elongation of less than 20% in a length of +50 mm (2 in.), when measured in accordance with ASTM +E 8, which are subject to tension or bending, shall not +be used to support machinery or equipment from the +underside of overhead beams or floors. + +2.9.4 Allowable Stresses for Machinery and Sheave +Beams or Floors, Their Supports, and Any +Support Members That Transmit Load to the +Guide Rails or Structural Walls + +2.9.4.1 The unit stresses for all machinery and +sheave beams and floors and their supports, based on +the loads computed as specified in 2.9.2 or 2.9.6, which- +ever is greater, shall not exceed 80% of those permitted +for static loads by the following standards: + +(a) Structural Steel. AISC Book No. S326 or CAN/ +CSA-S16.1, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + + + +20 + + + +2.9.4.1-2.11.1.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +(b) Reinforced Concrete. ANSl/ACl 318 or CAN3- +A23.3, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.9.4.2 Where stresses due to loads, other than eleva- +tor loads supported on the beams or floor, exceed those +due to the elevator loads, 100% of the permitted stresses +are permitted. + +2.9.4.3 Cast Metals in Tension or Bending. Cast met- +als having an elongation of less than 20% in a length of +50 mm (2 in.), when measured in accordance with ASTM +E 8, which are subject to tension or bending, shall not +be used to support machinery or equipment from guide +rails or structural walls. + +2.9.5 Allowable Deflections of Machinery and +Sheave Beams, Their Supports, and Any +Support Members Loaded in Bending Which +Transmit Load to Guide Rails or Structural +Walls + +The allowable deflections of machinery and sheave +beams, their immediate supports, and any support +members loaded in bending which transmit load to +guide rails or structural walls under static load shall not +exceed ^^666 of the span. + +2.9.6 Allowable Stresses Due to Emergency Bralcing + +Machinery and sheave beams, supports, any support +members which transmit load to guide rails or structural +walls and any fastenings subject to forces due to the +application of the emergency brake (see 2.19.4) shall be +designed to withstand the maximum forces developed +during the retardation phase of the emergency braking +so that the resulting stresses due to the emergency brak- +ing and all other loading acting simultaneously, if appli- +cable, shall not exceed those specified in 2.9.4. + +SECTION 2.10 + +GUARDING OF EQUIPMENT AND STANDARD + +RAILING + +2.10.1 Guarding of Equipment + +In machinery spaces, machine rooms, control spaces, +and control rooms, the following shall be guarded to +protect against accidental contact: + +(a) driving machine sheaves and ropes whose vertical +projection upon a horizontal plane extends beyond the +base of the machine, unless the driving machine sheave +is so located as to miiiimize the possibility of contact + +(h) sheaves + +(c) exposed gears, sprockets, tape or rope sheaves, or +drums of selectors, floor controllers, or signal machines, +and their driving ropes, chains, or tapes + +(d) keys, keyways, and screws in projecting shafts +Handwinding wheels and flywheels that are not + +guarded shall have yellow markings. + + + +2.10.2 Standard Railing + +A standard railing shall be substantially constructed +of metal and shall consist of a top rail, intermediate rail +or equivalent structural member or solid panel, and toe- +board. + +2.10.2.1 Top Rail The top rail shall have a smooth +surface, and the upper surface shaU be located at a verti- +cal height of 1 070 mm (42 in.) from the working surface. + +2.10.2.2 Intermediate Rail, Member, or Panel. The + +intermediate rail or equivalent structural member or +solid panel shall be located approximately centered +between the top rail and the working surface. + +2.10.2.3 Toe-Board. The toe-board shall be securely +fastened and have a height not less than 100 mm (4 in.) +above the working surface. + +2.10.2.4 Strength of Standard Railing. A standard +railing shall be capable of resisting anywhere along its +length the following forces when applied separately, +without deflecting more than 75 mm (3 in.) and without +permanent deformation: + +(a) a force of at least 890 N (200 Ibf ) applied in any +lateral or downward vertical direction, at any point +along the top rail. + +(b) a force of at least 666 N (150 Ibf) applied in any +lateral or downward vertical direction at any point along +the center of the intermediate rail, member, or panel. If +the standard railing is a solid panel extending from the +top rail to the toe-board, the application of the force +specified in 2.10.2.4(a) shall be considered to meet the +requirements of 2.10.2.4(b). + +(c) a force of 225 N (50 Ibf) applied in a lateral direc- +tion to the toe-board. + + + +SECTION 2.11 +PROTECTION OF HOISTWAY OPENINGS + +2.11.1 Entrances and Emergency Doors Required + +2.11.1.1 Hoistway Landing Entrances. AH elevator +hoistway landing openings shall be provided with +entrances that shall guard the full height and width of +the openings. Entrances shall be at least 2 030 mm (80 in.) +in height and 800 mm (31.5 in.) in width. + +2.11.1.2 Emergency Doors in Blind Hoistways. Where +an elevator is installed in a single blind hoistway, there +shall be installed in the blind portion of the hoistway +an emergency door at every third floor, but not more +than 11 m (36 ft) from siU to sfll, conforming to the +following: + +(a) The clear opening shall be at least 700 mm (28 in.) +wide and 2 030 mm (80 in.) high. + +(b) It shall be easily accessible and free from fixed +obstructions. + + + +21 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.11.1.2-2.11.4.1 + + + +(c) It shall be either of the horizontally sliding or +swinging single-section type, irrespective of the type of +door installed at other landings. + +(d) It shall be self-closing and self-locking and shall +be marked, in letters not less than 50 mm (2 in.) high, +"DANGER, ELEVATOR HOISTWAY." + +(e) It shall be provided with an electromechanical +device that will prevent the operation of the driving +machine unless the door is closed and locked (see +2.26.2.25). + +(f) It shall be unlocked from the landing side only +through the use of a cylinder-type lock, having not less +than five pins or five discs. The cylinder lock shall + +(1) not be unlocked by any key that wiU open any +other lock or device used for any purpose in the building + +(2) be so designed that the key shall be removable +only in the locked position + +(g) It shall be openable from the hoistway side with- +out the use of a key. + +(h) The key shall be of Group 1 Security (see 8.1). This +key shall also be made available to emergency personnel +during an emergency. + +(i) A hinged self-closing barrier independent of the +door shall be installed horizontally across the entrance +on the hoistway side at a height of 1 070 nmi (42 in.). +The barrier shall not open into the hoistway. + +2.11.1.3 Telephone as Alternative to Emergency +Doors. Where an elevator is installed in a single blind +hoistway, and there are no landings from which to gain +access through an emergency door, a means of two-way +conversation conforming to 2.27.1.1 shall be provided. + +NOTE: Examples are piilp mills, grain elevators, dams, or similar +locations. + +2.11.1.4 Access Openings for Cleaning of Car and +Hoistway Enclosures. Noiu-emovable sUding or swing +panels or doors in the hoistway conforming to +2.11.1.2(d), (f), (g), and (i) shall be permitted for access +to car or hoistway transparent enclosures for cleaning +purposes. An electromechanical device shall be pro- +vided that wUl prevent the operation of the driving +machine imless the access panels or doors are closed +and locked (see 2.26.2.32). Key shall be Group 2 Security +(see 8.1). + +2.11.2 Types of Entrances + +2.11.2.1 Passenger Elevators. For passenger eleva- +tors, entrances shall be one of the following types: + +(a) horizontally sliding; + +(b) horizontally swinging, single-section; + +(c) combination horizontally sliding and swinging; or + +(d) hand- or power-operated vertically sliding that +sHde up to open. + + + +2.11.2.2 Freight Elevators. For freight elevators, +entrances shall be one of the following types: + +(a) horizontally sliding + +(b) swinging, single-section + +(c) combination horizontally sliding and swinging + +(d) center-opening, two-section horizontally swing- +ing, subject to restrictions of 2.11.2.3 + +(e) vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced (see +2.16.4) + +(/) vertically sliding counterweighted, single or +multisection + +2.11.2.3 Limitations of Use of Center-Opening Swing- +ing Entrances. Center-opening swinging entrances shall +be permitted only + +(a) for freight elevators which can be operated only +from the car; or + +(b) for freight elevators not accessible to the general +pubUc that can be operated from outside the hoistway, +and that are located in factories, warehouses, garages, +and similar industrial buildings. + +2.11.3 Closing of Hoistway Doors + +2.11.3.1 Horizontally sliding or single-section +swinging doors of automatic-operation elevators shall +be provided with door closers arranged to close an open +door automatically if the car, for any reason, leaves the +landing zone. + +2.11.3.2 Horizontally sliding doors shall be closed +when the car is at a landing, except when + +(a) the car is operated by a designated attendant in +the car; + +(b) loading or uiUoading; + +(c) the elevator conforms to 2.27.3.2.1 and 2.27.3.2.3 +through 2.27.3.2.6, Phase I Emergency Recall Operation +by fire alarm initiating device; or + +(d) the car is at the recall level when Phase I is in +effect Isee 2.27.3.1.6(a)]. + +2.1 1.3.3 On center-opening doors, if there is an inter- +lock on only one panel, the door closer required by +2.11.3.1 shall be provided on the leading panel that oper- +ates in the opposite direction (see 2.11.11.7). + +2.11.4 Location of Horizontally Sliding or Swinging +Hoistway Doors + +Horizontally sliding or swinging doors shall be so +located that the distance from the hoistway face of the +doors to the edge of the hoistway landing sill, measured +from the face of the door section nearest to the car, shall +be not more than the requirements specified in 2.11.4.1 +and 2.11.4.2. + +2.1 1 .4.1 For elevators that can be operated oi\ly from +the car, 100 mm (4 in.), except that where new elevators +are installed in existing multiple hoistways or where +alteratior\s involving replacement of the doors are made + + + +22 + + + +2.11.4.1-2.11.7.1.7 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +to existing elevators in multiple hoistways, and the loca- +tion of the door openings is such that the 100 mm (4 in.) +dimension specified cannot be maintained, the distance +specified is permitted to be increased to not more than +125 mm (5 in.) where horizontally sUding doors are used. + +2.11 .4.2 For elevators with automatic or continuous- +pressure operation, 19 mm (0.75 in.) for swinging doors +and 57 mm (2.25 in.) for sUding doors, except that + +(a) freight elevators not accessible to the general pub- +lic, and which are located in factories, warehouses, gar- +ages, and similar industrial buildings are permitted to +have single-section or center-opening two-section hori- +zontally swinging doors conforming to 2.11.4.1; or + +(h) for swinging doors used on elevators with auto- +matic and continuous-pressure operation, the distance +shall be permitted to be increased from 19 mm to 57 mm +(0.75 in. to 2.25 in.) if such doors are emergency doors +conforming to 2.11.1. (See also 2.14.4.5.) + +2.11.5 Profection of Entrances and Other Equipment +Beyond the Landing Sills + +Entrances and equipment shall not project into an +elevator hoistway beyond the line of the landing sill, +except for + +(a) equipment required for interlocking, indicator and +signal devices, and door operating devices + +(b) vertical sUde entrances + +2.11.6 Opening of Hoistway Doors + +2.11.6.1 When the car is within the unlocking zone, +the hoistway doors shall be openable by hand from +within the car without the use of tools. + +2.1 1.6.2 Means shaU not be provided for locking out +of service the doors at + +(a) the top terminal landing + +(b) the bottom terminal landing + +(c) the designated and alternate landings for elevators +equipped with Phase I Emergency Recall Operation, +when Phase I is effective + +(d) no landing for elevators equipped with Phase II +Emergency In-Car Operation when Phase II is effective + +2.11.6.3 Egress from the interior of the car to any +elevator landing by means of the car and hoistway doors +shall be unrestricted once the car and hoistway doors +are open. + +2.11 .6.4 Handles or other means provided for opera- +tion of manually operated doors shall be so located that +it is not necessary to reach the back of any panel, jamb, +or sash to operate them. + +2.11.7 Glass in Hoistway Doors + +Glass in hoistway doors shall conform to 2.11.7.1 and +2.11.7.2. + + + +2.11.7.1 Vision Panels. Manually operated or self- +closing hoistway doors of the vertically or horizontally +sliding type, for elevators with automatic or continuous- +pressure operation, shall be provided with a vision +panel. Vision panels shaU not be required at landings +of automatic operation elevators where a hall position +indicator is provided. In multisection doors, the vision +panel is required in one section only, but is permitted +to be placed in all sections. All horizontally swinging +elevator doors shall be provided with vision panels. +Vision panels are permitted for any type of hoistway +door. + +Where required or used, vision panels shall conform +to 2.11.7.1.1 through 2.11.7.1.7. + +2.11.7.1.1 The area of any single vision panel shall +be not less than 0.015 m^ (24 in.^), and the total area of +one or more vision panels in any hoistway door shall +be not more than 0.055 m^ (85 in.^). + +2.11.7.1.2 Each clear panel opening shall reject a +baU 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter. + +2.11.7.1.3 Muntins used between panel sections +shall be of noncombustible material and of substantial +construction. + +2.11.7.1.4 Panel opening shall be glazed with +either of the following: + +(a) clear wire glass not less than 6 nun (0.25 in.) + +(b) other transparent glazing material not less than +6 mm (0.25 in.) thick that meets the impact safety stan- +dard 16 CFR Part 1201 or CAN/CGSB-12.1, CAN/ +CGSB-12.11, or CAN/CGSB-12.12, whichever is appHca- +ble (see Part 9) + +2.11.7.1.5 The center of the panel shall be located +not less than 1 300 mm (51 in.) and not more than +1 700 mm (67 in.) above the landing, except that for +vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced doors, it +shall be located to conform to the dimensions specified +insofar as the door design will permit. + +2.11.7.1.6 Vision panels in power-operated doors +shall be substantially flush with the surface of the land- +ing side of the door. + +2.11 .7.1 .7 Vision panels shaU be protected by pro- +tective grilles made of steel not less than 1.4 mm +(0.055 in.) thick, in accordance with the following specifi- +cations: + +(a) Grilles shall be sized to fit within or over the vision +panel frame and completely cover the vision panel open- +ing in the hoistway door. + +(b) Grilles shall be secured by means that deter +removal by common tools. + +(c) Grilles shall contain openings that shall be not +larger than 19 mm x 19 mm (0.75 in. x 0.75 in.) in +diameter. Such openings shall be spaced at 25 mm (1 in.) +center-to-center. + + + +23 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.11.7.1.7-2.11.11.3.1 + + + +(d) Grille edges shall be free of burrs ai\d beveled. + +(e) Grilles shall be installed on the hoistway side of +the door. + +2.11.7.2 Glass Doors. Where provided, glass +hoistway doors shall conform to 2.11.7.2.1 through +2.11.7.2.5. + +2.11.7.2.1 The glass shall be laminated glass con- +forming to 16 CFR Part 1201 or CAN/CGSB-12.1. Mark- +ings as specified in the applicable standard shall be on +each separate piece of glass and shall remain visible +after installation. + +2.11.7.2.2 The glass shall be not less than 60% of +the total visible door panel surface area as seen from +the landing side of the doors. Door lap shall not be used +in calculating glass size. + +2.11.7.2.3 In power-operated doors, the glass +panel shall be substantially flush with the surface of the +landing side of the door. + +2.11.7.2.4 A nonglass edge shall be provided on +the leading edge of the door panel. + +2.11.7.2.5 The glass door shall conform to +2.11.11.5.7 for horizontally sliding type entrances, +2.11.12.4 for vertically sliding type entrances, or 2.11.13.3 +for swinging entrances. + +2.11.8 Weights for Closing or Balancing Doors + +Hoistway door weights, where used for closing or +balancing doors, shall be guided or restrained to prevent +them from coming out of their nmway. The bottom of +the guides or other restraining means shall be so con- +structed as to retain the weights if the weight suspension +means breaks. + +2.11.9 Hoistway Door Locking Devices and Power +Operation + +2.11.9.1 Loclcing Devices. Doors shall be provided +with door locking devices conforming to 2.12. + +2.11.9.2 Power Operation. Where hoistway doors are +power operated or are opened or closed by power, their +operation shall conform to 2.13. + +2.11.10 Landing-Sill Guards, Landing-Sill +Illumination, Hinged Landing Sills, and +Tracks on Landings + +2.11.10.1 Landing-Sill Guards + +2.11.10.1.1 Landing sUls shall be guarded on the +underside with guard plates of smooth metal not less +than 1.4 mm (0.055 in.) thick, extending the full width of +the car sill exposed to the landing entrance, and securely +fastened in place. Landing sill guards are not required +for + +(a) vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced doors + + + +(h) vertically sliding counterweighted doors that slide +down to open + +(c) elevators where the landing siUs do not project +into the hoistway + +2.11.10.1.2 Where a car leveling device is pro- +vided and the hoistway edge of the sill is either flush +with or projects into the hoistway, the guard shall have +a straight vertical face extending below the sill not less +than the depth of the leveling zone plus 75 mm (3 in.). +Where the siU projects inward from the hoistway enclo- +sure, the bottom of the guard shall also be beveled at +an angle of not less than 60 deg and not more than 75 deg +from the horizontal, or the guard shall be extended from +the hoistway edge of the landing sill to the top of door +hanger pocket of the entrance next below. + +2.11.10.1.3 Where no car leveling device is pro- +vided and the sill projects inward from the general line +of the hoistway, the guard shaU be either beveled at an +angle of not less than 60 deg and not more than 75 deg +from the horizontal, or have a straight vertical face +extending from the hoistway edge of the landing siU to +the top of door hanger pocket of the entrance below. + +2.11.10.2 Illumination at Landing SiUs. The building +corridors shall be so Ughted that the illumination at the +landing sills, when an elevator is in service, shall be not +less than 100 Ix (10 fc). + +2.11.10.3 Hinged Hoistway Landing Sills. Hinged +hoistway landing sills provided in connection with verti- +cally sUding, biparting, coimterbalanced doors of freight +elevators shall be hinged on the landing side so that +they can be lowered only when the landing doors are +in the fuUy opened position. + +2.11.11 Entrances, Horizontal Slide Type + +2.11.11.1 Landing Sills. Landing sills shall + +(a) be of metal and of sufficient strength to support +the loads to be carried by the sUls when loading and +unloading the car, and be secured in place + +(b) be substantially flush with the floor surface of the +elevator landings + +(c) be so designed and maintained as to provide a +secure foothold over the entire width of the door opening + +2.11.11.2 Hangers, Tracks, and Track Supports. + +Hangers, tracks, and their supports and fastenings for +doors shall be constructed to withstand, without dam- +age or appreciable deflection, an imposed static load +equal to four times the weight of each panel as applied +successively downward and upward at the vertical cen- +terline of the panel. (See 2.11.11.5.7 and 2.11.11.5.8.) + +2.11.11.3 Entrance Frames + +2.11.11.3.1 Where used, entrance frames shall be +anchored to the sills and to the building structure or the +track supports. The head of the entrance frame shall not + + + +24 + + + +2.11.11.3.1-2.11.11.8 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +be used to support the weight of the wall over the frame. + +2.11.11.3.2 Where decorative material is appUed +to Usted/ certified frames, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.11.4 Hangers. Hangers shall conform to +2.11.11.4.1 and 2.11.11.4.2. + +2.11.11.4.1 Means shall be provided to prevent +the hangers from jumping the track. + +2.11.11 .4.2 Stops shall be provided in the entrance +assembly to prevent hangers froni overrunning the end +of the track. + +2.11.11.5 Panels. Panels shaU conform to 2.11.11.5.1 +through 2.11.11.5.8. + +2.11.11.5.1 The panels shall overlap the top and +sides of the opening, and each other, in the case of +multispeed entrances, by not less than 13 mm (0.5 in.). + +Where entrances without frames are used, the overlap +shall extend the thickness of the facing used to finish +the operung plus 13 mm (0.5 in.) or more. + +2.11.11.5.2 The clearance shall not exceed 10 mm +(0.375 in.) between + +(a) the panel and the frame + +(b) the panel and the wall, where entrances without +frames are used in masonry or concrete + +(c) related panels of multispeed entrances + +(d) the panel and the sill measured vertically + +2.11.11.5.3 The leading panel edge of side-open- +ing entrances shall not close into pockets in the strike +jamb and shall be smooth and free of sharp projections. + +2.11.11.5.4 The meeting panel edges of center- +opening entrances shall be smooth and free of sharp +projection. + +The meeting panel edges of center-opening entrances +shall be protected with not less than one resilient male +member extending the fuU height of the panel. The resil- +ient members shall be permitted to interlock by not more +than 10 mm (0.375 in.). + +When in the closed position, the distance between the +metal parts of the meeting panels shall not exceed 13 mm +(0.5 in.). + +2.11.11.5.5 No areas shall be depressed or raised +more than 3 mm (0.125 in.) from the adjacent area and +edges shall be beveled at not more than 30 deg to the +panel surface. + +2.11.11.5.6 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified panels, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.11.5.7 The entrance assembly shall be capa- +ble of withstanding a force of 2 500 N (560 Ibf ) applied +on the landing side at right angles to and approximately +at the center of a panel. This force shall be distributed + + + +over an area of approximately 100 mm X 100 mm (4 in. +X 4 in.). There shall be no appreciable permanent dis- +placement or deformation of any parts of the entrance +assembly resulting from this test. + +2.11.11.5.8 Means shall be provided to prevent +opening of locked doors more than 20 mm (0.8 in.) per +panel at the farthest point from the interlock when a +force of 135 N (30 Ibf) is applied in the opening direction +at the leading edge of the door at the farthest point from +the interlock. + +2.11.11.6 Bottom Guides. Bottom guides shall con- +form to the following: + +(a) The bottom of each panel shall be guided by one +or more members. + +(b) Guide members shall be securely fastened. + +(c) The guide members and any reinforcements or +guards shall engage the corresponding member by not +less than 6 mm (0.25 in.). (See 2.11.11.5.7.) + +2.11.11.7 Multipanel Entrances. Panels of multipanel +doors shall conform to either 2.11.11.7.1 or 2.11.11.7.2. +Multiple-speed and center-opening multiple-speed +doors shall also conform to 2.11.11.7.3. + +2.11.11 .7.1 Panels shall be interconnected directly +or through their hangers so as to assure simultaneous +movement of all panels. The factor of safety of the inter- +connecting means shall not be less than 10 for cast iron +or 5 for other materials. + +2.11.11.7.2 Panels shall be equipped with +hoistway door interlocks on each driven panel and pro- +vided with a door closer(s) installed to comply with +2.11.3.1. All panels shall move simultaneously when the +car is at the landing. + +2.11.11.7.3 Multiple speed and center-opening +multiple-speed panels shall be provided with secondary +mechanical interconnecting means to ensure that indi- +vidual panels of multiple panel doors moving in the +same direction cannot become separated from the panel +that is locked by the interlock in the event that the normal +interconnecting means fails. + +2.11.11.7.4 Where cable and pulleys are used to +cormect panels of multisection sliding doors, each pulley +shall be equipped with a guard to prevent the cable +from leaving the pulley. + +2.11.11.8 Hoistway Door Safety Retainers. The top + +and bottom of horizontally sliding doors shall be pro- +vided with a means of retaining the closed door panel +in position if the primary guiding means fail, and pre- +venting displacement of the door panel top and bottom +by more than 20 mm (0.8 in.) when the door panel is +subjected to a force of 5 000 N (1,125 Ibf) in the direction +of the hoistway applied at right angles to the panel over +an area of 300 mm x 300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.) at the +approximate center of the panel. + + + +25 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.11.11.8-2.11.12.4.6 + + + +The retaining means shall also withstand, without +detachment or permanent deformation, a force of +1 000 N (225 Ibf ) applied upward at any point along +the width of the door panel and, while this force is +maintained, an additional force of 1 100 N (250 Ibf) +applied at right angles to the door at the center of the +panel. This force shall be distributed over an area of +300 mm x 300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.). + +The retaining means shaU not be subjected to wear +or stress during normal door operation or maintenance. + +2.11.11.9 Beams, Walls, Floors, and Supports. The + +building structural supports of the entrance, such as +building beams, walls, and floors, shall be designed to +withstand the horizontal forces stipulated in 2.11.11.8. + +2.11.11.10 Hoistway Door to Sill Clearance. The hori- +zontal distance from the hoistway side of the leading +edge of the hoistway door, or sight guard, if provided, +to the edge of the landing siU, shall not exceed 13 mm +(0.5 in.). The vertical clearance between the sight guard, +if provided, and the landing siU shall not exceed 13 mm +(0.5 in.). + +2.11.12 Entrances, Vertical Slide Type + +2.11.12.1 Landing Sills + +2.11.12.1.1 Landing sills shall be of metal and of +sufficient strength to support the loads to be carried by +the sills when loading and unloading the car, and be +secured in place (see 2.16.2.2 for classes of loading); the +load on the sill during loading and imloading shall be +considered to be the same as that on the platform mem- +bers specified in 8.2.2.6. + +2.11.12.1.2 Landing sills shall be secured to the +building structure in substantially the same plane as the +elevator landing floor. + +2.11.12.2 Entrance Frames. Where used, frames shall +conform to 2.11.12.2.1 through 2.11.12.2.4. + +2.11.12.2.1 Entrance frames shall be anchored to +the sills and to the building structure or track supports. + +2.1 1.12.2.2 The weight of the wall above the frame +shall be supported by either of the following: + +(a) lintel + +(b) the head of the frames when designed to support +the load + +2.11.12.2.3 In gypsum board (dry wall) construc- +tion, the frame side jambs shall be extended and securely +fastened to the building structure above the frame. + +2.11.12.2.4 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified frames, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying orgaiuzation. + +2.11.12.3 Rails. The panel guide rails shall be +securely fastened to the building structure and the + + + +entrance frame, at intervals, throughout their entire +length. + +Rails and their supports shall withstand the forces +specified in 2.11.12.4.6. Where truckable sUls are pro- +vided as specified in 2.11.12.4.2, the rails shall withstand +any reactions that could be transmitted to the rails as a +result of loading and imloading operations. + +2.11.12.4 Panels. Panels shall conform to 2.11.12.4.1 +through 2.11.12.4.8. + +2.1 1 .1 2.4.1 The panels shaU be constructed of non- +combustible material, or of a structural core made of +combustible material if covered with not less than +0.45 mm (0.0175 in.) sheet metal. + +2.11.12.4.2 The lower panel of biparting entrances +and the top of the panel of vertical slide entrances that +slide down to open shall be provided with a truckable sill +designed for the loads specified in 2.11.12.1.1. Provisions +shall be made to transmit the panel sill load to the build- +ing structure. + +2.11.12.4.3 Panels of biparting counterbalanced +entrances shall conform to the following: + +(a) They shall be provided with means to stop the +closing panels when the distance between the closing +rigid members of the panel is not less than 20 mm (0.8 in.) +and not more than 50 mm (2 in.). + +(h) A fire-resistive, nonshearing, and noncrushing +member of either the meeting or overlapping type shall +be provided on the upper panel to close the distance +between the rigid door sections when in contact with the +stops. This member shall allow a miiumum compressible +clearance of 20 mm (0.8 in.). + +(c) Rigid members that overlap the n\eeting edge, and +center-latching devices, are prohibited. + +2.11,.12.4.4 The panels, with their attachments for +doors that slide up to open, shaU overlap the sides and +top of the entrance opening by at least 50 mni (2 in.) +when in the closed position. Other verticaUy sUding +panels and their attachments shaU overlap their entrance +openings and sUls by at least 50 mm (2 in.) when in the +closed position. The overlap shaU extend at least 50 mm +(2 in.) beyond the thickness of any facing used to finish +the opening. + +2.1 1.12.4.5 The clearance between a panel and the +frame lintel, between a panel and the sUl, and between +related panels of multispeed entrances, shall not exceed +25 mm (1 in.). + +2.11.12.4.6 Panels, raUs, and door guides shall +conform to the strength requirements of 2.11.11.5.7. +Hangers, guides, and guide shoes shaU not be perma- +nently displaced or deformed by more than 20 mm +(0.8 in.) when their panel is subjected to a force of 5 000 N +(1,125 Ibf) in the direction of the hoistway applied at +right angles to the panel over an area of 300 mm x +300 mm (12 in. x 12 in.) at the approximate center of +the panel. + + + +26 + + + +2.11.12A7-2.11.13.3.7 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +• + + + +2.11.12o4o7 Means shall be provided to close the +opening between the upper panel of pass-type entrances +and the entrance frame lintel. The sum of the clearance +between the panel, the device used to close the opening, +and the entrance lintel shall not exceed 25 mm (1 in.). + +2.11.12o4.8 Means shall be provided to prevent +the opening of locked doors more than 25 mm (1 in.) +per panel at the farthest point from the interlock when +a force of 135 N (30 Ibf ) is applied in the opening direc- +tion at the leading edge of the door at the farthest point +from the interlock. + +2.11.12.5 Guides. Panel guides shall conform to +2.11.12.5.1 through 2.11.12.5.3. + +2.11.12.5.1 Each panel shall be equipped with not +less than four guide members or with continuous guides. + +2.11.12.5.2 Guide members shall be securely fas- +tened to the panels. + +2.11.12.5.3 Guide members shall be designed to +withstand the forces specified in 2.11.12.4.6. + +2.11.12.6 Counterweighting or Counterbalancing. + +Single or multisection vertically sliding panels shall be +so counterweighted, and vertically sliding biparting +panels shall be so counterbalanced, that they wiU not +open or close by gravity. + +Fastenings shall be provided to prevent the fall of a +counterweight, and the detachment or dislodgment of +counterweight parts or of balancing weights. Suspension +means and their connections, for vertically sliding +biparting counterbalanced doors and for the counter- +weights of vertically sliding counterweighted doors, +shall have a factor of safety of not less than 5. + +2.11.12.7 Sill Guards. Where the panel sill or other +structural member projects more than 13 mm (0.5 in.) +into the hoistway or beyond the panel surface below it, +the projection shall be provided with a metal guard not +less than 1.4 mm (0.055 in.) thick and beveled at an angle +of not less than 50 deg and not more than 75 deg from +the horizontal. + +2.11.12.8 Pull Straps. Manually operated vertically +sliding biparting entrances shall be provided with pull +straps on the inside and outside of the door. + +The length of the pull straps shall conform to +2.11.12.8.1 and 2.11.12.8.2. + +2.11.12.8.1 The bottom of the strap shall be not +more than 2 000 mm (79 in.) above the landing when +the panel is in the fully opened position. + +2.11.12.8.2 The length of the strap shall not be +extended by means of ropes or other materials. + +2.11.13 Entrances, Swinging Type + +2.11.13.1 Landing Sills. Landing sills shall +(a) be of metal and of sufficient strength to support +the loads to be carried by the siUs when loading and + + + +unloading the car, and be secured in place + +(h) be substantially flush with the floor surface of the + +elevator landings + +(c) be so designed and maintained as to provide a + +secure foothold over the entire width of the door opening + +2.11.13.2 Entrance Frames. Frames shall corrform to +2.11.13.2.1 and 2.11.13.2.2. + +2.11.13.2.1 They shall be designed to support in +place the panels with their hinges or pivots, closer if +attached to the frame and interlock. They shall with- +stand the forces referred to in 2.11.13.3.5, and the forces +resulting from the normal operung of the door or normal +attempts to open it when locked in the closed position. + +2.11.13.2.2 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified panels, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.13.3 Panels. Panels shall conform to 2.11.13.3.1 +through 2.11.13.3.7. + +2.11.13.3.1 The panels shall overlap the part of +the frame against which they close by not less than +13 mm (0.5 in.). + +2.1 1.13.3.2 The clearance between a panel and its +sill shaU not exceed 10 mm (0.375 in.). + +2.1 1 .13.3.3 Handles or knobs on the hoistway side +of door panels are not permitted. Urdatching devices +that do not project beyond the face of the door panel +on the hoistway side shall be permitted. + +2.11.13.3.4 Where decorative material is applied +to listed /certified panels, it shall conform to the require- +ments of the certifying organization. + +2.11.13.3.5 Panels and their assembled accesso- +ries shall + +(a) be capable of withstanding a force on the handle +of not less than 450 N (100 Ibf) in the opening direction +of a closed and locked door. There shall be no permanent +displacement or deformation of the handle or the door +panel resulting from this force. + +(b) conform to 2.11.11.5.7. + +(c) not be permanently displaced or deformed by +more than 20 mm (0.75 in.) when the panel is subjected +to a force of 5 000 N (1,125 Ibf) in the direction of the +hoistway, applied at right angles to the panel over an +area of 300 mm x 300 nmi (12 in. x 12 in.) at the approxi- +mate center of the panel. + +2.11.13.3.6 Center-opening horizontally swinging +doors shall have one door section provided with an +overlapping astragal on its vertical edge, except where +each door section is provided with a landing door inter- +lock [see 2.12.2.4.4(c)]. + +2.11.13.3.7 Center-opening horizontally swinging +doors shall have door stops provided at the top entrances + + + +27 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.11.13.3.7-2.11.16 + + + +that will stop each door panel when closed and that wiU +meet the requirements specified in 2.11.13.3.5. + +2.11.13.4 Hinges. Hinges of the mortise and surface +type shall conform to the requirements of NFPA 80, Table + +2-4.3.1. + +2.11.13.5 Entrances With Combination Horizontally +Sliding and Swinging Panels. Where both the sliding +and swinging panels are not equipped with hoistway +door interlocks or locks and contacts conforming to 2.12, +the horizontally sliding and swinging panels forming a +part of the entrance shall be so interconnected that + +(a) the swinging panel can be opened only when the +sliding panel is in the open position + +(b) both panels swing as a imit + +2.11.14 Fire Tests + +2.11.14.1 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC + +(a) the fire protection rating of entrances and doors +shall be determined in accordance with the requirements +specified in the NBCC (CAN4-S104) + +(b) where reqmred, the hoistway door interlock mech- +anism and associated wiring shall remain operational +for a period of 1 h when subjected to the standard fire +exposure test described in CAN4-S104 + +NOTE (2.1114.1): Requirements 2.11.14.2 through 2.11.18 do not +apply in jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC. + +2.11.14.2 In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, + +2.11.15 through 2.11.18, and 2.11.14.2.1 through +2.11.14.2.3 apply where fire-resistive construction is +required by 2.1.1.1.3. + +2.11.14.2.1 Entrances shall be subjected to the +type tests specified in 8.3.4. + +2.1 1 .14.2.2 The following basic types of entrances +shall be tested: + +(a) Horizontally Sliding Type. Test a side-sliding and a +center-operung assembly. + +(b) Swinging Type. Test a single swinging assembly. + +(c) Vertically Sliding Type. Test a biparting assembly. + +2.11.14.2.3 When an entrance assembly has been +tested for one type of wall construction, i.e., masonry +or drywall, only the frame-to-wall interface shall be +acceptable to the certifying organization for other types +of construction. + +2.11.15 Marlcing + +2.11.15.1 Labeling of Tested Assembly. In jurisdic- +tions not enforcing the NBCC, 2.11.15.1.1 and 2.11.15.1.2 +apply where fire-resistive construction is required by +2.1.1.1.3. + +2.11.15.1.1 Each entrance shall be labeled. Each +label shaU be permanently attached to the equipment +and shall be readily visible after installation. The follow- +ing data shall be on the label: + +(a) certifying organization's name or identifying +symbol + + + +(b) the name, trademark, or file number by which +the organization that manufactured the product can be +identified + +(c) statement of compliance with 8.3.4 + +2.11.15.1.2 Labels shall be provided for each +entrance as follows: + +(a) One label shall be provided for the door panels. + +(b) One label shall be provided for the frame, except +that no label is required where frames are installed in +masoTuy or concrete and the panel overlaps the wall in +conformance with 2.11.11.5.1 and 2.11.11.5.2, or +2.11.12.4.4. + +(c) One label shall be provided for the transom panel. +One label shall be permitted to be provided for the +frame and transom, provided that the label states that +it includes both the frame and the transom. + +(d) Where entrance hardware components have not all +been tested in complete assembly, individually labeled +hardware components that are designed to be compati- +ble with the entrance assembly shall be provided. A +single label shall be permitted to be provided for the +entrance hardware where the entrance hardware compo- +nents are equivalent to those tested in a complete +assembly. + +(e) A single label shall be permitted to be provided +for the entire entrance assembly where components are +equivalent to those tested as a complete assembly. + +2.11.15.2 Other Assemblies. In jurisdictions not +enforcing the NBCC, the following shall apply. Other +assemblies of the three basic types (see 2.11.14) shall +qualify for labeling or listing/certification: + +(a) when composed of panel(s), frame, and hardware +of the same type as tested and not exceeding the overall +height and width of any panel and frame of the largest +size tested; or + +(b) when such panel(s), frame, and hardware are mod- +ified, and test or technical data demonstrates that the +modifications will meet the performance requirements +of the test procedure in 8.3.3. + +All other elements of the assembly shall conform to +all other applicable requirements of this Code. + +2.11.15.3 Entrances Larger Than Tested Assemblies. + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply. When the entrance is too large for the regu- +larly available test facilities, the certifying organization +shall be permitted to issue oversize certificates or over- +size labels, or such entrances shall be permitted to be +used subject to approval by the authority having juris- +diction. + +2.11.16 Factory Inspections + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply. The manufacturing facilities for the produc- +tion of entrances or components thereof shall be +inspected by the certifying organization at random at + + + +28 + + + +2.11.16-2.12.2.3 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +least quarterly, or if they are not manufactured on a +continuous basis, at the time they are being produced, +to assure that production methods are such that +entrances or components thereof similar to those tested +are being produced. + +2.11.17 Transoms and Fixed Side Paneb + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply. Transoms and fixed side panels shall be +permitted to close openings above and beside the hori- +zontally sliding or horizontally swinging type entrances, +provided that + +(a) the opening closed by the transom and fixed side +panel does not exceed in width or height the dimensions +of the entrance in which it is installed + +(b) the transom panels and fixed side panels are + +(1) constructed in a manner equivalent to the con- +struction of the entrance panels + +(2) secured + +2.11.18 Installation Instructions + +In jurisdictions not enforcing the NBCC, the following +shall apply: + +(a) Instructions detailing the application and installa- +tion of door listed/certified panels and entrance hard- +ware shall be provided. + +(b) Where frames are used, instructions detailing the +listed /certified frame-to-wall interface shall be pro- +vided. + +2.11.19 Gasketing of Hoistway Entrances + +Where gasketing material is applied to fire-resistive +entrances, it shaU conform to 2.11.19.1 through 2.11.19.4. + +2.11.19.1 The gasketing material shaU be subjected +to the tests specified in UL lOB, NFPA 252, or CAN4- +S104, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). + +2.11.19.2 The gasketing material shall withstand the +maximum elevated temperature tests as defined by UL +1784 standard without deterioration. + +2.1 1 .1 9.3 Each section of the gasketing material shall +be labeled. Each label shall bear the name of the manu- +facturer and a statement indicating conformance with +2.11.19.1 and 2.11.19.2. The label shall be visible after +installation + +2.11.19.4 Labeled gasketing material shall conform +to 2.11.16 or the NBCC, whichever is applicable. + +NOTES (2.11.19): + +(1) See also 2.1.1.5, 2.11.3, and 2.13.4 for additional requirements to +be considered when gasketing material is applied to a hoistway +entrance. + +(2) These requirements do not evaluate the air and/or smoke leak- +age performance of the gasketing material. + + + +SECTION 2.12 + +HOISTWAY DOOR LOCKING DEVICES AND ELECTRIC + +CONTACTS, AND HOISTWAY ACCESS SWITCHES + +2.12.1 General + +2.12.1.1 When the car is stopped within the +unlocking zone, the hoistway doors shall be unlocked, +or locked but openable from the landing side either +manually or by power. + +2.12.1.2 When the car is outside the imlocking zone, +the hoistway doors shall be openable from the landing +side only by a hoistway door unlocking device (see +2.12.6, 2.12.7, and Normiandatory Appendix B). + +2.12.1.3 For security purposes, hoistway doors shall +be permitted to be locked out of service, subject to the +requirements of 2.11.6. + +2.12.1.4 Passenger elevator hoistway doors shall be +equipped with interlocks conforming to 2.12.2. + +2.12.1.5 Freight elevator hoistway doors shall be +equipped with interlocks conforming to 2.12.2 or combi- +nation mechanical locks and electric contacts conform- +ing to, and where permitted by, 2.12.3. + +2.12.2 Interloclcs + +2.12.2.1 General Each entrance at a landing to an +elevator used for passengers or freight and not conform- +ing to 2.12.3.1 shall be equipped with one or more inter- +locks meeting the design requirements of 2.12.2.4. + +2.12.2.2 Closed Position of Hoistway Doors. +Hoistway doors shall be considered to be in the closed +position under the following conditions. These dimen- +sions apply to the doors in their normal operating condi- +tion (see 2.14.4.11): + +(a) for horizontally sUding or swinging doors, when +the leading edge of the door is within 10 mm (0.375 in.) +of the nearest face of the jamb or when the panels of +center-opening doors are within 10 mm (0.375 in.) of +contact with each other + +(b) for vertically sliding counterweighted doors, +when the leading edge of the door is within 10 mm +(0.375 in.) of the sill for doors which slide up to open, +or 10 mm (0.375 in.) of the lintel for doors that slide +down to open + +(c) for vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced +doors, when the astragal on the upper panel is within +19 mm (0.75 in.) of the lower panel + +2.12.2.3 Operation of the Driving Macliine With a +Hoistway Door Unlocked or Not in the Closed Positiono + +Operation of the driving machine when a hoistway door +is unlocked or not in the closed position (see 2.12.2.2) +shall be permitted under one of the following conditions: +(a) by a car leveling or truck zoning device (see +2.26.1.6) + + + +29 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.12.2.3-2.12.3.1 + + + +(b) when a hoistway access switch is operated (see +2.12.7) + +(c) when a bypass switch is activated (see 2.26.1.5) + +2.12.2.4 General Design Requirements. Interlocks +shall conform to 2.12.2.4.1 through 2.12.2.4.7. + +2.12.2.4.1 Interlock contacts shall be positively +opened by the locking member or by a member con- +nected to and mechanically operated by the locking +member, and the contacts shall be maintained in the +open position by the action of gravity, or by a restrained +compression spring, or by both, or by means of the +opening member (see 2.26.2.14). Contacts shall be open +when the hoistway door interlock is unlocked. If the +contacts are maintained in the open position by other +than the locking member, the interlock shall be located +such that the contacts cannot be closed by hand from +the car or landing when the doors are open. + +The electrical contact bridging means shall withstand +a separating force of 200 N (45 Ibf ) in any direction from +the locking member. + +2.12.2.4.2 The locking member of the interlock +shall hold the door in the locked position by means of +gravity, or by a restrained compression spring, or by +both, or by means of a positive linkage. + +2.12.2.4.3 The interlock shall lock the door in the +closed position with a minimum engagement of 7 mm +(0.28 in.) of the locking members before the interlock +contacts are closed and before the driving machine can +be operated, except as permitted in 2.12.2.3. + +Devices that permit operation of the driving machine +by the normal operating device when the door is closed +but before it is locked are not interlocks and are not +permitted where interlocks are required by this Code. + +2.12.2.4.4 Interlocks, used with multisection +doors, shall conform to the following requirements: + +(a) They shaU lock all sections of the door, but shall +be permitted to be applied to only one section of the +door, provided the device used to interconnect the door +sections is so arranged that locking one section will +prevent the opening of aU sections. + +(b) Where used with vertically sliding biparting coun- +terbalanced doors, they shall be so arranged that the +interlock contacts are mechanically held in the open +position by the door or devices attached thereto, imless +the door is in the closed position. + +(c) Where used with center-opening horizontally +swinging doors, either + +(1) both door panels shall be equipped with inter- +locks; or + +(2) where the door panels are so arranged that one +panel can be opened only after the other panel has been +opened, the interlock is not required on the section that +opens last, if that door panel is provided with a door +electric contact conforming to 2.14.4.2.3, 2.14.4.2.5, and + + + +2.26.2.15, except that terms "door or gate" and "car door +or gate" shall be replaced with the "hoistway door" or +"hoistway door section" and the term "accessible from +inside the car panel" with the term "accessible from the +landing side when the hoistway doors are closed." + +(d) Where used with combination horizontally sliding +and swinging doors, either + +(1) the sliding and swinging panels shall both be +equipped with interlocks; or + +(2) where the sliding and swinging panels are inter- +connected in conformity with the requirements of +2.11.13.5, the interlock is not required on the swinging +panel, provided that the interlock on the sliding panel is +so designed and installed that the car cannot be operated +unless the sliding and swinging panels are both locked +in the closed position, as defined in 2.12.2.2. + +(e) Where a door closer, used with a combination slid- +ing and swinging door, is arranged to be disconnected +to allow the sliding panel to swing, it shall be so designed +and installed that it shall not make the interlock contact +when discoimected and released. + +2.12.2.4.5 Interlock systems employing a single +master switch for more than one door are prohibited. + +2.12.2.4.6 The locking member shall not disen- +gage when the door is subjected to a repetitive force of +450 N (100 Ibf) in the direction of opening and at a right +angle. + +2.12.2.4.7 Mercury tube switches shall not be +used. + +2.12.2.5 Interlock Retiring Cam Device. Retiring cams +used to actuate an interlock shall exert a force at least +double the average force required to operate the inter- +lock and shall have a movement at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) +more than the average movement required to operate +the interlock. + +An interlock retiring cam device shall be permanently +marked by the manufacturer with its rated horizontal +force and rated horizontal movement. + +The rated horizontal force shall be the static force +exerted by a retiring cam device in the horizontal direc- +tion when extended a distance equal to 75% of its rated +horizontal movement. The rated horizontal movement +shall be the horizontal distance traveled by the retiring +cam device from the fuUy retired position to the fully +extended position. + +2.12.2.6 Location. Interlocks shall be so located that +they are not accessible from the landing side when the +hoistway doors are closed. + +2.12.3 Hoistway Door Combination Mechanical Locks +and Electric Contacts + +2.12.3.1 Where Permitted. Hoistway door combina- +tion mechanical locks and electric contacts shall be per- +mitted only on freight elevators equipped with manually + + + +30 + + + +2.12.3.1-2.12A3 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +operated vertically sliding doors and only at the follow- +ing landings: + +(a) the top terminal landing and the landing whose +sUl is located not more than 1 225 mm (48 in.) below +the top terminal landing sUl, provided that the elevator +travel does not exceed 4 570 rrm\ (15 ft) + +(b) any landing whose sill is within 1 525 mm (60 in.) +of the pit floor, regardless of the elevator travel + +2ol2o3.2 Closed Posftioo ®f Holstway DooirSo +Hoistway doors shall be considered to be in the closed +position under the following conditions. These dimen- +sions apply to the doors in their normal operating condi- +tion (see also 2.14.4.11): + +(a) for vertically sliding counterweighted doors, +when the leading edge of the door is within 10 mm +(0.375 in.) of the sill for doors that slide up to open, or +10 mm (0.375 in.) of the hntel for doors that slide down +to open + +(h) for vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced +doors, when the astragal on the upper panel is within +19 nmi (0.75 in.) of the lower panel + +Z0I233 Operation of tlie Orfvfng Machine With a +Hoistway Door Not In the Closed Position. Operation of +the driving machine when a hoistway door is not in +the closed position shaU be permitted under one of the +following conditions: + +(a) by a car leveling or truck zoning device (see +2.12.2.2 and 2.26.1.6) + +(b) when a hoistway access switch is operated (see +2.12.7) + +(c) when bypass switch is activated (see 2.26.1.5) + +2ol23o4 General Design Requirements. Combination +mechanical locks and electric contacts shaU conform to +2.12.3.4.1 through 2.12.3.4.6. + +2.1 2.3.4.1 They shall be so designed that the lock- +ing member and the electric contact are mounted on +and attached to a common base, in such a manner that +there is a fixed relation between the location of the con- +tact and the location of the locking member. + +They shall be so installed and adjusted that the electric +contact cannot close untU the door is in the closed posi- +tion as specified in 2.12.3.2, and so that the locking mem- +ber is in a position to lock the door when or before the +contact closes. In order to prevent motion of the door +from opening the electric contact while the door is locked +in the closed position, multiple-locking points shall, +where necessary, be provided on the locking mechanism. + +2.12.3.4.2 The electric contact shall be positively +opened by the locking bar of the mechaiucal lock or by +a lever or other device attached to and operated by the +door, and the electric contact shall be maintained in the +open position by the action of gravity or by a restrained +compression spring, or by both, or by positive mechani- +cal means. (See 2.26.2.14.) + + + +2. 1 2.3.4.3 The mechanical lock shall hold the door +in the locked position by means of gravity or by a +restrained compression spring, or by both. + +2.12.3.4.4 Combination mechanical locks and +electric contacts used with vertical-slide multiple-panel +doors shall conform to the following requirements: + +(a) They shaU lock all panels of the door, but shall be +permitted to be applied to only one section of the door, +provided the device used to interconnect the door sec- +tions is so arranged that locking one panel will prevent +the opening of all panels. + +(b) Where used with vertically sliding biparting coun- +terbalanced doors, the electric contact shall be so +arranged that it is mechanically held in the open position +by the door or a device attached thereto, unless the door +is in the closed position. + +2.12.3.4.5 The locking member shall not disen- +gage when the door is subjected to a repetitive force of +450 N (100 Ibf) in the direction of opening and at a right +angle. + +2.12.3.4.6 Mercury tube switches shall not be +used. + +2.12.3.5 Location. Combination mechanical locks +and electric contacts shall be so located that they are +not accessible from the landing side when the hoistway +doors are closed. + +2.12.4 Listing/Certification Door Locking Devices and +Door or Gate Electric Contacts + +2.12.4.1 Type Tests. Each type and make of hoistway +door interlock, hoistway door combination mechanical +lock and electric contact, and door or gate electric con- +tact, shall conform to the type tests specified in 8.3.3, +imless tested prior to + +(a) August 1, 1996, and shall have been subjected to +the tests specified in A17.1a-1994, Section 1101; or + +(b) March 23, 2002 in jurisdictions enforcing CSA B44 +and shaU have been subjected to the tests specified in +CSA B44S1-97, Clause 11.5. + +The tests shall be done by or under the supervision +of a certifying organization. + +2.12.4.2 Listing/Certification. Each type and make of +hoistway door interlock, hoistway door combination +mechanical lock and electric contact, and door or gate +electric contact shall conform to the general require- +ments for tests and certification specified in 8.3.1. + +2.12.4.3 Identification Marking. Each listed /certified +device shall be labeled. It shall be permanently attached +to the device, and shall be so located as to be readily +visible when the device is installed in its operating +position. + + + +31 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.12.4.3-2.12.7.3.1 + + + +The labels shall include the following data: + +(a) the name, trademark, or certif5nng organization +file number by which the orgaiuzation that manufac- +tured the product can be identified + +(b) the certifying organization name or identifying +symbol + +(c) statement of compliance with ASME A17.1 or +CSAB44 + +(d) a distinctive type, model, or style letter or nimiber + +(e) rated voltage and current, and whether AC or DC + +(f) rated test force and rated test movement when the +device is of a type released by an interlock retiring cam +(see 8.3.3.4.7) + +(g) date (month and year) devices subjected to type +test specified in 2.12.4.1 + +(h) if the device has only been type tested and listed/ +certified for use on a private residence elevator, the label +shall indicate the restricted use + +2.12.5 Restricted Opening of Hoistway or Car Doors + +Hoistway and car doors of passenger elevators shall +conform to 2.12.5.1 through 2.12.5.3. + +2.12.5.1 When a car is outside the unlocking zone, +the hoistway doors or car doors shall be so arranged +that the hoistway doors or car doors caimot be opened +more than 100 mm (4 in.) from inside the car. + +2.12.5.2 When the car doors are so arranged that +they cannot be opened when the car is outside the +unlocking zone, the car doors shall be openable from +outside the car without the use of a special tool(s). + +2.12.5.3 The doors shall be openable from within +the car (see 2.14.5.7) when the car is within the +unlocking zone. + +NOTE (2.12.5): See also 2.12.1 and Nonmandatory Appendix B, +Unlocking Zone. + +2.12.6 Hoistway Door Unlocking Devices + +2.12.6.1 General. Except in jurisdictions that limit the +use of hoistway door unlocking devices, they shaU be +provided for use by elevator and emergency personnel +for each elevator at every landing where there is an +entrance. + +2.12.6.2 Location and Design. Hoistway door +unlocking devices shall conform to 2.12.6.2.1 through +2.12.6.2.5. + +2.12.6.2.1 The device shall imlock and permit the +opening of a hoistway door from a landing irrespective +of the position of the car. + +2.1 2.6.2.2 The device shall be designed to prevent +imlocking the door with common tools. + +2.12.6.2.3 Where a hoistway unlocking device +consists of an arrangement whereby a releasing chain. + + + +permanently attached to a door locking mechanism, is +kept under a locked panel adjacent to the landing door, +such a panel shall be self-closing and self-locking and +shall not have identifying markings on its face. + +2.12.6.2.4 The operating means for unlocking the +door shall be Group 1 Security (see 8.1). The operating +means shall also be made available to emergency person- +nel during an emergency. + +2.12.6.2.5 The unlocking device keyway and +locked panel (see 2.12.6.2.3), if provided, shall be located +at a height not greater than 2 100 mm (83 in.) above the +landing. + +2.12.7 Hoistway Access Switches + +2.12.7.1 General + +2.12.7.1.1 Hoistway access switches shall be pro- +vided when the rated speed is greater than 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min) at + +(a) the lowest landing for access to the pit, when a +separate pit access door is not provided + +(b) the top landing for access to the top of the car + +2.12.7.1.2 For elevators with a speed of 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min) or less, hoistway access switches shall be +provided at the top landing when the distance from the +top of the car to the landing sill exceeds 900 mm (35 in.) +when the car platform is level with the landing immedi- +ately below the top landing. + +2.12.7.2 Location and Design. Hoistway access +switches shall conform to 2.12.7.2.1 through 2.12.7.2.3. + +2.12.7.2.1 The switch shall be installed adjacent +to the hoistway entrance at the landing with which it is +identified. + +2.12.7.2.2 The switch shall be of the continuous- +pressure spring-return type, and shall be operated by a +cyHnder-type lock having not less than a five-pin or five- +disk combination, with the key removable only when +the switch is in the "OFF" position. The key shall be +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +2.12.7.2.3 The electric contacts in the switch shall +be positively opened mechanically; their openings shall +not be solely dependent on springs. + +2.12.7.3 Operating Requirements. The operation of +the switch shall permit movement of the car with the +hoistway door at this landing unlocked or not in the +closed position, and with the car door or gate not in the +closed position, subject to the requirements of 2.12.7.3.1 +through 2.12.7.3.8. + +2.12.7.3.1 The operation of the switch shall not +render ineffective the hoistway-door interlock or electric +contact at any other landing, nor shall the car move if +any other hoistway door is imlocked. + + + +32 + + + +2.12.7.3.2-2.13.3.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.12.7.3.2 The car cannot be operated at a speed +greater than 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min). + +2.12.7.3.3 For automatic and continuous-pressure +operation elevators, provided that + +(a) car and landing operating devices are first made +inoperative by means within the car. This means shall +enable the hoistway access switches and shall be key +operated or behind a locked cover. The key shall be +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +(b) power operation of the hoistway door and/or car +door or gate is inoperative. + +2.12.7.3.4 Automatic operation by a car-leveling +device is inoperative. + +2.12.7.3.5 Both top-of-car inspection operation +(see 2.26.1.4.2) and in-car inspection operation (see +2.26.1.4.3) are not in effect. + +2.12.7.3.6 The movement of the car initiated and +maintained by the access switch at the lowest landing, +if this landing is the normal means of access to the pit, +shall be Umited in the up direction to the point where +the bottom of the platform guard is even with hoistway +entrance header. + +2.12.7.3.7 The movement of the car initiated and +maintained by the upper access switch shaU be limited +in the down direction to a travel not greater than the +height of the car crosshead above the car platform, and +limited in the up direction to the distance the platform +guard extends below the car platform. + +2.12.7.3.8 The access switch shall only control the +movement of the car within the zone specified in +2.12.7.3.6 or 2.12.7.3.7. Control circuits related to, or oper- +ated by, the hoistway access switches shall comply with +2.26.9.3(c), (d), and (e) and 2.26.9.4. + +SECTION 2.13 + +POWER OPERATION OF HOISTWAY DOORS AND + +CAR DOORS + +2.13.1 Types of Doors and Gates Permitted + +Where both a hoistway door and a car door or gate +are opened and /or closed by power, the hoistway door +and the car door or gate shaU both be either of the +horizontally sliding type or vertically sliding type. + +2.13.2 Power Opening + +2.13.2.1 Power Opening of Car Doors or Gates. Power +opening of a car door or gate shall be subject to the +requirements of 2.13.2.1.1 and 2.13.2.1.2. + +2.13.2.1.1 Power opening shall occur only at the +landing where the car is stopping, or is leveling, or at +rest, and shall start only when the car is within the +landing zone where an automatic car-leveling device is + + + +provided, except that on elevators with static control, +power shall not be applied to open car doors until the +car is within 300 mm (12 in.) of the landing. + +2.13.2.1.2 Collapsible car gates shall not be power +opened to a distance exceeding one-third of the clear +gate opening, and in no case more than 250 mm (10 in.). + +2.13.2,2 Power Opening of Hoistway Doors. Power +opening of a hoistway door shaU conform to 2.13.2.2.1 +through 2.13.2.2.3. + +2.13.2.2.1 Power opening shall occur only at the +landing where the car is stopping, leveling, or at rest, +and shall start or\ly when the car is within the landing +zone where an automatic car leveling device is provided, +except that on elevators with static control, opening shall +not start until the car is within 300 mm (12 in.) of the +landing. + +2.13.2.2.2 Power opening shall be permitted to be +initiated automatically through control circuits, pro- +vided that the car is being automatically stopped or +leveled, and that, when stopping under normal +operating conditions, the car shall be at rest or substan- +tially level with the landing before the hoistway door +is fully opened. + +2.13.2.2.3 Sequence operung of vertically sliding +hoistway doors and adjacent car doors or gates shaU +comply with 2.13.6. + +2ol3.3 Power Closing + +2.13.3.1 Power Closing or Automatic Self-Closing of +Car Doors or Gates Where Used With Manually Operated +or Self-Closing Hoistway Doors + +2.13.3.1.1 Where a car door or gate of an auto- +matic or continuous-pressure operation passenger ele- +vator is closed by power, or is of the automatically +released self-closing type, and faces a manually operated +or self-closing hoistway door, the closing of the car door +or gate shall not be initiated unless the hoistway door +is in the closed position, and the closing mechanism +shall be so designed that the force necessary to prevent +closing of a horizontally sliding car door or gate from +rest is not more than 135 N (30 Ibf). + +2.13.3.1.2 Requirement 2.13.3.1.1 does not apply +where a car door or gate is closed by power through +continuous pressure of a door closing switch, or of the +car operating device, and where the release of the closing +switch or operating device will cause the car door or +gate to stop or to stop and reopen. + +2.13.3.2 Power Closing of Hoistway Doors and Car +Doors or Gates by Continuous-Pressure Means. Horizon- +tally or vertically sliding hoistway doors with manually +closed, or power-operated, or power-closed car doors + + + +33 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.13.3.2-2.13.4.2.1 + + + +or gates shall be permitted to be closed by continuous- +pressure means, subject to the requirements of 2.13.3.2.1 +through 2.13.3.2.5. + +2.13.3.2.1 The release of the closing means shall +cause the hoistway door, and a power-operated or +power-closed car door or gate, to stop or to stop and +reopen. + +2.13.3.2.2 The operation of the closing means at +any landing shall not close the hoistway door at any +other landing, nor the car door or gate when the elevator +car is at any other landing. + +2.13.3.2.3 Any closing means at a landing shall +close only that hoistway door and the car door or gate +at the side where such means is located. + +2.13.3.2.4 For elevators having more than one +hoistway opening at any landing level, a separate closing +means shall be provided in the car for each car door or +gate and its adjacent hoistway door, except that a sepa- +rate closing means need not be furnished for a horizon- +tally sliding hoistway door and adjacent car door or gate +that conform to 2.13.4. + +2.13.3.2.5 For sequence closing of vertically slid- +ing hoistway doors and adjacent car doors or gates, see +2.13.6. + +2.13.3.3 Power Closing of Horizontally Sliding +Hoistway Doors and Horizontally Sliding Car Doors or +Gates by l\Aomentary Pressure or by Automatic Means. + +Power closing by momentary pressure or by automatic +means shall be permitted only for automatic or continu- +ous-pressure operation elevators. The closing of the +doors shall be subject to the requirements of 2.13.3.3.1 +and 2.13.3.3.2. + +2.13.3.3.1 The closing of the doors shall conform +to 2.13.4. + +2.13.3.3.2 A momentary pressure switch or button +shall be provided in the car, the operation of which shall +cause the doors to stop or to stop and reopen. The switch +or button shall be identified as required by 2.26.12. + +2.13.3.4 Power Closing of Vertically Sliding Hoistway +Doors and Vertically Sliding Car Doors or Gates by +iVlomentary Pressure or by Automatic Means. Power clos- +ing by momentary pressure or by automatic means shall +be permitted only for automatic or continuous-pressure +operation elevators. + +Vertically sliding hoistway doors used with vertically +sliding power-operated car doors or gates closed by +momentary pressure or automatic means, shall conform +to the requirements of 2.13.3.4.1 through 2.13.3.4.5. + +2.13.3.4.1 A warning bell or other audible signal +shall be provided on the car, which shall start to soimd +at least 5 s prior to the time the car door or gate starts +to close and shall continue to soimd until the hoistway + + + +door is substantially closed. When the doors are closed +by a closing switch in the car, the 5 s time interval shall +be permitted to be omitted. + +2.13.3.4.2 Sequence closing of the hoistway door +and adjacent car door or gate shall be provided and +shall conform to 2.13.6. Sequence closing is not required +when a biparting vertically sliding hoistway door faces +a biparting vertically sliding car door or gate. + +2.13.3.4.3 The car door or gate shall be equipped +with a reopening device conforming to 2.13.5. + +2.1 3.3.4.4 A momentary pressure switch or button +shall be provided in the car and at each landing, which, +when operated, shaU cause the car door or gate and the +hoistway door at the landing to stop or to stop and +reopen. + +2.13.3.4.5 The average closing speed shall not +exceed 0.3 m/s (1 ft/s) for a vertically sliding counter- +weighted hoistway door or for each panel of a biparting +coimterbalanced hoistway door or car gate, and shall +not exceed 0.6 m/s (2 ft/s) for a vertically sUding coun- +terweighted car door or gate. + +2.13.4 Closing Limitations for Power-Operated +Horizontally Sliding Hoistway Doors and +Horizontally Sliding Car Doors or Gates + +2.13.4.1 Where Required. Where a power-operated +horizontally sliding hoistway door or car door /gate or +both is closed by momentary pressure or by automatic +means (see 2.13.3.3), or is closed simultaneously with +another door or car door/gate or both from one continu- +ous-pressure means (see 2.13.3.2.3 and 2.13.3.2.4), the +closing mechanism shall be designed and installed to +conform to 2.13.4.2 and the reopening device shall be +designed and installed to conform to 2.13.5. + +2.13.4.2 Closing Mechanism + +2.13.4.2.1 Kinetic Energy + +(a) Where the hoistway door and the car door /gate +are closed in such a manner that stopping either one +manually will stop both, the kinetic energy of the closing +door system shall be based upon the sum of the hoistway +and the car door weights, as well as aU parts rigidly +connected thereto, including the rotational inertia effects +of the door operator and the connecting transmission +to the door panels. + +(b) Where a reopening device conforming to 2.13.5 +is used, the closing door system shall conform to the +following requirements: + +(1) The kinetic energy computed for the actual clos- +ing speed at any point in the Code zone distance defined +by 2.13.4.2.2 shall not exceed 23 J (17 ft-lbf). + +(2) The kinetic energy computed for the average +closing speed as determined in accordance with +2.13.4.2.2 shaU not exceed 10 J (7.37 ft-lbf). + + + +34 + + + +2.13.4.2.1-2.13.6.2.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +(c) Where a reopening device is not used, or has been +rendered inoperative (see 2.13.5), the closing door sys- +tem shall conform to the following requirements: + +(1) The kinetic energy computed for the actual clos- +ing speed at any point in the Code zone distance defined +by 2.13.4.2.2 shall not exceed 8 J (6 ft-lbf). + +(2) The kinetic energy computed for the average +closing speed within the Code zone distance (see +2.13.4.2.2), or in any exposed opening width, including +the last increment of door travel, shall not exceed 3.5 } +(2.5 ft-lbf). + +2.13.4.2.2 Door Travel in the Code Zone Distance + +(a) For all side sUding doors using single or multiple +speed panels, the Code zone distance shall be taken as +the horizontal distance from a point 50 mm (2 in.) away +from the open jamb to a point 50 mm (2 in.) away from +the opposite jamb. + +(b) For all center-opening sliding doors using single +or multiple speed panels, the Code zone distance shall +be taken as the horizontal distance from a point 25 mm +(1 in.) away from the open jamb to a point 25 mm (1 in.) +from the center meeting point of the doors. + +(c) The average closing speed shall be determined by +measuring the time required for the leading edge of the +door to travel the Code zone distance. + +2.13.4.2.3 Door Force. The force necessary to pre- +vent closing of the hoistway door (or the car door or +gate if power operated) from rest shaU not exceed 135 N +(30 Ibf) (see 2.13.3.1). This force shall be measured on +the leading edge of the door with the door at any point +between one third and two thirds of its travel. + +2.13.4.2.4 Data Plate. A data plate conforming to +2.16.3.3 shall be attached to the power door operator or +to the car crosshead and shall contain the following +information: + +(a) minimiim door closing time in seconds for the +doors to travel the Code zone distance as specified in +2.13.4.2.2 corresponding to the kinetic energy limits +specified in 2.13.4.2.1(b)(2) + +(b) minimum door closing time in seconds for the +doors to travel the Code zone distance as specified in +2.13.4.2.2 corresponding to the kinetic energy limits +specified in 2.13.4.2.1(c)(2), if applicable [see +2.27.3.1.6(e)] + +ic) where heavier hoistway doors are used at certain +floors, the minimum door closing time in seconds corres- +ponding to the kinetic energy limits specified in +2.13.4.2.1(b)(2) and 2.13.4.2.1(c)(2), if appHcable, for the +corresponding floors shall be included on the data plate + +2.13.5 Reopening Device for Power-Operated Car +Doors or Gates + +2.13.5.1 Where required by 2.13.3.4 or 2.13.4, a +power-operated car door shall be provided with a +reopening device that wiU function to stop and reopen + + + +a car door and the adjacent landing door sufficiently to +permit passenger transfer in the event that the car door +or gate is obstructed while closing. If the closing kinetic +energy is reduced to 3.5 J (2.5 ft-lb) or less, the reopening +device shall be permitted to be rendered inoperative. +The reopening device used shall be effective for substan- +tially the full vertical opening of the door (see 2.13.4.2). + +2.13.5.2 For center-opening doors, the reoperving +device shall be so designed and installed that the +obstruction of either door panel when closing will cause +the reopening device to function. + +2.13.5.3 For vertically sliding doors or gates, +reopening devices shall respond to any obstruction +within the width of the opening to a point 125 mm (5 in.) +maximum from each side of the opening. + +2.13.5.4 Where Phase I Emergency Recall Operation +by a fire alarm initiating device (see 2.27.3.2.3) is not +provided, door reoperung devices that can be affected +by smoke or flame shall be rendered inoperative after +the doors have been held open for 20 s. Door closing +for power-operated doors shall conform to 2.13.5. + +2.13.6 Sequence Operation for Power-Operated +Hoistway Doors With Car Doors or Gates + +2.13.6.1 Where Required + +2.13.6.1.1 Sequence opening and closing shall be +provided between hoistway doors and car doors or gates +on passenger elevators and freight elevators permitted +to carry passengers (see 2.16.4) when the elevator is +equipped with power-operated vertically sliding slide- +up-to-open t5^e car doors or gates and + +(a) power-operated vertically sliding biparting coun- +terbalanced hoistway doors; or + +(h) power-operated vertically sliding counter- +weighted hoistway doors that sUde down to open. + +2.13.6.1.2 Sequence opening and/or closing shall +be permitted for vertically sliding power-operated +hoistway doors and car doors or gates that are closed +by continuous pressure means. + +2.13.6.2 Operating Requirements. The sequence +operation of a hoistway door and adjacent power-oper- +ated vertically sUding car door or gate shall corvform to +2.13.6.2.1 and 2.13.6.2.2. + +2.13.6.2.1 In opening, the hoistway door shall be +opened at least two-thirds of its travel before the car +door or gate can start to open. + +2.13.6.2.2 In closing, the car door or gate shall be +closed at least two-thirds of its travel before the hoistway +door can start to close. + + + +35 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +SECTION 2.14-2.14.1.5.1 + + + +SECTION 2.14 + +CAR ENCLOSURES, CAR DOORS AND GATES, AND + +CAR ILLUMINATION + +2.14.1 Passenger and Freight Enclosures, General + +2.14.1.1 Enclosure Required. Elevators shall be +equipped with a car enclosure. + +2.14.1.2 Securing of Enclosures + +2.14.1.2.1 The enclosure shall be securely fastened +to the car platform and so supported that it cannot loosen +or become displaced in ordinary service, on the applica- +tion of the car safety, on buffer engagement, or the appli- +cation of the emergency brake (see 2.19). + +2.14.1.2.2 The car enclosure shall be so con- +structed that removable portions cannot be dismantled +from within the car. + +2.14.1.2.3 Enclosure linings, decorative panels, +light fixtures, suspended ceilings, and other apparatus +or equipment attached within the car enclosure shall be +securely fastened and so supported that they will not +loosen or become displaced in ordinary service, on car +safety application, or on buffer engagement. + +2.14.1.2.4 Panels attached to the car enclosure for +decorative or other purposes shall either + +(a) not be imfastened from inside the car by the use +of common tools; or + +(b) be permitted to be removed from inside the car +when perforations, exceeding that which would reject +a ball 13 mm (0.5 in.) in diameter, in the enclosure used +for panel hanging or support have permanent means to +prevent straight through passage beyond the running +clearance. + +2.14.1.3 Strength and Deflection of Enclosure Walls. + +The enclosure walls shall be designed and installed to +withstand a force of 330 N (75 Ibf ) applied horizontally +at any point on the walls of the enclosure without perma- +nent deformation and so that the deflection will not +reduce the running clearance below the minimum speci- +fied in 2.5.1, nor cause the deflection to exceed 25 mm +(1 in.). + +2.14.1.4 Number of Compartments in Passenger and +Freight Elevator Cars. Cars shall not have more than two +compartments. Where elevators have two compart- +ments, one shall be located above the other, and the +elevator shall conform to 2.14.1.4.1 through 2.14.1.4.6. + +2.14.1.4.1 The elevator shall be used exclusively +for passengers or exclusively for freight at any one time. +If freight is to be carried in orJy one compartment, means +shall be provided to lock the other compartment out of +service. + +2.14.1.4.2 Each compartment shall conform to the +requirements of this Section, except that a trap door in + + + +the floor of the upper compartment shall provide access +to the top emergency exit for the lower compartment. + +2.1 4.1 .4.3 Where either or both compartments are +intended for passenger service, the minimum rated load +for each compartment shall conform to 2.16.1. + +Where one compartment is intended for freight use, +its minimum rated load shall conform to 2.16.1 or shall +be based on the freight loads to be handled, if greater +than the minimum rated load required by 2.16.1. + +Where both compartments are used exclusively for +freight, the minimum rated load of each compartment +shall conform to 2.16.2. + +The rated load of the elevator shall be the sum of the +rated loads of the individual compartments. + +2.14.1.4.4 An emergency stop switch, where +required by 2.26.2.5, shall be provided in each compart- +ment, and these emergency stop switches shall be so +connected that the car cannot nm unless both are in the +run position. + +2.14.1.4.5 An in-car stop switch, where required +by 2.26.2.21, shall be provided in each compartment, +and these switches shall be so connected that the car +cannot run imless both are in the run position. + +2.14.1.4.6 All hoistway doors shall be closed and +locked and the car doors for each compartment closed +before the car can be operated. + +2.14.1.5 Top Emergency Exits. An emergency exit +with a cover shall be provided in the top of all elevator +cars, except cars in partially enclosed hoistways (see +2.14.1.5.2). + +2.14.1.5.1 Top emergency exits shall conform to +the following requirements: + +(a) The top emergency exit opening shall have an area +of not less than 0.26 m^ (400 in.^) and shall measure not +less than 400 mm (16 in.) on any side. + +(h) The top emergency exit and suspended ceiling +opening, if any, shall be so located as to provide a clear +passageway, unobstructed by fixed equipment located +in or on top of the car. Equipment is permitted directly +above the exit opening, provided that + +(1) it is not less than 1 070 mm (42 in.) above the +top of the car; or + +(2) the exit is located to allow unobstructed passage +of a parallelpiped volume measuring 300 mm x 500 mm +by 1 500 mm (12 in. x 20 in. x 59 in.) at an angle not +less than 60 deg from the horizontal (see Nonmandatory +Appendix C). + +(c) The top emergency exit cover shall open outward. +It shall be hinged or securely attached with a chain when +in both the open and closed positions. If a chain is used, +it shall be not more than 300 mm (12 in.) in length and +have a factor of safety of not less than 5. The exit cover +shall only be openable from the top of the car, where it +shall be openable without the use of special tools. The + + + +36 + + + +2.14.1.5.1-2.14.1.8.