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"assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The circle with center $F$ is divided into sectors. In circle $F$ , $\\overline{EB}$ is a diameter. The length of $\\overline{FB}$ is 3 units.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/c7fc51ac7758688f38ef770ff2df3e30_4_img.webp"], "question": "Select the correct expression that represents the arc length of $\\overline{AED}$ .", "options": {"A": "$\\pi$", "B": "$\\frac{11\\pi}{4}$", "C": "$\\frac{13\\pi}{4}$", "D": "$\\frac{7\\pi}{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 15, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The degree measure of an angle in a right triangle is $x$ , and $\\sin x = \\frac{1}{3}$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/e2a18edfffff2d40b716c8715c3cbebc_8_img.webp"], "question": "Which of these expressions are also equal to $\\frac{1}{3}$ ? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "$\\cos(x)$", "B": "$\\cos(x - 45^\\circ)$", "C": "$\\cos(45^\\circ - x)$", "D": "$\\cos(60^\\circ - x)$", "E": "$\\cos(90^\\circ - x)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 16, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The figure shows line $r$ , points $P$ and $T$ on line $r$ , and point $Q$ not on line $r$ . Also shown is ray $PQ$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/0b2ce7abb46635ce93a855cf787c5c5a_6_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/0b2ce7abb46635ce93a855cf787c5c5a_8_img.webp"], "question": "Consider the partial construction of a line parallel to $r$ through point $Q$ . What would be the final step in the construction?", "options": {"A": "draw a line through $P$ and $S$", "B": "draw a line through $Q$ and $S$", "C": "draw a line through $T$ and $S$", "D": "draw a line through $W$ and $S$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 17, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The figure shows line $r$ , points $P$ and $T$ on line $r$ , and point $Q$ not on line $r$ . Also shown is ray $PQ$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/0b2ce7abb46635ce93a855cf787c5c5a_6_img.webp"], "question": "Once the construction is complete, which of the reasons listed contribute to proving the validity of the construction?", "options": {"A": "When two lines are cut by a transversal and the corresponding angles are congruent, the lines are parallel.", "B": "When two lines are cut by a transversal and the vertical angles are congruent, the lines are parallel.", "C": "definition of segment bisector", "D": "definition of an angle bisector"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 37, "assessment_program": "floridaeoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Genes for medically important proteins can be cloned and inserted into bacteria, as shown in the diagram below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/10_0.jpg"], "question": "Why can bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a human protein?", "options": {"A": "DNA replication in bacteria and humans is the same.", "B": "Bacterial cells contain the same organelles as human cells.", "C": "The basic components of DNA are the same in humans and bacteria.", "D": "Bacterial cells and human cells contain the same kind of chromosomes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 38, "assessment_program": "floridaeoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The photograph below shows President Richard Nixon on a 1972 overseas diplomatic trip.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2_0.jpg"], "question": "What was a long-term consequence of the event shown in the photograph?", "options": {"A": "the easing of Cold War tensions", "B": "the easing of Vietnam War protests", "C": "a commitment to preserve historical landmarks", "D": "a commitment to continue humanitarian missions"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 49, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/40_0.jpg"], "question": "Which graph shows the most effective enzyme reduction of the amount of required activation energy?", "options": {"A": "Graph A", "B": "Graph B", "C": "Graph C", "D": "Graph D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 50, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Over many years, scientists study a community in an area after a volcanic eruption and create a graph like the one shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/42_0.jpg"], "question": "Which conclusion can be made regarding the cause of Stage 4?", "options": {"A": "Stage 4 occurred because this period is necessary for populations to increase.", "B": "Stage 4 occurred because energy input and output within populations remained balanced.", "C": "Stage 4 occurred because populations in the community have plenty of resources to grow.", "D": "Stage 4 occurred because populations have reached a climax in which not enough resources exist to sustain growth."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 51, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Scientists and farmers studied how populations of insects on a farm changed after the farmer started using an insecticide on the crops. The diagram shows population sizes, both before and after the insecticide was applied.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/54_0.jpg"], "question": "What conclusion can be made about the Insect A and Insect B populations?", "options": {"A": "The insecticide was specific to Insect B.", "B": "The insecticide became less effective for Insect A.", "C": "Some insects passed a beneficial mutation to offspring.", "D": "The farmer missed spraying insecticide on some plants."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 52, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "A student is demonstrating how water moves across cell membranes to maintain homeostasis. The student uses dialysis bags, which are semipermeable and model cell membranes. The student fills each of the three bags with 100 mL of a 10% salt solution and ties the end of each bag. In Baker 1, the student places 200 mL of a 5% salt solution. In Baker 2, the student places 200 mL of a 10% salt solution. In Baker 3, the student places 200 mL of a 20% salt solution.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/68_0.jpg"], "question": "What kind of environments are in Beakers 1, 2, and 3?", "options": {"A": "Beaker 1: hypertonic, Beaker 2: hypotonic, Beaker 3: isotonic", "B": "Beaker 1: hypertonic, Beaker 2: isotonic, Beaker 3: hypotonic", "C": "Beaker 1: isotonic, Beaker 2: hypertonic, Beaker 3: hypotonic", "D": "Beaker 1: hypotonic, Beaker 2: isotonic, Beaker 3: hypertonic"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 53, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Genetics\nStandard: SB2f. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/14_0__gm_biology_eoc_assessment_guide_mmd__cdb6b0bb51.jpg"], "question": "The diagram shows the DNA fingerprints from a blood sample and four different hair samples. Based on the DNA fingerprints, which hair sample came from the same organism as the blood sample?", "options": {"A": "Hair Sample 1", "B": "Hair Sample 2", "C": "Hair Sample 3", "D": "Hair Sample 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 93, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A cone has a base radius of 3 centimeters and a height of 5 centimeters. A student correctly calculates its volume to be $15\\pi$ cubic centimeters.\n\n![Diagram of a cone with height 5 cm and base radius 3 cm.](35e3144571aab17911467fbf49d1f041_5_img.webp)\n\nThe student thinks that a simpler formula for the volume of a cone is $V = \\pi rh$ because $\\pi(3)(5) = 15\\pi$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/35e3144571aab17911467fbf49d1f041_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which statement explains the conditions for which the student's claim would be true?", "options": {"A": "The claim is true only when the height is 5.", "B": "The claim is true only when the radius of the cone is 3.", "C": "The claim is true regardless of the dimensions of the cone.", "D": "The claim is true whenever the product of the base and height is 15."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 94, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In the figure, $m\\angle K + m\\angle Q = 90^\\circ$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/cc8179fde551b1c1dbb0c0a1d3aa2b4f_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which trigonometric ratios are equivalent? Select all that apply", "options": {"A": "sin(L) and sin(Q)", "B": "sin(L) and cos(Q)", "C": "sin(L) and sin(R)", "D": "cos(L) and sin(Q)", "E": "cos(L) and cos(Q)", "F": "cos(L) and sin(R)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "E", "F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 95, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In the figure shown, points $K$ , $M$ , and $P$ lie on circle $J$ .\n\n![A circle centered at J. Points K, M, and P are on the circumference. Segments JK, JP, and JM are drawn, forming an inscribed triangle KMP. The center J is inside the triangle KMP.](dd405795381836d6c5806529d9dca699_3_img.webp)", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/dd405795381836d6c5806529d9dca699_3_img.webp"], "question": "Which statement correctly compares two angle measures in the figure?", "options": {"A": "2(m\\angle KMP) = m\\angle KJP", "B": "2(m\\angle JKM) = m\\angle KMP", "C": "2(m\\angle JPM) = m\\angle KJP", "D": "2(m\\angle KJP) = m\\angle KMP"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 96, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A water tank is in the shape of a cylinder that has a hemisphere attached to each circular base. The diameter of the cylindrical part of the tank is 6 feet, and the total length of the tank is 15 feet as shown in the diagram.\n\n![Diagram of a water tank shaped like a cylinder with hemispherical ends. The total length is 15 ft, and the diameter (height) is 6 ft.]\n\nIt takes approximately 7.48 gallons of water to fill 1 cubic foot of space.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/59941d0de9e9e983e4551c01339994f8_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which measurement is closest to the maximum amount of water, in gallons, the tank can hold?", "options": {"A": "4018 gallons", "B": "3595 gallons", "C": "2749 gallons", "D": "2326 gallons"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 97, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Circle $P$ with a radius of 4 centimeters is shown.