\chapter{Algorithms and reproducibility} \section{A stable formula is part of a correct implementation} The direct expression $1-\sqrt{1-z}$ loses relative accuracy when $z$ is much smaller than one. Rationalizing gives \[ 1-\sqrt{1-z}=\frac z{1+\sqrt{1-z}},\qquad z=\frac{\coup L^2}{4\pi^2}. \] The implementation uses the rationalized angle and computes the deficit as $2\sin^2(\beta/2)$ rather than subtracting $\cos\beta$ from one. Both changes preserve small positive signals in floating arithmetic much longer than the naive formulas. They do not remove underflow at arbitrarily small parameters or turn ordinary arithmetic into interval arithmetic. The public function checks $0<\lambda<1$, positive finite $L$, and the one-circle branch $L<4\pi$. Its inverse checks the corresponding range of $\beta$. Values outside that range are rejected rather than continued onto an unproved optimal-control branch. A caller needing repeated circles must construct that protocol and account for its accumulated length explicitly. \section{Constructing the simplex without a random basis} A deterministic ambient formula avoids numerical orthogonal-completion choices. Set \[ u=\frac{\mathbf1}{\sqrt d},\qquad Z=\sqrt{\frac d{d-1}}(\Id-uu^{\mathsf T}),\qquad V=\cos\beta\,u\mathbf1^{\mathsf T}+\sin\beta\,Z. \] The columns of $Z$ have unit norm, lie in $u^\perp$, and have the required simplex pairwise inner products. This formula uses $d$-dimensional ambient coordinates but only a $(d-1)$-dimensional tangent simplex. It supplies the exact known frame for the numerical verification suite. Let $P_1=\mathbf1\mathbf1^{\mathsf T}/d$. The Gram matrix and its inverse are \begin{align} G&=d\cos^2\beta\,P_1+ \frac d{d-1}\sin^2\beta(\Id-P_1),\\ G^{-1}&=\frac1{d\cos^2\beta}P_1+ \frac{d-1}{d\sin^2\beta}(\Id-P_1), \end{align} whenever both trigonometric factors are nonzero. The numerical code compares the eigenvalues of the actual frame with this formula; it does not construct both sides by the same eigensolver call. \section{A coordinate basis for the exterior sensor} For each pair $i