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +exit cover of the lower compartment of a multideck +elevator shall be openable from both compartments. On +elevators with two compartments, if the emergency exit +of the lower compartment does not open directly into +the upper compartment, a guarded passageway shall be +provided between the lower compartment roof and the +upper compartment floor. + +(d) The movable portion (exit panel) of the suspended +ceiling that is below the top exit opening shall be +restrained from falling. It shall be permitted to be hinged +upward or downward, provided that the exit permits a +clear opeiiing with the top exit opening. + +(1) A minimum clear headroom of 2 030 mm (80 in.) +above the car floor shall be maintained when down- +ward-swinging suspended ceiling exit panels are used. + +(2) Upward-opening suspended ceiling exit panels +shall be restrained from closing when in use and shall +not diminish the clear opening area of the corresponding +top exit opening. + +(3) The movable portion and the fixed portion of +a suspended ceiling shall not contain lamps that could +be shattered by the rescue operation using the top emer- +gency exit. The movable portion of the suspended ceiling +shall be permitted to contain light fixtures connected to +the stationary portion of the suspended ceihng wiring +by means of a plug and socket or by flexible armored +wiring. Flexible wiring shall not be used to support or +restrain the exit opening in the suspended ceiling in the +open position. + +(e) Where elevators installed in enclosed hoistways +are provided with special car top treatments such as +domed or shrouded canopies, the exit shall be made +accessible, including the car top refuge space as specified +in 2.4.12. + +(f) Immediately adjacent to the top emergency exit +there shall be a space available for standing when the +emergency exit cover is open. This space shall be permit- +ted to include a portion of the refuge area (see 2.4.12). +AU exit covers shaU be provided with a car top emer- +gency exit electrical device (see 2.26.2.18) that will pre- +vent operation of the elevator car if the exit cover is +open more than 50 mm (2 in.), and the device shall be +so designed that it + +(1) is positively opened + +(2) cannot be closed accidentally when the cover is +removed + +(3) must be manually reset from the top of the car +and only after the cover is within 50 mm (2 in.) of the +fully closed position + +(4) shall be protected against mechaiucal damage + +2.14.1.5.2 On elevators in partially enclosed +hoistways, means shall be provided to facilitate emer- +gency evacuation of passengers. Such meaiis shaU not +require a top emergency exit. A top emergency exit shall +be permitted. + + + +2.14.1.6 Car Enclosure Tops. Tops of car enclosures +shall be so designed and installed as to be capable of +sustaining a load of 135 kg (300 lb) on any area 600 mm +X 600 mm (24 in. x 24 in.), or 45 kg (100 lb) applied to any +point, without permanent deformation. The resulting +deflection under these loads shall be limited to prevent +damage to any equipment, devices, or lighting assem- +blies fastened to or adjacent to the car enclosure top. + +2.14.1.7 Railing and Equipment on Top of Cars + +2.14.1.7.1 A standard railing conforming to 2.10.2 +shall be provided on the outside perimeter of the car +top on all sides where the perpendicular distance +between the edges of the car top and the adjacent +hoistway enclosure exceeds 300 mm (12 in.) horizontal +clearance. The forces specified in 2.10.2.4 shall not deflect +the railing beyond the perimeter of the car top. + +The top of car enclosure, or other surface specified +by the elevator installer, shall be the working surface +referred to in 2.10.2. + +2.14.1.7.2 A working platform or equipment that +is not required for the operation of the elevator or its +appliances, except where specifically provided herein, +shall not be located above the top of an elevator car. + +2.14.1.7.3 Devices that detect unauthorized access +to the top of the car shall be permitted. These devices +shall only be permitted to initiate an alarm. Audible +alarms shall not exceed 90 dBA measured 1 m from the +source. + +2.14.1.8 Glass in Elevator Cars + +2.14.1.8.1 Where enclosures include panels of +glass, or transparent or translucent plastic, the panels +shall + +(a) be constructed of laminated glass that complies +with the requirements of 16 CFR Fart 1201, Sections +1201.1 and 1201.2; or be constructed of laminated glass, +safety glass, or safety plastic that comply with CAN/ +CGSB-12.1, CAN/CGSB-12.11, or CAN/CGSB-12.12; +whichever is applicable (see Fart 9) + +(b) be provided with a handrail or framing designed +to guard the opening should the panel become detached, +where wall panels are wider than 300 mm (12 in.) + +(c) be moimted in the structure so that the assembly +shall withstand the required elevator tests without dam- +age (see 2.14.1.2) + +2.14.1.8.2 Glass used for lining walls or ceilings +shall conform to 2.14.1.8.1(a) and (c), except that tem- +pered glass shall be permitted, provided that + +(a) it conforms to ANSI Z97.1, 16 CFR Part 1201, Sec- +tions 1201.1 and 1201.2, or CAN/CGSB-12.1; whichever +is applicable (see Fart 9) + +(b) the glass is not subjected to further treatment such +as sandblasting, etching, heat freatment, painting, etc., +that could alter the original properties of the glass + + + +37 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.14.1.8.2-2.14.2.2 + + + +(c) the glass is bonded to a nonpolymeric coating, +sheeting, or film backing having a physical integrity to +hold the fragments when the glass breaks + +(d) the glass is tested and conforms to the acceptance +criteria for laminated glass as specified in ANSI Z97.1, +or 16 CFR Part 1201, Section 1201.4, or CAN/CGSB- +12.11, whichever is applicable (see Part 9) + +2.14.1.8.3 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC, +type 3C film reinforced silvered mirror glass that con- +forms to CAN/CGSB-12.5 shall be permitted for lining +walls or ceUings. + +2.14.1.8.4 Markings as specified in the applicable +glazing standard shaU be on each separate piece, and +shall remain visible after installation. + +2.14.1.9 Equipment Inside Cars + +2.14.1.9.1 Apparatus or equipment not used in +connection with the function or use of the elevator shall +not be installed inside of any elevator car, except as +follows: + +(a) Support rails (handrails) are permitted. + +(b) Fastening devices for padded protective linings +are permitted. + +(c) Lift hooks, conveyor tracks, and support beams +for freight handling, moimited in the ceiling of passenger +elevator, shall clear the car floor to a height of 2 450 mn\ +(96 in.) (see 2.16.9). + +(d) Picture frames, graphic display boards, plaques, +and other similar visual displays shall be mounted to +withstand the required elevator tests without damage. +All edges shall be beveled or roimded. The material +shall conform to 2.14.1.2 and 2.14.2.1. When attached to +the car wall less than 2 130 mm (84 in.) above the floor, +projections from the car wall, excluding support rails, +shall not be greater than 38 mm (1.5 in.). + +(e) Conveyor tracks shall be permitted in freight ele- +vators cars. + +(/) Heating equipment, ventilating fans, and air-con- +ditiorung equipment, if used, shall be securely fastened +in place and located above the car ceiling or outside the +enclosure. + +2.14.1.9.2 Passenger car floors shall have no pro- +jections or depressions greater than 6 mm (0.25 in.). + +2.14.1.10 Side Emergency Exits. Side emergency exits +are prohibited. + +2.14.2 Passenger-Car Enclosures + +2.14.2.1 Material for Car Enclosures, Enclosure Lin- +ings, and Floor Coverings. AU materials exposed to the +car interior and the hoistway shall be metal, glass, or +shall conform to 2.14.2.1.1 through 2.14.2.1.6. + +2.14.2.1.1 Materials in their end-use configura- +tion, other than those covered by 2.14.2.1.2 through +2.14.2.1.6 shall conform to the following requirements. + + + +based on the tests conducted in accordance with the +requirements of ASTM E 84, UL 723, NFPA 252 or CAN / +ULC-S102.2, whichever is applicable: + +(a) flame spread rating of to 75 + +(b) smoke development of to 450 + +2.14.2.1.2 In jursidictions enforcing the NBCC +materials in their end-use configuration, where the ele- +vator is designed as a firefighters' elevator, shall have + +(a) a flame spread rating for walls and ceiling of to +25 with smoke development of to 100 based on the +test conducted in accordance with the requirements of +CAN/ULC-S102 + +(b) a flame spread rating for floor surfaces of to 300 +with smoke development of to 300, based on the test +conducted in accordance with the requirements of +CAN/ULC-S102.2 + +2.14.2.1.3 Napped, tufted, woven, looped, and +similar materials in their end-use configuration on car +enclosure walls shall conform to 8.3.7 or the NBCC and +National Fire Code of Canada, whichever is applicable. +The enclosure walls to which this material is attached +shall conform to 2.14.2.1.1. + +2.14.2.1.4 Padded protective linings, for tempo- +rary use in passenger cars during the handling of freight, +shall be of materials conforming to either 2.14.2.1.1 or +2.14.2.1.3, whichever is applicable. The protective lining +shall clear the floor by not less than 100 mm (4 in.). + +2.14.2.1.5 Floor covering, imderlayment, and its +adhesive shall have a critical radiant flux of not less than +0.45 W/cm^, as measured by ASTM E 648 or cor\form +to the requirements of the NBCC and ULC standard +CAN/ULC-S102.2, whichever is appUcable. + +2.14.2.1.6 Handrails, operating devices, ventilat- +ing devices, signal fixtures, audio and visual commuru- +cation devices, and their housings are not required to +conform to 2.14.2.1.1 through 2.14.2.1.4. + +2.14.2.2 Openings Prohibited. Openings or hinged or +removable panels in an enclosure are prohibited, other +than as required for the following: + +(a) signal, operating, and connmunication equipment + +(b) entrances + +(c) vision panels + +(d) top emergency exit + +(e) ventilation + +(f) access panels for cleaning of glass on observation +elevators (see 2.14.2.6) + +(g) equipment access panels for maintenance and +inspection of equipment shall conform to the following +requirements (see also 2.7.5.1.4): + +(1) be of hinged type. + +(2) open only into the car. + +(3) be provided with a lock so arranged that the +door shaU be openable from inside the car only by a + + + +38 + + + +2.14.2.2-2.14.3.1 + + + +ASMEA17.1S-2005 + + + +specially shaped removable key. Locks shall be so +designed that they cannot be opened from the inside by +the use of ordinary tools or instruments. Keys shall be +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +(4) be provided with electric contacts that conform +to 2.14.4.2.3(b) through (e) and 2.26.2.35, and are located +so as to be inaccessible from the inside of the car. When +opened, the contact shall cause power to be removed +from the driving-machine motor and brake. + +(5) be of the same material and construction as +required for the enclosure. + + + +2<,2^o2.3ol Natural ventilation openings conform- +ing to the following shall be provided in car enclosures: + +(a) Openings exposed to the inside of the car shall not +be located in the portion of the enclosure walls extending +from a point 300 mm (12 in.) above the floor to a point +1 825 mm (72 in.) above the floor. + +(b) Openings less than 300 mm (12 in.) above the floor +shall reject a ball 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter and be +guarded to prevent straight-through passage. + +(c) Openings above the 1 825 mm (72 in.) level shall +reject a ball 50 mm (2 in.) in diameter and be guarded +to prevent straight-through passage. + +(d) Openings in the car ceiling shall be protected and +shall conform to 2.14.1.6. + +(e) The total area of natural ventilation openings shall +be not less than 3.5% of the inside car floor area divided +equally between the bottom and top of the car enclosure. + +(f) The total imrestricted opening in or aroimd the +car doors or gates shall be permitted to be included as +part of the total natural ventilation required. + +(g) The unrestricted opening provided by forced ven- +tilation systems shall be permitted to be part of the +natural ventilation area on the part of the car in which +it is located. + +2,14.2.3<,2 Ventilating fans or blowers, if used, +shall be located above the car ceiling or outside the +enclosure and shall be securely fastened in place. + +2.14.2,3.3 Forced ventilation conforming to the +following shall be provided on observation elevators +with glass walls exposed to direct sunlight: + +(a) There shall be a mirvunimi air handling capacity +to provide one air change per minute based on net inside +car volume. + +(b) An auxiUary power source capable of providing +the minimum air handUng capacity for a continuous +period of at least 1 h shall be provided on each eleva- +tor car. + +NOTE (2.14.2.3.3): Special consideration should be given to eleva- +tors such as observation and parking garage elevators, when they +are exposed to the elements. In extreme cases, emergency power +may be required for this purpose. + + + +2.14.2.4 Headroom in Elevator Cars. A minimimi clear +headroom of 2 025 mm (80 in.) above the car floor shall +be provided. + +2.14.2.5 Vision Panels. Vision panels are not +required, but where used, shall + +(a) be of a total area of not more than 0.1 m^ (155 in.^) +and contain no single glass panel having a width +exceeding 150 mm (6 in.). + +(b) be provided with wire-glass panels or laminated- +glass panels conforming to 16 CFR Part 1201 or CAN/ +CGSB-12.11, whichever is appHcable (see Part 9). Mark- +ings as specified in the applicable standard shaU be on +each separate piece of laminated glass, and shall remain +visible after installation. + +(c) be located in the car door or in the front return +panel of the car enclosure. + +(d) have the inside face of a car door vision panel, +grille, or cover located substantially flush with the inside +surface of the car door. + +(e) have fasteners that are located on the hoistway +side. It shall not be possible to remove the fasteners with +common tools. + +2.14.2.6 Access Panels. Nonremovable sliding or +swing panels shall be permitted for access to the car or +hoistway transparent enclosures for cleaning purposes. +Such panels or doors shaU + +(a) if hinged, open only into the car + +(b) be provided with cylinder-type locks, having not +less than a five-pin or a five-disc combination, or a lock +that provides equivalent security, arranged so that they +can be unlocked with a key from the car side, and the +key shall be Group 2 Security (see 8.1) + +(c) be openable by hand from the hoistway side + +(d) be self-locking + +(e) be provided with a device arranged so that the +panel must be in the closed and locked position (see +2.26.2.31) before the elevator can operate + +(/) have a bottom edge a minimum of 1 070 mm +(42 in.) from the floor in cases where the adjacent +hoistway wall is more than 140 mm (5.5 in.) from the +car enclosure or where there is no adjacent hoistway wall + +2.14.3 Freight-Car Enclosure + +2.14.3.1 Enclosure Material. Enclosures shall be of +metal without perforations to a height of not less than +1 825 mm (72 in.) above the floor. + +Above the 1 825 mm (72 in.) level, the walls and top +of the enclosure shall be metal with or without perfora- +tions, except that portion of the enclosure wall in front +of and extending 150 mm (6 in.) on each side of the +counterweight, which shall be without perforations. + +Perforated portions of enclosures shall reject a ball +25 mm (1 ki.) in diameter. + +Freight elevators that are permitted to carry passen- +gers (see 2.16.4) shall conform to 2.14.2.2. + + + +39 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.14.3.2-2.14A5.2 + + + +2.14.3.2 Openings in Car Tops. Hinged or removable +panels shall not be provided in car tops, except those +required for emergency exit, and for equipment access +(see 2.7.5.1.4). + +2.14.3.3 Ventilation. If ventilating grilles or louvers +are provided in the enclosure below the 1 825 mm (72 in.) +level, they shall be located not more than 300 mm (12 in.) +above the floor and shall reject a ball 50 mm (2 in.) in +diameter. + +2.14.4 Passenger and Freight Car Doors and Gates, +General Requirements + +2.14.4.1 Where Required. A door shall be provided +at each entrance to a passenger car and a door or gate +shall be provided at each entrance to a freight car. + +2.14.4.2 Door and Gate Electric Contacts and Door +lnterlocl(s + +2.14.4.2.1 Each car door or gate shall be provided +with a door or gate electric contact conforming to +2.26.2.15, 2.14.4.2.3, and 2.14.4.2.5, or a car-door interlock +conforming to 2.26.2.28, 2.14.4.2.4, and 2.14.4.2.5. + + + +for + + + +2.14.4.2.2 A car door interlock shall be required + + + +(a) car doors of elevators where the clearance between +the loading side of the car platform and hoistway enclo- +sure exceeds the maximum specified in 2.5.1.5 + +(b) car doors of elevators that face an unenclosed por- +tion of the hoistway during the travel of the car + +2.14.4.2.3 Car door and gate electric contacts shall + +(a) prevent operation of the driving machine when +the car door or gate is not in the closed position, except +under one of the following conditions: + +(1) when a hoistway access switch is operated (see +2.12.7) + +(2) when a car-leveling or truck-zoning device is +operated (see 2.26.1.6) + +(3) when a bj^ass switch is activated (see 2.26.1.5) + +(b) be positively opened by a lever or other device +attached to and operated by the door or gate + +(c) be maintained in the open position by the action +of gravity or by a restrained compression spring, or by +both, or by positive mechanical means + +(d) be so designed or located that they shaU not be +accessible from within the car + +(e) not utilize mercury tube switches + +2.14.4.2.4 Car door interlocks shall + +(a) prevent operation of the driving machine when +the car door is not in the closed and locked position, +except + +(1) when the car is within the unlocking zone for +that entrance + +(2) under the conditions specified in 2.14.4.2.3(a) + + + +(b) prevent opening of the car door from within the +car, except when the car is in the unlocking zone for +that entrance + +(c) hold the car door in the locked position by means +of gravity or by a restrained compression spring, or by +both, or by means of a positive linkage + +(d) be so located that they are not accessible from +within the car when the car doors are closed + +(e) be designed in accordance with 2.12.2.4 + +2.14.4.2.5 Each type and make of car door electric +contact, car gate electric contact, and car door inter- +lock shall + +(a) be t5^e tested in conformance with 2.12.4.1 + +(b) be listed/certified in conformance with 2.12.4.2 + +(c) be marked in conformance with 2.12.4.3 + +2.14.4.3 Type and Material for Doors. Doors shaU be +of the horizontally or vertically sliding type and of mate- +rial conforming to 2.14.2.1. + +2.14.4.4 Type of Gates. Gates, where permitted, shall +be of the horizontally sHding or vertically sliding type, +conforming to 2.14.4.7, 2.14.5, and 2.14.6. + +2.14.4.5 Location + +2.14.4.5.1 Doors or gates for automatic or continu- +ous-pressure operation elevators, except freight eleva- +tors equipped with horizontally swinging doors and +not accessible to the general public, located in factories, +warehouses, garages, and similar buildings, shall be so +located that the distance from the face of the car door +or gate to the face of the hoistway door shall be not +more than the following: + +(a) where a swinging-type hoistway door and a car +gate are used, 100 mm (4 in.) + +(b) where a swinging-type hoistway door and a car +door are used, 140 mm (5.5 in.) + +(c) where a sUding-type hoistway door and a car door +or gate are used, 140 mm (5.5 in.) + +(d) on freight elevators that are equipped with hori- +zontally swinging doors and that are not accessible to +the general public (i.e., located in factories, warehouses, +garages, and similar buildings), the distance specified +in 2.14.4.5.1(a), (b), and (c) shall be not more than 165 mm +(6.5 in.) + +2.14.4.5.2 The distances specified shaU be mea- +sured as foUows: + +(a) where a multisection car door and multisection +hoistway door are used, or where one of these doors is +multisection and the other is single section, between the +sections of the car door and the hoistway door nearest +to each other + +(b) where a multisection car door and a swinging- +type hoistway door are used, between the hoistway door +and the section of the car door farthest from it + + + +40 + + + +2.14.4.5.2-2.14.5.6.1 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +(c) where a car gate is used, between the car gate and +that section of the hoistway door nearest to the car gate + +2.14.4.6 Strength of Doors, Gates, arod Their Guides, +Guide Shoes, Tracks, and Hangers. Doors and gates and +their guides, guide shoes, tracks, and hangers shall be +so designed, constructed, and installed that when the +fully closed door or gate is subjected to a force of 335 N +(75 Ibf), applied on an area 300 mm (12 in.) square at +right angles to and approximately at the center of the +door or gate, it will not deflect beyond the line of the +car sill. + +When subjected to a force of 1 100 N (250 Ibf) similarly +applied, doors and vertically sliding gates shall not +break or be permanently deformed and shall not be +displaced from their guides or tracks. + +Where multisection doors or gates are used, each +panel shall withstand the forces specified. + +2.14.4.7 Vertically Sliding Doors and Gates. Vertically +sliding doors or gates shall conform to 2.14.4.7.1 through +2.14.4.7.5. + +2.14.4.7.1 They shall be of the balanced counter- +weighted type or the biparting counterbalanced type. + +2.14.4.7.2 Gates shall be constructed of wood or +metal, and shall be of a design that will reject a ball +50 mm (2 in.) in diameter, except that if multisection +vertical Lift gates are used, the panel shall be designed +to reject a ball 10 mm (0.375 in.) in diameter. + +2.14.4.7.3 Doors shall be constructed of material +conforming to 2.14.2.1. + +2.14.4.7.4 Doors or gates shall guard the full +width of the car entrance opeiungs, and their height +shall coi\form to 2.14.5.4 or 2.14.6.2.3. + +2.14.4.7.5 Balanced counterweighted doors or +gates shall be either single or multiple section, and shall +slide either up or down to open, conforming to 2.14.5.3 +and 2.14.6.2. + +2.14.4.8 Weights for Closing or Balancing Doors m + +Gates. Weights used to close or balance doors or gates +shall be located outside the car enclosure and shall be +guided or restrained to prevent them from coming out +of their runway. + +The bottom of the guides or other restraining means +shall be so constructed as to retain the weights if the +weight suspension means breaks. + +Weights that extend beyond the hoistway side of the +car door or gate guide rail shall be guarded to prevent +accidental contact. + +2.14.4.9 Factor of Safety for Suspension Members. + +Suspension members of vertically sliding car doors or +gates, and of weights used with car doors or gates, shall +have a factor of safety of not less than 5. At least two +independent suspension means shall be provided so that + + + +the failure of one suspension means shall not permit the +car doors or gates to faU; or a safety device shall be +provided to prevent the doors or gates from falling, if +the suspension means fails. + +2.14.4.10 Power-Operated and Power-Opened or +Power-Closed Doors or Gates. The operation of power- +operated and power-opened or power-closed doors or +gates shall conform to 2.13. + +2.14.4.11 Closed Position of Car Doors or Gates. Car +doors or gates shall be considered to be in the closed +position under the following conditions: + +(a) for horizontally sliding doors or gates, when the +clear open space between the leading edge of the door +or gate and the nearest face of the jamb does not exceed +50 mm (2 in.) except where car doors are provided with +a car door interlock(s), 10 mm (0.375 in.) + +(b) for vertically sUding counterweighted doors or +gates, when the clear open space between the leading +edge of the door or gate and the car platform sill does +not exceed 50 mm (2 in.) + +(c) for horizontally sliding center-opening doors, or +vertically sliding biparting counterbalanced doors, +when the door panels are within 50 mm (2 in.) of contact +with each other, except where horizontally sliding cen- +ter-opening car doors are provided with a car door inter- +locks), 10 mm (0.375 in.) + +2.14.5 Passenger Car Doors + +2.14.5.1 Number of Entrances Permitted. There shall +be not more than two entrances to the car, except in +existing buildings where structural conditions make +additional entrances necessary. + +2.14.5.2 Type Required. Horizontally or vertically +sliding doors subject to the restrictions of 2.14.5.3 shaU +be provided at each car entrance. + +2.14.5.3 Vertically Sliding Doors. Vertically sliding +doors shall be + +(a) of the balanced counterweighted type that slide +in the up direction to open + +(b) power operated where facing a power-operated +vertically sliding counterbalanced or a vertically sUding- +down-to-open hoistway door + +2.14.5.4 Dimensions of Doors. Doors, when in the +fully closed position, shall protect the full width and +height of the car entrance opening. + +2.14.5.5 Openings in Doors. There shall be no open- +ings in doors, except where vision panels are used. + +2.14.5.6 Door Panels + +2.14.5.6.1 Door panels shall have a flush surface +on the side exposed to the car interior. The panels shall +have no area or molding depressed or raised more than +3 mm (0.125 in.) and areas raised or depressed shall be +beveled at not more than 30 deg to the panel surface. + + + +41 + + + +ASI\AE A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.14.5.6.2-2.14.6.3.2 + + + +2.14.5.6.2 Panels shall overlap the top and sides +of the car entrance opening by not less than 13 nun +(0.5 in.) when in the closed position. + +2.14.5.6.3 The vertical clearance between a panel +and the sill, or in the case of a vertically sliding door +the vertical clearance between the leading edge and the +sill, shall not exceed 10 mm (0.375 in.) when in the fully +closed position. + +2.14.5.6.4 The horizontal clearance shall not +exceed 13 mm (0.5 in.) for horizontally sUding panels +and 25 mm (1 in.) for vertically sliding panels between + +(a) the car side of a panel and the related car + +entrance jamb +(h) related panels of multispeed entrances +(c) the car side of the panel and the related car + +head jamb + +2.14.5.6.5 The leading edges of doors shall be free +of sharp projections. + +2.14.5.6.6 The meeting panel edges of center- +opening entrances shall be protected with not less than +one resilient male member extending the full height +of the panel. The meeting edges shall be permitted to +interlock by not more than 10 mm (0.375 in.). When in +the closed position, the distance between the metal parts +of the meeting panels shall not exceed 13 mm (0.5 in.). + +2.14.5.6.7 The clearance between the leading edge +of the trailing panel of multiple-speed panels and the +jamb shall not exceed + +(a) 13 mm (0.5 in.) for horizontal slide + +(b) 25 mm (1 in.) for vertical slide + +2.14.5.7 Manual Opening of Car Doors. Car doors +shall be so arranged that when the car is stopped within +the unlocking zone (see 2.12.5.3) and power to the door +operator is cut off, they and the mechanically related +hoistway door, if any, shall be movable by hand from +inside the car. The force required at the edge of sliding +doors to move them shall not exceed 330 N (75 Ibf). + +2.14.5.8 Glass in Car Doors + +2.14.5.8.1 Vision panels, where provided, shall +conform to 2.14.2.5. + +2.14.5.8.2 Glass doors, where provided, shall con- +form to the following requirements: + +(a) The glass shall be lairunated glass conforming to +the requirements of 16 CFR Part 1201, or be laminated +glass, safety glass, or safety plastic conforming to the +requirements of CAN/CGSB-12.1, whichever is applica- +ble (see Part 9). Markings as specified shall be on each +separate piece, and shall remain visible after installation. + +(h) The glass shall be not less than 60% of the total +visible door panel surface area as seen from the car side +of the doors. Door lap shall not be used in calculating +glass size. + + + +(c) In power-operated doors, the glass panel shall be +substantially flush with the surface of the car side of +the door. + +(d) The glass shall conform to the applicable strength +requirements of 2.14 A.6. + +(e) The glass shall be so mounted that it, and its +mounting structure, will withstand the required elevator +tests without becoming damaged or dislodged. + +(/) A nonglass edge shall be provided on the leading +edge of the door panel. + +2.14.6 Freight Elevator Car Doors and Gates + +2.14.6.1 Type of Gates + +2.14.6.1.1 For elevators designed for Class A load- +ing (see 2. 16.2.2), car gates shall be either of the vertically +sliding type (see 2.14.6.2) or the horizontally sliding col- +lapsible type (see 2.14.6.3). + +2.14.6.1.2 For elevators designed for Class B or +Class C loading (see 2.16.2.2), car gates shall be of the +vertically sliding type (see 2.14.6.2). + +2.14.6.2 Vertically Sliding Doors and Gates + +2.14.6.2.1 On elevators used exclusively for +freight, car doors and gates shall be either of the balanced +coimterweighted type that slide up or down to open, +or of the biparting counterbalanced type. They shall be +manually operated or power operated. + +2.14.6.2.2 Where used on freight elevators permit- +ted to carry passengers (see 2.16.4), car doors shall con- +form to 2.14.5. + +2.14.6.2.3 Car doors and gates shall protect the +full width of the car entrance opening, and their height +shall be determined as follows: + +(a) car doors and gates shall extend from a point not +more than 25 mm (1 in.) above the car floor to a point +not less than 1 825 mm (72 in.) above the car floor + +(b) where a vertically sliding car gate with a door +reopening device is provided, the 25 mm (1 in.) maxi- +mum dimension specified shall be measured from the +car floor to the bottom of the leading member + +2.14.6.2.4 The horizontal clearance between the +car side of a panel and the related car entrance jamb or +between related panels of multispeed doors or gates +shall not exceed 25 mm (1 in.). + +2.14.6.3 Collapsible-Type Gates + +2.14.6.3.1 Collapsible-type gates shall protect the +full width of the car entrance opening, and they shall +extend from the car floor to a height of not less than +1 825 mm (72 in.) when fuUy closed. + +2.14.6.3.2 When in the fully closed (extended) +position, the opening between vertical members shall +not be more than 115 mm (4.5 in.). + + + +42 + + + +2,14.6.3.3-2.14.7.4 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.14.6.3.3 Every vertical member shall be +restricted from moving perpendicular to the direction +of travel more than 13 mm (0.5 in.). + +2.14.6.3o4 They shall not be power opened, except +as permitted by 2.13.2.1.2. + +2.14.6.3.5 When in the fully opened (collapsed) +position, collapsible gates shall be permitted to be +arranged to swing inward. + +2.14.6.3.6 Handles of manually operated collaps- +ible gates nearest the car operating device on elevators +operated from the car only shall be so located that the +nearest handle is not more than 1 225 mm (48 in.) from +the car operating device when the gate is closed +(extended position), and not more than 1 225 mm (48 in.) +above the car floor. Gate handles shall be provided with +finger guards. + +2.14.7 Illumination of Cars and Lighting Fixtures + +2.14.7.1 Illumination and Outlets Required. Cars shall +be provided with an electric light or lights conforming +to 2.14.7.1.1 through 2.14.7.1.4. + +2.14.7.1.1 Not less than two lamps shall be pro- +vided. + +2.14.7.1.2 The minimum illumination at the car +threshold, with the door closed, shall be not less than + +(a) 50 Ix (5 fc) for passenger elevators + +(b) 25 Ix (2.5 fc) for freight elevators + +2.14.7.1.3 Each elevator shall be provided with +auxiliary lighting having its power source located on +the car. It shall conform to the following: + +(a) The intensity of auxiliary lighting illumination +shall be not less than 2 Ix (0.2 fc), measured approxi- +mately 1 225 mm (48 in.) above the car floor and 300 mm +(12 in.) centered horizontally in front of a car operating +panel containing any of the following: + +(1) car operating device(s) + +(2) door open button + +(3) rear or side door open button + +(4) door close button + +(5) rear or side door close button + +(6) "HELP" button and operating ir\structions, or + +(7) "ALARM" switch + +(b) Illimiination is not required in front of additional +car operating panels where the devices listed in +2.14.7.1.3(a) are duplicated. + +(c) Auxiliary lights shall be automatically turned on +in all elevators in service after normal car lighting +power fails. + +(d) The power system shall be capable of maintaining +the light intensity specified in 2.14.7.1.3(a) for a period +of at least 4 h. + +(e) Not less than two lamps of approximately equal +wattage shall be used. + + + +(/) Battery-operated units, where provided, shall + +(1) comply with CSA C22.2 No. 141 (see Section 4) + +(2) have a 4 h rating minimum + +(3) be permanently connected to the car light +branch circuit + +(4) have an output rating that includes the auxiliary +lights and if connected, the emergency signaling device +(see 2.27.1.1.3) + +2.14.7.1.4 Each elevator shall be provided with +an electric light and convenience outlet fixture on the +car top. + +2.14.7.2 Light Control Switches + +2.14.7.2.1 Light control switches for in-car light- +ing shall be permitted. When provided, they shall + +(a) be located in or adjacent to the operating device +in the car. + +(b) in elevators having automatic operation, be of the +key-operated type or located in a fixture with a locked +cover. The key shall be Group 2 Security (see 8.1). + +2.14.7.2.2 Automatic operation of the car lights +shall be permitted. When provided, the operating circuit +shall be arranged to turn off the lights only when the +following conditions exist for not less than 5 min: + +(a) the car is at a floor + +(b) the doors are closed + +(c) there is no demand for service + +(d) the car is on automatic operation +Momentary interruption of any of the above condi- +tions shall cause the car lights to turn on. + +2.14.7.3 Car Lighting Devices + +2.14.7.3.1 Glass used for lighting fixtures shall +conform to 2.14.1.8. + +2.14.7.3.2 Suspended glass used in Ughting fix- +tures shaU be supported by a metal frame secured at +not less than three points. + +2.14.7.3.3 Fastening devices shall not be remov- +able from the fixture. + +2.14.7.3.4 Glass shall not be drilled for +attachment. + +2.14.7.3.5 Light troughs supporting wiring race- +ways and other auxiliary lighting equipment, where +used, shall be of metal, except where lined with noncom- +bustible materials. + +2.14.7.3.6 Materials for light diffusion or trans- +mission shall be of metal, glass, or materials corvforming +to 2.14.2.1.1 and shall not come in contact with light +bulbs and tubes. + +2.14.7.4 Protection of Light Bulbs and Tubes. Light +bulbs and tubes within the car shall + +(a) be equipped with guards, be recessed, or be +mounted above a drop ceiling to prevent accidental + + + +43 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.14.7.4-2.15.6.3 + + + +breakage. Cars that operate with the drop ceiling +removed shall have a permanent separate guard for the +light bulb or tube. + +(b) be so mounted in the structure that the structure +and the bulb or tube will withstand the required elevator +tests without being damaged or becoming dislodged. + +SECTfOg^ 2.15 +CAR FRAMES AND PLATFORMS + +2.15.1 Car Frames Required + +Every elevator shall have a car frame (see 1.3). + +2.15.2 Guiding Members + +Car frames shall be guided on each guide rail by upper +and lower guiding members attached to the frame. + +Retention means shall be provided to prevent the car +from being displaced by more than 13 mm (0.5 in.) from +its normal running position should any part of the guid- +ing means fail, excluding the guiding member base and +its attaclunent to the frame. The retention means shall +be permitted to be integral with the base. + +2.15.3 Design of Car Frames and Guiding Members + +The frame and its guiding members shall be designed +to withstand the forces resulting under the loading con- +ditions for which the elevator is designed and installed +(see 2.16). + +2.15.4 Underslung or Sub-Post Frames + +The vertical distance between the centerlines of the +top and bottom guide shoes of an elevator car having +a sub-post car frame or having an underslung car frame +located entirely below the car platform shall be not less +than 40% of the distance between guide rails. + +2.15.5 Car Platforms + +2.15.5.1 Every elevator car shall have a platform +consisting of a nonperforated floor attached to a plat- +form frame supported by the car frame, and extending +over the entire area within the car enclosure. + +2.15.5.2 The platform frame members and the floor +shall be designed to withstand the forces developed +under the loading conditions for which the elevator is +designed and installed. + +2.15.5.3 Platform frames are not required where +laminated platforms are provided. + +2.15.5.4 Laminated platforms shall be permitted to +be used for passenger elevators having a rated load of +2 300 kg (5,000 lb) or less. + +2.15.5.5 The deflection at any point of a laminated +platform, when imiformly loaded to rated capacity, shall +not exceed V%q of the span. The stresses in the steel +facing shall not exceed one-fifth of its ultimate strength. + + + +and the stresses in the pljrwood core shall not exceed 60% +of the allowable stresses in Section 3.14 of the American +Plywood Association Plywood Design Specification or +CSA 086.1, as applicable (see Part 9). + +2.15.6 Materials for Car Frames and Platform Frames + +2.15.6.1 Materials Permitted. Materials used in the +construction of car frames and platforms shall conform +to 2.15.6.1.1 through 2.15.6.1.4. + +2.15.6.1.1 Car frames and outside members of +platform frames shall be made of steel or other metals. + +2.15.6.1.2 Platform stringers of freight elevators +designed for Class B or Class C loading shall be of steel +or other metals. + +2.15.6.1.3 Platform stringers of passenger eleva- +tors and of freight elevators designed for Class A loading +shall be made of steel or other metals, or of wood. + +2.15.6.1.4 Cast iron shall not be used for any part +subject to tension, torsion, or bending, except for guiding +supports and guide shoes. + +2.15.6.2 Requirements for Steel. Steel used in the +construction of car frames and platforms shall conform +to 2.15.6.2.1 through 2.15.6.2.3. + +2.15.6.2.1 Car-Frame and Platform-Frame Members. +Steel shall be rolled, formed, forged, or cast, conforming +to the requirements of the following specifications: + +(a) Rolled and Formed Steel. ASTM A 36 or ASTM A +283 Grade D or CAN/CSA-G40.21. + +(b) Forged Steel. ASTM A 668 Class B. + +(c) Cast Steel. ASTM A 27 Grade 60/30. + +2.15.6.2.2 Rivets, Bolts, and Rods, Steel used for +rivets, bolts, and rods shall conform to the following +specifications: + +(a) ASTM A 502, Rivets + +(b) ASTM A 307, Bolts and Rods + +2.15.6.2.3 Steels of Other Strength, Steels of +greater or lesser strength than those specified by +2.15.6.2.1 shall be permitted to be used, provided they +have an elongation of not less than 20% in a length of +50 mm (2 in.) when tested in accordance with ASTM +E8, and provided that the stresses and deflections con- +form to 2.15.10 and 2.15.11, respectively. + +Rivets, bolts, and rods made of steel having greater +strength than specified by ASTM A 307 and ASTM A +502 shall be permitted to be used and the maxin\um +allowable stresses increased proportionally, based on the +ratio of the ultimate strengths. Elongation shall conform +to the requirements of the corresponding ASTM specifi- +cations. + +2.15.6.3 Requirements for Metals Other Than Steel, +Metals other than steel shall be permitted to be used in +the construction of car frames and platforms, provided + + + +44 + + + +2.15.6.3-2.15.10.2 + + + +ASMEA17.1S-2005 + + + +the metal used has the essential properties to meet all +the requirements for the purpose in accordance with +good engineering practice, and provided the stresses +and deflections conform to 2.15.10 and 2.15.11, respec- +tively. + +2.15.6.4 Requirements for Wood Used for Platform +Floors and Stringers. Wood used for platform stringers +and platform floors and sub-floors shall be of structural +quality lumber or exterior-type pljrvvood conforming to +the requirements of the following: + +(a) ASTM D 245, Structural Grades of Lumber +(h) ASTM D 198, Static Tests of Structural Timbers +(c) ANSI Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-74 or CSA +0151, Softwood Plywood, Construction and Industrial + +2.15.7 Car Frame and Platform Connections + +2.15.7.1 Internal Connections. Connections between +members of car frames and platforms shall be riveted, +bolted, or welded, and shall conform to 2.15.7.3. + +2.1 5.7.2 Connection Between Car Frame and Platform. + +The attachment of the platform to the car frame shall +be done in accordance with good engineering practice +and shall develop the required strength to transmit the +forces safely from the platform to the car frame in accor- +dance with 2.15.10. Bolts, nuts, and welding, where used, +shall conform to 2.15.7.3. + +2.15.7.3 Bolts, Nuts, and Welding + +2.1 5.7.3.1 Bolts, where used through greater than +5 deg sloping flanges of structural members, shall have +bolt heads of the tipped-head type or shaU be fitted with +bevelled washers. + +2.1 5.7.3.2 Nuts used on greater than 5 deg sloping +flanges of structural members shall sit on beveled +washers. + +2.15.7.3.3 All welding shall conform to 8.8. + +2.15.8 Protection of Platforms Against Fire + +All platform materials exposed to the hoistway shall +be either of the following: + +(a) metal + +(b) other materials that, in their end-use configura- +tion, conform to the following requirements, based on +the tests conducted in accordance with the requirements +of ASTM E 84, UL 723, NFPA 255, or CAN/ULC-S102.2, +whichever is applicable (see Part 9): + +(1) flame spread rating of to 75 + +(2) smoke development of to 450 + +2.15.9 Platform Guards (Aprons) + +The entrance side of the platform of passenger and +freight elevators shall be provided with smooth metal +guard plates of not less than 1.5 mm (0.059 in.) thick +steel, or material of equivalent strength and stiffness. + + + +adequately reinforced and braced to the car platform +and conforming to 2.15.9.1 through 2.15.9.4. + +2.15.9.1 The guard plate shall extend not less than +the full width of the widest hoistway-door opening. + +2.1 5.9.2 The guard plate shall have a sfraight vertical +face, extending below the floor surface of the platform, +conforming to one of the following: + +(a) where the elevator is required to conform to +2.19.2.2(b) the depth of the truck zone, where provided, +plus 75 mm (3 in.), but in no case less than 1 220 mm +(48 in.) + +(h) where the elevator is not required to conform to +2.19.2.2(b) the depth of the leveling zone or truck zone, +where provided, plus 75 mm (3 in.); but in no case less +than 525 mm (21 in.) + +2.1 5.9.3 The lower portion of the guard shall be bent +back at an angle of not less than 60 deg nor more than +75 deg from the horizontal. + +2.15.9.4 The guard plate shall be securely braced +and fastened in place to withstand a constant force of +not less than 650 N (145 Ibf) applied at right angles to +and at any position on its face without deflecting more +than 6 mm (0.25 in.), and without permanent defor- +mation. + +Where the car enfrance on the truck loading side is +provided with a collapsible-type gate and the height of +the hoistway door opening is greater than the distance +from the car floor to the car top, a head guard extending +the full width of the door opening shall be provided on +the car to close the space between the car top and the +soffit of the hoistway-door opening when the car plat- +form is level with the floor at the truck loading landing +enfrance. + +2.15.10 Maximum Allowable Stresses in Car Frame +and Platform iVlembers and Connections + +2.15.10.1 The sfresses in car frame and platform +members and their connections, based on the static load +imposed upon them, shall not exceed the following: + +(a) for steels meeting the requirements of 2.15.6.2.1 +and 2.15.6.2.2, as listed in Table 2.15.10.1 + +(h) for steels of greater or lesser sfrength, as permitted +by 2.15.6.2.3, the allowable stresses listed in Table +2.15.10.1 are to be adjusted proportionally, based on the +ratio of the ultimate sfrengths + +(c) for metals other than steel, as permitted by +2.15.6.3, the allowable sfresses Usted in Table 2.15.10.1 +are to be adjusted proportionally, based on the ratio of +the ultimate sfrengths + +2.15.10.2 Car frame members, brackets, and their +connections subject to forces due to the application of +the emergency brake (see 2.19.4) shaU be designed to +withstand the maximum forces developed during the +retardation phase of the emergency braking so that the + + + +45 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.15.10.2-2.15.13 + + + +Table 2.15.10.1 Maximum Allowable Stresses in Car Frame and Platform i\/lembers and +Connections, for Steels Specified in 2.15.6.2.1 and 2.15.6.2.2 + + + + + + + +Maximum Stress, + + + + +Member Type + + +Stress Type + + +MPa (psi) + + +Area Basis + + +Car crosshead + + +Bending + + +95 (14,000) + + +Gross section + + +Car frame plank (normal loading) + + +Bending + + +95 (14,000) + + +Gross section + + +Car frame plank (buffer reaction) + + +Bending + + +190 (27,500) + + +Gross section + + +Car frame uprights (stiles) + + +Bending plus tension + + +115 (17,000) + + +Gross section + + + + + + +140 (20,200) + + +Net section + + +Hoisting rope hitch plate and + + +Bending plus tension + + +75 (11,000) + + +Net section + + +shapes + + + + + + + + +Platform framing + + +Bending + + +95 (14,000) + + +Gross section + + +Platform stringers + + +Bending + + +115 (17,000) + + +Gross section + + +Threaded brace rods and other + + +Tension + + +60 (9,000) + + +Net section + + +tension members except bolts + + + + + + + + +Bolts + + +Tension + + +55 (8,000) + + +Net section + + +Bolts in clearance holes + + +Shear + + +55 (8,000) + + +Actual area in shear plane + + + + +Bearing + + +120 (17,500) + + +Gross section + + +Rivets or tight body-fit bolts + + +Shear + + +75 (11,000) + + +Actual area in shear plane + + + + +Bearing + + +140 (20,000) + + +Gross section + + +Any framing member normal loading + + +Compression + + +Note (1) + + +Gross section + + + +NOTE: + +(1) The maximum allowable compressive stress in any member at normal loading shall not exceed 80% of those permitted +for static loads by the AiSC #S326 or CSA S16.1. + + + +resulting stresses due to the emergency braking and all +other loading acting simultaneously, if applicable, shall +not exceed 190 MPa (27,500 psi). + +2.15.11 Maximum Allowable Deflections of Car +Frame and Platform Members + +The deflections of car frame and platform members +based on the static load imposed upon them shall be +not more than the following: + +(a) for crosshead, plank, and platform frame mem- +bers, /^60 of the span + +(b) for uprights (stiles), as determined by 8.2.2.5.3 + +2.15.12 Car Frames With Sheaves + +Where a hoisting rope sheave is mounted on the car +frame, the construction shall conform to 2.15.12.1 +through 2.15.12.3. + +2.1 5.1 2.1 Where multiple sheaves mounted on sepa- +rate sheave shafts are used, provision shall be made to +take the compressive forces, developed by ter\sion in +the hoisting ropes between the sheaves, on a strut or +struts between the sheave shaft supports, or by provid- +ing additional compressive strength in the car frame or +car-frame members supporting sheave shafts. + +2.15.12.2 Where the sheave shaft extends through +the web of a car-frame member, the reduction in area of +the member shall not reduce the strength of the member + + + +below that required. Where necessary, reinforcing plates +shall be welded or riveted to the member to provide the +required strength. The bearing pressure shaU in no case +be more than that permitted in Table 2.15.10.1 for bolts +in clearance holes. + +2.15.12.3 Where the sheave is attached to the car +crosshead by means of a single threaded rod or specially +designed member or n\embers in tension, the require- +ments of 2.15.12.3.1 and 2.15.12.3.2 shall be conformed to. + +2.15.12.3.1 The single rod, member, or members +shaU have a factor of safety 50% higher than the factor +of safety required for the suspension wire ropes, but in +no case shall have a factor of safety of less than 15. + +2.15.12.3.2 The means for fastening the single- +threaded rod, member, or members to the car frame +shall conform to 2.15.13. + +2.15.13 Suspension-Rope Hitch Plates or Shapes + +Where cars are suspended by hoisting ropes attached +to the car frame or to the overhead supporting beams +by means of rope shackles, the shackles shall be attached +to steel hitch plates or to structural or formed steel +shapes. + +Such plates or shapes shall be secured to the underside +or to the webs of the car-frame member with bolts, rivets, +or welds so located that the tensions in the hoisting + + + +46 + + + +2.15.13-2.16.2.2.3 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +ropes will not develop direct tension in the bolts or +rivets. + +The stresses shall not exceed those permitted by +2.9.3.3. + +2.15.14 Calculation of Stresses in Car-Frame and +Platform-Frame Members + +The calculation of the stresses and deflection in the +car-frame plank and uprights and platform frames shall +be based on the formulas and data in 8.2.2. + +2.15.15 Platform Side Braces + +Where side bracing and similar members are attached +to car-frame uprights, the reduction in area of the upright +shall not reduce the strength of the upright below that +required by 2.15. + +2.15.16 Hinged Platform Sills + +Hinged platform sills, where used, shall conform to +2.15.16.1 through 2.15.16.3. + +2.15.16.1 Hinged platform siUs shall be provided +with electric contacts conforming to 2.12.5, which will +prevent operation of the elevator by the normal +operating device unless the hinged sill is within 50 mm +(2 in.) of its fully retracted position, provided that when +in this position, the sill does not reduce the clearance +specified in 2.5.1.4. + +2.1 5.16.2 The elevator shall be permitted to be oper- +ated by the leveling device in the leveling zone with the +siU in any position. + + + +2.15.16.3 + +2.11.11.1. + + + +The strength of the sills shall conform to + + + +2.15.17 Fastening of Compensation Means + +Fastenings to the car of the suspension ropes' compen- +sation means shall coriform to 2.21.4. + + + +SECTION 2.16 +CAPACIT\r AND LOADING + +2.16.1 Minimum Rated Load for Passenger Elevators + +2.16.1.1 Minimum Load Permitted. The rated load in +kg (lb) for passenger elevators shall be based on the +inside net platform area, and shall be not less than shown +by Fig. 8.2.1.2 (see Nonmandatory Appendix D and +2.26.11). + +The inside net platform area shall be determined at +a point 1 000 mm (39 in.) above the floor and inside of +any panels or wall surfaces, but exclusive of any hand- +rails and space for doors as shown in Fig. 2.16.1.1. To +allow for variations in car designs, an increase in the +maximimi inside net area not exceeding 5% shall be +permitted for the various rated loads. See Table 2.16.1.1. + + + +2.16.1.2 Use of Partitions for Reducing Inside Net +Platform Area. Where partitions are installed in elevator +cars for the purpose of restricting the platform net area +for passenger use, they shall be permanently bolted, +riveted, or welded in place. Gates, doors, or handrails +shall not be used for this purpose. Partitions shall be so +installed as to provide for approximately symmetrical +loading. + +2.16.1.3 Carrying of Freight on Passenger Elevators. + +When freight is to be carried on a passenger elevator, +the requirements of 2.16.1.3.1 and 2.16.1.3.2 shall be con- +formed to. + +2.16.1.3.1 The minimum rated load shall conform +to 2.16.1 or 2.16.2, whichever is greater. + +2.16.1.3.2 The elevator shall be designed for appli- +cable class of freight elevator loading. + +2.16.2 Minimum Rated Load for Freight Elevators + +2.16.2.1 Minimum Load Permitted. The minimum +rated load for freight elevators in poimds shall be based +on the weight and class of the load to be handled, but +shall in no case be less than the minimum specified in +2.16.2.2 for each class of loading based on the inside net +platform area. + +2.16.2.2 Classes of Loading and Design Require- +ments. Freight elevators shall be designed for one of the +following classes of loading. + +2.16.2.2.1 Class A: General Freight Loading. Where +the load is distributed, the weight of any single piece +of freight or of any single hand truck and its load is not +more than 25% of the rated load of the elevator, and the +load is handled on and off the car platform manually +or by means of hand trucks. + +For this class of loading, the rated load shall be based +on not less than 240 kg/m^ (49 Ib/ft^) of inside net +platform area. + +2.16.2.2.2 Class B: Motor Vehicle Loading. Where +the elevator is used solely to carry automobile trucks or +passenger automobiles up to the rated capacity of the +elevator. + +For this class of loading, the rated load shall be based +on not less than 145 kg/m^ (30 Ib/ft^) of inside net +platform area. + +2.16.2.2.3 Class C. There are three types of Class +C loadings: + +(a) Class CI: Industrial Truck Loading. Where the static +load during loading and unloading does not exceed the +rated load. + +(b) Class C2: Industrial Truck Loading. Where the static +load during loading and unloading is permitted to +exceed the rated load. + + + +47 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +Inside net platform +area =Ax B + + + +Inside net platform +area =Ax B + + + +- " -■ + + + +Fig. 2.16.1.1 Inside Net Platform Areas for Passenger Elevators + + + +Table 2.16.1.1 Maximum Inside Net Platform Areas for the Various + +Rated Loads + + + +Si Units + + + + +Imperial Units + + + + +Inside Net + + + + +Inside Net + + +Rated Load, + + +Platform Area, + + +Rated Load, + + +Platform Area, + + +kg + + +m + + +lb + + +ft^ + + +230 + + +0.65 + + +500 + + +7.0 + + +270 + + +0.77 + + +600 + + +8.3 + + +320 + + +0.89 + + +700 + + +9.6 + + +450 + + +1.23 + + +1,000 + + +13.3 + + +550 + + +1.45 + + +1,200 + + +15.6 + + +700 + + +1.76 + + +1,500 + + +18.9 + + +800 + + +2.05 + + +1,800 + + +22.1 + + +900 + + +2.25 + + +2,000 + + +24.2 + + +1 150 + + +2.70 + + +2,500 + + +29.1 + + +1 350 + + +3.13 + + +3,000 + + +33.7 + + +1600 + + +3.53 + + +3,500 + + +38.0 + + +1800 + + +3.92 + + +4,000 + + +42.2 + + +2 000 + + +4.29 + + +4,500 + + +46.2 + + +2 250 + + +4.65 + + +5,000 + + +50.0 + + +2 700 + + +5.36 + + +6,000 + + +57.7 + + +3 200 + + +6.07 + + +7,000 + + +65.3 + + +3 600 + + +6.77 + + +8,000 + + +72.9 + + +4 100 + + +7.48 + + +9,000 + + +80.5 + + +4 500 + + +8.18 + + +10,000 + + +88.0 + + +5 400 + + +9.57 + + +12,000 + + +103.0 + + +7 000 + + +11.62 + + +15,000 + + +125.1 + + +8 000 + + +13.65 + + +18,000 + + +146.9 + + +9 000 + + +14.98 + + +20,000 + + +161.2 + + +11 500 + + +18.25 + + +25,000 + + +196.5 + + +13 500 + + +21.46 + + +30,000 + + +231.0 + + + +GENERAL NOTE: To allow for variations in cab designs, an increase in the maximum inside net platform +area not exceeding 5% shall be permitted for the various rated loads. + + + +48 + + + +2.16.2.2.3-2.16A5 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +(c) Class C3: Other Loading With Heavy Concentrations. +Where the static load during loading and unloading +does not exceed the rated load. + +2.16.2,2.4 Class C loadings in 2.16.2.2.3 apply +where the weight of the concentrated load including a +powered industrial or hand truck, if used, is more than +25% the rated load and where the load to be carried +does not exceed the rated load. (For concentrated loads +exceeding the rated load, see 2.16.6.) +The following are additional requirements: + +(a) For Class CI, Class C2, and Class C3 loadings, the +rated load of the elevator shall be not less than the load +(including any truck) to be carried, and shall in no case +be less than 240 kg/m^ (49 Ib/ft^) of inside net plat- +form area. + +The elevator shall be provided with a two-way auto- +matic leveling device (see 1.3). + +(b) For Class CI and Class C2 loadings, the following +additional requirements shaU apply: + +(1) For elevators with rated loads of 9 000 kg +(20,000 lb) or less, the car platform shall be designed for +a loaded truck of weight equal to the rated load or +for the actual weight of the loaded truck to be used, +whichever is greater. + +(2) For elevators with rated loads exceeding +9 000 kg (20,000 lb), the car platform shall be designed +for a loaded truck weighing 9 000 kg (20,000 lb), or for +the actual weight of the loaded truck to be used, which- +ever is greater. + +(c) For Class C2 loading, the following requirements +shall apply: + +(1) The maximum load on the car platform during +loading or imloading shall not exceed 150% of rated +load. + +(2) For any load in excess of rated load on elevators +with a rated load of 9 000 kg (20,000 lb) or less, the +driving-machine motor, brake, and traction relation shall +be adequate to sustain and level the full 150% of +rated load. + +(3) For any load in excess of the rated load on eleva- +tors with a rated load exceeding 9 000 kg (20,000 lb), the +driving machine motor, brake, and traction relation shall +be adequate to sustain and level the rated load plus +either 4 500 kg (10,000 lb), or the weight of the unloaded +truck to be used, whichever is greater. + +NOTES (2.16.2): + +(1) When the entire rated load is loaded or unloaded in increments +by an industrial truck, the load imposed on the car platform, +while the last increment is being loaded or the first increment +tmloaded, wiU exceed the rated load by part of the weight of +the empty industrial truck. + +(2) Requirement 2.16.2 does not prohibit the carrying of an indus- +trial truck on a freight elevator of Class C2 or Class C3 loading, +provided that the total weight on the elevator does not exceed +the rated load of the elevator, and the elevator is designed to +meet the requirements of 8.2.2 and 8.2.9, as appropriate, for +the load involved. + + + +2.16.3 Capacity and Data Plates + +2.16.3.1 Plates Required and Locations. Every eleva- +tor shall be provided with a capacity plate and a data +plate permanently and securely attached. + +The capacity plate shall be located in a conspicuous +position inside the car. + +The data plate shall be located on the car crosshead, +or inside the car for underslung elevators having no +crosshead. + +2.16.3.2 Information Required ©n Plates + +2.16.3.2.1 Capacity plates shall indicate the rated +load of the elevator in kilograms or pounds or both (see +Nonmandatory Appendix D), and, in addition, this plate +or a separate plate shall indicate + +(a) the capacity lifting one-piece loads where the ele- +vator conforms to 2.16.7 + +(h) for freight elevators designed for Class C2 loading, +the maximum load the elevator is designed to support +while being loaded or unloaded [see 2.16.2.2.4(c)] + +2.16.3.2.2 Data plates shall indicate + +(a) the weight of the complete car, including the car +safety and all auxiliary equipment attached to the car + +(b) the rated load and speed + +(c) the wire rope data required by 2.20.2.1 + +(d) the name or trademark of the manufacturer and +year manufactured + +(e) rail lubrication instructions (see 2.17.16) + +2.16.3.3 Material and Marlcing of Plates. Plates shall +be of such material and construction that the letters and +figures stamped, etched, cast, or otherwise appUed to +the faces shall remain permanently and readily legible. + +The height of the letters and figures shall be not +less than + +(a) 6 nun (0.25 in.) for passenger elevator capacity +plates + +(b) 25 mm (1 in.) for freight elevator capacity plates + +(c) 3 mm (0.125 in.) for data plates + +2.16.4 Carrying of Passengers on Freiglit Elevators + +Freight elevators conforming to 2.16.4.1 through +2.16.4.9 shall be permitted to carry passengers. + +2.16.4.1 The elevator shall not be accessible to the +general public. + +2.16.4.2 The rated load shall not be less than that +required by 2.16.1. + +2.16.4.3 The elevator shall conform to 2.16.8. + +2.16.4.4 Hoistway entrances shall conform to +2.12.1.1 and 2.11.2.1, or shall be power-operated doors +conforming to 2.11.2.2(e). + +2.16.4.5 Car doors shall be provided, and shall con- +form to 2.14.5. + + + +49 + + + +ASMEA17.1S-2005 + + + +2.16.4.6-2.16.7.5 + + + +2.16.4.6 Openings in car enclosures shall conform +to 2.14.2.2. + +2.16.4.7 Hoistway doors and/or car doors shall con- +form to 2.12.5. + +2.16.4.8 The factors of safety for suspension wire +ropes shall conform to Table 2.20.3 for passenger ele- +vators. + +2.16.4.9 Power-operated vertically sliding doors +shall be power closed conforming to the following: + +(a) requirements 2.13.3.2 or 2.13.3.4. + +(b) shall be provided with a reoperung device con- +forming to 2.13.5. The reopening device shall detect +obstruction in the path of closing door travel without +the necessity of physical contact. This can be provided +by mounting the protection device(s) on the car door +itself or on the car or door jamb. + +(c) vertically sliding hoistway and car doors shall con- +form to 2.13.6. + +(d) supporting chains, cables, or ropes shall not be +exposed to the car interior. + +(e) when closed by automatic means, shall be pro- +vided with a visual warning to function over the same +period as the audible signal in 2.13.3.4.1. + +2.16.5 Signs Required in Freight Elevator Cars + +2.16.5.1 Signs Required. Signs, in addition to the +capacity and data plates required by 2.16.3.1, shall be +provided inside the car and shall be located in a conspic- +uous position and permanently and securely fastened to +the car enclosure, subject to the requirements of 2.16.5.1.1 +through 2.16.5.1.3. + +2.16.5.1.1 For every freight elevator, the sign shall +specify the type of loading (see 2.16.2.2) for which the +elevator is designed and installed, with one of the fol- +lowing markings. + +(a) "CLASS A LOADING. ELEVATOR TO BE +LOADED OR UNLOADED MANUALLY OR BY +MEANS OF HAND TRUCKS ONLY NO SINGLE PIECE +OF FREIGHT OR SINGLE HAND TRUCK AND ITS +LOAD SHALL EXCEED KG ( LB)." + +(b) "CLASS B LOADING. THIS ELEVATOR +DESIGNED TO TRANSPORT MOTOR VEHICLES +HAVING A MAXIMUM GROSS WEIGHT NOT TO +EXCEED KG ( LB)." + +(c) "CLASS CI LOADING. THIS ELEVATOR +DESIGNED TO TRANSPORT LOADED INDUSTRIAL +TRUCK. MAXIMUM COMBINED WEIGHT OF +INDUSTRIAL TRUCK AND LOAD NOT TO +EXCEED KG ( LB)." + +(d) "CLASS C2 LOADING. THIS ELEVATOR +DESIGNED FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING BY +INDUSTRIAL TRUCK. MAXIMUM LOADING AND +UNLOADING WEIGHT WHILE PARKED NOT TO +EXCEED KG ( LB). MAXIMUM WEIGFIT + + + +TRANSPORTED NOT TO EXCEED KG ( + +LB)." + +(e) "CLASS C3 LOADING. THIS ELEVATOR +DESIGNED TO TRANSPORT CONCENTRATED +LOADS NOT TO EXCEED KG ( LB)." + +2.16.5.1.2 For elevators not permitted to carry +passengers, the sign shall read: "THIS IS NOT A PAS- +SENGER ELEVATOR. NO PERSONS OTHER THAN +THE OPERATOR AND FREIGHT HANDLERS ARE +PERMITTED TO RIDE ON THIS ELEVATOR." + +2.16.5.1.3 For freight elevators permitted to carry +passengers (see 2.16.4), a sign reading "PASSENGERS +ARE PERMITTED TO RIDE THIS ELEVATOR." + +2.16.5.2 Material and Marking of Signs. The material +and marking of all signs shall conform to 2.16.3.3, except +that the letters shall be not less than 13 mm (0.5 in.) high. + +2.16.6 Overloading of Freight Elevators + +Freight elevators shaU not be loaded in excess of their +rated load as specified on the capacity plate required +by 2.16.3, except for + +(a) static loads on elevators loaded and imloaded by +industrial trucks as noted on capacity or separate plate +[see 2.16.2.2.3 and 2.16.3.2.1(b)] + +(b) elevators designed and installed to conform to + +2.16.7 to carry one-piece loads exceeding their rated load + +2.16.7 Carrying of One-Piece Loads Exceeding the +Rated Load + +Passenger and freight elevators shall be permitted to +be used, where necessary, to carry one-piece loads +greater than their rated load, provided they are +designed, installed, and operated to conform to 2.16.7.1 +through 2.16.7.11. + +2.16.7.1 A locking device shaU be provided that +will hold the car at any landing, independently of the +hoisting ropes, while the car is being loaded or +unloaded. + +2.16.7.2 The locking device shall be so designed that +it cannot be unlocked until the entire weight of the car +and load is suspended on the ropes. + +2.16.7.3 A removable wrench or other device shall +be provided to operate the locking device. + +2.16.7.4 The locking device shall be so designed that +the locking bars wiU be automatically withdrawn should +they come into contact with the landing locks when the +car is operated in the up direction. + +2.16.7.5 A special capacity plate shall be provided +inside the elevator car and located in a conspicuous +place that shall bear the words "CAPACITY LIFTING +ONE-PIECE LOADS" in letters, followed by figures giv- +ing the special capacity in kilograms (pounds) for lifting + + + +50 + + + +2.16.7.5-2.17.1 + + + +ASA«EA17.1S-2005 + + + +one-piece loads for which the machine is designed. For +material and size of letters, see 2.16.3.3. + +2.16.7.6 The car frame, car platform, sheaves, shafts, +ropes, and locking devices shall be designed for the +specified "Capacity Lifting One-Piece Loads," pro- +vided that + +(a) in the design of the car frame, platform, sheaves, +shafts, and ropes, the allov/able stress is permitted to +be 20% higher than those permitted for normal loading + +(b) the factor of safety for the locking device is not +less than 5 + +2.16.7.7 The car safeties shall be designed to stop +and hold the specified "Capacity Lifting One-Piece +Loads" with the ropes intact. The safety is not required +to conform to the safety stopping distances specified in +Table 2.17.3 if applied while the elevator is carrying a +one-piece load exceeding the rated load. + +2.16.7.8 Where there is an occupied space, or an +unoccupied space not secured against unauthorized +access (see 2.6), under the hoistway, the requirements of + +2.16.7.8.1 through 2.16.7.8.4 shall be conformed to. + +2.16.7.8.1 The machine shall be designed to oper- +ate the "Capacity Lifting One-Piece Loads" at slow +speed. + +2.16.7.8.2 The car safety shall be designed to stop +and hold the car with this load, independently of the +hoisting ropes. + +2.16.7.8.3 The counterweight safety, where +required by 2.6, shall be designed to stop and hold the +entire weight of the counterweight, independently of +the ropes. + +2.16.7.8.4 Under the conditions described in + +2.16.7.8.2 and 2.16.7.8.3, the car and coimterweight safe- +ties are not required to conform to the safety stopping +distances specified in Table 2.17.3 when the elevator is +carrying a one-piece load exceeding the rated load and +the counterweight is provided with additional weight +as required by 2.16.7.9. + +2.16.7.9 For traction machines, where it is necessary +to secure adequate traction, an additional counterweight +shall be added during the period of use with one-piece +loads so that the total overbalance is at least equal to +45% of the "Capacity Lifting One-Piece Loads." + +2.16.7.10 A special operating device of the car +switch or continuous-pressure type shall be provided +in a machine room, control space located outside the +hoistway, or control room to operate the elevator. + +Means shall be provided to visually observe the driv- +ing machine when this special operating device is oper- +ated. When this device is operative, all other operating +devices shall be inoperative (see 2.26.1.3). + + + +2.16.7.11 The "Capacity Lifting One-Piece Loads" +of any passenger traction elevator shall not exceed 1.33 +times the rated load of the elevator. + +2.16.8 Additional Requirements for Passenger +Overload in tine Down Direction + +Passenger elevators and freight elevators permitted +by 2.16.4 to carry passengers shall be designed and +installed to safely lower, stop, and hold the car with an +additional load up to 25% in excess of the rated load. + +The elevator is not required to attain rated load per- +formance under the passenger overload conditions spec- +ified but shall conform to + +(a) requirement 2.17.2, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(h) requirement 2.17.3, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in the first paragraph in place of the +rated load. Second paragraph of 2.17.3, except that 125% +of the rated load shall be used in place of the rated +load, and the rated load performance including safety +stopping distance is not required. + +(c) requirement 2.24.2.3, except that 125% of rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(d) requirement 2.24.8, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(e) requirement 2.25.2.1, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(f) requirement 2.26.9.8, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(g) requirement 2.26.10, except that 125% of the rated +load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(h) requirement 2.19.2.2(b), except that 125% of the +rated load shall be used in place of the rated load. + +(i) requirement 2.27.2.1, except that 125% of rated load +shall be used in place of rated load. + +(j) requirement 2.7.5.1.2(b), except that 125% of rated +load shall be used in place of rated load. + +2.16.9 Special Loading Means + +Where special means (lift hooks, conveyor tracks, and +support beams) that exert loads upon the car frame or +platform, or both, are used to carry loads other than as +described in 2.16.2.2, the effects of their loading on the +car frame and platform shall be considered in accordance +with 8.2.2.1 and 8.2.9.1. The allowable stresses and +deflections shall be as specified in 2.15.10 and 2.15.11. +The connections shall conform to 2.15.7. + +SECTION 2.17 +CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT SAFETIES + +2.17.1 Where Required and Location + +The car of every elevator suspended by wire ropes +shall be provided with one or more car safety devices +of one of the types identified in 2.17.5. The safeties shall +be attached to the car frame, and one safety shall be +located within or below the car frame. + + + +51 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.17.1-2.17.8.1 + + + +All car safeties shall be mounted on a single car frame +and shall operate only on one pair of guide rails between +which the frame is located. + +2.17.2 Duplex Safeties + +Where duplex (two) safeties are provided, the lower +safety device shall be capable of developing not less +than one-half of the force required to stop the entire car +with rated load (see 2.16.8). Duplexed safety devices +shall be arranged so as to function approximately simul- +taneously. + +Type A or Type C safety devices (see 2.17.5) shall not +be used in multiple (duplexed). + +2.17.3 Function and Stopping Distance of Safeties + +The safety device, or the combined safety devices, +where furnished, shall be capable of stopping and sus- +taining the entire car with its rated load from governor +tripping speed (see also 2.16.8). + +Type B safeties shall stop the car with its rated load +from governor tripping speed within the range of the +maximum and minimum stopping distances as deter- +mined by the formulas in 8.2.6. Table 2.17.3 and Fig. +8.2.6 show the maximum and minimum stopping dis- +tances for various governor tripping speeds, when tested +in conformance with 8.10 and 8.11. + +2.17.4 Counterweight Safeties + +Counterweight safeties, where furnished [see 2.6 and +2.19.3.2(a)(1)], shall conform to the requirements for car +safeties, except as specified in 2.17.7 and 2.18.1. + +2.17.5 Identification and Classification of Types of +Safeties + +Car safety devices (safeties) are identified and classi- +fied on the basis of performance characteristics after the +safety begins to apply pressure on the guide rails. On +this basis, there are three types of safeties. + +2.17.5.1 Type A Safeties. Safeties that develop a rap- +idly increasing pressure on the guide rails during the +stopping interval, the stopping distance being very short +due to the inherent design of the safety. The operating +force is derived entirely from the mass and the motion +of the car or the counterweight being stopped. These +safeties apply pressure on the guide rails through eccen- +trics, rollers, or similar devices, without any flexible +medium purposely introduced to limit the retarding +force and increase the stopping distance. + +2.17.5.2 Type B Safeties. Safeties that apply limited +pressure on the guide rails during the stopping interval, +and which provide stopping distances that are related +to the mass being stopped and the speed at which appli- +cation of the safety is irutiated. Retarding forces are +reasonably uniform after the safety is fully applied. Safe- +ties that require or do not require continuous tension in + + + +the governor rope to operate the safety during the entire +stopping interval shall be permitted. Minimum and +maximum distances are specified on the basis of gover- +nor tripping speed (see 2.17.3). + +2.17.5.3 Type C Safeties (Type A With Oil Buffers). + +Safeties that develop retarding forces during the com- +pression stroke of one or more oil buffers interposed +between the lower members of the car frame and a +governor-operated Type A auxiliary safety plank +applied on the guide rails. The stopping distance is equal +to the effective stroke of the buffers. + +2.17.6 Reserved for Future Use + +2.17.7 Governor-Actuated Safeties and Car Safety +Mechanism Switches Required + +2.1 7.7.1 Counterweight safeties, where provided for +rated speeds over 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min), and car safeties, +shall be actuated by separate speed governors. + +Counterweight safeties for rated speeds of not over +0.75 m/s (150 ft/min) shall be permitted to be operated +as a result of the breaking or slackening of the suspension +ropes and shall be permitted to be of the inertia or other +approved type without governors. + +Where counterweight safeties are furnished to provide +ascending car overspeed protection in accordance with +2.19.1.1, they shall be actuated by a counterweight speed +governor (see 2.17.4). + +2.17.7.2 Every car safety shall be provided with a +switch, operated by the car safety mechanism (see +2.26.2.9). + +A switch operated by the safety mechanism is not +required on counterweight safeties. + +2.1 7.7.3 The car safety mechanism switch shall oper- +ate before or at the tin\e of application of the safety. + +2.1 7.7.4 Switches operated by the car safety mecha- +rusm shall be of a t5rpe that cannot be reset until the car +safety mechanism has been returned to the unapplied +position. + +2.17.8 Limits of Use of Various Types of Safeties + +2.17.8.1 Type A (Instantaneous) Safeties. Type A +safeties shall be permitted on elevators having a rated +speed of not more than 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min). + +When overspeed occurs, with the hoisting rope intact, +such safeties shall be actuated by the governor. + +On the parting of the hoisting ropes (free fall). Type +A governor-operated safeties shall apply without appre- +ciable delay, and their application shall be independent +of the speed action of the governor and of the location +of the break in the hoisting ropes (inertia application), +and shaU be permitted to be accomplished by the use +of a governor and governor rigging having a sufficiently +high value of inertia to apply the safety on free fall +independently of the speed action of the governor (see +8.10 for inertia-appUcation test of car safety). + + + +52 + + + +2.17.8.2-2.17.8.2.7 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +Table 2.17.3 Maxiimum and Minimum Stopping Distances for +Type B Car Safeties With Rated Load and Type B Counterweight Safeties + + + + + +SI Units + + + + + + + + +imperial Units + + + + + + +Rated + + +IVlaximum +Governor + + +Stopping Distances, + + +Rated + + +Maximum +Governor + + +Stopping Distances, + + +Speed, +m/s + + +Trip Speed, +m/s + + +mm + + + + +Speed, +ft/min + + +Trip Speed, +ft/min + + +in. + + + + +Min. + + +Max. + + +Min. + + +Max. + + +0-0.63 + + +0.90 + + +25 + + +380 + + +0-125 + + +175 + + +1 + + +15 + + +0.75 + + +1.05 + + +50 + + +415 + + +150 + + +210 + + +2 + + +16 + + +0.87 + + +1.25 + + +75 + + +485 + + +175 + + +250 + + +3 + + +19 + + +1.00 + + +1.40 + + +100 + + +540 + + +200 + + +280 + + +4 + + +22 + + +1.12 + + +1.55 + + +125 + + +605 + + +225 + + +308 + + +5 + + +24 + + +1.25 + + +1.70 + + +150 + + +675 + + +250 + + +337 + + +6 + + +27 + + +1.50 + + +2.00 + + +200 + + +840 + + +300 + + +395 + + +8 + + +33 + + +1.75 + + +2.30 + + +250 + + +1025 + + +350 + + +452 + + +10 + + +40 + + +2.00 + + +2.55 + + +330 + + +1200 + + +400 + + +510 + + +13 + + +48 + + +2.25 + + +2.90 + + +430 + + +1480 + + +450 + + +568 + + +17 + + +58 + + +2.50 + + +3.15 + + +505 + + +1 700 + + +500 + + +625 + + +20 + + +68 + + +3.00 + + +3.70 + + +710 + + +2 250 + + +600 + + +740 + + +28 + + +91 + + +3.50 + + +4.30 + + +940 + + +2 950 + + +700 + + +855 + + +38 + + +128 + + +4.00 + + +4.85 + + +1200 + + +3 680 + + +800 + + +970 + + +49 + + +150 + + +4.50 + + +5.50 + + +1 540 + + +4 660 + + +900 + + +1,085 + + +61 + + +183 + + +5.00 + + +6.00 + + +1835 + + +5 500 + + +1,000 + + +1,200 + + +75 + + +222 + + +5.50 + + +6.60 + + +2 220 + + +6 600 + + +1,100 + + +1.320 + + +90 + + +268 + + +6.00 + + +7.20 + + +2 640 + + +7 800 + + +1,200 + + +1,440 + + +107 + + +316 + + +6.50 + + +7.80 + + +3 100 + + +9 110 + + +1,300 + + +1,560 + + +126 + + +371 + + +7.00 + + +8.40 + + +3 595 + + +10 530 + + +1,400 + + +1,680 + + +146 + + +427 + + +7.50 + + +9.00 + + +4 125 + + +12 050 + + +1,500 + + +1,800 + + +168 + + +490 + + +8.00 + + +9.60 + + +4 695 + + +13 670 + + +1,600 + + +1,920 + + +191 + + +555 + + +8.50 + + +10.20 + + +5 300 + + +15 400 + + +1,700 + + +2,040 + + +215 + + +628 + + +9.00 + + +10.80 + + +5 940 + + +17 240 + + +1,800 + + +2,160 + + +241 + + +700 + + +9.50 + + +11.40 + + +6 620 + + +19 180 + + +1,900 + + +2,280 + + +269 + + +119 + + +10.00 + + +12.00 + + +7 335 + + +21220 + + +2,000 + + +2,400 + + +299 + + +862 + + + +2.17.8.2 Type C (Combination Instantaneous and Oil- +Buffer Safety). Type C safeties shall be permitted subject +to the requirements of 2.17.8.2.1 through 2.17.8.2.8. + +2.17.8.2.1 The rated speed shall be not more than +2.5 m/s (500 ft/min). + +2.17.8.2.2 The oil buffers shall conform to all +requirements specified in 2.22 for oil buffers, except that +the stroke shall be based on governor tripping speed +and on an average retardation not exceeding 9.81 m/s^ +(32.2 ft/s^). + +2.17.8.2.3 After the buffer stroke, as defined in +2.17.8.2.2, has been completed, provision shall be made +for an additional travel of the plunger or piston of not +less than 10% of the buffer stroke, to prevent excessive +impact on the buffer parts and the auxiliary safety plank. + +2.1 7.8.2.4 Where the distance between guide rails +exceeds 2 450 mm (96 in.), the safety shaU be provided +with two oil buffers of substantially identical calibration. + + + +and the buffers shall be so located as to develop mini- +mum stresses in the auxiliary safety plank during safety +operation. + +Buffers shall be located in line with and symmetrically +between the guide rails. + +2.17.8.2.5 The auxiliary safety plank shall be so +supported and guided below the car frame that the +clearances specified in 2.17.10 for the safety parts are +maintained during normal operation. + +The auxiliary safety plank shall be so designed that +the maximum stresses in the plank shall not exceed those +specified for similar car-frame members in 2.15. + +2.1 7.8.2.6 The rail-gripping device of the auxiliary +safety plank shall be so arranged and connected as to +prevent the plank from being out of level more than +13 mm (0.5 in.) in the length of the plank when the +safety is operated to stop the car. + +2.17.8.2.7 An electric switch shaU be provided +and so arranged and connected that the elevator cannot + + + +53 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.17.8.2.7-2.17.13 + + + +be operated by means of the normal operating device +if any buffer is compressed more than 10% of its stroke +(see 2.26.2.13). + +2.17.8.2.8 Means shall be provided to prevent +operation of the elevator by means of the normal +operating device if the oil level in buffer is below the +minimum level (see 2.26.2.13). + +2.17.9 Application and Release of Safeties + +2.17.9.1 Means of Application. Safeties shall be +appUed mechanically. Electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic +devices shall not be used to apply the safeties required +by 2.17, nor to hold such safeties in the retracted +position. + +2.17.9.2 Level of Car on Safety Application. The appli- +cation of a Type A or Type B safety to stop the car, with +its rated load centered on each quarter of the platform +symmetrically with relation to the centerHnes of the plat- +form, shall not cause the platform to be out of level +more than 30 mm/m (0.36 in. /ft) in any direction. (See +2.17.8.2.6 for Type C safeties.) + +2.17.9.3 Release. When car safeties are applied, no +decrease in tension in the governor rope or motion of +the car in the down direction shall release the safeties, +but such safeties shall be permitted to be released by +the motion of the car in the up direction. + +2.17.9.4 Force Providing Stopping Action to Be Com- +pressive. Safeties shall be so designed that, on their +application, the forces that provide the stopping action +shall be compressive forces on each side of the guide- +rail section. + +2.17.10 IVIinimum Permissible Clearance Between +Rail-Gripping Faces of Safety Parts + +In the normally retracted position of the safety, the +distance between the rail-gripping faces of the safety +parts shall be not less than the thickness of the guide +rail plus 3.5 mm (0.14 in.), and the clearance on any side +between the gripping face and the guide rail shall be +not less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.), as measured on the side +of the rail toward which the car frame is pressed with +sufficient force to take up all clearances in the guide- +shoe assembly. Safety jaws, while in the retracted posi- +tion, shall be so restrained as to prevent a reduction of +this minimum clearance. + +2.17.11 IVlaximum Permissible Movement of +Governor Rope to Operate the Safety +Mechanism + +For aU Type B safeties, the movement of the governor +rope, relative to the car or the coimterweight, respec- +tively, required to operate the safety mechanism from +its fully retracted position to a position where the safety +jaws begin to exert pressure against the guide rails, shall + + + +not exceed the following values based on rated speed: + +(a) for car safeties + +(1) 1 m/s (200 ft/min) or less, 1 070 mm (42 in.) + +(2) 1.01 m/s (201 ft/min) to 1.9 m/s (375 ft/min), +915 mm (36 in.) + +(3) over 1.9 m/s (375 ft/min), 756 mm (30 in.) + +(b) for counterweight safeties, all speeds, 1 070 mm +(42 in.) + +Drum-operated car and counterweight safeties, +requiring continual unwinding of the safety drum rope +to fully apply the safety, shall be so designed that not +less than three turns of the safety rope will remain on +the drum after the overspeed test of the safety has been +made with rated load in the car. + +2.17.12 Minimum Factors of Safety and Stresses of +Safety Parts and Rope Connections + +2.17.12.1 Parts of safeties, except springs, safety- +rope drums, leading sheaves, and their supporting +brackets and safety-jaw gibs, shall have a factor of safety +of not less than 3.5, and the materials used shall have +an elongation of not less than 15% in a length of 50 mm +(2 in.) when tested in accordance with ASTM E 8. Forged, +cast, or welded parts shall be stress relieved. + +2.17.12.2 Springs are permitted in the operation of +car or coimterweight safeties. Where used, and where +partially loaded prior to safety operation, the loading +on the spring shall not produce a fibre stress exceeding +one-half the elastic limit of the material. During opera- +tion of the safety, the fibre stress shall not exceed 85% +of the elastic limit of the material. Helical springs, where +used, shall be in compression. + +2.17.12.3 Safety-rope drums, leading sheaves, and +their supporting brackets and safety-jaw gibs, are per- +mitted to be made of cast iron and other metals provided +such parts have a factor of safety of not less than 10. + +2.1 7.1 2.4 Rope used as a connection from the safety +to the governor rope, including rope wound on the +safety-rope drum, shall be not less than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) +in diameter, shall be made of metal, and shall be corro- +sion resistant. The factor of safety of the rope shall be +not less than 5. Tiller-rope construction shall not be used. + +2.17.12.5 The factors of safety shall be based upon +the maximimi stresses developed in the parts during +the operation of the safety when stopping rated load +from governor tripping speed. + +2.17.12.6 Safety-rope leading sheave brackets and +other safety operating parts shall not be attached to or +supported by wood platform members. + +2.17.13 Corrosion-Resistant Bearings in Safeties and +Safety Operating Mechanisms + +Bearings in safeties and in the safety-operating mecha- +nisms shall be of corrosion-resistant construction, with + + + +54 + + + +2.17.13-2.18.4.