\n\n![Diagram of circle P with center P. The circle is divided into three sectors by two radii. The radii form angles of 95 degrees and 120 degrees. The shaded sector is the remaining part of the circle. The radius is 4 cm.](f8d07297e02e4bea200810209cdd84a7_4_img.webp)", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/f8d07297e02e4bea200810209cdd84a7_4_img.webp"], "question": "Which expression represents the area of the shaded sector of circle $P$ ?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{29\\pi}{18} square centimeters", "B": "\\frac{29\\pi}{9} square centimeters", "C": "\\frac{16\\pi}{3} square centimeters", "D": "\\frac{58\\pi}{9} square centimeters"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 98, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In $\\triangle KLM$ and $\\triangle XYZ$ shown, $\\overline{KL} \\cong \\overline{XY}$ and $\\angle L \\cong \\angle Y$ .\n\n![Diagram showing two triangles, triangle KLM and triangle XYZ. Side KL is congruent to side XY (marked with one tick). Angle L is congruent to angle Y (marked with a square symbol).](9c210de69b6a19eb205ca568ddcb7bb2_5_img.webp)", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/9c210de69b6a19eb205ca568ddcb7bb2_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which statement correctly proves the two triangles are congruent?", "options": {"A": "If $\\overline{LM} \\cong \\overline{YZ}$ , then $\\triangle KLM \\cong \\triangle XYZ$ by AAS postulate.", "B": "If $\\overline{LM} \\cong \\overline{YZ}$ , then $\\triangle KLM \\cong \\triangle XYZ$ by SSS postulate.", "C": "If $\\angle M \\cong \\angle Z$ , then $\\triangle KLM \\cong \\triangle XYZ$ by AAS postulate.", "D": "If $\\angle M \\cong \\angle Z$ , then $\\triangle KLM \\cong \\triangle XYZ$ by SSS postulate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 99, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Trapezoid $RTVZ$ is shown on the coordinate plane.\n\n![Coordinate plane showing trapezoid RTVZ. The vertices are R(-3, -8), T(-9, -8), V(-9, -4), and Z(-1, -4).](d7c4a6c8a0de1f455d5f2fcc19f191e9_5_img.webp)\n\nTrapezoid $RTVZ$ will be reflected over the $y$ -axis and rotated $90^\\circ$ counterclockwise about the origin to result in the image trapezoid $R'T'V'Z'$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d7c4a6c8a0de1f455d5f2fcc19f191e9_5_img.webp"], "question": "What will be the coordinates of vertex $R'$ ?", "options": {"A": "(-8, -4)", "B": "(4, -8)", "C": "(8, -4)", "D": "(8, 4)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 122, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "CYP1A is a protein in organisms that breaks down toxic substances such as those found in oil. The amount of CYP1A protein in an organism depends on the expression of the CYP1A gene. Prior to 2006, there was a large oil spill off the coast of Alaska that affected many organisms. From 2006 to 2014, scientists measured the amount of CYP1A protein in ducks sampled from two populations. One population was exposed to oil from the spill, and the other population was not exposed to oil. The results are shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/33_0.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following best compares the amount of CYP1A protein in ducks exposed to oil in 2014 to the amount in ducks exposed to oil in 2006?", "options": {"A": "The amount of CYP1A protein in ducks exposed to oil was lower in 2014 because the amount of oil in the environment decreased.", "B": "The amount of CYP1A protein in ducks exposed to oil was higher in 2014 because the amount of oil in the environment increased.", "C": "The amount of CYP1A protein in ducks exposed to oil was the same because the amount of oil in the environment stayed the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 123, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "CYP1A is a protein in organisms that breaks down toxic substances such as those found in oil. The amount of CYP1A protein in an organism depends on the expression of the CYP1A gene. Prior to 2006, there was a large oil spill off the coast of Alaska that affected many organisms. From 2006 to 2014, scientists measured the amount of CYP1A protein in ducks sampled from two populations. One population was exposed to oil from the spill, and the other population was not exposed to oil. The results are shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/33_0.jpg"], "question": "The CYP1A gene codes for the CYP1A protein.\n\nHow is mRNA produced from the CYP1A gene?", "options": {"A": "The CYP1A gene is replicated into mRNA.", "B": "The CYP1A gene is translated into mRNA.", "C": "The CYP1A gene is transcribed into mRNA."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 124, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "CYP1A is a protein in organisms that breaks down toxic substances such as those found in oil. The amount of CYP1A protein in an organism depends on the expression of the CYP1A gene. Prior to 2006, there was a large oil spill off the coast of Alaska that affected many organisms. From 2006 to 2014, scientists measured the amount of CYP1A protein in ducks sampled from two populations. One population was exposed to oil from the spill, and the other population was not exposed to oil. The results are shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/33_0.jpg"], "question": "How is the CYP1A protein produced from the mRNA?", "options": {"A": "The mRNA is replicated to produce the CYP1A protein.", "B": "The mRNA is translated to produce the CYP1A protein.", "C": "The mRNA is transcribed to produce the CYP1A protein."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 130, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A partial food web for the little brown bat's ecosystem is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/42_0__hs-bio_2022_mmd__6016d33871_2.jpg"], "question": "A decrease in the population size of which of the following organisms would most directly reduce the bats' ability to survive hibernation?", "options": {"A": "frog", "B": "moth", "C": "owl", "D": "plant"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 183, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Trapezoid RSTU and some of its measurements are shown in this diagram.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/33_0__g10-math_2024_updated__486021395a.jpg"], "question": "Based on the diagram, what is the length of line segment $TU?$", "options": {"A": "17 in.", "B": "18 in.", "C": "22 in.", "D": "29 in."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 184, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "This diagram shows triangle $XYZ$ , its side lengths, and its angle measures.\n\nBased on both diagrams, which of the following is true?", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/35_0__g10-math_2024_updated__d25ee572bb.jpg"], "question": "Based on both diagrams, which of the following is true?", "options": {"A": "$\\triangle JKL\\equiv \\triangle XYZ$", "B": "$\\triangle JKL\\equiv \\triangle XYZ$", "C": "$\\triangle JKL\\equiv \\triangle YXZ$", "D": "$\\triangle JKL\\equiv \\triangle YZX$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 185, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Consider $\\angle S$ .\n\nA compass and a straightedge were used to perform a construction given $\\angle S$ . This diagram shows the completed construction.\n\nThese steps were followed to complete the construction.\n\n- The compass was used to draw an arc from point $S$ through the sides of the angle to create point $R$ and point $T$ .- Arcs were drawn, each with the same compass setting, one from point $R$ and one from point $T$ . The intersection of the arcs was labeled point $P$ .- The straightedge was used to draw a ray from point $S$ through point $P$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/36_0__g10-math_2024_updated__23bfe59b42.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/36_1.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following statements describes what is illustrated by the steps used to complete the construction?", "options": {"A": "The steps illustrate how to copy angle $S$ so that angle TSP is congruent to angle RST.", "B": "The steps illustrate how to copy angle $S$ so that angle RSP is congruent to angle TSP.", "C": "The steps illustrate how to bisect angle $S$ so that angle TSP is congruent to angle RST.", "D": "The steps illustrate how to bisect angle $S$ so that angle RSP is congruent to angle TSP."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 186, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Circle $F$ and circle $G$ are shown on this coordinate plane.\n\nThe radius of circle $F$ is 1 unit and the radius of circle $G$ is 3 units.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/41_0__g10-math_2024_updated__bf790822d6.jpg"], "question": "Which transformations can be performed to prove that the circles are similar?", "options": {"A": "Translate circle $F$ such that its center is the point (2, 1), and then dilate it by a scale factor of 3 with respect to its center.", "B": "Translate circle $F$ such that its center is the point (1, 2), and then dilate it by a scale factor of 1 with respect to its center.", "C": "Translate circle $F$ such that its center is the point (1, 0), and then dilate it by a scale factor of 3 with respect to its center.", "D": "Translate circle $F$ such that its center is the point (0, 1), and then dilate it by a scale factor of 1 with respect to its center."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 187, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A ball was thrown from the top of a building as part of an experiment. This graph shows $h(t)$ , the height, in feet, of the ball $t$ seconds after it was thrown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/43_0.jpg"], "question": "What are the coordinates of the point on the graph at which the ball reached its maximum height?", "options": {"A": "(0, 80)", "B": "(2, 144)", "C": "(4, 80)", "D": "(6, 208)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 241, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "The students modified demonstration 1 by placing two barriers in the middle of the ripple tank. The waves passed through a small gap between the barriers.