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +one or both members of the bearing made of, or electro- +plated with, a corrosion-resistant material. + +2.17.14 Marking Plates for Safeties + +A metal plate shall be securely attached to each safety +so as to be readily visible, and shall be marked in a +legible and permanent manner with letters and figures +not less than 6 mm (0.25 in.) in height indicating: + +(a) the type of safety, based on 2.17.5 + +(b) the maximum tripping speed in m/s (ft/min) for +which the safety is permitted + +(c) the maximum weight in kg (lb), which the safety +is designed and installed to stop and sustain + +(d) the force in N (Ibf ) required to activate the safety +or rope releasing carrier, if provided + +(e) the manufacturer's name or trademark + +2.1 7.1 S Gdvernor-Rope Releasing Carriers + +Where a governor-rope releasing carrier is used to +prevent actuation of the safety by the inertial forces of +the governor-rope system, or used for any other pur- +pose, the governor-rope releasing carrier on the car (or +on the counterweight) shall be set to require a tension +in the governor rope, to pull the rope from the carrier, +of not more than 60% of the pull-through tension devel- +oped by the governor. The means to regulate the gover- +nor-rope pull-out force shall be mechanical and shall be +sealed. The carrier shall be designed so that the pull- +out tension cannot be adjusted to exceed the amoimt +specified without breaking the seal. + +2.17ol6 Rail Lubricants and Lubrication Plate + +Rail lubricants or coatings that will reduce the holding +power of the safety, or prevent its functioning as required +in 2.17.3, shall not be used (see 8.7 for maintenance +requirements). + +A metal plate as required by 2.16.3.2 shall be securely +attached to the car crosshead in an easily visible location, +and, where lubricants are to be used, shall carry the +notation, "CONSULT MANUFACTURER OF THE +SAFETY FOR THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RAIL +LUBRICANT TO BE USED." If lubricants are not to be +used, the plate shall so state. + +If lubricants other than those recommended by the +manufacturer are used, a safety test shall be made to +demonstrate that the safety will function as required by +2.17.3. + + + +SECTIOI^ 2.18 +SPEED GOVERNORS + +2.18.1 Speed Governors Required and Location + +2.18.1.1 Counterweight safeties, where provided +with rated speeds over 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min), and car +safeties shall be actuated by separate speed governors. + + + +Where counterweight safeties are furnished to provide +ascending car overspeed protection in accordance with +2.19.1.1, they shall be actuated by a coimterweight speed +governor (see 2.17.4.) + +2.18.1.2 The governor shall be located where it can- +not be struck by the car or the coimterweight in case of +overtravel, and where there is adequate space for full +movement of governor parts. + +2.18.2 Tripping Speeds for Speed Governors + +2.18.2.1 Car Speed Governors. Speed governors for +car safeties shall be set to trip at car speeds as follows: + +(a) at not less than 115% of the rated speed. + +(b) at not more than the tripping speed Usted opposite +the applicable rated speed in Table 2.18.2.1. Maximimi +tripping speeds for intermediate rated speeds shall be +determined from Fig. 8.2.5. For rated speeds exceeding +10 m/s (2,000 ft/min), the maximim\ tripping speeds +shall not exceed 120% of the rated speed. + +2.18.2.2 Counterwelglit Speed Governors. Speed gov- +ernors, where provided for coimterweight safeties, shall +be set to trip at an overspeed greater than that at which +the car speed governor is to trip, but not more than 10% +higher. + +2.18.3 Sealing and Painting of Speed Governors + +2.18.3.1 Speed governors shall have their means of +speed adjustment sealed after test. If speed governors +are painted after sealing, all bearing and rubbing sur- +faces shall be kept free or freed of paint and a hand +test made to determine that all parts operate freely as +intended. + +2.18.3.2 Where the rope retarding means provides +for adjustment of the rope puU-through force (tension), +means shall be provided to seal the means of adjustment +of the rope tension. + +2.18.3.3 Seals shall be of a type that will prevent +readjustment of the sealed governor adjustments with- +out breaking the seal. Provision shall be made to enable +affixing seals after tests. + +2.18.4 Speed-Governor Overspeed Switclh + +2.18.4.1 Where Required and Function + +2.18.4.1.1 A switch shall be provided on every +car and counterweight speed governor (see 2.26.2.10). + +2.18.4.1.2 The switches required in 2.18.4.1.1 shall +be operated by the overspeed action of the governor, +except that the counterweight governor switch shall be +permitted to be operated upon activation of the counter- +weight governor-rope retarding means (see 2.18.6.1). + +2.18.4.2 Setting of Car Speed-Governor Overspeed + +Switches. The setting of the car speed-governor + + + +55 + + + +ASME A17.1S- + + +-2005 + + + + + + + + +2.18.4.2-2.18.4.2.5 + + +Table 2.18.2.1 Maximum Car Speeds at Which Speed Governor Trips and Governor Overspeed + + + + + + +Switch Operates + + + + + + + + +SI Units + + + + + + +Imperial Units + + + + + + + + +IV\aximum Car Speed + + + + + + +Maximum Car Speed + + + + + + +at Whicli Governor + + + + + + +at Which Governor + + + + +Maximum + + +Overspeed Switcli + + + + +Maximum + + +Overspeed Switch + + +Rated + + +Car Governor + + +Operates, Down, + + +Rated + + +Car Governor + + +Operates, Down, + + +Speed, + + +Trip Speed, + + +m/s + + +Speed, + + +Trip Speed, + + +ft/min + + +m/s + + +m/s + + +[Note (1)] + + +ft/min + + +ft/min + + +[Note (1)] + + +0-0.63 + + +0.90 + + +0.81 + + +0-125 + + +175 + + +175 + + +0.75 + + +1.05 + + +0.95 + + +150 + + +210 + + +210 + + +0.87 + + +1.25 + + +1.13 + + +175 + + +250 + + +225 + + +1.00 + + +1.40 + + +1.26 + + +200 + + +280 + + +252 + + +1.12 + + +1.55 + + +1.40 + + +225 + + +308 + + +277 + + +1.25 + + +1.70 + + +1.53 + + +250 + + +337 + + +303 + + +1.50 + + +2.00 + + +1.80 + + +300 + + +395 + + +355 + + +1.75 + + +2.30 + + +2.07 + + +350 + + +452 + + +407 + + +2.00 + + +2.55 + + +2.30 + + +400 + + +510 + + +459 + + +2.25 + + +2.90 + + +2.61 + + +450 + + +568 + + +512 + + +2.50 + + +3.15 + + +2.84 + + +500 + + +625 + + +563 + + +3.00 + + +3.70 + + +3.52 + + +600 + + +740 + + +703 + + +3.50 + + +4.30 + + +4.09 + + +700 + + +855 + + +812 + + +4.00 + + +4.85 + + +4.61 + + +800 + + +970 + + +921 + + +4.50 + + +5.50 + + +5.23 + + +900 + + +1,085 + + +1,031 + + +5.00 + + +6.00 + + +5.70 + + +1,000 + + +1,200 + + +1,140 + + +5.50 + + +6.60 + + +6.27 + + +1.100 + + +1,320 + + +1,254 + + +6.00 + + +7.20 + + +6.84 + + +1,200 + + +1,440 + + +1,368 + + +6.50 + + +7.80 + + +7.41 + + +1,300 + + +1,560 + + +1,482 + + +7.00 + + +8.40 + + +7.98 + + +1,400 + + +1,680 + + +1,596 + + +7.50 + + +9.00 + + +8.55 + + +1,500 + + +1,800 + + +1,710 + + +8.00 + + +9.60 + + +9.12 + + +1,600 + + +1,920 + + +1,824 + + +8.50 + + +10.20 + + +9.69 + + +1,700 + + +2,040 + + +1,938 + + +9.00 + + +10.80 + + +10.26 + + +1,800 + + +2,160 + + +2,052 + + +9.50 + + +11.40 + + +10.83 + + +1,900 + + +2.280 + + +2,166 + + +10.00 + + +12.00 + + +11.40 + + +2,000 + + +2.400 + + +2,280 + + +NOTE: + + + + + + + + + + + + +(1) See 2.18.4.2.5. + + + + + + + + + + + +overspeed switch shall conform to 2.18.4.2.1 through +2.18.4.2.6. + +2.18.4.2.1 For rated speeds more than 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min), up to and including 2.5 m/s (500 ft/min), +the car speed-governor overspeed switch shaU open in +the down direction of the elevator at not more than 90% +of the speed at which the governor is set to trip in the +down direction. + +2.18.4.2.2 For rated speeds more than 2.5 m/s +(500 ft/min), the car speed-governor overspeed switch +shall open in the down direction of the elevator at not +more than 95% of the speed at which the governor is +set to trip in the down direction. + +2.18.4.2.3 For elevators with static control, the +car speed-governor overspeed switch shall open in the + + + +down direction of the elevator at not more than 90% of +the speed at which the governor is set to trip in the +down direction. + +2.18.4.2.4 The switch, when set as specified in +either 2.18.4.2.1, 2.18.4.2.2, or 2.18.4.2.3, shall open in the +up direction at not more than 100% of the speed at which +the governor is set to trip in the down direction. + +2.18.4.2.5 The speed-governor overspeed switch +shall be permitted to open in the down direction of the +elevator at not more than 100% of the speed at which +the governor is set to trip in the down direction, subject +to the following requirements: + +(a) A speed-reducing switch of the manually reset +type is provided on the governor, which will reduce the +speed of the elevator in case of overspeed, and which + + + +56 + + + +2.18.4.2.5-2.18.7.3 + + + +A17.1S-2005 + + + +shall be set to open as specified in 2.18.4.2.1, 2.18.4.2.2, +or 2.18.4.2.3. + +(b) Subsequent to the first stop of the car following +the opening of the speed-reducing switch, the car shall +remain inoperative until the switch is manually reset. + +2.18o^o3 Setting @f tSi© C@uriterw©i§iiift (S©vera©r +Switch, Where the coimterweight governor switch is +operated by the overspeed action (see 2.18.2.2), the +switch shall be set to open when the counterweight is +descending at a speed greater than the elevator rated +speed, but not more than the speed at which the counter- +weight governor is set to trip. + +2ol8o4'o4 Type ©f Spe©d=(S®v©ra®r Ov©rsp®ed Switches +and Speed-Reducing SwitcheSo Switches used to perform +the function specified shall be positively opened. +Overspeed and speed-reducing switches permitted by +2.18.4.2.5 and operated by the speed governor shall +remain in the open position until manually reset. + +NOTE: Manual reset includes means such as a finger, hand or +cable-achiated lever, cam, etc., or some form of electromechanical +actuation from the location of elevator controllers located outside +the hoistway or the enclosure as specified in 2.7.6.5. + + + +)P@S + + + +2ol®o5.1 Material und Factor @f Safety, Governor +ropes shall be of iron, steel, monel metal, phosphor +bronze, or stainless steel. They shall be of a regular-lay +construction and not less than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) in +diameter. The factor of safety of governor ropes shall be +not less than 5. TiUer-rope construction shaU not be used. + +2ol8,So2 Sp@ed=S@v©raor=i®pe Oearamc©. During +normal operation of the elevator, the governor rope shall +run free and clear of the governor jaws, rope guards, or +other stationary parts. + +2ol8„5.3 So'^emcsr-^ope J&go A metal data tag shall +be securely attached to the governor rope fastening. This +data tag shall bear the following wire-rope data: + +(a) the diameter (mm or in.) + +(b) the manufacturer's rated breaking strength + +(c) the grade of material used + +(d) the year and month the rope was installed + +(e) whether nonpreformed or preformed +(/) construction classification + +(g) name of the person or organization who installed +the rope + +(h) name or trademark by which the manufacturer of +the rope can be identified + +A new tag shall be installed at each rope renewal. The +material and marking of the rope data tag shall conform +to 2.16.3.3, except that the height of the letters and figures +shall be not less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.). + + + +2.I.S06 Design ®f Goveraor-iope Retairding Means for +Type B Safeties + +Type B car and counterweight safeties shall be acti- +vated by a speed governor with a governor-rope +retarding means conforming to 2.18.6.1 through 2.18.6.5. + +2cl§o6ol Upon activation at the tripping speeds +given by 2.18.2, the means shall retard the rope with a +force that is at least 67% greater than the force required to +activate the safety or to trip the governor-rope releasing +carrier, where used (see 2.17.15). + +2ol8.6.2 The means shall be set to allow the governor +rope to slip through the speed governor at a rope tension +(the governor pull-through tension) higher than +required to activate the safety or to trip the releasing +carrier as specified in 2.17.15. The maximum tension in +the rope shall not exceed one-fifth of the rated ultimate +strength of the rope. + +2olB.6=3 The means shall be designed to prevent +appreciable damage to, or deformation of, the governor +rope resulting from its application (stopping action). + +201506.4 The means shall provide a continuous ten- +sion in the governor rope as required to operate the +safety during the entire stopping interval in accordance +with 2.17.5.2. + +2015.6.5 The governor shall be arranged to be manu- +ally tripped or activated to facilitate the tests specified +in 8.10 and 8.11. + +NOTE: Manually tripped or activated includes means such as but +not limited to a finger, hand or cable-actuated lever, cam, etc., or +some form of electromechanical actuation. + +2A&J Design ©f Speed-Governor Sheaves and + +Traction ietweesi Speed-Governor Rope and +Sheave + +201807.1 The arc of contact between the governor +rope and the governor sheave shall, in conjunction with +a governor-rope tension device, provide sufficient trac- +tion to cause proper functioning of the governor. + +2.18.7.2 Where the rope force imparted to the gover- +nor rope (see 2.18.6.1) necessary to activate the safety, +or to trip the releasing carrier, if used, is dependent +upon the tension in the governor rope prior to governor +tripping, a switch or switches mechanically opened by +the governor tension sheave before the sheave reaches +its upper or lower limit of travel shall be provided. This +switch shall be of the manually reset type and shall +conform to 2.26.4.3. Subsequent to the first stop of the +car following the opening of the switch, the car shall +remain inoperative until the switch is manually reset. + +2.18.7.3 Governor sheave grooves shall have +machine-finished surfaces. Governor tension sheaves +shall have machine-finished grooves for rated car speeds +of more than 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min). Machined governor + + + +57 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.18.7.3-2.19.2.1 + + + +Table 2.18.7.4 Multiplier for Determining +Governor Sheave Pitcli Diameter + + + +Rated Speed, + + + + + + +m/s (ft/min) + + +Number of Strands + + +Multiplier + + +1.00 or less (200 or less) + + +6 + + +42 + + +1.00 or less (200 or less) + + +8 + + +30 + + +Over 1.00 (over 200) + + +6 + + +46 + + +Over 1.00 (over 200) + + +8 + + +32 + + + +sheave grooves shall have a groove diameter of not more +than 1.15 times the diameter of the governor rope. + +2.18.7.4 The pitch diameter of governor sheaves and +governor tension sheaves shall be not less than the prod- +uct of the diameter of the rope and the applicable multi- +plier Usted in Table 2.18.7.4, based on the rated speed +and the number of strands in the rope. + +2.18.8 Factors of Safety in Load-Bearing Parts of +Speed Governor + +2.18.8.1 Material, except cast iron, used in load- +bearing parts of speed governors shall have a factor of +safety of not less than 3.5, and the materials used shall +have an elongation of not less than 15% in a length of +50 mm (2 in.) when tested in accordance with ASTM E +8. Forged, cast, or welded parts shall be stress relieved. +Cast iron shall have a factor of safety of not less than 10. + +2.18.8.2 The factors of safety shall be based upon +the maximum stresses developed in the parts during +normal or governor tripping operation. + +2.18.9 Speed-Governor Maricing Plate + +A metal plate shall be securely attached to each speed +governor and shall be marked in a legible and permanent +manner with letters and figures not less than 6 mm +(0.25 in.) in height indicating the following: + +(a) the speed in m/s (ft/min) at which the governor +is set and sealed to trip the governor-rope retarding +means + +(b) the size, material, and construction of the governor +rope on which the governor-rope retarding means were +designed to operate + +(c) the governor pull-through tension (force) in N (Ibf ) +(see 2.18.6.2) + +(d) manufacturer's name or trademark + +(e) statement "DO NOT LUBRICATE GOVERNOR +ROPE" + +SECTION 2.19 + +ASCENDING CAR OVERSPEED AND UNINTENDED + +CAR MOVEMENT PROTECTION + +2.19.1 Ascending Car Overspeed Protection + +2.19.1.1 Purpose. Ascending car overspeed protec- +tion shall be provided to prevent the car from striking + + + +the hoistway overhead structure as a result of a failure in + +(a) the electric driving-machine motor, brake, cou- +pling, shaft, or gearing + +(b) the control system + +(c) any other component upon which the speed of the +car depends, except the suspension ropes and the drive +sheave of the traction machine + +2.19.1.2 Where Required and Function. All electric +traction elevators, except those whose empty car weight +exceeds the total weight of the suspension ropes and +coimterweight, shall be provided with a device to pre- +vent an ascending elevator from striking the hoistway +overhead structure. This device (see 2.26.2.29) shall + +(a) detect an ascending car overspeed condition at a +speed not greater than 10% higher than the speed at +which the car governor is set to trip (see 2.18.2.1). + +(1) If the overspeed detection means requires elec- +trical power for its functioning + +(a) a loss of electrical power to the ascending car +overspeed detection and control means shall cause the +immediate activation of the emergency brake as required +in 2.19.1.2(b) + +(b) the occurrence of a single ground, or the fail- +ure of any mechanically operated switch that does not +meet the requirements of 2.26.4.3, any single magneti- +cally operated switch, contactor, or relay, or any single +solid-state device, or a software system failure, shall not +render the detection means inoperative + +(2) The failure of any single mechanically operated +switch that does not meet the requirements of 2.26.4.3 +shall not render the detection means inoperative. + +(3) When a fault specified in 2.19.1.2(a)(1)(b) or +2.19.1.2(a)(2) is detected, the car shall stop at or before +the next landing for which a demand was registered, +and shall not be permitted to restart. + +(4) Once actuated by overspeed, the overspeed +detection means shall remain actuated until manually +reset, and the car shall not start or run unless the detec- +tion means is reset. + +(b) decelerate the car when loaded with any load up +to its rated load [see 2.16.8(h)] by applying an emergency +brake conforniing to 2.19.3. The car shall not start or +run unless the emergency brake is reset. + +2.19.2 Protection Against Unintended Car Movement + +2.19.2.1 Purpose. Protection shall be provided with +a device to prevent imintended car movement away +from the landing with the hoistway door not in the +locked position and the car door not in the closed posi- +tion, as a result of failure in + +(a) the electric driving-machine motor, brake, cou- +pling, shaft, or gearing + +(b) the control system + +(c) any other component upon which the speed of the +car depends, except the suspension ropes and the drive +sheave of the traction machine + + + +58 + + + +2.19.2.2-2.19.3.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.19.2.2 Where Required and Function. All electric +traction elevators shall be provided with a device (see +2.26.2.30) that shall + +(a) detect unintended car movement away from the +landing with the hoistway door not in the locked posi- +tion and the car door not in the closed position. + +NOTE: Freight elevators provided with combination mechanical +locks and contacts on the hoistway door shall detect the closed +position of the hoistway door and the closed position of the car +door. + +(1) If the detection means requires electrical power +for its functioning + +(a) a loss of electrical power to the unintended +movement detection and control means shall cause the +immediate activation of the emergency brake as required +in 2.19.2.2(b) + +(b) the occurrence of a single ground, or the fail- +ure of any mechaiucally operated switch that does not +meet the requirements of 2.26.4.3, any single magneti- +cally operated switch, contactor, or relay, or any single +solid-state device, or software system failure, shall not +render the detection means inoperative + +(2) The failure of any single mechanically operated +switch that does not meet the requirements of 2.26.4.3, +shall not render the detection means inoperative. + +(3) When a fault specified in 2.19.2.2(a)(1)(b) or +2.19.2.2(a)(2) is detected, the car shaU stop at or before +the next landing for which a demand was registered, +and shall not be permitted to restart. + +(4) Once actuated by unintended movement, the +detection means shall remain actuated imtil manually +reset, and the car shall not start or run imless the detec- +tion means is reset. + +(b) upon detection of unintended car movement, stop +and hold the car, with any load up to rated load [see +also 2.16.8(h)], by applying an emergency brake con- +forming to 2.19.3, with the car movement limited in both +directions, to a maximum of 1 220 mm (48 in.). The +car shall not start or run unless the emergency brake +provided for the unintended movement protection is +reset. + +2.19.3 Emergency Brake (See Nonmandattory +Appendix F) + +2.19.3.1 Where Required + +2.19.3.1.1 When required by 2.19.1 for protection +against ascending car overspeed, an emergency brake +(see 1.3) conforming to 2.19.3.2 shall be provided. + +2.19.3.1.2 When required by 2.19.2 for protection +against unintended car movement, an emergency brake +(see 1.3) conforming to 2.19.3.2 shaU be provided. + +2.19.3.1.3 A single device shall be permitted to +meet the requirements of both 2.19.3.1.1 and 2.19.3.1.2, +or separate devices shall be provided. + + + +2.19.3.2 Requirements. The emergency brake is per- +mitted to consist of one or more devices and shall + +(a) function to decelerate the car by acting on one or +more of the following (see also 2.19.4): + +(1) coimterweight [e.g., counterweight safety (see +2.17.4 and 2.17.7)]. + +(2) car. + +(3) suspension or compensation rope system. + +(4) drive sheave of a traction machine. + +(5) brake drum or braking surface of the driving- +machine brake, provided that the driving-machine brake +surface is integral (cast or welded) with or directly +attached to the driving-machine sheave. Attachments, +where used, shall conform to 2.24.3 and 2.24.4.1. Weld- +ing, where used, shall conform to 8.8. + +(b) be independent of the driving-machine brake. + +(c) not be used to provide, or assist in providing, the +normal stopping of the car. When the emergency brake +is activated during normal elevator stops, it shall only +be applied to and released from a stationary braking +surface. + +(d) not require the application of electrical power for +its activation, nor be rendered inoperative by the failure +of any power supply. + +(e) not on its own cause the car average retardation +to exceed 9.8 m/s^ (32.2 ft/s^) during the stopping or +slowdown phase during ascending car overspeed. + +(f) be designed so that the factors of safety based on +the maximum stresses developed in the parts subject to +load during the operation of the emergency brake shall +comply with the following: + +(1) Where an emergency brake is activated only +when protecting against either an ascending car +overspeed condition or unintended car movement with +the car and hoistway doors open, the minimimi factors +of safety, when applied during the retardation phase of +emergency braking, shall be not less than those specified +in 2.17.12.1. + +(2) Where an emergency brake is activated during +normal stops of the elevator, the minimum factors of +safety, when applied during the retardation phase of +emergency braking, shall be not less than those specified +in 2.24.3.1 and 2.24.3.2. + +(3) Where an emergency brake acts on the suspen- +sion or compensation rope system + +(a) the factor of safety with respect to the break- +ing strength of the ropes shall be not less than 5 at any +time during the retardation phase + +(b) it shall be designed to prevent appreciable +damage or deformation to the ropes resulting from its +activation + +(g) be arranged to be tested in accordance with the +requirements specified in 8.10.2. + +(h) if the design of the emergency brake is such that +field adjustment or servicing is required and the emer- +gency brake acts on the brake drum or braking surface + + + +59 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.19.3.2-2.20.4 + + + +of the driving-machine brake, it shall be provided with +a sign stating "EMERGENCY BRAKE." The sign shaU +be located on the emergency brake at a location visible +from the area likely to require service. The sign shall be +of such material and construction that the letters shall +remain permanently and readily legible. The height of +the letters shall be not less than 6 mm (0.25 in.). + +2.19.3.3 Marking Plate Requirements. The emer- +gency brake shall be provided with a marking plate +indicating the range of total masses (car with attach- +ments and its load) for which it is permitted to be used, +the range of speeds at which it is set to operate, and the +criteria such as rail lubrication requirements that are +critical to the performance. + +2.19.4 Emergency Braice Supports + +AU components and structural members, including +their fastenings, subjected to forces due to the applica- +tion of the emergency brake shall be designed to with- +stand the maximum forces developed during the +retardation phase of the emergency braking so that the +resulting stresses shall not exceed those permitted for +the applicable type of equipment as follows: +(a) machinery and sheave beams (see 2.9.6) +(h) guide rails and their supports (see 2.23.5.3) + +(c) counterweight frames (see 2.21.2.3.3) + +(d) car frames (see 2.15.10.2) + +(e) machines, sheaves, and bedplates (see 2.24.3.2) + + + +SECTION 2.20 +SUSPENSION ROPES AND THEIR CONNECTIONS + +2.20.1 Suspension Means + +Elevator cars shall be suspended by steel wire ropes +attached to the car frame or passing aroimd sheaves +attached to the car frame specified in 2.15.1. Ropes that +have previously been installed and used on another +installation shall not be reused. + +Only iron (low-carbon steel) or steel wire ropes, hav- +ing the commercial classification "Elevator Wire Rope," +or wire rope specifically constructed for elevator use, +shall be used for the suspension of elevator cars and for +the suspension of coimterweights. The wire material +for ropes shall be manufactured by the open-hearth or +electric furnace process or their equivalent. + +2.20.2 Wire Rope Data + +2.20.2.1 On Crosshead Data Plate. The crosshead +data plate required by 2.16.3 shall bear the following +wire-rope data: + +(a) the number of ropes + +(b) the diameter in nuUimeters (mm) or inches (in.) + +(c) the manufacturer's rated breaking strength per +rope in kilo Newton (kN) or pounds (lb) + + + +2.20.2.2 On Rope Data Tag. A metal data tag shall +be securely attached to one of the wire-rope fastenings. +This data tag shall bear the following wire-rope data: + +(a) the diameter in millimeters (mm) or inches (in.) + +(b) the manufacturer's rated breaking strength + +(c) the grade of material used + +(d) the month and year the ropes were installed + +(e) the month and year the ropes were first shortened +(/) whether the ropes were nonpreformed or pre- +formed + +(g) construction classification + +(h) name of the person or orgcinization who installed +the ropes + +(i) name or trademark of the manufacturer of the +ropes + +(j) lubrication information + +A new tag shall be installed at each rope renewal. + +The material and marking of the rope data tag shall +conform to 2.16.3.3, except that the height of the letters +and figures shall be not less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.). + +2.20.3 Factor of Safety + +The factor of safety of the suspension wire ropes shall +be not less than shown in Table 2.20.3. Figure 8.2.7 gives +the minimum factor of safety for intermediate rope +speeds. The factor of safety shall be based on the actual +rope speed corresponding to the rated speed of the car. + +The factor of safety shall be calculated by the following +formula: + +S xN + +/ - vv + +where + +N = number of nms of rope under load. For 2:1 + +roping, N shall be two times the number of + +ropes used, etc. +S = manufacturer's rated breaking strength of + +one rope +W = maximum static load imposed on all car ropes + +with the car and its rated load at any position + +in the hoistway + +2.20.4 Minimum Number and Diameter of +Suspension Ropes + +The minimum nim:iber of hoisting ropes used shall +be three for traction elevators and two for drum-type +elevators. + +Where a car counterweight is used, the number of +counterweight ropes used shall be not less than two. + +The term "diameter," where used in reference to ropes, +shall refer to the nominal diameter as given by the rope +manufacturer. + +The minimum diameter of hoisting and counter- +weight ropes shall be 9.5 mm (0.375 in.). Outer wires of +the ropes shall be not less than 0.56 mm (0.024 in.) in +diameter. + + + +60 + + + +2.20.5-2.20.9.3.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +Table 2.20.3 Minimum Factors of Safety for +Suspension Wire Ropes + + + +Rope Speed, +m/s (ft/min) + + + +Minimum Factor of Safety + + + +Passenger + + + +Freight + + + +7.00- + + + +0.25 (50) + + +0.37 (75) + + +0.50 (100) + + +0.62 (125) + + +0.75 (150) + + +0.87 (175) + + +1.00 (200) + + +1.12 (225) + + +1.25 (250) + + +1.50 (300) + + +1.75 (350) + + +2.00 (400) + + +2.25 (450) + + +2.50 (500) + + +2.75 (550) + + +3.00 (600) + + +3.25 (650) + + +3.50 (700) + + +3.75 (750) + + +4.00 (800) + + +4.25 (850) + + +4.50 (900) + + +4.75 (950) + + +5.00 (1,000) + + +5.25 (1,050) + + +5.50 (1,100) + + +5.75 (1,150) + + +6.00 (1,200) + + +6.25 (1,250) + + +6.50 (1,300) + + +6.75 (1,350) + + +10.00 (1,400-2,000) + + + +7.60 +7.75 +7.97 +8.10 +8.25 +8.40 + +8.60 +8.75 +8.90 +9.20 +9.50 + +9.75 +10.00 +10.25 +10.45 + +10.70 +10.85 +11.00 +11.15 + +11.25 +11.35 +11.45 +11.50 + +11.55 +11.65 +11.70 +11.75 + +11.80 +11.80 +11.85 +11.85 + +11.90 + + + +6.65 +6.85 +7.00 +7.15 +7.30 +7.45 + +7.65 +7.75 +7.90 +8.20 +8.45 + +8.70 +8.90 +9.15 +9.30 + +9.50 +9.65 +9.80 +9.90 + +10.00 +10.10 +10.15 +10.20 + +10.30 +10.35 +10.40 +10.45 + +10.50 +10.50 +10.55 +10.55 + +10.55 + + + +2.20.5 Suspension-Rope Equalizers + +2.20.5.1 Suspension-rope equalizers, where pro- +vided, shall be of the individual compression spring +type or shall meet the requirements of 2.20.5.3. Springs +in tension shaU not be used to attach suspension ropes. + +2.20.5.2 Single-bar-type equalizers shall be permit- +ted only for winding drum machines with two ropes, +to attach the ropes to the dead-end hitch plate, provided +it meets the requirements of 2.20.5.3. + +2.20.5.3 Equalizers other than the individual com- +pression spring type shall be permitted, provided that +their strength is established through tensile engineering +tests. Such tests shall show the ultimate strength of the +equalizers and its fastenings in its several parts and + + + +assembly to be not less than 10% in excess of the strength +of the suspension ropes as required by 2.20.3. + +2.20.6 Securing of Suspension Wire Ropes to +Winding Drums + +Suspension wire ropes of winding-drum machines +shall have the drum ends of the ropes secured on the +inside of the drum by clamps. + +Where the ropes extend beyond their clamps or sock- +ets, means shall be provided to prevent the rope ends +from coming out of the inside of the drum and to prevent +interference with other parts of the machine. + +2.20.7 Spare Rope Turns on Winding Drums + +Suspension wire ropes of winding drum machines +shall have not less than one turn of the rope on the drum +when the car is resting on the fully compressed buffers. + +2.20.8 Reserved + +2.20.9 Suspension-Rope Fastening + +2.20.9.1 Type of Rope Fastenings. The car and coun- +terweight ends of suspension wire ropes, or the station- +ary hitch-ends where multiple roping is used, shall be +fastened in such a manner that all portions of the rope, +except the portion inside the rope sockets, shall be +readily visible. + +Fastening shall be + +(a) by individual tapered rope sockets (see 2.20.9.4) +or other types of rope fastenings that have undergone +adequate tensile engineering tests, provided that + +(1) such fasterungs cor\form to 2.20.9.2 and 2.20.9.3; + +(2) the rope socketing is such as to develop at least +80% of the ultimate breaking strength of the strongest +rope to be used in such fastenings; or + +(b) by individual wedge rope sockets (see 2.20.9.5); +and + +(c) U-bolt-type rope clamps or similar devices shall +not be used for suspension rope fastenings. + +2.20.9.2 Adjustable Shaclde Rods. The car ends, or +the car or counterweight dead ends where multiple rop- +ing is used, of all suspension wire ropes of traction-type +elevators shall be provided with shackle rods of a design +that will permit individual adjustment of the rope +lengths. Similar shackle rods shall be provided on the +car or counterweight ends of compensating ropes. + +2.20.9.3 General Design Requirements. Wire-rope +fastenings shall conform to 2.20.9.3.1 through 2.20.9.3.8. + +2.20.9.3.1 The portion of the rope fastening that +holds the wire rope (rope socket) and the shackle rod +shall be in one piece (unit construction), or separate. + +2.20.9.3.2 The rope socket shall be either cast or +forged steel, provided that where the rope socket and +the shackle rod are in one piece (unit construction), the +entire fastening shall be of forged steel. + + + +61 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.20.9.3.3-2.20.9.5.5 + + + +2.20.9.3.3 Where the shackle rod and rope socket +are not in one piece, the shackle rod shall be of forged +or rolled steel. + +2.20.9.3.4 Cast or forged steel rope sockets, +shackle rods, and their connections shall be made of +unwelded steel, having an elongation of not less than +20% in a gauge length of 50 mm (2 in.), when measured +in accordance with ASTM E 8, and conforming to ASTM +A 668, Class B for forged steel, and ASTM A 27, Grade +60/30 for cast steel, and shall be stress relieved. Steels +of greater strength shall be permitted, provided they +have an elongation of not less than 20% in a length of +50 mm (2 in.). + +2.20.9.3.5 Where the shackle rod is separate from +the rope socket, the fastening between the two parts +shall be positive, and such as to prevent their separation +under all conditions of operation of the elevator. + +Where the connection of the two parts is threaded, +the thread design, tolerance, and manufacture shall con- +form to the requirements of ASME B1.13M, M-6H/6g, +coarse or fine threads (ASME Bl.l, UNC or UNF Class +2 A and Class 2B threads). The length of the thread +engagement of the rod in the socket shall be not less +than 1.5 times the root diameter of the thread on the rod, +and a cotter pin or equivalent means shall in addition be +provided to restrict the turning to the rod in the socket +and prevent unscrewing of the connection in normal +operation. + +Eye bolts used as connections with clevis-type sockets +shall be of forged steel conforming to ASTM A 668, +Class B (heat treated), without welds. + +2.20.9.3.6 Rope sockets shall be of such strength +that the rope will break before the socket is materially +deformed. + +2.20.9.3.7 The shackle rod, eye bolt, or other +means used to connect the rope socket to the car or +coimter weight shall have a strength at least equal to +the manufacturer's rated breaking strength of the rope. + +2.20.9.3.8 Rope fastenings incorporating antifric- +tion devices that will permit free spiiming of the rope +shall not be used. + +2.20.9.4 Tapered Rope Sockets. Tapered rope sockets +shall be of a design as shown in Fig. 2.20.9.4, and shall +conform to 2.20.9.2 and 2.20.9.3, and 2.20.9.4.1 through +2.20.9.4.5. + +2.20.9.4.1 The axial length L of the tapered portion +of the socket shall be not less than 4.75 times the diameter +of the wire rope used. + +2.20.9.4.2 The axial length, V, of the open portion +of the rope socket shall be not less than 4 times the +diameter of the wire rope used. + +2.20.9.4.3 The length of the straight bore, L", at +the small end of the socket shall be not more than 13 mm + + + +(0.5 in.) nor less than 3 mm (0.125 in.), and its outer +edge shaU be rounded and free from cutting edges. + +2.20.9.4.4 The diameter, d, of the hole at the large +end of the tapered portion of the socket shall be not less +than 2.25 times nor more than 3 times the diameter of +the wire rope used. + +2.20.9.4.5 The diameter, d', of the hole at the end +of the tapered portion of the socket shall be not more +than shown in Table 2.20.9.4.5. + +2.20.9.5 Wedge Rope Sockets. Wedge socket assem- +blies shall be of a design as shown in Fig. 2.20.9.5, and +shall conform to 2.20.9.2 and 2.20.9.3, and 2.20.9.5.1 +through 2.20.9.5.6. + +2.20.9.5.1 A test specimen consisting of the +strongest elevator wire rope for a given diameter and +wedge socket assembly shall be subjected to a destruc- +tive tensile engineering test. The rope socketing shall +develop at least 80% of the ultimate breaking strength +of the strongest rope to be used in such a fastening +without the rope slipping through the assembly. + +2.20.9.5.2 Wedge socket assemblies shall be of +such a strength that when tested as in 2.20.9.5.1, the +rope shall break before the socket or wedge is materially +deformed. + +2.20.9.5.3 Suppliers of wedge sockets shall submit +certification showing that the sockets, with visible per- +manent manufacturer's identification, have successfully +passed the tests described in 2.20.9.5.1 and 2.20.9.5.2 at +a testing laboratory. + +2.20.9.5.4 When the rope has been seated in the +wedge socket by the load on the rope, the wedge shaU +be visible, and at least two wire-rope retaining clips +shall be provided to attach the termination side to the +load-carrying side of the rope (see Fig. 2.20.9.5). The +first clip shall be placed a maximum of 4 times the rope +diameter above the socket, and the second clip shall be +located within 8 times the rope diameter above the first +clip. The purpose of the two cUps is to retain the wedge +and prevent the rope from slipping in the socket should +the load on the rope be removed for any reason. The +cUps shall be designed and installed so that they do not +distort or damage the rope in any manner. + +2.20.9.5.5 Markings on the wedge socket assem- +bly components shaU be as foUows: + +(a) Each socket shall be permanently and legibly +marked or color-coded to identify the corresponding +wedge, or wedges, and rope size to be used in the assem- +bly. The markings shaU be visible after instaUation. + +(b) Each wedge shall be permanently and legibly +marked or color coded to identify the corresponding +socket, or sockets, and rope size, within which it is to +be inserted to form an assembly. The markings shaU be +visible after instaUation. + + + +62 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + + +See Noted) + + + +NOTE: + +(1) Rope socket and shackle rod may be in one piece, as shown + +(unit construction) or the socket and rod may be separate (see 2.20.9.3). + +Fig. 2.20.9.4 Tapered Rope Sockets + + + +Table 2.20.9.4.5 Relation of Rope Diameter to Diameter of the Small Socket Hole + + + +Nominal Rope +Diameter, mm + + + +Maximum Diameter +of Hole, d ', mm + + + +Nominal Rope +Diameter, in. + + + +Maximum Diameter of Hole, +(/', in. + + + +2.5 larger than nominal rope diameter + +3 larger than nominal rope diameter + +4 larger than nominal rope diameter + +5 larger than nominal rope diameter + + + +10 to 12 inclusive +13 to 19 inclusive +22 to 29 inclusive +32 to 40 inclusive + + + +Vs to Vie + +72 to V, + +Vs to iVs + +iVa to 1V2 + + + +nclusive +nclusive +nclusive +nclusive + + + +V32 larger than nominal rope diameter + +Vg larger than nominal rope diameter + +y32 larger than nominal rope diameter + +V\(, \3irger than nominal rope diameter + + + +8 times rope +diameter max + + + + +4 times rope +diameter max + + + +Load-carrying rope +must be vertically +in line with +shackle rod + + + +y— Wire rope retaining +/ clips (nonload carrying) +^ [see 2.20.9.5.4] + + + +Wedge + +Wedge socket + +Antirotation +pin + +Shackle rod [Note (1)1 + + + +NOTE: + +(1) Rope socket and shackle rod may be +in one piece, as shown (unit construction) +or the socket and rod may be separate +(see 2.20.9.3). + +Fig. 2.20.9.5 Wedge Rope Sockets + + + +63 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.20.9.5.6-2.20.9.7.2 + + + +2.20.9.5.6 Load-carrying rope shall be in line with +shackle rod, and the sockets shall be permitted to be +staggered in the direction of travel of the elevator and +counterweight, where used. + +2.20.9.6 Rope Socket Embedment Medium. Only bab- +bitt metal or thermosetting resin compositions intended +for elevator wire rope socketing shall be used to secure +ropes in tapered sockets. The embedment material shall +conform to 2.20.9.6.1 through 2.20.9.6.3. + +2.20.9.6.1 Babbitt Metal. Babbitt metal shall con- +tain at least 9% of antimony and shall be clean and free +from dross. + +2.20.9.6.2 Thermosetting Resin Composition + +(a) Physical Properties. The thermoset resin composi- +tion shall have the following properties: + +(1) Uncured (Liquid) Material + +(a) Viscosity of Resin-Catalyst Mixture. The viscos- +ity of the resin-catalyst mixture shall be sufficiently low +to permit rapid, complete saturation of the rope rosette +in order to prevent entrapment of air. + +(b) Flash Point. All components shall have a mini- +mum flash point of 27°C (80°F). + +(c) Shelf Life. All components shall have a mini- +mum of 1 year shelf life at 21°C (70°F). + +(d) Pot Life and Cure Time. After mixing, the resin- +catalyst mixture shall be pourable for a minimimi of +8 min at 21°C (70°F) and shall cure within 1 h after +harderung. Heating of the resin mixture in the socket to +accelerate curing shall follow the resin manufacturer's +instructions. + +(2) Cured Resin + +(a) Socket Performance. Resin, when cured, shall +develop sufficient holding strength to solvent-washed +wire in wire-rope sockets to develop 80% of the ultimate +strength of all types of elevator wire rope. No slippage of +wire is permissible when testing resin-filled rope socket +assemblies in tension; however, after testing, some seat- +ing of the resin cone shall be permitted to be apparent +and is acceptable. Resin terminations shall also be capa- +ble of withstanding tensile shock loading. + +(b) Shrinkage. The voltmietric shriiJicage of fully +cured resin shall not exceed 2%. The use of an inert filler +in the resin is permissible. + +(c) Curing. The resin-catalyst mixture shall be +capable of curing either at ambient [16°C to 38°C (60°F +to 100°F)] or elevated temperatures. At temperatures +below 16°C (60°F), an elevated temperature cure shall +be used. + +(h) Materials Required. The thermoset resin composi- +tion intended for elevator wire rope socketing shall be +supplied in two parts consisting of preweighed resin and +preweighed catalyst, each packaged separately within a +kit. Each kit containing the thermoset resin composition +shall consist of the following: + +(1) preweighed thermoset resin + + + +(2) preweighed catalyst + +(3) necessary materials for mixing and pouring + +(4) detachable label on resin container +(c) Marking + +(1) Resin Container. The label on the resin container +shall show the following information: +(a) product name +(h) part designation (e.g., "Part A" or "Resin") + +(c) manufacturer's name or trademark and +address + +(d) mixing instructions + +(e) ICC information + +(/) safety warnings and cautions +(g) packaging date +(h) flash point +(i) shelf life +(j) storage instructions +(k) curing instructions +(/) net weight + +(m) a statement certifying that the product con- +forms to 2.20.9.6.2 of ASME A17.1 or CSA B44 + +2.20.9.6.3 Catalyst Container. The label on the cata- +lyst container shall show the following information: + +(a) product name + +(b) part designation (e.g., "Part B," "Catalyst," or +"Hardener") + +(c) manufacturer's name or trademark and address; + +(d) safety warnings and cautions + +(e) flash point + +(/) storage instructions +(g) net weight + +2.20.9.7 Method of Securing Wire Ropes in Tapered +SoclcetS. Where the tapered type of socket is used, the +method and procedure to be followed in making up the +fasterving shall conform to the following as applicable. + +2.20.9.7.1 Handling. The rope to be socketed shall +be carefully handled to prevent twisting, untwisting, or +kinking. + +2.20.9.7.2 Seizing of Rope Ends. The rope ends to +be socketed shall be seized before cutting with seizing +in accordance with the following: + +(a) The seizing shall be done with annealed iron wire, +provided that other methods of seizing be permitted, +which give the same protection from loss of rope lay. +Where iron wire is used for seizing, the length of each +seizing shall be not less than the diameter of the rope. + +(b) For nonpreformed rope, three seizings shall be +made at each side of the cut in the rope. The first seizing +shall be close to the cut end of the rope, and the second +seizing shall be spaced back from the first the length of +the end of the rope to be turned in. The third seizing +shall be at a distance from the second equal to the length +of the tapered portion of the socket. + + + +64 + + + +2.20.9.7.2-2.20.9.8 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +(c) For preformed rope, one seizing shall be made at +each side of the cut in the rope. The seizing shall be at +a distance from the end of the rope equal to the length +of the tapered portion of the socket plus the length of +the portion of the rope to be turned in. + +2.20.9.73 Spreading of Rope Strands. After the +rope has been seized, it shall be inserted into the socket +through the hole in the small end, a sufficient distance +for manipulation, and where nonpreformed rope is +used, the first two seizings shall be removed. The rope +strands shall then be spread apart, and where rope with +fibre core is used, the fibre core shall be cut away as +close as possible to the remaining seizing. + +2.20.9.7.4 Removal of Grease m OIL Thorough +cleaning of the outer wires of the strand surface and the +inside of the rope socket is required for good adhesion. +Brush or dip in clean solvents is recommended. + +2.20.9.7.5 Turning in of Rope Strands. The exposed +rope strands shall then be bent, turned in, and bimched +closely together, each strand being turned back the same +distance. The portion turned in (rope rosette) shall have +a length of not less than 2.5 times the diameter of the +rope, and such that, when the rope is pulled as far as +possible into the socket, the bend of the tumed-in strands +shall be slightly overflush with the mouth of the tapered +socket (large end) and will be visible when the socket +has been completed (see 2.20.9.7.9). Where rope with +steel core is used, the steel core shall be cut off even +with tops of the looped strands. + +2.20.9.7.6 Insertion of Bent-ln Rope Strands m +Soclcet. The rope end shall be pulled as far as possible +into the socket, so that the remaining seizing projects +outside the hole at the small end of the socket. + +2.20.9.7.7 Position of Soclcet Preparatory to Pouring +Embedment Medium. The socket shall be held in a verti- +cal position with the large end up, and the rope held in +a position truly axial with the socket. Tape or waste shall +be permitted to be wound around the rope at the small +end of the socket to prevent the embedment mediimi +from seeping through, but shall be removed after com- +pletion of the socket. + +2.20.9.7.8 Preparation of Embedment Medium + +(a) Babbitt Metal + +(1) Heating of Babbitt. The babbitt shall be heated +to a fluidity just sufficient to char a piece of soft wood +such as white pine without igniting it. Care shall be +taken not to overheat the babbitt sufficiently to damage +the rope. + +(2) Heating of Socket Basket and Pouring of Babbitt. +The rope socket basket shall be heated by a blowtorch +flame sufficiently to prevent chilling of the babbitt and +to ensure that the babbitt, when poured, will completely +fill the basket, including all the spaces between the rope +strands. Following this the molten babbitt shall be + + + +poured slowly and evenly into the basket imtil it is +filled to a point level with the top of the opening in the +large end. +(b) Thermosetting Resin Composition + +(1) The manufacturer's directions shall be strictly +followed in handling, mixing, pouring, and curing the +resin material. + +(2) New containers of resin and catalyst shall be +utilized for each set of rope sockets. The entire quantity +of resin and catalyst shall be mixed when the containers +are opened. + +(3) Resin sockets shall not be poured at a tempera- +ture below 16°C (60°F) without first warming the socket +and the resin composition to 21 °C to 32°C (70°F to 90°F). +The socket shall be permitted to be warmed using the +electrical resistance heating devices intended for curing +resin sockets. + +(4) Curing of resin sockets shall be accomplished +by heating at elevated temperature following the manu- +facturer's suggested schedule and directions. Cure time +shall not exceed 30 min. Electrical resistance heating +devices designed to fit around the sockets, or other +means of providing controlled, everJy distributed heat, +shall be used to provide the elevated temperature for +curing. Open flames or exposed electrical resistance +heating elements shall not be used. + +(5) Upon completion of the socketing, the label +from the container of resin shall be attached to one of +the rope sockets for inspection purposes and shall be +suitably protected. + +2.20.9.7.9 inspection of Soclcets After Completion. + +A visual inspection of the completed sockets shall be +made after they have cooled and the tape or waste has +been removed from the small end of the sockets. The +visual inspection shall verify that + +(a) the embedment medium is visible at the small end +of the socket + +(b) the bends of all of the individual rope strands (see +2.20.9.7.5) are approximately the same height above the +embedment medium and visible within the range of not +less than one-half the diameter of the rope strand above +the embedment medium and that there is not more than +1.5 mm (0.06 in.) clearance between the embedment +medium and the imderside of the bend in the rope strand + +(c) no loss of rope lay has occurred where the wire +rope enters the socket + +2.20.9.7.10 Lubrication of Wire Rope After Soclcet +Attachment. After the resin has cured, the wire ropes +shall be lubricated at the base of the socket (small end) +to replace the lubricant that was removed during the +cleaning operation required under 2.20.9.7.4. + +2.20.9.8 Antirotation Devices. Following the comple- +tion of the rope socketing and any adjustments of indi- +vidual shackle rods as provided for in 2.20.9.2, meaiis + + + +65 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.20.9.8-2.21.2.3.1 + + + +shall be provided to prevent the rotation of the suspen- +sion ropes without restricting their movement horizon- +tally or vertically: + +2.20.10 Auxiliary Rope Fastening Devices + +Auxiliary rope fastening devices, designed to support +elevator cars or counterweights if any regular rope fas- +tening fails, shall be permitted to be provided, subject +to the requirements of 2.20.10.1 through 2.20.10.9. + +2.20.10.1 They shall be approved on the basis of +adequate tensile and fatigue engineering tests. + +2.20.10.2 The device and its fastenings, in its several +parts and assembly, shall have a strength at least equal +to that of the manufacturer's breaking strength of the +rope to which it is to be attached. + +2.20.10.3 Steel parts used in the device shall be +cast or forged with an elongation of not less than 20%, +conforming to ASTM A 668, Class B, for forgings and +ASTM A 27, Grade 60/30 for cast steel, and shall be +stress relieved. + +2.20.10.4 The device shall be so designed and +installed that + +(a) it will not become operative unless there is a failure +of the normal rope fasterung + +(b) it will function in a rope movement of not over +38 mm (1.5 in.) + +(c) it wiU not interfere with the vertical or rotational +movements of the rope during normal service + +2.20.1 0.5 Means shall be provided to cause the elec- +tric power to be removed from the driving-machine +motor and brake when any auxiliary fastening device +operates. Such means shall + +(a) have all electrical parts enclosed + +(h) be of the manually reset type that can be reset +only when the wire rope or ropes have been resocketed +and the auxiliary rope fastening device has been restored +to its normal running position + +2.20.10.6 The method used to attach the device to +the rope shall be such as to prevent injury to, or apprecia- +ble deformation of, the rope. + +2.20.10.7 The installation of the device shall not +reduce the required overhead clearances. + +2.20.10.8 The car-frame supports for the fastening +members of the device shall conform to 2.15.13, or where +existing conditions will not permit compliance with this +requirement, other means of fasterung shall be permitted +to be used subject to the approval of the enforcing +authority. + +2.20.10.9 Each device shall be permanently marked +with the name or trademark of the manufacturer by +means of metal tags or plates with the following data + + + +of the wire rope for which they are designated to be used: + +(a) diameter of the rope in millimeters (mm) or +inches (in.) + +(b) manufacturer 's rated breaking strength of the rope + +(c) construction classification of the wire rope + +The material and marking of the tags or plates shall +conform to 2.16.3.3, except that the height of the letters +and figures shall be not less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.). + +SECTION 2.21 +COUNTERWEIGHTS + +2.21.1 General Requirements + +2.21.1.1 Frames. Weight sections of a counterweight +shall be mounted in structural or formed metal frames +so designed as to retain them securely in place (see +2.21.2.6). + +2.21.1.2 Retention of Weight Sections. Means shall +be provided to retain weight sections in place in the +event of buffer engagement or safety application or if +they become broken. + +Where tie rods are used, a mirumum of two shall be +provided, which shall pass through all weight sections. +Tie-rods shaU be provided with a lock nut and cotter +pin at each end. + +2.21.1.3 Guiding Members. Counterweight frames +shall be guided on each guide rail by upper and lower +guiding members attached to the frame. + +Retention means shall be provided to prevent the +counterweight from being displaced by more than +13 nmi (0.5 in.) from its normal rurming position should +any part of the guiding means fail, excluding the guiding +member base and its attachment to the frame. The reten- +tion means shall be permitted to be integral with the +base. + +2.21.1.4 Independent Car Counterweights. Where an +independent car counterweight is provided, it shall run +in separate guide rails and shall not be of sufficient +weight to cause undue slackening of the hoisting ropes +during acceleration or retardation of the elevator car. + +2.21.2 Design Requirements for Frames and Rods + +2.21.2.1 Material. Frames and rods shall be made of +steel or other metals conforming to 2.15.6.2 and 2.15.6.3, +provided that where steels of greater strength than those +specified, or where metals other than steel are used, +the factor of safety used in the design shall conform to +2.21.2.3. + +2.21.2.2 Frame Connections. Cormections between +frame members shall conform to 2.15.7. + +2.21.2.3 Factor of Safety + +2.21.2.3.1 The frame members and their connec- +tions shall be designed with a factor of safety of not less + + + +66 + + + +2.21.2.3.1-2.22.3.1 + + + +ASMEA17.1S-2005 + + + +than 5 with the elevator at rest and the counterweight +at the top of its travel. + +2.21.2.3.2 The counterweight frame shall be +designed with a factor of safety of not less than 2.5 at +buffer engagement or safety application. + +2.21 .2.3.3 The frame members, brackets, and their +connections subject to forces due to the application of +the emergency brake (see 2.19.4) shall be designed to +withstand the maximum forces developed during the +retardation phase of the emergency braking so that the +resulting stresses due to the emergency braking and all +other loading acting simultaneously, if applicable, shall +not exceed 190 MPa (27,500 psi). + +2.21.2.4 Sheaves. Where a hoisting sheave or +sheaves are mounted in the frame, the requirements of +2.15.12 shall apply (see also 2.24.2 and 2.24.3 for require- +ments for sheaves). + +2.21.2.5 Suspension Rope Hitch oir Shapes. Where +counterweights are suspended by ropes attached +directly to the frames by means of rope fastenings, the +rope attachments shall conform to 2.15.13. + +2.21.2.6 Securing of Weights in Frames. The weights +shall be so mounted and secured in the frames as to +prevent shifting of the weights by an amount that will +reduce the running clearances to less than those specified +in 2.5.1.2. + +2.21.3 Cars Counterbalancing One Another + +An elevator car shall not be used to counterbalance +another elevator car. + +2.21.4 Compensation Means + +Compensation means, such as compensating ropes or +chains or other mechanical means and their attachments +(except for safety hooks, where used) to tie the counter- +weight and car together, shall be capable of withstand- +ing, with a factor of safety of 5, any forces to which the +means is subjected with the elevator at rest. + +The maximum suspended weight of compensation +n\eans with car or counterweight at the top of its travel +and one-half total weight of tension sheave assembly, +where used, shall be included. + +The factor of safety for compensation means shall +be based on the proof load, breaking strength, or test +reports. + +2.21.4.1 Connections. The connections between the +car or counterweight and the compensation means, shall +be bolted or welded and shall conform to 2.15.7.3. + +2.21.4.1.1 Cast iron, where used, shall have a fac- +tor of safety of not less than 10, based on maximum +stress developed. + +2.21.4.1.2 When compensation ropes are used +with a tension sheave, one end of each rope shall be + + + +provided with a means to individually adjust rope +length. + +2.21.4.2 Tie-Down Compensation l\Aeans. For rated +speeds greater than 3.5 m/s (700 ft/min), a tie-down +compensation means device shall be provided and fas- +tened to the building structure to limit the jump of the +car or coimterweight as a result of car or counterweight +buffer engagement or safety application. + +The device components, compensation means, con- +nection, building structural members, and fastenings, +shall be capable of withstanding with a factor of safety +of not less than 2.5 the maximum forces to which they +are subjected due to car or coimterweight buffer engage- +ment or safety application. + + + +SECTION 2.22 +BUFFERS AND BUMPERS + +2.22.1 Type and Location + +2.22.1.1 Type of Buffers. Buffers of the spring, oil, or +equivalent type shall be installed under the cars and +counterweights of passenger and freight elevators sub- +ject to the requirements of 2.22.1.1.1 through 2.22.1.1.3. + +2.22.1.1.1 Spring buffers or their equivalent shall +be permitted to be used where the rated speed is not +in excess of 1 m/s (200 ft/min). + +2.22.1.1.2 Oil buffers or their equivalent shall be +used where the rated speed is in excess of 1 m/s +(200 ft/min). + +2.22.1.1.3 Where Type C safeties are used (see +2.17.8.2), car buffers are not required if solid bimipers +are installed. + +2.22.1.2 Location. Buffers or bumpers shall be +located so as to retard the car and counterweight without +exceeding allowable design stresses in the car frame and +counterweight frame. + +2.22.2 Solid Bumpers + +SoHd bumpers, where permitted, shall be made of +wood or other suitably resilient material of sufficient +strength to withstand without failure the impact of the +car with rated load, or the counterweight, descending +at governor tripping speed. + +The material used shall be of a type that wiU resist +deterioration or be so treated as to resist deterioration. + +2.22.3 Spring Buffers + +2.22.3.1 Stroke. The stroke of the buffer spring, as +marked on its marking plate, shall be equal to or greater +than the value specified in Table 2.22.3.1. + + + +67 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.22.3.2-2.22.4.6 + + + +Table 2.22.3.1 Minimum Spring Buffer Strolce + + + +Rated Car Speed, +m/s (ft/min) + + + +Minimum Strolce, +mm (in.) + + + +0.5 or less (100 or less) +0.51 to 0.75 (101 to 150) +0.76 to 1.00 (151 to 200) + + + +38 (1.5) + +63 (2.5) + +100 (4.0) + + + +2.22.3.2 Load Rating + +2.22.3.2.1 Buffers for cars and counterweights +shall be capable of supporting, without being com- +pressed solid or to a fixed stop, a static load having a +minimum of 2 times the total weight of + +(a) the car and its rated load for car buffers + +(b) the counterweight for counterweight buffers + +2.22.3.2.2 Buffers for cars and counterweights +shall be compressed solid or to a fixed stop with a static +load of three times the weight of + +(a) the car and its rated load for car buffers +(h) the counterweight for counterweight buffers + +2.22.3.2.3 Where the space below the hoistway is +not permanently secured against access, the load rating +specified in 2.22.3.2.1 shall be increased to meet the +requirements of 2.6.1(b) and 2.6.2. + +2.22.3.3 Marking Plates. Each spring buffer shall be +provided with a marking plate showing its load rating +and stroke and the number of springs. Where the springs +are removable, each spring shall be identified, and the +assen\bly marking plate shall indicate this identification. +Markings shall be made in a permanent and legible +manner. + +2.22.4 Oil Buffers + +2.22.4.1 Strol +w + +C + +o + + + +24000(52,863) + +23000(50,661) + +22000(48,458) + +21000(46,256) + +20000(44,053) + +19000(41,850) + +18000(39,648) + +17 000(37,445) + +16000(35,242) + +15000(33,040) + +14000(30,837) + +13000(28,634) + +12000(26,432) + +11000(24,229) + +10000(22,026) + +9000(19,824) + +8000(17,621) + +7 000(15,419) + +6000(13,216) + +5000(11,013) + +4000(8,811) + +3000(6,608) + +2000(4,405) + +1 000 (2,203) + + + + +MINIMI + + + + +i + + + + + + +i + + + + +i + + + + + + + + + + + + +n + + + + + + + + +A^ + + +1.5 kg ^30 lb) + + +ra + + +1 + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +— + + + + +nrtqs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +[ + + +1 ^ + + +s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +^^! 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+ + + + + + + + +i 1 + + + + +! + + +fqjQQRV + + + + +1 + + +: M" 1 M 1 + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + +to/" + + +_ + + +L_ + + + + + + + + + + + + +i + + +' + + +IT + + + + + +14515(31,971) + + + +9980(21,982) + + + +8165(17,985) + + + +5443(11,989) + +4062(8,991) +3630(7,996) + + + +1 + +(3.3) + + + +2 + +(6.6) + + + +3 +(9.8) + + + +4 +(13) + + + +Bracket Spacing, m (ft) + +Fig. 2.23.4.1-1 Maximum Weight of a Car With Rated Load or of Counterweight With Safety Device for a + +Pair of Guide Rails as Specified in 2.23.4.1 + + + +72 + + + +ASMEA17.1S-2005 + + + +t + + + +£ + + + + + + + + +J2 + + +3000(6,608) + + + + + + +*5 + + +2000(4,405) + + +S. + + + + +CD + +a. + + +1 000 (2,203) + + +03 + +i + + + + +i2 + + + + + + +/ = 0.583 +(1.40) + + + +y^y' + + + + + + + +1 +1 + +1 + + + + + + +^ + + + + + + + + +2495 +157500) + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + +_» + + +. + + + + + + +ry + + +r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +I + +1 + + + + + + + + + +0.5 + +(1.2) + + + +1 +(2.4) + + + +1.5 +(3.6) + + + +2 + +(4.8) + + + +Moment of Inertia, mm'^ x 10^ (12 kg Rail) +Moment of Inertia, in.* (8 lb Rail) + + + +6000(13,216) +5000(11,013) +4000(8,811) +3000(6,608) +2 000(4,405) +1 000 (2,203) + + + + + +/=1.79 +(4.29) + + + + +1 +(2.4) + + + +2 + +(4.8) + + + +3 +(7.2) + + + +4 +(9.6) + + + +Moment of Inertia, mm"* x 10^ (16.5 kg Rail) +Moment of Inertia, in.'* (11 lb Rail) + +Fig. 2.23.4.1-2 Minimum Moment of Inertia About x-x Axis for a Single Guide Rail With Its + +Reinforcement + + + +73 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +¥ + + + + + + +CC + +<*- + +o + + + + + + +6000(12,216) + +5000(11,013) |- + +4000(8,811) + +3000(6,608) + +2000(4,405) + +1 000 (2,203) + + + + + + + +(2.4) + + + +(4.8) + + + +(7.2) + + + +(9.6) + + + +(12) + + + +Moment of Inertia, mm'* x 10^ (18 kg Rail) +Moment of Inertia, in."* (12 lb Rail) + + + +7 000(15,421) — + + + +6000(13,216) +5000(11,013) +4000(8,811) +3000(6,608) +2 000 (4,405) +1 000 (2,203) + + + + + + + + +1 + + +2 + + +3 + + +4 + + +5 + + +6 + + +7 + + +8 + + +(2.4) + + +(4.8) + + +(7.2) + + +(9.6) + + +(12.0) + + +(14.4) + + +(16.8) + + +(19.2) + + + +Moment of Inertia, mm'* x 10^ (22.5 kg Rail) +Moment of Inertia, in. (15 lb Rail) + + + +Fig. 2.23.4.1-2 Minimum Moment of Inertia About x-x Axis for a Single Guide Rail With Its + +Reinforcement (Cont'd) + + + +74 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +/ = 4.025 +(9.66) + + + +n + + +10000(22,026) + + +OJ + + +9000(19,824) + + +w + + +8000(17,621) + + +CD + + +7 000(15,421) + + +o + + +6000(13,216) + + +I- + + +5000(11,013) + + +*-• + + +4000(8,811) + + +TO + + +3000(6,608) + + +CD + + +2000(4,405) + + +2 + + +1 000 (2,203) + + + + + + + + +^_9 525 _ f + +- (20,980) + + + + +2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 + +(4.8) (72) (9.6) (12.0) (14.4) (16.8) (19.2) (21.6) (24.0) (26.4) (28.8) (31.2) + + + +Moment of Inertia, mm'* x 10^ (27.5 kg Rail) +Moment of Inertia, in."* (18.5 lb Rail) + + + +/=4.65 +(11.16) + + + +OJ +JO + + +14000(30,837) +12 000(26,432) + + +cc + +4- + +o + + +10000(22,026) + + +CD +Q. + + +8000(17,621) + + +Q_ + + +6000(13,216) + + + + +4000(8,811) + + +iS + + +2 000 (4,405) + + +^ + + + + + + + +2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 +(4.8) (72) (9.6) (12.0(14.4) (16.8)(19.2)(21.6)(24.0)(26.4)(28.8) (31.2) + + + +Moment of Inertia, mm'* x 10^ (33.5 kg Rail) +Moment of Inertia, in.* (22.5 lb Rail) + +Fig. 2.23.4.1-2 Minimum Moment of Inertia About x-x Axis for a Single Guide Rail With Its + +Reinforcement (Cont'd) + + + +75 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + + + + + +/=10.0 +(24.0) + + + +24000(52,863) + +22 000 (48,458) + +20 000(44,053) + +18000(39,648) + +16000(35,242) + +14000(30,837) + +12 000(26,432) + +10 000(22,026) + +8000(17,621) + +6000(13,216) + +4000(8,811) + +2000(4,405) + + + + + + +3.5 m (11.5 ft) spacing +4.0 m (13 ft) spacing + +4.5 m (15 ft) spacing + + + +9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 + +(21.6) (24.0) (26.4) (28.8) (31.2) (33.6) (38.4) (36.0) (40.8) (43.2) (45.6) (48.0) (56.4) + + + +Moment of Inertia, mm" x 10^ (44.5 kg Rail) +Moment of Inertia, in.'* (30 lb Rail) + +Fig. 2.23.4.1-2 Minimum Moment of Inertia About x-x Axis for a Single Guide Rail With Its + +Reinforcement (Cont'd) + + + +Table 2.23.4.2 Load Multiplying Factor for Duplex +Safeties + + + +Vertical Distance + + + + +Between Safeties, + + +Multiply Load in + + +mm (in.) + + +Fig. 2.23.4.1-1 by + + +5 400 (212 or more) + + +2.00 + + +4 600 (182) + + +1.83 + + +3 700 (146) + + +1.67 + + +2 700 (106) + + +1.50 + + + +76 + + + +2.23.4.3.2-2.23.7.1 + + + +ASftHE A17.1S-2005 + + + +Table 2,23.43J + + + + + +SI Units + + + + + + +Imperial Units + + + + + + +Nominal + + +Maximum Braclcet + + + + +i^omlnal + + +Maximum Bracket + + +Mass of + + +Mass of + + +Spacing Without + + +Weight of + + +Weight of + + +Spacing Without + + +Counterweight, + + +Guide Rail, + + +Reinforcement, + + +Counterweight, + + +Guide + + +Reinforcement, + + +kg + + +kg/m + + +mm + + +lb + + +Rail, lb/ft + + +ft + + +3 000 + + +9.5 + + +3 000 + + +6,600 + + +67, + + +10 + + +4 000 + + +8.5 + + +4 400 + + +8,800 + + +5V. + + +14.5 + + +7 000 + + +12.0 + + +4 900 + + +15,000 + + +8 + + +16 + + +12 000 + + +16.5 + + +4 900 + + +27,000 + + +11 + + +16 + + +13 000 + + +18.0 + + +4 900 + + +29,000 + + +12 + + +16 + + +18 000 + + +22.5 + + +4 900 + + +40,000 + + +15 + + +16 + + +25 000 + + +27.5 + + +4 900 + + +56,000 + + +I8V2 + + +16 + + +36 000 + + +33.5 + + +4 900 + + +80,000 + + +22V, + + +16 + + +60 000 + + +44.5 + + +4 900 + + +133,000 + + +30 + + +16 + + + +Table 2o23.433 Intermedial® Tie iiractos + + + +[Nominal Distance Between +Fastenings to Building Structure, mm (in.) + +For 8.5 l.7.1. The jointed rail sections shall withstand the +forces specified in 2.23.5.1 without exceeding the stress +and deflection limitations. + +2.23.7.2 Design and Construction of Rail Joints + +2.23.7.2.1 The joints of metal guide rails with T- +section profiles as specified in 2.23.3(a) shall conform to +the following requirements: + +(a) The ends of the rails shall be accurately machined +with a tongue and matching groove centrally located in +the web. + +(h) The backs of the rail flanges shall be accurately +machined, in relation to the rail guiding surfaces, to a +imiform distance front to back of the rails to form a flat +surface for the fishplates. + +(c) The ends of each rail shall be bolted to the fish- +plates with not fewer than four bolts that conform to +Table 2.23.7.2.1. + +(d) The width of the fishplate shall be not less than +the width of the back of the rail. + +(e) The thickness of the fishplates and the diameter +of the bolts for each size of guide rail shall be not less +than specified in Table 2.23.7.2.1. + +(f) The diameter of bolt holes shall not exceed the +diameter of the bolts by more than 2 mm (0.08 in.) for +guide rails nor 3 mm (0.125 in.) for fishplates. + +2.23.7.2.2 Joints of different design and construc- +tion shall be permitted to be used, provided they are +equivalent in strength and will adequately maintain the +accuracy of the rail alignment. + +2.23.8 Overall Length of Guide Rails + +The car and counterweight guide rails shall extend at +the top and bottom to prevent the guiding members (see +2.15.2 and 2.21.1.3) from disengaging from the guide +rails in the event that either the car or counterweight +reaches its extreme limit of travel. + + + +2.23.9 Guide-Rail Brackets and Building Supports + +2.23.9.1 Design and Strength of Braclcets and Sup- +ports + +2.23.9.1.1 The building construction forming the +supports for the guide rails and the guide-rail brackets +shall be designed to + +(a) safely withstand the application of the car or coun- +terweight safety when stopping the car and its rated +load or the counterweight + +(h) withstand the forces specified in 2.23.5.2 within +the deflection limits specified + +2.23.9.1.2 Walls of bricks, terra-cotta, hollow +blocks, and similar materials shall not be used for attach- +ment of guide-rail brackets unless adequately rein- +forced. + +2.23.9.1 .3 Where necessary, the building construc- +tion shall be reinforced to provide adequate support for +the guide rails. + +2.23.9.2 Braclcet Fastenings + +2.23.9.2.1 Guide-rail brackets shall be secured to +their supporting structure by one of the following +means: + +(a) by bolts or rivets + +(h) by using clip fastenings to mount brackets to the +building structure, provided that + +(1) the friction force of such clips has a minimum +factor of safety of 10 + +(2) an additional means, having a safety factor of +not less than 5, of resisting horizontal shear is incorpo- +rated + +(c) by welding conforming to 8.8 + +2.23.9.2.2 Fastening bolts and bolt holes in brack- +ets and their supporting beams shall conform to 2.23.10. + + + +78 + + + +2.23.9.3-2.24.3.1.1 + + + +ASWIE A17.1S-2005 + + + +Table 2.23.10.2 + + + +Mmimum Size of Rail-Fastening +Bolts + + + +2.24.2 Sheaves aftd Drums + + + +SI Units + + + +Imperial Units + + + +Nominal + +Mass of + +Guide Rail, + +kg/m + + + +IVIinimum + +Diameter of + +Rail Bolts, + +mm + + + +Nominal + +Weight of + +Guide Rail, + +lb/ft + + + +Minimum + +Diameter of + +Rail Bolts, + +in. + + + +8.5 +9.5 +12.0 + +16.5 +18.0 +22.5 + +27.5 +33.5 +44.5 + + + +M12 +M12 +M12 + +M16 +M16 +M16 + +M16 +M20 +IV120 + + + +8 + +11 +12 +15 + +22V2 +30 + + + +72 +72 +72 + +78 +78 +78 + +78 +74 + +7 + + + +2.23.93 Slotted guide-rail brackets having single- +bolt fastenings shall be provided with an additional +means to prevent lateral movement of the rail bracket. +Such means shall have a factor of safety of not less than 5. + +2.23.10 Fastening of Guide flails to Rail Brackets + +2.23.10.1 Type of Fastenings. Guide rails shall be +secured to their brackets by clips, welds, or bolts. + +Bolts used for fastening shall be of such strength as +to withstand the forces specified in 2.23.5.2 and 2.23.9.1. +Welding, where used, shall conform to 8.8. + +2.23.10.2 Size of Bolts for Fastening. The size of bolts +used for fastening the guide rails or raU clips to the +brackets shall be not less than specified in Table 2.23.10.2. + +2.23.10.3 Bolt Holes for Fastenings. The diameter of +holes or the width of slots for fasterung bolts shall not +exceed the diameter of the bolt by more than 2 mm +(0.08 in.). + + + +SECTION 2.24 +DRDYING J\/IACHINES AND SHEAVES + +2.24.1 Type of Driving JVIachines + +AU driving machines shall be of the traction type, +except that winding-drum machines shaU be permitted +for freight elevators, subject to the following: + +(a) They shall not be provided with counterweights. + +(b) The rated speed of the elevator shaU not exceed +0.25 m/s (50 ft/min). + +(c) The travel of the elevator car shall not exceed +12.5 m (40 ft). + +NOTE (2.24.1): See 4.1 for rack-and-pinion machines and 4.2 for +screw machines. + + + +2.24.2.1 Material and Grooving, Sheaves and drums +used with suspension and compensating ropes shall be +of metal and provided with finished grooves for ropes +or shall be permitted to be lined with nonmetallic groove +material. + + + +2.24.2.2 Minimium Pitclii Diamefter. Sheaves and +dnmis used with suspension and compensating ropes +shall have a pitch diameter of not less than + +(a) 40 times the diameter of the rope where used with +suspension ropes + +(h) 32 times the diameter of the ropes where used +with compensating ropes + +2.24.2.3 Traction + +2.24.2.3.1 Where the grooves are used to ttansmit +power, sufficient traction shall be provided between the +rope and groove, and in the event of nonmetallic lining +failure, between the rope and the remaining sheave +groove, to safely stop and hold the car with rated load +[see 2.16.8(c)] from rated speed in the down direction. + +2.24.2.3.2 If either the car or the counterweight +bottoms on its buffers or becomes otherwise immovable + +(a) the ropes shall slip in the drive sheave grooves +and not allow the car or counterweight to be raised; or + +(h) the driving system shall stall and not aUow the +car or counterweight to be raised. + +2.24.2.4 Mlnimsim Sheave and Drum Ooameter. Drive +sheaves and drums shaU be permanently and legibly +marked to state the minimum sheave or drum diameter, +measured at the bottom of the groove, that is required +to maintaui structural integrity (see 2.24.3). + +2.24.3 Factor of Safety for Driving Machines and +Sheaves + +The factor of safety to be used in the design of driving +machines, and in the design of sheaves used with sus- +pension and compensating ropes, shaU be not less than + +(a) 8 for metals having an elongation of at least 14% +in a gauge length of 50 mm (2 in.) when tested in accor- +dance with ASTM E 8 + +(b) 10 for cast iron, or for metals having an elongation +of less than 14% in a gauge length of 50 mm (2 in.) when +tested in accordance with ASTM E 8 + +The load to be used in determining the factor of safety +shall be the resultant of the maximum tensions in the +ropes leading from the sheave or drum with the elevator +at rest and with the rated load in the car. + + + +2.24.3.1 Factors of Safety Based +Reversing Stresses + + + +r/ + + + +2.24.3.1.1 Driving-machine components sub- +jected to alternating or reversing sttesses shall have a +factor of safety of not less than 1.5. + + + +79 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.24.3.1.2-2.24.8.6 + + + +2.24.3.1.2 This factor of safety shall be the ratio +of the endurance limit of the components (see 1.3) to +the actual alternating or reversing stress to which the +components can be subjected under any normal +operating condition. The endurance limit shall be based +on lO'' cycles of stress reversals. The actual stress shall +include aU designed or anticipated load conditions and +stress risers, such as sharp comers, shock loading, sur- +face finish, key ways, material variations, aligimient tol- +erances, etc. + +2.24.3.2 Factors of Safety at Emergency Braking. + +Driving-machine components including bedplate, +where used, subject to forces due to the application of +the emergency brake (see 2.19.4) shall be designed to +withstand the maximum forces developed during the +retardation phase of the emergency braking so that the +factor of safety resulting from the emergency braking +and all other loading acting simultaneously, if applica- +ble, shall be not less than those specified in 2.24.3(a) and +2.24.3(b). + +2.24.4 Fasteners Transmitting Load + +2.24.4.1 Fasteners and Rigid Connections. Set screws +or threaded portions located in the shear plane of bolts +and screws shall not be used to transmit load. + +Means shall be provided to ensure that there is no +relative motion between rigidly joined components +transmitting load. + +The factors of safety to be used in the design of fasten- +ers transmitting load in driving machines and sheaves +shall be not less than those specified in 2.24.3. + +2.24.4.2 Flexible Connections. Where flexible cou- +plings are used to transmit load, means shall be provided +to prevent disengagement of the coupling components +in the event of the failure of or excessive motion in the +flexible connection. + +2.24.5 Shaft Fillets and Keys + +A fillet shall be provided at any point of change in the +diameter of driving-machine shafts and sheave shafts to +prevent excessive stress concentrations in the shafts (see +2.24.3.1). + +Shafts that support drums, sheaves, gears, couplings, +and other members, and that transmit torque, shall be +provided with tight-fitting keys. + +2.24.6 Cast-Iron Worms and Worm Gears + +Worms and worm gears made of cast iron shall not +be used in elevator driving machines. + +2.24.7 Friction Gearing and Clutches + +Friction gearing or a clutch mechanism shall not be +used to coimect a driving-machine drum or sheave to +the main driving mechanism. + + + +2.24.8 Bralcing System and Driving-Machine Brakes +(See Nonmandatory Appendix F, Table Fl) + +2.24.8.1 General Requirements. The elevator shall be +provided with a braking system conforming to 2.24.8.2. + +2.24.8.2 Braking System + +2.24.8.2.1 The braking system shall consist of a +driving machine brake and in addition shall be permit- +ted to include other braking means, such as electrically +assisted braking. + +2.24.8.2.2 The braking system shall be capable of +decelerating the car from its rated speed when it is +carrying its rated load (see 2.16.8) in the down direction, +or empty car in the up direction from the speed at which +the governor overspeed switch is set. Any deceleration +not exceeding 9.8 m/s^ (32.2 ft/s^) is acceptable, pro- +vided that aU factors such as, but not limited to, system +heat dissipation and allowable buffer striking speeds +are considered. The loss of main line power shall not +reduce the braking system capacity below the require- +ments stated here. + +2.24.8.3 Driving-Machine Brake. The driving- +machine shall be equipped with a friction brake applied +by a spring or springs, or by gravity, and released electro- +mechanically or electrohydraulically (see 1.3) in confor- +mance with 2.26.8. The driving-machine brake, on its +own, shall be capable of + +(a) holding the car at rest with its rated load (see +2.16.8 and 2.26.8). + +(b) holding the empty car at rest. + +(c) decelerating the empty car traveling in the up +direction from the speed at which the governor +overspeed switch is set. Any deceleration not exceeding +9.8 m/s^ (32.2 ft/s^) is acceptable provided that all fac- +tors such as, but not limited to, system heat dissipation +and allowable buffer striking speeds are considered. + +2.24.8.4 Means for Manual Release. Means shall be +permitted for manual release of the driving-machine +brake. The means shall permit car movement in a grad- +ual, controllable manner. Provision shall be made to +prevent unintended actuation of the device. The manual +release device shall be designed to be hand applied only +with continuous effort. The brake shall reapply at its +fully adjusted capacity in the absence of the hand- +applied effort. Devices required in accordance with 2.19 +are permitted to be temporarily disabled when the man- +ual release device is in use. + +2.24.8.5 Marking Plates for Brakes. The brake setting +and method of measurement shall be permanently and +legibly marked on the driving machine. + +2.24.8.6 Driving-Machine Brake Design. The driving- +machine brake design shall ensure contact of the friction +material on the braking surface consistent with good +engineering practice. Means shall be provided to protect + + + +80 + + + +2.24.8.6-2.25.2.3 + + + +A17.1S-2005 + + + +the braking surfaces from contamination caused by any +driving-machine fluid leak. + + + +2o24o9ol Belt bM Chmn Bm®%. Indirect driving +machines, utilizing V-belt drives, tooth drive belts, or +drive chains, shaU include not less than three belts or +chains operating together in parallel as a set. Belt and +chain drive sets shall be preloaded and matched for +length in sets. + + + +2.2'%„9o2«a Belt sets shall be selected on the basis +of the manufacturer's rated breaking strength and a fac- +tor of safety of 10. Chain and sprocket sets shaU be +selected on the basis of recommendations set forth in the +Supplementary Information section of ASME B29.1M, +using a service factor of 2. Offset links in chain are not +permitted. + +2o24o9<.2o2 Sprockets in a chain drive set and also +a driven set shall be assembled onto a common hub, +with teeth cut in-line after assembly to assure equal load +distribution on all chains. Tooth sheaves for a belt drive +shall be constructed in a manner to assure equal load +distribution on each belt in the set. + +2.24o9.2.B Load determination for both the belt +and chain sets shall be based on the maximum static +loading on the elevator car, which is the full load in the +car at rest and at a position in the hoistway that creates +the greatest load, including either the car or counter- +weight resting on its buffer. + +2„24o9.2o'^ Chain drives and belt drives shall be +guarded to protect against accidental contact and to +prevent foreign objects from interfering with the drives. + + + +2.24<.9.3 MoBiitorDing ainid irak® Locaftioini, Each belt or +chain shall be continuously monitored by a broken belt +or chain device, which shall function to stop the car at +the next available landing and prevent it from running, +in the event that any belt or chain in the set breaks or +becomes excessively slack. The driving-machine brake +shall be located on the traction sheave or drum assembly +side of the driving machine so as to be fully effective +in the event that the entire belt set or chain set should +break. + +2o2^ol© Measus f®r Bmsperti®! ®f Gears + +Each gear case of geared machines shall have access +to permit inspection of the contact surfaces of the gears. +Such access need not provide a direct view of aU gears, +but shall be located and sized adequately to allow access +by fibre optic or similar visual inspection instrumen- +tation. + + + +TEKRUIiAL STOlPPliS PEVICES + +2o25o3. (SerKsral l^dquireiiriKSiiifts + +2o2 5. H o i Normal terminal stopping devices required +by 2.25.2, emergency terminal stopping devices required +by 2.25.4.2, and emergency terminal speed-limiting +devices required by 2.25.4.1 shall be permitted to use +mechanically operated, magnetically operated, optical, +or solid-state devices for determining car position and +speed. + +2o25oS o2 Final terminal stopping devices required by +2.25.3 shall use only mechanically operated switches for +determining car position. + +2o25.S.3 Terminal stopping devices that are located +on the car or in the hoistway shall be of the enclosed type +and securely mounted in such a manner that horizontal +movement of the car shall not affect the operation of +the device. + + + +2o25<,2ol Wlh©ir© Ksqylred aoidl Fo6Ti£(tD®irii„ Normal ter- +minal stopping devices shall conform to 2.25.2.1.1 +through 2.25.2.1.3. + +2o25o2olol Normal terminal stopping devices shall +be provided and arranged to slow down and stop the +car automatically, at or near the top and bottom terminal +landings, with any load up to and including rated load +in the car and from any speed attained in normal opera- +tion (see 2.16.8). + +2,25o2o1Lo2 Such devices shall function indepen- +dently of the operation of the normal stopping means +and of the final terminal stopping device, except that +on elevators with a rated speed of 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min) +or less, the normal terminal stopping device shall be +permitted to be used as the normal stopping means. + +2o25o2<,13 The device shall be so designed and +installed that it wiU continue to function until the final +terminal stopping device operates. + + + +PStoppoimg i®v8£@s= Normal termi- +nal stopping devices shall be located as specified in +2.25.2.2.1 and 2.25.2.2.2. + +2o25o2.2o3, Stopping devices for traction machines +shall be located on the car, in the hoistway, a machinery +space, machine room, control space, or control room, +and shall be operated by the movement of the car. + +2o2So2.2o2 Stopping devices for winding drum +machines shall be located on the car or in the hoistway, +and shall be operated by the movement of the car. + +2o25=2<,3 Sradlrscftly Optrated (Mormal Termfi^al Stop- +piBUg BwiceSo Stopping devices that are not located on + + + +81 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.25.2.3-2.25.4.1 + + + +the car or in the hoistway shall conform to 2.25.2.3.1 +through 2.25.2.3.3. + +2.25.2.3.1 The stopping device shall be mounted +on and operated by a stopping means mechanically con- +nected to and driven by the car. + +Stopping means depending on friction or traction +shall not be used. + +2.25.2.3.2 Tapes, chains, ropes, or similar devices +mechanically connecting the stopping device to the car +and used as a driving means shall be provided with a +device that will cause the electric power to be removed +from the elevator driving-machine motor and brake if +the driving means fails (see 2.26.2.6). + +2.25.2.3.3 If mechanically operated switches are +used, only one set of floor-stopping contacts is necessary +for each terminal landing on floor controllers or other +similar devices used to stop the car automatically at the +landings (such as automatic operation, signal operation, +etc.), provided these contacts and the means for +operating them conform to 2.25.2.3.1 and 2.25.2.3.2. +These contacts shall be permitted to serve also as the +normal terminal stopping devices. + +2.25.3 Final Terminal Stopping Devices + +2.25.3.1 General Requirements. Final terminal stop- +ping devices shall conform to 2.25.1 and the following: + +(a) They shall be mechanically operated. + +(b) Operating cams shall be of metal. + +(c) The switch contacts shall be directly opened +mechanically. + +2.25.3.2 Where Required and Function. Final terminal +stopping devices shall be provided and arranged to +cause the electric power to be removed automatically +from the elevator driving-machine motor and brake after +the car has passed a terminal landing. + +The device shall be set to function as close to the +terminal landing as practicable, but so that under normal +operating conditions it will not function when the car +is stopped by the normal terminal stopping device. + +Where spring buffers are provided, the device shaU +function before the buffer is engaged. + +The device shall be so designed and installed that it +will continue to function + +(a) at the top terminal landing, until the car has trav- +eled above this landing a distance equal to the coimter- +weight runby plus 1.5 times the buffer stroke, but in no +case less than 0.6 m (2 ft) + +(b) at the bottom terminal landing, until the car rests +on its fully compressed buffer + +The operation of final terminal stopping devices shall +prevent movement of the car by the normal operating +devices in both directions of travel. + +2.25.3.3 Location. Final terminal stopping devices +shall be located as specified in 2.25.3.3.1 and 2.25.3.3.2. + + + +2.25.3.3.1 Traction machine elevators shall have +final terminal stopping switches located in the hoistway +and operated by cams attached to the car. + +2.25.3.3.2 Winding drum machine elevators shall +have two sets of final terminal stopping switches, one +located on and operated by the driving machine, and +the other located in the hoistway and operated by cams +attached to the car (see 2.25.3.5). + +2.25.3.4 Controller Switches Controlled by Final Ter- +minal Stopping Device. The normal and final terminal +stopping devices shall not control the same controller +switches unless two or more separate and independent +switches are provided, two of which shall be closed to +complete the driving-machine motor and brake circuit +in either direction of travel. + +Where a two- or three-phase AC driving-machine +motor is used, these switches shall be of the multipole +type. + +The control shall be so designed and installed that a +single ground or short circuit may permit either, but not +prevent both, the normal or final stopping device circuits +from stopping the car. + +2.25.3.5 Additional Requirements for Winding Drum +Machines. Final terminal stopping devices for winding- +drum machines shall conform to 2.25.3.5.1 through +2.25.3.5.3. + +2.25.3.5.1 Stopping switches, located on and oper- +ated by the driving machine, shall not be driven by +chains, ropes, or belts. + +2.25.3.5.2 Where a two- or three-phase AC driv- +ing-machine motor is used, the mainline circuit to the +driving-machine motor and the circuit of the driving- +machine brake coil shall be directly opened either by +the contacts of the machine stop switch or by stopping +switches mounted in the hoistway and operated by a +cam attached to the car. The opening of these contacts +shall occur before or coincident with the opening of the +final terminal stopping switch required by 2.25.3.2. + +2.25.3.5.3 Driving machines equipped with a +direct-current brake and having a DC mainline control +switch in the driving-machine motor circuit controlled +by a final terminal stopping switch located in the +hoistway and operated by a cam attached to the car +need not conform to 2.25.3.5.2. This does not eliminate +the need for a machine-operated switch. + +2.25.4 Emergency Terminal Stopping Means + +2.25.4.1 Emergency Terminal Speed Limiting Device. + +Emergency terniinal speed-limiting devices shall be +installed on all elevators where reduced stroke buffers +are used (see 2.22.4.1.2 and 2.26.2.12), and shall conform +to 2.25.4.1.1 through 2.25.4.1.9. + + + +82 + + + +2.25.4.1.1-2.26.1A1 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.25.4.1.1 The operation of the emergency termi- +nal speed-limiting devices shall be entirely independent +of the operation of the normal terminal stopping device. +The emergency terminal speed-limiting device shall +automatically reduce the car and counterweight speed +by removing power from the driving-machine motor +and brake, such that the rated buffer striking speed is +not exceeded if the normal terminal stopping device +fails to slow down the car at the terminal as intended. + +2.25.4.1.2 The car speed sensing device shall be +independent of the normal speed control system. + +2.25.4.1 .3 The emergency terminal speed-limiting +device shall provide a retardation not in excess of 9.81 +m/s^ (32.2 ft/s^). + +2.25.4.1 .4 The emergency terminal speed-limiting +devices shall not apply the car safety. + +2.25.4.1.5 The emergency terminal speed-limiting +devices shall be so designed and installed that a single +short circuit caused by a combination of grounds, or by +other conditions, shall not render the device ineffective. + +2.25.4.1.6 The emergency terminal speed-limiting +devices shall be located on the car, in the hoistway, or +a machinery space, machine room, control space, or con- +trol room, and shall be operated by the movement of +the car. + +2.25.4.1 .7 Mechanically operated switches, where +located on the car or in the hoistway, shall conform to + +2.25.3.1. + +2.25.4.1.8 Where the operation of emergency ter- +minal-speed-limiting devices is dependent on car posi- +tion relative to the terminal landings + +(a) friction or traction drives shall not be used + +(b) if tape, chain, or rope is used for connection to +the car, a switch shall be provided to remove electrical +power from the driving-machine motor and brake +should this cormection fail (see 2.26.2.6) + +2.25.4.1.9 Where magnetically operated, optical, +or solid-state devices are used for position sensing, a +single short circuit caused by a combination of grounds +or by other conditions, or the failure of any single mag- +netically operated, optical, or soUd-state device shall not + +(a) render the emergency terminal speed-limiting +device inoperative + +(b) permit the car to restart after a normal stop + +2.25.4.2 Emergency Terminal Stopping Device. Eleva- +tors with static control and rated speeds over 1 m/s +(200 ft/min) shall be provided with an emergency termi- +nal stopping device that will cause power to be removed +from the driving-machine motor and brake should the +normal stopping means and the normal terminal stop- +ping device fail to cause the car to slow down at the +terminal as intended. + + + +The emergency terminal stopping device shall func- +tion independently of the normal terminal stopping +device and the normal speed control system. + +Elevators with static generator-field control that use +the normal terminal stopping device to limit the genera- +tor-field current directly, or elevators that have an emer- +gency terminal speed-limiting device that complies with +2.25.4.1, are not required to have an emergency terminal +stopping device. + +SECTION 2.26 +OPERATING DEVICES AND CONTROL EQUIPMENT + +2.26.1 Operation and Operating Devices + +2.26.1.1 Types of Operating Devices. All operating +devices shall be of the enclosed electric tj^e. + +Rope or rod operating devices actuated directly by +hand, or rope operating devices actuated by wheels, +levers, or cranks, shall not be used. + +2.26.1.2 For Car-Switch Operation Elevators. Handles +of lever-type operating devices of car-switch operation +elevators shall be so arranged that they will return to +the stop position and latch there automatically when +the hand of the operator is removed. + +2.26.1.3 Additional Operating Devices for Elevators +Equipped to Carry One-Piece Loads Greater Than the +Rated Load. Elevators equipped to carry one-piece loads +greater than their rated load shall be provided with an +additional operating device of the continuous-pressure +t)^e to operate the elevator at a speed not exceeding +0.75 m/s (150 ft/min) under such conditions. The nor- +mal operating devices shall be inoperative during such +operation (see 2.16.7.10). + +2.26.1.4 Inspection Operation. See Appendix R, Table +R-1. + +2.26.1.4.1 General Requirements + +(a) Operating Devices + +(1) Operating devices for inspection operation shall +be provided + +(a) on the top of the car + +(b) at the inspection and test panel when required +by 2.7.6.5.2(h) + +(2) Operating devices for inspection operation shall +also be permitted + +(a) in the car + +(b) in a machinery space outside the hoistway + +(c) in a machine room + +(d) in a control space outside the hoistway + +(e) in a control room + +(f) in the pit in accordance with 2.7.5.2.2 + +(g) at a working platform in accordance with +2.7.5.3.6 + + + +83 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.26.1.4.1-2.26.1.4.4 + + + +(b) A switch for transferring control of the elevator +to the operating devices for inspection operation shaU +be provided, which shall + +(1) be manually operated + +(2) be labeled "INSPECTION" + +(3) have two positions, labeled "INSPECTION" or +"INSP" and "NORMAL" or "NORM" + +(4) when in the "INSPECTION" position + +(a) enable inspection operation by means of the +inspection operating devices + +(b) except as provided, in 2.26.1.4.2(f), cause the +movement of the car to be solely under the control of +the inspection operating devices through a contact that +shall be positively opened mechanically and whose +opening shall not depend solely on springs + +(c) disable automatic power door opening and +closing and car leveling, except as provided in +2.26.1.4.2(f) + +(5) when in the "NORMAL" position, disable +inspection operation by means of the inspection +operating devices + +(c) Inspection operating devices shall + +(1) be of the continuous-pressure type + +(2) be labeled "UP" and "DOWN," respectively + +(d) Inspection operation shall conform to the fol- +lowing: + +(1) the speed of the car shall not exceed 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min) + +(2) be subject to the electrical protective devices +required by 2.26.2, except as permitted by 2.26.1.5 + +(3) fully closed doors shall be permitted to be held +in the closed position with power applied + +(e) Inspection operation shall be used only by elevator +personnel. + +2.26.1.4.2 Top-of-Car Bnspection Operataora. Top-of- +car inspection operation shall conform to 2.26.1.4.1 and +the following: + +(a) A stop switch (see 2.26.2.8) shall be permanently +located on the car top and readily accessible to a person, +while standing at the hoistway entrance normally used +for access to the car top. + +(b) The transfer switch [see 2.26.1.4.1(b)] shall be +located on the car top and shall be so designed as to +prevent accidental transfer from the "INSPECTION" to +"NORMAL" position. + +(c) A separate device of the continuous-pressure type +labeled "ENABLE" shall be provided adjacent to the +inspection operating devices. + +(d) The inspection operating devices shall become +effective only when the "ENABLE" device is activated. + +(e) The inspection operating devices [see +2.26.1.4.1(c)], shall be permitted to be of the portable +type, provided that + +(1) the "ENABLE" device [see 2.26.1.4.2(c)], and a +stop switch, in addition to the stop switch required in + + + +2.26.1.4.2(a) are included in the portable imit + +(2) the flexible cord is permanently attached so that +the portable unit cannot be detached from the car top + +(/) Separate additional devices of the continuous- +pressure type shall be permitted to be provided on the +car top to make power door opening and closing and +automatic car leveling operative from the top of the car +for testing purposes. + +(g) When on top-of-car inspection operation, a sepa- +rate additional device shall be permitted to render inef- +fective the top final terminal-stopping device, and the +buffer switch for gas spring return counterweight oil +buffers, in conformance with the requirements of +2.26.4.3, 2.26.9.3(a), and 2.26.9.4, and it shall allow the +car to be moved to a position in coi\formance with the +requirements of 2.7.4.5 and 2.7.5.1.3(c). + +2,26.1.4.3 In-Car inspection Operation. When in- +car inspection operation is provided, it shall conform to +2.26.1.4.1, and the transfer switch [see 2.26.1.4.1(b)] + +(a) shall be located in the car. + +(b) shall be key-operated or placed behind a locked +cover. Keys to operate or access the switch shall be Group +1 Security (see 8.1). + +(c) shall be rendered ineffective if top-of-car inspec- +tion operation is activated. + +(d) when in the "INSPECTION" position, shaU not +enable hoistway access switch(es). A third switch posi- +tion shall be permitted to enable the hoistway access +switches [see 2.12.7.3.3(a)]. + +2.26>,1AA Machinery Space Outside the Hoistway, +Machine Room, Control Space Outside the Hoistway, Con- +trol Room, Pit, Landing, and Working Platform Inspection +Operations. Where inspection operation in a machinery +space outside the hoistway, machine room, control space +outside the hoistway, control room, pit, or at an inspec- +tion and test panel, or a working platform is provided, +it shall conform to 2.26.1.4.1 and the following: + +(a) The transfer switch [see 2.26.1.4.1(b)] shall be + +(1) located in the pit, where provided in accordance +with 2.7.5.2.2 (Pit Inspection Operation) + +(2) located in the inspection and test panel as +required by 2.7.6.5.2(h) (Landing Inspection Operation) + +(3) located in the machinery space outside the +hoistway, machine room, control space outside the +hoistway, or control room, as applicable + +(4) located at a working platform where required +by 2.7.5.3.6 (Working Platform Inspection Operation) + +(5) rendered ineffective if top-of-car inspection +operation, in-car inspection operation, or hoistway +access operation is activated, or when a car door or +hoistway door bypass switch is in the "BYPASS" +position + +(b) Only one mode of the inspection operation as +described in 2.26.1.4.4(a)(1) through (4) shall be permit- +ted to be operative at any time. If more than one inspec- +tion operation transfer switch, as permitted in + + + +84 + + + +2.26.1.4.4-2.26.1.6.7 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.26.1.4.4(a)(1) through (4), is in the "INSPECTION" +position, the controls shall prevent operation of the car +from any location as described in 2.26.1.4.4(a)(1) +through (4). + +(c) Pit inspection operation where provided shall also +conform to 2.26.1.4.2(c) and (d). When the pit transfer +switch is in the "INSPECTION" position, the controls +shall prevent operation of the car when any inspection +transfer switch, other than that in the pit, is in the +"INSPECTION" position, or when hoistway access oper- +ation is enabled. + +(d) Where inspection operation from a working plat- +form is provided and the working platform transfer +switch is in the "INSPECTION" position, the controls +shall prevent operation of the car when any other inspec- +tion transfer switch, other than that at the working plat- +form, is in the "INSPECTION" position, or when +hoistway access operation is enabled. + +2.26.1.5 Inspection Operation With Open Door Cir- +cuits. A single set of switches marked "CAR DOOR +BYPASS" and "HOISTWAY DOOR BYPASS" shaU be +provided in the elevator controller enclosure containing +the car door and gate electric contact circuits and +hoistway door interlock and hoistway door electric con- +tact circuits (see 2.26.2.14 and 2.26.2.15); except where +the switches are not accessible from outside the +hoistway, they shaU be located in the inspection and test +panel (see 2.7.6.5). The switches shall prepare the control +system so that, only when top-of-car or in-car inspection +operation is activated, the car shall be permitted to be +moved with open door contacts. The switches shall con- +form to 2.26.1.5.1 through 2.26.1.5.8. + +2.26.1.5.1 They shaU have contacts that are posi- +tively opened mechanically, when switching to either +"BYPASS" or "OFF" positions, and their opening shall +not be solely dependent on springs. + +2.26.1 .5.2 The positions of the "BYPASS" switches +shaU be clearly marked "BYPASS" and "OFF." + +2.26.1.5.3 The related circuits shaU comply with +2.26.9.3 and 2.26.9.4. + +2.26.1 .5.4 When either or both of the switches are +in the "BYPASS" position, all means of operation shall be +made inoperative except top-of-car and in-car inspection +operation [see also 2.26.1.4.4(c) and (d)]. + +2.26.1.5.5 When the "CAR-DOOR BYPASS" +switch is in the "BYPASS" position, it shaU permit top- +of-car and in-car inspection operation with open car +door (or gate) contacts. + +2.26.1.5.6 When the "HOISTWAY DOOR +BYPASS" switch is in the "BYPASS" position, it shall +permit top-of-car and in-car inspection operation with +open hoistway door interlocks or contacts. + + + +2.26.1.5.7 Each of the "BYPASS" switches shaU +be permitted to be replaced by a set of switches used +to bypass individual groups of door contacts. Each +switch in this set shall be marked to identify the specific +door contacts bypassed. + +2.26.1.5.8 A warning sign shall be mounted adja- +cent to the "BYPASS" switches stating, "Jim\pers shaU +not be used to bypass hoistway door or car door electric +contacts." + +2.26.1.6 Operation in Leveling or Truck Zone. Opera- +tion of an elevator in a leveling or truck zone at any +landing by a car leveling or truck zoning device, when +the hoistway doors, or the car doors or gates, or any +combination thereof, are not in the closed position, is +permissible, subject to the requirements of 2.26.1.6.1 +through 2.26.1.6.7. + +2.26.1.6.1 Operating devices of manually oper- +ated car leveling devices or truck zoning devices shall +be of the continuous-pressure type and located in the car. + +2.26.1.6.2 Car platform guards, conforming to +2.15.9, shall be provided. Where a car leveling device is +used, landing siU guards, conforming to 2.11.12.7, shall +also be provided. + +2.26.1.6.3 The leveling zone at any landing shall +not extend more than 450 nun (18 in.) above and below +any landing where an automatic leveling device is used, +and not more than 250 mm (10 in.) above and below +any landing where a manually operated leveling device +is used. + +2.26.1.6.4 The truck zone at any landing shall not +extend more than 1 700 mm (67 in.) above the landing. + +2.26.1.6.5 Where a truck or leveling zone for one +hoistway entrance extends into the door interlocking +zone for a second entrance, the truck zoning or leveling +operation shall be inoperative unless the hoistway door +at the second entrance is in the closed position. + +Where a truck or leveling zone for one hoistway +entrance extends into the leveling zone for a second +entrance, the leveling operation for the second entrance +shall be inoperative while the hoistway door at the first +entrance is open. + +2.26.1.6.6 A leveling or truck-zoning device shall +not move the car at a speed exceeding 0.75 m/s +(150 ft/min). + +For elevators with static control, an independent +means shall be provided to hmit the leveling speed to +a maximum of 0.75 m/s (150 ft/min) with the doors +open, should the normal means to control this speed +(mechanical, electrical, or solid state devices) fail to +do so. + +2.26.1.6.7 For elevators with static control, an +inner landing zone extending not more than 75 mm + + + +85 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.26.1.6.7-2.26.2.18 + + + +(3 in.) above and 75 mm (3 in.) below the landing shall +be provided. A car shall not move if it stops outside of +the inner landing zone unless the doors are fully closed. + +2.26.2 Electrical Protective Devices + +When an electrical protective device is activated +(operated, opened), it shall cause the electric power to +be removed from the elevator driving machine motor +and brake. [See also 2.26.3, 2.26.4.3, 2.26.4.4, 2.26.7, +2.26.8.3(c), 2.26.9.3, and 2.26.9.4]. Electrical protective +devices shall be provided as specified in 2.26.2.1 through +2.26.2.37. + +2.26.2.1 Slack-Rope Switcli. Winding drum machines +shall be provided with a slack-rope device equipped +with a slack-rope switch of the enclosed manually reset +type. This switch shall operate whenever the ropes +are slack. + +2.26.2.2 Motor-Generator Running Switch. Where +generator-field control is used, means shall be provided +to prevent the application of power to the elevator driv- +ing machine motor and brake unless the motor generator +set connections are properly switched for the running +condition of the elevator. It is not required that the elec- +trical connections between the elevator driving machine +motor and the generator be opened in order to remove +power from the elevator motor. + +2.26.2.3 Compensating-Rope Sheave Switch. Com- +pensating-rope sheaves shall be provided with a com- +pensating-rope sheave switch or switches mechanically +opened by the compensating-rope sheave before the +sheave reaches its upper or lower limit of travel. + +2.26.2.4 Motor Field Sensing Means. Where direct +current is supplied to an armature and shunt field of an +elevator driving-machine motor, a motor field current +sensing means shall be provided, which shall cause the +electric power to be removed from the driving-machine +motor armature, and brake unless current is flowing in +the shunt field of the motor, except for static control +elevators provided with a device to detect an overspeed +condition prior to, and independent of, the operation of +the governor overspeed switch. This device shall cause +power to be removed from the elevator driving-machine +motor armature and machine brake. + +2.26.2.5 Emergency Stop Switch. An emergency stop +switch shall not be provided on passenger elevators. On +all freight elevators, an emergency stop switch shall be +provided in the car, and located in or adjacent to each +car operating panel. + +When open ("STOP" position), this switch shall cause +the electric power to be removed from the elevator driv- +ing-machine motor and brake. + +Emergency stop switches shall + +(a) be of the manually opened and closed type + +(b) have red operating handles or buttons + + + +(c) be conspicuously and permanently marked +"STOP," and shaU indicate the "STOP" and "RUN" posi- +tions + +(d) while opened, cause the audible device to sound +(see 2.27.1.2) + +NOTE (2.26.2.5): See 2.26.2.21 for in-car stop switch reqixirements +for passenger elevators. + +2.26.2.6 Brolcen Rope, Tape, or Chain Switches. The + +switch or switches that shall be opened by a failure of +a rope, tape, or chain, shall be provided when required +by 2.25.2.3.2 or 2.25.4.1.8(b). + +2.26.2.7 Stop Switch in Pit. A stop switch conforming +to 2.26.2.5(a), (b), (c) shall be provided in the pit of every +elevator (see 2.2.6). + +2.26.2.8 Stop Switch on Top of Car. A stop switch +conforming to 2.26.2.5(a), (b), and (c) shall be provided +on the top of every elevator car. + +2.26.2.9 Car Safety Mechanism Switch. A switch, con- +forming to 2.17.7 shall be required where a car safety is +provided. + +2.26.2.10 Speed-Governor Overspeed Switch. A + +speed-governor overspeed switch shall be provided +when required by 2.18.4.1 and shall conform to 2.18.4.1.2, +2.18.4.2, and 2.18.4.3. + +2.26.2.11 Final Terminal Stopping Devices. Final ter- +minal stopping devices, conforming to 2.25.3, shall be +provided for every electric elevator. + +2.26.2.12 Emergency Terminal Speed Limiting +Devices. Where reduced-stroke oil buffers are provided, +as permitted by 2.22.4.1.2, emergency terminal speed- +limiting devices conforming to 2.25.4.1 shall be pro- +vided. + +2.26.2.13 Buffer Switches for Oil Buffers Used With +Type C Car Safeties. Oil level and compression switches +conforming to 2.17.8.2.7 and 2.17.8.2.8 shall be provided +for aU oil buffers used with Type C safeties (see 2.17.5.3). + +2.26.2.14 Hoistway Door Interloclcs and Hoistway +Door Electric Contacts. Hoistway door interlocks or +hoistway door electric contacts conforming to 2.12 shall +be provided for all elevators. + +2.26.2.15 Car Door and Gate Electric Contacts. Car + +door or gate electric contacts, corvforming to 2.14.4.2, +shall be provided for all elevators; except when car door +interlock, conforming to 2.26.2.28 is provided. + +2.26.2.16 Emergency Terminal Stopping Devices. + +Emergency terminal stopping devices conforming to +2.25.4.2 shall be provided for aU elevators where static +control is used, imless exempted by 2.25.4.2. + +2.26.2.18 Car Top Emergency Exit Electrical Device. + +An electrical device conforming to 2.14.1.5.1(f) shall be +provided on the car top emergency exit cover. + + + +86 + + + +2.26.2.19-2.26.4.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.26.2.19 Motor-Generator Overspeed Protection. + +Means shall be provided to cause the electric power to +be removed automatically from the elevator driving- +machine motor and brake should a motor-generator set, +driven by a DC motor, overspeed excessively. + +2.26.2.20 Electric Contacts for Hinged Car Platform + +Sills. Hinged car platform sills, where provided, shall +be equipped with electric contacts conforming to 2.15.16. + +2.26.2.21 in-Car Stop Switch. On passenger elevators, +a stop switch, either key operated or behind a locked +cover, shall be provided in the car and located in or +adjacent to the car operating panel. The key shall be +Group 1 Security (see 8.1). + +The switch shaU be clearly and permanently marked +"STOP" and shaU indicate the "STOP" and "RUN" posi- +tions. + +When opened ("STOP" position), this switch shall +cause the electric power to be removed from the elevator +driving-machine motor and brake. + +2.26.2.22 Buffer Switches for Gas Spring-Return Oil + +Buffers. Buffer switches conforming to 2.22.4.5(c) shall +be provided. + +2.26.2.23 Stop Switch in Remote iVlachine and Control +Rooms. A stop switch conforming to 2.26.2.5(a), (b), and +(c) shall be provided in remote machine and control +rooms where required by 2.7.8. + +2.26.2.24 Stop Switch for IVIachinery Spaces and Con- +trol Spaces. A stop switch conforming to 2.26.2.5(a), (b), +and (c) shall be provided where required by 2.7.3.5. + +2.26.2.25 Blind Hoistway Emergency Door Locicing +Device. A locking device corvforming to 2.11.1.2(e) shaU +be provided on every emergency door in a blind +hoistway. + +2.26.2.26 Pit Access Door Electric Contact. An electric +contact shaU be provided on each pit access door where +required by 2.2.4.4. + +2.26.2.27 Stop Switch in Remote Counterweight +Hoistways. A stop switch conforming to 2.26.2.5(a), (b), +and (c) shall be provided in the remote counterweight +hoistway where required by 2.3.3.3. + +2.26.2.28 Car Door Interlocli. An interlock conform- +ing to 2.14.4.2 shall be provided where required by +2.14.4.2.1. + +2.26.2.29 Ascending Car Overspeed Protection +Device. An overspeed device shall be provided when +required by 2.19.1 and shall meet the requirements of +2.19.1.2(a). + +2.26.2.30 Unintended Car Movement Device. An + +unintended car movement device shall be provided +when required by 2.19.2 and shall meet the requirements +of 2.19.2.2(a). Where generator-field control is used, this + + + +electrical protective device shall also cause the power +to be removed from the drive motor of the motor-genera- +tor set. + +2.26.2.31 Car Access Panel Loclcing Device. A locking +device conforming to 2.14.2.6 shall be provided where +reqmred by 2.14.2.6(e). + +2.26.2.32 Hoistway Access Opening Locking Device. + +Access openings in the hoistway shall be provided with +a locking device where required by 2.11.1.4. + +2.26.2.33 Firefighter's Stop Switch. A firefighter's +stop switch that conforms to the requirements of +2.26.2.5(a), (b), and (c) shall be provided where required +by 2.27.3.3.1(m). + +2.26.2.34 Unexpected Car Movement Device. An + +unexpected car movement device shall be provided +where required by 2.7.5.1.2(c). This requirement shall be +permitted to be satisfied by another device specified in +2.26.2, provided that the means required by 2.7.5.1.1 +actuates the electrical device. + +2.26.2.35 Equipment Access Panel Electrical Device. + +An electric contact on equipment access panels in the +car shall be provided where required by 2.7.5.1.4 or +2.14.2.2(g). + +2.26.2.36 Working Platform Electrical Device. An elec- +tric contact conforming to 2.14.4.2.3(b), (c), and (e) shall +be provided where required by 2.7.5.3.1. + +2.26.2.37 Retractable Stop Electrical Device. An elec- +tric contact conforming to 2.14.4.2.3(b), (c), and (e) shall +be provided where required by 2.7.5.5(a). + +2.26.3 Contactors and Relays for Use in Critical +Operating Circuits + +Where electromechanical contactors or relays are pro- +vided to fulfill the requirements of 2.26.8.2, and 2.26.9.3 +through 2.26.9.7, they shall be considered to be used in +critical operating circuits. If contact(s) on these electro- +mechanical contactors or relays are used for monitoring +purposes, they shall be prevented from changing state +if the contact(s) utilized in a critical operating circuit +fail to open in the intended manner. The ability of the +monitoring contact(s) to perform this fimction shall not +be solely dependent upon springs. + +2.26.4 Electrical Equipment and Wiring + +2.26.4.1 All electrical equipment and wiring shaU +conform to NFPA 70 or CSA C22.1, whichever is applica- +ble (see Part 9). + +2.26.4.2 Drive-machine controllers, logic controllers, +and operating devices accessory thereto for starting, +stopping, regulating, controlling, or protecting electric +motors, generators, or other equipment shall be listed/ +certified and labeled/marked to the requirements of +CAN/CSA-B44.1/ASME A17.5. + + + +87 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.26.4.3-2.26.9.3 + + + +2.26.43 The devices covered by 2.26.2 shall have +contacts that are positively opened mechanically; their +opening shall not be solely dependent on springs. Excep- +tions are devices described by 2.26.2.4, 2.26.2.19, +2.26.2.29, and 2.26.2.30; and 2.26.2.12 and 2.26.2.16 where +magnetically operated, optical, or static-type switches +are used. + +2.26.4.4 Control equipment shall be tested in accor- +dance with the testing requirements of EN 12016 by +exposing it to interference levels at the test values speci- +fied for "safety circuits." The interference shall not cause +any of the conditions described in 2.26.9.3(a) through (e) +and shall not cause the car to move while on inspection +operation. + +If enclosure doors or suppression equipment must +remain installed to meet the above requirements, warn- +ing signs to that effect shaU be posted on the control +equipment. + +2.26.4.5 In jurisdictions enforcing CSA C22.1, power +supply line discoimecting means, shall not be opened +automatically by a fire alarm system. + + + +2.26.5 System to +Operation ©f the El®vat@r Witli Faulty Do©r +Contact Circuits + +Means shall be provided to monitor the position of +power-operated car doors that are mechanically coupled +with the landing doors while the car is in the landing +zone, in order + +(a) to prevent the operation of the car if the car door +is not closed (see 2.14.4.11), regardless whether the por- +tion of the circuits incorporating the car door contact or +the interlock contact of the landing door coupled with +car door, or both, are closed or open, except as permitted +in 2.12.7, 2.26.1.5, and 2.26.1.6 + +(b) to prevent, except as permitted in 2.26.1.5, the +power closing of the doors if the car door is fuUy open +and any of the following conditions exist: + +(1) the car door contact is closed or the portion of +the circuit, incorporating this contact is bypassed + +(2) the interlock contact of the landing door that is +coupled to the opened car door is closed or the portion +of the circuit, incorporating this contact is bypassed + +(3) the car door contact and the interlock contact +of the door that is coupled to the opened car door are +closed, or the portions of the circuits incorporating these +contacts are bypassed + +2.26.6 Phase Prote£ti®n ©f Motors + +Elevators having a polyphase AC power supply shall +be provided with means to prevent the starting of the +elevator drive motor or door motor if a reversal of phase +rotation, or phase failure of the incoming polyphase AC +power, wiU cause the elevator car or elevator door(s) to +operate in the wrong direction. + + + +2.26.7 installation of Capacitors or Other Devices to +Mafce Electrical Protective Devices DnefFective + +The installation of capacitors or other devices, the +operation or failure of which will cause an unsafe opera- +tion of the elevator, is prohibited. + +No permanent device that wiU make any required +electrical protective device ineffective shall be installed +except as provided in 2.7.6.5.2(h), 2.12.7.1, 2.26.1.4.2(g), +2.26.1.5, 2.26.1.6, and 2.27.3.1.6(c) (see 8.6.1.6.1). + +2.26.8 Release and Application of Driving-Machine + +Brakes + +2.26.8.1 Driving-machine brakes shall not be electri- +cally released until power has been applied to the driv- +ing machine motor except as permitted by 2.7.6.4.3. + +2.26.8.2 Two devices shall be provided to indepen- +dently remove power from the brake. If the brake circuit +is imgrounded, all power feed lines to the brake shall +be opened. + +2.26.8.3 The brake shall apply automatically when +(a) the operating device of a car switch or continuous- +pressure operation elevator is m the stop position; + +(h) a normal stopping means functions + +(c) any electrical protective device is activated + +(d) there is a loss of power to the driving machine +brake + +2.26.8.4 The application of the brake shall be permit- +ted to occur on or before the completion of the slowdown +and leveling operations, under conditions described in +2.26.8.3(a) and (b). + +2.26.8.5 The brake shall not be permanently con- +nected across the armature or field of a direct-current +elevator driving-machine motor. + +2.26.9 Control and Operating Circuits + +The design and installation of the control and +operating circuits shall conform to 2.26.9.1 through +2.26.9.8. + +2.26.9.1 If springs are used to actuate switches, con- +tactors, or relays to break the circuit to stop an elevator +at the terminal landings, they shall be of the compres- +sion type. + +2.26.9.2 The completion or maintenance of an elec- +tric circuit shall not be used to interrupt the power to the +elevator driving-machine motor or brake at the terminal +landings, nor to stop the car when any of the electrical +protective devices (see 2.26.2) operate. Requirement +2.26.9.2 does not apply to dynamic braking, nor to speed +control switches. + +2.26.9.3 The occurrence of a single ground or the +failure of any single magnetically operated switch, con- +tactor, or relay, or any single device that limits the level- +ing or truck zone, or any single solid state device; or a +software system failure, shall not + + + +2.26.9.3-2.26.9.8 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +(a) render any electrical protective device ineffective +(see 2.26.2) + +(h) permit the car to move beyond the leveling or +truck zone if any hoistway door interlock is imlocked +or if any hoistway door or car door or gate electric +contact is not in the closed position (see 2.26.1.6) + +(c) permit speeds in excess of those specified in +2.12.7.3.2, 2.26.1.4.1(d)(1), 2.26.1.5.10(b), and 2.26.1.6.6 + +(d) permit the car to revert to normal operation when +the electrical contact required by 2.7.5.2.1(b)(3) is in the +open position, or the electrical device as permitted in +2.7.5.5(b) is activated, or on hoistway access switch oper- +ation (see 2.12.7.3), or on inspection operation (see +2.26.1.4), or on bypass operation (see 2.26.1.5) + +(e) continue to make ineffective any hoistway-door +interlock or car door or gate electric contact when either +a hoistway access switch (see 2.12.7.3) or a "BYPASS" +switch (see 2.26.1.5) is turned to the "OFF" position. + +2.26.9.4 Redundant devices used to satisfy 2.26.9.3 +in the determination of the occurrence of a single +ground, or the failure of any single magnetically oper- +ated switch, contactor or relay, or of any single solid +state device, or any single device that limits the leveling +or truck zone, or a software system failure, shall be +checked prior to each start of the elevator from a landing, +when on automatic operation. When a single ground or +failure, as specified in 2.26.9.3, occurs, the car shall not +be permitted to restart. Implementation of redundancy +by a software system is permitted, provided that the +removal of power from the driving-machine motor and +brake shall not be solely dependent on software-con- +trolled means. + +2.26.9.5 Except for elevators employing alternating- +current hoist motors driven from a direct-current source +through a static inverter (see 2.26.9.6), elevators with +driving motors employing static control without motor- +generator sets shall conform to 2.26.9.5.1 through +2.26.9.5.6. + +2.26.9.5.1 Two devices shall be provided to +remove power independently from the driving-machine +motor. At least one device shall be an electromechanical +contactor. + +2.26.9.5.2 The contactor shall be arranged to open +each time the car stops. + +2.26.9.5.3 The contactor shall cause the driving- +machine brake circuit to open. + +2.26.9.5.4 An additional contactor shall be pro- +vided to also open the driving-machine brake circuit. +This contactor is not required to have contacts in the +driving-machine motor circuit. + +2.26.9.5.5 The electrical protective devices +required by 2.26.2 shall control the solid state device + + + +and both contactors, except that leveling shall be permit- +ted to take place with power opening of doors and gates +in conformance with 2.13.2.1.1 and 2.13.2.2.1. + +2.26.9.5.6 After each elevator stop, the car shall +not respond to a signal to start imless both contactors +are in the de-energized position. + +2.26.9.6 Elevators employing alternating-current +driving motors driven from a direct-current power +source through a static inverter shall conform to +2.26.9.6.1 through 2.26.9.6.6. + +2.26.9.6.1 Two separate means shall be provided +to independently inhibit the flow of alternating-current +through the solid state devices that connect the direct- +current power source to the alternating-current driving +motor. At least one of the means shall be an electrome- +chanical relay. + +2.26.9.6.2 The relay shall be arranged to open each +time the car stops. + +2.26.9.6.3 The relay shall cause the driving- +machine brake circuit to open. + +2.26.9.6.4 An additional contactor shaU be pro- +vided to also open the driving-machine brake circuit. +This contactor is not required to have contacts in the +driving machine motor circuit. + +2.26.9.6.5 The electrical protective devices +required by 2.26.2 shall control both the means that +inhibit the flow of alternating current through the solid +state devices and the contactors in the brake circuit, +except that leveling shall be permitted to take place with +power opeiung of the doors and gates as restricted by +2.13.2.1.1 and 2.13.2.2.1. + +2.26.9.6.6 After each elevator stop, the car shaU +not respond to a signal to start unless the relay that +inhibits the flow of alternating current through the solid- +state devices, as well as the contactors in the brake cir- +cuit, are in the de-energized position. + +2.26.9.7 Where generator-field control is used, +means shaU be provided to prevent the generator from +building up and applying sufficient current to the eleva- +tor driving-machine motor to move the car when the +elevator motor control switches are in the "OFF" posi- +tion. The means used shall not interfere with mainte- +nance of an effective dynamic-braking circuit during +stopping and standstill conditions. + +2.26.9.8 The control circuits shall be so designed +and installed that the car speed in the down direction +with rated load in the car, under normal operating condi- +tions with the power supply on or off, shall not exceed +governor tripping speed, or 125% of rated speed, which- +ever is the lesser (see also 2.16.8). + + + +89 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.26.10-2.27.1.1.4 + + + +2.26.10 Absorption of Regenerated Power + +When a power source is used that, in itself, is incapable +of absorbing the energy generated by an overhauling +load, means for absorbing sufficient energy to prevent +the elevator from attaining governor tripping speed or +a speed in excess of 125% of rated speed, whichever is +less, shall be provided on the load side of each elevator +power supply line disconnecting means (see 2.16.8). + +2.26.11 Car Platform to Hoistway Door Sills Vertical +Distance + +Where ANSI/ICC A117.1 or ADAAG is not appHca- +ble, the vertical distance between the car platform sill +and the hoistway door siU on passenger elevators shall +be in accordance with the following: + +(a) it shall not exceed 13 mm (0.5 in.) on initial stop +at a landing + +(b) the car shall relevel if the vertical distance exceeds +25 mm (1 in.) while loading or unloading + +2.26.12 Symbols + +2.26.12.1 Where reference is made requiring word- +ing to designate a specific function, the symbols as +shown in Table 2.26.12.1 shall be substituted for, or used +in conjimction with, the required wording. + +2.26.12.2 The emergency stop switch shall have the +"STOP" and "RUN" positions conspicuously and per- +manently marked as required by 2.26.2.5(c). + +2.26.12.3 Where Braille is provided it shall conform +to the requirements in Table 2.26.12.1. + +NOTE (2.26.12): See also ANSI/ICC A117.1, ADAAG, and B44 +Appendix E. + +2.26.12.4 Identify "HELP" button [see 2.27.1.1.3(b)] +and visual indication [see 2.27.1.1.3(c)] with the phone +symbol. + + + +SECTION 2.27 +EMERGENCY OPERATION AND SIGNALING DEVICES + +NOTE (2.27): Additional reqviirements may be fo;md in the build- +ing code. + +2.27.1 Car Emergency Signaling Devices +2.27.1.1 Emergency Communications + +2.27.1.1.1 A two-way communications means +between the car and a location in the building, that is +readily accessible to authorized and emergency person- +nel shall be provided. + +2.27.1.1.2 When the two-way communications +location in the building is not staffed 24 h a day, by +authorized personnel who can take appropriate action. + + + +the means of two-way communications shall automati- +cally be directed within 30 s to an additional on- or off- +site location, staffed by authorized personnel, where an +appropriate response can be taken. + +2.27.1.1.3 The two-way communication means +within the car shall comply with the following require- +ments: + +(a) In jurisdictions enforcing NBCC, Appendix E of +CAN/CSA B44, or in jurisdictions not enforcing NBCC, +ICC/ANSI A117.1. + +(h) A push button to actuate the two-way conmiunica- +tion means shall be provided in or adjacent to a car +operating panel. The push button shall be visible and +permanently identified as "HELP." The identification +shall be on or adjacent to the "HELP" button. When +the push button is actuated, the emergency two-way +communication means shall initiate a call for help and +establish two-way communications. + +(c) A visual indication on the same panel as the +"HELP" push button shall be provided, which is acti- +vated by authorized persormel, to acknowledge that +two-way communications link has been established. The +visual indication shall be extinguished when the two- +way communication Hnk is terminated. + +(d) The two-way communication means shall provide +on demand to authorized persormel, information that +identifies the building location and elevator number and +that assistance is required. + +(e) After the call acknowledgement signals are sent +[2.27.1.1.3(c)], the two-way voice commimications shall +be available between the car and authorized persormel. + +(f) Tlie two-way communications, once established, +shall be disconnected only when authorized persormel +outside the car terminate the call. + +(g) The two-way communication means shall not use +a handset in the car. + +(h) The two-way communications shall not be trans- +nutted to an automated answering system. The call for +help shall be answered by authorized personnel. + +(i) Operating instructions shall be incorporated with +or adjacent to the "HELP" button. + +2.27.1.1.4 Where the elevator travel is 18 m (60 ft) +or more, a two-way voice communication means within +the building shall be provided and comply with the +following requirements: + +(a) The means shall enable emergency personnel +within the building to establish two-way voice commu- +nications to each car individually. Two-way voice com- +mimication shall be established without any intentional +delay and shall not require intervention by a person +within the car. The means shall override communica- +tions to outside of the building. + +(b) Two-way voice commimications, once established, +shall be disconnected only when emergency personnel +outside the car terminates the call. + + + +90 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +Table 2.26.12.1 Symbol Identification + + + +Function + + +Tactile Symbol + + +Braille Message +Where Provided + + +Proportions + +(Open Circles Indicate Unused Dots Within + +Each Braille Cell) + + +Door Open + + +i\> + + +• •• + +• • • + +• • • + +OP" EN" + + +r + + +-«-2.0nnm r— + +HI' ' + + +3.0 mm typical +between elements + + +A + + +LHttlKJ i + + +- + + +t : +F : + + +i::;;;;;;::i; + + +16.0 mm + + + + +|]]N|>||||||f[|| \ + + +c t + + + + +■■ + + + + + + +CN + + +0* ao ao i . _ + +•0*0 o* T — 4.8 mm + + +Rear/Side +Door Open + + +i>^ + + +• •• + +• • • + +• • • + +REAR/SIDE OP"EN" + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +^T-^i + + +■ + + +\^M-. + + +-■A:: + + + + +■'■■■-- + + +•0 •• oo +o« CO ao +•o ao oa + + +Door Close + + +►H + + +•• • • • • + +• • • • + +• • • + +CLOSE + + + + + + +ffl# + + +:;;;ii: + + +m + + +iii;: + + +:!f::: + + +:::::!: + + +•• oo ao o* ao +oo ao oa ao oa +oo ao ao ao oo + + +Rear/Side +Door Close + + +►4 + + +•• • • • • + +• • • • + +• • • + +REAR/SIDE CLOSE + + + + + + + + + + +::::::: + + +■::'\\\\ + + +:;i! :: + + +::::;!: + + +:i;:::: + + + + + + +:::!::: + + +:::!;:: + + + + +....i.. + + +•• ao ao oa ao +oo ao oa ao oa +oo ao ao ao oo + + +Main + + +• + + +• •• + +• + +• • + +MA" IN" + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +...ij.. + + +...!... + + + + + + +"::i:!v\iiiii i + + + + +niuj + + +•• 90 OO +OO OO o« + +•o OO eo + + +Alarm + + +4^ + + +• • • •• + +• • + +• • • + +AL"AR"IVI + + + + + + + + +, + + +r::::: + + + + +S::::: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +W:':':': + + + + + + +•O 90 + +88 :s + + +oa •• + +oa oo +ao ao + + +Phone + + +C + + +• •• • + +• •• • • + +• • + +PH"ONE" + + + + + + + + + + + + +::::!: + + +mmn + + +Illlllll + + +i:::::: + + + + + + + + + + +•• ao +(lO •» +ao oo + + +oo ao +oo ao + + +Emergency +Stop + + +o + + +• • •• + +• • +• • • + +"ST" OP + + + + + + + + +iiii:;: + + +;:?;;:: + + +:::!::: + + +:::i::: + + +oa a +oo +ao a + + +s:s + +ao + + + +91 + + + +ASMEA17.1S-2005 + + + +2.27.1.1.4-2.27.3 + + + +(c) Once the two-way voice communication has been +established, the visual indication [see 2.27.1.1.3(c)] +within the car shall illuminate. The visual indication +shall be extinguished when the two-way communication +is terminated. + +(d) Operating instructions shall be incorporated with +or adjacent to the two-way voice communication outside +the car. Instructions shall conform to 2.27.7.3. + +2.27.1.1.5 If the emergency communication +means is normally connected to the building's main +power supply, it shall automatically transfer to an alter- +nate source(s) of power when the normal power supply +fails. The alternate source(s) of power (standby, emer- +gency, etc.) shall be capable of providing power for illu- +mination of the visual indication [see 2.27.1.1.3(c)] +within the car, and the means of emergency conununica- +tions for at least 4 h; and the audible signaling device +(see 2.27.1.2) for at least 1 h. + +2.27.1.2 Emergency Stop Switch Audible Signal. + +When an emergency stop switch (2.26.2.5) is provided, +an audible signaling device shaU be provided. The audi- +ble signaling device shall + +(a) have a rated sound pressure rating of not less than +80 dBA nor greater than 90 dBA at 3 m (10 ft) + +(b) respond without delay after the switch has been +activated + +(c) be located inside the building and audible inside +the car and outside the hoistway + +(d) for elevators with a travel greater than 30 m +(100 ft), be duplicated as follows: + +(1) one device shall be mounted on the car + +(2) a second device shall be placed at the desig- +nated level + +2.27.2 Emergency or Standby Power System + +Where an emergency or standby power system is pro- +vided to operate an elevator in the event of normal +power supply failure, the requirements of 2.27.2.1 +through 2.27.2.5 shall be complied with. + +2.27.2.1 The emergency or standby power system +shall be capable of operating the elevator(s) with rated +load (see 2.16.8), at least one at a time, unless otherwise +required by the building code. + +2.27.2.2 The transfer between the normal and the +emergency or standby power system shall be automatic. + +2.27.2.3 An illuminated signal marked "ELEVATOR +EMERGENCY POWER" shall be provided in the eleva- +tor lobby at the designated level to indicate that the +normal power supply has failed and the emergency or +standby power is in effect. + +2.27.2.4 Where the emergency or standby power +system is not capable of operating all elevators simulta- +neously, requirements of 2.27.2.4.1 through 2.27.2.4.5 +shall be conformed to. + + + +2.27.2.4.1 A selector switch(es) marked "ELEVA- +TOR EMERGENCY POWER" in red lettering a mini- +mum of 5 mm (0.25 in.) in height, which is key-operated +or under a locked cover (see 2.27.8), shall be provided +to permit the selection of the elevator(s) to operate on +the emergency or standby power system. The key shall +be Group 3 Security (see 8.1). + +2.27.2.4.2 The selector switch(es) positions shall +be marked to correspond with the elevator identification +number (see 2.29) and a position marked "AUTO." + +2.27.2.4.3 The selector switch(es) shaU be located +at the designated level in view of aU elevator entrances, +or if located elsewhere means shall be provided adjacent +to the selector switch(es) to indicate that the elevator is +at the designated level with the doors in the normally +open position. + +2.27.2.4.4 When the selector switch is in the +"AUTO" position, automatic power selection shall be +provided, which will return each elevator that is not on +designated attendant operation, inspection operation or +Phase II In-Car Emergency Operation, one or more at a +time, to the recall level. Failure of the selected car to +move shall cause power to be transferred to another car. + +2.27.2.4.5 The selector switch(es) positions corres- +ponding to the elevator identification numbers (see +2.29.1) shall override the automatic power selection. +Operation of the selector switch(es) shall not cause +power to be removed from any elevator until the elevator +is stopped. + +NOTE (2.27.2.4): The selector switch(es) should normally be placed +in the "AUTO" position. + +2.27.2.5 When the emergency or standby power sys- +tem is designed to operate only one elevator at a time, +the energy absorption means (if required) shall be per- +mitted to be located on the supply side of the elevator +power disconnecting means, provided all other require- +ments of 2.26.10 are conformed to when operating any +of the elevators the power might serve. Other building +loads, such as power and lights that can be supplied by +the emergency or standby power system, shall not be +considered as a means of absorbing the regenerated +energy for the purposes of conforming to 2.26.10, unless +such loads are normally powered by the emergency or +standby power system. + +2.27.3 Firefighters' Emergency Operation: Automatic +Elevators + +Firefighters' Emergency Operation shall apply to all +automatic elevators except + +(a) where the hoistway or a portion thereof is not +required to be fire-resistive construction (see 2.1.1.1), the +travel does not exceed 2 000 mm (80 in.), and the +hoistway does not penetrate a floor + + + +92 + + + +2.27.3-2.27.3.1.6 + + + +ASMEA17.1S-2005 + + + +(b) in jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC where the +NBCC does not require Firefighters' Emergency Oper- +ation + +Where Firefighters' Emergency Operation is provided +voluntarily these requirements shall also apply. + +2.27.3.1 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation + +2.27.3.1.1 A three-position key-operated switch +shall be + +(a) provided only at the designated level for each +single elevator or for each group of elevators. + +(b) labeled "FIRE RECALL" and its positions marked +"RESET," "OFF," and "ON" (in that order), with the +"OFF" position as the center position. The "FIRE +RECALL" letters shall be a minimum of 5 mm (0.25 in.) +high in red or a color contrasting with a red background. + +(c) located in the lobby within sight of the elevator or +all elevators in that group and shall be readily accessible. + +2.27.3.1.2 An additional key-operated "FIRE +RECALL" switch, with two positions, marked "OFF" +and "ON" (in that order), shall be permitted only at the +building fire control station. + +2.27.3.1.3 The switch(es) shall be rotated clock- +wise to go from the "RESET" (designated level switch +only), to "OFF" to "ON" positions. Keys shall be remov- +able only in the "OFF" and "ON" positions. + +2.27.3.1.4 Only the "FIRE RECALL" switch(es) or +fire alarm initiating device located at floors that are +served by the elevator, or in the hoistway, or in an eleva- +tor machine room, or a control space, or a control room +(see 2.27.3.2) shall initiate Phase I Emergency Recall +Operation. + +2.27.3.1.5 AU "FIRE RECALL" switches shaU be +provided with an illuminated visual signal to indicate +when Phase I Emergency Recall Operation is in effect. + +2.27.3.1.6 When a "FIRE RECALL" switch is in +the "ON" position all cars controlled by the switch shall +operate as follows: + +(a) A car traveling towards the designated level shall +continue nonstop to the designated level and power- +operated doors shall open and remain open. + +On cars with two entrances, if both entrances can be +opened at the designated level, only the doors serving +the lobby where the "FIRE RECALL" switch is located +shall open and remain open. + +(b) A car traveling away from the designated level +shaU reverse at or before the next available landing with- +out opening its doors and proceed to designated level. + +(c) A stopped car shall have the in-car stop switch +(see 2.26.2.21) and the emergency stop switch in the car +(see 2.26.2.5) when provided, rendered inoperative as +soon as the car moves away from the landing. A moving +car shall have the in-car stop switch and the emergency + + + +stop switch in the car when provided, rendered inopera- +tive without delay. Once the emergency stop switch in +the car and the in-car stop switch have been rendered +inoperative, they shall remain inoperative while the car +is on Phase I Emergency Recall Operation. AU other stop +switches required by 2.26.2 shall remain operative. + +(d) A car standing at a landing other than the desig- +nated level, with the doors open and the in-car stop +switch and the emergency stop switch in the car when +provided, in the run position, shall conform to the fol- +lowing: + +(1) Elevators having automatic power-operated +horizontally sHding doors shall close the doors without +delay and proceed to the designated level. + +(2) Elevators having power-operated vertically +sliding doors provided with automatic or momentary +pressure closing operation per 2.13.3.4 shall have the +closing sequence initiated without delay in accordance +with 2.13.3.4.1, 2.13.3.4.2, 2.13.3.4.3, and 2.13.3.4.5, and +the car shaU proceed to the designated level. + +(3) Elevators having power-operated doors pro- +vided with continuous pressure closing operation (see +2.13.3.2), or elevators having manual doors, shaU be pro- +vided with a visual and audible signal system [see +2.27.3.1.6(h)] to alert an operator to close the doors and +shall, when the doors are closed, proceed to the desig- +nated level. Sequence operation, if provided, shall +remain effective. + +(e) Door reopening devices for power-operated doors +that are sensitive to smoke or flame shall be rendered +inoperative without delay. Door reopening devices not +sensitive to smoke or flame (e.g., mechanically actuated +devices) are permitted to remain operative. Door closing +for power-operated doors shall conform to 2.13.5. + +(f) All car and corridor call buttons shall be rendered +inoperative. All call-registered lights and directional lan- +terns shall be extinguished and remain inoperative. Car +position indicators, where provided, shall remain opera- +tive. Where provided, landing position indicators shall +be extinguished and remain inoperative, except at the +designated level and the building fire control station, +where they shall remain operative. + +(g) Where provided on elevators with vertically slid- +ing doors, corridor door open and door close buttons +shall remain operative. + +(h) An illuminated visual and audible signal system +shall be activated. The visual signal shall be one of the +symbols shown in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) and located on the +car-operating panel. The entire circular or square area +or the outline of the hat, or the outline of the area shown +in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) shall be illuminated. The visual sig- +nal shall remain activated untU the car is restored to +automatic operation. When the door is open, the audible +signal shall remain active until the door is closed. When +the door is closed, the audible signal shall remain active + + + +93 + + + +ASMEA17.1S-2005 + + + +2.27.3.1.6-2.27.3.2.3 + + + + +25 mm +(1 in.) +min. + + + + +GENERAL NOTE: Grid is for scaling purposes only. + +Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) Visual Signal + + + +for a miniinum of 5 s. The audible signal shall not be +active when the car is at the recall level. + +(i) A car stopped at a landing shall have the in-car +door open button rendered inoperative as soon as the +car moves away from the landing. The in-car door close +button shall remain inoperative when a car stops to +reverse direction. Once the in-car door open button has +been rendered inoperative, it shall remain inoperative +until the car has returned to the designated level. + +(;■; Where an additional "FIRE RECALL" switch is +provided, both "FIRE RECALL" switches shall be in the +"ON" position to recall the elevator to the designated +level if the elevator was recalled to the alternate level +(see 2.27.3.2.4). + +(k) To remove the elevator(s) from Phase I Emergency +Recall Operation, the "FIRE RECALL" switch shall be +rotated first to the "RESET," and then to the "OFF" +position, provided that + +(1) the additional two-position "FIRE RECALL" +switch, where provided, is in the "OFF" position + +(2) no fire alarm initiating device is activated (see +2.27.3.2). + +(/) Means used to remove elevators from normal oper- +ation, other than as specified in this Code, shall not +prevent Phase I Emergency Recall Operation. + +(m) No device, which measures load, shall prevent +operation of the elevator at or below the capacity and +loading required in 2.16. + +2.27.3.2 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation by Fire +Alarm Initiating Devices + +2.27.3.2.1 In jurisdictions not enforcing the +NBCC, fire alarm initiating devices used to initiate Phase +I Emergency Recall Operation shall be installed in con- +formance with the requirements of NFPA 72, and shall +be located + +(a) at each floor served by the elevator + +(b) in the associated elevator machine room, control +space, or control room + + + +(c) in the elevator hoistway, when sprinklers are +located in those hoistways + +2.27.3.2.2 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC, +automatic Emergency Recall Operation shall be permit- +ted when the following devices, complying with the +requirements in the NBCC, initiate the operation: + +(a) smoke detectors installed in each elevator lobby, +or the building fire alarm system + +(b) smoke detectors installed in the elevator lobby at +the designated level, if that floor area is not sprinklered +throughout + +(c) smoke detectors installed in the machine room, +control space, or control room, if such areas are provided +with sprinklers + +2.27.3.2.3 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation to +the designated level shall conform to the following: + +(a) The activation of a fire alarm initiating device +specified in 2.27.3.2.1 or 2.27.3.2.2(a) at any floor, other +than at the designated level, shall cause all elevators +that serve that floor, and any associated elevator of a +group automatic operation, to be returned nonstop to +the designated level. + +(b) The activation of a fire alarm initiating device +specified in 2.27.3.2.1(b) or 2.27.3.2.2(c) shall cause all +elevators having any equipment located in that machine +room, control space, or control room, and any associated +elevators of a group automatic operation, to be returned +nonstop to the designated level. If the machine room, +control space, or control room is located at the desig- +nated level, the elevator(s) shall be returned nonstop to +the alternate level. + +(c) The activation of a fire alarm initiating device spec- +ified in 2.27.3.2.1(c) shall cause all elevators having any +equipment in that hoistway, and any associated elevators +of a group automatic operation, to be returned nonstop +to the designated level, except that initiating device(s) +installed at or below the lowest landing of recall shall + + + +94 + + + +2.27.3.2.3-2.27.3.3.1 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +cause the car to be sent to the upper recall level. + +(d) The Phase I Emergency Recall Operation to the +designated level shall conform to 2.27.3.1.6(a) through +(m). + +2.27.3.2.4 Phase 1 Emergency Recall Operation to +an alternate level (see 1.3) shall conform to the following: + +(a) the activation of a fire alarm initiating device spec- +ified in 2.27.3.2.1(a) or 2.27.3.2.2(b) that is located at the +designated level, shall cause all elevators serving that +level to be recalled to an alternate level, unless Phase I +Emergency Recall is in effect + +(b) the requirements of 2.27.3.1.6(f), (j), and (m) + +(c) the requirements of 2.27.3.1.6(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), +(g), (h), (i), (k), and (1), except that all references to the +"designated level" shall be replaced with "alternate +level" + +2.27.3.2.5 The recall level shall be determined by +the first activated fire alarm initiating device for that +group (see 2.27.3.2.1 or 2.27.3.2.2). + +If the car(s) is recalled to the designated level by the +"FIRE RECALL" switch(es) [see also 2.27.3.1. 6(j)], the +recall level shall remain the designated level. + +2.27.3.2.6 When a fire alarm initiating device in +the machine room, control space, control room, or +hoistway initiates Phase 1 Emergency Recall Operation, +as required by 2.27.3.2.3 or 2.27.3.2.4, the visual signal +[see 2.27.3.1.6(h) and Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h)] shall illuminate +intermittently only in a car(s) with equipment in that +machine room, control space, control room, or hoistway. +When activated, a heat detector [2.27.3.2.1(d)] in the +machine room, control space, or control room shall cause +the visual signal [see 2.27.3.1.6(h) and Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h)] +to illuminate intermittently only in a car(s) with equip- +ment in that machine room, control space, or control +room. + +2.27.3.3 Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation. A + +three-position ("OFF," "HOLD," and "ON," in that +order) key-operated switch shall be labeled "FIRE +OPERATION"; provided in an operating panel in each +car; and shall be readily accessible. The label "FIRE +OPERATION" lettering shall be a minimum of 5 mm +(0.25 in.) high in red or a color contrasting with a red +background. It shall become effective only when Phase +I Emergency Recall Operation is in effect and the car +has been returned to the recall level. The switch shall +be rotated clockwise to go from "OFF" to "HOLD" to +"ON." + +The key shall only be removable in the "OFF" and +"HOLD" position. The "OFF," "HOLD," and "ON" posi- +tions shall not change the mode of operation within +Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation until the car is at +a landing with the doors in the normal open position, +except as required by 2.27.3.3.4. + + + +2.27.3.3.1 When the "FIRE OPERATION" switch +is in the "ON" position, the elevator shall be on Phase +II Emergency In-Car Operation, for use by emergency +personnel only, and the elevator shall operate as follows: + +(a) The elevator shall be operable only by a person +in the car. + +(b) The car shall not respond to landing calls. Direc- +tional lanterns, where provided, shall remain inopera- +tive. Car position indicators, where provided, shall +remain operative. Landing position indicators, where +provided, shall remain inoperative, except at the desig- +nated level and the building fire control station, where +they shall remain operative. + +(c) Door open and close buttons shall be provided +for power-operated doors and located as required by +2.27.3.3.7. The door open and door close buttons shall +be labeled "OPEN" and "CLOSE." + +(d) The opening of power-operated doors shall be +controlled only by a continuous pressure door open but- +ton. If the button is released prior to the doors reaching +the normal open position, the doors shall automatically +reclose. Requirements 2.13.3.3, 2.13.3.4, 2.13.4.2.1(b)(2), +and 2.13.4.2.1(c) do not apply + +On cars with multiple entrances, if more than one +entrance can be opened at the same landing, separate +door open buttons shall be provided for each entrance. + +(e) Open power-operated doors shall be closed only +by continuous pressure on the door close button. If the +button is released prior to the doors reaching the fully +closed position, horizontally sliding doors shall auto- +matically reopen, and vertically sliding doors shall auto- +matically stop or stop and reopen. + +On cars with multiple entrances, if more than one +entrance can be opened at the same landing, a separate +door close button shall be provided for each entrance. + +(f) Opening and closing of power-operated car doors +or gates that are opposite manual swing or manual slide +hoistway doors shall corvform to 2.27.3.3.1(d) and (e). + +(g) All door reopening devices, except the door open +button, shall be rendered inoperative. Full speed closing +shall be permitted. + +Landing door opening and closing buttons, where +provided, shall be rendered inoperative. + +(h) Every car shall be provided with a button labeled +"CALL CANCEL," located as required in 2.27.3.3.7, +which shall be effective during Phase II Emergency In- +Car Operation. When activated, all registered calls shall +be canceled and a traveling car shall stop at or before +the next available landing. + +(/) Floor selection buttons shall be provided in the car +to permit travel to all landings served by the car, and +they shall be operative at all times, except as in 2.27.3.3.2. +Means to prevent the operation of the floor selection +buttons or door-operating buttons shall be rendered +inoperative. + + + +95 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.27.3.3.1-2.27.3.3.7 + + + +(j) A traveling car shall stop at the next available land- +ing for which a car call was registered. When a car stops +at a landing, all registered car calls shall be canceled. + +(k) Means used to remove elevators from normal +operation, other than as specified in this Code, shall not +prevent Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation. + +(/) No device, which measures load, shall prevent +operation of the elevator at or below the capacity and +loading required in 2.16. + +(m) Every car shall be provided with a switch, con- +forming to the requirements of 2.26.2.33 and located as +required in 2.27.3.3.7. When the switch is in the "STOP" +position, all registered calls shall be canceled and power +shall be removed from the elevator driving-machine +motor and brake. When the switch is moved to the +"RUN" position from the "STOP" position, the car shall +not move, except for leveling, until a call is entered. + +2.27.3.3.2 When the car is at a landing, with the +doors open, and the "FIRE OPERATION" switch is in +the "HOLD" position, the car shall remain at the landing +with the doors open. The door close buttons shall be +inoperative, and car calls shall not be registered. + +2.27.3.3.3 When the car is at a landing other than +the recall level, with the doors in the normal open posi- +tion, and, the "FIRE OPERATION" switch is in the +"OFF" position, power-operated doors shall operate as +follows: + +(a) Horizontal sliding doors shall close automatically. +All door reopening devices shall remain inoperative. +Door open buttons shall remain operative. Full-speed +closing is permitted. If the "FIRE OPERATION" switch +is turned to the "ON" or "HOLD" position prior to the +completion of door closing, the doors shall reopen. + +(b) Elevators having vertically sliding doors shall +have corridor "DOOR OPEN" and "DOOR CLOSE" but- +tons rendered operative. All door reopening devices +shall remain inoperative. Door closing shall be in accor- +dance with 2.27.3.3.1(e). Full-speed closing is permitted. +If the "FIRE OPERATION" switch is turned to the "ON" +or "HOLD" position prior to the completion of door +closing, the doors shall reopen. + +2.27.3.3.4 When the car is stopped with the doors +in the closed position, or in motion, and the "FIRE OPER- +ATION" switch is in the "OFF" position, the elevator +remains on Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation and +shall return to the designated level in conformance with +2.27.3.1.6(a) through (m). + +2.27.3.3.5 Elevators shall be removed from Phase +II Emergency In-Car Operation only when the "FIRE +OPERATION" switch is in the "OFF" position and the +car is at the designated level and the doors are in the +normal open position. + +2.27.3.3.6 The occurrence of an accidental ground +or short circuit in elevator electrical equipment located + + + +Additional +visual signal + + + + +Call +cancel +button + + + +Door +open +button + + + +Door +open +button +(rear), +when +required + + + +Fire operation +key switch + + + +Stop +switch + + + +Door +close +button + + + +Door +close +button +(rear), +when +required + + + +GENERAL NOTES: + +(a) Switches and buttons show only the location not the labeling. + +(b) When manually operated doors are provided, door open and +close buttons and instructions for their use are not required. + +(c) Not to scale. + +Fig. 2.27.3.3.7 Panel Layout + + + +on the landing side of the hoistway enclosure and in +associated wiring, as a result of exposure to water, shall +not disable Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation once +it has been activated. + +2.27.3.3.7 The "FIRE OPERATION" switch +(2.27.3.3), the "CALL CANCEL" button [2.27.3.3.1(h)], +the "STOP" switch [2.27.3.3.1(m)], the door open but- +ton(s), the door close button(s), the additional visual +signal (2.27.3.3.8), and the operating instructions shown +in Fig. 2.27.7.2 shall be grouped together at the top of +a main car operating panel behind a locked cover. + +The firefighters' operation panel cover shall be open- +able by the same key that operates the "FIRE OPERA- +TION" switch. The cover shall be permitted to open +automatically when the car is on Phase I Emergency +Recall Operation and at the recall level. When the key +is in the "FIRE OPERATION" switch, the cover shall +not be capable of being closed. When closed, the cover +shall be self-locking. + +Where rear doors are provided, buttons for both the +front and rear doors shall be provided in the firefighters' +operation panel. The door open and door close buttons +for the rear entrance shall be labeled "OPEN REAR" +and "CLOSE REAR." + +All buttons and switches shall be readily accessible, +located not more than 1 800 mm (72 in.) above the floor +and shall be arranged as shown in Fig. 2.27.3.3.7. +Requirement 2.26.12 does not apply to these buttons and +switches. The front of the cover shall contain the words + + + +96 + + + +2.27. 3.3.7-2.27 A.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +"FIREFIGHTERS' OPERATION" in red letters at least +10 mm (0.4 in.) high. + +2.27.3.3.8 An additional visual signal shall be pro- +vided and located as required by 2.27.3.3.7. The addi- +tional visual signal shall be one of the symbols shown +in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h). The entire circular or square area +shown in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) shall be illuminated. This +additional visual signal shall be activated whenever the +visual signal in 2.27.3.1.6(h) is activated. + +2.27.3.4 Interruption of Power. Upon the resumption +of power (normal, emergency, or standby), the car shall +be permitted to move to reestablish absolute car posi- +tion. Restoration of electrical power following a power +interruption shall not cause any elevator to be removed +from Phase I Emergency Recall Operation or Phase II +Emergency In-Car Operation. + +2.27.3.5 Multicompartment Elevators. Multicompart- +ment elevators shall also conform to 2.27.3.5.1 and + +2.27.3.5.2. + +2.27.3.5.1 The "FIRE RECALL" switch (2.27.3.1) +shall be located at the designated level served by the +upper compartment. + +2.27.3.5.2 The "FIRE OPERATION" switch (see +2.27.3.3) shall be located in the upper compartment. The +elevator shall be provided with a means for placing +the lower compartment out of service, located in that +compartment or adjacent to the entrance at the lower +lobby landing. + +2.27.4 Firefighters' Emergency Operation: +Nonautomatic Elevators + +Firefighters' Emergency Operation shall apply to all +nonautomatic elevators, except as follows: + +(a) where the hoistway or a portion thereof is not +required to be fire-resistive construction (see 2.1.1.1), the +travel does not exceed 2 000 mm (80 in.), and the +hoistway does not penetrate a floor + +(b) in jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC where the +NBCC does not require Firefighters' Emergency Oper- +ation + +(c) where Firefighters' Emergency Operation is pro- +vided voluntarily these requirements shall also apply + +2.27.4.1 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation. A + +three-position key-operated switch shall be provided at +the designated level for each single elevator or for each +group of elevators. The three-position switch shall be +labeled "FIRE RECALL" and its positions marked +"RESET," "OFF," and "ON" (in that order), with the +"OFF" position as the center position. The "FIRE +RECALL" letters shall be a minimum of 5 mm (0.25 in.) +high in red or a color contrasting with a red background. +The three-position switch shall be located in the lobby +within sight of the elevator or all elevators in that group +and shall be readily accessible. + + + +An additional "FIRE RECALL" switch with two-posi- +tions, "OFF" and "ON" (in that order), shall be permitted +only at the building fire control station. + +The switch(es) shall be rotated clockwise to go from +the "RESET" (designated level switch only), to the +"OFF" and to the "ON" positions. + +All keys shall be removable only in the "OFF" and +"ON" positions. + +Only the "FIRE RECALL" switch(es) or fire alarm +initiating devices located at floors that are served by the +elevator, in the hoistway, or in an elevator machine room, +or a control space, or a control room (see 2.27.3.2) shall +initiate Phase I Emergency Recall Operation. + +All "FIRE RECALL" switches shall be provided with +an illuminated visual signal to indicate when Phase I +Emergency Recall Operation is in effect. + +When all switches are in the "OFF" position, normal +elevator service shall be in effect and the fire alarm +initiating devices required by 2.27.4.2 shall be operative. + +When a "FIRE RECALL" switch is in the "ON" posi- +tion, a visual and audible signal shall be provided to +alert the attendant to return nonstop to the designated +or alternate level. The visual signal shall read "FIRE + +RECALL — RETURN TO " [insert level to which + +the car should be returned (the designated or alternate +level)]. The signal system shall be activated when Phase +I Emergency Recall Operation is in effect. + +Where an additional "FIRE RECALL" switch is pro- +vided, both "FIRE RECALL" switches must be in the +"ON" position to recall the elevator to the designated +level if the elevator was recalled to the alternate level. + +Where an additional "FIRE RECALL" switch is pro- +vided, it shall not affect the visual signal if the designated +level fire alarm initiating device (see 2.27.3.2.4) has been +activated. + +To extinguish the audible and visual signals, the "FIRE +RECALL" switch shall be rotated first to the "RESET" +and then to the "OFF" position, provided that: + +(a) the additional two-position "FIRE RECALL" +switch, where provided, is in the "OFF" position + +(b) no fire alarm initiating device is activated (see also +2.27.3.2.4) + +No device, which measures load, shall prevent opera- +tion of the elevator at or below the capacity and loading +required in 2.16. + +2.27.4.2 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation by Fire +Alarm Initiating Devices. Fire alarm initiating devices +shall be installed at each floor served by the elevator, +and in the associated machine room, control space, or +control room, and elevator hoistway, in compliance with +the requirements in NFPA 72 or NBCC, whichever is +applicable (see Part 9). In jurisdictions enforcing the +NBCC, compliance with 2.27.4.2 is not required where +the NBCC specifies manual Emergency Recall opera- +tions only. + + + +97 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +2.27 A. 2-2.27. 7. 