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/005e3d1b0e30f770bc6965f36b30f49f_5_img.webp"], "question": "As the waves pass through the gap, they", "options": {"A": "bent around it.", "B": "increased in frequency.", "C": "gained energy and spread out."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 242, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "The students modified demonstration 1 by placing two barriers in the middle of the ripple tank. The waves passed through a small gap between the barriers.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/005e3d1b0e30f770bc6965f36b30f49f_5_img.webp"], "question": "This wave phenomenon is called", "options": {"A": "diffraction.", "B": "refraction."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 243, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "The students added a third barrier to the ripple tank so that there were two gaps. As the waves passed through the gaps, they interfered.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/880e53e0999e849f35e67fbef04e6768_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following best describes how constructive interference occurred?", "options": {"A": "The crests of the waves passing through one gap met the wavelengths of the waves passing through the other gap.", "B": "The crests of the waves passing through one gap met the troughs of the waves passing through the other gap.", "C": "The crests of the waves passing through one gap met the nodes of the waves passing through the other gap.", "D": "The crests of the waves passing through one gap met the crests of the waves passing through the other gap."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 244, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "The models shown represent three types of nuclear decay.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4b16af513ca91bede986e8215a73a6b6_4_img.webp"], "question": "Which type of decay does each model represent?", "options": {"A": "Model R: alpha decay, Model S: gamma decay, Model T: beta decay", "B": "Model R: beta decay, Model S: alpha decay, Model T: gamma decay", "C": "Model R: beta decay, Model S: gamma decay, Model T: alpha decay", "D": "Model R: gamma decay, Model S: beta decay, Model T: alpha decay"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 245, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A person rode a sled down a track on a snowy hill. The person started at rest at the top of the hill and stopped on a rough rubber mat at the bottom of the hill.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4708025c804fd730dae1d6398bc5e1d3_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following graphs best represents the speed of the person on the sled from the top of the hill to the mat?", "options": {"A": "Speed vs Time graph showing speed starting at zero, increasing linearly, leveling off, decreasing linearly, and then dropping to zero.", "B": "Speed vs Time graph showing speed starting at zero, increasing linearly, leveling off, increasing linearly again, and then continuing to increase.", "C": "Speed vs Time graph showing speed starting at zero, increasing linearly, leveling off, decreasing linearly, and then dropping to zero.", "D": "Speed vs Time graph showing speed starting at zero, decreasing linearly, leveling off, increasing linearly, and then decreasing linearly again."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 246, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A person pushes a refrigerator across a floor with a horizontal force of 400 N.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/466365648da8859d5258f5fc3cdaa60d_4_img.webp"], "question": "Based on the free-body force diagram, as the refrigerator moves across the floor, the refrigerator's velocity is", "options": {"A": "increasing.", "B": "decreasing.", "C": "constant."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 247, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A person pushes a refrigerator across a floor with a horizontal force of 400 N.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/466365648da8859d5258f5fc3cdaa60d_4_img.webp"], "question": "If the person applies a greater force to the refrigerator, the arrow representing the applied force should be", "options": {"A": "longer than the arrow representing the friction force.", "B": "shorter than the arrow representing the friction force.", "C": "the same length as the arrow representing the friction force."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 248, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "Two wave pulses move toward each other with equal speed.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/a2ad3dac7de81e7cb433700c37a76d26_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which wave behavior will occur when the waves reach each other?", "options": {"A": "diffraction", "B": "interference", "C": "reflection", "D": "refraction"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 249, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "Two wave pulses move toward each other with equal speed.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/a2ad3dac7de81e7cb433700c37a76d26_5_img.webp"], "question": "What will the resulting amplitude be when the waves completely overlap?", "options": {"A": "0 units", "B": "2 units", "C": "3 units", "D": "4 units"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 250, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A 0.02 kg block was pushed so that it moved to the right with an initial velocity of 1.5 m/s. At 1.25 s, the 0.02 kg block collided with a 0.01 kg block, which caused the 0.01 kg block to move to the right at 2 m/s.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/f6deadb121e26213ff7ff39847b2e796_4_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following graphs shows the velocity of the 0.02 kg block before and after the collision?", "options": {"A": "Velocity (m/s) vs Time (s) graph A", "B": "Velocity (m/s) vs Time (s) graph B", "C": "Velocity (m/s) vs Time (s) graph C", "D": "Velocity (m/s) vs Time (s) graph D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 252, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "In the diagram, the north pole of one magnet is shown facing the north pole of the other magnet. The two magnets are separated by a distance, d.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d18ab6fc5195de1f97f64946bf094fee_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following changes would increase the potential energy stored in the field between the magnets?", "options": {"A": "increasing the distance between the magnets", "B": "decreasing the distance between the magnets", "C": "rotating one magnet so that its south pole faces the north pole of the other magnet", "D": "rotating both magnets so that the south pole of one magnet faces the south pole of the other magnet"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 253, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "The student's machine turned on the light bulb by closing the circuit, but the student wanted the light bulb to be brighter.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/089f1b8c47d9286aea45bd7759d799b4_4_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following circuits should the student use so that the light bulb will be brighter than it was in the original circuit?", "options": {"A": "Circuit diagram showing a light bulb in series with a 20 Ω resistor, connected to a 30 V battery.", "B": "Circuit diagram showing a light bulb in series with a 10 Ω resistor, connected to a 20 V battery.", "C": "Circuit diagram showing a light bulb in series with a 5 Ω resistor, connected to a 40 V battery.", "D": "Circuit diagram showing a light bulb in series with a 20 Ω resistor, connected to a 20 V battery."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 296, "assessment_program": "michiganmstep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The graph shows data about atmospheric $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ concentrations collected in Mauna Loa, Hawaii, since 1960.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_0__MSTEP_Grade_11_Science_Sample_Items_deepseek_mmd__a695386a49_2.jpg"], "question": "This pattern is most likely due to the process of", "options": {"A": "photosynthesis", "B": "cellular respiration", "C": "fossil fuel combustion", "D": "diffusion into the ocean", "E": "diffusion into the atmosphere"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 297, "assessment_program": "michiganmstep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The students notice that the maps show liquid water and land in addition to sea ice. They perform an investigation to determine if solar radiation affects water and land differently. The graph shows the data collected during the investigation.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/8_0__MSTEP_Grade_11_Science_Sample_Items_deepseek_mmd__22f50ffa82.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/8_1.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/9_0__MSTEP_Grade_11_Science_Sample_Items_deepseek_mmd__a5ff097756.jpg"], "question": "Based on the graph, which statement best explains the difference in the temperature pattern between the substances?", "options": {"A": "Water absorbs and stores more energy than soil.", "B": "Soil absorbs and stores more energy than water.", "C": "The same amount of energy changes the temperature of soil less than it changes the temperature of water.", "D": "The same amount of energy changes the temperature of soil more than it changes the temperature of water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 298, "assessment_program": "michiganmstep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The students notice that the maps show liquid water and land in addition to sea ice. They perform an investigation to determine if solar radiation affects water and land differently. The graph shows the data collected during the investigation.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/8_0__MSTEP_Grade_11_Science_Sample_Items_deepseek_mmd__22f50ffa82_2.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/8_1.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/9_0__MSTEP_Grade_11_Science_Sample_Items_deepseek_mmd__a5ff097756_2.jpg"], "question": "The water had ------- increase in temperature when the heat lamp was on.", "options": {"A": "a large", "B": "a small", "C": "no"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 314, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student graphs $f(x) = x^{2}$ and then graphs $g(x) = x^{2} + 5$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/20_0.jpg"], "question": "Select the word that correctly completes the sentence.", "options": {"A": "shifted left", "B": "shifted up", "C": "shifted right", "D": "shifted down"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 315, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Which of the following statements describe the linear model shown? Select all that apply.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/21_0__asmt-eoc-practice-form-alg1_mmd__0e24da9046.jpg"], "question": "Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "The number of days missed has no correlation to a student's final exam grade.", "B": "A student with perfect attendance is expected to score approximately 98% on the math final.", "C": "A student with perfect attendance is expected to score approximately 38% on the math final.", "D": "For each day a student is absent, that student's final exam score is expected to decrease approximately 6 percentage points.", "E": "For every sixth day a student is absent, a student's final exam score is expected to decrease approximately 1 percentage point."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 316, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Directions: Study the photographs showing Chiricahua Apache children before and after their arrival at the Carlisle Indian School in the 1880s, and then answer the question.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/9_0__asmt-eoc-practice-form-amhis.mmd__88dfd74224.jpg"], "question": "Why did the United States government want Native Americans to learn English and attend boarding schools like the one shown in the photographs?", "options": {"A": "to preserve Native American cultures and languages", "B": "to assimilate Native Americans into European-American culture", "C": "to pressure Native American families to settle west of the Mississippi", "D": "to encourage Native Americans to become involved in the political process"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 317, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Study the cartoon.\n\nTen thousand miles from tip to tip.---Philadelphia Press.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/12_0__asmt-eoc-practice-form-amhis.mmd__303a0018cd.jpg"], "question": "Which statements support the perspective shown in the political cartoon published in the Philadelphia Press, a newspaper published between 1857 and 1920?", "options": {"A": "The United States should steer clear of alliances with foreign powers.", "B": "The United States should seek out new natural resources for the benefit of its businesses.", "C": "The United States should remain isolated to protect economic and military development.", "D": "The United States should look solely inward and not concern itself with its closest neighbors.", "E": "The United States should intervene to support countries that desire a democratic government."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 348, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "government_in_action", "context": "Study the chart.\n\nSource: New York City Comptroller \n\nThe Twenty- Sixth Amendment (1971) extended the right to vote to 18- year- olds. Based on the chart, which statement about New York City voter turnout is correct?", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/30_0__asmt-eoc-practice-form-gov.mmd__60eef7fa36.jpg"], "question": "Based on the chart, which statement about New York City voter turnout is correct?", "options": {"A": "Voter turnout has not been affected by the Twenty-Sixth Amendment.", "B": "Voter turnout in 2012 was the lowest on record since the Twenty-Sixth Amendment.", "C": "There was a steady trend toward higher voter turnout since the Twenty-Sixth Amendment.", "D": "There was an initial voter increase, but then a decline in voters since the Twenty-Sixth Amendment."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 363, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Base your answers to questions 1 through 6 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.\n\n### Coral Reefs\n\nCoral reefs are important marine ecosystems that support more species per unit area than any other marine environment. Reefs protect coastlines from storms and erosion, provide communities with food and have the potential for new medicines. Tourism, diving, and snorkeling on reefs add hundreds of millions of dollars to local businesses.\n\n#### A Stable Coral Reef Ecosystem\n\nThe majority of coral reefs are under stress due to a number of factors. Since 1980, many major episodes of coral bleaching have occurred. When coral reefs are under stress, the coral appears white (bleached). Bleached coral might recover but if the stressing conditions continue, they can die.\n\nOne of the longest and most destructive events occurred from 2014 to 2017 when over 70 percent of the world's coral reefs were damaged. Coral biologists claim that Florida reefs and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia have had 90 percent of their coral affected in recent decades.The photographs below show the same coral reef before and after exposure to extremely warm ocean water temperatures.\n\n## Changes in Pickles Coral Reef, Florida\n\nApril 7, 2022\n\n![Underwater photograph of living coral on April 7, 2022. The coral is brown and appears healthy.](82dab4ca0b3abc659112bd146bb73792_6_img.webp)\n\nLiving coral\n\nSeptember 7, 2023\n\n![Underwater photograph of bleached coral on September 7, 2023. The coral is white and appears dead or dying.](82dab4ca0b3abc659112bd146bb73792_9_img.webp)\n\nBleached coral (dying)", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/eba68b6d1b19938a90837e689518f5aa_6_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/82dab4ca0b3abc659112bd146bb73792_6_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/82dab4ca0b3abc659112bd146bb73792_9_img.webp"], "question": "Which claim best describes the interactions in the coral reef ecosystem since the 1980s and the effect on the biodiversity in those regions?", "options": {"A": "The coral reef ecosystem was stable, so the biodiversity was reduced since reefs can support thousands of species of fish.", "B": "The reef ecosystem is not stable, so the biodiversity remained relatively constant without altering the variety of corals.", "C": "The reef ecosystem was stable, so the biodiversity remained relatively constant and it would continue to attract divers and tourists.", "D": "The coral reef ecosystem was not stable, so the biodiversity was reduced and it may have an impact on the number of tourists visiting the reef."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 372, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "The model below represents the polarity patterns found on the Atlantic Ocean floor over geologic time.\n\n### Model of Polarity Patterns of Ocean Floor Over Geologic Time", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/037f959cb65763af7419c859540bdbfb_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which statement identifies the evidence for how the past and current movements of oceanic crust explain the ages of this ocean floor rock?", "options": {"A": "Oceanic crust at the mid-ocean ridge in block diagram A is now the youngest normal magnetic polarity rock found in block diagram C.", "B": "Ocean crust at the mid-ocean ridge in block diagram A is now the oldest normal magnetic polarity rock found in block diagram C.", "C": "The reverse magnetic polarity rock closest to the mid-ocean ridge in block diagram A is younger than the reverse magnetic polarity rock closest to the mid-ocean ridge in block diagram B.", "D": "The reverse magnetic polarity rock in block diagram B is the same age as the normal magnetic polarity rock in block diagram B."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 426, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Calvin will plant lily bulbs and iris bulbs in his front garden. He will plant a total of 40 flower bulbs and 3 times as many iris bulbs as lily bulbs. The graph below shows the number of lily bulbs $(x)$ and the number of iris bulbs $(y)$ Calvin will plant.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/17_0__2022_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__4da086cc7c.jpg"], "question": "Which statement describes the point of intersection on the graph?", "options": {"A": "Calvin will plant 40 lily bulbs.", "B": "Calvin will plant 40 iris bulbs.", "C": "Calvin will plant 10 lily bulbs and 30 iris bulbs.", "D": "Calvin will plant 30 lily bulbs and 10 iris bulbs."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 427, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "April is purchasing bottles of orange juice and bottles of apple juice from the store. She will buy no more than 6 bottles of juice and will spend no more than $10.00. Each bottle of orange juice costs $3.75, and each bottle of apple juice costs $1.25. The graph shown below represents this situation.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/23_0__2022_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__cecd7a613c.jpg"], "question": "Which statement describes all possible solutions where $x = 2?$", "options": {"A": "April will purchase 2 bottles of orange juice and 4 bottles of apple juice.", "B": "April will purchase 2 bottles of orange juice and no more than 2 bottles of apple juice.", "C": "April will purchase at least 2 bottles of orange juice and at least 2 bottles of apple juice.", "D": "April will purchase at least 2 bottles of orange juice and at most 4 bottles of apple juice."