2 + + + +FIREFIGHTERS' OPERATION + +To recall elevators +Insert fire key and turn to "ON" + + + +Fig. 2.27.7.1 Phase I Emergency Recall Operation +Instructions + + + +Phase I Emergency Recall Operation, conforming to +2.27.4.1, shall be initiated when any Phase I Emergency +Recall Operation fire alarm initiating device at the eleva- +tor lobbies, machine room, control space, control room, +or hoistway is activated. + +Phase I Emergency Recall Operation, when initiated +by a Phase I Emergency Recall Operation fire alarm +initiating device, shall be maintained until canceled by +moving the "FIRE RECALL" switch to the "RESET" +position. + +When a fire alarm initiating device in the machine +room, control space, control room, or hoistway initiates +Phase I Emergency Recall Operation as required by +2.27.3.2.3 or 2.27.3.2.4, the visual signal [see 2.27.3.1.6(h) +and Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h)] shall illuminate intermittently +only in a car(s) with equipment in that machine room, +control space, control room, or hoistway. When acti- +vated, a heat detector [2.27.3.2.1(d)] in the machine room, +control space, or control room shall cause the visual +signal [see 2.27.3.1.6(h) and Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h)] to illumi- +nate intermittently only in a car(s) with equipment in +that machine room, control room, control space, or con- +trol room. + +2.27.5 Firefighters' Emergency Operation: Automatic +Elevators With Designated-Attendant +Operation + +2.27.5.1 When designated-attendant operation is +not in effect, elevators shall conform to 2.27.3. + +2.27.5.2 When operated by a designated attendant +in the car, except hospital service: + +(a) elevators parked at a floor shall conform to +2.27.3.1.6(h). At the completion of a time delay of not +less than 10 s and not more than 30 s, elevators shall +conform to 2.27.3. + +(h) A moving car shall conform to 2.27.3. + +2.27.5.3 When an elevator that is provided with +firefighters' emergency operation is on hospital service, +a visual signal as shown in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) shall illumi- +nate and a continuous audible signal, audible within +the car, shall sound when the "FIRE RECALL" switch(es) +(see 2.27.3.1) is in the "ON" position, or when a fire +alarm initiating device (see 2.27.3.2) is activated to alert + + + +the operator of an emergency. A means located in the +car shall be permitted for manually silencing the audible +signal, after the signal has been active for at least 5 s. +The signal shall be automatically reactivated when the +doors open. + +The car shall remain under control of the operator +until removed from hospital service. An elevator on +firefighters' emergency operation shall not be placed on +hospital service. + +2.27.6 Firefighters' Emergency Operation: Inspection +Operation + +When an elevator that is provided with firefighters' +service is on inspection operation (see 2.26.1.4 and +2.26.1.5) or when the hoistway access switch(es) has been +enabled [see 2.12.7.3.3(a)], a continuous audible signal, +audible at the location where the operation is activated +shall sound when the "FIRE RECALL" switch(es) (see +2.27.3.1) is in the "ON" position or when the fire alarm +initiating device (see 2.27.3.2) is activated to alert the +operator of an emergency. The car shall remain under +the control of the operator until removed from inspection +operation or hoistway access operation. Inspection oper- +ation or hoistway access operation shall take precedence +over Phase I Emergency Recall Operation and Phase II +Emergency In-Car Operation. + +2.27.7 Firefighters' Emergency Operation: Operating +Procedures + +2.27.7.1 Instructions for operation of elevators +under Phase 1 Emergency Recall Operation shall be +incorporated with or adjacent to the "FIRE RECALL" +switch at the designated level. The instructions shall +include only the wording shown in Fig. 2.27.7.1. + +2.27.7.2 A sign containing instructions for operation +of elevators under Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation +shall be incorporated with or adjacent to the switch +in each car and shall be visible only when the cover +(2.27.3.3.7) is open. The sign shall include only the word- +ing and graphics shown in Fig. 2.27.7.2, except + +(a) for elevators with manually operated doors, the +instructions for opening and closing the doors shall be +permitted to be replaced with short phrases such as +"PUSH DOOR" or "PULL DOOR UP" + + + +98 + + + +2.T1 .1 .2-l.TJ S + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + + + +FIRE OPERATION + + +When / + + +> \ flashing, exit elevator + + +To operate car + + +Insert fire key and turn to "ON." + + + + +Enter floor selection. + + +To cancel + + +Press "CALL CANCEL" button. + + +floor selection + + + + +To close door + + +Press and hold "CLOSE" button. + + +To open door + + +Press and hold "OPEN" button. + + +To hold car + + +With doors open, turn key to "HOLD." + + +at floor + + + + +For emergency stop + + +Use "STOP" switch. + + +To automatically return + + +Turn key to "OFF." + + +to recall floor + + + + + +Fig. 2.27.7.2 Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation + + + +{h) for elevators with vertically sliding doors, the +instructions for returning the car to the recall floor shall +be permitted to be expanded to include instructions for +closing the door + +2.27.7.3 histructions shall be in letters not less than +3 mm (0.125 in.) in height and shall be permanently +installed and protected against removal or defacement. + +2.27.7.4 In jurisdictions that enforce the NBCC, a +symbol showing a red firefighters' hat on a contrasting +background, as shown in Fig. 2.27.3.1.6(h) (figure not to +scale), shall be used exclusively to identify elevators that +comply with 2.27.3 and additional NBCC requirements. +This identification shall be located on the elevator +entrance frame or adjacent to it at each emergency recall +level. The identification on the entrance frame, or adja- +cent to it, shall be a minimum of 50 mm (2 in.) in height. + +2.27.8 Switch Keys + +The key switches required by 2.27.2 through 2.27.5 for +all elevators in a building shall be operable by the same + + + +key. The keys shall be Group 3 Security (see 8.1). There +shall be a key for each switch provided. + +These keys shall be kept on the premises in a location +readily accessible to firefighters and emergency person- +nel, but not where they are available to the public. Where +provided, a lock box, including its lock and other compo- +nents, shall conform to the requirements of UL 1037 (see +Part 9). + +NOTE (2.27.8): Local authorities may specify additional require- +ments for a uniform keyed lock box and its location to contain the +necessary keys. + +2.27.9 Elevator Corridor Call Station Pictograph + +When the building code requires a sign be posted +adjacent to hall call fixtures instructing occupants not +to use the elevator in case of fire, the sign shown in Fig. +2.27.9 shall be provided. The sign shall include only the +wording and graphics shown in Fig. 2.27.9. When the +building code specifies a different design, 2.27.9 shall +not apply. + + + +99 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +125 mm (5 in.) + + + +In Case Of Fire +Elevators Are Out Of Service + + + + +Use Exit + + + +Fig. 2.27.9 Elevator Corridor Call Station Pictograph + + + + +White + + + + +Black + + + + +Red + + + +100 + + + +SECTION 2.28-2.29.2 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +SECTION 2.28 +LAYOUT DRAWINGS + +2.28.1 Information Required on Layout Drawings + +Elevator layout drawings shall, in addition to other +data, indicate the following: + +(a) the maximum bracket spacing (see 2.23) + +(b) the estimated maximum vertical forces on the +guide rails on application of the safety or other retarding +device (see 2.23 and 2.19.3) + +(c) in the case of freight elevators for Class B or C +loading (see 2.16.2.2), the horizontal forces on the guide- +rail faces during loading and unloading, and the esti- +mated maximum horizontal forces in a post-wise direc- +tion on the guide-rail faces on the application of the +safety device (see 2.23) + +(d) the size and linear weight kg/m (lb /ft) of any rail +reinforcement, where provided (see 2.23) + +(e) the total static and impact loads imposed on +machinery and sheave beams, supports, and floors or +foundations (see 2.9) + +(f) the impact load on buffer supports due to buffer +engagement at the maximum permissible speed and +load (see 8.2.3) + +(g) where compensation tie-down is applied (see +2.21.4.2), the load on the compensation tie-down sup- +ports + +(h) the total static and dynamic loads from the gover- +nor, ropes, and tension system + + + +(i) the horizontal forces on the building structure stip- +ulated by 2.11.11.8 and 2.11.11.9 + +SECTION 2.29 +IDENTIFICATION + +2.29.1 Identification of Equipment + +In buildings with more than one elevator, each eleva- +tor in the building shall be assigned a unique alphabeti- +cal or numerical identification, a minimum of 50 mm +(2 in.) in height unless otherwise specified. The identifi- +cation shall be painted on, engraved, or securely +attached to + +(a) the driving machine + +(b) MG set +controller +selector + + + +(c) +(d) +(e) +(f) + + + +governor + +main line disconnect switch +(g) the crosshead, or where there is no crosshead, the +car frame, such that it is visible from the top of the car +(h) the car operating panel, minimum of 13 mm +(0.5 in.) in height + +(i) adjacent to or on every elevator entrance at the +designated level, minimum of 75 mm (3 in.) in height + +2.29.2 Identification of Floors + +Hoistways shall have floor numbers, not less than +100 mm (4 in.) in height, on the hoistway side of the +enclosure or hoistway doors. + + + +101 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +SCOPE-3.4.1.5 + + + +Parts +Hydraulic Elevators + + + +SCOPE + +Part 3 applies to direct-acting hydraulic elevators and +the roped-hydraulic types. + +NOTE: See also Part 8 for additional requirements that apply to +hydraulic elevators. + + + +SECTION 3.1 + +CONSTRUCTION OF HOISTWAYS AND HOISTWAY + +ENCLOSURES + +Hoistways, hoistway enclosures, and related construc- +tion shall conform to 2.1.1 through 2.1.6 and 2.29.2, +except 2.1.2.3 and 2.1.3.1.2. + +3.1.1 Strength of Pit Floor + +The pit equipment, beams, floor, and their supports +shall be designed and constructed to meet the applicable +building code requirements and to withstand the follow- +ing loads in the manner in which they occur: + +(a) the impact load due to car buffer engagement (see +8.2.3 and 3.22.2) + +(b) where a plunger gripper, or car, or counterweight +safety is furnished, the part of the load transmitted by +the application of such gripper(s) or safety(s) + +(c) loads imposed by the hydraulic jack + +(1) to the cylinder during normal operation + +(2) to the buffer when resting on the buffer or dur- +ing conditions described in 3.1.1(a) + +(d) hoist rope up-puU, where applicable, for indirect +roped-hydraulic elevators + +3.1.2 Floors Over Hoistways + +The floor shall be located entirely above the horizontal +plane required for hydraulic elevator top car clearance. + +When a hydraulic pump unit and /or control equip- +ment is located on a floor over the hoistway, access shall +comply with 2.7.3. + +SECTION 3.2 +PITS + +Pits shall conform to 2.2, except 2.2.7. + +3.2.1 Minimum Pit Depths Required + +The pit depth shall not be less than is required for the +installation of the buffers, hydraulic jack, platform guard +(apron), and all other elevator equipment located + + + +therein, and to provide the minimum bottom clearance +and runby required by 3.4.1 and 3.4.2, respectively. + +SECTION 3.3 +LOCATION AND GUARDING OF COUNTERWEIGHTS + +The location and guarding of counterweights, where +provided, shall conform to 2.3. + +SECTION 3.4 + +BOTTOM AND TOP CLEARANCES AND RUNBYS FOR + +CARS AND COUNTERWEIGHTS + +Requirement 2.4 does not apply to hydraulic elevators. + +3.4.1 Bottom Car Clearance + +3.4.1.1 When the car rests on its fully compressed +buffers or bumpers, there shall be a vertical clearance +of not less than 600 mm (24 in.) between the pit floor +and the lowest structural or mechanical part, equipment, +or device installed beneath the car platform, including +a plunger-follower guide, if provided, except as specified +in 3.4.1.2. + +3.4.1.2 The 600 mm (24 in.) clearance does not apply +to the following: + +(a) any equipment on the car within 300 mm (12 in.) +horizontally from any side of the car platform + +(b) any equipment located on or traveling with the +car located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from +either side of the car frame centerline parallel to the +guide rails + +(c) any equipment mounted in or on the pit floor +located within 300 mm (12 in.) horizontally from either +side of the car frame centerline parallel to the guide rails + +3.4.1.3 In no case shall the available refuge space be +less than either of the following: + +(a) a horizontal area 600 mm x 1 200 mm (24 in. x +47 in.), with a height of 600 mm (24 in.) + +(b) a horizontal area 450 mm x 900 mm (18 in. x +35 in.), with a height of 1 070 mm (42 in.) + +3.4.1.4 Trenches and depressions or foundation +encroachments permitted by 2.2.2 shall not be consid- +ered in determining these clearances. + +3.4.1.5 When the car is resting on its fully com- +pressed buffers or bumpers, no equipment traveling + + + +102 + + + +3.4.1.5-3.4.8 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +with the car, including a plunger-follower guide, if pro- +vided, shall strike any part of the pit or any equipment +mounted therein. + +3.4.1.6 Where the vertical clearance outside the ref- +uge space is less than 600 mm (24 in.), that area shall +be clearly marked on the pit floor. Markings shall not +be required in the area under the apron and guiding +means. The marking shall consist of alternating 100 mm +(4 in.) diagonal red and white stripes. In addition, a sign +with the words "DANGER LOW CLEARANCE" shall +be prominently posted on the hoistway enclosure and +shall be visible from within the pit and at the entrance +to the pit. The sign shall conform to ANSI Z535.2 or +CAN/CSA-Z321, whichever is applicable (see Part 9). +The sign shall be of such material and construction that +the letters and figures stamped, etched, cast, or other- +wise applied to the face rem^ain permanently and readily +legible. + +3.4.2 Minimum Bottom and Top Car Runby + +3.4.2.1 Bottom Car Runby. The bottom car runby +shall be + +(a) not less than 75 mm (3 in.) for operating speed(s) +in the down direction up to 0.50 n\/s (100 ft/min) + +(b) increased from 75 mm (3 in.) to 150 mm (6 in.) in +proportion to the increase in operating speed(s) in the +down direction from 0.50 m/s (100 ft/min) to 1 m/s +(200 ft/min) + +(c) a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) for operating +speed(s) in the down direction exceeding 1 m/s +(200 ft/min) + +3.4.2.2 Car Top Minimum Runby. The top runby of +the car shall be + +(a) not less than 75 mm (3 in.) for rated speeds up to +0.50 m/s (100 ft/min) + +(h) increased from 75 mm (3 in.) to 150 mm (6 in.) in +proportion to the increase in rated speed from 0.50 m/s +(100 ft/min) to 1 m/s (200 ft/min) + +(c) a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) for rated speeds +exceeding 1 m/s (200 ft/min) + +3.4.3 Car Top and Bottom Maximum Runby + +Neither the top nor the botton\ runby of the car shall +be more than 600 mm (24 in.). + +3.4.4 Top Car Clearance + +The top car clearance shall be not less than the sum +of the following two items (see Nonmandatory Appen- +dix G): + +(a) the top car runby + +(b) the height of the refuge space on top of the car (see +3.4.7) or the clearance required for equipment projecting +above the car top or crosshead (see 3.4.5), whichever is +greater + + + +3.4.5 Equipment Projecting Above the Car Top + +When the car reaches its maximum upward movement + +(a) all equipment attached to and projecting above +the car top, other than equipment mentioned in 3.4.5(b) +shall be at least 150 mm (6 in.) from striking any part +of the overhead structure or any equipment located in +the hoistway + +(b) guide-shoe assemblies or gate posts for vertically +sliding gates shall not strike any part of the overhead +structure + +(c) the car crosshead shall have a minimum of 300 mm +(12 in.) vertical clearance to the horizontal plane +described by the lowest point of the overhead structure +(see 1.3) + +3.4.6 Top Clearance and Bottom Runby of +Counterweight + +Where a counterweight is provided, the top clearance +and the bottonn runby of the counterweight shall con- +form to 3.4.6.1 and 3.4.6.2. + +3.4.6.1 Top Clearance. The top clearance shall be not +less than the sum of the following: + +(a) the bottom car runby + +(b) the stroke of the car buffers used + +(c) 150 mm (6 in.) + +3.4.6.2 Bottom Runby. The bottom runby shall be not +less than the sum of the following: + +(a) the distance the car can travel above its top termi- +nal landing until the plunger strikes its mechanical stop + +(b) 150 mm (6 in.) + +The minimum runby specified shall not be reduced +by rope stretch (see 3.22.2 prohibiting counterweight +buffers). + +3.4.7 Refuge Space on Top of Car Enclosure + +An unobstructed horizontal area of not less than +0.51 m^ (5.49 ft^) shall be provided on top of the car +enclosure for refuge space. It shall measure not less than +600 mm (24 in.) on any side. The area shall be permitted +to include the space utilized for top emergency exit +[see 2.14.1.5.1(f)]. The minimum vertical distance in the +refuge area between the top of the car enclosure and +the horizontal plane described by the lowest point of +the overhead structure or other obstruction shall be not +less than 1 100 mm (43 in.) when the car has reached its +maximum upward movement. + +3.4.8 Vertical Clearances With Underslung Car +Frames + +Where an underslung car frame is used, the clearances +between the overhead car rope dead-end hitch, or over- +head car sheave, and the portions of the car structure + + + +103 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +3.4.8-3.7.1.8 + + + +vertically below them, when the car floor is level with the +top terminal landing, shall be not less than the following: + +(a) where no counterweight is used, the sum of the +following items: + +(1) the car top runby + +(2) 200 mm (8 in.) + +(b) where a counterweight is used, the sum of the +following items: + +(1) the bottom counterweight runby (see 3.4.6.2) + +(2) 150 mm (6 in.) + + + +SECTION 3.5 + +HORIZONTAL CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT + +CLEARANCES + +The horizontal car and counterweight clearances shall +conform to 2.5. + + + +SECTION 3.6 +PROTECTION OF SPACES BELOW HOISTWAY + +Requirement 2.6 does not apply to hydraulic elevators. + +Where there is space below the hoistway that is acces- +sible to persons, requirements of 3.6.1 through 3.6.4 shall +be conformed to. + +3.6.1 Jack-Supporting Structure + +The hydraulic jack shall be supported by a structure +of sufficient strength to support the entire static load at +rated capacity that is capable of being imposed upon it. +The design factor of safety shall be not less than 5, based +on ultimate strength for static loads transmitted. + +3.6.2 Counterweight Safety Actuation + +Where the space referred to in 3.6 falls underneath +the counterweight and /or its guides, the counterweight +shall be provided with a safety device that functions as a +result of the breaking or slackening of the counterweight +suspension ropes. + +3.6.3 Buffer Types + +The car shall be provided with buffers of either of the +following types: + +(a) oil buffers conforming to 3.22.1 + +(b) spring buffers of a design that will not be fully +compressed when struck by a car with rated load at the +operating speed in the down direction (see 3.22.1) + +3.6.4 Buffer Supports + +Car buffer supports shall be provided that will with- +stand, without permanent deformation, the impact +resulting from buffer engagement by a car with rated +load at the operating speed in the down direction. The +design factor of safety shall conform to 2.22.4.3. + + + +SECTION 3.7 + +MACHINERY SPACES, MACHINE ROOMS, CONTROL + +SPACES, AND CONTROL ROOMS + +A machinery space outside the hoistway containing +a hydraulic machine and a motor controller shall be a +machine room. + +3.7.1 + +Machinery spaces, machine rooms, control spaces, and +control rooms shall conform to the requirements of 2.7.1 +through 2.7.7 and 2.7.9. + +3.7.1.1 This paragraph shall conform to the require- +ments of 2.7.5.1.1, 2.7.5.2, and 2.7.5.2.4, except the words +"elevator driving machine brake or an emergency brake" +shall be replaced with the words "hydraulic machine." + +3.7.1.2 This paragraph shall conform to the require- +ments of 2.7.5.1.1 and 2.7.5.1.2(a), except the words "ele- +vator driving machine brake, emergency brake" shall be +replaced with the words "hydraulic machine." + +3.7.1.3 This paragraph shall conform to the require- +ments of 2.7.5.1.2(b), except 3.7.1.3 shall be worded as +follows: "for a roped-hydraulic elevator support not less +than twice the unbalanced weight of the system with +no load and up to rated load in the car and all suspension +ropes in place; and for a direct-acting hydraulic elevator +support not less than twice the weight of the car with +rated load." + +3.7.1.4 This paragraph shall conform to the require- +ments of 2.7.5.1.2(c), 2.7.5.3.1, and 2.7.5.5(a), except the +words "elevator driving machine motor and brake" shall +be replaced with the words "hydraulic machine." + +3.7.1.5 This paragraph shall conform to the require- +ments of 2.7.5.1.2(e) and 2.7.5.2.1(b)(4), except the words +"before maintaining or inspecting brake, emergency +brake" shall be replaced with the words "before main- +taining or inspecting the hydraulic machine." + +3.7.1.6 This paragraph shall conform to the require- +ments of 2.7.5.2.1(b)(1) and 2.7.5.5(d), except the words +"115% of rated speed" shall be replaced with the words +"operating speed in the down direction." + +3.7.1.7 This paragraph shall conform to the require- +ments of 2.7.6.3.1, except the words "electric driving +machine" shall be replaced with the words "hydraulic +machine." + +3.7.1.8 This paragraph shall conform to the require- +ments of 2.7.6.4, except it shall be worded as follows: +"Where hydraulic machine, or an elevator motion con- +troller or motor controller is located in the hoistway or +pit, means necessary for tests that require movement of +the car, shall be provided and arranged so that they +can be operated from outside the hoistway and shall +conform to 2.7.6.4.1 through 2.7.6.4.2. These means are + + + +104 + + + +3.7.1.8-3.15.1.1.6 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +• + + + +also permitted to be used by elevator persormel for pas- +sei\ger rescue." + +3.7.1.9 This paragraph shall conform to the require- +ments of 2.7.6.4.1, except the first paragraph shall be +worded as follows: "Where direct observation of the +elevator or ropes in the case of a roped-hydraulic eleva- +tor is not possible from the location of the means neces- +sary for tests that require movement of the car, display +devices or the equivalent shall be provided. They shall +be visible from the location of the means and shall con- +vey the following information about the elevator simul- +taneously." + +3.7.1.10 Requirement 2.7.6.4.3 does not apply to +hydraulic elevators. + +SECTION 3.8 + +ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, WIRING, PIPES, AND + +DUCTS IN HOISTWAY, MACHINERY SPACES, + +MACHINE ROOMS, CONTROL SPACES, AND + +CONTROL ROOMS + +Electrical equipment, wiring, pipes, and ducts shall +corvform to 2.8. + +SECTION 3.9 + +MACHINERY AND SHEAVE BEAMS, SUPPORTS, AND + +FOUNDATIONS + +Machinery and sheave beams, supports, and foimda- +tions shall cor\form to 2.9. + +SECTION 3.10 +GUARDING OF EXPOSED AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT + +Guarding of exposed auxiliary equipment shall con- +form to 2.10. + +SECTION 3.11 +PROTECTION OF HOISTWAY LANDING OPENINGS + +Protection of hoistway landing openings shall con- +form to 2.11, except as excluded by 3.11.1. + +3.11.1 Emergency Doors + +Emergency doors, where required by 2.11.1, are +required ortly when car safeties are provided. + +SECTION 3.12 + +HOISTWAY DOOR LOCKING DEVICES, CAR DOOR + +OR GATE ELECTRIC CONTACTS, AND HOISTWAY + +ACCESS SWITCHES + +3.12.1 Hoistway Door Locking Devices and Electric +Contacts, and Hoistway Access Switches + +Hoistway door locking devices and electric contacts, +and hoistway access switches shall conform to 2.12. + + + +3.12.2 Car Door or Gate Electric Contacts and Car +Door Interlocks + +Car door or gate electric contacts and car door inter- +locks shall conform to 2.14.4.2. + +SECTION 3.13 + +POWER OPERATION, POWER OPENING, AND + +POWER CLOSING OF HOISTWAY DOORS AND CAR + +DOORS OR GATES + +Power operation, power operung, and power closing +of hoistway doors and car doors or gates shall conform +to 2.13. + +SECTION 3.14 + +CAR ENCLOSURES, CAR DOORS AND GATES, AND + +CAR ILLUMINATION + +Car enclosures, car doors and gates, and car illumina- +tion shall conform to 2.14. + +SECTION 3.15 +CAR FRAMES AND PLATFORMS + +3.15.1 Requirements + +3.15.1.1 Direct-acting hydraulic elevators shall be +provided with car frames and platforms conforming to +2.15, subject to the modification hereinafter specified. +(See 3.18.2.3 for connection between plimger and plat- +form or car frame.) + +A car frame shall not be required, provided 3.15.1.1.1 +through 3.15.1.1.6 are conformed to. + +3.15.1.1.1 The platform frame shall be of such +design and construction that aU eccentric loads are car- +ried through the structure and plunger attachment into +the hydraulic jack (see 3.18.2.3). + +3.15.1.1.2 The platform frame shall be guided on +each guide rail by single-guiding mem.bers attached to +the frame. + +3.15.1.1.3 The platform frame shall be designed +to withstand the forces resulting from the class of load- +ing for which the elevator is designed without exceeding +the stresses and deflections in 2.15.10 and 2.15.11 (see +8.2.2.6). + +3.15.1.1.4 The hydraulic jack connection to the +car shall be designed to transmit the full eccentric +moment into the plunger with a factor of safety of not +less than 4 (see 3.18.2.3). + +3.15.1.1.5 The hydraulic jack shall be designed to +withstand the stresses due to bending during the loading +and imloading of the platform based on the type of +loading for which the elevator is designed (see 8.2.8.1.2). + +3.15.1.1.6 Car safeties shaU not be provided. + + + +105 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +3.15.1.2-3.17.1.2 + + + +3.15.1.2 Roped-hydraulic elevators shall be pro- +vided w^ith car frames and platforms conforming to 2.15. + +3.15.2 Maximum Allowable Stresses and Deflections +in Car Frame and Platform Members + +3.15.2.1 Direct-Acting Hydraulic Elevators. The + +stresses and deflections in car frame and platform mem- +bers and their connections, based on the static load +imposed upon them, shall be not more than those per- +mitted by 2.15, provided that the maximimi stresses +in the car frame uprights that are normally subject to +compression shall conform to 8.2.9.1.1. + +3.15.2.2 Roped-Hydraulic Elevators. The stresses and +deflection in car frame and platform members and their +connections, based on the static load imposed upon +them, shall be not more than those permitted by 2.15, +and shall conform to 8.2.2. + +3.15.3 Calculations of Stresses and Deflections in +Car Frame and Platform Members + +3.15.3.1 Direct-Acting Hydraulic Elevators. The calcu- +lations of the stresses and deflections in side-post car +frame and platform members shall be based on the for- +mulas and data in 8.2.9. + +For cars with comer-post or sub-post car frames, the +formulas and specified methods of calculations do not +generally apply and shall be modified to suit the specific +conditions and requirements in each case. + +3.15.3.2 Roped-Hydraulic Elevators. The calculations +of the stresses and deflections in side-post car frame and +platform members shall be based on the formulas and +data in 8.2.2. + +For cars with comer-post or sub-post car frames, or +where the rope hitches are not on the crosshead, the +formulas and specified methods of calculations do not +generally apply and shall be modified to suit the specific +conditions and requirements in each case. + +SECTION 3.16 +CAPACITY AND LOADING + +3.16.1 Minimum Rated Load for Passenger Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.1 shall apply. + +3.16.2 Minimum Rated Load for Freight Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.2 shall apply, except, in +2.16.2.2.4(c) the wording "hydraulic jack, hydraulic +machine, pressure piping and fittings" shall be substi- +tuted for the wording "driving-machine motor, brake +and traction relation." + +3.16.3 Capacity and Data Plates + +The requirements of 2.16.3 shall apply, except: +(a) requirement 2.16.3.2.1(a) shall not apply to +hydraulic elevators. + + + +(b) on data plates (see 2.16.3.2.2), the weight of the +plunger is not to be included in the weight of the com- +plete car, even though it is attached. The plimger weight +is to be indicated independently. The operating speed +in the down direction shall also be indicated. + +3.16.4 Carrying of Passengers on Freight Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.4 shall apply, except 2.16.4.3 +shall not apply to hydraulic elevators. + +3.16.5 Signs Required in Freight Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.5 shall apply. + +3.16.6 Overloading of Freight Elevators + +The requirements of 2.16.6 shall apply, except 2.16.6(b) +shall not apply to hydraulic elevators. + +3.16.7 One-Piece Loads Exceeding the Rated Load + +Requirement 2.16.7 shall not apply. One-piece loads +exceeding rated load shall not be carried on hydraulic +elevators. + +3.16.8 Additional Requirements for Passenger +Overload + +Requirement 2.16.8 shall not apply. Hydraulic passen- +ger elevators shall be designed based on 100% of +rated load. + +3.16.9 Special Loading Means + +The requirements of 2.16.9 shall apply. + +SECTION 3.17 + +CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT SAFETIES AND + +PLUNGER GRIPPER + +3.17.1 Cair Safeties + +Car safeties shall be provided for roped-hydraulic ele- +vators and shaU be permitted to be provided for direct- +acting hydraulic elevators. When provided, car safeties +shall conform to 2.17, and to 3.17.1.1 through 3.17.1.3. + +3.17.1.1 The slack-rope device required by 3.18.1.2 +shall be permitted to be an additional means of activat- +ing the car safety on roped-hydraulic elevators using +hydraulic jacks equipped with plungers. The slack-rope +device required by 3.18.1.2.7 shall be an additional +means of activating the car safety on roped-hydraulic +elevators using hydraulic jacks equipped with pistons. + +3.17.1.2 The safety shall be of a type that can be +released only by moving the car in the up direction. To +return a car to normal operation after a safety set, the +car shall be moved hydraulically in the up direction. +For repairs of obvious or suspected malfunction, the car +shall be permitted to be raised by other means capable +of holding the entire car weight. Prior to releasing the + + + +106 + + + +3.17.1.2-3.17.3.6.3 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +• + + + +other means, the car shall be nm hydraulically in the +up direction. + +If an auxiliary pump is used to move the car in the +up direction to release the safeties, it shall + +(a) have a relief valve that limits the pressure to not +more than 2.3 times the working pressure + +(b) be connected between the check valve or control +valve and the shutoff valve + +3.17ol3 The switches required by 2.18.4.1 shall, +when operated, remove power from the hydraulic +machine motor and control valves before or at the time +of application of the safety. + +3ol7.2 Counterweight Safeties + +Counterweight safeties, where provided in accor- +dance with 3.6.2, shall conform to 2.17, provided that +safeties shall be operated as a result of the breaking +or slackening of the counterweight suspension ropes, +irrespective of the rated speed of the elevator. + +3.173 Plunger Gripper + +A plunger gripper shall be permitted to be provided +for direct-acting hydraulic elevators using hydraulic +jacks equipped with plungers. A plunger gripper shall +be capable of stopping and holding the car with its rated +load from the actual measured tripping speed per Table +2.18.2.1 and shall conform to 3.17.3.1 through 3.17.3.9. +In Table 2.18.2.1 the words "rated speed" shall be +replaced by "operating speed in the down direction." + +3.173ol Limits of Application. A plunger gripper +shall be permitted, provided that + +(a) the external pressure appHed to the plimger by +the device is symmetrically distributed at locations +around the circimiference of the plimger. The resulting +stress in the plunger shall not exceed 67% of the yield +strength at any point of the plunger. + +(b) the external pressure applied to the plunger by +the device does not exceed 67% of the value that will +cause local buckling. Where the external pressure is +applied over substantially the full circumference of the +plunger, the maximum value shall be permitted to be +determined by 8.2.8.6. + +(c) during the application, the plunger and the +plunger gripper are capable of withstanding any vertical +forces imposed upon them, and transfer such forces to +the supporting structure. During the application of the +device, any loading on the plunger shall not damage +the cylinder. + +(d) power is removed from the hydraulic machine +before or at the time of application. + +3.17.3.2 Means of Application. A plunger gripper +shall mechanically grip the plunger. + +3.17.3.2.1 Hydraulic means are permitted to be +used to hold the gripper in the retracted position. A + + + +loss of hydrauUc pressure or fluid causing uncontrolled +downward motion is permitted to be used to apply the +plunger gripper. + +3.1 7.3.2.2 When electrical means are used to actu- +ate the gripper, the following shall apply: + +(a) The plimger gripper shall be fully operational dur- +ing a primary electrical system power failure. + +(b) In the event of the failure of any single mechani- +cally operated switch, contactor, relay, solenoid, or any +single solid-state device, or a software system failure, +or the occurrence of a single ground, the elevator shall +not be permitted to restart after a normal stop. + +3.17.3.3 Release + +3.17.3.3.1 The plunger gripper shall be released +by establishing at least no-load static pressure on the +hydraulic system, or by other means capable of holding +the entire car weight. + +3.17.3.3.2 The elevator shall not be permitted to +be restarted without establishing at least no-load static +pressure on the hydraulic system. + +3. 1 7.3.4 Clearance. In the normally retracted position +of the plunger gripper, any contact between the gripping +surface and the plunger shaU not cause degradation of +the plunger or premature degradation of the gripping +surface. + +3.17.3.5 Deceleration. The deceleration of the eleva- +tor upon actuation of the plunger gripper shall comply +with the following criteria: + +(a) The average deceleration rate at rated load shall +be not less than 0.1 gravity nor more than 1.0 gravity. +(See Nonmandatory Appendix P for minimum and max- +imum stopping distances.) + +(b) Any peak deceleration rate in excess of 2.0 gravity +shall have a duration of not greater than 0.04 s. + +3.17.3.6 Minimum Factors of Safety and Stresses of +Safety Parts and Rope Connections + +3.17.3.6.1 Compliance with 2.17.12.1 and 2.17.12.6 +is required. Springs shall be permitted in the operation +of the plunger gripper. The maximum fiber stress in the +spring shall not exceed 85% of the elastic limit in the +material at any time. The factor of safety of wire ropes, +if provided in the construction of the plunger gripper, +shall not be less than 5. Tiller-rope construction shall +not be used. + +3.17.3.6.2 Leaf and roller chains, if provided in +the construction of the plunger gripper, shall conform +to ASME B29. + +3.1 7.3.6.3 The factors of safety shall be based upon +the maximum stresses developed in the parts during +operation of the gripper when stopping rated load from +the tripping speed (see 3.17.3) of the speed-measuring +device. + + + +107 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +3.17.3.6.4-3.18.2.2 + + + +3.17.3.6.4 Rope or tape used to drive an electrical +encoder is not required to comply with the requirements +for governor rope. + +3.17.3.6.5 If a governor is used, it must comply +with 2.18.5.1, except lang-lay construction is permitted +and the diameter is permitted to be less than 9.5 mm +(0.375 in.). + +3.17.3.7 Corrosion-Resistant Bearings in Plunger +Gripper and Gripper Operating Mechanisms. Compliance +with 2.17.13 is required. + +3.17.3.8 Marking Plates for a Plunger Gripper. A per- +manent marking plate shall be securely attached to each +plunger gripper so as to be readily visible, and shall be +marked in a legible and permanent manner with letters +and sjonbols not less than 6 mm (0.25 in.) in height, +indicating + +(a) that it is a plunger gripper. + +(b) the maximum operating speed in the down direc- +tion in m/s (ft/min) for which the plunger gripper shall +be permitted to be used. + +(c) the maximum load in Newtons (pounds) for which +the gripper is designed and installed to stop and sustain. + +(d) the manufacturer's name or trademark and identi- +fication number of the device. + +(e) space for date of acceptance test. Date to be perma- +nently marked following test. + +(f) the diameter and minimum wall thickness of the +plunger for which the device is applicable. + +3.17.3.9 Flexible Hoses. Flexible hoses used for the +operation of a plunger gripper shall be permitted, pro- +vided that their failure does not cause an uncontrolled +descent. These flexible hoses are not required to meet +the requirements of 3.19.3.3. + + + +SECTION 3.18 +HYDRAULIC JACKS + +3.18.1 Hydraulic Jack and Connections + +Where multiple hydraulic jacks are used, they shall +be hydraulicaUy connected to form a single hydraulic +system. + +3.18.1.1 Direct-Acting Hydraulic Elevators. The driv- +ing member of the hydraulic jack shall be attached to +the car frame or car platform with fastenings of sufficient +strength to support that member with a factor of safety +of not less than 4 and shall be capable of withstanding, +without damage, any forces resulting from a plunger +stop as described in 3.18.4.2. + +Any plunger or cylinder head mechanical connector +or connection shall conform to 3.18.2.1, 3.18.2.4, 3.18.4, +and 3.18.5. + + + +3.18.1.2 Roped-Hydraulic Elevator + +3.18.1.2.1 The driving member of the hydraulic +jack shall be vertical. Cars shall be suspended with not +less than two wire ropes per hydraulic jack in confor- +mance with 2.15.13 and 2.20. + +3.18.1.2.2 Where three or more hydraulic jacks +are utilized, one rope per hydraulic jack shall be permit- +ted to be used. Should one hydraulic jack become discon- +nected, the remaining hydraulic jacks shall be capable +of supporting the load without exceeding allowable car +frame stresses or hydraulic jack stress. The ropes shall +conform to 2.15.13 and 2.20. + +3.18.1.2.3 Ropes passing through seals fixed in +cyUnder heads shall be permitted to have a clear plastic +coating applied in order to seal properly and facilitate +rope inspection. + +3.18.1.2.4 The roping ratio that relates the driving +member of the hydraulic jack speed to the car speed +shall not exceed 1:2. + +3.18.1.2.5 Sheaves used to transfer load from the +hydraulic jack to the car frame through wire ropes shall +conform to 2.24.2, 2.24.3, and 2.24.5. + +3.18.1.2.6 Means shall be provided to prevent the +ropes, if slack, from leaving the sheave grooves. + +3.18.1.2.7 A slack-rope device with an enclosed +manually reset switch shall be provided that shall cause +the electric power to be removed from the hydraulic +machine pump motor and the control valves should any +rope become slack. + +3.18.1.2.8 The traveling sheave shall be attached +with fastenings having a minimum factor of safety of +4, based upon the ultimate strength of the material used. +The load to be used in determining the factor of safety +shall be the resultant of the maximum tensions in the +ropes leading from the sheave with the elevator at rest +and with rated load in the car. + +3.18.2 Plungers + +3.18.2.1 Material. The plunger and connecting cou- +plings for the plunger shall be of materials in accordance +with 3.18.2.1.1 and 3.18.2.1.2. + +3.18.2.1.1 Tensile, compressive, bending, and tor- +sional loading shall have a factor of safety of not less +than 5, based on ultimate strength. + +3.18.2.1.2 Pressure loadings shall have a factor of +safety not less than that calculated per 8.2.8.5. + +3.18.2.2 Plunger Design. Plungers made of steel shall +be designed and constructed in compliance with the +applicable formula in 8.2.8.1 for calculation of elastic +stability, bending, and external pressure. For other mate- +rials, the appropriate modulus of elasticity must be uti- +lized. + + + +108 + + + +3.18.2.2-3.18.3.6 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +Plungers subject to internal pressure shall also be +designed and constructed in accordance with cylinder +design formula in 8.2.8.2. + +3.18.2.3 Plunger Connection + +3.18.2.3.1 When the hydrauUc jack is not sub- +jected to eccentric loading, it shall + +(a) carry in tension the weight of the plunger with a +factor of safety not less than 4 + +(h) restrict total vertical movement to less than 20% +of the buffer stroke, where vibration damping means +are provided + +3.18.2.3.2 In addition, when the hydraulic jack is +subjected to eccentric loading, the following shall also +apply: + +(a) The plunger connection to the car shall also be so +designed and constructed as to transmit the full eccentric +moment into the plunger with a factor of safety not less +than 4. + +(b) The plunger and the plunger coimection to the +car shall also be so designed and constructed that the +total vertical deflection of the loading edge of the car +platform due to eccentric loading of the car shall not +exceed 19 mm (0.75 in.). + +3.18.2.4 Plunger Joints. Plungers composed of more +than one section shall have joints designed and con- +structed to + +(a) carry in tension the weight of all plunger sections +below the joint with a factor of safety of not less than 4 + +(b) transmit in compression the gross load on the +plunger with a factor of safety of not less than 5, based +on ultimate strength + +(c) withstand without damage any forces resulting +from a plunger stop as described in 3.18.4.2 + +(d) for eccentric loading, the joints shall conform to +3.18.2.2 and 3.18.2.3 + +3.18.2.5 Plungers Subject to External Pressure. For + +plungers subjected to external pressure, the working +pressure shaU be not greater than indicated by the for- +mula in 8.2.8.1.3. + +3.18.2.6 Plunger Heads Subject to Fluid Pressure. + +Heads of plungers subject to fluid pressure shall con- +form to 3.18.3.6. + +3.18.2.7 Plunger-Follower Guide + +3.18.2.7.1 A plunger-foUower guide shall be per- +mitted to be used, provided it is arranged so that the +elevator is always in a position where the imsupported +length of the plunger conforms to the "maximtim free +length" as defined in 8.2.8.1. If this length is exceeded, +upward movement of the car shall immediately stop, +and it shall be permitted to allow the car to return non- +stop to the lowest landing; power-operated doors shall +open, and electric power shall be removed from the + + + +motor and the control valve. After not less than 15 s nor +more than 60 s, the doors shall close in compliance with +2.11.3. A manual reset of the means shaU be required +before the elevator is returned to service. The in-car door +open button shall remain operative. + +Plunger-follower guides shall be designed and con- +structed to comply with all applicable requirements of +2.15. + +3.18.2.7.2 Telescopic plungers shall have each +plunger section internally guided. If more than two +movable sections are used, external guides shall be pro- +vided for each plunger section. External guides shall be +designed and constructed to comply with all appHcable +requirements of 2.15. + +3.18.3 Cylinders + +3.18.3.1 Material. The cyUnder and coimecting cou- +plings for the cylinder shall be made of materials in +compliance with 3.18.3.1.1 and 3.18.3.1.2. + +3.18.3.1.1 For tensile, compressive, bending, and +torsional loading, the cylinder and connecting couplings +shall have a factor of safety of not less than 5, based on +ultimate strength. + +3.18.3.1.2 For pressure calculations, the cylinder +and coimecting coupling shall have a factor of safety +not less than that calculated as specified in 8.2.8.5. + +3.18.3.2 Cylinder Design. Cylinders shall be designed +and constructed in accordance with the formula in +8.2.8.2. + +3.18.3.3 Clearance at Bottom of Cylinder. Clearance +shall be provided at the bottom of the cylinder so that +the bottom of the plunger will not strike the safety bulk- +head of the cylinder when the car is resting on its fuUy +compressed buffer (see 3.22.1). + +3.18.3.4 Safety Bulkhead. Cylinders buried in the +ground shall be provided with a safety bulkhead having +an orifice of a size that would permit the car to descend +at a speed not greater than 0.075 m/s (15 ft/min), nor +less than 0.025 m/s (5 ft/min). A space of not less than +25 mm (1 in.) shall be left between the welds of the +safety bulkhead and the cylinder head. Safety bulkheads +shall conform to 3.18.3.6. + +A safety bulkhead shall not be required where a dou- +ble cylinder is used and where both inner and outer +cylinders conform to 3.18.3. + +3.18.3.5 Cylinder Packing Heads. Cylinder packing +heads shall conform to appropriate requirements of + +3.18.4 and 8.2.8.3. + +3.18.3.6 Closed Cylinder and Plunger Heads. Closed +heads of cylinders, and heads of plungers subject to fluid +pressure, shall conform to 3.18.3.6.1 through 3.18.3.6.3. + + + +109 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +3.18.3.6.1-3.19.1.4 + + + +3.18.3.6.1 Closed Cylinder Heads. Closed heads of +cylinders shall be only of dished seamless construction, +concave to pressure, except if the bottom of the cylinder +is supported, and if the cylinder is not buried. + +3.18.3.6.2 Design Formulas. They shall be designed +and constructed in accordance with the applicable for- +mulas in 8.2.8.3, provided that steel heads shall in no +case have a thickness less than that required for the +adjoiiung shell. + +3.18.3.6.3 Dislied Seamless Heads, Convex to Pres- +sure. Dished seamless heads, convex to pressure, if used +on plungers, shall have a maximimi allowable working +pressure of not more than 60% of that for heads of the +same dimensions with pressure on the concave side. + +3.18.3.7 Collection of Oil Leakage. Means shall be +provided to collect for removal any oil leakage from +the cylinder head seals or packing gland. The amount +collected before removal shall not exceed 19 L (5 gal). + +3.18.3.8 Cylinders Buried in tlie Ground + +3.18.3.8.1 Cylinders buried in the ground shall be +protected from corrosion due to galvanic or electrolytic +action, salt water, or other underground conditions. + +3.18.3.8.2 The methods specified in 3.18.3.8.3 shall +be considered as acceptable, provided that they + +(a) are designed and installed with means for moni- +toring and maintaining them in accordance with recog- +nized industry standards applicable to the methods + +(b) are effective for specific conditions where the cyl- +inder is installed + +(c) provide means for checking ongoing compliance +with 3.18.3.8.1 + +3.18.3.8.3 The following are the specified +methods: + +(a) the cylinder shall be constructed of a material that +is iirunune to the stated conditions; or + +(b) the cylinder shall be completely covered or +encased in a material that completely surrounds the +exterior surface and is immune to the stated conditions. +If the space between the protective casing and the cylin- +der is empty, the casing must be designed to withstand +a static head of water from ground level to the bottom +of the cylinder, based on the manufacturer's rating of +the material used; or + +(c) the cylinder shall be protected by a monitored +cathodic protection system; or + +(d) the cylinder shall be protected by a means that wiU +provide an imnvunity level not less than that provided by +the above methods for the stated conditions. + +3.18.3.9 IMeans for Relief of Air or Gas. Cylinders +shall be provided with a means to release air or other gas. + + + +3.18.4 Plunger Stops + +3.18.4.1 Metal Stops and/or Other Means. Metal +stops and /or other means shall be provided at one end +of the plunger and at the packing head end of the cylin- +der to prevent the plunger from traveling beyond the +limits of the cylinder. + +The metal stops and/or other means shall be so +designed and constructed as to stop the plimger travel- +ing in the up direction at maximum speed under full +load pressure, should the normal terminal stopping +device (see 3.25.1) fail to operate, or at a reduced speed +when a terminal speed-reducing device is provided as +required by 3.25.2. No running test onto the stop ring +is required [see 8.10.3.2.2(s)]. + +3.18.4.2 Hydraulic System. The connections to the +hydraulic machine, plunger, plunger connection, cou- +plings, plimger joints, cylinder, cylinder connecting cou- +plings, or any other parts of the hydraulic system shall +be designed and constructed to withstand, without dam- +age, a plunger stop in accordance with 3.18.4.1. + +3.18.5 Welding + +All welding of hydraulic jack components shall con- +form to 8.8. + +SECTION 3.19 +VALVES, PRESSURE PIPING, AND FITTINGS + +3.19.1 Materials and Working Pressures + +3.19.1.1 Materials. Pressure piping, valves, fittings, +and mufflers shall be designed and made of materials +having properties such that a factor of safety not less +than that calculated per 8.2.8.5 is achieved. + +Piping ajid fittings of a grade not subjected to listed/ +certified testing (ASTM or equivalent) shall not be used +for hydraulic pressure piping and fittings. + +NOTE (3.19.1.1): Examples of two acceptable pipe standards are +ASTM A106 and ASTM A 53, Type E or S. + +3.19.1.2 Working Pressures. The working pressure +(see 1.3) shall not exceed the component rated pressure +(see 1.3) of the pipes, valves, mufflers, and fittings used +on the pressure side of the hydraulic system. + +3.19.1.3 Component Proof Test. For elongations +greater than or equal to 10%, the component design shall +be substantiated either in accordance with 8.2.8.5 or by +an imrestrained proof test of 5 times the component +rated pressure without resulting in fracture. For elonga- +tions of less than 10%, the test value shall be 1.5 times the +value indicated by 8.2.8.5 multiplied by the component +rated pressure. + +3.19.1.4 Component Markings. Valves, fittings, and +mufflers shall be pressure rated, and shaU bear the man- +ufacturer 's name or trademark by which the organiza- +tion that manufactured the product can be identified. + + + +110 + + + +3.19.1.4-3.19A1 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +and identification symbols to indicate the materials and +service designations for which the manufacturer's rating +applies. + +NOTE: Valves and fittings rated for a different system may be +used in hydraulic elevator systems when substantiated in accor- +dance with the elevator code. + +3.19o2 Pressure Piping + +3.19.2.1 WaW ThJckBiesSo The minimum wall thick- +ness shall conform to 8.2.8.4. + +3.19.2.2 Threading. Pipe lighter than Schedule 40 +shall not be threaded. + +3.19.2.3 Pipe Supports. Pipiiig shall be so supported +as to eliminate undue stresses at joints and fittings, par- +ticularly at any section of the line subject to vibration. + +3.19.2.4 Pipe, Tubing, or Fittings. Pipe, tubing, or +fittings shall be permitted to be used for instrument +or control purposes and shall conform to ASME B31.1, +para. 122.3. + +3.19.2.5 Hydraulic Pipeline identification. A marking +shall be applied, to accessible piping that is located out- +side the elevator machine room or hoistway, stating "Ele- +vator Hydraulic Line" in letters that are at least 19 mm +(0.75 in.) high in a contrasting color. The marking shall +be visible after installation and applied at intervals not +greater than 3 000 mm (120 in.). + +3.19.2.6 Where the hydraulic machine is located in +the hoistway and any piping, tubing, or fitting permitted +by 3.19.2.4 is located outside the hoistway, means shall +be provided to + +(a) protect the specified piping, tubing, or fittings +from damage, which would cause unsafe elevator opera- +tion; or + +(b) prevent imcontroUed movement of the elevator in +the event of failure of the specified piping, tubing, or +fittings. + +3.19.3 Connections and Fittings + +3.19.3.1 Connections. All piping coimections shall be +of the welded, grooved, threaded, or bolted flange type. +Threads of valves, piping, and fittings shall conform to +the requirements of ASME Bl.20.1, ASME Bl.20.3, or +ASME Bl.20.4. Hydraulic tube fittings shall conform to +SAE J514. + +3.19.3.2 Grooved Pipe Fittings + +3.19.3.2.1 Grooved pipe fitting assembHes shall +be permitted to be used for hydraulic coimections. They +shall be installed in conformance with the manufactur- +er's specifications. They shall be installed in locations +that will permit disassembly and inspection of all of +their component parts. + + + +3.19.3.2.2 Grooved pipe fittings shall be so +designed and constructed that failure of a sealing ele- +ment will not permit separation of the parts connected. +The devices or means used for preventing the separation +of the parts cormected shall be removable only with the +use of tools. Devices or means removable with hand- +operated quick-release levers or toggles are prohibited. + +3.19,3.3 Flexible Hydraulic Connections. Flexible +hose and fitting assemblies, and flexible couplings, shall +be permitted to be used for hydraulic connections. +Where installed between the check valve or control valve +and the cylinder, they shall conform to 3.19.3.3.1 and +3.19.3.3.2. + +3.19.3.3.1 Flexible hose and fitting assemblies +shall + +(a) not be installed within the hoistway, nor project +into or through any wall. Installation shall be accom- +plished without introducing any twist in the hose, and +shall conform with the minimum bending radius of SAE +100, R2 type, high pressure, steel wire reinforced, rubber- +covered hydraulic hose specified in SAE J517. + +(b) have a bursting strength sufficient to withstand +not less than 10 times working pressure (see 1.3). They +shall be tested in the factory or in the field prior to +installation at a pressure of not less than 5 times working +pressure and shall be marked with date and pressure +of test. + +(c) conform to the requirements of SAE 100, R2 type +hose specified in SAE J517 and be compatible with the +fluid used. + +(d) be of nonreusable-type fittings. + +(e) be permanently labeled/marked, indicating + +(1) the name or trademark by which the manufac- +turer of the hose and fittings can be identified + +(2) the type of hose and fitting + +(3) the minimvmi factory test pressure + +(4) the minimum bending radius of hose + +(5) the date of installation + +(6) the inspection procedure + +(7) the name of elevator contractor + +(f) have a line overspeed valve conforming to 3.19.4.7. + +3.19.3.3.2 Flexible couplings are permitted for +hydraulic connections. Such couplings shall be so +designed and constructed that failure of the sealing ele- +ment will not permit separation of the connected parts. +The devices or means used to prevent the separation of +the connected parts shall be removable only with the +use of tools. Any devices or means that are removable +with hand-operated quick-released levers are pro- +hibited. + +3,19.4 Valves + +3.19.4.1 ShutofF Valve. A manually operated shutoff +valve shall be provided between the hydraulic machines + + + +111 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +3.19.4.1-3.19.4.7.3 + + + +and the hydraulic jack and shall be located outside the +hoistway and adjacent to the hydraulic machine. + +Where the hydraulic machine is located in the +hoistway, the manually operated shutoff valve shall be +permitted to be located inside the hoistway, provided +that it is accessible from outside the hoistway to elevator +personnel only (see 8.1). + +3.19.4.2 Pump Relief Valve + +3.19.4.2.1 Each pump or group of pumps shall be +equipped with one or more relief valve(s) conforming +to the following requirements: + +(a) Type and Location. The relief valve shall be located +between the pump and the check valve and shall be of +such a type and so installed in the bypass connection +that the valve cannot be shut off from the hydraulic +system. + +(h) Size. The size of the relief valve and bypass shall +be sufficient to pass the maximum rated capacity of the +pump without raising the pressure more than 50% above +the working pressure. Two or more relief valves shall +be permitted to be used to obtain the required capacity. + +(c) Sealing. Relief valves shall be sealed after being +set to the correct pressure. + +3.19.4.2.2 No relief valve is required for centrifu- +gal pimips driven by induction motors, provided the +shut-off, or maximum pressure that the pump can +develop, is not greater than 135% of the working pres- +sure at the pump. + +3.19.4.3 Check Valve. A check valve shall be provided +and shall be so installed that it will hold the elevator +car with rated load at any point when the pump stops +and the down valves are closed or the maintained pres- +sure drops below the minimum operating pressure. + +3.19.4.4 Manual Lowering Valve. A manually oper- +ated valve, located on or adjacent to the control valves, +shall be provided and identified, which permits low- +ering the car at a speed not exceeding 0.10 m/s +(20 ft/min). This valve shall be so marked to indicate +the lowering position. Where the hydraulic machine is +located in the hoistway, the manual lowering valve shall +only be accessible to elevator personnel from outside +the hoistway (see 8.1). + +3.19.4.5 Pressure Gauge Fittings. A pressure gauge +fitting with shutoff valve shall be provided on jack side +of the check valve or immediately adjacent to the +hydrauUc control valve. Where the hydraulic machine +is located in the hoistway, the pressure gauge fittings +shall only be accessible to elevator personnel from out- +side the hoistway (see 8.1). + +3.19.4.6 Type Tests, Certification, and Marlting Plates +for Control Valves + + + +3.19.4.6.1 Each type or model and make of +hydraulic control valve shall be subjected to the engi- +neering tests and to the certification process as specified +in 8.3.5. + +3.19.4.6.2 Hydraulic control valves shall be +plainly marked in a permanent marmer with the follow- +ing information: + +(a) certifying organization's name or identifying +symbol + +(h) the name, trademark, or file ntm:iber by which +the organization that manufactured the product can be +identified + +(c) statement of compliance with ASME A17.1 or +CSAB44 + +(d) type designation + +(e) component rated pressure +(/) eleclxical coU data + +3.19.4.7 Overspeed Valves. When provided, +overspeed valves and their connections and attachments +shall conform to 3.19.4.7.1 through 3.19.4.7.6. + +3.19.4.7.1 Overspeed Valve Tests. Each type or +model of overspeed valve shall be subjected to the engi- +neering tests specified in 8.3.9. + +3.19.4.7.2 Marking of Overspeed Valves. The + +overspeed valves shall be plainly marked in a permanent +manner with the following: + +(a) the name or trademark by which the organization +that manufactured the product can be identified + +(b) type designation + +(c) component rated pressure + +(d) maximum and minimum rated flow + +3.19.4.7.3 Installation of Overspeed Valves. + +Overspeed valves shall be installed and mounted as +follows: + +(a) Single Jack Arrangements. Where a single valve is +used, it shall be located in the pressure piping within +300 mm (12 in.) of the hydraulic jack. Multiple parallel +valves are permitted in lieu of a single valve. These shall +be located so as to minimize the distance from the valves +to the hydraulic jack. + +(b) Multiple Jack Arrangements. Multiple jack arrange- +ments shall conform with one of the following: + +(DA single overspeed valve shall be located in the +pressure piping within 300 mm (12 in.) of each hydraulic +jack. Multiple parallel valves are permitted in Ueu of +single valves at each hydraulic jack. These shall be +located so as to minimize the distance from the valves +to each hydraulic jack. + +(2) A single overspeed valve shall be located in the +pressure piping on the hydraulic machine side of, and +immediately before, the tee jimction, wye jimction, or +branch jimction that connects the branch pressure pipes +to the jacks. Multiple parallel valves are permitted in +lieu of a single valve at the junction. For dual hydraulic + + + +112 + + + +3.19.4.7.3-3.22.1.3 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +• + + + +• + + + +jack systems, the total length of branch pressure pipe +between the tee or wye junction and the jacks shall +not exceed the distance between the jacks, measured +horizontally, plus 1 m (39 in.). For multiple jack systems, +the length of branch pressure piping shaU be minimized. + +3.19.4.7.4 Strength of Overspeed Valve Pressure +Piping and Fittings Between the Overspeed Valve and the +Jacks. The factor of safety of the overspeed valve pres- +sure piping and fittings shall be not less than 1.5 times +the value obtained using 8.2.8.5, provided that the mini- +mum factor of safety is not less than 4.5, and the mini- +mum percentage elongation is not less than 5 for the +overspeed valve and fittings and not less than 20 for +the pressure piping. + +3.19.4.7.5 Performance Requirements. The + +overspeed valve shall be constructed, installed, and +adjusted to ensure that the elevator obtains the following +performance: + +(a) The overspeed valve tripping speed shall be not +less than 110% nor greater than 140% of the elevator +operating speed in the down direction, but in no case +shall exceed 0.3 m/s (60 ft/min) above the rated elevator +speed. + +(b) The average deceleration rate shall be not less +than 1.96 m/s^ (6.44 ft/s^) nor more than 9.81 m/s^ +(32.2 ft/s^). + +(c) Any peak deceleration rate in excess of 24.53 m/s^ +(80.5 ft/s^) shall have a duration of not greater than +0.04 s. + +3.19.4.7.6 Sealing of the Overspeed Valve. Field- +adjustable overspeed valves shall be sealed after field +setting. + +3.19.5 Piping Buried in the Ground + +3.19.5.1 Protection. Piping buried in the groimd shall +be provided with protection from corrosion by one or +more of the following methods: + +(a) monitored cathodic protection + +(b) a coating to protect the piping from corrosion that +will withstand the installation process + +(c) a protective casing, immune to galvanic or electro- +lytic action, salt water, and other known underground +conditions, completely surrounding the exterior sur- +faces of the piping + +3.19.5.2 Seals. Piping buried in the ground shall not +include seals or other elements potentially requiring ser- +vice or replacement. + +3.19.6 Welding + +3.19.6.1 All welding of valves, pressure piping, and +fittings shall conform to 8.8. + +3.19.6.2 Field welding of pressure piping and fit- +tings shall also be permitted to be performed by welders + + + +certified to the requirements pertaining to pressure +systems. + +3.19.7 Electrical Requirements + +Hydraulic control valves shall conform to the electrical +requirements in Clause 4 of CSA C22.2 No. 139. + +SECTION 3.20 +ROPES AND ROPE CONNECTIONS + +Where a counterweight is provided, the counter- +weight shall be connected to the car by not less than +two steel wire ropes. + +The wire ropes and their cormections shall conform +to 2.20, except that the factor of safety of the wire ropes +shall be not less than 7. + +SECTION 3.21 +COUNTERWEIGHTS + +3.21.1 Counterweights + +Counterweights, where provided, shall conform to +2.21. In the event of the separation of the coimterweight +from the car, the static pressure shall be not more than +140% of the working pressure. + +3.21.2 Counterweight Sheaves + +Sheaves for counterweight ropes shall conform to +2.24.2, 2.24.3, and 2.24.5. + +SECTION 3.22 +BUFFERS AND BUMPERS + +3.22.1 Car Buffers or Bumpers + +Car buffers or bumpers shall be provided and shall +coivform to 2.22, provided that in applying the require- +ments of 2.22 to hydraulic elevators 3.22.1.1 through +3.22.1.5 are complied with. + +3.22.1.1 The term "operating speed in the down +direction with rated load" shaU be substituted for the +words "rated speed" wherever these words appear. + +3.22.1.2 In place of 2.22.3.2, the requirements speci- +fied in 3.22.1.2.1 and 3.22.1.2.2 shall be substituted. + +3.22.1 .2.1 Buffers shall be capable of withstanding +without being compressed solid the loading per 8.2.3.2. + +3.22.1.2.2 Buffers shall be compressed solid with +a loading of 2 times that described in 8.2.3.2. + +3.22.1.3 Requirement 2.22.4.1.2 shall not apply. +Reduced stroke buffers shall not be provided on hydrau- +lic elevators. Car buffers or bumpers shall be so located +that the car will come to rest on the bumper or fully +compressed buffer, or to a fixed stop, before the plimger +reaches its down limit of travel. + + + +113 + + + +ASME A17.1S-2005 + + + +3.22.1.4-3.25.1.3 + + + +3.22.1.4 When multiple buffers are used, each shall +be identical and designed for an equal proportion of the +loading described in 3.22.1.2. + +3.22.1.5 Plunger weight, less buoyant effects of the +plungers at the buffer strike point, shall be added, if +applicable, and used in buffer calculations. + +3.22.1.6 SoHd bumpers are permitted on hydraulic +elevators having an operating speed in the down direc- +tion of 0.25 m/s (50 ft/min) or less. See 2.22.2 for solid +bumper material. + +3.22.2 Counterweight Buffers + +Where counterweights are provided, coimterweight +buffers shall not be provided. (See 3.4.6 for required +counterweight runby.) + +SECTION 3.23 + +GUIDE RAILS, GUIDE-RAIL SUPPORTS, AND + +FASTENINGS + +3.23.1 Direct-Acting Hydraulic Elevators + +Guide rails, guide-rail supports, and their fastenings +shall conform to 2.23, with the exceptions specified in +3.23.1.1 through 3.23.1.4. + +3.23.1.1 Requirement 2.23.4.1 shall apply only where +car safeties are used and the maximum load on the car +side for direct-acting hydraulic elevators is the maxi- +mum weight of the car and its rated load plus the weight +of the plunger or cylinder as applicable. + +3.23.1 .2 Requirement 2.23.4.2 shall apply only where +safeties are used. + +3.23.1.3 Requirement 2.23.9.1.1(a) shall apply only +where safeties are used. + +3.23.1.4 Requirement 2.28 shall not apply. + +3.23.2 Roped-Hydraulic Elevators + +3.23.2.1 Car and coimterweight guide rails, guide- +rail supports, and their fastenings shall conform to 2.23. + +3.23.2.2 The traveling sheave, if provided, shall be +guided by means of suitable guide shoes and guide rails +adequately mounted and supported. + +SECTION 3.24 +HYDRAULIC MACHINES AND TANKS + +3.24.1 Hydraulic Machines (Power Units) + +3.24.1.1 Marking Plates. The working pressure that +is developed in the system shall be measured at the +acceptance inspection and test. This pressure shall be +legibly and permanently labeled /marked on a data plate +that shall be moimted on the hydraulic machine. + + + +3.24.2 Tanks + +3.24.2.1 Capacity. Tanks shall be of sufficient capacity +to provide for an adequate liquid reserve in order to +prevent the entrance of air or other gas into the system. + +3.24.2.2 Minimum Level Indication. The permissible +niinimum liquid level shall be clearly indicated. + +3.24.3 Atmosphere Storage and Discharge Tanks + +3.24.3.1 Covers and Venting. TarJ^ ;g^Ts:b3^ii i > ^: ag!yi^ :A iiKa a >gJsa ;^ <^^y> :: < : XV\V^^ + + + +IS 2098 (1997) : Asbestos cement building boards +Cement Matrix Products] + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +[CED 53: + + + +i&^^f f /lA^sh^^JS^ rsJ^a^TTTF^ + + + +:<>5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + + + + +Indian Standard +ASBESTOS CEMENT BUILDING BOARDS + +SPECIFICATION + + + +18 2098:1997 + +( Reaffirmed 2001 ) + + + +( First Revision ) + + + +ICS 91.100.40 + + + +© BIS 1997 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG +NEW DELHI 110002 + +November 1997 Price Group 3 + + + +Cement Matrix Products Sectional Committee, CED 53 + + + +FOREWROD + +This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft fmahzed by +the Cement Matrix Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council. + +Asbestos cement building boards are mainly used as interior fittings where no load or little load comes on them such +as partitions, ftirniture and Dado work. + +Asbestos cement building boards are different from: + +a) Asbestos cement flat sheets (water cured or humid cured) intended for external use conforming to IS 2096 : +1992 'Specification for asbestos cement flat sheet'. + +b) Silica asbestos cement flat sheets conforming to IS 13000 : 1990 'Specification for shallow corrugated +asbestos cement sheets'. + +This is the first revision of the standard which was originally published in 1964. In this revision, besides incorpo- +rating the amendments already issued, all the tests have been aligned with the methods given in IS 5913 : 1989 +'Methods of tests for asbestos cement products'. Modifications have also been done to refer latest versions of +referred standards. + +The technical committees responsible for formulation of this standard is given in Annex B. + +For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with the final value, +observed or calculated, expressing the result of test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 +'Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised) ' . The number of significant places retained in the rounded off +value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard. + + + +IS 2098 : 1997 + + + +Indian Standard + +ASBESTOS CEMENT BUILDING BOARDS + +SPECIFICATION + +( First Revision ) + + + +1 SCOPE + +This standard specifies the requirements regarding +composition, dimensions and tests of asbestos cement +building boards. Asbestos cement flat sheets and silica +asbestos cement flat sheets which are difierent, are +not covered in this standard. + +2 REFERENCES + +The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are necessary +adjuncts to this standard. + +3 COMPOSITION + +Asbestos cement building boards shall be made from +a thorough and homogenous mixture of ordinary +Portland cement, grade 33 conforming to IS 269 or +ordinary Portland cement, grade 43 conforming to +IS 8112 or ordinary Portland cement, grade 53 +conforming to IS 12269 or rapid hardening Portland +cement conforming to IS 8041, Portland slag cement +conforming to IS 455, Portland pozzolana cement +conforming to either IS 1489 (Part I) or IS 1489 +(Part 2) and Asbestos fibre to which other suitable +fibres may be added. Pozzolanic materials, fillers and +pigments which are compatible with Asbestos cement +may be added. + +4 COLOURING MATTER + +The boards may be left in their natural colour or +colouring matter may be added in the composition. +They may receive coloured or uncoloured coatings on +their surface. Pigments which are embodied in +Asbestos cement for colouring purposes shall be of +permanent colour and shall conform to the relevant +Indian Standards. For guidance in ascertaining the +colour and staining power of the pigments, IS 5913 +may be referred to. + +5 CLASSIFICATION + +Asbestos cement building boards shall be of three +classes namely. Class A, Class B and Class C, con- +forming to the dimensions given in Table 1. + + + +Table 1 Dimensions of Asbestos Cement +Building Boards + +{Clauses 5, 7.1 and%3 ) + + + +Oass of + + +Length + + +Width + + +Thickness + + +Board + + + + + + + + + + +mm + + +mm + + +mm + + +(1) + + +(2) + + +(3) + + +(4) + + +A + + +2 440 + + +1220 + + +6 + + + + +(2 400) + + +(1 200) + + + + + + +1830 + + + + + + + + +(1 800) + + + + + + + + +1220 + + + + + + + + +(I 200) + + + + + + +B + + +2 440 + + +1220 + + +5 + + + + +(2 400) + + +(1 200) + + + + + + +1 830 + + + + + + + + +(1 800) + + + + + + + + +1220 + + + + + + + + +(1 200) + + + + + + +C + + +2 440 + + +1 220 + + +4 + + + + +(2 400) + + +(1 200) + + + + + + +1830 + + + + + + + + +(1 800) + + + + + + + + +1220 + + + + + + + + +(1 200) + + + + + + +NOTE - + + +- Values which + + +are not in 1 + + +brackets are preferred + + +sizes. + + + + + + + + + +NOTE — By mutual agreement between the purchaser +and the manufacturer the boards may be supplied in +dimensions other than specified in Table 1 . + +6 GENERAL APPREARANCE AND FINISH + +The finished product when delivered, shall be free from +visible defects that impair its appearance or service- +ability. The surface of the boards shall be of uniform +texture and shall have atleast one smooth surface. They +shall be flat, rectangular and shall have neatly trimmed +straight and regular edges and shall be square at the +corners. + +7 TOLERANCES + +7.1 Tolerances on Length and Width + +Asbestos cement building boards shall not vary from + + + +IS 2098 : 1997 + + + +the nominal dimensions for length and width +specified in Table 1 by more than ± 5 mm. + +7.2 Tolerance on Thickness + +From 3 mm to 5 mm — ± 0.5 mm +From 6 mm and above — ±OAe mm (± 10 + +f)ercent) + +where e ' is nominal thickness of board. +8 TESTS + +8.1 The samples of boards taken as described in 9 and +tested for the various characteristics shall conform to +the requirements specified in 8.2 to 8.4. + +8.2 Load Bearing Capacity Test + +When tested in accordance with IS 5913 the average +breaking load of two specimens taken from the same +board shall be not less than 20 kg for Class A boards +and 15 kg for Class B and Class C boards. Further, the +breaking load of either of the specimens shall not be +less than 15 kg for Class A boards and 10 kg for Class +B and Class C boards. + +8.3 Measurement of Thickness + +The average thickness of the sheet when measured at +three points at each end of the sheet approximately +20 mm from the edge by means of a metal plate gauge +having diameter not less than 9 mm and reading to +0. 1 mm shall correspond to the nominal thickness and +the toler?»nce specified in Table 1 and 7.1 respectively. + +8.4 Water Absorption Test + +When tested in accordance with IS 5913 the amount +of water absorbed by the specimen shall not exceed +40 percent of its dry weight. + + + +9 SAMPLING + +The sampling, inspection and acceptance shall be in +accordance with IS 7639. Unless otherwise agreed to +between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the +maximum and minimum inspection lots shall be 3 000 +and 400 sheets respectively, + +10 MANUFACTURER'S CERTIFICATE + +The manufacturer shall satisfy himself that the boards +conform to the requirements of this standard and, if +required, shall furnish a certificate to this effect to +the purchaser or his representative clearly slating class +of the board. + +11 MARKING + +Each board shall be stamped or marked by any suitable +method on non weathering side with the following +information: + +a) Class of board; + +b) Identification of source of manufacture; + +c) Nominal thickness of board; and + +d) Pictorial warning sign as gi' n in IS 12081 +(Part 2). + +11.2 BIS Certification Marking + +The product may also be marked with Standard Mark. + +11.2.1 The use of Standard Mark is governed by the +provision of the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 +and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The +details of conditions under which the licence for the +use of Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers +or producers may be obtained from the Bureau of +Indian Standards. + + + +IS 2098 : 1997 + + + +ANNEX A + +( Clause 2 ) + +LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS + + + +IS No, +269 : 1989 + +455 : 1989 + +1489 + +(Part 1) : 1991 +(Part 2): 1991 + +5913 : 1989 + +7639 : 1975 + + + +Title + +Specification for 33 grade ordi- +nary Portland cement ( fourth +revision) + +Specification for Portland slag +cement ( fourth revision ) + + + +Specification for +pozzolana cement: + + + +Portland + + + +Flyash based ( third revision ) + +Calcined clay based ( third +revision ) + +Methods of test for asbestos +cement products ( first revision ) + +Methods of sampling of asbestos +cement products + + + +IS No. +8041 ; 1990 + + + +8112 : 1989 + + + +11769 +(Part 1) : 1987 + +12081 +(Part 2) : 1987 + + + +12269 : 1987 + + + +Title + +Specification for rapid hardening +Portland cement ( first revision ) + +Specification for 43 grade +ordinary Portland cement ( first +revision ) + +Guidelines for safe use of +products containing asbestos : +Part 1 Asbestos cement products + +Recommendations for pictorial +warning signs and precautionary +notices for asbestos and products +containing asbestos : Part 2 Asbes- +tos and its products + +Specification for 53 grade ordi- +nary Portland cement + + + +IS 2098 : 1997 + + + +Chairman +SHRi S. A. Reddi + +Members + + + +ANNEXE + +( Foreword ) + +COMMirrEE COMPOSITION + +Cement Matrix I*roducts Sectional Committee, CED 53 + +Representing +Gammon India Ltd, Mumbai + + + +Shri K, H. Gangwal + +Shri V. Pattabhi ( Alternate ) +Dr C. Rajkumar + +Shri H. K. Julka ( Alternate) +Shri R. Subramaniam + +Shri K. P. Abraham ( Alternate ) +Shri P. S. Roy + +Dr a. S. Goyal ( Alternate ) +Joint Director Standards (B&S) CB II + +Assistant Design Engineer (CS-I) ( Alternate ) +Shri D. K. Kanungo + +Shri T. Choudhury ( Alternate ) +Shri C. H. Subramanian + +Shri A. Dutta ( Alternate ) +Dr Irsad Masood + +Shri S. R Tehri ( Alternate ) +Shri O. R Agarwal + +Shri J. L. Dhingra ( Alternate ) +Shri P. S. Kalani + +Shri N. Kishan Reddy ( Alternate ) +Shri P. D. Kelkar + +Shri R R. C. Nair ( Alternate ) +Shri G. S. Shiralkar + +Shri A.V. Gogte ( Alternate ) +Shri A. K. Chadha + +Shri J. R. Sil ( Alternate ) +Shri S. Hariramasamy +Dr v. S. Parameswaran + +Shri A. K, Mani ( Alternate ) +Chief Engineer + +Deputy Chief Engineer ( Alternate ) +Shri S. R Rastogi +Shri G. R. Bhariticar + +Col (Retd) D, V. Padsalgikar ( Alternate ) +Shri B. V. B. Pai + +Shri M. G. Dandwate ( Alternate ) +Shri M. A. Azeez + +Shri P. D. Gaikawad ( Alternate ) +Shri K. Srivastava +Shri Vinod Kumar +Director ( Civ Engg ) + + + +Hyderabad Industries Ltd, Sanatnagar + +National Council for Cement and Building Materials, New Delhi + +Central Public Works Department, New Delhi + +Engineer-in-Chief s Branch, Army Headquaners, New Delhi + +Research, Design and Standards Organization, Lucknow + +National Test House, Calcutta + +Small Scale Industries, New Delhi + +Central Building Research Institute, Rot^rkee + +Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi + +All India Small Scale, A. C. Pressure Pipes Manufacturers +Association, Hyderabad + +Indian Hume Pipe Co Ltd Mumbai + +Spun Pipes Manufacturers Association of Maharashtra (SSI), +Pune + +Hindustan Prefab Lid, New Delhi + +Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, Chennai +Structural Engineering Research Centre, Madras + +Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay, Mumbai + +Federation of UP Pipe Manufacturers, Lucknow ' + +B. G. Shirke Construction Technology Private Ltd, Pune + +The Associated Cement Companies Ltd, Thane + +Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd, New Delhi + +Etemit Everest Ltd, Mumbai + +Director General, BIS {Ex-officio Member) + + + +Member Secretary + +Shri J. K. Prasad + +Additional Director ( Civ Engg ), BIS + + + +( Contimted on page 5 ) + + + +( Continued from page 4 ) + + + +IS 2098 : 1997 + + + +Fibre Reinforced Cement I^oducts Subconimittee, CED 53: 1 + + + +Convener +Dr C. Rajkumar + +Members + +Dr N. Raghavendra +Shri Srinivasan N. Iyer + +Dr V. B. Upadhyaya ( Alternate) +Shri V. Pattabhi + +Shri A. K. Gupta ( Alternate ) +Superintending Engineer (TADC) + +Executive Engineer (TADC) ( Alternate ) +Col V. K. Sawhney + +Lt-Col R. L. Krire ( Alternate ) +Shri U. N. Venkatesh + +Shri K. S. Ramakrishanan ( Alternate ) +Joint Director Standards (B&S) / CB-I + +Joint Director Standards (B&S) CB-1 {Alternate ) +Shri S. Ganapathy +Shri N. G. Bhasak + +Shri R K. Jain ( Alternate ) +Shri S. K. Banerjee +Shri K. R Goenka + +Shri I. P. Goenka ( Alternate ) +Shri Raj Kumar + +Shri S. C. Kumar ( Alternate ) +Dr Kalyan Das + +Shri R. S. Rawat ( Alternate ) +Shri R S. Kalani + +Shri T. S. Summi ( Alternate ) +Shri R L. Jain + +Shri M. M. Jain ( Alternate ) +Shri P. N. Mehta + +Shri V. K. Kasuwal ( Alternate ) +Shri S. N. Basu + +Shri T N. Uboveja ( Alternate ) +Shri S. Prakash +Shri P. S. Kalani + +Shri N. Krishan Reddi ( Alternate ) +Shri S. B. Suri + +Shri N. Chandrasekaran ( Alternate ) + + + +Representing +National Council forCement and Building Materials, New Delhi + +National Council for Cement and Building Materials, New Delhi +Eternit Everest Ltd, New Delhi + +The Hyderbad Industries Ltd, Hyderabad + +Central Public Works Department, New Delhi + +Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, New Delhi + +Shree Digvijay Cement Co Ltd, Ahmadabad + +Research, Design and Standards Organization, Lucknow + +Ramco Industries Ltd, Chennai + +Directorate General of Technical Developent, New Delhi + +National Test House, Calcutta +Sabarmangala Industries, Calcutta + +Development Commissioner, SmaU Scale Industries, New Delhi + +Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee + +Kalani Asbestos Cement Private Ltd, Indore + +Jain Trading Corporation, Kota + +Geological Survey of India, Jaipur + +Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals, New Delhi + +Delhi Water Supply & Sewage Disposals Undertaking. New Delhi +Kalani Industries Private Ltd. Secunderabad + +Central Soil & Materials Research Station. New Delhi + + + +Bureau of Indian Standards + +BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1 986 to promote harmonious +development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to +connected matters in the country. + +Copyright + +BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without +the prior perm.ission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the +standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to +copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS. + +Review of Indian Standards + +Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed +periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are +needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards +should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendmicnts or edition by referring to the latest issue +of ^BIS Handbook' and 'Standards : Monthly Additions'. + +This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. CED 53 ( 5184 ). + +Amendments Issued Since Publication + +Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected + + + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +Headquarters: + +Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 1 10002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha + +Telephones : 323 01 31, 323 94 02, 323 33 75 ( Common to + +all offices ) + +Regional Offices: Telephone + +Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg f 323 76 17 + +NEW DELHI 1 1 0002 | 323 3 8 4 1 + +Eastern : I/I4 C. I. T, Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola | 337 84 99. 337 85 61 + +CALCUTTA 700054 [ 337 86 26, 337 86 62 + +Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 [ 60 38 43 + +1 60 20 25 + +Southern : C, I, T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAl 600113 f 235 02 16,235 04 42 + +1 235 15 19,235 23 15 + +Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) f 832 92 95, 832 78 58 + +MUMBAI 400093 1 832 78 91, 832 78 92 + +Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. + +COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. +KANPUR. LUCKNOW. NAGPUR. PATNA. PUNE. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. + + + +Pnnted at New India Printing Press, Khurja, India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/84a8b430a86594cd.txt b/corpus/building/text/84a8b430a86594cd.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcf875c571951392fe2ef21f3da5b0ccd2d18066 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/84a8b430a86594cd.