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 428, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "A line is graphed on the coordinate plane shown below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/62_0.jpg"], "question": "Which statement correctly describes the line?", "options": {"A": "The line has a slope of $-2$ and a $y$ -intercept of $-4$ .", "B": "The line has a slope of $-2$ and a $y$ -intercept of $^{-2}$ .", "C": "The line has a slope of $-1 / 2$ and a $y$ -intercept of $-4$ .", "D": "The line has a slope of $-1 / 2$ and a $y$-intercept of $-2$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 429, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Jessie lifts dumbbells as part of her exercise routine. The scatter plot below shows the relationship between the number of pounds $(x)$ a dumbbell weighs and the number of repetitions $(y)$ of a specific exercise that Jessie can perform.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/64_0__2022_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__522e99abb0.jpg"], "question": "Based on the scatter plot, which equation represents a line of best fit that could be used to model the relationship between the weights of the dumbbells and the numbers of repetitions that Jessie can perform?", "options": {"A": "$y = -0.8x + 30$", "B": "$y = -1.5x + 50$", "C": "$y = -2.8x + 73$", "D": "$y = -3.5x + 52$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 430, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Vaughn surveyed 9 classmates. He asked each classmate for the number of days in the previous week that he or she had eaten fruit and the number of days that he or she had exercised. The scatter plot below shows the results of his survey.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/68_0__2022_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__41bd327552.jpg"], "question": "What is the median number of days that the 9 classmates exercised last week?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "3", "C": "4", "D": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 431, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "A swimming pool holds 30,000 gallons of water. The graph shown below represents the amount of water, in gallons, in the swimming pool as the pool is being drained.\n\nGraph titled \"Water in Swimming Pool\". The x-axis represents Time (minutes), scaled from 0 to 150 in increments of 30. The y-axis represents Water (thousand gallons), scaled from 0 to 30 in increments of 3. The graph shows a straight line starting at (0, 30) and ending at (150, 15), indicating the water level decreases linearly over time.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/c2186f94f7fcc5a136e90c0f631bc65a_5_img.webp"], "question": "How much time, in minutes, does it take for the swimming pool to be completely drained?", "options": {"A": "100", "B": "300", "C": "900", "D": "1,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 432, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "A function of $ x $ is graphed on the coordinate plane shown below.\n\n![A coordinate plane showing a line graphed. The line passes through the y-intercept (0, 3) and the x-intercept (4, 0).](690e673aaed4d2caaf909281d81cdab5_5_img.webp)", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/690e673aaed4d2caaf909281d81cdab5_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which equation describes the function of $ x $?", "options": {"A": "f(x) = -3/4x + 3", "B": "f(x) = -3/4x + 4", "C": "f(x) = -4/3x + 3", "D": "f(x) = -4/3x + 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 433, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The scatter plot shown below represents the relationship between the high temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit ($^\\circ\\text{F}$), and the attendance at a water park for that day.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/abcc597c54adf0fefd275f8d873295c0_5_img.webp"], "question": "Based on the line of best fit, which value is **most likely** the attendance at the water park on a day when the high temperature is $95^\\circ\\text{F}$?", "options": {"A": "320", "B": "380", "C": "440", "D": "500"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 434, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Nikki and Emily are buying tickets to a school play for their families. Nikki buys 3 adult tickets and 1 student ticket for $15. Emily buys 2 adult tickets and 2 student tickets for $14. The coordinate plane shown below displays a graph that models this situation, but the labels for the two axes are missing.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/19_0__2023_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__9ab1c9ec10.jpg"], "question": "What does the point of intersection on the coordinate plane represent?", "options": {"A": "Nikki pays $3 for each ticket, and Emily pays $4 for each ticket.", "B": "Nikki pays $4 for each ticket, and Emily pays $3 for each ticket.", "C": "The price of each adult ticket is $3, and the price of each student ticket is $4.", "D": "The price of each adult ticket is $4, and the price of each student ticket is $3."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 435, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph shown below represents the solution set of an inequality.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/27_0__2024-keystone-algebra-i-item-sampler-module-1_mmd__6a805b4d22.jpg"], "question": "Which inequality has the solution set represented in the graph?", "options": {"A": "$- 2x + 4 \\geq - 198$", "B": "$- 2x + 4 \\leq - 198$", "C": "$- 2x - 4 \\geq - 198$", "D": "$- 2x - 4 \\leq - 198$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 436, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Keisha began a new job and decided to save some money. The linear inequality graphed below models the amount of money she plans to save based on her total earnings.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/29_0__2024-keystone-algebra-i-item-sampler-module-1_mmd__f2d190de98.jpg"], "question": "Which statement best describes what the point (65, 5) represents?", "options": {"A": "When Keisha earns a total of $5, the amount she saves could be exactly $65.", "B": "When Keisha earns a total of $65, the amount she saves could be exactly $5.", "C": "When Keisha earns a total of $5, the amount she saves will be no more than $65.", "D": "When Keisha earns a total of $65, the amount she saves will be no more than $5."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 437, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph shown below represents the solution set for a system of inequalities.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/31_0__2024-keystone-algebra-i-item-sampler-module-1_mmd__169d507d07.jpg"], "question": "Which system of inequalities has the solution set represented in the graph?", "options": {"A": "$y\\leq 0.25x + 2$ $y\\geq - 0.5x - 4$", "B": "$y\\leq 0.25x + 2$ $y > - 0.5x - 4$", "C": "$y< 0.25x + 2$ $y\\geq - 0.5x - 4$", "D": "$y< 0,25x + 2$ $y > - 0.5x - 4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 438, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The graph of a relation is shown below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/0a9f86c37eb75f142d18343979832648_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which statement about the relation is true?", "options": {"A": "Because the points are not linear, the relation is not a function.", "B": "Because the points are not connected, the relation is not a function.", "C": "Because each x-value corresponds to exactly one y-value, the relation is a function.", "D": "Because there are two x-values that have the same y-value, the relation is a function."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 439, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A scatter plot is shown below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/e56f39e77fe3705ea7bc858f9ba31385_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which equation represents a line of best fit for the scatter plot?", "options": {"A": "$y = \\frac{1}{15}x$", "B": "$y = 15x$", "C": "$y = \\frac{1}{15}x + 2\\frac{1}{2}$", "D": "$y = 15x + 2\\frac{1}{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 486, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The diagram shows a bone and some of its components.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/9_0__2022_keystone_iss_biology_mmd__6b47429f46.jpg"], "question": "Which statement best describes a relationship among some of these components?", "options": {"A": "Marrow is an organ in the skeletal system.", "B": "Marrow is a tissue that contains different types of cells.", "C": "Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets perform the same function.", "D": "Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets together form an organ system."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 487, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Geologists have recently unearthed fossils of a species that could provide the evolutionary link between arthropods such as insects, spiders, and lobsters. The fossils are in a deposit called the Burgess Shale, in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia. The Burgess Shale is one of the most abundant fossil deposits in the world, and it provides scientists with information about the middle Cambrian period, which was approximately 508 million years ago. The fossilized organism, identified as Yawunik, was equipped with three long claws, two of which had opposing rows of teeth to better grip prey. These multipurpose appendages, which would have been opened to capture prey, could be pulled in close to the body to reduce drag while swimming. The organism had the features of an arthropod: external skeleton, segmented body, and jointed appendages. However, it did not have the advanced traits present in other similar groups of organisms that have survived until the present day. The discovery of 42 fossil specimens at one location suggests Yawunik was common during the deposition of the Burgess Shale.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/56_0.jpg"], "question": "Which statement best describes how scientists use the Yawunik fossil evidence to support its evolutionary relationship to other arthropods?", "options": {"A": "They interpret the similar anatomy of other arthropods.", "B": "They identify the DNA of several other similar arthropods.", "C": "They locate other arthropod fossils in the Burgess Shale area.", "D": "They compare embryological development to other arthropods."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 488, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Geologists have recently unearthed fossils of a species that could provide the evolutionary link between arthropods such as insects, spiders, and lobsters. The fossils are in a deposit called the Burgess Shale, in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia. The Burgess Shale is one of the most abundant fossil deposits in the world, and it provides scientists with information about the middle Cambrian period, which was approximately 508 million years ago. The fossilized organism, identified as Yawunik, was equipped with three long claws, two of which had opposing rows of teeth to better grip prey. These multipurpose appendages, which would have been opened to capture prey, could be pulled in close to the body to reduce drag while swimming. The organism had the features of an arthropod: external skeleton, segmented body, and jointed appendages. However, it did not have the advanced traits present in other similar groups of organisms that have survived until the present day. The discovery of 42 fossil specimens at one location suggests Yawunik was common during the deposition of the Burgess Shale.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/56_0.jpg"], "question": "Which statement describes how the Yawunik most likely interacted with other organisms in its environment?", "options": {"A": "It competed with producers for sunlight.", "B": "It had a mutualistic relationship with phytoplankton.", "C": "It lived symbiotically with most small aquatic organisms.", "D": "It was a predator that obtained energy from other consumers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 489, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A teacher demonstrated protein formation to a science class. The model shows three steps the teacher used in the demonstration.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/11_0__2023_keystone_iss_biology_mmd__da4f6734f2.jpg"], "question": "How can the steps in the model best be described?", "options": {"A": "In Step 1, amino acid monomers are present. In Step 2, the monomers are attached together to form a protein polymer. In Step 3, more amino acid monomers are added to the chain, making a larger protein.", "B": "In Step 1, nucleotide monomers are present. In Step 2, the monomers are attached together to form a protein polymer. In Step 3, more nucleotide monomers are added to the chain, making a larger protein.", "C": "In Step 1, amino acid polymers are present. In Step 2, the polymers are attached together to form a protein monomer. In Step 3, more amino acid polymers are added to the chain, making a larger protein.", "D": "In Step 1, nucleotide polymers are present. In Step 2, the polymers are attached together to form a protein monomer. In Step 3, more nucleotide polymers are added to the chain, making a larger protein."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 490, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/14_0__2023_keystone_iss_biology_mmd__bb1e6c4cb2.jpg"], "question": "Which enzyme would most likely reach its maximum reaction rate in pure water?", "options": {"A": "Enzyme W", "B": "Enzyme X", "C": "Enzyme Y", "D": "Enzyme Z"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 491, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The diagram shows two types of cell transport.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/17_0__2023_keystone_iss_biology_mmd__2803afee68.jpg"], "question": "Which pair of statements best compares the two types of cell transport?", "options": {"A": "Type 1 does not require energy and molecules move with their concentration gradient. Type 2 requires energy and molecules can move against their concentration gradient.", "B": "Type 1 does not require energy and molecules can move against their concentration gradient. Type 2 requires energy and molecules move with their concentration gradient.", "C": "Type 1 requires energy and molecules move with their concentration gradient. Type 2 requires energy and molecules can move against their concentration gradient.", "D": "Type 1 does not require energy and molecules move with their concentration gradient. Type 2 does not require energy and molecules can move against their concentration gradient."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 492, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The diagram shows structures that help determine the color of a certain flower.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/49_0__2023_keystone_iss_biology_mmd__8d76c1189a.jpg"], "question": "Which list best identifies the structures labeled X, Y, and Z in the diagram?", "options": {"A": "X: allele Y: flower color gene Z: chromosome", "B": "X: gene Y: flower color allele Z: chromosome", "C": "X: allele Y: flower color chromosome Z: strand of DNA", "D": "X: gene Y: flower color allele Z: strand of DNA"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 493, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The diagram shows several bacterial colonies that resulted when individual bacteria experienced a mutation.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/55_0.jpg"], "question": "Which statement best describes how these colonies could change the genotypic makeup of future generations?", "options": {"A": "They could teach offspring to develop antibiotic resistance.", "B": "They could prey upon bacteria that are not antibiotic resistant.", "C": "They could pass on genes for antibiotic resistance to offspring.", "D": "They could be consumed by bacteria that are not antibiotic resistant."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 519, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5cd5c5307d822a7005284b7676fbb99e_4_img.webp"], "question": "A student groups different types of cells as shown. Which table headings should the student use for the two groups?", "options": {"F": "1. Animal Cells\n2. Plant Cells", "G": "1. Prokaryotic Cells\n2. Eukaryotic Cells", "H": "1. Mobile Cells\n2. Motile Cells", "J": "1. Fungal Cells\n2. Bacterial Cells"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 520, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4234282e83bc16d76aac5639a5d4aa11_2_img.webp"], "question": "The relationships among different orders of millipedes are shown in the cladogram. Based on this cladogram, which statement best describes relationships among millipede orders?", "options": {"F": "Stemmiulida is more closely related to Merocheta than Penicillata is to Merocheta.", "G": "Spirostreptida is more closely related to Glomerida than Sphaerotheriida is to Glomerida.", "H": "Polyzoniida is more closely related to Glomeridesmida than Sphaerotheriida is to Glomeridesmida.", "J": "Merocheta is more closely related to Glomeridesmida than Glomerida is to Glomeridesmida."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 521, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/8443bfafd8350901669e8b48017f4cb5_2_img.webp"], "question": "This model of the cell cycle includes two arrows that each represent a process in the cycle. What do the two arrows represent?", "options": {"F": "Arrow 1 represents prophase, and Arrow 2 represents interphase.", "G": "Arrow 1 represents mitosis, and Arrow 2 represents meiosis.", "H": "Arrow 1 represents interphase, and Arrow 2 represents mitosis.", "J": "Arrow 1 represents meiosis, and Arrow 2 represents prophase."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 522, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6703efc5909c4e0f80a4120a3f0cc1a2_3_img.webp"], "question": "The image shows part of the humerus bone in different genera of primates. Which statement is best supported by the observable structures of the different humerus bones?", "options": {"A": "The primates lived in similar environments.", "B": "The primates shared a common ancestor.", "C": "The primates interbreed with similar organisms in a population.", "D": "The primates had diets that consisted of similar types of foods."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 523, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/ab2c21f8f67f353ddf0cbc1a8034720b_2_img.webp"], "question": "A partial meadow food web is shown. Based on this food web, which organisms are direct sources of energy for secondary consumers?", "options": {"A": "Aphid\nBird\nRabbit", "B": "Ladybug\nFox\nDragonfly", "C": "Frog\nButterfly\nBerries", "D": "Mouse\nSnake\nHawk"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 524, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/808ef6386a2b51e6da9d3d2d0a0394e1_3_img.webp"], "question": "The diagrams show some of the levels of biological organization. In what order are the levels in the diagrams?", "options": {"F": "Population $\\to$ community $\\to$ ecosystem", "G": "Organism $\\to$ community $\\to$ population", "H": "Organism $\\to$ population $\\to$ community", "J": "Ecosystem $\\to$ population $\\to$ community"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 525, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The chemical colchicine is used in the production of karyotypes. Colchicine prevents spindle fibers from forming during the cell cycle.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/fde11e1dafdb49ef945fe708e49a7c63_3_img.webp"], "question": "What is a result of preventing spindle fibers from forming?", "options": {"A": "The cell cycle skips $G_0$ phase and repeats $G_1$ phase.", "B": "Mitotic division is skipped, and the cell cycle proceeds to cytokinesis.", "C": "Mitotic division stops in metaphase and cannot proceed to anaphase.", "D": "The cell cycle skips S phase and proceeds to $G_2$ phase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 526, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "A student produces a labeled drawing of a virus for a presentation. The student states that the capsid has a function similar to the nuclear membrane found in animal cells.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d95a7ad4264d38f33fdd0c1517708e32_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which of these describes the similar functions of capsids and nuclear membranes?", "options": {"A": "Both transport proteins throughout the structures.", "B": "Both provide energy for activities in the structures.", "C": "Both protect genetic information for the structures.", "D": "Both code for the proteins needed for reproduction of the structures."