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +TESSERA v2: Scaling Pixel-wise Earth Foundation Models + +Pixel-wise Earth-observation (EO) foundation models are now achieving state-of-the-art performance via generated spatial embeddings. However, how these models scale and how best to spend a pretraining budget remain poorly understood. We present the largest controlled scaling study for EO to date: 395 training runs on 1,024 GH200 superchips within a fixed pixel-wise Barlow Twins family, each evaluated on 15 downstream tasks. We find that pretraining loss barely predicts downstream performance (|Pearson r| < 0.2), so selecting models by loss wastes a large share of the compute. We also find that, as the training budget grows, the encoder and the data should grow together while the projector stays fixed, which gives a simple rule for allocating compute. Using this rule, we train a family of pixel-wise models (0.5B and 1B, with a 2B model in training) and distill them into compact students for embeddings-as-data deployment. The 21-million-parameter distilled TESSERA v2-1B-M in aggregate outperforms all open and proprietary models tested, some of which are orders of magnitude larger. These students produce Matryoshka representations that are inexpensive to serve: a 16-dimensional prefix keeps 92% of the full 128-dimensional performance at 1/8 of the storage. Upon completion of training we plan to release v2 global embeddings covering 2017-2025. Together, these results give a concrete, empirically grounded recipe for scaling pixel-wise EO foundation models: train large encoders, select by downstream performance, and distil into flexible student models. All code will be released at https://github.com/ucam-eo/tessera. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/863ab10e936748f3.txt b/corpus/building/text/863ab10e936748f3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c989ea57d0166f001413e23cf2c45a418df2eb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/863ab10e936748f3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +BIM Informed Visual SLAM for Construction Monitoring + +Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a key tool for monitoring construction sites, where aligning the evolving as-built state with the as-planned design enables early error detection and reduces costly rework. LiDAR-based SLAM achieves high geometric precision, but its sensors are typically large and power-demanding, limiting their use on portable platforms. Visual SLAM offers a practical alternative with lightweight cameras already embedded in most mobile devices. however, visually mapping construction environments remains challenging: repetitive layouts, occlusions, and incomplete or low-texture structures often cause drift in the trajectory map. To mitigate this, we propose an RGB-D SLAM system that incorporates the Building Information Model (BIM) as structural prior knowledge. Instead of relying solely on visual cues, our system continuously establishes correspondences between detected wall and their BIM counterparts, which are then introduced as constraints in the back-end optimization. The proposed method operates in real time and has been validated on real construction sites, reducing trajectory error by an average of 23.71% and map RMSE by 7.14% compared to visual SLAM baselines. These results demonstrate that BIM constraints enable reliable alignment of the digital plan with the as-built scene, even under partially constructed conditions. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/8767857485baf151.txt b/corpus/building/text/8767857485baf151.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f73394160a7e634b49238d63d366ad54649b5c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/8767857485baf151.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1814 @@ +**************** + + + +-k t^^ + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live'' + + + +IS 1280 (1975) : Foundry moulding boxes of steel +construction [MTD 14: Foundry] + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +aj^&vi iJii^s:y>K^ isb^^ni^seg + + + +:<>5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +IS : 1280 • 1975 +(RMfflrmtd 1993) + + + +Indian Standard + + + +SPECIFICATION FOR + +FOUNDRY MOULDING BOXES OF + +STEEL CONSTRUCTION + +( Second Revision ) + + + +First Reprint OCTOBER 1998 +( Inooiponting Amendmenl No. 1 ) + + + +UDC 621.744.33 + + + +O Copyright 1998 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG +NEW DELHI 110002 + + + +Gr 3 April 1976 + + + +IS>1280.197S + +Indian Standard + +SPECIFICATION FOR + +FOUNDRY MOULDING BOXES OF + +STEEL CONSTRUCTION + + + +( Second Revision ) + + + +Foundry Sectional Committee, SMDC 1 7 + +Chairman + +Shbi N. G. Chakbadarti +3/D Nandi Street, Calcutta 70001.'<» + +Mimbtfs Representing + +Sbhi M. G. Aich Directorate General of SuppHcf & Disposals + +( Inspection Win^ ) +Shbi M. Anjanbyulu Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation Ltd, + +Durgapur +Shbi S. R. Sknoupta ( Aliernttle ) +Shbi P. D. Bajoria J. D. Jones & Co Ltd, Calcutta + +Shbi H. N. Sbk ( Alternate ) +Shbi S. N. Bajpai Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi + +Shbi V. L. Potnis ( Alternate ) +Shbi B. N. Bauqa C<)r)per Engineering Ltd, SaUra Road, + +Maharashtra +Shbi S. D. Buaowat ( AUernatt ) +Shbi D. N. Bankbjkk Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd, Bangalore + +Shbi K. Naoksha Rao ( Alternate ) +Shui R. K. Bhowmick Bhartia Electric Steel Co Ltd, Calcutta + +Shbi A. K. Chattkjui.ic Indian Non-ferrous MfUls Manufacturers* Associa- + +tion, Calcutta +Shbi D. P. Jain ( Alternate ) +Deputy Diubciou ( Mjst-I ), Ministry of Railways +Re«baboh, Dbsionb and + +StANDABDS OBOAHlZATlOir, +LUOXHOW + +ChXMUIT & MWTALhVBQlBT + +(SF), Chittaban J AH + +LOOOMOTITB WOBKS, + +CBiTTABAirjAN ( Alttmatt I ) +Dhputy Chibf Mbouanioal + +EHOIHBBB, GHITTABANJAlf +LOOOMOTITS WOBK8, + +GnTTAmAM JAM ( AU€nmt9 II ) + + + +( Caniimud on page 2 ) + + + +© Copyright 1998 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS +Tbb publication if protected under the Mian Cof>yfight Act ( XIV of 1957 } and +reproduction in whole or in part by any meant except with written permission of the +publiafaer ihall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act. + + + +IS 1 1280 -1975 + + + +( Continued from ftage 1 ) +Members + +ShRI M. S. Dl.8tll*ANI)K + +SiiRi M. S. DuA + +SliBI M. K. GOSWAMY + + + +Repfesenting + +New Precision ( India ) Pvt Ltd, Dewas +In personal capacity ( 167 ^ Sector IhA, Chandigarh ) +Association of Indian Engineering Industry, +Calcutta + +Arch Industries Corporation, Calcutta + +Dellii Cloth & General Mills Co Ltd, New Delhi + +Uttar Pradesli Steels Ltd, MuzafTarnagar +Jay Engineering Works Ltd, Calcutta +Jyoti Ltd, Vadodara + +Indian Foundry Association, Calcutta +Godrej & Boyce Mfg Go Pvt Ltd, Bombay + +Pioneer Equipment Co Private Ltd, Vadodara +Iron & Steel Control, Calcutta +Directorate General of Technical Development, +New Delhi + + + +SiiRi B. N. Ganouly ( Alternate) +Siuii G. C Gupta + +ShRI K. V. GURRAM + +SiiRi B. K. Sarkar ( Alternate ) +SiiRi B. N. Handa +Shbi S. C.Jain +SuRi F. S. Katpitia + +Sjiri M. R. Shah {Alternate) +Smri Y. N. Kai\shal +SiiRi J. S* Kiiattau + +SiiRi S. BjfARDWAJA ( Alternate) + +SUHI R. C KOTIIARI + +SuRi R. M. Krisiinan +SiiRi B. W. Kulkarni + +SuRi C. L. Pandby ( Alternate ) +SiiRi D. G. KuTiKARNi Institute of Indian Foundrymcn, Calcutta + +SiiRi V. T. Balasubbamanian ( Alternate ) +SiiBi K. N. Mehra Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd, Ranchi + +SiiRi J. N. SiNOH ( Alternate) +Lt Cdr K. B. Mbhta Naval Headquarters, Ministry of Defence + +Shri p. C. Muluok Electrosteel Castings Ltd, Calcutta + +Shri S. N. Aorawal ( Alternate ) +SuRi P. C Nbooy + +Slim J. V. Gadoil {Alternate] +Shhi N. V. Pandit +SuRi H. S. Paul + + + +Shri S. N. Rao + +Shri J. N. Bera ( Alternate ) +Reprkhbntativb +Shui D. Sanyal +Shri B. L. Skn +Shrj R. K. Suivastava + +Shri Z. M. Bhaik ( Alternate) +Shri V, N. Sunderhajan + + + +Shri U. C. Roy Chowdhubt ( Alternate ) + + + +Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Kulti + +M. M. Suri & Associates ( P ) Ltd, New Delhi +Machinery Manufacturers Con'oration Ltd, + +Calcutta +Laxmi Starch Ltd, Calcutta + +Hindustan Steel Ltd (R&D), Ranchi + +Coal Controller ( Ministry of Energy ), Calcutta + +Indian Oxygen Ltd, Calcutta + +Mukand Iron & Steel Works Ltd, Bombay + +M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta + + + +Shbi S. Thiyaoarajan +Shri J. N. Varma + +Dr V. P. Gupta ( Alternate ) +Db P. Vasudbvan +Shbi C. R. Rama Rao, +Director ( Struc & Met ) + + + +Southern Alloy Foundries Private Ltd, Madras +Tata Engineering & Locomotive Co Ltd, +Jamshedpur + +Indian Institute of MeUls, Calcutta +Director General, ISI ( Ex^qgicio Memh$r } + + + +Sfcritaty + +Shbi Sbakti Swabup +Assistant Director ( Metali ), ISI + + + +{ContumdoHpagt 11) + + + +IS : 1280 . 1973 + +Indian Standard + +SPEriFICATION FOR + +FOUNDRY MOULDING BOXES OF + +STEEL CONSTRUCTION + + + +(Second Revision ) + + + +0. FOREWORD + +©•1 This Indian Standard ( Second Revision ) was adopted l)y tlie Indian +Standards Institution on 30 December 197r), afler the draft finalized hy tlie +Foundry Sectional Committee had been approved by the Structural and +Metals Division Council. + +0.2 Moulding boxes constitute an important item of expense for foundries +which may be reduced by standardizing the essential dimensions of moulding +boxes and their components. + +0.3 This standard covering a majority of moulding boxes most commonly +used by foundries, was first issued in 1958 and subsequently revised in 1967 +restricting to moulding boxes of steel construction only. + +©•3.1 This standard has now been revised with a view to making it more +practicable in the foundry industry. + +(I.3.2 No attempt is, however, made to cover bigger and special purpose +boxes, which may be required by jobbing foundries. However, in these +cases, use could be made of components, such as bushes specified in this +standard. + +0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particulai requirement of this +standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing +the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded oflf in accordance with +IS : 2- 1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off +value should be tjhe same as that of the specified value in this standard. + + + +1. SCOPE + +!•! This standard covers dimensions of foundry moulding boxes fabricated +from steel and their main components. The range of sizes covered is from +315 X 315 X 80 mm t o 2 000 X 2 000 X 500 mm. + +♦Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ) + + + +ISil2M.l975 + +l.l.l Tlie sizes of moulding boxes higher than those specified in this stan* +dard shall be as agreed to bcUveen the manufacturer and the purchaser. + +1«2 This standard applies only to the box parts with pin holes on the +longitudinal side and fitted with round bushes on one end and elongated on +the other end. + +2. TERMINOLOGY + +2*0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definition shall apply. + +2*1 Box Part Sise — The minimum inside dimensions of the box part. +Usually the box part size is specified in the order of length, breadth and +depth ( see Z^, b and A in* Table 1 ). + +3. MANUFACTURE + +3.1 Moulding boxes shall be fabricated from standard plates and sections +or pressed steel plate sections or special rolled steel sections and shall either +have sand retaining ribs or flanges continuously welded on the top and +bottom faces, as agreed to between the purchaser and the manufacturer. The +boxes shall be suitably reinforced so as to be strong and rigid as to eliminate +completely the possibility of distortion under ramming pressure and with- +stand the rough handling use in the foundries. + +3.2 Sharp comers on the box part shall be avoided. + +4. BOX PART SIZES + +4.1 The size of the box part shall be in accordance with Table 1. + +4*2 The following tolerances shaU apply to the inside dimensions of the box + +Toleranci +mm + +±1-0 +±1-5 + +±20 +±2-5 +±30 + +± 1-5 +±20 +±30 + +5. CLAMPING AND UPTING ARRANGEMENT + +5*1 Moulding boxes may be supplied with clamping arrangement as agreed +lo between the purchaser and the manufacturer. + + + +part: + +Dimensim + + + + +Sizt, mm + + + + + + +r + +From + + + + +To + + +Length, /i + + +315 +500 + + + + +450 +710 + + +Breadth, h + + +800 +1120 +1600 + + + + +1000 +1400 +2000 + + +Height, A + + +80 +150 +350 + + + + +125 +300 +500 + + + +IStl2M.1975 + + + +TABLE 1 DIMENSIONS OP MOULDING BOXES + +(Clatii«i2.1»4.1«fi4/8.1) + + + +All dimensioni in millimetres. + + + +POUND +BU«iH ^ + + + + +1 + + + +J + + + +A- + + + +L + + + +J + + + +SECTION XX + + + +ELONGATCD +BUSM-> + + + + +AITERNATE lUG WITH +flONCATED BUSH + + + + +b + +2 +3!5 + + + +315 +355 + + + +315 +335 +400 + +315 +355 +400 +450 + + + +h +3 +»0 +100 +125 +W +100 +125 +150 + +m + +100 +125 +150 +"80 +100 +125 +150 +175 + + + +5 + + + +19 + + + +24 + + + +395 + + + +435 + + + +480 + + + +530 + + + +*Code of prmctlce for geneml engineering drawings ( iHond ftniim). + + + +[Conitmud) + + + +ISil280.1975 + + + +TABLE 1 DIMENSIONS OF MOULDING BOXES — Omtd + + + +ll + + +b + + +li~~ + + +1 + + +2 + + +.-_--. + + + + +315 + + +100 + + + + +355 + + +125 + + +500 + + +400 + + +150 + + + + +450 + + +175 + + + + +500 + + +200 + + +" ■'■ ■• ■" ■■ -- + + +355 + + +100 + + + + +400 + + +125 + + +560 + + +450 + + +150 + + + + +500 + + +175 + + + + +560 + + +200 +125 + + +i5S + + + + +400 + + +150 + + +630 + + +450 + + +175 + + + + +500 + + +200 + + + + +630 + + +250 + + + + +406 + + +125 + + + + +450 + + +150 + + +710 + + +500 + + +175 + + + + +630 + + +200 + + + + +710 + + +250 + + + + +400 + + +125 + + + + +450 + + +150 + + +800 + + +500 + + +175 + + +630 + + +200 + + + + +710 + + +250 + + + + +800 +450 + + + + + + +150 + + + + +500 + + +175 + + +900 + + +630 + + +200 + + +710 + + +250 + + + + +800 + + +300 + + + + +900 + + + + + + +500 + + +150 + + + + +630 + + +175 + + +1000 + + +710 +800 + + +200 +250 + + + + +900 + + +300 + + + + +1000 + + + + + + +630 + + +iSo + + + + +710 + + +175 + + +1120 + + +800 +900 + + +200 +250 + + + + +1000 + + +300 + + + + +1120 + + +350 + + +— + + +710 + + +150 + + + + +800 + + +175 + + +1250 + + +900 +1000 + + +200 +250 + + + + +1120 + + +300 + + + + +1250 + + +350 + + + +4 + + + +5 + + + +19 + + + +22 + + + +25 + + + +24 + + + +27 + + + +30 + + + +b + + + +580 + + + +640 + + + +710 + + + +820 + + + +910 + + + +1010 + + + +1110 + + + +1230 + + + +1360 + + + +( Continued ) + + + +IS 11280-1975 + + + +TABLE 1 DIMENSIONS OF MOULDING BOXES ConU + + + +I + + + +1400 + + + +1600 + + + +1800 + + + +2000 + + + +2 + +UUO +900 +1000 +1 120 +1250 +1400 +900 +1000 +I 120 +1250 +1400 +1600 + + + +900 +1000 +1 120 +1250 +1400 +1600 +1800 + + + +175 +200 +250 +300 +350 +400 +175 +200 +250 +306 +350 +400 +200 +250 +300 +350 +400 +450 +500 + + + +1000 + + +200 + + +1 120 + + +250 + + +1250 + + +300 + + +1400 + + +350 + + +1600 + + +400 + + +1800 + + +450 + + +2000 + + +500 + + + +4 + + + +25 + + +30 + + +1510 + + + + + + +1760 + + +30 + + +36 + + +1960 + + + + + + +2160 + + + +5.2 Moulding boxes may be supplied with handles for manual lifting and +trunnions for crane lifting; the design and their method of fixing shall be as +agreed to between the purchaser and the manufacturer. + +53 Moulding boxes may be supplied with bars welded or loose as agreed +to between the purchaser and the manufacturer. + +6. JOINT FACSES + +6.1 Joint faces shall be level and true within the following permissible error +in straightness: + +Tolerance +mm + +±0-25 +±0-5 +±0-75 +± 10 +±1-5 + + + +Box Size, + + +mm + + +From + + +To + + +315 + + +450 + + +500 + + +710 + + +800 + + +1000 + + +1120 + + +1400 + + +1600 + + +2000 + + + +IS 11280-197$ + + + +7. LUGS + +7.1 Ktigs sliall l>e single or double on each side of the box as agreed to +between the purchaser and the manufacturer. +T.2 The lugs shall be suitably reinforced. + +7.3 Tlie dimensions of the lugs shall be as specified in Table 2. + +TABLE 2 DIMENSIONS OF LUGS IN MOULDING BOXBS +All dimensions tn millimetres* + + + +n + +X + + + +^ + + + +■^ + + + +r^^ + + + +KU + + + + + + +ai + + + + + + + + +SECTION XX + + +1 + + +DiAmm + + +(•iIb) + + +E + + +S + + +T V + + +(I) + + +(2) + + +(») + + +(4) + + +(S) (6X + + +19 + + +-0+«W>39 + + +26 + + +90 + + +20 10 + + +22 + + +«,+«MM9 + + +30 + + +96 + + +20 10 + + +25 + + + + +32 + + +65 + + +22 12 + + +30 + + +"~ 0-000 + + +36 + + +73 + + +25 15 + + +•&«IS:! + + + + + +IS 1 1280. 1975 + +7.4 The holes in the lugs shall be at right angles to the joint face. + +8. HOLES FOR BUSHES + +8«1 The tolerance on centre distance /, between the guide holes for bushes, +as shown in Table 1, shall be ±0'5 mm. + +8.2 The centre line, that is, the axis of the guide holes centre, shall not +shift on either side by more than ±2 mm, + +9. BUSHES + +9.1 The bushes shall be manufactured from case hardening steel, case +carborized and hardened to 54 to 62 HRC. + +9*2 The bushes shall be ground on inside and outside diameter in case of +round and on outside diameter in case of elongated. The dimensions of the +bushes shall be maintained as shown in Table 3. + +TABLE 3 DIMENSIONS OF BUSHES FOR MOULDING BOXES + +All dimensions in millimetres. + + + +SHARP EDGES +REMOVED y + + + + + +(•H9) +(0 + + +(♦U8j +(2) + + +C + +(3) + + +r + +(4) + + +,Q + 0-052 +^9 « 0000 + + +on + 0081 + +^ + 0048 + + +24 + + +22 + + +22 + 0-052 +^^ - 0000 + + +32 4- 0093 + + +27 + + +22 + + +25 + 0-052 +^^ - 0-000 + + +^ + 0093 +^^ 4- 0063 + + +30 + + +25 + + +30 -•• ^"^2 +'" ~ 0000 + + +42 + 0106 + + +36 + + +30 + + +•5f« IS: 919-1963 + + +' Recommendations for limits and fits for engineering + + +( revised ) . * + + + +IStUSO. 197S + +9.3 Ttie bushes :>hail be press tit in the holes ot* tlie lugs and may also be +tac weldrd. + +10. MARKING + +10.1 Each moulding box shall be marked with the manufacturer's name or +trade-mark and the size of the box. + +10*1*1 The product may also be marked with Standard mark. + + + +10*2 The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the +Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made +thereunder The details of conditions under which the licence for the use of +Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained +from the Bureau of Indian Standards. + + + +10 + + + +IS: 1280.1975 + + + +( Continued fiom page 2 ) + +Foundry Moulding Boxes and Patterns Subcommittee, SMDC 17:4 + + + +Convener +SiiRi G. C. Gupta + +Members + +SUUI S. BlIARDWAJA + +Sum G. B. Dalvi + +Slim K. S. SiiAU {Aliernate) +SuBi C. R. Dby + +SiiRi S. R. Bhadua ( Alternate ) +Shki J. B. Inolk +Shri p. C. Neooy +Shri N. p. Sinha +SuRi Nand Lal Varma + + + +Representing +Arch Industries Corporation, Calcutta + + + +Godrej & Boycc Mfg Co Pvt Ltd, Bombay +Kiran Pattern Works, Bombay + +Indo-Japauese Prototype Development & Training +Centre, Howrah + +Delhi Cloth & General Mills Co Ltd, New Delhi +Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Kulti +Tata Engineering & Locomotive Co Ltd, Jamshedpur +International Steel Fabricators, Bombay + + + +11 + + + +BUREAU OP INDIAN STANDARDS + +Mwiak Bhavsn, 9 Bahadur Shah Zatair Marg. NEW DELH1 1 10002 + +Talaphonaa: 323 0131 . 323 3375. 323 9402 + +Fax : 91 11 3234062, 91 11 3239399. 91 11 3239382 + +Talagramt : Manakianstha + +(Common to all Offioaa) + +CmftnlUbontofy: Talaphona + +Plot No. 20/9. Sito IV. Sahibabad Industrial Area. Sahibabad 201010 8-77 00 32 + +n^ghiml Ofthm: + +Central : Manak Bhavan. 9 Bthmdur Shah Zater Marg. NEW DELH1 1 10002 323 76 17 + +^Eastam : 1/14 OJ Schmne VII M. V.I.P. Road. ManMoia. CALCUTTA 700054 337 86 62 + +Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34A CHANOIQARH 160022 60 38 43 + +Southern : C.I.T Campus. IV Cross Road. CHENNAI 6001 13 235 23 1 5 + +tWestem : Manakalaya. £9. Behind Marol Telephone Exchange. Andheri (East). 832 92 95 +MUMBAI 400093 + +Bnnch Ottlc^B:: + +'Pushpak', Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg. Khanpur. AHMEDABAD 380001 550 1 3 48 + +tPeenya Industrial Area. 1 st Stage, Bangatore-Tumkur Road, 839 49 55 +BANGALORE 560058 + +QangotH Complex. 5th Roor, Bhadbhada Road. T.T. Nagar. BHOPAL 462003 55 40 21 + +Rot No. 62-63. Unit Vi. Qanga Nagar. BHUBANESHWAR 751 001 40 36 27 + +KalalkatNr BuUdings. 670 Avinashi Road. COIMBATORE 641037 21 01 41 + +Plot No. 43. Sector 1 6 A. Mathura Road. FARIDABAD 1 21 001 8-28 88 01 + +Savltri Complex. 1 1 6 Q.T. Road. QHAZIABAD 201001 8-71 19 96 + +53/5 Ward No.29. R.Q. Barua Road. 5th By-lane. QUWAHATI 781003 54 1 1 37 + +5-8-56C. L.N. Gupta Marg. Nampally Statk>n Road. HYDERABAD 500001 20 1 83 + +£-52. Chitaranian Marg. C- Scheme. JAIPUR 302001 37 29 25 + +1 1 7/41 8 B. Sarvodaya Nagar. KANPUR 208005 21 68 76 + +Seth Bhawan. 2nd Ftoor. Behind Leela Qnema. Naval Kishore Road. 23 89 23 +LUCKNOW 226001 + +NIT Buikiing. Second Roor. Gokulpat Market. NAQPUR 440010 52 51 71 + +Patliputra Industrial Estate. PATNA 80001 3 26 23 05 + +Institution of Engineers (India) Bulging 1 332 Shlvi^i Nagar. PUNE 41 1 005 32 36 35 + +TO. No. 1 4/1 421 . University P. O. Palaym, THRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 6 2117 + + + +*Saies Offbe is at 5 Chowringhee Approach. P.O. Princep Street. 27 1 85 + +CALCUTTA 700072 + +tSales Office is at Novelty Chambers. Grant Road. MUMBAI 400007 309 65 28 + +tSales Offkse Is at T Stock. Uni^ Buikiing. Narashimaraja Square. 222 39 71 + +BANGALORE 560002 + + + +Reprography Unit. BIS. New Delhi. India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/87d8bc2d2397b649.txt b/corpus/building/text/87d8bc2d2397b649.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4687a60157b8adf6ce99145806ca4f5a730906a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/87d8bc2d2397b649.txt @@ -0,0 +1,986 @@ +**************** + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live'' + + + +IS 12402-1 (1988) : Mobile containers for solid waste. Part +1 General characteristics [MED 7 : Material Handling Systems +and Equipment] + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +aj^&vi iJii^s:y%K^ isb^^ni^seg + + + +:<>5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +UDC 628-444-4 + + + +IS : 12402 (Parti ) -1988 + + + +Indian Standard + +SPECIFICATION FOR +MOBILE CONTAINERS FOR SOLID WASTE + +PART 1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS + + + +(Reaffirmed 2001) + + + +1. Scope — Covers the general characteristics of the mobile containers for solid waste (household +refuse, industrial waste and others ). It applies to containers whose capacity lies between: + ++ +10 + +1 20 / —1 percent and 1 000 / —0 percent + +2. Terminology — For the purpose of this standard, the following definition shall apply. + +2.1 Mobi/e Container for Solid Waste — Container on wheels destined to receive solid waste and +capable, in particular, of being mechanically emptied of waste which is then put into collecting +vehicles and competing equipment. + +3. Classification — Mobile containers shall be classified as follows-: + +a) Class A — containers with two fixed wheels, trolley type; and + +b) Class B — containers with four pivoting castors. + +4. Types — The containers shall be of the following two types. + +a) Normal Type {N) —for waste of average density 02 kg/dm^* and of maximum density + +04 kg/dm^ and + +b) Reinforced Type ( /? ) — for waste of average density 04 kg/dm^ and of maximum density + +0-7 kg/dm^ + +5. Capacity — The capacity of the containers in litre shall be as under: + + + +Class A + +± 1 percent + + +Class B + +± 1 percent + + +120 +240 +330 + + +500 + +750 + +1 000 + + + +6. Dimensions + +6.1 Wheels and Castors +6.1.1 The minimum diameter and load per wheel or castor for containers shall be as follows: + + + +Container + + +Capacity + +±10 percent +( litres ) + + +Type + + +Diameter of Wlieel +or Castor + +( mm ) + +200 + + +Load per Wheel + +or per Castor + +(kN) + + +Class A + + +120 + + +N + + +1-25 + + +R + + +200 + + +1-25 + + +240 + + +N + + +200 + + +1-25 + + +R + + +200 + + +1-25 + + +330 + + +N + + +200 + + +1-25 + + +R + + +200 + + +1-25 + + +Class B + + +500 + + +N + + +160 + + +100 + + +R + + +160 + + +1-25 + + +750 + + +N + + +200 + + +1-60 + + +R + + +200 + + +2-50 + + +1000 + + +N + + +200 + + +1-60 + + +R + + +200 + + +2-50 + + + +*Usual case for household refuse loose in a container. + + + +Adopted 5 May 1988 + + + +© January 1989, BIS + + + +Gr 3 + + + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG +NEW DELHI 110002 + + + +IS: 12402 ( Parti ) - 1988 + +6.2 Containers + +6.2.1 Class A — 1\\B overall dimensions of class A container with the lid closed shall be as +given in Table 1. The gripping or traction equipment and the hinges shall not protrude beyond the +parallelepiped circumscribed. + + + +TABLE 1 OVERALL DIMENSIONS OF CLASS A CONTAINER + + + + + +Nominal +Capacity + + +L + +Max + + +A +Max + + +Max + + +Max + + +L : Overall length including +lifting equipment + + +( litre ) + + +( mm ) + + +( mm ) + + +( mm ) + + +( mm ) + + +/ : Overall width, lid closed + + +120 + + +550 + + +485 + + +1 020 + + +1 100 + + +h : Height of container only + + +240 + + +730 + + +585* + + +1 020 + + +1 100 + + + + +330 + + +875 + + +660* + + +1 020 + + +1 100 + + +H : Height with lid closed + + + +♦In the case of lateral gripping, /, Max ^ 770 mm. + + + +6.2.2 Class B — The overall dimensions of class B container with the lid closed shall be +as given in Table 2. The gripping or traction equipment and the hinges shall not protrude beyond the +parallelepiped circumscribed. + +7. Requirements + +7.1 General + +7.1.1 The container shall be easy to move, clean and empty completely. + +7.1.2 It shall be fitted with a closing device. + +7.1.3 The interior of the container body shall be smooth and shall not include any protrusion which +may be capable of retaining any waste. The closing device shall not hinder the emptying operation. + +7.2 Gripping Systems + +7.2.1 Frontal and ventral gripping system — All containers shall have a provision for equipping with +a frontal and ventral gripping system. The dimensions of the two systems are defined in Appendix A. + +7.2.2 Other gripping system — Any other gripping system (for example, lateral) may be added +provided it falls within the dimensional limits fixed in this standard. + + + +18:12402 ( Parti ) -1988 + + + +TABLE 2 OVERALL DIMENSIONS OF CLASS B CONTAINER + +( Clause 6.2.2 ) + + + +^ 1- ^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +il + + +, + + +x: + + +i + + +1 1 + + +X + + +(?) + + +' + + +fl F- + + +' 1 + + + +Nominal +Capacity + + +L. +Max + + +A +Max + + +Max + + +Max + + +L : Overall length including +lifting equipment + + +( litre ) + + +( mm) + + +( mm) + + +( mm ) + + +( mm ) + + +/ : Overall width, lid closed +h\ Height of container only + + +500 + + +1 370 + + +650 + + +1 100 + + +— + + +750 + + +1 370 + + +770 + + +1 250 + + +1 470 + + + + +1 000 + + +1 370 + + +1 080 + + +1 250 + + +1 470 + + +H : Height with lid closed + + + +7.3 Locking Device when tfie Container is Stationary— Ciass B Container with Four Castors — Each +Class B container shall include a locking device when it is stationary, or possibly an optional locking, +and shall satisfy the tests defined in IS : 12402 ( Part 2 )-1 988 'Mobile containers for solid waste: +Part 2 Methods of test' ( under print). In case where locking acts upon the castors, it shall act at the +pninimum upon two adjacent castors. + +7.4 Plugged Outlet for Washing and Draining — Ciass B Container with Four Castors — Each Class B +container shall include a plugged outlet for washing and draining located at the lowest point on the +container body. The minimum diameter of a plugged outlet shall be 40 mm. It shall be easily +accessible. + +7.4.1 For Class A containers, this device is optional. + +7.5 Control Device for the Purpose of Towage — Class B Container with Four Castors — This device is +optional and shall be arranged by mutual agreement between the customer and the supplier. + +7.6 Wheels and Castors + +7.6.1 C/as5 y4 co/?ra/A?e/'5 — The two wheels of Class A container are fixed. Metal parts shall be +corrosion resistant and satisfy the tests specified in 18:12402 ( Part 2 )-1988. In addition, the +wheels shall conform to IS : 7369-1983 'Specification for wheels and castors {first revision )'. + +7.6.2 Class B containers — The four castors shall be capable of pivoting, except when controlled in +case of towage. Metal parts shall be corrosion resistant and satisfy the tests specified in IS : 12402 +(Part 2) -1988. + +When the container moves in a longitudinal direction, the castors shall be positioned in such a +way that they do not exceed the corresponding overall dimensions of the container. In addition, the +castors shall conform to IS : 7369-1983. + +7.7 Closing Device + +7.7,1 The closing device shall be made of any suitable material but shall be corrosion resistant and +satisfy tests prescribed in IS : 12402 ( Part 2 )-1988. + +Note — The gripping of the containers shall preferably be carried out with the lid closed. However, when the +kinematics of the container does not permit this, the lid may be left open. + + + +18:12402 ( Parti ) - 1988 + +7.7.2 Lid hinges — In case the container is fitted with hinges, they shall satisfy the test prescribed in +IS : 12402 ( Part 2 )-1988 and be easy to clean and lubricate, if necessary. + +8. Designation + +8.1 The mobile container for solid waste shall be designated by the following: + +a) Name, + +b) Classification, + +c) Capacity full to the brim ( in litres ), + +d) Type [ normal ( N ) or reinforced ( R ) ], and + +e) Reference to this standard. + +Example: + +A mobile container for solid waste of class A having a capacity of 120 litres and of normal +type ( N ) shall be designated as: + +Mobile Container A 120 N —IS : 12402 ( Part 1 )-1988. + +9. Marking — In addition to manufacturer's name or trade-mark, each container shall bear visibly the +following information: + +a) Designation, + +b) Manufacturing number, and + +c) Date of manufacture. + +9.1 Standard l\/ldrking — Details available with the Bureau of Indian Standards. + +APPENDIX A + +( Clause 7.2.1 ) + +GRIPPING SYSTEMS +A-0. This Appendix specifies: + +a) The forms and dimensions which shall be satisfied by the frontal and ventral gripping systems +of the mobile containers, and + +b) The permissible deformations. + +A-1. Frontal and Ventral Gripping Systems +A- 1.1 Shape + +a) The face of the mobile container gripping side shall be smooth, except for the lower part of +the ventral gripping system which protrudes. + +b) For Class A containers, the container collar shall not have any intermediate ribs within the +gripping area between the end ribs ( see Fig. 1 ). + +c) For Class B containers*, intermediate reinforcements ( example ribs ) may be placed on the +collar. + + + +"S + + + +' GRIPPING FACE +Z^Q^Bli END RIE + +FIG. 1 CONTAINER COLLAR + + + +•Except for the 1 000 /capacity model which was not subjected to tests during the drawing up of this standard. + +4 + + + +IS : 12402 (Parti ) - 1988 + +A-1.2 Dimensions — The dimensions have been defined to harmonize the gripping systems so that: + +a) The frontal gripping system and the upper part of the ventral gripping systems are identical +(see Fig. 2), and + +b) For the ventral gripping system, the dimensions of the lower part or apron are given in Fig. 3. + +30 min + + + + +All dimensions in millimetres. +FIG. 2 FRONTAL GRIPPING SYSTEM + + + +FOR DETAIL + + + +rsji/^ + + + + +All dimensions in millimetres. +FIG. 3 VENTRAL GRIPPING SYSTEM + +5 + + + +IS : 12402 (Parti) - 1988 + +A-2. Deformation — For Class A and B containers, the deformation permissible on the face of the +container gripping side (see Fig. 4) shall conform to the tests defined in IS ; 12402 ( Part 2 )-1988. + + + +.ACCESS LOCATION +\fOR GRIPPING SYSTEMS + + + +MAX DEFLECTION + + + + + + + +r u r\ 1 + + +U( lUUU + + + + + + + + + + +\ + + + + + + + + +\ + + +U. + + + + + + +\ + + +O + + + + + + + + +X + + + + + + + + +1— +Q + + + + + + + + +5 + + +z + +< + + + + + + +—1 + + + + + + + + +— • + + +Z + + + + + + +< + + +o + + + + + + +cc + + +o + + + + +/ + + +> + +o + + +UJ + +X + + + + + + + + + +FIG. 4 DEFORMATION PERMISSIBLE ON GRIPPING FACE + + + +EXPLANATORY NOTE + + + +This standard is destined for local communities to be used as a reference document in the +drawing up of their contracts. + +It enables all types of mechanical handling, conforming to the standard, to be used for all types of +containers also defined in the standard, in order to take into account the existing container depot on +one hand and on the other the non-centralization of purchases in the case of a group of communities +(see Note). + +Note — It is the mayor of each 'commune' who, within the scope of his policing powers and in application of the +region's health regulations, defines the conditions under which household refuse must be prepared for collection; he, +therefore, determines ihe type of container required for his 'commune'. + +In the case of a communal service, where choices are not divided and where the existing depot is +centralized, the persons incharge may opt for one of the two gripping systems defined in this standard. + +In the case of an urban community, a district or a group of 'commune' it is the deliberative +organization who decides on the purchasing of buckets and hence on the choice of the gripping +system. + +This standard is being issued in the following two parts: +Part 1 General characteristics +Part 2 Methods of test + +In the preparation of this standard, assistance has been derived from French Standard NFH +96-1 10-1982 'Mobile containers for solid waste — General characteristics' issued by the L' Association +Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR ). + +6 + + + +Printed at Printrade, New Delhi, India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/8d55e1dc54cb3d93.txt b/corpus/building/text/8d55e1dc54cb3d93.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb2a67e5d3dd71262baecf5ae71abeff76a2d789 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/8d55e1dc54cb3d93.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Long Story Short: Disentangling Compositionality and Long-Caption Understanding in VLMs + +Contrastive vision-language models (VLMs) have made significant progress in binding visual and textual information, but understanding long, dense captions remains an open challenge. We hypothesize that compositionality, the capacity to reason about object-attribute bindings and inter-object relationships, is key to understanding longer captions. In this paper, we investigate the interaction between compositionality and long-caption understanding, asking whether training for one property enhances the other. We train and evaluate a range of models that target each of these capabilities. Our results reveal a bidirectional relationship: compositional training improves performance on long-caption retrieval, and training on long captions promotes compositionality. However, these gains are sensitive to data quality and model design. We find that training on poorly structured captions, or with limited parameter updates, fails to support generalization. Likewise, strategies that aim at retaining general alignment, such as freezing positional embeddings, do not improve compositional understanding. Overall, we find that compositional understanding and long-caption understanding are intertwined capabilities that can be jointly learned through training on dense, grounded descriptions. Despite these challenges, we show that models trained on high-quality, long-caption data can achieve strong performance in both tasks, offering practical guidance for improving VLM generalization. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/8f12cc049902e037.txt b/corpus/building/text/8f12cc049902e037.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50ce0b1823d30c636e6a43b6c8af7f76a41c77e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/8f12cc049902e037.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Automating the Design of Embodied AgentArchitectures + +Embodied agents are typically built as hand-designed compositions of perception, memory, planning, and action modules. This modularity exposes a large architectural design space, but current systems still rely on researcher intuition to choose where information is stored, how observations are processed, and how model calls are connected. Agent Architecture Search (AAS) automates such design for text-domain agents, but has not been systematically evaluated on perceptual embodied agents through simulator rollouts. We study this transfer. We introduce AgentCanvas, a typed-graph runtime that hosts embodied executors as editable node-and-wire programs with simulator-aware execution and episode-level logs, and KDLoop, a coding-agent search procedure that cycles through proposal, critique, experiment, and distillation, with triggered reflection after stalls. We evaluate three AAS variants across four embodied executors spanning vision-language navigation, embodied question answering, and language-conditioned manipulation. The resulting 3x4 matrix shows that architecture-level search can produce deployable and directional success-rate gains on embodied tasks, while one apparent high-scoring candidate is rejected as leak-bearing. At the same time, the experiments expose constraints that are muted in text-domain AAS: optimization signals can be masked by rollout noise, search can become trapped in local edit basins, and episode-level credit assignment only partially emerges even when detailed logs are available. These results characterize both the promise and the current limits of automated architecture search for embodied agents. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/8f25d178021af72b.txt b/corpus/building/text/8f25d178021af72b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92f732b9eb8b46280079bc587def8d1b0e5f11da --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/8f25d178021af72b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Revisiting Embodied Chain-of-Thought for Generalizable Robot Manipulation + +Embodied chain-of-thought (CoT) aims to bridge linguistic reasoning and robotic control, but its effective form and integration strategy remain underexplored. In this paper, we revisit embodied CoT for vision-language-action (VLA) models at large scale. We construct the largest embodied CoT corpus to date, comprising 978,743 trajectories, 226.3M samples, and 2592.5 hours of robot data. Through extensive experiments, we find that effective embodied CoT should ground high-level semantic understanding into concrete action guidance, such as end-effector movement descriptions and image-space trajectories, while high-level reasoning alone brings only marginal gains. We further show that explicit CoT does not scale reliably when used as an autoregressive action prefix, as it suffers from compounding inference errors and unstable reasoning-action coupling. To address these limitations, we propose ERVLA, a VLA model that uses embodied CoT as representation-shaping supervision rather than mandatory test-time reasoning. ERVLA is trained with a reasoning-dropout strategy, enabling the model to absorb rich reasoning traces during training while predicting actions directly without CoT decoding during inference. This design improves scalability with increasing pre-training data and avoids autoregressive instability. ERVLA achieves state-of-the-art performance on LIBERO-Plus with an 86.9% success rate and reaches 53.2% success rate on VLABench, demonstrating strong out-of-distribution generalization. In real-robot experiments, ERVLA further outperforms competitive state-of-the-art baselines, especially on tasks requiring semantic disambiguation and long-horizon execution. Code, data, and model checkpoints will be released. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/90b60da67922c899.txt b/corpus/building/text/90b60da67922c899.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a3db94d9f314335f537fcbefa3d55ea534a26e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/90b60da67922c899.txt @@ -0,0 +1,888 @@ +**************** + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live'' + + + +IS 11830-1 (1991): Water well-drilling down-the-hole hammer +rigs. Part 1: General requirements for hydraulic rigs with +or without rotary mode [MED 21: Diamond Core and Waterwell +Drilling] + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +aj^&vi f 7ui^s:y%K^ isb^^ni^seg + + + +:<>5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +IS 11830 ( Part 1 ) : 1991 + +( Reaffirmed 2001 ) + +^^-^ #?T^ - ^ ^ ^T^ WT% l^n: ftT + +^m 1 sr^r^if^RT fr^ ( ^'ff f^fsi ?rf^?r ?t1t Tf^^r ) ^> mm^ ?i^^ + +( T^^ 5?ift«m ) +Indian Standard + +WATERWELL DRILLING — DOWN-THE-HOLE + +HAMMER RIGS + +PART 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HYDRAULIC RIGS +( WITH OR WITHOUT ROTARY MODE ) + +( First Revision ) + + + +UDC 622-233-4055 : 628-1 12-24 + + + +© BIS 1991 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG +NEW DELHI 110002 + +August 1991 Price Group 3 + + + +Diamond Core and Waterwell Drilling Sectional Committee, HMD 21 + + + +FOREWORD + +This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft +finalized by the Diamond Core and Waterwell Drilling Sectional Committee had been approved by +the Heavy Mechanical Engineering Division Council, + +This standard was first published in 1986 and this revision is based on the experience gained by the +users and manufacturers organisations in implementing the standard. + +This standard lays down the general requirements, for use as guidelines by the manufacturers and the +users, for down-the-hole hammer hydraulic rigs. The requirements for pneumatic rigs are covered in +IS 11830 ( Part 2 ) : 1989 'Waterwell drilling down-the-hole hammer rigs: Part 2 General requirements +for pneumatic rigs'. + +Drilling techniques vary from formation to formation in construction of water wells. Of the various +drilling techniques, down-the-hole drilling method is considered as most economical, faster and efficient +in constructing tubewells in crystalline and hard rock formations. In hard rock areas, down-the-hole +hammer drilling rigs have made considerable contribution towards the exploration of ground water and +construction of domestic wells. + +This standard is one of a series of Indian Standards relating to various types of driUing rigs. Other +standards published so far in the scries are: + +IS 7156 : 1974 General requirements for reverse circulation drilling rigs + +IS 7206 ( Part 1 ) : 1986 General requirements for direct rotary drilling Tigs: Part 1 With rotary +table (first revision ) + +IS 7209 : 1974 General requirements for blast hole drilling rigs; and + +IS 11830 ( Part 2 ) : 1989 Water-well drilling down-the-hole hammer rigs: Part 2 General require- +ments for pneumatic rigs. + + + +IS 11830 (Part 1 ): 1991 + + + +Indian Standard + + + +WATERWELL DRILLING — DOWN-THE-HOLE + +HAMMER RIGS + +PART 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HYDRAULIC RIGS +( WITH OR WITHOUT ROTARY MODE) + +( First Revision ) + + + +1 SCOPE + +This Indian Standard ( Part 1 ) lays down the +general requirements for down-the-hole ( DTH ) +hammer hydraulic rigs ( with or without rotary +mode ) for water well drilling in consolidated +formations. + +2 REFERENCES + +The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are nece- +ssary adjuncts to this standard. + +3 TERMINOLOGY + +For the purpose of this standard, terminology as +given in IS 9439 : 1980 shall apply. + +4 FUNCTIONS AND CONSTRUCTION +DETAILS + +4.1 Functions + +This type of drilling rig is used to construct tube- +wells for water supply and exploration purposes in +hard rock formations. In down-the-hole ( DTH ) +hammer drilling method, the hole is drilled by a +bottom bit actuated by a pneumatic hammers +connected to series of drill tubes termed as drill +string. In this system compressed air, after passing +through the drilling string, actuates the hammer. +The hammer delivers successive blows at a high +frequency to the bit which breaks/crushes the for- +mation to smaller fragments. The cuttings so for- +med are brought out by the compressed air through +the annular space. Along with compressed air, +lubricating oil is also pumped for lubricating the +various parts of the DTH hammer and other dis- +tribution valves. The whole string is rotated +at a slow speed which can be varied depending +on the formation while the hammer is actuated to +deliver successive blows at high frequency. The +rotating action of drill string with the impact action +enables the down-the-hole hammer rig to drill thro- +ugh the hard rock formations for constructing a +well. + +4.1.1 The rigs may be provided with rotary drill- +ing arrangements for negotiating softer overbur- +dens, if required. + + + +4.2 Constructional Details + +4.2.1 Hoisting System + +4.2.L1 Hoisting system consists of mast, top head +rotary drive/top head rotation drive, pull down +system, rod changing device and mast raising +cylinders. + +4.2.1.2 Mast + +It serves the dual purpose of handling the drill +rods, casing pipes and guide traverse of the top +drive gear box. The mast shall be constructed either +from steel conforming to IS 226 : 1975 or Grade +A of IS 2062 : 1984 or steel tubes conforming to +IS 1161 : 1979 and shall be capable of being lowered +to horizontal position for easy transportation. All +members shall be electrically welded with no cracks. +The mast shall give clear working space and height +to handle the drilling string and shall be able to +accommodate the top drive mechanism and pull +down system. + +4.2.1.3 Top head rotary drive/ top head rotation drive + +The top head rotary unit shall be capable of pro- +ducing enough torque to the drill string to drill to +its designed capacity. Provisions shall be made for +floating action of the rotary head for drill pipe +thread protection and shock absorption. It .shall +be able to operate both at low and high speeds. +The low speed varying up to 40 rev/min arc used +for DTH operations and higher ranges up to 100 +rev/min are selected for rotary operations. The +motor/motors used shall be capable of giving nece- +ssary torque required for the rated drilling capa- +city. It shall be very sturdy and shall be able to +absorb sudden shock loads occurring during drill- +ing operations. + +4.2.L4 Pull down/ Full back I Hold back system + +The pull down/pull back/hold back system shall be +provided to impart adequate load on the bit for +efficient drilling and adequate power for lifting out +the drill string from its rated depth. It also regu- +lates the feed rate during drilling operations. This +may be provided by hydraulically operated chain +or cable. + + + +IS 11830 (Parti) : 1991 + + + +4.2.1.5 Rod changing device + +A device shall be provided for fast make-up and +break-out of drill string keeping in view the opera- +tional safety and efficiency. + +4.2.1.6 Mast raising cylinders + +The raising or lowering of the mast to be carried +out either by one or two mast raising cylinders. +Adequate safety device through throttle check valve +for accidental exigencies shall be provided. + +4.2.1.7 Hydraulic jacks + +Three or four hydraulic jacks of suitable capacity +maybe provided for quick levelling of the rig, +designed to support the entire mass of the rig. A +pilot operated check valve shall be provided for +checking and preventing oil leakage from top side +of cylinder. + +4.2.1.8 Auxiliary hoisting system + +Hydraulically operated auxiliary hoisting system +of adequate capacity for handling suiEcient number +of drill pipes, casing pipes, and handling tools may +be provided with the rig. + +4.2.2 Hydraulic Break-out Wrench + +This is provided on the rig for breaking of the drill +joints or tightening the drill pipes as required. + +4.2.3 Hydraulic System + +In order to operate the different hydraulic equip- +ment, one or more reliable hydraulic pumps of +adequate capacity and pressure shall be mounted +on the rig to be operated by suitable prime mover. +The hydraulic pumps may be of gear, vane or +piston type. Necessary spool valves may be provi- +ded for controlling the different hydraulic devices. +Pressure gauges shall be installed to indicate the +pressure used by the main system. Hydraulic +system shall be protected by incorporating adequate +capacity filters. A hydraulic oil cooler may be +provided when considered necessary to prolong the +life of the hydraulic oil and the system compo- +nents to enable continuous working of the rig. + +4.2.4 Compressor + +The compressor of DTH rig shall be either moun- +ted on the rig or carried on a separate trailer. The +air pressure used shall be in accordance with +IS 9242 : 1986 with an air delivery rate sufficient +for efficient working of drilling. Regulating valves +may be incorporated in the system for instantaneous +supply and cut-off the air. Non-return valves shall +be incorporated to prevent the loss of pressure and +protect the equipment from back pressure. The +compressor may be single/multi-stage, piston, +rotary or screw type depending upon the operating +pressure and air delivery ratings. The prime mover + + + +of the compressor shall preferably be dicsel opera- +ted engine of adequate capacity for continuous +operation. + +4.2.5 Air Line Lubricator + +Air line lubricator of sufficient capacity to with- +stand the maximuum working pressure may be +provided to lubricate the various parts of the down- +thc-hole hammer tool and other rotary parts by +injecting pressurized oil in the air system to prevent +wear and tear of the parts of the hammer. + +4.2.6 Water Injection Pump + +Water injection pump of suitable capacity hydra- +ulically driven, shall be provided for dust control +and to help flushing of semi-moist clay or similar +formation. The pump shall be capable of variable +delivery of minimum 1 5 litres water per minute at +pressure adequate to overcome the compressed air +pressure for injection of water. Water with drilling +foam may also be used. + +4.2.7 Lighting System + +The rig shall have provision for lighting system to +illuminate adequately the entire rig and the work- +ing area for carrying out the drilling operations +during the night. + +5 CONTROLS + +All the controls shall be located conveniently for +maximum visibility and ease of operation. + +6 MOUNTING + +All the above units put together comprise one DTH +unit. The whole system shall be mounted on a +steel welded structure forming a welded foundation +for the entire machinery. This structure in turn +may be mounted on a self-propelled road worthy +truck or suitable carrier of adequate capacity +having sufficient wheel base, or on a trailer chassis +with pneumatic wheels with tow bar arrangements +for shifting by tractor or truck. The total length +width and height shall conform to the statutory +motor vehicles rules and regulations and other +relevant orders. + +7 ROTARY MODE + +In case the rig is designed for mud rotary drilling +operations also, a reciprocating or centrifugal type +mud pump of adequate capacity with independent +prime mover may be provided for carrying out the +mud rotary drilling. + +8 DRILLING TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES + +A complete set of operating equipment and tools +as specified in 8.1 to 8.5 may be provided as part +of agreement between the purchaser and the +supplier. + + + +IS 11830 ( Part 1 ) : 1991 + + + +8.1 Drill Pipes + +In case of DTH drilling, the drill pipes arc used to +transport the air for actuating the hammer tools +and flushing out the cuttings as well as for impar- +ting rotational motion. Larger diameter pipes are +used for reducing the annular area thereby increa- +sing the flushing efficiency and increasing the +penetration speeds. The tool joints and the drill +pipes shall conform to the specified requirements. + +8.2 Down-the-Hole Hammers + +The hammer tool is used to impart the necessary +percussive motion to the bit for penetrating through +the formation. The DTH hammer normally opera- +tes at 6 to 24 bar air pressure depending upon the +capacity of the compressor provided with the rig. +The hammer shall be able to deliver necessary +blows at a frequency ranging from 600 to 1 600 per +minutedepending upon thecompressor and hammer +design. The hammers shall necessarily be provided +with a check valv^ to prevent the water from enter- +ing into theiiammer when air supply is shut off. + +8.3 Bits + +The down-the-hole hammer drilling rigs maybe +provided with required size of rock roller bits and +button bits/cross bits to drill through the over +burden. For drilling hard rock formations, suita- +ble button, cross and reamer bits may be supplied +with the rig depending on the capacity of the DTH +drilling rig and the hammer supplied. + +8.4 Essential Accessories + +The following essential accessories may be supplied +with the rig: + +a) Pencil bit grinder; + +b) Template; + +c) Fishing magnet; + +d) Bit detaching chuck; + +e) Centralizer half bushing (split design ); + +f) Spanner for breaking the joint; + +g) Wrench for opening pipe drives; + +h) Wrench for opening hammer assembly; + +j) Bit breaker; + +k) Drill and handling tool; + +m) Dust control cover; + +n) All types of subs connecting the drill string; + +p) Recovery taps; + +q) C-cJamps conforming to IS 9181 : 1988; + +r) Hoisting plug for drill pipe; + +s) High pressure delivery hose for compressor; +and + +t) High pressure delivery hose for water injec- +tion pump. + + + +8.5 Small Tools + +The following small tools may be supplied with the +drill rig: + +a) Pipe wrenches, of nominal size 150, 600 and +900 mm conforming to IS 4003 ( Part 2 ) : +1986; + +b) Chain pipe wrenches conforming to IS 4123 : +1982; + +c) Grip wrenches; + +d) Pliers conforming to IS 3650 : 1981; + +e) Screws jack ( s ) of suitable capacity; + +f) Adjustable wrenches conforming to +IS 6149 : 1984; + +g) Ring spanner set conforming to IS 2029 : +1981; + +h) Double ended open jaw spanner set +conforming to IS 2028 :1981; + +j) Box spanner set conforming to IS 2030 : +1971; + +k) Grease gun conforming to IS 7794 : 1984; + +m) Caliper set Unside and outside) conforming +to IS 4189: 1967; + +n) Scale conforming to IS 1480 : 1970 or to +IS 1481 : 1970; + +p) Chisels conforming to IS 402 : 1974; + +q) Feeler gauge; + +r) Hexagonal socket keys conforming to +IS 3082: 1973; + +s) Hacksaw frame conforming to IS 5161 : +1986 with blade conforming to IS 2594 : +1977; + +t) Steel hammer conforming to IS 841 : 1983; +and + +u) Wire rope clamps conforming to IS 2361 : +1970. + +9 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE +PURCHASER + +The following information shall be furnished by +the purchaser at the time of enquiry and order: + +a) Geological history, in general, of the loca- +tion of sites, and mean sea level ( MSL ), +where holes are to be drilled; + +b) Maximum depth and diameter to be drilled; + +c) Mast height; + +d) Capacity of winch; + +e) Maximum size of casing to be lowered; + +f) Type of mounting ( truck/trailor ) ; and + +g) Any special features to be incorporated. + + + +IS 11830 ( Part 1 ) : 1991 + + + +10 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE +MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIER + +10.1 Following information shall be supplied by +the manufacturer/supplier at the time of delivery: + +a) Type and capacity of drilling operations in +respect of DTH and rotary system; + +b) Maximum diameter and depth that can be +drilled by DTH and rotary system of drilling; + +c) Overall dimensions, front axle load, rear +axle load, make and model of the chassis, +wheel base in case of trucks, towing arrange- +ment particularly in case of trailer; + +d) Air compressor : make, model, type of +mounting, specified pressure, specified quan- +tum of air delivered and type of cooling {see +IS 6430 : 1985); + +e) Number of cylinders provided for raising +mast; + +f) Number of hydraulic jacks provided for +levelling and their capacity; + +g) Capacity of the hydraulic pump, its speed +in r^v/min, discharge and tank capacity; + +h) Prime mover capacity of the hydraulic +pumps; + +j) Top drive mechanism: power ratings, torque +capacity and rotational ( rev/min ) rating; + +k) Any special features for absorbing the drill- +ing vibrations; + + + +m) Pull down system: capacity, chain feed or +cable feed; + +n) Lifting capacity; + +p) Water injection system: discharge capacity +and working pressure, type of prime mover; + +q) Air line lubricator, capacity and its working +pressure; + +r) Drill rods: size and thickness of the rods, +length of the rods, mechanical properties of +joints and drill pipes; + +s) Hammer model and bit size; + +t) Sketch diagram of power transmission +system; + +u) Recommended servicing system; + +v) Dimensions of the mast in down position +such as overall height, length and width +( see 6 ); + +w) Operating instructions manual and spare +parts catalogue; + +y) Trouble shooting and remedy chart for all +the major components; and + +z) Rating of houses + +10.2 The above informations except informations +at (u), (w) and (y) shall be furnished with tender +documents. + +II TESTING + +Testing shall be done as agreed to between the +purchaser and the supplier. + + + +IS 11830 (Parti): 1991 + + + +ANNEX A + +( Clause 2 ) + +LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS + + + +IS No. Title + +226 : 1975 Structural steel (standard quality) + +(fifih revision ) + +402 : 1974 Cold chisels ( second revision ) + +841 : 1983 Steel hammers ( second revision ) + +1161 : 1979 Steel tubes for structural purposes + +( third revision ) + +1480 : 1970 Metric scales for general purpo- + +ses ( first revision ) + +1481 : 1970 Metric steel scales for engineers + +{first revision ) + +2028 : 1981 Open jaw spanners ( second + +revision ) + +2029 : 1981 Ring spanners ( second revision ) + +2030 : 1971 Box spanners (first revision ) + +2062 : 1984 Weldable structural steel ( third + +revision ) + +2361 : 1970 Bulldog grips (first revision) + +2594 : 1977 Hacksaw blades (first revision ) + +3082 ; 1973 Hexagonal socket screw keys + +( second revision ) + + + +IS No, Title + +3650 : 1981 Combination side cutting pliers + +( second revision ) + +4003 ( Part 2 ) : Pipe wrenches : Part 2 Heavy +1986 duty (first revision ) + +4123 : 1982 Chain pipe wrenches (first + +revision ) + +4189 : 1967 Firm-joint inside and outside + +calipers + +5169 : 1986 Hacksaw frames (first revision ) + +6149 : 1984 Single-ended open-jaw adjustable + +wrenches (first revision ) + +6430 : 1985 Mobile air compressor for cons- + +truction purposes (first revision ) + +7794 : 1984 Manual portable grease guns + +(first revision ) + +9181 : 1988 C-clamps (first revision ) + +9242 ; 1986 Rated pressures of air compre- + +ssors (first revision ) + +9439 : 1980 Glossary of terms used in water- + +well drilling technology + + + +Standard Mark + +The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of Indian +Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on +products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced +to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection, +testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the pro- +ducer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to +that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use +of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from +the Bureau of Indian Standards. + + + +Bareiiu of Indian Standards + +BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote +harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods +and attending to connected matters in the country. + +Copyright + +BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in +any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the +course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade +designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS. + +Revision of Indian Standards + +Indian Standards are reviewed periodically and revised, when necessary and amendments, if any, are +issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of +the latest amendments or edition. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent to BIS giving the + +following reference: + +Doc :No. HMD 21 (5373) + + + +Amendments Issued Since Publication + + + +Amend No. + + + +Date of Issue + + + +Text Affected + + + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + + + +Headquarters : + +Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 +Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 + + + +Regional Offices : + +Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, +T^EW DELHI 110002 + +Eastern : 1/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, ManiktoJa, +CALCUTTA 700054 + + + +Telegrams : Manaksanstha +( Common to all Offices ) + +Telephone + +[331 01 31 +{331 13 75 + +37 86 62 + + + +Northern : SCO 445-446, Sector 35-C, CHANDIGARH 160036 +Southern : C I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 + +Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andhcri ( East ), +BOMBAY 400093 + + + +53 38 43 + +235 02 16 + +6 32 92 95 + + + +Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE +FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR +PATNA. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. + + + +Printed at Printw«l] Printers^ Delhi, India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/94f47dcb54cd42a3.txt b/corpus/building/text/94f47dcb54cd42a3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..180a2c80834021cfae5491745835fed351922dc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/94f47dcb54cd42a3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +CausalGate: Causal Importance Distillation for Transformer Module Pruning + +Existing adaptive inference methods for Large Language Models rely on observational heuristics, such as hidden-state similarity or activation magnitudes, to drop redundant modules. However, these correlation-based metrics often fail to capture subtle, non-linear structural computations vital for semantic accuracy. We introduce CausalGate, an intervention-guided framework for compute-efficient transformer inference. During a calibration phase, CausalGate isolates individual Attention and MLP sub-layers, zeros out their respective outputs, and measures the exact semantic damage via the Kullback-Leibler divergence of the final logit distribution. To eliminate runtime routing overhead, this structural importance hierarchy is distilled into a global set of static, lightweight scalar gates using an Exponential Moving Average smoothing objective paired with a differentiable pairwise ranking loss. Evaluated on TinyLlama-1.1B, Qwen2.5-3B, and Llama-3.1-8B across language modeling and commonsense reasoning benchmarks, CausalGate consistently outperforms prominent dynamic routing and layer-skipping baselines, translating theoretical compute savings into concrete hardware latency reductions with zero operational overhead. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/98ba1408826aeae3.txt b/corpus/building/text/98ba1408826aeae3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2fd23df74a1d7dda0d562dcb86364d3c3502b275 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/98ba1408826aeae3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Sustainable Concrete via Bayesian Optimization + +Eight percent of global carbon dioxide emissions can be attributed to the production of cement, the main component of concrete, which is also the dominant source of CO2 emissions in the construction of data centers. The discovery of lower-carbon concrete formulae is therefore of high significance for sustainability. However, experimenting with new concrete formulae is time consuming and labor intensive, as one usually has to wait to record the concrete's 28-day compressive strength, a quantity whose measurement can by its definition not be accelerated. This provides an opportunity for experimental design methodology like Bayesian Optimization (BO) to accelerate the search for strong and sustainable concrete formulae. Herein, we 1) propose modeling steps that make concrete strength amenable to be predicted accurately by a Gaussian process model with relatively few measurements, 2) formulate the search for sustainable concrete as a multi-objective optimization problem, and 3) leverage the proposed model to carry out multi-objective BO with real-world strength measurements of the algorithmically proposed mixes. Our experimental results show improved trade-offs between the mixtures' global warming potential (GWP) and their associated compressive strengths, compared to mixes based on current industry practices. Our methods are open-sourced at github.com/facebookresearch/SustainableConcrete. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/9d2b380bb4b90ca1.txt b/corpus/building/text/9d2b380bb4b90ca1.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a87a145fbf5faa7192f19d273de78f1f651a452 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/9d2b380bb4b90ca1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Supervised Dimensionality Reduction Revisited: Why LDA on Frozen CNN Features Deserves a Second Look + +Effective ride-hailing dispatch requires anticipating demand patterns that vary substantially across time-of-day, day-of-week, season, and special events. We propose a regime-calibrated approach that (i) segments historical trip data into demand regimes, (ii) matches the current operating period to the most similar historical analogues via a six-metric similarity ensemble (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wasserstein-1, feature distance, variance ratio, event pattern, temporal proximity), and (iii) uses the resulting calibrated demand prior to drive both an LP-based fleet repositioning policy and batch dispatch with Hungarian matching. In ablation, a distributional-only subset is strongest on mean wait, while the full ensemble is retained as a robustness-oriented default. Evaluated on 5.2 million NYC TLC trips across 8 diverse scenarios (winter/summer, weekday/weekend/holiday, morning/evening/night) with 5 random seeds each, our method reduces mean rider wait times by 31.1% (bootstrap 95% CI: [26.5, 36.6]%; Friedman chi-sq = 80.0, p = 4.25e-18; Cohen's d = 7.5-29.9 across scenarios). The improvement extends to the tail: P95 wait drops 37.6% and the Gini coefficient of wait times improves from 0.441 to 0.409 (7.3% relative). The two contributions compose multiplicatively and are independently validated: calibration provides 16.9% reduction; LP repositioning adds a further 15.5%. The approach requires no training, is deterministic and explainable, generalizes to Chicago (23.3% wait reduction via NYC-built regime library), and is robust across fleet sizes (32-47% improvement for 0.5-2x fleet scaling). We provide comprehensive ablation studies, formal statistical tests, and routing-fidelity validation with OSRM. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/a4d9557aada6a0d4.txt b/corpus/building/text/a4d9557aada6a0d4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4bfd51ea9b6dbd3a14f3c4b85906648268ab8dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/a4d9557aada6a0d4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1084 @@ +•••••••••••••••• + + + +^ is^ + + + + + +T-^^^i^ + + + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live' + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New' + + + +&^JfflA=gi^^^^/ffiAfe^icOv^ ^a^T^s^=^Ir t ^^ ^^^ + + + +IS 12202 (1987) : Glossary of terms relating to oil burning +appliances (pressure type and non pressure type [MED 26: +Oil Burning Appliances] + + + + +>^^lllfcJ^9>^^bv/ff^feial>^h:>^^Ts;>&^T^FS + + + +5?aiU I l>ft=55S5&'>S*^ + + + +^^:5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +UDC 658"711-6(083*?2):66-045'1 |S - 10123- 1982 + + + + +Indian Standard ( Reaffirmed 1999) + +DATA SHEET FOR +SHELL AND TUBE TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERS + + + +1. Scope — Covers the technical data required for thermal rating and mechanical design of shell +and tube type heat exchangers. + +2. Data Sheet + + + +DATA SHEET FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS + + + +1. Enquiry/Job No Item No + +2. Customer Ref No Customer + +3. Project/Plant , , , + +4. Size...... Type Horizontal/Vertical + +5. Connected in paraUei/in series + +6. Surface per unit m^ + +7. Surface per shell m^ + +8. Shells per unit... No. of Units.... , + + + +Performance of One Unit + + + +Shell side Tube side + +9. Fluid circulated + +10. Total fluid entering kg/h + +11. Vapour kg/h + +12. Liquid kg/h + +13. Steam kg/h + +14. Water kg/h + +15. Non condensables kg/h + +16. Fluid vapourized or condensed kg/h + +17. Steam condensed kg/h + +18. Density liquid/vapour kg/m' In Out In ,...Out.... + +19. Viscosity liquid/vapour cP In Out In.... Out.... + +20. Mol weight vapourization/non-condensation + +21. Enthaipy/Latent heat J/kg + +22. Sp heat liquid/vapour J/kg.K + +23. Thermal conductivity liquid/vapour W/m.K + + + +Adopted 23 February 1982 + + + +© September 1982, ISI + + + +Gr 2 + + + +INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR iMARG + +NEW DELHI 110002 + + + +IS ri0123 - 1982 + + + +24. Operating temperature + + + + +X + + +25. Operating pressure + + + + +MPa + + +26. No. of passes per shell + + + + + + + + + + +Shell side Tube side + + +27. Velocity + + + + +m/s + + +28. Pressure drop {C^l^i'^lf.t + + + + +kPa + + +29- Fouling resistance + + + + +m^K/W + + +30. Heat exchanged + + + + +J/h + + +31. Heat transfer coefficient + + + + +W/m^K + + +32. Mean temperature difference corrected + + +°c + + +33. Overall heat transfer coefficient + + +W/m^K + + + + +Construction + + +of One Shell + + +34. Code of construction + + + + +Shell side Tube side + + +35. Design pressure + + + + +MPa + + +36. a) Test pressure (hydraulic) + + + + +MPa A + + +b) Test pressure ( pneumatic) + + +MPa D + + +37. Design temperature + + + + +oc O + + +38. No. of tubes OD + + +mm + + +Length mm Pitch... mm + +Thickness mm......... + + +39. Shell OD..... + + +.mm ID + + +mm Long baffie Yes/No + + +40. Baffles Pitch + + +.mm % cut. + + +Dia Area + + +41. Corrosion allowance + + + + + + +42. Post weld heat treatment + + +43. Joint efficiency + + +44. Radio araDhv + + +45. Paintina -- + + +46. Insulation + + + + +Hot/Cold + + +47. Tube to tube sheet ioint + + +48, Shell Nozzle Size: + + +Inlet + + +mm Outlet mm + + +Flange type and rating + + + + + + +49. Channel Nozzle Size: + + +Inlet + + +mm Outlet mm + + +Flange type and rating + + + + +— + + + +IS : 10123-1982 + + + +50. Inlet and outlet connection sizes + +51. Test ring Yes/No + +52. Test flange Yes/No + +Material of Construction + +53. Sh^ll • • + +54. Expansion below - + +55< Sliell cover .-. + +56. Channel • + +57. Channel cover + +58. Floating head - + +59. Floating head cover + +60. Baffles/Tube supports + +61. Tube sheet + +62. Tubes • + +63. Spacers * • + +64. Impingement baffle + +65. Support saddle/Pad + +Shell side Tube side + +66. Girth flanges + +67. Nozzle pipes + +68. Nozzle flanges • + +69. Bolts/Nuts + +70. Gaskets + +Note 1 — The purchaser should clearly furnish the information including any special requirement. +Note 2 — Temperature vs Enthalpy diagram with bubble/dew point should be provided in case of +condensation/vapourization. + + + +Printed at Arcee pressi New Delhi. India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/ad2de8e9d08b73e7.txt b/corpus/building/text/ad2de8e9d08b73e7.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15b9a9ba21d29976398ca311a75dff6417c89f0d --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/ad2de8e9d08b73e7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Quantifying the benefit of load uncertainty reduction for the design of district energy systems under grid constraints using the Value of Information + +Load uncertainty must be accounted for during design to ensure building energy systems can meet energy demands during operation. Reducing building load uncertainty allows for improved designs with less compromise to be identified, reducing the cost of decarbonizing energy usage. However, the building monitoring required to reduce load uncertainty is costly. This study quantifies the economic benefit of practical building monitoring for supporting energy system design decisions, to determine if its benefits outweigh its cost. Value of Information analysis (VoI) is a numerical framework for quantifying the benefit of uncertainty reduction to support decision making. An extension of the framework, termed 'On-Policy' VoI, is proposed, which admits complex decision making tasks where decision policies are required. This is applied to a case study district energy system design problem, where a Linear Program model is used to size solar-battery systems and grid connection capacity under uncertain building loads, modelled using historic electricity metering data. Load uncertainty is found to have a significant impact on both system operating costs (\pm30%) and the optimal system design (\pm20%). However, using building monitoring is found to reduce overall costs by less than 2% on average, less than the cost of measurement, and is therefore not economically worthwhile. This provides the first numerical evidence to support the sufficiency of using standard building load profiles for energy system design. Further, reducing only uncertainty in mean load is found to provide all available decision support benefit, meaning using hourly measurement data provides no benefit for energy retrofit design. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/af29a89ea6b96f93.txt b/corpus/building/text/af29a89ea6b96f93.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a82630460e1ba31f6fa3d4f9f2a9ba03ecfefc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/af29a89ea6b96f93.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +GLOBUS: GLObal Building heights for Urban Studies + +Urban weather and climate studies continue to be important as extreme events cause economic loss and impact public health. Weather models seek to represent urban areas but are oversimplified due to data availability, especially building information. This paper introduces a novel Level of Detail-1 (LoD-1) building dataset derived from a Deep Neural Network (DNN) called GLObal Building heights for Urban Studies (GLOBUS). GLOBUS uses open-source datasets as predictors: Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) Digital Surface Model (DSM) normalized using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Landscan population density, and building footprints. The building information from GLOBUS can be ingested in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and urban energy-water balance models to study localized phenomena such as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. GLOBUS has been trained and validated using the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 3DEP Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. We used data from 5 US cities for training and the model was validated over 6 cities. Performance metrics are computed at a spatial resolution of 300-meter. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) were 5.15 meters and 28.8 %, respectively. The standard deviation and histogram of building heights over a 300-meter grid are well represented using GLOBUS. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/afbc139e2f27f2e9.txt b/corpus/building/text/afbc139e2f27f2e9.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5a01e17fc6bf0d684a5d7bb991d9f4c7bd5e499 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/afbc139e2f27f2e9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1117 @@ +The People's +Republic of China + +EDICT OF GOVERNMENT M + +In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for +all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world +peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial +basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that +govern them. + +GB 15763-1 (2008) (Chinese) : Safety glazing +materials in building- -Part 1 : +Fire-resistant glass + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + + +ICS 81.040.20； 13.220.50 +Q33 + + + + +中华人 民共和 国国 家标准 + + + +GB15763. 1-2008 +代替 GB15763. 1-2001 + + + +建 筑用安 全玻璃 第 1 部分： 防 火玻璃 + + + +Safety glazing mater ials in bu i I d i ng ― Part 1 : Fi re-res i stant g I ass + +f 局) + + + +(报 批稿、 + + + +xxxx xxxx + + + +发布 xxxx xxxx 实施 + + + +中 华人民 共和国 国家质 量监督 检验检 疫总局 发布 + + + +中国国 家标准 化管理 委员会 + + + +刖 m + +本部分 6. 3、 6.6、 6.7、 6.8、 6.9、 6.10、 9. 1 条为 强制性 条款， 其他为 推荐性 条款。 + +GB 15763 《建筑 用安全 玻璃》 目前分 为四个 部分： + +一一 第 1 部分： 防火 玻璃； + +一一 第 2 部分： 钢化 玻璃； + +一一 第 3 部分： 夹层 玻璃； + +—— 第 4 部分： 均 质钢化 玻璃。 +本 部分为 GB 15763 的第 1 部分。 + +本 部分参 考国外 相应的 标准或 规范， 如 BS EN 357:2004 《建筑 用玻璃 —— 镶 透明或 半透明 玻璃的 +防火玻 璃构件 一一 防火 性能分 类》、 BS 6262-3： 2005 《建 筑窗 —— 第 3 部分： 防火、 安全 和风载 实施规 + +范》。 + +本部 分代替 GB 15763.1-2001 《建 筑用安 全玻璃 防火玻 璃》。 + +本 部分与 GB 15763.1-2001 相比主 耍变化 如下： + +—— 按 GB 15763.1-2001 第 1 ^修改 单对条 文进行 修订。 + +一一 增 加耐火 极限等 定义。 + +— 取消了 B 类防火 玻璃。 + +一一 复 合防火 玻璃外 观质量 增加划 伤缺陷 要求。 + +一一 重新 规定耐 火极限 等级。 + +本部分 由 中 国 建筑材 料联合 会提出 。 + +本部 分由全 国建筑 用玻璃 标准化 技术委 员会归 口 。 + +本 部分负 责起草 单位： 中 国建筑 材料检 验认证 中心、 公安 部天津 消防研 究所、 公安部 四川消 防研究 + +所。 + +本 部分参 加起草 单位： 广东金 刚玻璃 科技股 份有限 公司、 北京格 林京丰 防火玻 璃有限 公司、 浙江中 +力控股 集团有 限公司 、 和 合科技 集团有 限公司 、 鹤山 市恒保 防火玻 璃厂有 限公司 + +本部分 主要起 草人： 苗 向阳、 龚 蜀一、 汪 如洋、 黄伟、 聂涛、 庄 大建、 宋丽、 龙 霖星、 夏 卫文、 陈 +沃林、 吴 从真、 隋超英 + +本部 分所代 替标准 的历次 发布情 况为： + +—— GB 15763-1995 中建 筑用防 火玻璃 部分； + +—— GB 15763.1-2001。 + + + +GB 15763.1 — 2008 + + + +建 筑用安 全玻璃 第 1 部分： 防 火玻璃 + + + +1 范围 + + + +本部 分规定 了建筑 用防火 玻璃的 术语和 定义、 分类及 标记、 材料、 要求、 试验 方法、 +检验 规则、 标志、 产品 使用说 明书及 包装、 运输、 贮 存等。 + +本 部分适 用于建 筑用复 合防火 玻璃及 经钢化 工艺制 造的单 片防火 玻璃。 + +2 规 范性引 用文件 + +下列 文件中 的条款 通过本 部分的 引用而 成为本 部分的 条款。 凡是 注日期 的引用 文件， 其 +随后 所有的 修改单 （不 包括 勘误的 内容） 或 修订版 均不适 用于本 部分， 然而， 鼓励根 据本部 +分 达成协 议的各 方研究 是否可 使用这 些文件 的最新 版本。 凡是不 注日期 的引用 文件， 其最新 +版本适 用于本 部分。 + +GB/T 1216 外径 千分尺 + +GB/T 2680-1994 建 筑玻璃 可 见光透 射比、 太阳光 直接透 射比、 太阳 能总透 射比、 +紫外 线透射 比及有 关窗玻 璃参数 的测定 + +GB/T 5137.3 — 2002 汽 车安全 玻璃试 验方法 第 3 部分： 耐 辐照、 高温、 潮湿、 燃 烧和耐 +模拟气 候试验 + +GB 11614 平 板玻璃 + +GB/T 12513-2006 镶玻 璃构件 耐火试 验方法 （ ISO 3009: 2003， MOD) +GB 15763.2-2005 建筑 用安全 玻璃第 2 部分： 钢 化玻璃 +GB/T 18915 (所有 部分） 镀 膜玻璃 + + + +3 术语 和定义 + +下列 术语和 定义适 用于本 部分。 + +3.1 + +耐 火完整 性 integrity of fire -resistant + +在标 准耐火 试验条 件下， 玻璃构 件当其 一面受 火时， 能在一 定时间 内防止 火焰和 热气穿 +透或在 背火面 出 现火焰 的能力 。 + +3.2 + +Sf 火 PI 热性 insulation of fire-resistant + +在标 准耐火 试验条 件下， 玻璃构 件当其 一面受 火时， 能在一 定时间 内使其 背火面 温度不 +超过规 定值的 能力。 + + + +在标 准耐火 试验条 件下， 玻 璃构件 从受火 的作用 时起， 到失 去完整 性或隔 热型要 求时止 +的这段 时间。 +3.4 + +复合防 火玻璃 laminated fire-resistant glass + +由两层 或两层 以上玻 璃复合 而成或 由一层 玻璃和 有机材 料复合 而成， 并满 足相应 耐火性 +能要求 的特种 玻璃。 + + + + +3.5 + +单片防 火玻璃 monolithic fire-resistant glass + +由单 层玻璃 构成， 并满 足相应 耐火性 能要求 的特种 玻璃。 + +3.6 + +P 鬲热 型防 火玻璃 （A 类） insulated fire-resistant glass (Atype) +耐火 性能同 时满足 耐火完 整性、 耐 火隔热 性要求 的防火 玻璃。 + +3.7 + +非隔 热型防 火玻璃 （C 类） integrity-only fire-resistant glass (Ctype) + +耐火 性能仅 满足耐 火完整 性要求 的防火 玻璃。 + +4 分类 及标记 +4.1 分类 + +4.1.1 防火 玻璃按 结构可 分为： + +a) 复合防 火玻璃 （以 FFB 表示） + +b) 单片防 火玻璃 （以 DFB 表示） + +4.1.2 防 火玻璃 按耐火 性能可 分为： + +a) 隔 热型防 火玻璃 （A 类） + +b) 非隔 热型防 火玻璃 （C 类） + +4.1.3 防火 玻璃按 耐火极 限可分 为五个 等级： 0.50 h、 1.00 h、 1.50 h、 2.00 h, 3.00 h。 +4.2 标记 + +4.2.1 标 记方式 + + + +X x x-x x-x X + +耐 火极限 等级， 用以 小时为 单位的 三位数 字表示 + +_ 按耐火 性能的 分类， 以 A 或 C 表示 + +公称 厚度， 单位为 <'。。 不足 10'nn 时 前面加 + +按 结构的 分类， 以 r— b 或 Dr〕 表示 + +4.2.2 标 记示例 + +一 块公称 厚度为 25mm、 耐火 性能为 隔热类 （A 类）， 耐火 等级为 1.50 h 的复合 防火玻 +璃 的标记 如下： + +FFB-25-A1.50 + +一 块公称 厚度为 12mm、 耐火性 能为非 隔热类 （C 类）， 耐火 等级为 1.00 h 的单 片防火 +玻璃 的标记 如下： + +DFB-12-C1.00 + +5 材料 + +防火玻 璃原片 可选用 鍍膜或 非鍍膜 的浮法 玻璃、 钢化 玻璃， 复合防 火玻璃 原片还 可选用 +单 片防火 玻璃。 原片玻 璃应分 别符合 GB 11614、 GB 15763.2-2005、 GB/T 18915 (所有 + +部分） 等相 应标准 和本部 分相应 条款的 规定。 + +所采 用其它 材料也 均应满 足相应 的国家 标准、 行业 标准、 相关技 术条件 要求。 + + + +6 要求 + +防 火玻璃 的技术 要求应 符合表 1 相应 条款的 规定。 + + + +表 1 防 火玻璃 技术要 求及试 验方法 + + + +名称 + + +技 术要求 + + +试 验方法 + + +售公 防小脉瘤 + + + + +P-vf 厚度介 i4^)^# + +乂 1 V J 、 ！于 ijc Jul\\m + + + + +5 1 + + +7.1 + + +外观 防 量 + + +o.z + + +o.z + + +7.2 + + +而、 卜^ + +vis y v izl i3 匕 + + +O.J + + +O.J + + +73 + + +杳 fttl 麼 +弓 pti/ 又 + + + + + + +y 4 + + + + +6.5 + + +6.5 + + +7.5 + + +耐 热性能 + + +6.6 + + + + +7.6 + + +耐 寒性能 + + +6.7 + + + + +7.7 + + +而汁 些々 [^镇 昭' B& + + +6.8 + + + + +7.8 + + +抗冲 击性能 + + +6.9 + + +6.9 + + +7.9 + + + + + + +6.10 + + +7.10 + + +D. 丄 八、 J 、 i 子 /jc 几 Vf +宪 + + +差 + +厚 度允许 偏差应 符合表 2 和表 3 的 规定。 + +2 复 合防火 玻璃的 尺寸、 厚度允 许偏差 单位 为毫米 + + +玻 璃的公 称厚度 d + + +长度 或宽度 (L) 允 许偏差 + + +厚度允 许偏差 + + +L^l 200 + + +1 200 + + +土 4 + + +±1.0 + + +17^d<24 + + +土 4 + + +士 5 + + +±1.3 + + +24^d<35 + + +±5 + + +±6 + + +±1.5 + + +d^35 + + +士 5 + + +士 6 + + +±2.0 + + +注： 当 L 大于 2 400 mm 时， 尺 寸允许 偏差山 供需双 方商定 + + + +表 3 单片防 火玻璃 尺寸、 厚度允 许偏差 单位 为毫米 + + + +玻璃公 称厚度 + + +长度 或宽度 (L) 允 许偏差 + + +厚度允 许偏差 + + +L^l 000 + + +1 0002 000 + + +6 + + ++ 1 + + +±3 + + +±4 + + +±0.2 + + +8 + +10 + + ++2 +-3 + + +±0.3 + + +12 + + +±0.3 + + +15 + + +±4 + + +±4 + + +±0.5 + + +19 + + +±5 + + +±5 + + +±6 + + +±0.7 + + + +6.2 外 观质量 + +防 火玻璃 的外观 质量应 符合表 4 和表 5 的规定 + +表 4 复合 防火玻 璃的外 观质量 + + + +缺 陷名称 + + +要 求 + + +气泡 + + +直径 300 mm 圆内 允许长 0.5〜 1.0 mm 的气泡 1 个 + + +胶合 层杂质 + + +直径 500 mm 圆 内 允许长 2.0 mm 以下 的杂质 2 个 + + +划伤 + + +宽度 《0.1 mm, 长度 《50 mm 的轻微 划伤， 毎 平方米 面积内 不超过 4 条 + + +0.1 mm< 宽度 <0.5 mm, 长度 《50 mm 的轻微 划伤， 毎 平方米 面积内 不超过 1 条 + + + +爆边 + + +每米边 长允许 有长度 不超过 20 mm, 自 边部 向 玻璃表 面延伸 深度不 超过厚 度一半 的爆边 4 +个 + + +叠差、 裂纹、 +脱胶 + + +脱胶、 裂纹 不允许 存在； 总 叠差不 应大于 3 mm + + +注： 复合 防火玻 璃周边 15 mm 范 围内的 气泡、 胶 合层杂 质不作 要求。 + + + +表 5 单片 防火玻 璃的外 观质量 + + + +缺 陷名称 + + +要 求 + + +爆边 + + +不允 许存在 + + +划伤 + + +宽度 《0.1 mm, 长度 《50 mm 的轻微 划伤， 毎 平方米 面积内 不超过 2 条 + + +0.1mm< 宽度 <0.5mm, 长度 《50 mm 的轻微 划伤， 毎 平方米 面积内 不超过 1 条 + + +结石、 裂纹、 缺角 + + +不允 许存在 + + + +6.3 耐 火性能 + +隔 热型防 火玻璃 （A 类） 和非隔 热型防 火玻璃 （C 类） 的耐火 性能应 满足表 6 的 要求。 + +表 6 防火玻 璃的耐 火性能 + + + +分 类名称 + + +耐火极 限等级 + + +耐火性 能要求 + + +隔 热型防 火玻璃 + +(A 类） + + +3.00 h + + +耐火 隔热性 时间》 3.00 h， 且耐火 完整性 时间； *3.0o| | + + +2.00 h + + +耐 火隔热 性时间 5=2.00 h， 且耐 火完整 性时间 5=2.00 h。 + + +1.50 h + + +耐 火隔热 性时间 》 1.50 h， 11 耐火 完整 性时间 5； 1.50 h。 + + +1.00 h + + +耐 火隔热 性时间 =51.00 h， 且耐 火完整 性时间 1.00 h。 + + +0.50 h + + +耐 火隔热 性时间 >0.50 h， 11 耐火 完整 性时间 5=0.50 h。 + + +非隔 热型防 火玻璃 +(C 类） + + +3.00 h + + +耐火 完整性 时间； J3.00 h， 耐火隔 热性无 要求。 + + +2.00 h + + +耐火 完整性 时间》 2.00 h， 耐火隔 热性无 要求。 + + +1.50 h + + +耐火完 整性时 间>1.50 h， 耐火隔 热性无 要求。 + + +1.00 h + + +耐火 完整性 时间； sl.OO h， 耐火隔 热性无 要求。 + + +0.50 h + + +耐火 完整性 时间； S0.50 h, 耐火隔 热性无 要求。 + + + +6.4 弯曲度 + +防火 玻璃的 弓形弯 曲度不 应超过 0.3%， 波形弯 曲度不 应超过 0.2%。 +6.5 可见光 透射比 + +防火玻 璃的可 见光透 射比应 符合表 7 的 要求。 + +表 7 防火 玻璃的 可见光 透射比 + + + +项目 + + +允 许偏差 最大值 （明 示标 称值） + + +允 许偏差 最大值 （未 明示标 称值） + + +可见光 透射比 + + +±3% + + +《5% + + + +6.6 + + + +6.7 + + + +6.8 + + + +耐 热性能 + +试 验后复 合防火 玻璃试 样的外 观质量 应符合 6.2 的 规定。 +耐 寒性能 + +试 验后复 合防火 玻璃试 样的外 观质量 应符合 6.2 的 规定。 +耐 紫外线 辐照性 + +当 复合防 火玻璃 使用在 有建筑 釆光要 求的场 合时， 应进 行耐紫 外线辐 照性能 测试。 + +复 合防火 玻璃试 样试验 后试样 不应产 生显著 变色、 气泡 及浑浊 现象， 且试 验前后 可见光 + +透射 比相对 变化率 A T 应 不大于 10%。 + +6.9 抗冲 击性能 + +试 样试验 破坏数 应符合 |8.3.4| 的 规定。 + + + +批注 【微 软用户 3]: 原写为 +8.3.3 + + + +单片防 火玻璃 不破坏 是指试 验后不 破碎； 复合 防火玻 璃不破 坏是指 试验后 玻璃满 足下述 +条件 之一： + +a) 玻璃不 破碎。 + +b) 玻 璃破碎 但钢球 未穿透 试样。 +6.10 碎 片状态 + +每 块试验 样品在 50mmX50mm 区域 内的碎 片数应 不低于 40 块。 允许 有少: 翬: 长 条碎片 +存在， 但其 长度不 得超过 75 mm, 且端部 不是刀 刃状； 延仲至 玻璃边 缘的长 条形碎 片与玻 +璃边缘 形成的 夹角不 得大于 45° 。 + +7 试 验方法 + +7.1 尺寸、 厚度允 许偏差 + +尺寸 用最小 刻度为 1 mm 的钢 直尺或 钢卷尺 测量。 厚度 用符合 GB/T 1216 规定的 千分尺 +或 与此同 等精度 的器具 测量玻 璃四边 中点， 测 量结果 以四点 平均值 表示， 数值 精确到 0.1 +mm。 + +7.2 外 观质量 + +在 良好的 然光 或散射 光照条 件下， 在 距玻璃 的正面 600 mm 处进 行目视 检査。 缺陷的 +尺寸 以能清 楚观察 到的最 大边缘 为限。 采用分 度值为 1mm 的金属 直尺和 （或） 最小 分度值 +为 0.01 mm 的读 数显微 镜测量 缺陷的 尺寸。 +7.3 耐 火性能 + +按 GB/T 12513-2006 进行耐 火性能 试验。 试样 受火尺 寸应选 择实际 使用的 最大尺 寸来进 +行 试验， 且不 应小于 1 100mmX600mm。 + +试验时 所使用 的固定 框架和 安装方 式应与 实际工 程配套 使用的 相同， 并以 图纸或 其它相 +当 的方法 记录固 定框架 的结构 和安装 方式。 对于 隔热型 （A 类） 防火玻 璃固定 框架背 火面温 +度测 量值仅 做记录 ， 不作 为隔热 性的判 定条件 。 +7.4 弯曲度 + +按 GB 15763. 2-2005 中 6. 4 规 定的方 法进行 测量。 +7.5 可见光 透射比 + +取三块 试样， 按 GB/T 2680 — 1994 中 3.1 规定的 方法进 行检验 。对于 明示标 称值的 产品， +以标称 值作为 偏差的 基准； 对于未 明示标 称值的 产品， 则取 二块试 样进行 测试， 取三 块试样 +之间差 值的最 大值。 +7.6 耐 热性能 + +7.6.1 取 六块试 样进行 试验， 其中 三块为 备样。 试样规 格应为 300 ram X 300 mm, 应 与制品 +材料 相同、 在相 同加工 工艺下 制作。 + +试 验前， 试 样应在 20 °C±5 °C 下垂 直放置 6h 以上， 检査 外观质 量并详 细记录 缺陷情 + +况。 + +7.6.2 将试 样垂直 放入恒 温箱， 保持 50 'C±2 V' 恒温 6 h 后取 出。 + +7.6.3 将 取出的 试样， 在 20 'C±5 °C 下垂 直放置 6h 以上， 检査 其外观 质量。 + +7.7 耐 寒性能 + +7.7.1 同 7.6.1。 + +7.7.2 将 试样放 入低温 箱中， 保持 -20 V±2 V, 恒温 6 h 后取 出。 + +7.7.3 将 取出的 试样， 在 20 'C±5 °C 下垂 直放置 6h 以上， 检査 其外观 质量。 + +7.8 耐紫 外线辐 照性能 + +取 六块试 样进行 试验， 其中 三块为 备样。 试样规 格应为 300 mmX 76 mm, 为与制 品材料 +相同、 在相同 加工 工艺下 制作的 平型试 验片。 试 验装置 应满足 GB/T 5137. 3-2002 的 要求。 + + + +试验 应按照 GB/T 5137. 3-2002 进行。 + +试验前 后试样 的可见 光透射 比相对 变化率 AT 的计算 见公式 （1); + +\T.- TA + +AT= ~ ^DIOO (1) + +式中： + +AT —— 试样 可见光 透射比 相对变 化率， ％ ; + +r, —— 紫外线 照射前 试样可 见光透 射比； +t 2 —— 紫外线 照射后 试样可 见光透 射比。 + +7.9 抗冲 击性能 + +取十 二块试 样进行 试验， 其中 六块为 备样。 按 GB 15763.2-2005 中 6.5 规 定的方 法进行 + +检验。 当复合 防火玻 璃为不 对称结 构时， 取较 薄的一 面为冲 击面。 +7.10 碎 片状态 + +取 四块样 品进行 试验， 样品 尺寸为 1 100 mm X 360 mm。 按 GB 15763.2-2005 中 6.6 规 + +定的方 法进行 试验。 + + + +8 检 验规则 +8.1 检 验分类 + +检 验分出 厂检验 和型式 检验。 +8.1.1 出 厂检验 + +检验 项目为 尺寸、 厚度及 偏差、 外观质 量和弯 曲度。 +8.1.2 型 式检验 + +检验项 目为本 部分规 定的全 部技术 要求， 有下列 情况之 一时， 应进 行型式 检验: + +a) 新 产品或 老产品 转厂生 产的试 制定型 鉴定。 + +b) 正式生 产后， 如 结构、 材料、 工艺 有较大 改变， 可 能影响 产品性 能时。 + +c) 正常 生产满 3 年时。 + +d) 产品停 产半年 以上， 恢复生 产时。 + +e) 出厂 检验结 果与上 次型式 检验有 较大差 异时。 + +f) 质 量监督 部门提 出进行 型式检 验的要 求时。 +8.2 组批 与抽样 | — + +8.2.1 防火 玻璃的 尺寸、 厚度 偏差、 外观 质量、 弯曲 度按表 8 规定进 行随机 抽样。 + + + +表 8 尺寸、 厚度 偏差、 夕 + + +、观 质量、 弯曲度 抽样和 判定表 单 位为块 + + +批 量范围 + + +抽检数 + + +合格 判定数 + + +不合格 判定数 + + +2〜8 + + + + + + + +1 + + +9〜15 + + + + + + + +1 + + +16〜25 + + + + +1 + + + + +26〜50 + + +8 + + + + + + +5 卜 90 + + +13 + + + + +4 + + +91〜150 + + +20 + + + + +6 + + +15 卜 280 + + +32 + + +7 + + +8 + + +28 卜 500 + + +50 + + +10 + + +11 + + +8.2.2 对产品 的技术 要求， 若 用制品 检验时 d + + +S 据 检测项 目所要 求的数 量从该 批产品 中随机 + + + +抽取； 组 成一批 的防火 玻璃应 为同一 材料， 同 一工艺 条件下 生产的 产品。 当该 批产品 批量大 + +于 500 片时， 以每 500 片为一 批分批 抽取， 若 用试样 进行检 验时， 应采 用与制 品相同 材料和 + + + +工艺 条件下 制备的 试样。 + +8.3 判 定规则 + +8.3.1 进 行防火 玻璃的 尺寸、 厚度 偏差、 外观 质量、 弯 曲度检 验时， 如不合 格品数 小于表 8 +中的不 合格判 定数， 该项目 合格； 如不合 格品数 等于或 大于表 8 的不 合格判 定数， 则 认为该 +批产 品的该 项目不 合格。 + +8.3.2 进 行耐火 性能、 可 见光透 射比、 碎片 状态检 验时， 样品全 部满足 要求为 合格， 否则该 +项目不 合格。 + +8.3.3 进 行耐热 性能、 耐寒 性能、 耐紫 外辐照 性能检 验时， 样品全 部满足 要求， 该项目 合格； +如二块 样品不 合格， 则该 项目不 合格； 如果 有一块 样品不 合格， 可另取 二块备 用样品 重新试 +验， 如仍出 现不合 格品， 则该 项目不 合格。 + +8.3.4 进行 抗冲击 性能检 验时， 如样 品破坏 不超过 一块， 则 该项目 合格； 如二 块或二 块以上 +样品 破坏， 则该 项目不 合格； 如 果有二 块样品 破坏， 可另 取六块 备用样 品重新 试验， 如仍出 +现样品 破坏， 则该 项目不 合格。 + +8.3.5 全部 检验项 目中， 如有 一项不 合格， 则认 为该批 产品不 合格。 + +9 标志、 产 品使用 说明书 +9.1 标志 + +9.1.1 产 品标志 + +每块产 品 的 右下角 应有不 易擦掉 的产 品 标记、 企 业名称 或商标 。 + +9.1.2 包 装标志 + +每 个包装 箱上应 标明箱 内包装 产品的 种类、 规格、 耐火 极限、 数量、 收货 单位、 生产企 +业 名称及 地址、 出厂 日期。 并标注 "小心 轻放、 防潮、 向 上"。 +9.2 产 品使用 说明书 + +产品出 厂时应 附产品 使用说 明书， 明 确产品 的使用 场所、 安装 要求、 产品 主要性 能等内 + +容。 + +10 包装、 运输、 贮存 +10.1 包装 + +产品应 用木箱 或其他 包装箱 包装， 玻璃 应垂直 立放在 箱内， 每片玻 璃应用 塑料膜 或纸等 +材料 隔开， 玻璃 与包装 箱之间 应使用 不易引 起玻璃 划伤等 外观缺 陷的轻 软材料 填实。 + +10.2 运输 + +运输 时不得 平放， 长 度应与 车辆运 动方向 相同， 应 有防雨 措施。 +10.3 贮存 + +产品 应垂直 存放在 干燥的 室内。 + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/b3745643aab8420d.txt b/corpus/building/text/b3745643aab8420d.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ef32f23f2ab881dd2c805d4f4c02240dbcf157d --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/b3745643aab8420d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Mind the Gap: Geometrically Accurate Generative Reconstruction from Disjoint Views + +3D vision systems are fundamentally constrained by their reliance on visual overlap: reconstruction methods require it for geometric alignment, while generative models use it to enforce multi-view consistency. This limitation is particularly acute in real-world scenarios such as distributed swarm robotics or crowd-sourced data collection, where capturing overlapping perspectives, both in terms of spatial and appearance overlap, is often impossible. We introduce Generative Reconstruction from Disjoint Views as a new paradigm, establish a comprehensive dataset, and propose specialized evaluation metrics for zero-overlap scenarios. Our benchmarking demonstrates that existing state-of-the-art methods fail catastrophically on this task, producing disconnected geometries or semantically incoherent reconstructions. To address these limitations, we propose GLADOS, a general, modular framework that operates through three stages: (1) Generative Bridging, where foundation models synthesize intermediate perspectives to connect disjoint inputs; (2) Robust Coarse 3D Reconstruction, that establish coarse geometric scaffold via global alignment which absorbs local contradictions from generative process; and (3) Iterative Context Expansion and Consistency Optimization to fill missing regions and unify the reconstruction. As an architectureagnostic framework, GLADOS enables seamless integration of future advances in generation, reconstruction, and inpainting. The source code is available at: https://github.com/gwilczynski95/GLADOS. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/b6cb483053858ba4.txt b/corpus/building/text/b6cb483053858ba4.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5259328717c6a3bc13446398d3479a335a1fcd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/b6cb483053858ba4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10362 @@ +AlllDQ +TTBlOb +NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. +A111 009931 06 +Fenves, Steven Josep/The structure ot bu +TA435 .U58 V90;1976 C.I NBS-PUB-C 1976 +NBS BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES +U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards +The Structure of +Building Specifications + +The Building Science Series +The +Building +Science +Series +disseminates +technical +information developed +at +the National Bureau +of Standards on +building +materials, +components, +systems, +and +whole +structures. +The +Series +presents +research +results, +test +methods, +and +performance +criteria +related +to +the +structural and +environmental +functions and +the +durability and +safety +char- +acteristics +of building elements and +systems. +These +publications, +similar +in +style 'and +content +to +the NBS Building Materials and +Structures Reports +(1938-59), +are +directed +toward +the +manufacturing, +design, +construction, +and +research +segments +of +the +building +industry, +standards +organizations, and +officials +responsible +for building codes. +The +material +for +this +Series +originates +principally +in +the +Center +for +Building +Technology +of +the NBS +Institute +for +Applied +Technology. The +publications +are +divided +into +three +general +groups: +Building Systems and +Processes; +Health, +Safety +and +Comfort; +and +Structures +and +Materials. +For +further +information +regarding +these +publications +please +contact +the +Program +Planning and +Liaison +Unit, +Center +for +Building +Technology, +Institute +for +Applied +Technology, +National Bureau +of +Standards, +Washington, +D.C. 20234. +[See mailing +list announcement on +last page] + +ifjiidaios +The Structure of Building Specifications +Steven J. Fenves +Department of Civil Engineering +Carnegie-Mellon University +Pittsburgh, Pa. +15213 +and +Kirk Rankin +Hotchand K. Tejuja +Center for Building Technology +Institute for Applied Technology +National Bureau of Standards +Washington, D.C. +20234 +U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, +Elliot +L. Richardson, Secrefary +Edward O. Vetter, Under Secretary +Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assisfanf Secreiary for Science and Technology +NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, +Ernest Ambler, Acting Director +Issued September 1976 + +Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data +Fenves, Steven Joseph. +The structure of building specifications. +(National Bureau of Standards building science series +; 90) +Supt. ofDocs. +no.: +C13.29/2:90. +Bibliography: +p. +l.Building!-Contracts +and +specifications-United +States. +2. +Solar +heating--Specifications--United +States. +3. +Plumbing--Specifications-- +United States. +I. Rankin, B. Kirk, joint author. +II. Tejuja, Hotchand K., +joint author. +III. Title. +IV. Series: +United States. +National Bureau of +Standards. +Building science series +; 90. +TA435.U58 +no. 90 +[TH425] +690'.021s +[696M'02L] +76-26695 +National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 90 +Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), BIdg. Sci. Ser. 90, +83 +pages +(Sept. +1976) +CODEN: BSSNBV +U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE +WASHINGTON: +1976 +For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. +(Order by SD Catalog No. C13.29/2:90). +Stock No. 003-003-0 1659-4 +Price: +$ 1.45 +(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing). + +ABSTRACT +This paper provides +a scientific +basis +for +the +formulation and expression of +performance +standards +and specifications +and +for explicit attention +to performance +in procedural +and prescriptive +standards +and +specifications. +The provisions +of +the NBS-developed +Interim Performance Criteria +for Solar Heating +and Combined Heating/Cooling Systems +and +Dv;elllngs +,a performance +specification, +are +classified +in terms +of +the physical entities +addressed, +the attributes +of the +built +environment, +and the properties which group together particular physical +entitles which may +be +subject +to similar dysfunctions. +These provisions +are +also +subjected to +a linguistic analysis which examines +in detail +the wording used +and +formalizes +certain key +concepts which +are realized +in the wording. +The provisions +of the Uniform Plumbing Code +, +a prescriptive +code, +are +classified +in +terms +of the physical entitles +addressed +and +the performance attributes +v/hlch +can +be +Inferred +(though they +are +not +explicitly addressed). +Guidelines +for the expression +of provisions +In performance +codes +and specifications +are +presented. +These guidelines +are based +on +the +classification studies +and the +linguistic +analysis mentioned +above. +Key words: +Building +code provisions; +building codes; +building component +classification; +building specifications; +building standards; +performance +concept. +Hi + +TABLE +OF CONTENTS +1 +Page +Abstract +Hi +1. +Introduction +1 +2. +Model +for Provisions +and their Organization +4 +3. +Application +to Solar Heating Criteria +8 +4. +Application to Plumbing Code +32 +5. +Elements +of Specification Writing Style +48 +6. +Potential Applications +53 +7. +Conclusions +and Recommendations +56 +Acknowledgments +59 +Appendix +A Classification +of Provisions +of Solar Criteria +60 +Appendix +B Classification +of Provisions +of Plumbing Code +66 +References +76 +I +iv + +1. +INTRODUCTION +1.1 +Objectives' +This +study +Is +a pilot +Investigation +for +the establishment +of +a rational +framework +for specifications, +dealing with both the detailed organization +of individual +provisions +and the +overall organization and classification +of provisions. +The +study includes +the detailed analysis +and classification +of two documents: +• +the +Interim Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Combined +Heating/Cooling Systems +and Dwellings , National Bureau +of Standards +January +1975 +L12J*; +• +the Uniform Plumbing Code , +International Association +of Plumbing +and Mechanical Officials, +1973 Edition +[21]. +These two documents were +chosen because they represent +as +closely +as possible +the +extreme points +on the performance-prescriptive specification continuum. +The +objectives +of the +study +are: +o +to investigate +the vocabulary +of specifications; +that +is, +the +terms +used +to describe +the objects +dealt with and +the performance expected; +• +to identify +the manner +in which the terms mentioned above +are +used +to +form specification provisions; +• +to investigate classification +schemes +for +the +terms +used, +so +as +to +derive organizational bases +for specifications; +and +• +to develop rules +for the +use +of terms, +specification provisions, +and +classification +schemes. +1.2 +Background +Building codes, +design specifications +and +standards referenced by building regulatory +documentation constitute +one +of the major communication +and control mechanisms +for +the building industry. +The development +of new codes +and +standards +and +the mainte- +nance +of existing +ones +Involves +a substantial effort +on the part +of researchers, +product developers, +building officials +and professionals +in many disciplines. +The +enactment +and enforcement +of building codes requires +a +large building regulatory +system. +The +codes, +specifications +and +standards +control +the professional output +of +designers +and +the products +of builders +and building manufacturers. +The quality +and +coverage +of these 'codes +and +standards has +a major effect +on both the quality +and +cost +of buildings. +There +is, +therefore, +a critical need +to improve +our understanding +of the organization +and structure +of codes +and specifications +and +to develop basic principles +from this +understanding. +These principles +are +expected +to +serve specification writers +to +develop better processes +and Improve their product. +This report +is +a pilot +study +in +this direction. +The need +for this +study +is manifested +in two ways. +First, +new codes +and +specifica- +tions +are being developed by many +sources, +either to reflect +changing requirements +in areas traditionally +subject +to +code control +such +as +health, +safety and welfare +or +to introduce new requirements reflecting national needs, +such +as +energy conservation. +Developers +of +such new codes +and specifications would +be well +served +by +a more +rigorous +framework within which their efforts +could be organized and evaluated +Because +of the +importance +of specifications, +the entire building community +can +benefit +from more rational +control. +Moreover, +existing codes +and specifications +are undergoing +a constant process +of +maintenance, +updating and adoption. +A mechanism +is needed whereby +the +changes +and +amendments +thus +Introduced +can be readily related to the existing body +of +codes. +Closely related to this +is +the need +for comparison +of existing +codes. +A major +*Bracketed numbers refer +to references +listed +on pages +76 +and +77. +1 + +problem experienced +by design +and construction firms +operating +in multiple jurisdic- +tions +is +that +of identifying and dealing with +the dissimilarities +and +local devia- +tions +among +codes. +An organized framework +for representing codes +and specifications +would not +only assist +these +firms, +but +also those agencies responsible +for the +promulgation and adoption +of +codes +and +standards. +In identifying and evaluating +differences +. +1.3 +Nomenclature +In this +study, +the term "specification" +is used +to refer +to all +formal documents +for +the evaluation +of engineering +or architectural designs. +These +Include: +• +legislated building codes, +such +as +the New York City Building +Code +[3J; +• +model building codes, +such +as +the Basic Building Code +of +the Building +Officials +and Code Administrators +International, +Inc. +[4]; +• +consensus +standards, +such +as +the American Concrete +Institute +(ACI) +Building Code Requirements +for Reinforced Concrete +[1]; +• +proprietary +or trade association specifications, +such +as +the +American +Institute +of Steel Construction +(AISC) +Specification for +the Design, +Fabrication +and Erection +of Structural Steel +for +Buildings +[2J; +and +• +specifications +of agencies +or +owners, +such +as +the Minimum Property +Standards +of the +U.S. +Department +of Housing and Urban Development +[11]. +Specifically excluded +from this discussion are building specifications made +a part +of +the +contract documents +for +a building project +and product +specifications describing +proprietary products +or +systems. +The +study deals with three types +of specifications*, +which differ +in their +level +of +abstraction, +namely: +• +performance +specifications +, +which +state required attributes +in +an imple- +mentation-independent manner, +such +as +the +"Guide Criteria +for +the Design +and Evaluation +of Operation BREAKTHROUGH Housing Systems" +[10]. +• +procedural +specifications +, +consisting of calculation and ^valuation +procedures, +which +state required attributes +. and procedures +for their +evaluation +in +an implementation-dependent manner +such +as +the ACI +and AISC +specifications +[1,2]; +and +• +prescriptive +specifications, +which state required dimensions +or +properties +in +a manner completely defining the +acceptable +config- +urations +or procedures +in +an implementation-dependent manner, +such +as +the +One +and Two Family Dwelling Code +[17 J. +In this +study, +the +term provision will +be +used +to refer +to +any normative +statement +in +a specification; +that +is, +requirements +or criteria +in performance +specifications +or paragraphs +in prescriptive +and procedural +specifications. +1.4 +Previous Work +Essentially +all previous +studies +on the organization and +structure +of specifications +were motivated initially by +the prospect +of computer processing +of specification +provisions +for design or code +conformance +checking. +While +the formalism and rigor +required +for computer processing +Is +a very useful Intellectual +framework +for +developing an understanding and principles, +the +concepts which thus +emerge need +not +necessarily be Implemented +in computer programs. +The +concepts +can also be used +for +manual, +or non-computerized, +codes. +*It +deals with all three types with the following qualifications. +It +offers no +detailed +study +of any procedural specifications +and +It +has more material +on perfor- +mance specifications than prescriptive +specifications. +2 + +An elementary notation, +or "language" +and data structure +for representing building +problems +for computer applications +was described +In +1967 +by Clark +[5]. +It +Included +rules +for organization +of code-like provisions. +Kapsch's review +of existing +architectural +Information indexing systems +[13] +found +all +such systems +lacking +in +precision +and coverage. +A report +to the Center +for Building Technology +of the +National Bureau +of Standards +(CBT) +by Eberhard, +et +al +L7] postulated +a number +of +potential computer applications +for building regulation use, +but +did not present +a +formal structure +for them. +The +senior co-author, +in collaboration with +R. +N. +Wright, +has +dealt +extensively with +the representation +of procedural +specifications +and +the application +of this repre- +sentation to computer-aided design, +and developed improved +formats +and organization +for procedural specifications +[9,15,16]. +The +status +of that work +as +of early +1975 +is +summarized +in +[8]. +Refinements +of this work were +carried +out +at +the University +of +Illinois +in +a project +initiated by +R. +N. +Wright +and then continued under +J. +W. +Melin +(see +[22]). +Other extensions +of the +work are underway +at Carnegie-Mellon +University under the direction of the +senior co-author. +The work +at Carnegie-Mellon +University and the University +of +Illinois +to date +has +not +dealt with performance +specifications +per +se , +nor did +it produce +any +of the +formal structures +and concepts +introduced +in this +report. +The +computer aids developed +as +part +of the University +of +Illinois project +are, +however, +well suited +for operating on the classification +structures presented here. +1.5 +Scope +of Report +Chapter +2 develops +a model +of specifications +and examines +the +overall organization +of +provisions +as well +as +the detailed organization. +Special emphasis +Is given to +performance +specifications, +because +of their need to specify +objectives +in general +terms, +and because +of the +special character +of the requlrement-criterlon-test- +commentary hierarchy. +Chapter +3 presents +the analysis +of the Solar Heating Performance Criteria; +Chapter +4 +presents +the analysis +of the Uniform Plumbing +Code. +Chapter +5 presents +rules +of +style +in specification writing. +Chapter +6 +sketches +out +potential applications +of the +study +for the analysis +of existing specifications +and +for the +synthesis +of new +ones. +Chapter +7 +contains +conclusions +and recommendations +for further work. +3 + +2. +MODEL FOR PROVISIONS AND THEIR ORGANIZATION +In this +chapter, +a model +for +the classification +of provisions +and their organization +is presented, +and +some +of +the problem areas which constrain further formalization +at +this +time +are discussed. +The discussion covers +all three types +of specifications +mentioned earlier, +but +Section +2.4 deals with +the +specific considerations related +to +performance +specifications. +2.1 +General +The basic +concept +in this +study +is +that +each provision +of +a specification, +whether +performance, +procedural +or prescriptive, +addresses +a performance +attribute +of +a +physical entity. +In performance +specifications, +provisions +are customarily organized +into requirements +(usually qualitative +statements +of required attributes) +and criteria , +(usually +quantitative +statements giving +levels +of performance necessary to meet +the require- +ments). +Also, +in performance specifications +an attempt +is made +to address +the +physical entity +Involved +in terms +of the +attribute being considered +(or +to +omit +any +mention +of +the physical entity), +so +as +not +to overspeclfy +and thus +inhibit +innovation +Prescriptive +and procedural specifications differ from performance +types +in two +aspects. +First, +the +attributes +addressed, +and even the requirements, +are +not +always +spelled +out, +but +frequently have +to be +inferred. +Second, +the physical entities +to +which +the provisions +apply tend +to be identified +in detail. +It +is recognized that +the +above +comments pertain directly +only to wholly performance +and prescriptive +specifications, +and that most +specifications +actually +contain +a +mixture +of the two types. +Section MP +3F +of +[18] discusses +this +point; +a table +on +page +6 +of that +section describes +nine +levels +of performance/prescriptive mixture, +and +gives +sample provisions +from each +level. +A review +of the table +shows +that +the basic +concept +is maintained throughout; +that +Is, +each sample provision addresses +a physical +entity +and +(implicitly +or explicitly) +a desired attribute. +The model +for organization +is +formulated +at +two +levels: +• +the way +single provisions +are +composed; +and +• +the manner +in which related provisions +are +organized. +These +two +levels +form the +subject +of the +next +two +sections. +2.2 +Detailed Organization: +Provision Structure +The +contents +of provisions +in all types +of +specifications +contain +the +same +type +of +information, +namely: +• +a sub j ect +, +which refers +to +or makes +some mention +of +a physical +entity; +and +• +a predicate , +which relates +to +the attribute +to +be +satisfied. +There +are +only +small variations +in the +formats +of specification provisions +in per- +formance +and prescriptive +specifications. +A classification scheme +for +the +formats +of provisions will be presented +in Section +3-3. +By +contrast, +many provisions +in procedural +specifications describe calculation and +evaluation procedures +to +be executed. +The representation +of the organization +of +such +provisions +has been presented elsewhere +[15, 16] +and will +not +be dealt with further +in this +study. +4 + +2.3 +Overall Organization: +Classification Schemes +As regards +the +overall organization +of specifications +- +be +they performance, +pro- +cedural +or prescriptive +- provisions +in them are related +to +one another either +through the physical entity addressed +or +the attribute +to +be +satisfied.* +In order +to reflect +this relationship, +classification +schemes +are +employed. +The objective +of +a classification +scheme +is +to: +• +provide hierarchical groupings +of related provisions; +and +• +provide +a basis +for textual organization, +notably outlining +and +indexing, +of the +specification. +By the nature +of +the +subject matter, +two +independent major classification schemes +are +needed, +namely: +• +by physical entity; +and +• +by attribute. +Performance +specifications developed +in CBT customarily +use +these +two classifications +as +row and column +indexes +of two-dimensional matrices +and record +the applicable +provisions +(requirements +and criteria) +at +the +Intersections. +While +this representa- +tion has proved workable +in CBT, +it has +shortcomings, +primarily because +it +does +not +display +the +Internal +structure, +or "texture", +of the +classification, +such +as +the +finer subdivision +of entities +or attribute parts within +a box +of the matrix; +because +it +is +not well +suited for outlining and indexing; +and because +it +promotes unnecessary +redundancy +in the repetition of nearly Identical provisions. +In this +study, +the +two classifications will +be dealt with separately, +and no attempt +will be made +to develop +a single representation +for +the +two. +The +classifications +will +be discussed +in turn. +2.3-1 +Physical Entity Classification +In developing +a classification scheme +for +the physical entities +addressed by +a +specification, +a major problem +is +that +of identifying the various +functions +of +a +physical entity and then distinguishing this +from the +specific place +of the physical +entity among other physical +entities. +A given physical entity may +be referred +to +in +several contexts, +and +in each such context +it may be associated with different +sets +of other physical entities. +For example, +a piece +of pipe may be referred +to: +• +by +its material +and +its +intrinsic properties, +• +as +a fluid container, +subject +to pressure +changes, +vacuum, +etc. +• +as +a mechanlca.1 element, +subject +to noise, +vibration, +fatigue, +thermal +scresses, +etc. +• +as +a chemical reagent, +subject +to +corrosion, +contamination, +etc. +• +as +a load-carrying element, +subject +to external Imposed +loads, +earthquake effects, +etc. +• +as +a potential projectile +in an explosion, +a thermal +source +in +a fire, +etc. +• +etc. +In each of these +contexts, +the pipe +can be associated with different +sets +of physical +entities which are related to +it +In the +specific +context being considered. +*In addition, +though of little interest +here, +provisions +in procedural +specifications +which deal with one evaluation procedure +are arranged +in +a hierarchically related +sequence +5 + +The problems +of developing an appropriate classification scheme +for physical entitles +are different +in different types +of specifications: +• +in performance +specifications , +it +is +important +to avoid +a purely +hierarchical classification by part +name, +such +as +one based +on +"system-subsystem-component-material" +subdivisions, +because +such +a +classification would unduly over-specify +the physical realizations +possible +and +thus +inhibit +innovation +in design; +• +in prescriptive +and procedural +specifications, +part names dominate; +function +and context +often have +to be +inferred, +thus making +difficult +the task +of generating higher-level classifications +and groupings. +Two applications +of generating physical classifications +are given +in the +two following +chapters +. +2.3.2 +Attribute Classification +The development +of +an appropriate classification scheme +for +the +attributes +of the +provisions +of +a specification +is more difficult +than the development +of the physical +classification, +for +the following reasons: +• +there +is +a general +lack +of suitable definitions +of attributes; +while the highest-level terms, +such +as +"health and +safety", +are +freely used +in prescriptive +as well +as performance +specifications, +there +are +no established +subdivisions; +e.g., +subdivisions +of health +into biological, +physiological +or psychological health; +o +in performance +specifications, +there +is +a large +jump +from general +statements +of "user needs" +to +the more detailed prescribable +- +attributes +that +can be addressed directly by the provisions; +• +in prescriptive +specifications, +usually resulting from +a +long, +historical process +of accretion, +the +original attributes may +be +lost, +blurred +or combined with others, +as +in +the ubiquitous +"health and +safety". +This problem +is +further complicated by +the +frequent referencing of external +standards +in both types +of specifications. +These references typically describe "what +to +do" +or "how to do +it," +rather than "why", +that +is, +the attribute +to be +satisfied. +Two approaches +to generating attribute classifications +are discussed +in the +following +two +chapters. +2.4 +Organization +of Performance Specifications +Performance specifications Introduce two additional considerations bearing +on +the +organizational model +of specifications, +as described +in +the following +sections. +2.'l.l +Property Classification +As described +in Section 2.3.1> +one +crucial objective +of performance specifications +is +to avoid overspecification +of the physical entities +involved, +so +as +to allow for +innovation +In design. +In other words, +the specification writer must +avoid +any +mention +of specific physical entities +or else +address +them +in +an implementation/inde- +pendent +fashion. +The +current +study has revealed +a mechanism +(not previously +identified) +which has been +used by performance specification writers +to overcome +this double +constraint. +The +mechanism involves addressing +a number +of physical entitles +by common properties , +rather than through extensive +enumeration. +These properties +occur +in provisions +as +modifiers +of nouns which refer +to physical entities. +Thus, +in statements +such +as: +• +"system assemblies +containing heat +transfer +fluids " +• +"components involving moving parts " +• +"subassemblies +. +. +. +that +are accessible" +6 + +each underlined portion, +which modifies +the noun preceding +it, +calls attention to +a +specific property, +while +avoiding +a detailed enumeration +of all possible physical +entities possessing this property. +The concept +of property +is +thus +used +in +performance +specifications +to achieve economy +of terms +and precision without +over- +specification. +The concept +of property +acts +as +an indirect +coupler +or selector between +the physical +entitles +and the attributes. +SpfecifIcally , +a property +calls +attention +to +a +performance characteristic, +common to +some group +of physical entities, +which may +be +susceptible +to +a dysfunction associated with +a particular attribute. +In the three +examples +above, +"system assemblies containing heat +transfer +fluids" +are +subject +to +mechanical and chemical +forces which may affect durability, +"components +Involving +moving parts" +are +subject +to wear and deterioration, +and "subassemblies +that +are +accessible" +may +cause hazards +to occupants +from exposure +to high temperature. +The development +of +a classification scheme +for properties must therefore parallel +that +for physical entities +and attributes. +One +scheme developed +is given +in the next +chapter. +2 A. 2 +RCTC Format +The +format +of performance +specifications, +as used +in CBT, +Introduces +an Intermediate +level +of organization between that +of the +individual provisions +and +the +overall +classification. +This +level +is +implicit +in the "Requlrement^Criterlon-Test-Commentary" +(RCTC) +statement, +namely: +• +there +are +one +or more requirements +associated with each attribute +class +• +a requirement +is +a qualitative +statement regarding +some physical +entity and +some attribute +class; +• +there +are +one +or more +criteria associated with each requirement; +• +a criterion +is +a quantitative +statement which gives +a measurable +level +of performance necessary +to meet +the requirement with which +it +is +associated; +• +there +is +a test +associated with each criterion; +• +the test, +or evaluation, +sets +forth the methods whereby +a Judgment +can be made that +the +criterion has been complied within the design +or construction of +a building system; +• +there +is +(usually) +a +commentary associated with each criterion; +and +• +the +commentary provides background Information. +The RCTC +format +imposes +two organizational +conditions; +• +a criterion +Is related to +its requirement +by addressing: +(1) +a +subset +of the physical +entity; +(2) +a specific property grouping +a number +of physical entitles; +and/or +(3) +a +subset +of the attribute +class +addressed by +the requirement. +• +the test, +or evaluation, +needs +to +be related +to +the +type +of +measure given +in +the +criterion +It +accompanies. +Examples +of these hierarchical interrelations +are given +in Section, 3.^. +7 + +3. +APPLICATION +TO SOLAR HEATING CRITERIA +This +chapter presents +an analysis +of +a performance specification according to the +general model described +in Chapter +2. +3.1 +General +The analysis +is performed +on the +first +six chapters +of the NBS performance +specifica- +tion entitled +Interim Performance Criteria +for Solar Heating and Combined Heating/ +Cooling Systems +and Dwellings , +1975 +[12J referred +to hereafter +as +the +"Solar +Criteria. +'' +Although +a formal physical entity-attribute matrix +is +not +used +in the +specification, +it +is organized by chapters +on +the basis +of +the +following attribute +classes +: +Chapter +1. +Function +Chapter +2. +Mechanical +Chapter +3. +Structural +Chapter +i|. +Safety +Chapter +5. +Durability /Re liability +Chapter +6. +Maintainability +In terms +of +the physical entities, +the +specification treats +the +following systems +and +subsystems: +• +the heating +(H) +system +• +the combined heating and cooling +(HC) +systems +• +the domestic +hot water +(DHW) +system/subsystem +• +the +energy transport +subsystem +• +the +control subsystem +• +the +auxiliary energy subsystem +• +the +collector subsystem +• +the +storage +subsystem +3.2 +Classifications +Using the +above +specification +as +a source, +classification schemes +for physical +entities, +attributes +and properties were developed. +These +schemes +and their deri- +vations +are discussed +in the next +three +sections. +In developing these +categories +and +the +entries within them an effort +has been made to inject +a minimum of external +information and rely +as much +as possible +on the terms actually used +in +the document. +Section +3.2.4 presents +the actual classification of the provisions +(requirements +and criteria). +It +should be understood that +these classifications were derived +from +the Solar +Criteria and +are not to be +construed +as +final +or definite. +3.2.1 +Physical Classification +As described +above, +the beginning +of +a hierarchical classification +of the physical +entities +involved +is +given +in the specification itself through +the +identification +of three +system types +(H, +HC +and DHW) +and +five +subsystems +(energy transport, +control, +auxiliary energy, +collector +and +storage). +In the current +study, +this +classification was +extended +in two ways, +as +follows. +At +the topmost +level, +it +became necessary to distinguish between the +system itself, +encompassing all three +types, +and elements +external +to +it, +such +as drains, +supporting +structure, +(service) +manuals, +and +the +like. +At +the +lower +levels, +it became necessary +to +introduce +an analytical framework to encompass +the +specific +terms +for the entities +8 + +appearing +in the +specification. +The +final classification scheme developed +in the +current +study +is +summarized +in Table +3-1; +it +consists +of the +following hierarchical +levels +Level +I. +Global +: +System or External. +Level +II. +System type +: +H, +HC , +or DHW +(as +in +the Solar Criteria ) +Level +III. +Subsystem +: +Collector, +Storage, +Energy Transport, +Control +or Auxiliary Energy +(as +in the +Solar Criteria ) +Level +IV through VII. +Assembly/Component/Element +. +This +is +a hierarchical +classification +scheme with multiple +subdivisions, +encompassing the +elements +specifically +cited +in the +Solar Criteria +. +For Levels +IV through VII, +the +terms used and their hierarchy +are +shown +in Table +3.2. +It +can be +seen that +some +sub-hierarchies +are based +on +a part-to-whole relation +(e.g., +"manifold" +is +an element +of the "piping" +component +of the +"conveying" +assembly +of +the +"mechanical" +subsystem), +while other sub-hierarchies +are classifications +by type +(e.g., +"hazardous +or toxic" +is +one type +of "liquid" +which +in turn +is +one +type +of +"fluid" ). +It +can also be seen from Table +3-2 +that +the +entries +"Collector" +and +"Control" +duplicate entries under Level +III: +"Subsystems". +These redundant +entries were +introduced +in the +current +study +to ensure +that +the physical entitles +listed under +each are restricted +in application; +that, +e.g., +"glazing" +applies +only +to "collector" +and "instrumentation" +applies +only +to "control." +The classification of external elements +is given +in Table +3.3. +3.2.2 +Attribute Classification +Even though the Solar Criteria specification was written +in performance terminology +and therefore highlighted attributes, +still +it was necessary +in this +study +to +experiment with several alternatives +in order to develop +an acceptable +classification-, +for these attributes. +This testifies +to the +lack of understanding +of and consequent +need +for research into +the nature +of attributes. +Two +of the +chapter headings +in the +Solar Criteria , +"Mechanical" +and +"Structural," were rejected +as +not being proper +attributes +in the +sense +that +qualitative +or quantitative performance +statements +can +be assigned to +them. +As +in the +case +of the physical classification, +an attempt was +made +to use the classification and terms appearing +in the Solar Criteria to +the +maximum extent possible. +The following classification +scheme was +selected: +1. +Functionality +: +ability +of system to provide +its rated +output +This +category +can be +further +subdivided +into: +1.1 +Rating +: +establishment +of basic rating +of system. +1.2 +Efficiency +: +establishment +of criteria whereby the +demonstration project +can be +evaluated, +namely, +reduction +in use +of conventional energy +sources. +2. +Operability +: +requirements +for +satisfying performance +for the +design +life +of the +system under actual use conditions. +A +subdivision into the two subcategories +of Reliability and +Durability +used +in the document proper was +considered, +but +finally, +a subdivision was established essentially +on +a +stylistic +basis, +namely: +2.1 +Requisites +: +performance requirements which need to +be +satisfied. +2.2 +Dysfunctions +: +performance +impediments which need to +be +avoided. +9 + +3. +Habltablllty +: +requirements dealing with the health and +comfort +of occupants, +further subdivided +into: +3.1 +Health +. +3.2 +Comfort +. +4. +Maintainability +: +provisions +for maintaining the +system in +good operating conditions. +5. +Safety +: +provisions +fjor mitigation +of hazards, +further +subdivided, +where applicable, +into: +5.1 +Safety with respect +to intrinsic +effects +, +such +as explosion +of +a system component +. +5.2 +Safety with respect +to extrinsic +effects +, +such +as earthquakes +or +fires +from external +causes. +The attribute +classification +is reproduced for reference +in Table +3.^. +It +is +to +be noted that +four +of these +five +attribute +classes +(Functionality, +Operability, +Maintainability, +Safety) +correspond +to the +chapter headings +of the +Solar Criteria +(Function, +Durability/Reliability, +Maintainability, +Safety), +and +that +a new one, +namely Habltablllty, +has been introduced. +As +stated before, +the +two +chapter headings dealing with Structural +and Mechanical aspects +have been omitted. +3.2.3 +Property Classification +As discussed +in Section +2.4.1, +the identification +of common properties both +significantly reduces +the +length of the physical classification and +acts +as +a +filter +or selector +to +focus +specific attributes +onto groups +of physical +entitles, +independently +of their location +in +the building component hierarchy +in +a particular +Implementation. +Let +It +be emphasized that property +is +a phenomenon discovered +in the +current +study +and that +anything said about property +is based only +on the analysis +of +the Solar Criteria . +The +current +study proposes +the following major categories +of +properties +in the Solar Criteria: +(1) +external exposure, +(2) +internal exposure +or +contact, +(3) +exposure +to +or contact with fluids, +(4) +location, +(5) +access, +(6) +mechanical, +(7) +structural, +and +(8) +serving multiple housing units. +As +an +example +of how +a property focuses +specific attributes +onto groups +of physical +entities, +a specific type +(3) +property +is +"containing heat transfer fluids," +which +focuses +certain durability +- related attributes +onto those groups +of physical +entities which do +in +fact +contain heat transfer fluids. +Considering that +the notion of property has never been formally identified, +it +is +quite surprising that +it +occurs +in a very +large number +of the provisions +in the +document +(see +the +"property" +columns +in Table +A.l). +Furthermore, +it +is worth noting +that +the properties +identified +are +also well-structured hierarchically, +as +shown +in +Table +3-5. +3.2.4 +Classification of Provision +The three classifications +- physical +entity, +attribute +and property +- described +in +the preceding sections were applied to the +141 requirements +and criteria contained +in Chapters +1 through +6 +of the Solar Criteria. +Table A.l presents +the classification +of these provisions based +on the +information given +in Tables +3.1 through +3-5 +• +In +the table, +an entry +is made +only when the requirement +specifically applies +to +an +element +of the classification scheme; +thus, +blank entries mean both not +applicable +and applicable +to +all +subdivisions +of +a given +level. +The table +is not +claimed +to be +completely +correct, +nor the classification schemes +optimal. +In particular, +as mentioned earlier, +the physical classification +Is +somewhat redundant, +inasmuch +as +"collector" +and "control" +appear +in both the +subsystem +(Level +III) +and assembly +(Level +IV) +classifications. +Also, +the provisions +dealing with the heat transfer fluid +are +classified +both- under the +"energy transfer" +subsystem +(Level +III) +and under "fluid" +classification +(Level +IV) +. +10 + +Second, +the +interaction between the +assembly category +of +the physical classification +and +the property category needs +to +be +further investigated; +at present, +the +assignment +of +a provision +to entries +in +one +or both categories +is +occasionally +arbitrary, +reflecting, +in some +cases, +the +ambiguity +of the +text. +For example. +Criterion 2.6.2* +is +entitled +"Air quality" +and thus +suggests +a provision whose +subject +is +the +component +"air"; +the +text +of the criterion, +however, +deals with "duct +and +fan +systems", +i.e., +physical entities having +a property "exposed to air." +Finally, +on the +attribute +side, +the creation +of the new attribute +subcategory +"health" +appears +to +be +somewhat premature, +as +in many +cases dealing with mechanical subsystems +the provisions +are +simply Identified with the +general attribute +"health and safety." +Similarly, +the recurring statement +"safe +and efficient +operation" +defies precise +classification +by attribute +at +the present +state +of knowledge. +Notwithstanding the +above +inconsistencies. +Table A.l could +be used +to review the +Solar Criteria and +suggest +changes +in the organization +of that +specification based +on the +following observations: +• +the physical classification +is occasionally too detailed, +and +an attempt +should be made +to express +the +scope +of +a +provision differently than by extensive enumeration +of +components +• +the treatment +of the property classification deserves +considerable +further +study. +• +the +attribute +categories +should be more +carefully defined +and +an attempt +should be made +to +split +the major categories +into more meaningful +subcategories. +Additional rules +of usage +are given in Chapter +5. +The tabulation given also +lends +itself to the generation +of summary statistics which +could be +used +to improve +and "even +out" +the coverage +of the document. +As +a +simple +illustration, +a frequency count +of the attributes occurring +in the provisions +Is +given +in Table +3.6. +Such +a table +could be used to ascertain whether +the number +of +provisions +is +commensurate with the +Importance +and complexity +of the various +attribute +classes. +3.3 +Structure +of Provisions +In this +section attention +is turned to +the manner +in which provisions +are +put +together +out +of constituent +parts. +Structures +are introduced which allow one +to +"talk about" +, important +concepts which are realized +in the wording +of provisions +(as +is done +in Chapter +5). +Section +3-3.1 deals with the +structure +of the provisions +as +they actually occur +in the Solar Criteria ; +Table +3-7 +summarizes +this' structural +classification +as +it +applies +to requirements. +Section +3- 3- 2 proposes +standard +forms +for requirements +and criteria which would explicitly incorporate +certain concepts +into +the actual +sentence +structure. +These proposed structures +are based +on wording +observed +in the Solar Criteria +; +they form the basis +of the rules +of usage elaborated +in Chapter +5- +3.3.1 +The +Solar Criteria Provisions +For +the most +part, +the provisions +in the +Solar Criteria contain +a +subject +followed by +a predicate. +This observation +on structure +can be depicted +as +follows: +^Hereafter +in the +text +and in the tables, +C +is +often used for Criterion +(e.g., +C +2.6.2) +and R +Is +often used for Requirement +(e.g., +R 2.6). +11 + +SUBJECT +Examples +from the Solar Criteria +are: +C +4.6.4 +PROVISION +SUBJECT +I +Components +and materials +used +in +the +H, +HC and DHW systems +PREDICATE +shall not promote +the growth of +fungi, +mold +or mildew +R 2.7 +PROVISION +Pipe hangers, +pipe trenches +and +shall carry +the static and operational +other supports +loads normally imposed without impairing +system function. +Note +that +in both +cases +the +SUBJECT refers +to +or makes +some mention +of +a physical +entity +and +the PREDICATE +relates +to +one +(or very rarely, +two) +of the performance +attributes +. +So much +for +the +simplest +structure +for provisions. +Many provisions +in the +Solar +Criteria are more +complex. +One additional +complexity +is +the +condition, +a group +of +words appended +in front +of the basic +structure +introduced above +for +the purpose +of +postulating +a certain implementation. +The +structure accommodating this +complexity +is +: +PROVISION +CONDITION +SUBJECT +Examples +from the Solar Criteria +are: +C 2.2.3 +PROVISION +PROVISION +PREDICATE +CONDITION +When +a liquid +is used +as +the transfer +fluid and +quick-closing valves are +employed +in the design +SUBJECT +I +the piping system +^PROVISION +PRE&ICATE +I +shall be +capable +of providing +its rated output under design +l-^ads +. +12 + +design +the storage subsystem +shall be +capable of +providing Its +rated +output under design +loads +C +2.2.3 +uses +a condition to postulate +an Implementation using +a liquid transfer fluid +in conjunction with quick-closing valves +in order +to +call attention to +the problem +of "water hammer." +R +1.4 postulates +an implementation using +a storage +subsystem to +call attention to the necessity +of providing rated output +under design +loads. +Note +that +these provisions postulate the incorporation of certain physical entities +in acceptable designs without +specifying the +incorporation +of those physical +entities +Another complexity +in +some provisions +is +the presence +of +a property +(see Section +2.4.1 for +an introduction to the notion of property). +Properties usually take +the +form of groups +of words +in the +subject position which modify +(and +come +after) +words +which refer +to +some group +of physical entities. +They +are used +in provisions +to +group together +a number +of physical entities +in +a possible implementation which are +subject +to +the +same dysfunction. +The +following examples +clarify these points: +C 5.1.2 +PROVISION +that are intended +to be +function will be impaired during their +buried in +the soils +design life. +R 3.7 +H, +HC and DHW system +components +and sup- +porting structural +elements +PREDICATE +shall be +capable +of resisting +PROPERTY +impact by hail without unacceptable +exposed^ to +the +damage, +natural environment +13 + +First, +note that +in the +subject position +in both these provisions, +a word +or group +of +words referring +to +a +set +of physical entities +comes +first, +followed by +a property +which modifies +the preceding word +or group +of words. +Note +also that +the predicate +in +each case mentions +a dysfunction +(degradation +in +C +5.1.2 +and impact +by hail +in R +3.7) +that +applies +to +the physical entities grouped together by the property +(components +buried +in +soil +in +C +5-1.2 +and components +exposed +to +the natural environment +in +R +3.7). +Table +3.7 +gives +a representation +of every requirement +in the +Solar Criteria +in terms +of the +concepts +just discussed. +A few observations +concerning these representations +are +in order. +First, +there +are +two requirements +(R +1.1 +and +R +4.5) which contain two +sentences; +in both +cases +the table +gives +a representation of the first +sentence +only +since +it +was +felt +that +only +the +first +sentence +could +stand alone +as +a requirement. +Second, +two requirements +(R +2.6 +and +R +4.5) +were re-worded +in order +to better +fit +the +representation +scheme; +the re-wording does +not +change the meaning of either +of the +requirements +as +they +occur +in the +Solar Criteria . +Third, +the +consistency +of this +table with the +classification +of requirements given +in Table A.l +is +not guaranteed +in every +case. +This +is because +extensive re-wording +of the provisions would +be +necessary, +and re-wording from the +original +text +has been kept +to +an absolute +minimum; +e.g.. +Table +A.l +splits requirements +that +address +two attributes whereas +Table +3-7 +leaves +the +original wording Intact. +Finally, +as discussed below, +criteria +could be +subject +to the +same +sort +of representation scheme +above equally +successfully, +though this has +not been done. +The only obvious problem in the way would seem to +be +that +the complexity +of the wording +of +some +of the +criteria +in Chapter +3 +of the +Solar Criteria exceeds +that +of the +structures +introduced. +3.3.2 +Proposed Structures +for Provisions +The provision structures +introduced +in the previous +section +are +applicable +equally +to +requirements +and criteria. +This +section introduces tentatively proposed structures +which distinguish between requirements +and criteria. +These +structures +are based +on +the wording found +in +some +of the provisions +in the +Solar +Criteria +. +They are +not +as +generally applicable +to the actually-occurring provisions +as +the +structures +Introduced +in Section +3.3.1. +The +structures +in this +section can be thought +of +as proposed models +for rewriting currently existing provisions +or +for composing new ones. +As +such, +they +form the basis +of the rules +of usage +in Chapter +5. +The tentatively proposed structures +for requirements +are now introduced. +First, +the +basic +structure: +REQUIREMENT +SUBJECT +OPERATOR +ATTRIBUTE +The +only structural Innovation here +is +that +the predicate +is +composed +of two parts: +an operator and +an attribute. +The +operator always +consists +of "shall" +possibly +followed by "be," +"not," +or +"not +be." +The attribute +is +a sequence +of words relating +to +one +of the +attribute +classes. +14 + +Examples +from the +Solar Criteria now follow: +R +1.1 +SUBJECT +REQUIREMENT +The +H and HC systems +ATTRIBUTE +capable of Collecting +and converting solar +energy into thermal +energy. +R 4.2 +REQUIREMENT +The +H, +HC and DHW systems +ATTRIBUTE +fail-safe +in +the event +of damage +to system +components +or +a power +failure. +Note +that +in both cases +the +operator +is +"shall be" +and that the attribute +in R +1.1 +is +a sequence +of words relating to +the rating attribute +class, +while the attribute +in +R +H.2 relates +to Intrinsic +safety. +The proposed +structures +accommodate +conditions +and properties discussed +in +the +preceding section, +as +the +following examples +show: +R l.A +When included +in +the design +REQUIREMENT +the storage +PREDICATE +ATTRIBUTE +I +capable +of pro- +viding Its rated +output +under +design loads. +15 + +Sys +assemblies +transfer fluids +greater than +that +specified +in the +design when operated +at +the design +condition. +Attention +Is now turned +to tentatively proposed +structures +for criteria. +Everything +just +said about parts +of requirements +applies +to parts +of criteria with the exception +of the attribute. +That +is, +criteria and requirements +are +similar +in that both +can +contain conditions +and properties, +and +in that both can contain the +same +types +of +subjects +and operators. +They differ +in that where requirements have +attributes, +criteria have measures. +A measure +states the +level +of performance +that +the physical +entity must achieve +in support +of the requirement associated with the +criterion. +A +measure +is +composed +of two parts*: +a phenomenon, +which Identifies +a dysfunction to +be avoided, +or +a requisite to be +assured; +and +a quantifier, +which states +a method +for +avoiding the dysfunction +or assuring the requisite. +Criteria can be +classified according to the ways +in which they specify methods +for +assuring performance. +A classification based +on the analysis +of the +Solar Criteria +Is now presented. +First, +there +are +those +criteria which refer +to other +codes +or +standards +for complete conformance-checking procedures; +these criteria are +called +Implicit +criteria +(see Example +1 below). +All other criteria are explicit +criteria, +of which there +are +two +sub-types: +complete +and Incomplete +. +Incomplete +criteria +are +those +in which no quantifier +is +stated; +only +such words +as +"is avoided" +or +"Is +assured" +are used +(see Example +2 below). +The two sub-types +of complete +criteria +are +existence +criteria +- those +in which the existence +of +a device +or concept +is +specified +In +the quantifier +(see. Example +3) +and value +criteria +- those +in which +a +value +Is +specified +in the quantifier. +There +are three +sub-types +of value +criteria: +value +from document +- those +in which +the value which assures performance +is +given +In the +solar criteria document +- either +in the criterion under observation +or elsewhere +in the document +(see Example +4); +value +from design +- those +in which the value +is +stated to be governed by the design +of the +system +( see Example +5); +and value +from other +source +- those +in which the +value +is +said to be obtained from some other code +or standard +(see Example +6). +This +classification +scheme +is +summarized by +the +following table: +Criterion +1 +Implicit +2 +Explicit +2.1 +Incomplete +2.2 +Complete +2.2.1 +Existence +2.2.2 +Value +2.2.2.1 +Document +2.2.2.2 +Design +2.2.2.3 +Other Source +*Except +for measures +in implicit +criteria +(see below); +these +are +not +subdivided. +16 + +Measure +in implicit +criteria +is +not +subdivided +into phenomenon and quantifier. +The +following trees +are displayed +in order to better explain the quantifier +constituent. +The wording of the +criteria +in these +trees +is not +always +the +same +as +the wording +in the document; +rewording +is +intended +to +be without +change +in meaning. +Example +1 +- +Implicit +Criteria +- +C +4.1,1 +Note +that +the measure +here refers +to another +source +for the whole conformance-checking +procedure +CRITERION +OPERATOR +MEASURE +and equipment +| +I +shall be +installed +in accordance +with +the MPS and ANSI A119.1 +Example +2 +- +Incompie-ce criterion +- +C +4.2.1 +The +first +sentence +of this +criterion contains +two phenomena +- damage +to components +and danger +to occupants. +The +following example +is +an analysis +of the part dealing +with damage +to components. +Note that +the +criterion +is +incomplete +in that +it +does +not +introduce +a quantitative measure. +CRITERION +SUBJECT +The control +subsystem +MEASURE +Is Avoided +PHENOMENON +designed +so +that damage +to components +and the building from excessive +temperatures +or pressures developed +in the event of +a power +failure +or +component +failure +in the control +system +17 + +Example +3 +- Existence Criterion +- +C +1.7-^ +The +first +sentence +of this criterion +Is reworded +and analyzed +as +follows: +SUBJECT +The DHW system/ +subsystem +OPERATOR +I +shall be +PHENOMENON +designed so that +the regulation +of domestic water +output temperature +QUANTIFIER +is assured by +providing a +manually set, +automatic control. +Example +^ +- Value-From-Document +Criterion +- +C +1.7.^ +The +second sentence +of this criterion +is reworded and analyzed +as +follows: +CRITERION +SUBJECT +The DHW system/ +subsystem +designed +so that +water temperature +at +the DHW +storage tank +QUANTIFIER +shall be +capable +being controlled +within the +range of +105° +to +160° +F. +Example +5 +- Value-From-Deslgn Criterion +- +C +1.6.1 +CRITERION +SUBJECT +The energy transport +subsystem +designed +so that +thermal losses and +use of electrical +power +QUANTIFIER +shall not +exceed the +operating +design values. +18 + +Example +6 +- Value-From-Other-Source +Criterion +- +C +1.2.2 +CRITERION +SUBJECT +I +The DHW system +PHENOMENON +designed +so +that +the storage +capacity +QUANTIFIER +shall not be +less +than +the +volume specified +in the MPS. +3.3.3 +Test +Following each criterion in the +Solar Criteria there +is +a test +or evaluation which +sets +forth the methods upon which +an objective Judgment +can be made +that +the +criterion has been complied with. +Two general types +of test methods, +each with +three +subtypes, +have been identified +in +the document: +Test Methods +A. +Analytical +1. +modeling +2. +calculations +3. +inspection +of plans +and specifications +B. +Physical +1. +testing +2. +documentation +of historical performance +3. +testing in lieu of calculations +and performance +Examples +of each +of the +above +are: +Al. +E +1.1.4, +". +. +.An analytical model +. +. +. +shall be utilized. +. +." +A2. +E +1.1.1, +", +. +.calculations based upon ASHRAE +analytical methods +A3. +E +1.7.3, +"Review +of drawings +and specifications." +Bl. +E +3.4.1, +"Physical +simulation and testing. +. +." +B2. +E +5.1.2, +"Documentation +of satisfactory +long term performance +under in-use +conditions. +. +." +B3. +E +5- 3- 4, +"Where adequate existing information +is unavailable, +testing. +. +.will +be +used." +There +seems +to be +no reason +at +this time +in the development +of this classification +system to analyze the +structure +of evaluation statements +in the way that +requirem.ents +and criteria have been analyzed. +This +is because +such statements +are +of little +interest +in and +of themselves j +they acquire +interest +and importance +only +as +they +are +associated with their related criteria. +This +one +of the hierarchical relationships +discussed +in the next +section. +19 + +3.^ +RCTC Format +In this +section, +the +two organizational requirements Introduced +In Section 2.4.2 +are +explored +In light +of the proposed +structures discussed +In Section +3.3. +First, +a criterion should be related to +Its requirement +by the +fact +that +It +addresses +(1) +a subset +of the physical entity; +(2) +a specific property associated with the +physical +entity; +and/or +(3) +a subset +of the attribute +class addressed by +the +requirement +. +Examples +of these +three relations +are now presented +In turn: +1) +R +4.1 addresses plumbing and electrical materials +and equipment +C +4.1.1 addresses plumbing iuaterials +ana equipment +C +4.1.2 addresses electrical materials +and equipment +2) +R +4.6 addresses +all material and equipment +C +4.6.1 addresses materials +in contact with potable water +C +4.6.2 +addresses +subsystems utilizing nonpotable heat transfer +fluids +3) +R +1.2 deals with +the +amount +and temperature +of +the potable +hot +water +to +be +supplied. +C +1.2.1 deals with +the +acceptable temperature +of potable hot +water +C +1.2.2 deals with the amount +of potable +hot water. +Second, +the evaluation needs +to be directly related +to the type +of measure +given in +the criterion +it +accompanies. +Using the classification of measures presented +in +Section +3.2.2, +the following observations +can be made: +o +The +existence measure +seems +to +be +the most +general and any +one +of the +six evaluation types may be associated with +it; +• +The value measures +seem to +call for +a restricted +set +of evaluation +types, +presumably +on the basis +that +if +a value +or range +of values +can be established +in the document, +there probably +is not +enough +uncertainty +to warrant +the +use +of all +six evaluation methods; +• +The +implicit measures +also +seem to be paired with +a restricted +subset, +presumably because these criteria usually reference +prescriptive +codes +and such codes +do not +generally allow +for +conformance checking +at +all +six +of the evaluation +levels; +for +example, +testing +is +not +allowed. +Examples +of criterion +- evaluation pairs +follow, +one +for each of +the three measure +types +. +• +Existence measure +C +1.7.3: +The DHW system/subsystem shall +be provided with +a +manually +set, +automatic +control that provides +effective regulation +of the domestic water +output +temperature. +E +1.7-3: +Review +of drawings +and specifications. +• +Value measure +C +1.6.1: +Thermal +losses +and use +of electrical power +in the +energy transport +subsystem shall not +exceed +the operating design +values +. +E +1.6.1: +Engineering review of drawings, +specifications, +calculations +and test +data. +20 + +• +Implicit measure +C +2. 7.1: +Piping shall be +Installed +in accordance with Section +6l5 +of the +MPS +(4900.1 and +4910.1) +and Part +C +of +the +ANSI A119.1, +where applicable. +E +2.7.1: +Review +of drawings, +calculations, +and specifications. +21 + +Table +3.1 +Physical Classification +Level: +I +II +III +IV-VII +Global +t +System +Subsystem +Assembly +A. +System +A. +H, +HC +B. +HC only +C. +DHW +A. +Collector +B. +Storage +C. +Transport +D. +Control +E. +Aux. +Energy +(See Table +3.2) +B. +External +II +(See Table +3.3) +22 + +Table +3.2 +Classification by Assembly +(System Components) +Level +IV +V +VI +VII +Mechanical +1.1 +Motive +1.1.1 +Pump +1.1.2 +Fan +1.2 +Heat Exchanger +1.2.1 +Heater +1.2.2 +Condenser +1.3 +Conveying +1.3.1 +Piping +1.3.1.1 +Manifolds +1.3.1.2 +Circulation Loops +1.3.1.3 +Catch Basins +1.3.1.4 +Drain/Fill Attachments +1.3.2 +Ducts +1.4 +Hangers +2. +Electrical +3. +Structural +3 . 1 +Conventional +3.1.1 +Ultimate strength +3.1.2 +Working stress +3 . 2 +Non-conventional +4. +Collector +4.1 +Mounting +4.2 +Glazing +4.3 +Cover Plate +5. +Control +5.1 +Regulators +5.2 +Instrumentation +5.3 +Controllers +5.4 +Shutoff Valves +6. +Fluids +6.1 +Liquids +6.1.1 +Hazardous or Toxic +7. +Filters +8. +Gaskets and Sealants +23 + +Table +3.3 +Classification of External Elements +Level +: +IV +1. +Drains +2. +Supporting Structure +3. +Fire Resistant Assemblies +4 +. +Manual +24 + +Table +3.4 +Classification of Attributes +Level: +I +II +1. +Functionality +1.1 +Rating +1.2 +Efficiency +2. +Operability +2.1 +Requisites +2.2 +Dysfunctions +3. +Habitability +3.1 +Comfort +3.2 +Health +4. +Maintainability +5. +Safety +5.1 +Intrinsic +5.2 +Extrinsic +25 + +Table +3.5 +Classification of Properties +Level: +I +II +1. +External Exposure +1.1 +Rain, +Hail, +and +Ice +1.2 +Pollutants, +Solar Degradation +1.3 +Freezing +1 +. 4 +Wind +2. +Internal Exposure or Contact +(other than fluids) +2.1 +Elevated Temperature and Pressure +2.2 +Dissimilar Materials +2.3 +Leachates +and Decomposition Products +3. +Exposure +to +or Contact with Fluids +3.1 +Potable Liquids +3.2 +Non-Potable Liquids +3.3 +Corrosive Liquids +3.4 +Pressurized Liquids +3.5 +Liquids Requiring Special Handling +3.6 +Air +4. +Location +4.1 +Elevated +4.2 +Buried +5. +Access +5.1 +Requiring Access +5.2 +Accessible +to Occupant +6. +Mechanical +6.1 +Subject +to Vibration +6.2 +Involving Moving Parts +7. +Structural +7.1 +Requiring Cutting +8. +Serving Multiple Housing Units +26 + +Table +3.6 +Frequency of Attributes +Number of +Attribute +References +1.1 +Rating +15 +1.2 +Efficiency +2 +2.1 +Requisites +40 +2.2 +Dysfunctions +61 +3.1 +Comfort +7 +3.2 +Health +9 +4 +Maintainability +18 +5 +Safety +9 +5.1 +Intrinsic Safety +8 +27 + +03 +01^ +4-1 +cfl +c +x) +4-1 +(-1 +n) +0) +O +(fl +•H +tn +01 +I-l +T3 +D +0 +nj +x) +>4-l +4-1 +m +S-i +(U +c +o +J3 +CO +4-1 +60 +4-1 +01 +d +c +rH +c +0) +•H +•H +r-l +XI +e +4-1 +4-1 +0) +o +Vj +M +X) +e +o +0) +•H + +> +> +c +c +,c +o +0) +0) +o +o +u +S-I +4-1 +u +o +a H a +CO +d +4= +3 +4-1 +-d +0) +cr +CO +c +C +S-i +0) +1-1 +tfl +n) +>^ +QJ +XI +0) +w +60 4= +cfl +H +&c +60 +S-J +e +<; +c +c +0) +d +0) +u +•H +•H +C3 +*• +CO +4J +M +4-1 +• +4-1 +(1) +0) +O +o +O +60 +>> +^ H +d +4-1 +0) +o +60 +4-J +OJ +CO +o +4-1 +u +U +CO +4-1 +c +01 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+M-l +4-J +cn +M-l +cfl +cn +0 +cn +th +cn +4J 3 +cn +ft 0 +ft +cn +E +0) +cn +> +4-J +i-H +u +0 +cfl +> +ft +•H +60 +q; +4J +•H +CO +> +43 +0 +4-1 +B +cn +0) +•rH +CO +60 +0) +^ +rH +3 +0) +60 3 +43 +X3 +0 +60 +XI +3 +•H +4J +PC +^ +•H +d +4J £ +H +4-J +0) +0) +•rH +00 +Q +4-J +CO +•3 +3 +CO +Cfl +4-1 +p +X) +CO +0) +c +c +cn +4J +> +Cfl +tH +p +CU +43 +cfl +)-l +cfl +cfl +aj +44 +cfl +)-l +43 +OJ +43 +c +U +x: +CO +01 +TS +^ +^ +4-1 +e +D +•H +•H +0) +^ +^ +4-J +E +(-1 +0) +CJ +CO +(U +cn +0) +u +x; +CJ +CO +OJ +O +3 +PC +4-1 +3 +4: +0 +sc +4-1 +M-l +•H +cn +cn +0) +4-1 +cn +MH +X) +V— +CO +42 +4-1 +>^ 3 +cn +OJ +(U +>• +cn ^ +60 o +cn +o +3 +•H +cn +60 0 +CO +e +O +3 +43 +43 +•H +CO +d +I-H +CO +E H +d X X +0) +u +•H +3 +1-J +4J +cn +Cfl +4-1 +0) +•H +3 +4-1 +H +CJ +cn +CO +3 +r-( +-i +3 +4J +rH +0 +cn +rH +CO +-3 +O +•H +> +CU +CO +cn +OJ +OJ +cn +0 +0 +•H +3 +>^ 3 +O +iJ ~g +3 +•H +B +cn +3 +0 +0 +44 ~E +3 +cn +CO +CJ +CO +0) +t-i +0 +(-1 +0) +cn +0 +CO +0 +cn +01 +d +0) +4-1 +•H +0) +4-1 +cfl +ft +01 +4-1 +CO +0) +X) +CO +01 +& +4-J +cn +43 +E +4) +XI +B +CO +B +x; +3 +o +43 +0 +Cfl +3 +0 +43 +3 +0 +>^ +H +cfl +•xi +cn +4-J +U +cn +cn +u +H +^— +cfl +XI +CO +H -a +OJ +(U +d +cfl +B +CO +cfl3 +x: ^ +cn +r-d +OJ +•H +)j +•r( +3 +Cfl +OJ +d +. +60 u +•H +cn +OJ +XI +d +OJ +(U +X +-rl +_, +d +rH +4) +>do +cn +o +33Q +X)d +cfl +u +PC +CO +33 +01 +4J +OJ +01 +31 + +4. +APPLICATION +TO PLUMBING CODE +This +chapter provides +an analysis +of an existing prescriptive specification +to +determine how its information +is +classified +and organized. +This, when added +to the +performance document dealt with +in Chapter +3, +provides +a broader spectrum for the +analysis +of specification provisions. +4.1 +General +The provisions +of the Uniform Plumbing Code +(often referred +to hereafter +as the +"Plumbing Code") +[21] +are analysed +by: +1) +Physical Classification and +2) +Attribute +Classification. +This +analysis differs +from the previous example +of classification of +the Solar Criteria +(see +Chapter +3) +where provisions +are analyzed +by: +Physical +Classification, +Tf Attribute Classification and +3) +Property. +In +a performance +document, +the +classification +of provisions +by +"property" +encourages +the use +of +Innovative materials +and methods +of construction. +An example +of the +use +of +a property +is +"assemblies +carrying heat transfer fluids ." +This wording +in +a provision allows +the use +of any assembly which satisfies +the property. +On the +other hand +in +a +prescriptive document +such +as +the Plumbing Code , +the assemblies +or components which +should +satisfy +a particular attribute +are enumerated. +Hence, +the +concept +of property +has no place +in +a prescriptive document. +4.2 +Classification +Classification schemes +for organizing the provisions +of the Plumbing Code +are developed +and presented +in this +chapter. +These +include +classification schemes +for physical +entities +and +for attributes. +The classification +of provisions +of +the Plumbing Code +is presented +.in Table +B.l, +Appendix +B. +These classifications were derived +from the +Plumbing Code , +and, +as was +the +case +for those derived from the +Solar Criteria , +these +are +not +to be +construed +as +final +or definite. +4.2.1 +Physical Classification +Table +4.1 presents +the overall physical classification scheme developed +in this +study. +Through an iterative process +an acceptable framework was developed +for encompassing +specific terms +for physical entitles appearing in the Plumbing Code +. +The +top +level +(Level +I) +of the physical classification scheme +is +labeled +as Global +. +It +addresses +the +entire plumbing system and may be identified with any +of the +subgroups +of the +physical classification +schemes. +Level +II +of the physical classification +scheme +is +labeled +as System . +It +includes +the +entries: +Drainage, Venting and Water Distribution +Systems. +Each of the above +systems +are +separately +subdivided +into Subsystems +(Level +III) +and Components +(Level +IV). +The +entries +identified +at +this +level appear +in Table +4.2. +Level V of the physical classification +scheme +is +labeled Assembly +(Global) +; +it +Includes +only the entry Fixtures +and Equipment +in general. +Fixtures +and Equipment +is +further subdivided +into Assembly +(Level VI) +and Elements +(Level VII). +The +entries +in these two levels +are given +in Table +4.3. +Level VIII of the physical +classification scheme +is +labeled Appurtenances +(Table +4.4). +This +Includes elements, +subelements +or components applicable +to +any +of the +subgroupings +of the physical +classification +scheme +and +is therefore +an Independent +grouping. +Level +IX +of the +physical classification +scheme +is +labeled Materials +(Table +4.5). +This +Is also +an +independent grouping and +is applicable +to +any +of the +other subgroupings +of the physical +classification scheme. +4.2.2 +Attribute Classification +The Plumbing Code +does not +specify performance attributes. +However, +other model +plumbing codes do include +specific performance rules +or principles which are +intended +to +cover situations not +specified +in the body +of the +codes. +The +first +code +to include +specific performance rules was +the National Plumbing Code +[14J. +These rules +are +reproduced +in Table +4.6. +Another document +identified was +the HUD Operation Break- +through Guide Criteria +[10], which Includes +a performance +attribute classification +scheme +for plumbing. +This classification +scheme +is reproduced +in Table +4.7. +Initial +attempts were made +to classify +the provisions +of the Plumbing Code using the +above +two attribute +schemes. +The groupings under the two schemes +did not appear to be +unique +and seemed to be +incomplete +In the classification +of +some +of the provisions +of +the Plumbing Code +. +Therefore, +it +was necessary +to develop +an alternative attribute +classification scheme. +Level +I of the +scheme +corresponds +to +a large extent +to +the +scheme developed +in the previous +chapter +for the Solar Criteria . +The definition +of +headings +in the classification +scheme +is +as +follows: +32 + +1. +Function +: +ability +of system to perform +its +Intended +function. +1 +. 1 +Water +supply +Water should +be +supplied +in sufficient volume +so that plumbing fixtures +can perform their essential function under normal conditions +of use. +1. 2 +Water +supply +and drainage +flow +Water supply and drainage +systems +should provide adequate minimum flow +rates +in accordance with design conditions. +1 +. 3 +Pipe +sizes +Water +supply piping should +be +sized +so that +it +can perform +its +essential +function without +excessive wear +and noise. +Drainage +piping should +be +sized +so that +sewage +can +be transported +to +an +acceptable point +of disposal without +overflowing +or accumulating +within +the premises. +1 +. 4 +Sewer and drain connections +Plumbing fixtures +and equipment which discharge +liquid waste +or +sewage +should be directly +connected +to +the +sanitary drainage +system, +except where +indirect +connections +are required. +The +waste +should +be transported +to +an acceptable point where proper +connections +should be made +for further transport +to the main +sewer +1. 5 +Air Flow +Proper venting should be provided to limit +pneumatic pressures +within +the +system and adequately protect +trap +seals. +Vent +terminals +should not +return +foul +air +to +the building. +1 +. 6 +Location for function +Fixtures +and equipment +should +be +located +so that +the plumbing +system functions +satisfactorily. +1. 7 +Non-interference with other facilities +The' installation +of the plumbing system should +not +interfere +with the +operation +of non-plumbing +systems +and facilities +(I.e., +structural members +should not +be weakened by +cutting, +notching, +etc., +and proper clearances +should +be provided +for +operation ) +2. +Health and Safety +: +requirements dealing with health +and +safety +of occupants. +2 +. 1 +Potable water +Premises +Intended +for human habitation +should +be provided with +a supply +of pure wholesome water. +2 +. 2 +Contamination +Proper protection should be provided to prevent +contamination +of +foods +and water by backflow of sewage. +2 +. 3 +Backflow, +overflow, +siphonage +Suitable provisions +should +be made +to prevent backflow and overflow +of +sewage +in the +system. +33 + +2 +. ^ +Hot water equipment +Devices +for heating and storing water should be designed +and +installed +so +as +to prevent +danger +from explosion through over- +heating. +2 +. 5 +Number +of fixtures +The minimum number +of plumbing fixtures +considered essential +for +good health and sanitation should +be provided. +3. +Operabllity, +Durability, +Reliability +: +requirements +for satisfying performance +for the design life +of +the +system under actual +use +conditions. +3 +. 1 +Damage +The plumbing system +(fixtures, +joints +and connections) +should be +protected from physical damage +that would +Impair essential +function. +3 +. 2 +Corrosion +The dangers +of premature +failure +or excessive maintenance relating to +corrosion should be minimized by taking into account +the +character +of +the water +supply, +the +soil, +properties +of materials +and other +environmental +factors. +3.3 +Deterioration +Plumbing fixtures +should +be +constructed +of smooth +and non-absorbent +material without +any concealed fouling +surfaces. +They +should be +located +in ventilated enclosures. +Appropriate consideration should +be given +to treatment +of hazardous wastes +and environmental +factors. +3 +. +^ +Material durability +The plumbing system +(piping, +fixtures, +connections) +should be +of durable material and capable +of giving satisfactory +service +for +its expected +life. +3 +. 5 +Deflection, +misalignment +and +sagging +Proper supports +should be provided, +spaced +at appropriate +intervals, +to prevent deflection, +misalignment +and +sagging. +3 +. 6 +Structural +strength +The proper functioning +of plumbing fixtures +and the +integrity +of +their supports +should not +be +impaired when subjected +to structural +loads +. +4. +Maintainability +: +provisions +for maintaining the +system in good operating +conditions +. +4 +. 1 +Fouling, +deposits +and clogging +To guard against +fouling, +deposit +of +solids +and clogging cleanouts +should be provided. +These +cleanouts +should +be arranged +In +a way +so +that +the pipes +can be readily cleaned. +4.2 +Fixture accessibility +All plumbing fixtures +should be +Installed and spaced +so +as +to be +reasonably accessible +for maintenance. +4.3 +Maintenance procedure +Proper maintenance procedures +should +be followed +so that +the plumbing +system is +in +a sanitary +and serviceable +condition +at +all times. +34 diff --git a/corpus/building/text/b936f72b9b24a3eb.txt b/corpus/building/text/b936f72b9b24a3eb.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41a71e5f46352b948ab72a7572abb3d3696dc7f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/b936f72b9b24a3eb.txt @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ +**************** + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live'' + + + +IS 12310 (1988) : Flutter test film for 8 mm type S Audio +reproducers, magnetic type [MED 32: Photographic Equipment] + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +aj^&vi iJii^s:y>K^ isb^^ni^seg + + + +:<>5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +15:12310.1988 + +Indian Standard ( Reaffirmed 2005 ) + +SPECIFICATION FOR + +FLUTTER TEST FILM FOR 8 mm TYPE S + +AUDIO REPRODUCERS, MAGNETIC TYPE + + + +UDG 778'554*4 : 534-851*7 : 77F531-352 + + + +© Copyright 1988 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC +NEW DELHI 110002 + +Gr 1 August 1988 + + + +18:12310*1988 + + + +Indian Standard + + + +SPECIFICATION FOR + +FLUTTER TEST FILM FOR 8 mm TYPE S + +AUDIO REPRODUCERS, MAGNETIC TYPE + +0. FOREWORD + + + +0,1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the +Bureau of Indian Standards on 10 February 1988, +after the draft finalized by the Cinematographic +Equipment Sectional Committee had been +approved by the Electrotechnical Division +Council. + +0.2 Flutter test films are used for detection and +measurement of flutter in motion picture audio +reproducers. IS : 5264-1986* and IS : 7390-19861 +specify the requirements of flutter test film for +16 mm and 35 mm motion picture sound +reproducers. This standard specifies the require- +ments of flutter test film for 8 mm Type S +motion picture magnetic audio reproducers + + + +♦Specification for 3 150 Hz flutter test film for 16 mm +cinematograph projectors {first revision )• + +tSpccification for 3 150 Hz flutter test film for 35 mm +motion picture sound reproducers, photographic type +{first revision ). + + + +which are generally of 2 types, namely, Type 18 +and Type 24. + +0.3 In the preparation of this standard, assis- +tance has been derived from RP 62-1984 +'Specification for flutter test film for 8 mm +Type S audio reproducers, magnetic type' +issued by the Society of Motion Picture and +Television Engineers, United States of America +(USA). + +0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a +particular requirement of this standard is +complied with, the final value, observed or +calculated, expressing the result of a test, shall +be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960*. +The number of significant places retained in the +rounded off value should be the same as that +of the specified value in this standard. + + + +•Rules for rounding off numerical values ( reused). + + + +1. SCOPE + +1.1 This standard specifies requirements for two +test films for determining the presecne of flutter +in 8 mm Type S motion picture magnetic audio +reproducers, one operating at approximately +6*1 m( 20 ft) and another at approximately +4*6 m ( 15 ft ) per minute. + +2. TERMINOLOGY + +2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the defini- +tions given in IS : 1885 (Part 34 )-1972* shall +apply. + +3. TEST FILM SIGNAL + +3.1 Frequency + +3.1.1 Type 24 Film — The audio record on +Type 24 film shall be an original recording +which will reproduce at a frequency +of 3 150 ± 25 Hz when the linear velocity of +the film is 24 frames per second or approximately +6*1 m ( 20 ft) per minute ( 102 mm or 4 in per +second ). + + + +♦Electrotechnical vocabulary: Part 34 Cinematography. + + + +3.1.2 Type 18 Film — The audio record on +Type 18 film shall be an original recording which +will reproduce at a frequency of 3 150 rf 25 Hz +when the linear velocity of the film is 18 frames +per second or approximately 4'6 m ( 15 ft) per +minute ( 76 mm or 3 in per second ). + +3,2 Distortion — The total harmonic distor- +tion of the recorded signals shall not exceed +0*5 percent. + +33 Audio Record — The location and dimen- +sions of the audio record shall be as agreed +between the manufacturer/supplier and the +purchaser. The audio record may also be +recorded so that it extends iVom one edge of +the film to the other. + +3.4 Recorded Level — The flutter test tone +shall be not more than 10 dB down from the +equivalent reference level of 3 150 Hz at 185 +nanowebers per metre after correct equilization +of 90 microseconds. + +3.5 Flutter — The weighted peak flutter of the +audio record shall not exceed 0*10 percent. + +3.6 Azimuth — The azimuth of the audio +record shall be 90 ± 5"^ to the reference edge of +the film. ♦ + + + +I + + + +IS : 12310 - 1988 + + + +4. FILM STOCK + +4.1 The film stock shall be magnetic full-coat, +splice-free of the polyester, safety type, and cut +and perforated in compliance with IS : 9535- +1980*. + +4.2 The film stock shall be conditioned for +10 days at 27 ± 2°C at a relative humidity of +50 it 10 percent prior to recording. + +4.3 The film shall be recorded and packed +within the temperature and humidity limits +specified in 4.2 The recorded film shall be +packed in a metal can and sealed either with a +low moisture permeability plastic tape or a +fabric tape having a moisture barrier. + +5. STORAGE OF FILM + +5.1 In case that triacetate film stock is used, it +shall be splice-free and shall have a maximum +lengthwise shrinkage of 0*50 percent when +tested as in 5.1.1. + +5.1.1 At least 20 strips of film, approximately +80 cm in length, shall be cut for measurement +of shrinkage. After normal development and +drying at a temperature not exceeding 27''G, +the strips shall be placed at least 6'5 mm apart + + + +in racks and kept for seven days in an oven +maintained at 50 ± 2°C and a relative humidity +of 30 percent. The strips shall then be removed, +reconditioned thoroughly to 65 percent relative +humidity at 25° C and the shrinkage measured +by a suitable method. The percent shrinkage +shall then be calculated on the basis of deviation +from nominal dimension for the length of 100 +consecutive perforation intervals given in +IS : 9535-1980*. + +6. IDENTIFICATION + +6.1 Each test film shall be identified by a suit- +able identification marking, that is, leader, +title and trailer, + +7. CALIBRATION + +7.1 Flux — The short circuit flux shall be +determined by means of the calibrated short- +gap for romagnetic core reproducer technique. + +7*2 Level — The signal level specified in 3.4 +shall be measured with an rms voltmeter cali- +brated in decibels with an accuracy of i O'l dB +over the bandwidth 31*5 Hz to 16 kHz. + +7.3 Reproducing Head — The test film shall +be calibrated on a reproducing head. + + + +film. + + + +♦Dimensions for 8 mm type S motion picture raw stock + + + +•Dimensions for 8 mm type S motion picture raw stock +film. + + + +Printed at Arcee Press, New Delhi, India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/be108e3955646cbf.txt b/corpus/building/text/be108e3955646cbf.