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 527, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A type of cellular transport is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/504d78cd29d8344eb5b24affb4215495_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which description best identifies this type of cellular transport?", "options": {"A": "Active transport, because energy is being used to move molecules against the concentration gradient", "B": "Facilitated diffusion, because energy is being used to move molecules with the concentration gradient", "C": "Osmosis, because energy is not being used to move molecules with the concentration gradient", "D": "Endocytosis, because energy is not being used to move molecules against the concentration gradient"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 528, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The aye-aye lemur is a mammal that feeds mostly on insect larvae that live inside trees. The aye-aye lemur has a specialized middle finger that is long and thin. The aye-aye lemur moves along a tree branch and taps the branch with its specialized finger. When the aye-aye lemur hears a difference in the echo, it will tear open the bark with its teeth until the insect tunnel is exposed. The aye-aye lemur then uses its specialized finger to reach the insect larvae and remove it.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/66131e988d7dd7e07504b4a5b569f8a6_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which selective pressure most likely resulted in the development of the aye-aye lemur's special adaptation?", "options": {"F": "Limited availability of water", "G": "Competing for mates", "H": "Large numbers of natural predators", "J": "Food sources that are hard to find"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 529, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The diagram shows molecules that a mitochondrion uses and produces during a cellular process.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/81c19b1908194423db11f46df1bf98f3_3_img.webp"], "question": "Which other molecule is a product of this process?", "options": {"A": "DNA", "B": "RNA", "C": " $C_6H_{12}O_6$ ", "D": "ATP"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 530, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/512f15454cdc5f1451885a8301036720_2_img.webp"], "question": "The populations of which organisms will most likely increase as a result of a disease that suddenly reduced the population of Texas horned lizards?", "options": {"F": "Grasses and ants", "G": "Ants and grasshoppers", "H": "Grasshoppers and Texas cottonmouths", "J": "Texas cottonmouths and red-shouldered hawks"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 531, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A biomass pyramid of an ecosystem is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/f30ebfd8126fcd631064eb3bae4aa614_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which statement provides the best explanation for the difference in biomass of organisms found at each trophic level?", "options": {"A": "Organisms at higher trophic levels have less energy available to them than organisms at lower trophic levels.", "B": "Organisms at higher trophic levels require smaller habitats than organisms at lower trophic levels.", "C": "Organisms at lower trophic levels provide less energy than organisms at higher trophic levels.", "D": "Organisms at lower trophic levels outcompete organisms at higher trophic levels."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 532, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The fuzzy millipede, *Polyxenus fasciculatus*, is found in Texas and is preyed upon by most species of ants. To protect itself against the ants, it ejects fibers from a tuft located at the tail end of its body. The tufts have hooks at the tips and barbs along their length that lock and interlink with the ant's setae, small hairs that cover the body of the ant. When an ant attacks, the millipede flexes its back end toward the ant and wipes the tufts against it. As the ant attempts to remove the tufts, it entangles itself more, becoming immobilized.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d90dabb125fb1ceae03c678e7a02eb2b_3_img.webp"], "question": "Which two systems most directly interact in the fuzzy millipede's defense against ants?", "options": {"A": "Muscular and integumentary", "B": "Immune and muscular", "C": "Integumentary and endocrine", "D": "Endocrine and immune"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 533, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The inheritance pattern for an autosomal dominant trait is shown in the pedigree. Shaded symbols represent individuals that express the dominant trait.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/87652c01c871bb12ff6465080bbe1209_2_img.webp"], "question": "Based on this pedigree, what are the most likely genotypes of individuals I-1 and I-2?", "options": {"F": "I-1: aa\nI-2: Aa", "G": "I-1: AA\nI-2: Aa", "H": "I-1: Aa\nI-2: aa", "J": "I-1: aa\nI-2: AA"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 534, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The diagrams show a partial food web containing the *Glyptapanteles* wasp and the life cycle of this wasp.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3304f3d252c141de22e6eae93b0452e1_2_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/3304f3d252c141de22e6eae93b0452e1_3_img.webp"], "question": "Based on the two diagrams, which list correctly identifies the relationships *Glyptapanteles* wasp larvae have with other organisms?", "options": {"F": "- Competition: stinkbugs\n- Parasitism: geometrid moths", "G": "- Competition: geometrid moths\n- Commensalism: stinkbugs\n- Mutualism: guava and eucalyptus trees", "H": "- Competition: stinkbugs and geometrid moths\n- Commensalism: guava and eucalyptus trees", "J": "- Parasitism: geometrid moths\n- Commensalism: stinkbugs\n- Mutualism: guava and eucalyptus trees"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 535, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A feedback mechanism in the human body is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3e552936d97f03acd751fd8588b41374_2_img.webp"], "question": "Based on this diagram, which two systems interact to maintain homeostasis?", "options": {"F": "The nervous and reproductive systems work together to stimulate the production of insulin.", "G": "The circulatory and endocrine systems work together to keep blood sugar levels constant.", "H": "The excretory and nervous systems work together to convert glycogen into glucose.", "J": "The immune and circulatory systems work together to circulate blood through the pancreas."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 536, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "White-tailed deer are seasonal breeders. Female white-tailed deer begin their reproductive cycle in the fall. Rising testosterone levels in male white-tailed deer cause them to start their breeding season around the same time. Offspring are born the following spring and summer.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/850e4a82676bd586e016e31a2e34fe9f_4_img.webp"], "question": "What is the most likely explanation for white-tailed deer having a seasonal breeding cycle instead of a monthly breeding cycle like many domesticated animals?", "options": {"F": "Male and female deer come into contact with each other only in the fall.", "G": "Large predators are not found in deer habitats during the spring and summer months.", "H": "Giving birth only in the spring and summer ensures that offspring are born when food is most available.", "J": "Deer give birth in the spring and summer in order to avoid being pregnant during the hot summer months."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 537, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The ocean sunfish (*Mola mola*) is a large, flat fish that spends most of its time in deep water feeding mainly on jellyfish. Sunfish often have many species of copepods, small crustaceans, that bury their heads into the soft tissue of the sunfish. Sunfish will swim to the surface of the water and lie sideways, allowing seabirds to eat the copepods from their skin.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/061d1e790577835bf9b57f83370e4f0a_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which list describes the types of relationships the sunfish has with other marine organisms?", "options": {"F": "Seabirds: mutualism\nJellyfish: predation\nCopepods: parasitism", "G": "Seabirds: parasitism\nJellyfish: commensalism\nCopepods: predation", "H": "Seabirds: predation\nJellyfish: mutualism\nCopepods: commensalism", "J": "Seabirds: commensalism\nJellyfish: parasitism\nCopepods: mutualism"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 538, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "This cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships among some mammals based on homologous structures.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6ac08cd030ccd5cb2e3f59c8cd44a90b_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which statement is supported by this cladogram?", "options": {"A": "Hippopotamuses are more closely related to cows than to javelinas.", "B": "Toothed whales are more closely related to mouse deer than to hippopotamuses.", "C": "Javelinas and pigs are more closely related than baleen whales and toothed whales.", "D": "Cows and mouse deer are more closely related than javelinas and pigs."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 539, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Transmembrane proteins span the width of cell membranes. Four types of transmembrane proteins are shown in a section of cell membrane.