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f197ab46b90e878f107f0dbe1ccd5b9b822e5bbe --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/be108e3955646cbf.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Lessons from a human-in-the-loop machine learning approach for identifying vacant, abandoned, and deteriorated properties in Savannah, Georgia + +Addressing strategies for managing vacant, abandoned, and deteriorated (VAD) properties is important for maintaining healthy communities. Yet, the process of identifying these properties can be difficult. Here, we create a human-in-the-loop machine learning (HITLML) model called VADecide and apply it to a parcel-level case study in Savannah, Georgia. The results show a higher prediction accuracy than was achieved when using a machine learning model without human input in the training. The HITLML approach also reveals differences between machine vs. human-generated results. Our findings contribute to knowledge about the advantages and challenges of HITLML in urban planning. [Accepted for Publication at a Peer Review Journal] diff --git a/corpus/building/text/be2095d1c059a9f3.txt b/corpus/building/text/be2095d1c059a9f3.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5fbc88b3216f1c94321b9ed29a58409f5f6ce58 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/be2095d1c059a9f3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Edge-Based QoS-Aware Adaptive Task Placement: A Closed-Loop Control in Multi-Robot Systems + +Multi-robot systems (MRS) increasingly offload compute-intensive perception tasks to edge nodes to meet strict time-sensitive Quality-of-Service (QoS) constraints. However, static task orchestration on a shared edge node can severely degrade QoS due to network latency, jitter, and edge-resource contention. We present a pilot edge-centric MRS testbed using Raspberry Pi nodes to evaluate a camera-to-manipulator pipeline under three modes: local execution, static offloading, and a QoS-aware Adaptive Task Placement (ATP) controller. ATP scores candidate placements using a multi-metric cost (normalized latency, CPU utilization, and switching overhead) over two-second control windows. The closed-loop visual servoing testbed is instrumented with sub-millisecond clock synchronization, network emulation, and detailed monitoring of multiple metrics across nodes to capture realistic jitter. Experimental results under compute-stress and network-fault scenarios show that static edge offloading reduces on-board CPU load but amplifies tail latency and deadline misses. In contrast, the QoS-aware ATP controller, by switching task placement based on measured latency and utilization thresholds, consistently lowers deadline violations and tail latency. Overall, the results position ATP as a practical edge-side control primitive for MRS and concrete design guidelines for Cloud-Edge Robotics deployments within the broader cloud-fog automation, while motivating QoS-aware multi-objective workload orchestration for industrial cyber-physical systems. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/be271396284d9c43.txt b/corpus/building/text/be271396284d9c43.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5f682819ed01a83997fd72b99ed73704949e412 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/be271396284d9c43.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Automated sign detection across the Electronic Babylonian Library: A large-scale dataset and end-to-end cuneiform OCR pipeline + +Learning to read cuneiform tablets is an extremely demanding task; consequently, of the roughly half million excavated tablets, only a small fraction has been analysed by Assyriologists. Computer vision offers a promising avenue for decipherment but requires large, densely annotated datasets. To address this limitation, the largest annotated cuneiform sign dataset to date is used, and a Deformable Detection Transformer (DETR)-based object detection model is evaluated under two class granularities of 173 and 106 classes. The proposed system integrates automatic tablet-side extraction, heuristic line grouping, and n-gram-based textual similarity evaluation to bridge visual sign detection and textual structure, and achieves consistent improvements of up to 28-37% over prior work on COCO-style detection metrics. At inference, the method is applied to 87,668 tablet fragments from the Electronic Babylonian Library (eBL) corpus, producing nearly 2.9 million sign detections. Although the approach operates without linguistic priors and remains sensitive to tablet damage and layout variability, it provides a scalable and interpretable foundation for corpus-wide cuneiform analysis and supports future integration with multimodal and linguistic modelling frameworks. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/c063b114256d11f9.txt b/corpus/building/text/c063b114256d11f9.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34a39c88e250fef6a2cc07a3c56df37ac2913d25 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/c063b114256d11f9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Rationalising data collection for building energy systems using Value of Information Analysis + +The use of data collection to support decision making through the reduction of uncertainty is ubiquitous in the management, operation, and design of building energy systems. However, no existing studies in the building energy systems literature have quantified the economic benefits of data collection strategies to determine whether they are worth their cost. This work demonstrates that Value of Information analysis (VoI), a Bayesian Decision Analysis framework, provides a suitable methodology for quantifying the benefits of data collection. Three example decision problems in building energy systems are studied: air-source heat pump maintenance scheduling, ventilation scheduling for indoor air quality, and ground-source heat pump system design. Smart meters, occupancy monitoring systems, and ground thermal tests are shown to be economically beneficial for supporting these decisions respectively. It is proposed that further study of VoI in building energy systems would allow expenditure on data collection to be economised and prioritised, avoiding wastage. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/c37ad88cdff64b60.txt b/corpus/building/text/c37ad88cdff64b60.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3c187a81dfe5f21b215c8b2d67d75cc69d8dacf --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/c37ad88cdff64b60.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Employing Federated Learning for Training Autonomous HVAC Systems + +Buildings account for 40 % of global energy consumption. A considerable portion of building energy consumption stems from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), and thus implementing smart, energy-efficient HVAC systems has the potential to significantly impact the course of climate change. In recent years, model-free reinforcement learning algorithms have been increasingly assessed for this purpose due to their ability to learn and adapt purely from experience. They have been shown to outperform classical controllers in terms of energy cost and consumption, as well as thermal comfort. However, their weakness lies in their relatively poor data efficiency, requiring long periods of training to reach acceptable policies, making them inapplicable to real-world controllers directly. Hence, common research goals are to improve the learning speed, as well as to improve their ability to generalize, in order to facilitate transfer learning to unseen building environments. In this paper, we take a federated learning approach to training the reinforcement learning controller of an HVAC system. A global control policy is learned by aggregating local policies trained on multiple data centers located in different climate zones. The goal of the policy is to simultaneously minimize energy consumption and maximize thermal comfort. The federated optimization strategy indirectly increases both the rate at which experience data is collected and the variation in the data. We demonstrate through experimental evaluation that these effects lead to a faster learning speed, as well as greater generalization capabilities in the federated policy compared to any individually trained policy. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/c6f6924b7cad8b27.txt b/corpus/building/text/c6f6924b7cad8b27.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24685351e588eb520cf84313675391deaaf5f61a --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/c6f6924b7cad8b27.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Engram-E2VID: Reference-Based Event-to-Video Reconstruction via Generative Activation of Appearance Engrams + +Reference-based event-to-video reconstruction aims to recover target RGB frames from a reference frame and the event stream captured over the reference-to-target interval. Although events provide fine-grained temporal cues, they encode sparse and asynchronous log-intensity changes rather than absolute appearance, making faithful reconstruction intrinsically challenging. The central challenge lies in associating event-derived target-time structures with relevant appearance information from the reference frame, especially under complex motion and long temporal intervals. In this work, we propose Engram-E2VID, a structure-guided framework that reconstructs target frames through the generative activation of appearance engrams. Specifically, the reference frame is encoded into token-space appearance engrams, while the event stream and reference context are transformed into a target-time motion-structure scaffold that captures motion boundaries and event-induced structural changes. Within a one-step diffusion backbone, scaffold-derived structural tokens progressively interact with and activate relevant appearance engrams across layers. This token-space association allows target structures to access reference appearance without relying on direct pixel-wise correspondence, while the diffusion prior complements uncertain or newly revealed regions. Across three benchmarks, Engram-E2VID improves PSNR by up to 3.29 dB and reduces LPIPS by up to 0.08 over the strongest same-input baseline, while degrading more slowly as the reconstruction interval increases. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/c8511498007ec96d.txt b/corpus/building/text/c8511498007ec96d.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..201fb810967615bd7d714b90f8ff8971c2ea52e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/c8511498007ec96d.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +CaP-X: A Framework for Benchmarking and Improving Coding Agents for Robot Manipulation + +"Code-as-Policy" considers how executable code can complement data-intensive Vision-Language-Action (VLA) methods, yet their effectiveness as autonomous controllers for embodied manipulation remains underexplored. We present CaP-X, an open-access framework for systematically studying Code-as-Policy agents in robot manipulation. At its core is CaP-Gym, an interactive environment in which agents control robots by synthesizing and executing programs that compose perception and control primitives. Building on this foundation, CaP-Bench evaluates frontier language and vision-language models across varying levels of abstraction, interaction, and perceptual grounding. Across 12 models, CaP-Bench reveals a consistent trend: performance improves with human-crafted abstractions but degrades as these priors are removed, exposing a dependence on designer scaffolding. At the same time, we observe that this gap can be mitigated through scaling agentic test-time computation--through multi-turn interaction, structured execution feedback, visual differencing, automatic skill synthesis, and ensembled reasoning--substantially improves robustness even when agents operate over low-level primitives. These findings allow us to derive CaP-Agent0, a training-free framework that recovers human-level reliability on several manipulation tasks in simulation and on real embodiments. We further introduce CaP-RL, showing reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards improves success rates and transfers from sim2real with minimal gap. Together, CaP-X provides a principled, open-access platform for advancing embodied coding agents. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/caf37f71ddd89dc0.txt b/corpus/building/text/caf37f71ddd89dc0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bae465af75fd8b7b8d8beaf62ca73a94ae7c74a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/caf37f71ddd89dc0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Discovering interpretable elastoplasticity models via the neural polynomial method enabled symbolic regressions + +Conventional neural network elastoplasticity models are often perceived as lacking interpretability. This paper introduces a two-step machine learning approach that returns mathematical models interpretable by human experts. In particular, we introduce a surrogate model where yield surfaces are expressed in terms of a set of single-variable feature mappings obtained from supervised learning. A postprocessing step is then used to re-interpret the set of single-variable neural network mapping functions into mathematical form through symbolic regression. This divide-and-conquer approach provides several important advantages. First, it enables us to overcome the scaling issue of symbolic regression algorithms. From a practical perspective, it enhances the portability of learned models for partial differential equation solvers written in different programming languages. Finally, it enables us to have a concrete understanding of the attributes of the materials, such as convexity and symmetries of models, through automated derivations and reasoning. Numerical examples have been provided, along with an open-source code to enable third party validation. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/cbe4b7c31d7d1d44.txt b/corpus/building/text/cbe4b7c31d7d1d44.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cdb020eb31d6ad67ce855e5aa940e167b2bc1f38 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/cbe4b7c31d7d1d44.txt @@ -0,0 +1,428 @@ +**************** + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live'' + + + +IS 12450-1 (1988): Steel headframes for mines. Part 1: +Principles of load computation and applicable factors of +safety [MED 8: Mining Techniques and Equipment] + + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +'Step Out From the Old to the New" + + + +aj^&vi iJii^s:y%K^ isb^^ni^seg + + + +:<>5&i| mT'5K^5?::5:^>^i»l + + + +K^^^iXSVCd^ + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + +^'^^^r + + + +k + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +^*-^^^ + + + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +UDC 622'673'2 : 624'042 : 614*8 IS : 12450 ( Part 1 ) - 1988 + + + +Indian Standard (Reaffirmed 1999 ) + +STEEL HEADFRAMES FOR MINES + +PART 1 PRINCIPLES OF LOAD COMPUTATION AND APPLICABLE + +FACTORS OF SAFETY + + + +1# Scope — Lays down the principles of load computation and applicable factors of safety for +steel headframes for mines used under normal and special operating conditions. + +U This standard is not applicable to winding towers where winding engine is installed on top +' the headframe structure. + + + +^1 + + + +2* iTypes of Headframes — Based on functional requirements, headframes may be grouped in +threa types: + +a) Type A — Headframes for installations normally used for men/minerai/materiai winding. + +b) Type B — Headframes for such winding installations where winding speed does not +exceed 2 m/s or for such winding installations which are not normally used for mineral/ +material winding and are occasionally used for men winding for the purpose of inspection +and maintenance, and the winding speed does not exceed 4 m/s. + +c) Type C — Headframes used for shaft sinking operations, + +3^ Assumptions of Loads + +3.1 Ail loads to be considered in relation to headframes shall be treated as static loads. For +dynamic effects certain multiplying factors shall be used depending on the specific case. For the +purpose of headframe design, the working load on the rope and the rope breaking load shall be +as defined in 3.1.1 and 3*1.2. + +3.1.1 Working load of the rope — It is the static load on the rope in the worst situation increas- +ed by ten percent for starting resistance and acceleration/retardation. + +3.1.1.1 The static load shall Include maximum possible load due to self-weight of suspension +gear, cage or other conveyance or counter-weight, payload, weight of mine cars/mine tubs, +suspension gear for balance rope and weight of balar^ce rope. + +3*1.2 Rope breaking load ^ \t is the breaking load of the rope according to manufacturers +recommendations and increased by five percent. + +3.2 Analysis of a structure for working load shall be made only in cases where it has been +stipulated that analysis for the rope breaking load for the structure is not needed, + +3.3 While analyzing a structure under working load, all other loads acting on the frame like wind +load, live load, etc, shall be taken into account taking the most unfavourable situations. + +3.4 While analyzing a structure under exceptional cases like rope breaking conditions, only one +exceptional case shall be considered at a time. For example, in case of headframes serving more +than one winding rope, breaking situation shall be considered in any one rope or ropes attached +to a single conveyance. Similarly, when rope breaking loads are considered, wind loads shall not +be considered simultaneously. + +3.5 On platforms and stairways a live load of 2 kPa shall be assumed for general maintenance. +For heavy maintenance involving replacement of components for normal mining operations, higher +loads may be considered. These loads shall not be taken into account for the design of the +complete frame but shall be used for design of the platforms and stairs affected by these loads. + +4« Load Combinations for Design of Headframes + +4.1 Type A — Headframes Serving Single Winder Installation Deploying Safety Detaching Hook + +4.1.1 Headframe shall be analyzed for rope breaking load in the rope(s) attached to the +ascending cage/coaveyance assuming that the cage/conveyance gets stuck-up; ( a ) in the shaft, +and ( b ) in the headframe. In the other rope, load equal to one-third of rope breaking load shall +be considered. The self-weight of the frame and other loads supported by the frame like rope +guideS/ rigid guides, etc, shall also be taken into account. + + + +Adopted 18 July 1988 I © January 1989. BIS I Gr 2 + + + +BUREAU OF INDIANS T A N P A R D S + +MANAK SHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SiiAW ZAFAR MARG + +NEW DELHI 110002 + + + +IS : 12450 (Parti ) - 1988 + +4J.2 The beams supporting the bell box or bell plate shall be designed to withstand five times +the load supported by the corresponding safety detaching hooks. + +4.2 Type A — Headframes Serving More than One Winder Installation Deploying Safety Detach- +ing Hooks + +4.2.1 Headirame shall be analyzed for rope breaking load of one of the winding installation +taking one-third of the rope breaking load for the second rope of same installation and working +loads on the ropes of other winder installation. The worst case shall be considered. Rope +breaking load shall be considered for the rope/ropes connected to the ascending cage/conveyance +assuming that it gets stuck-up; ( a ) in the shaft, and ( b ) in the headframe. The self-weight of +the frame and other loads supported by the frame like rope guides, rrgid guides, etc, shall also be +taken into account. + +4.2.2 The beams supporting the bell box/bell plate shall be designed to withstand five times +the load supported by the corresponding safety detaching hook. + +4.3 Type A — Headframes Serving a Single Friction Winder Installation + +4.3.1 Headframes shall be analyzed on the same lines as specified in 4.1. + +4.3.2 The buffer beams shall also be analyzed for rope breaking load. + +4.3«3 The beams supporting the catches provided for holding the cage/conveyance in the event +of rope failure shall be designed to withstand five times the load required to be supported by +them. + +4.4 Type A — Headframes Serving More than One Friction Winder Installation + +4.4.1 Headframe shall be analyzed on the same lines as specified in 4.2. + +4.4.2 The buffer beams shall also be analyzed for rope breaking load. + +4.4.3 The beams supporting the catches provided for holding the cage/conveyance in the event +of rope failure shall be designed to withstand five times the load required to be supported by +them. + +4.5 Type B — Headframes — These shall be designed for the working load in the winding ropes +enhanced by a multiplying factor of two. The self-weight, other supported loads and wind loads +shall also be taken into account. These frames shall not be analyzed for rope breaking loads. If +safety detaching hooks are used, the beams supporting bell plate/bell box shall be designed as +specified for the same in 4.1.2 and 4.2.2. + +46 Type C — Headframes + +4.6.1 Type C headframes shall be designed taking into account the following two conditions; + +a) The suspended platform supported by the ropes passing over pulleys installed on the +headframe stationary and the winding in operation — working load in the winding ropes +shall be enhanced by a multiplying factor of two and only working load shall be consider- +ed in the ropes supporting the suspended platform, + +b) The suspended platform in motion with windrng rope stationary — In this condition, the +working load in the ropes supporting the platform shall be enhanced by a multiplying +factor of two while for the winding ropes only the working load shall be considered with +the buckets empty as the winder in this case will not be in operation. + +4.6.2 In both conditions specified in 4.6.1/ self-weight, other supported loads and wind loads +shall be taken into consideration. + +4.6.3 The headframes are not to be analyzed for the rope breaking situation. + +4.6.4 If safety detaching hooks are used, the beams supporting bell plate/bell box shall be +designed as specified in 4.1.2 and 4.2.2. + +5. Factor of Safety + +5.1 Except for the exceptional cases like rope breaking and falling of cage/conveyances on the +catches, the permissible stresses in the members are to be taken as specified in IS : 800-1 984 +'Code of practice for general construction in steel ( second revision )\ + + + +18:12450 (Parti ) - 1988 + + + +5.2 For the purpose of design of the beams supporting the winding sheaves and the shaft beams, +if any, supporting the headframes and the corresponding rivets, bolts, pins, etc, the permissible +stresses as specified in IS : 800-1984 shall be reduced by 25 percent. + +5-3 The permissible stresses in the case of rope breaking and cage/conveyance falling on the +catches as indicated in Table 1 shall be consideied. For shop welded joints, permissible stress as +specified in IS : 816-1969 'Code of practice for use of metal arc welding for general construction +in mild steel ( first revision )' shall be increased by 50 percent and for high tension pre-stressed +bolted joints, stresses shall be taken as 10 percent higher than those specified in Table 1. No field +welding shall be used. + + + +TABLE 1 + + + +PERMISSIBLE STRESSES FOR LOADIWG DUE TO ROPE RUPTURE AMD +CONVEYANCE FALLING ON CATCHES + + + +Components in Headframe + + + +Kind of Stress + + + +Allowance Stress MPA + + + +Remarks + + + +General components + + + +Tensile, compressive* 26 000 +and bending + + + +Fully supporting beams, +columns and supporting +beams at shaft mouth, if +any + + + +Tensile compressive* 1 9 500 + +and bending + + + +Riveted jointst + + + +Shearing + +Bearing + +Tensiie + + + +19 500 + +39 000 + +8 000 + + + +Joints with machined bolts +and nuts + + + +Shearing +Bearing + + + +19 500 +39 000 + + + +Acting on the gross +cross section of rivet + + + +Acting on tlie gross cross +section of the rivet + + + +Tensile + + + +16 000 + + + +Acting on the cross +section of the base of +the thread + + + +Anchor bolts + + + +Tensile + + + +15 500 + + + +Actmg on the cross-sec- +tion at the base of the +thread + + + +Note — Allowable stresses given in the table are based on quality of steel according to IS : 226-1975 +Structural steel ( standard quality ) ( fi^tli revision )' and any other material not inferior in quality to that specified +in IS ■. 226-1975 may be used. + +•Members under compression may be checked for buckling according tolS ; 800-1984. +tFor ifield riveting, allowable stresses may be reduced by 20 percent* + + + +5.4 The factor of safety of the headframe against tilting shall be 1 '5 considering the self-weight +with and without working and wind loads, and 1*3 with loading through half the rope breaking +load and self weight and other suspended loads but without wind load. + +6. General Considerations + +6.1 A coating of anti-corrosive paint shall be applied to headframes in accordance with IS : 800- +1984 to avoid reduction in strength due to rusting. + +6.2 Where the steel is directly exposed to weather and is not ordinarily accessible for cleaning +and repainting, the minimum thickness of metal shall be selected in accordance with IS : 800-1 984. + + + +EXPLANATORY NOTE + +in the preparation of this Indian Standard, considerable assistance has been drawn from DIN +4118-1981 'Headframes and winding towers for mines — Design loads' issued by Deutsches +instut fur Normung. + + + +printed at Printograph, New Delhi, India + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/d05350748ecdd54b.txt b/corpus/building/text/d05350748ecdd54b.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb1fa303f08425e972ad981b7134f34a2728f67c --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/d05350748ecdd54b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Geometry-Aware Scene Configurations for Novel View Synthesis + +We propose scene-adaptive strategies to efficiently allocate representation capacity for generating immersive experiences of indoor environments from incomplete observations. Indoor scenes with multiple rooms often exhibit irregular layouts with varying complexity, containing clutter, occlusion, and flat walls. We maximize the utilization of limited resources with guidance from geometric priors, which are often readily available after pre-processing stages. We record observation statistics on the estimated geometric scaffold and guide the optimal placement of bases, which greatly improves upon the uniform basis arrangements adopted by previous scalable Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) representations. We also suggest scene-adaptive virtual viewpoints to compensate for geometric deficiencies inherent in view configurations in the input trajectory and impose the necessary regularization. We present a comprehensive analysis and discussion regarding rendering quality and memory requirements in several large-scale indoor scenes, demonstrating significant enhancements compared to baselines that employ regular placements. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/d1e3f3c65fc4c1a2.txt b/corpus/building/text/d1e3f3c65fc4c1a2.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..283b1e2ecf48fcdf1de6ec94da40d478874dae90 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/d1e3f3c65fc4c1a2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1419 @@ +**************** + + + +*■ *Z**K + + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + +Jawaharlal Nehru +Step Out From the Old to the New + + + +mrjsssss^^ft^: + + + + +,_A» + + + + +**************** + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +<_ + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +IS 14700 (Part 6/Sec 1) : 2008 +IEC 61000-6-1 :2005 + + + +TFT 6 ^HI"MTTHeP + +sfjtpti srRnfoi, vrnfom afk *tch sfreirfap ^rai^r % fa*? Trfcrcm + +Indian Standard +ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) + +PART 6 GENERIC STANDARDS +Section 1 Immunity for Residential, Commercial and Light-Industrial Environments + + + +ICS 33.100.20 + + + +© BIS 2008 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG +NEW DELHI 110002 + +May 2008 Price Group 6 + + + +Electromagnetic Compatibility Sectional Committee, L1TD 09 + + + +NATIONAL FOREWORD + +This Indian Standard (Part 6/Sec 1) which is identical with IEC 61000-6-1 : 2005 'Electromagnetic +compatibility (EMC) — Part 6-1: Generic standards — Immunity for residential, commercial and light- +industrial environments' issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) was adopted +by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of the Electromagnetic Compatibility +Sectional Committee and approval of the Electronics and Information Technology Division Council. + +The text of IEC Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an Indian Standard without +deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards. +Attention is particularly drawn to the following: + +a) Wherever the words 'International Standard' appear referring to this standard, they should +be read as 'Indian Standard'. + +b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker, while in Indian Standards, the current +practice is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker. + +In this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards for which Indian +Standards also exist. The corresponding Indian Standards, which are to be substituted in their +respective places, are listed below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated: + + + +International Standard + +IEC 60050-161 : 1990 International +Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) — +Chapter 161: Electromagnetic + +compatibility + +IEC 61000-4-2 : 2001 Electromagnetic +compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing +and measurement techniques — Section +2: Electrostatic discharge immunity test + +IEC 61000-4-3 : 2006 Electromagnetic +compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing +and measurement techniques — Section +3: Radiated, radio-frequency, + +electromagnetic field immunity test + +IEC 61000-4-4 : 2004 Electromagnetic +compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing +and measurement techniques — Section +4: Electrical fast transient/burst immunity +test + +IEC 61000-4-8 : 2001 Electromagnetic +compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing +and measurement techniques — Section +8 Power frequency magnetic field +immunity test + + + +Corresponding Indian Standard + +IS 1885 (Part 85) : 2003 Electrotechnical +vocabulary: Part 85 Electromagnetic +compatibility + +IS 14700 (Part 4/Sec 2) : 2008 +Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): +Part 4 Testing and measurement +techniques, Section 2 Electrostatic +discharge immunity test + +IS 14700 (Part 4/Sec 3) : 2008 +Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): +Part 4 Testing and measurement +techniques, Section 3 Radiated, radio- +frequency, electromagnetic field +immunity test + +IS 14700 (Part 4/Sec 4) : 2008 +Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): +Part 4 Testing and measurement +techniques, Section 4 Electrical fast +transient/burst immunity test + +IS 14700 (Part 4/Sec 8) : 2008 +Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): +Part 4 Testing and measurement +techniques, Section 8 Power frequency +magnetic field immunity test + + + +Degree of +Equivalence + +Identical + + + +do + + + +do + + + +do + + + +do + + + +{Continued on third cover) + + + +IS 14700 (Part 6/Sec 1) : 2008 +IEC 61000-6-1 :2005 + +INTRODUCTION +IEC 61000 is published in separate parts according to the following structure: + +Part 1: General + +General considerations {introduction, fundamental principles) +Definitions, terminology + +Part 2: Environment + +Description of the environment +Classification of the environment +Compatibility levels + +Part 3: Limits + +Emission limits + +Immunity limits (insofar as they do not fall under the responsibility of the product +committees) + +Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques + +Measurement techniques +Testing techniques + +Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines + +Installation guidelines +Mitigation methods and devices + +Part 6; Generic standards + +Part 9: Miscellaneous + +Each part is further subdivided into several parts, published either as International Standards +or as technical specifications or technical reports, some of which have already been +published as sections. Others will be published with the part number followed by a dash and +a second number identifying the subdivision (example: 61000-6-1). + + + +IS 14700 (Part 6/Sec 1) : 2008 +IEC 61000-6-1 :2005 + +Indian Standard +ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) + +PART 6 GENERIC STANDARDS +Section 1 Immunity for Residential, Commercial and Light-Industrial Environments + +1 Scope and object + +This part of IEC 61000 for EMC immunity requirements applies to electrical and electronic +apparatus intended for use in residential, commercial and light-industrial environments. +Immunity requirements in the frequency range Hz to 400 GHz are covered. No tests need to +be performed at frequencies where no requirements are specified. + +This generic EMC immunity standard is applicable if no relevant dedicated product or +product-family EMC immunity standard exists. + +This standard applies to apparatus intended to be directly connected to a low-voltage public +mains network or connected to a dedicated DC source which is intended to interface between +the apparatus and the low-voltage public mains network. This standard applies also to +apparatus which is battery operated or is powered by a non-public, but non-industrial, low- +voltage power distribution system if this apparatus is intended to be used in the locations +described below. + +The environments encompassed by this standard are residential, commercial and light- +industrial locations, both indoor and outdoor. The following list, although not comprehensive, +gives an indication of locations which are included: + +- residential properties, for example houses, apartments; + +- retail outlets, for example shops, supermarkets; + +- business premises, for example offices, banks; + +- areas of public entertainment, for example cinemas, public bars, dance halls; + +- outdoor locations, for example petrol stations, car parks, amusement and sports centres; + +- light-industrial locations, for example workshops, laboratories, service centres. + +Locations which are characterised by being supplied directly at low voltage from the public +mains network are considered to be residential, commercial or light-industrial. + +The object of this standard is to define the immunity test requirements for apparatus" specified +in the scope in relation to continuous and transient, conducted and radiated disturbances +including electrostatic discharges. + +The immunity requirements have been selected to ensure an adequate level of immunity for +apparatus at residential, commercial and light-industrial locations. The levels do not, +however, cover extreme cases, which may occur at any location, but with an extremely low +probability of occurrence. Not all disturbance phenomena have been included for testing +purposes in this standard but only those considered as relevant for the equipment covered by +this standard. These test requirements represent essential electromagnetic compatibility +immunity requirements. + +NOTE 1 Information on other disturbance phenomena is given in IEC 61000-4-1. + + + +IS 14700 (Part 6/Sec 1) : 2008 +IEC 61000-6-1 :2005 + +Test requirements are specified for each port considered. + +NOTE 2 Safety considerations are not covered by this standard. + +NOTE 3 In special cases, situations will arise where the levels of disturbances may exceed the test levels +specified in this standard; for example where a hand-held transmitter is used in proximity to an apparatus. In these +instances, special mitigation measures may have to be employed. + +2 Normative references + +The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. +For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition +of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. + +IEC 60050-161, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) - Chapter 161: Electro- +magnetic compatibility + +IEC 61000-4-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4: Testing and measurement +techniques - Section 2: Electrostatic discharge immunity test + +IEC 61000-4-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4: Testing and measurement +techniques - Section 3: Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test + +IEC 61000-4-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-4: Testing and measurement +techniques - Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test + +IEC 61000-4-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4: Testing and measurement +techniques - Section 5: Surge immunity test . + +IEC 61000-4-6, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-6: Testing and measurement +techniques - Section 6: Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency +fields + +IEC 61000-4-8, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4: Testing and measurement +techniques - Section 8: Power frequency magnetic field immunity test + +IEC 61000-4-11, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-11: Testing and measurement +techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests + +CISPR 22, Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits +and methods of measurement + + + +IS 14700 (Part 6/Sec 1) : 2008 +IEC 61 060-6-1 : 2005 + + + +3 Terms and definitions + + + +For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161 as well +as the following definitions apply. + +NOTE Additional definitions related to EMC and to relevant phenomena are given in other IEC and CISPR +publications. + +3.1 +port + +particular interface of the specified apparatus with the external electromagnetic environment +(see Figure 1) + +NOTE In some cases different ports may be combined. + + + +Enclosure port + + + +Signal port + + + +Apparatus + + + +AC power port + + + +DC power port + + + +Figure 1 - Examples of ports + +3.2 +enclosure port + +physical boundary of the apparatus which electromagnetic fields may radiate through or +impinge on + +3.3 +cable port + +port at which a conductor or a cable is connected to the apparatus + +NOTE Examples are signal and power ports. + +3.4 +signal port + +port at which a conductor or cable intended to carry signals is connected to the apparatus + +NOTE Examples are analog inputs, outputs and control lines; data busses; communication networks etc. + +3.5 +power port + +port at which a conductor or cable carrying the primary electrical power needed for the +operation (functioning) of an apparatus or associated apparatus is connected to the +apparatus + + + +3.6 + +public mains network + +electricity lines to which all categories of consumers have access and which are operated by +an electrical power supply and/or distribution organization for the purpose of supplying +electrical energy + + + +IS 14700 (Part 6/Sec 1) : 2008 +IEC 61000-6-1 : 2005 + +3.7 + +long distance lines + +lines connected to a signal port and which inside a building are longer than 30 m, or which +leave the building (including lines of outdoor installations) + +3.8 + +low voltage + +voltage having a value below a conventionally adopted limit + +(see IEV 151-15-03) + +4 Performance criteria + +The variety and the diversity of the apparatus within the scope of this standard makes it +difficult to define precise criteria for the evaluation of the immunity test results. + +If, as a result of the application of the tests defined in this standard, the apparatus becomes +dangerous or unsafe, the apparatus shall be deemed to have failed the test. + +A functional description and a definition of performance criteria, during or as a consequence +of the EMC testing, shall be provided by the manufacturer and noted in the test report, based +on one of the following criteria for each test as specified in Tables 1 to 4. + +a) Performance criterion A: The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended during +and after the test. No degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed below a +performance level specified by the manufacturer, when the apparatus is used as +intended. The performance level may be replaced by a permissible loss of performance. If +the minimum performance level or the permissible performance loss is not specified by +the manufacturer, either of these may be derived from the product description and +documentation and what the user may reasonably expect from the apparatus if used as +intended. + +b) Performance criterion B: The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended after the +test. No degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed below a performance +level specified by the manufacturer, when the apparatus is used as intended. The +performance level may be replaced by a permissible loss of performance. During the test, +degradation of performance is however allowed. No change of actual operating state or +stored data is allowed. If the minimum performance level or the permissible performance +loss is not specified by the manufacturer, either of these may be derived from the product +description and documentation and what the user may reasonably expect from the +apparatus if used as intended. + +c) Performance criterion C: Temporary loss of function is allowed, provided the function is +self-recoverable or can be restored by the operation of the controls. + +5 Conditions during testing + +The equipment under test (EUT) shall be tested in the expected most susceptible operating +mode e.g. identified by performing limited pre-tests. This mode shall be consistent with +normal applications. The configuration of the test sample shall be varied to achieve maximum +susceptibility consistent with typical applications and installation practice. + + + +IS 14700 (Part 6/Sec 1) : 2008 +IEC 61000-6-1 : 2005 + +If the apparatus is part of a system, or can be connected to auxiliary apparatus, the +apparatus shall be tested while connected to the minimum representative configuration of +auxiliary apparatus necessary to exercise the ports in a similar manner to that described in +CISPR22. + +In cases where a manufacturer's specification requires external protection devices or +measures which are clearly specified in the user's manual, the test requirements of this +standard shall be applied with the external protection devices or measures in place. + +The configuration and mode of operation during the tests shall be precisely noted in the test +report. It is not always possible to test every function of the apparatus; in such cases the +most critical mode(s) of operation shall be selected. + +If the apparatus has a large numbeF of similar ports or ports with many similar connections, a +sufficient number shall be selected to simulate actual operating conditions and to ensure that +all the different types of termination are covered. + +The tests shall be carried out at one single set of parameters within the operating ranges of +temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure specified for the product and at the rated +supply voltage, unless otherwise indicated in the basic standard. + +6 Product documentation + +If the manufacturer is using his own specification for an acceptable level of EMC performance +or degradation of EMC performance during or after the testing required by this standard, this +fact shall be stated in the user documentation. This specification itself shall be made +available upon request. + +7 Applicability + +The application of tests for evaluation of immunity depends on the particular apparatus, its +configuration, its ports, its technology and its operating conditions. + +Tests shall be applied to the relevant ports of the apparatus according to Tables 1 to 4. Tests +shall only be carried out where the relevant ports exist. + +It may be determined from consideration of the electrical characteristics and usage of a +particular apparatus that some of the tests are inappropriate and therefore unnecessary. In +such a case it is required that the decision and justification not to test shall be recorded in +the test report. + +8 Immunity test requirements + +The immunity test requirements for apparatus covered by this standard are given on a port by +port basis. + +Tests shall be conducted in a well-defined and reproducible manner. + +The tests shall be carried out individually as single tests in sequence. The tests may be +performed in any order. + + + +IS 14700 (Part 6/Sec 1) : 2008 +IEC 61000-6-1 :2005 + + + +The description of the test, relevant generator, appropriate methods, and the set-up to be +used are given in basic standards, which are referred to in the following tables. + +The contents of these basic standards are not repeated here, however modifications or +additional information needed for the practical application of the tests are given in this +standard. + + + +Table 1 - Immunity - Enclosure port + + + + + +Environmental +phenomena + + +Test specifications + + +Units + + +Basic +standards + + +Remarks + + +Performance +criterion + + +1.1 + + +Power-frequency magnetic +field + + +50, 60 +3 + + +Hz + +A/m + + +IEC 61000-4-8 + + +The test shall be carried out at the frequencies +appropriate to the power supply frequency. +Equipment intended for use in areas supplied +only at one of these frequencies need only be +tested at that frequency. a + + +Ab + + +1.2 + + +Radio-frequency +electromagnetic field. +Amplitude modulated + + +80 to 1 000 + +3 + +80 + + +MHz +V/m +% AM (1 kHz) + + +IEC 61000-4-3 c + + +The test level specified is the r.m.s. value of +the unmodulated carrier. + + +A + + +1.3 + + +Radio-frequency +electromagnetic field. +Amplitude modulated + + +1,4 to 2,0 + +3 + +80 + + +GHz +V/m +% AM (1 kHz) + + +IEC 61000-4-3 c + + +The test level specified is the r.m.s. value of +the unmodulated carrier. d + + +A + + +1.4 + + +Radio-frequency +electromagnetic field. +Amplitude modulated + + +2,0 to 2,7 + +1 + +80 + + +GHz + +V/m + +% AM (1 kHz) + + +IEC 61000-4-3 c + + +The test level specified is the r.m.s. value of +the unmodulated carrier. d + + +A + + +1.5 + + +Electrostatic +discharge + + +Contact +discharge + + ++4 (charge voltage) + + +kV + + +IEC 61000-4-2 + + +See basic standard for applicability of contact +and/or air discharge test. + + +B + + +Air +discharge + + ++8 (charge voltage) + + +kV + + +B + + +a Applicable only to apparatus containing devices susceptible to magnetic fields. + +b For CRTs, the acceptable jitter depends upon the character size and is calculated for a test level of 1 A/m as follows: + +y< (3C+1) +40 +where jitter J and character size C are in millimetres. + +As jitter is linearly proportional to the magnetic field strength, tests can be carried out at other test levels extrapolating the maximum jitter level appropriately. +c IEC 61000-4-20 may be used for small EUTs as defined in IEC 61000-4-20 subclause 6.1. +d The frequency range has been selected to cover the frequencies with the highest potential risk of a disturbance. + + + +o +o + +00 + + + +Table 2 - Immunity - Signal ports + + + + + +Environmental +phenomena + + +Test specifications + + +Units + + +Basic +standards + + +Remarks + + +Performance +criterion + + +2.1 + + +Radio-frequency common +mode + + +0,15 to 80 + +3 + +80 + + +MHz + +V + +% AM (1 kHz) + + +IEC 61000-4-6 + + +The test level specified is the r.m.s. value of +the unmodulated carrier a - b + + +A + + +2.2 + + +Fast transients + + +±0,5 +5/50 +5 + + +kV (open circuit test voltage) + +Tr/Th ns + +Repetition frequency kHz + + +IEC 61000-4-4 + + +Capacitive clamp used b + + +B + + +a The test level can also be defined as the equivalent current fnto a 150 fl load. + +b Applicable only to ports interfacing with cables whose total length according to the manufacturer's functional specification may exceed 3 m. + + + +m w + +O -L + +§§ + +if + +en ° + + + +ro + +o +o + +00 + + + +CO + + + +Table 3 - Immunity - Input and output DC power ports + + + + + +Environmental +phenomena + + +Test specifications + + +Units + + +Basic +standards + + +Remarks + + +Performance +criterion + + +3.1 + + +Radio-frequency common +mode + + +0,15 to 80 + +3 + +80 + + +MHz + +V + +% AM (1 kHz) + + +IEC 61000-4-6 + + +The test level specified is the r.m.s. value of +the unmodulated carrier a . b + + +A + + +32 + + +Surges + +line-to-earth + +line-to-line + + +1,2/50 (8/20) + +±0,5 + +±0,5 + + +Tr/Th us + +kV (open circuit test voltage) + +kV (open circuit test voltage) + + +IEC 61000-4-5 + + +For application to input ports c + + +B + + +3.3 + + +Fast transients + + +±0,5 +5/50 +5 + + +kV (open circuit test +voltage) + +Tr/Th ns + +Repetition frequency kHz + + +IEC 61000-4-4 + + +For application to input ports d + + +B + + +a Th« test level can also be defined as the equivalent current into a 150 Q load. + +b Applicable only to ports interfacing with cables whose total length according to the manufacturers functional specification may exceed 3 m. + +c Not applicable to input ports intended for connection to a battery or a rechargeable battery which must be removed or disconnected from the apparatus for recharging. Apparatus +with a DC power input port intended for use with an AC - DC power adaptor shall be tested on the AC power input of the AC- DC power adaptor specified by the manufacturer or, +where none is so specified, using a typical AC - DC power adaptor. DC ports which are not intended to be connected to a DC distribution network are treated as signal ports. + +d Not applicable to input ports intended for connection to a battery or a rechargeable battery which must be removed or disconnected from the apparatus for recharging. Apparatus +with a DC power input port intended for use with an AC - DC power adaptor shall be tested on the AC power input of the AC- DC power adaptor specified by the manufacturer or, +where none is so specified, using a typical AC - DC power adaptor. The test is applicable to DC power input ports intended to be connected permanently to cables longer than 3 m. + + + +m +o -* + +§l + + + +IO + +© + + + +Table 4 - Immunity - Input and output AC power ports + + + + + +Environmental +phenomena + + +Test specifications + + +Units + + +Basic +standards + + +Remarks + + +Performance +criterion + + +4.1 + + +Radio-frequency +common mode + + +0,15 to 80 + +3 + +80 + + +MHz + +V + +% AM (1 kHz) + + +IEC 61000-4-6 + + +The test level specified is the r.m.s, value Of +the unmodulated carrier 3 + + +A + + +4.2 + + +Voltage dips + + + + +0,5 + + +% residual voltage +cycle + + +IEC 61000-4-11 + + +Voltage shift at zero crossing b + + +B + + + +1 + + +% residual voltage +cycle + + +B + + +70 + +25/30 at 50/60Hz + + +% residual voltage +cycle + + +C + + +4.3 + + +Voltage +interruptions + + + + +250/300 at 50/60Hz + + +% residual voltage +cycle + + +IEC 61000-4-11 + + +Voltage shift at zero crossing b + + +C + + +4.4 + + +Surges + +line-to-earth + +line-to-line + + +1,2/50 (8/20) + +±2 + +±1 + + +Tr/Th ps + +kV (open circuit test voltage) + +kV (open circuit test +voltage) + + +IEC 61000-4-5 + + + + +B + + +4.5 + + +Fast transients + + +±1 + +5/50 + +5 + + +kV (open circuit test voltage) + +Tr/Th ns + +Repetition frequency kHz + + +IEC 61000-4-4 + + + + +B + + +a The test level can also be defined as the equivalent current into a 150 Q load. +b Applicable only to input ports. + + + +IS 14700 (Part 6/Sec 1) : 2008 +IEC 61000-6-1 : 2005 + + + +Bibliography + +IEC 61000-4-1, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-1: Testing and measurement +techniques - Overview of IEC 61000-4 series + +IEC 61000-4-20, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-20: Testing and measurement +techniques - Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides + + + +11 + + + +(Continued from second cover) + +The technical committee responsible for the preparation of this standard has reviewed the provisions +of the following International Standards referred in this adopted standard and has decided that they +are acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard: + + + +International Standard +IEC 61000-4-5: 2005 + +IEC 61000-4-6: 2006 +IEC 61000-4-11 :2004 +CISPR 22 : 2006 + + + +Title + +Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement +techniques — Section 5: Surge immunity test + +Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement +techniques — Section 6: Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by +radio-frequency fields + +Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement +techniques — Section 1 1 : Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage +variations immunity test + +Information technology equipment — Radio disturbance characteristics +— Limits and methods of measurement + + + +Only the English text of the International Standard has been retained while adopting it as an Indian +Standard, and as such the page numbers given here are not the same as in the IEC Publication. + + + +Bureau of Indian Standards + +BIS is'a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote +harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods +and attending to connected matters in the country. + +Copyright + +BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any +form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in course of +implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade +designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS. + +Review of Indian Standards + +Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are +also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review +indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes- are needed, it is taken up +for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest +amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of 'BIS Catalogue' and 'Standards: Monthly +Additions'. + +This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc: No. LITD 09 (2031). + +Amendments Issued Since Publication + + + +Amendment No. + + + +Date of Issue + + + +Text Affected + + + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS +Headquarters: + +Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110 002 + +Telephones: 2323 01 31 , 2323 3375, 2323 9402 Website: www.bis.org.in + + + +Regional Offices: + +Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg +NEW DELHI 110 002 + +Eastern : 1/14, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I. P. Road, Kankurgachi +KOLKATA 700 054 + +Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160 022 +Southern : C.I.T. 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New Oelhi-2 + + + diff --git a/corpus/building/text/d74a3a32032b0040.txt b/corpus/building/text/d74a3a32032b0040.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3342dc12461019e21eedc8d3a4006008d08831e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/d74a3a32032b0040.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Bridging Simulation and Experiment: A Self-Supervised Domain Adaptation Framework for Concrete Damage Classification + +Reliable assessment of concrete degradation is critical for ensuring structural safety and longevity of engineering structures. This study proposes a self-supervised domain adaptation framework for robust concrete damage classification using coda wave signals. To support this framework, an advanced virtual testing platform is developed, combining multiscale modeling of concrete degradation with ultrasonic wave propagation simulations. This setup enables the generation of large-scale labeled synthetic data under controlled conditions, reducing the dependency on costly and time-consuming experimental labeling. However, neural networks trained solely on synthetic data often suffer from degraded performance when applied to experimental data due to domain shifts. To bridge this domain gap, the proposed framework integrates domain adversarial training, minimum class confusion loss, and the Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL) strategy. These components work jointly to facilitate effective knowledge transfer from the labeled simulation domain to the unlabeled experimental domain, achieving accurate and reliable damage classification in concrete. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves notable performance improvements, reaching an accuracy of 0.7762 and a macro F1 score of 0.7713, outperforming both the plain 1D CNN baseline and six representative domain adaptation techniques. Moreover, the method exhibits high robustness across training runs and introduces only minimal additional computational cost. These findings highlight the practical potential of the proposed simulation-driven and label-efficient framework for real-world applications in structural health monitoring. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/dcab1135106188aa.txt b/corpus/building/text/dcab1135106188aa.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba1d75c2a6ccc0ff7e29fa3b646d31d2b16ea60e --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/dcab1135106188aa.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Structure-preserving dynamical low-rank approximation for parametric elastic guided waves + +Elastic guided waves are widely used in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). In many-query settings, the computational cost of high-fidelity simulations motivates the use of projection-based reduced order modeling (ROM). However, the transport-dominated and dispersive nature of guided waves challenges static linear subspaces. In addition, preserving the Hamiltonian structure of the equations for energy conservation necessitates dedicated projection techniques. While the Dynamical Low Rank Approximation (DLRA) has proven effective for other wave equations, its application to elastic guided waves in SHM has remained unexplored. In this work, we introduce a structure-preserving parametric ROM framework that leverages the DLRA in an off-line/on-line strategy. During the off-line stage, a time-dependent symplectic reduced basis is constructed from training simulations. For a simplified class of parameter dependencies, we derive a closed-form solution of the nonlinear basis evolution equation. This analytical result yields a closed-form, energy-preserving reduced propagator during wave propagation, eliminating on-line time integration after the loading phase. We validate our approach on a 2D elasticity problem featuring dispersive guided waves interacting with a damage. The results demonstrate high compression ratios (rank $\sim 10-30$), low full field reconstruction errors ($\sim 10^{-3}-10^{-2}$), speedups of two to three orders of magnitude, and excellent long-time energy conservation. diff --git a/corpus/building/text/def16a2f92aebe11.txt b/corpus/building/text/def16a2f92aebe11.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f51160076c25c134979697e23b833af519ce6358 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/text/def16a2f92aebe11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,427 @@ +**************** + + + +^ tOTH: + + + + +Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information + +Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to +information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, +in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, +and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest +to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of +education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the +timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. + + + +Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan +"The Right to Information, The Right to Live" + + + +Jawaharlal Nehru +"Step Out From the Old to the New" ' + + + +IS 13630-9 (2006) : Ceramic Tiles - Methods of test, +Sampling and Basis of Acceptance, Part 9: Determination of +crazing resistance - Glazed tiles {see IS 13630 : Parts 1 +to 15) [CED 5: Flooring, Wall Finishing and Roofing] + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge + + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +"Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + + +^*-:gv + + + + +^^35^* + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +IS 13630 (Part 9) : 2006 +»//VcftN:>;»gaTCAaiiTgs + + + +;5«. \V I iT^ft2i^5c:%^>^ift^ + + + +yy^^i^^^K^^ + + + + +-k + + + + +Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda +Invent a New India Using Knowledge'' + + + +Bhartrhari — Nitisatakam +''Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen" + + + + + +BLANK PAGE + + + +'^liSSlfi, + + + + + +5> + + + +PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT + + + +IS : 1785 ( Part II ) - 1983 + +( Reaffirmed 2003 ) + +Indian Standard + +SPECIFICATION FOR + +PLAIN HARD DRAWN STEEL WIRE FOR + +PRESTRESSED CONCRETE + +PART li AS-DRAWN WIRE + +( First Revision) + + + +Fourth Reprint OCTOBER 1998 +UDC 669.14-124-426:666.982.4 + + + +© Copyright 1983 + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG +NEW DELHIl 10002 + +Gr 3 June 1983 + + + +IS : 1785 ( Part II ) - 1983 + +Indian Standard + +SPECIFICATION FOR + +PLAIN HARD DRAWN STEEL WIRE FOR + +PRESTRESSED CONCRETE + +PART II AS-DRAWN WIRE + +( First Revision ) + + + +Joint Sectional Committee for Concrete Reinforcement, BSMDC 8 + +Chairman Representing + +Shri G. S. Rao Central Public Works Department + +Members + +SUPE It INTENDING ENGINEEU + +( CDO ) ( Alternate to +Shri G. S. Rao ) +Dr J. L. Ajmani The Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur + +Shri A. N. Mitua ( Alternate ) +Dr ANiii Kumar Cement Research Institute of India, New Delhi + +Shri E. T. Antia The Concrete Association of India, Bombay + +Shr'I p. SitmiVASAN ( Alternate ) +Shri S. Banerjee Steel Re-Rolling Mills Association of India, Calcutta + +Shri S. N. Chanda Metallurgical and Engineering Consuhants { India ) + +Ltd, Ranchi +Shri R. D. Choudharv ( Alternate ) +Chief Engineer ( D&R ) Irrigation Department, Government of Punjab, + +Chandigarh +Director ( CD ) { Alternate ) +Deputy Director, Stani>ari>s Research, Designs & Standards Organization +( B&S )-I ( Ministry of Railways ).. Lucknow + +Assistant DiKtorOR, Stan- +dards ( B&S )-Il ( Alternate ) +Shri D. I. Desai Gammon India Ltd, Bombay + +Shri A. L. Bhatia ( Alternate ) +Shbi M. R. Doctor Special Steels Ltd, Bombay + +Shri S. G. Jos hi ( Alternate ) +Shbi Zacharia George Structural Engineering Research Ceniie ( CSIR }, + +Madras +Shri G. V. Suryakumar ( Alternate ) + +( Continued on paf^c. 2 ) + + + +^^ Copyright 1983 +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +This pubiication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act ( XI V of 1957 ) and +reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the +publisher shall he deemed to be an infringement of copyright under i lie saul Aci + + + +IS : 1785 ( Part II ) - 1983 + +( C ntinued from page 1 ) + +Members Representing + +Shri V. K. Ghanekak Structural Engineering Research Centre { GSIR ), + +Roorkee + +Shri D. S. Pkakash Rao ( Alternate ) +Shri V. Gulati Heatly & Gresham { India ) Ltd, New Delhi + +Shki P. K. GupTE National Metallurgical Laboratory (GSIR), + +Jamshedpur +Sniii N. C. Jain Stup Consultants Ltd, Bombay + +Shri M. C. TaNdon ( Alternate ) +Shri M. P. Jasuja Research & Development Centre for Iron and Steel + +( SAIL ), Ranchi +Shri A. Jayagopai. Engineer-in-Chief 's Branch, Army Headquarters + +Maj R. Ghandrasekharan ( Alternate ) +Shri S. Y. Khan Killick Nixon Ltd, Bombay + +Shri P. S. Venkat ( Alternate ) +Shri M. N. Khanna Bhilai Steel Plant { SAIL ), Bhilai + +Shri G. Dasoupta ( Alternate ) +Shri H. N. Krishna Mubthy Tor Steel Research Foundation in India, Calcutta + +Da C. S. Visvvanatha ( Alternate ) +Shri S. N. M anohar Tata Consulting Engineers, Bombay + +Shhi N. Nauauaj ( Alternate ) +Shki R. K. Matjiur Public Works Department, Lucknow + +Shri S. N. Pal M. N. Dastur & Co ( P ) Ltd, Calcutta + +Shri Salil Roy ( Alternate ) +Shri B. K. Panthaky Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay + +Shri P. V. Naik ( Alternate ) +Shri T. Sen IRC Steels Ltd, Calcutta + +Shri M. V. SHastry Roads Wing { Ministry of Shipping and Transport ) + +Shbi Shirish H. Shah Tensile Steel Ltd, Bombay + +Shri M. S. Pathak ( Alternate ) +Shri C. N. Srinivasan C. R. Narayana Rao, Madras + +Shri G. N. Raohavibndran ( Alternate ) +Shri K. S. Srinivasan National Buildings Organization, New Delhi + +Shri A. K. Lal ( Alternate ) +Shri G. Raman, Director General, BIS { Ex-^fficio Member ) + +Director ( Civ Engg ) + +Secretary + +Shri M. N. Neelakandhan + +Assistant Director ( Civ Engg ), BIS + + + +IS : 1785 ( Part U } - 1983 + +Indian Standard + +SPECIFICATION FOR + +PLAIN HARD DRAWN STEEL WIRE FOR + +PRESTRESSED CONCRETE + +PART II AS-DRAWN WIRE + +( First Revision ) + + + +0. FOREWORD + +Jp.l This Indian Standard ( Part II ) ( First Revision ) was adopted by +^he Indian Standards Institution on 14 March 1983, after the draft +finalized by the Joint Sectional Committee for Concrete Reinforcement +had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council. + +0.2 This standard was first published as 1785-1961 to cover the require- +ments of plain hard-drawn steel wire for prestressed concrete. This +standard was subsequently revised in 1966 and issued in two parts; the +first part was a revision of the 1961 version of the standard covering +requirements of stress-relieved wire and the second part covered the +requirements of cold- drawn plain high tensile wire in 'as-drawn' +condition used for prestressed concrete. + +0.2.1 The wire conforming to IS : 1785 ( Part I )-1983 demands +straightening and stress-relieving operations, whereas the wires covered +in this standard need not be stress-relieved and is not, intended to pay +out straight from the coil. The * as-drawn' wire supplied to the user may +be tensioned subsequently at the time of use by passing it through smaller +dies or milling rollers. + +0.3 This revision ( Part II ) has been formulated with a view to modify- +ing the earlier requirements in the light of experience gained in using +this standard by both manufacturers and users. This revision incor- +porates a number of modifications such as including 3 mm diameter +wire in place of 3*15 mm diameter wire and change in the provision +relating to stress corrosion. In addition, this revision adopts SI units for +specifying the various physical requirements and references to various +other Indian Standards have been updated. + + + +IS : 1785 ( Part II )- 1983 + +0.4 In the formulation of this standard, due weightage has been given to +international co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailing +in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the fieW +in this country. + +0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this +standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, +expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in +accordance with IS ; 2-1960*. The number of significant places +retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the +specified value in this standard. + + + +1. SCOPE + +1.1 This standard ( Part II ) covers the requirements for manufacture, +supply and testing of plain *as-drawn* steel wire for use in prestressed +concrete pipes and similar other purposes. + +2. TERMINOLOGY + +2.0 For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall +apply. + +2.1 Bundle — Two or more 'coils' or a number of lengths properly +bound together. + +2.2 Coil — One continuous length of wire in the form of a coil. + +2.3 Parcel — Any quantity of finished wire presented for examination +and test at any one time. + +2.4 Proof Stress — The stress which produces a residual strain of +0*2 percent of the original gauge length ( non-proportional elongation ). + +2.5 Tensile Strength — The maximum load reached in a tensile test +divided by the original cross-sectional area of the gauge length portion +of the test piece. + +3. MANUFACTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION + +3.1 The wire shall be cold-drawn from the steel made by the open +hearth, electric duplex, acid bessemer, basic oxygen, or a combination +of these processes. In case any other process is employed in the manu- +facture of steely prior approval of the purchaser shall be obtained. + + + +•Rules for rounding off numerical values { revised). + +4 + + + +IS : 1785 (Partll)- 1983 + +3.1.1 The ladle analysis when made in accordance with the relevant +parts of IS : 228* shall show that the steel contains not more than +0*050 percent of sulphur and not more than 0*050 percent of +phc;;->horous. + +3.2 The rods or wires shall be treated if required to make it suitable for +cold drawing and thereafter the diameter of the wire or bar shall be +successively decreased to the required diameter by cold drawing it +through a series of dies. The resultant wire shall not be subjected to +stress relieving treatment and shall not be expected to pay out straight. + +3.3 Subject to the provisions of 3.2 and 6 all finished wires shall be +clearly drawn to the specified size and shall be sound, free from splits, +piping and other defects likely to impair its use in prestressed concrete, +and finished in a workmanlike manner, + +3.4 The surface of wire shall be clean, uniform, smooth and free from +harmful scratches and surface flaws, flat parts, longitudinal or transverse +ribs, etc. Unless otherwise agreed to between the purchaser and the +manufacturer or supplier, the wire shall not carry on its surface lubricants +or other matter to a degree likely to impair its adhesion to concrete. +Slight rust may be permitted, provided there is no surface pitting visible +to the naked eye. + +3.5 There shall be no welds in the finished wire as supplied to the +purchaser. Any welds or joints made during manufacture to promote +continuity of operations shall be removed before supply. + +^4. NOMINAL SIZES + +4.1 The nominal diameters of the finished wires shall be 3"00, 4*00 and +5*00 mm. + +5. TOLERANCE + +3A Tolerance on nominal diameter shall be as 'below: + +Nominal Dia Tolerance + +3-00 mm ± O02 mm + +4-00 mm ± 0*03 mm + +500 mm ± 003 mm + +5.1.1 For the purpose of determining whether the actual diameter of +the wire is within the specified tolerances, the diameter shall be deter- +mined with a micrometer by taking two measurements at right angles + + + +•Methods of chemical. analysis of steels ( second revision ). ( Being issued in parts. ) + + + +IS : 1785 ( Part 11 ) - 1983 + +to each other at three places along a length of not less than 250 mm and +the average of these six measurements shall be taken as the diameter of +the wire. + +6. REQUIREMENTS + +6.0 The wire shall conform to the physical requirements specified in 6.1 +to 6.4. + +Note — For special purposes, test evidence may be required to show that the wire +is not susceptible to stress corrosion. In such case, the test method shall be mutually +agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. + +6.1 Tensile Strength — Unless otherwise agreed to between the +purchaser and the manufacturer or supplier, the tensile strength of wire +determined in accordance with 7.3 and based on the nominal diameter +of the wire, shall be as given below: + +Tensile Strength, Min + +N/mm^ + +1 765 +1 715 +1 570 + +6.2 Proof Stress — Unless otherwise specified, the proof stress of the +wire shall be not less than 75 percent of the minimum specified tensile +strength. + +6.3 Ductility — The wire shall withstand the reverse bend test specified +in 7.5. + +6.4 When uncoiled the wire shall remain fiat and shall not spring up. + +7. TESTS + +7,1 All test pieces of wire of sufficient length for the specified tests shall +be selected by the purchaser or his authorized representative either: + +a) from the cuttings of lengths of wires or ends of coils of wires, +or + +b) if he so desires, from the coil or length of wire, after it has been +cut to the required or specified length and the test piece taken +from any part of it. + +7.1.1 In neither case, the test piece shall be detached from the coil or +ength of wire, except in the presence of the purchaser or his authorized +presentative. + + + +Nominal Diameter + + +mm + + +3-00 + + +400 + + +5-00 + + + +IS: 1785 (Part 11)- 1983 + +7,1.2 Before test pieces are selected, the manufacturer or supplier shall + +Turnish the purchaser or his authorized representative with copies of the + +mill records giving the number of coils or bundles in each cast with sizes + +3s well as the identification marks whereby each coil or bundle or wire + +.^an be identified. + +fl,2 Test samples shall not be subjected to any form of heat treatment. +Any straightening which the test samples may require shall be done +■cold. + +7.3 Tensile Test — The tensile strength shall be determined in accord- +ance with IS : 1521-1972*. + +7.4 Test for Proof Stress — Proof stress shall be determined in +accordance with IS : 1521-1972*. + +7,4.1 Alternatively, by agreement between the purchaser and the +manufacturer, the stress at 1*0 percent extension under load method may +be specified. In this method an initial load corresponding to a stress of +196 N/mm^ shall be applied to the test piece and a sensitive extensometer +then attached. The dial of the extensometer shall be set to a reading +equal to 000 1 mm/mm of the gauge length to represent the extension +due to the initial load. + +7.4.1.1 The load shall be increased until the extensometer shows an +extension corresponding to I'O percent of the gauge length, when the +load shall be noted. The stress calculated for this load shall be not less +than the value specified for the 0'2 percent proof stress. + +7.5 Reverse Bend Test — One end of the test piece taken in accordance +with 7.1 shall be firmly gripped in a vice fitted with radiused jaws. +The free end of the wire shall be bent round the appropriate radius +specified in Table 1 through an angle of 90° and then back to the +original position, this constitutes one bend. The test sample shall then +be bent through 90" in the opposite direction and back through 90" and +then through 90° in the reverse direction and back through 90". + +7.5.1 The wire shall withstand the three bends without fracture. + + + +TABLE 1 PEG RADIUS FOR REVERSE BEND TEST + +Diameter of Wire Radius of Jaws + +mm mm + +3-00 10 + +4-00 12*5 + +500 15 + + + +♦Method for tensile testing of steel wire (_first revision ). + +7 + + + +IS : 1785 { Part H ) - 1983 + +8. SAMPLING AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY + +8.1 Scale of Sampling + +8.1.1 Lot — In any consignment, all the coils of wire of the same +nominal diameter and manufactured at the same place under similar +conditions of production and storage shall be grouped together to +constitute a lot. + +8.1.2 The number of coils to be selected at random from each lot +shall depend upon the size of the lot and shall be in accordance with +Table 2. + +TABLE 2 SAMPLE-SIZE + +No, OF Coils ii>r the Lot No. of Coils to be Selected + +Up to 25 3 + +26 to 65 4 + +66 to 180 5 + +181 to 300 7 + +301 and above 10 + +8.2 Number of Tests + +8.2.1 All the coils, selected as in 8.1.2 shall be tested for chemical +composition ( see 3.1.1 ), diameter ( see 5.1 ), tensile strength ( see 6.1 ), +proof stress ( see 6.2 ) and ductility ( see 6.3 ). + +8.2.1.1 From each coil, one test specimen shall be selected for each +test and tested in accordance with the appropriate test method. + +8.3 Criteria for Conformity + +8.3.1 The lot shall be considered as conforming to the requirements, +of this specification if the conditions specified under 8.3.2 and 8.3.3 are + +satisfied for all the characteristics. + +8.3.2 Chemical Composition^ Diameter ^ Tensile Strength, Proof Stress — For +each of the characteristics, the mean and the range calculated from the +test results shall satisfy the appropriate condition given below; + +a) ( Mean -f 0*6 Range ) shall be less than c equal to the maximum +specification limit. + +b) ( Mean — 0*6 Range ) shall be greater than or equal to the +minimum specification limit. + +Note — The range is the difference between the maximum and the minimum +value of the test results. + + + +IS : 1785 ( Part II ) - 1983 + +8.3.3 Ductility — The number of defective test specimens ( those not +satisfying the requirements of the test ) shall not exceed the corresponding +permissible number given below; + +No, of Specimens Tested Permissible No, of Defective + +Test Specimens + +3 + +4 + +5 1 +7 1 + +10 2 + +9. DELIVERY, INSPECTION AND TESTING FACILITIES + +9.1 Unless otherwise specified, general requirements relating to the +sHpply of material, inspection and testing shall conform to IS: 1387- +1967*. + +9.2 No material shall be despatched from the manufacturer's ot +supplier's premises prior to its being certified by the purchaser or hii +authorized representatives as having fulfilled the tests and requirements +laid down in this standard except where the bundle or coil containing +the wire is marked with the IS I Certification Mark. + +9.3 The purchaser or his authorized representative shall be at liberty to +inspect and verify the steel maker's certificate of cast analysis at the +premises of the manufacturer or supplier; when the purchaser requires an +actual analysis of finished material, this shall be made at a place agreed +to between the purchaser and the manufacturer or supplier. + +9.4 Manufacturer's Certificate — In the case of wires which have +not been inspected at the manufacturer's works, the manufacturer or +supplier, as the case may be, shall supply the purchaser or his authorized +representatives with the certificate stating the process of manufacture and +also the test sheet signed by the manufacturer giving the result of each +mechanical test and the chemical composition, if required. Each test +sheet shall indicate the number or identification mark of the cast to +which it applies, corresponding to the number or identification mark to +be found on the material. + +9.5 When test for susceptibility to stress corrosion is required to be +carried out, the cost of testing shall be borne by the purchaser. + +9.6 The wire shall be supplied in the cold drawn condition in ordinary +mill coils. The wire is not intended to pay out straight from the coil. +The purchaser may specify the diameter of the coil, if he so desires. + +♦General requirements for the supply of metallurgical materials {^rsi revision ). + +9 + + + +IS : 1785 { Part 11 )- 1983 + +10. IDENTIFICATION AND MARKING + +10.1 The manufacturer or supplier shall have ingots, billets and wires or +^undies of wires marked in such a way that all finished wire can be +traced to the cast from which they were made. Every facility shall be +given to the purchaser or his authorized representative for tracing the +Vires to the cast from which they were made. + +10.1.1 Each bundle or coil containiner the wires ma,y also be suitably +marked with the Standard Mark in ^which case the concerned +test certificate shall also bear the Standard Mark . + +10.1.2 The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the +Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made +thereunder. The details of conditions under which the licence for the use of +Standard Mark may be granted to manufactureis or producers may be obtained +from the Bureau of Indian Standards. + + + +10 + + + +BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS + +HrnKkfuarters: + +ManaK Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 11000^2 + +Telephones: 323 0131, 323 3375, 323 9402 + +Fax : 91 11 3234062. 91 11 3239399, 91 11 3^39382 + +Telegrams : Manaksanstha +(Common to all Offices) + +Central Laboratory: + +Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, SAHIBABAD 201010 +Regional Offices: + +Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 +•Eastern : 1/14 CIT Scheme VII M, VI. P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054 +Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 +Southern | Cf.l.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 +fWestern ; Manakalaya, E9 Behind Marol Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East), +MUMBAI 400093 + +Branch Offices: + +'Pushpak', Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 +tPeenya Industrial Area, 1st Stage, Bangalore - Tumkur Road, + +BANGALORE 560058 +Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T. T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003 +Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001 +Kaiaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037 +Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A. Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001 +Savitri Complex, 116 G. T Road, GHAZIABAD 201001 +53/5 Ward No. 29. R. G. Barua Road. 5th By-lane. GUWAHATI 781003 +5-8-58C, L N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001 +E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C-Scheme, JAIPUR 302001 +117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005 + +Seth Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road, + +LUCKNOW 226001 +Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013 +T C. No. 14/1421. University P. O. Palayam, + +THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034 +NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010 +Institution of Engineers ( India ) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005 + + + +•Sales Office is at 5 Chowringhee Approach, P. O. Princep Street, + +CALCUTTA 700072 +tSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007 +^Sales Office is at 'F' Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Square, + +BANGALORE 560002 + + + +Telephone + + +8-77 00 32 + + +323 76 17 + + +337 86 62 + + +60 38 43 + + +235 23 15 + + +832 92 95 + + +550 13 48 + + +839 49 55 + + +55 40 21 + + +40 36 27 + + +21 01 41 + + +8-28 88 01 + + +8-71 19 96 + + +54 11 37 + + +20 10 83 + + +37 29 25 + + +21 68 76 + + +23 89 23 + + +26 23 05 + + +6 21 17 + + +52 51 71 + + +32 36 35 + + +27 10 85 + + +309 65 28 + + +??? 39 71 + + + +Printed at New India Printing Press. Khurja, India + + + +AMENDMENT NO. 1 APRIL 1989 + +TO + +IS:1785(Part 2) - 1983 SPECIFICATION FOR +PLAIN HARD DRAWN STEEL WIRE FOR PRESTRESSED + +con4dB PSNR gain over CNNs. Compared to state-of-the-art diffusion methods, CTO is 500$\times$ faster in inference time with on average 3dB gain. Empirical results also validate our design choices behind CTO's sinogram-space operator learning and rotation-equivariant convolution. Overall, CTO outperforms state-of-the-art baselines across sampling rates and resolutions, offering a scalable and generalizable solution that makes automated CT reconstruction more practical for deployment. diff --git a/corpus/building/video/1551c61b1e80c0a4.mp4 b/corpus/building/video/1551c61b1e80c0a4.mp4 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9abc4b5127541fb22f07a5569734b10c8679aa25 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/video/1551c61b1e80c0a4.mp4 @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:1551c61b1e80c0a427ecc3239a2a6dedf18d27d190b487a739e176cd35614b60 +size 27619587 diff --git a/corpus/building/video/1d5c9c8d999d2fa4.mp4 b/corpus/building/video/1d5c9c8d999d2fa4.mp4 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30055c57775f2525e4335259d1316d8a95356505 --- /dev/null +++ b/corpus/building/video/1d5c9c8d999d2fa4.mp4 @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid 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