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/0c7f8fdfe747d446a5d64d7754dca978_2_img.webp"], "question": "Although these proteins have different specific functions, they all ---", "options": {"F": "stop chemical reactions within the cell", "G": "synthesize molecules that signal other cells", "H": "help the cell interact with its external environment", "J": "remove large waste particles from the cytoplasm of the cell"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 620, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Range of Soviet Missiles, October 26, 1962\n\nSource: NARA", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/39_0__dc_history_2019_md_deepseek__eb9c6348b5.jpg"], "question": "Which Soviet action led to the threat illustrated on this map?", "options": {"F": "The signing of an arms limitations treaty", "G": "Blockading foreign supply ships from entering the Caribbean", "H": "Closing the border between East and West Berlin", "J": "The placement of nuclear weapons installations in Cuba"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 621, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/40_0__dc_history_2019_md_deepseek__1fac8975a7.jpg"], "question": "What was the primary reason for these masks during World War I?", "options": {"F": "To hide the identities of soldiers from approaching enemies", "G": "To protect soldiers from spreading contagious diseases", "H": "To help soldiers use night vision technology to find the enemy", "J": "To protect soldiers from the effects of poison gas"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 622, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "World's First Skyscraper, Chicago, Illinois, 1884", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5_0__dc_history_2021_md__c289757dca.jpg"], "question": "Which development made it possible to construct this type of building?", "options": {"F": "The invention of a new process for manufacturing steel", "G": "The government's focus on educating engineers", "H": "The manufacturing of glass that blocks ultraviolet sun rays", "J": "The importation of stronger kinds of wood"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 623, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong Shakes Hands with U.S. President Richard Nixon, February 29, 1971", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/9_0__dc_history_2021_md__d0aa4361e1.jpg"], "question": "What was one of President Nixon's goals for the meeting shown in this photograph?", "options": {"A": "To negotiate the withdrawal of U.S. and Chinese soldiers from Korea", "B": "To create a military alliance with China against the Soviet Union", "C": "To create an agreement limiting Chinese and Soviet development of nuclear weapons", "D": "To normalize relations between the United States and China"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 624, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "These photographs show a group of Chiricahua Apache students on their first day of school at the Carlisle Indian School and the same students four months later, 1886- 1887.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/12_0__dc_history_2021_md__db36035fb5.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/12_1.jpg"], "question": "These photographs provide evidence that one goal of the Carlisle Indian School was to -", "options": {"F": "restore U.S. citizenship to American Indians", "G": "encourage the study of American Indian religious practices", "H": "protect American Indians from nativist policies", "J": "assimilate American Indians into U.S. culture"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 625, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "New Orleans is surrounded by water---Lake Pontchartrain, the Mississippi River, and the nearby Gulf of Mexico. Resting an average of six feet (two meters) below \\(1\\), the city's safety has long depended on one of the world's most extensive \\(2\\).\n\n---Brian Handwerk, National Geographic News, September 2, 2005", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/14_0__dc_history_2021_md__a52d4266ef.jpg"], "question": "Which pair of phrases correctly completes this quote?", "options": {"A": "1: sea level 2: levee system", "B": "1: sea level 2: aqueduct system", "C": "1: ground level 2: levee system", "D": "1: ground level 2: aqueduct system"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 626, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "At the Bus Station in Durham, North Carolina, 1940", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/15_0__dc_history_2021_md__16251f7926.jpg"], "question": "What did the federal government do to address the social injustice shown in this photograph?", "options": {"A": "Enforced the Wisconsin v. Yoder decision protecting First Amendment rights", "B": "Established the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to promote voting rights", "C": "Passed civil rights legislation banning segregation in public places", "D": "Issued an executive order prohibiting limits on interstate migration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 646, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of quadratic function f is shown on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/27_0__dc_maths_2018_md__7e4e37f87f.jpg"], "question": "Which of these best represents the domain of f?", "options": {"F": "\\(-3 \\le x \\le 2\\)", "G": "All real numbers", "H": "\\(y \\ge 5.5\\)", "J": "All real numbers less than \\(-3\\) or greater than \\(2\\)"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 647, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of a linear function is shown on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/29_0__dc_maths_2018_md__55f323616c.jpg"], "question": "Which equation is best represented by this graph?", "options": ["A y + 7 = -3(x - 4)", "B y + 1 = -3(x + 2)", "C y - 4 = 3(x + 7)", "D y - 2 = 3(x - 1)"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 648, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of 2x - 5y = 10 is shown on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/30_0__dc_maths_2018_md__fcdc694510.jpg"], "question": "Which ordered pair is in the solution set of $2x - 5y \\ge 10$?", "options": ["A (0, 5)", "B (5, 0)", "C (-2, 5)", "D (-5, 2)"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 649, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A graph of a quadratic function is shown on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/32_0__dc_maths_2018_md__5976675d82.jpg"], "question": "Which coordinates best represent the vertex of the graph?", "options": ["F (2.4, 0)", "G (0, -1)", "H (-0.4, 0)", "J (1, -2)"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 650, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A golfer hit a golf ball from a tee box that is 6 yards above the ground. The graph shows the height in yards of the golf ball above the ground as a quadratic function of $x$ , the horizontal distance in yards of the golf ball from the tee box.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/8_0__dc_maths_2019_md__38285291ba.jpg"], "question": "What is the domain of the function for this situation?", "options": ["F $0\\leq x\\leq 230$", "G $6\\leq y\\leq 36$", "H $0\\leq y\\leq 36$", "J $6\\leq x\\leq 230$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 651, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An exponential function is graphed on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/11_0__dc_maths_2019_md__0e2a9ad549.jpg"], "question": "Which function is best represented by the graph?", "options": ["A $g(x) = 6(\\frac{1}{3})^{x}$", "B $g(x) = 6(3)^{x}$", "C $g(x) = 6 - (\\frac{1}{3})^{x}$", "D $g(x) = 6 - (3)^{x}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 652, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student worked out at a gym continuously for 50 minutes. The graph shows the remaining percentage of the workout as a linear function of $x$ , the time in minutes.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/13_0__dc_maths_2019_md__d1e7a8bb5f.jpg"], "question": "Which answer choice best describes the domain and range of the function for this situation?", "options": ["A Domain: All real numbers greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 100 Range: All real numbers greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 50", "B Domain: $\\{- 2\\}$ Range: $\\{100\\}$", "C Domain: All real numbers greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 50 Range: All real numbers greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 100", "D Domain: $\\{100\\}$ Range: $\\{- 2\\}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 653, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of a linear function is shown on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/18_0__dc_maths_2019_md__21ea728c21.jpg"], "question": "What is the rate of change of $y$ with respect to $x$ for this function?", "options": ["A 0.5", "B 1.0", "C 1.5", "D -2.0"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 654, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of a linear function is shown on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/21_0__dc_maths_2019_md__09480bbb25.jpg"], "question": "Which equation is best represented by this graph?", "options": ["A $y + 2 = \\frac{7}{5} (x + 7)$", "B $y - 2 = \\frac{7}{5} (x - 7)$", "C $y + 2 = \\frac{5}{7} (x + 7)$", "D $y - 2 = \\frac{5}{7} (x - 7)$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 655, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of linear function $f$ passes through the point $(1, - 9)$ and has a slope of $- 3$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/23_0__dc_maths_2019_md__c8b459672a.jpg"], "question": "What is the zero of $f$ ?", "options": ["F 2", "G 4", "H - 6", "J - 2"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 700, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "Triangles $ABE, ADE,$ and $CBE$ are shown on the coordinate grid, and all the vertices have coordinates that are integers.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/22_0__Geometry2013_mmd_answers_corrected__e11a655a00.jpg"], "question": "Which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "No two triangles are congruent.", "B": "Only $\\triangle ABE$ and $\\triangle CBE$ are congruent.", "C": "Only $\\triangle ABE$ and $\\triangle ADE$ are congruent.", "D": "Triangle $ABE, \\triangle ADE,$ and $\\triangle CBE$ are all congruent."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 701, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/25_0__Geometry2013_mmd_answers_corrected__11b0b3c131.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/25_1.jpg"], "question": "Given the measures shown in the diagram, which two triangles are congruent?", "options": {"A": "Q and S", "B": "R and T", "C": "R and S", "D": "Q and T"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 702, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "An equilateral triangle is folded in half.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/27_0__Geometry2013_mmd_answers_corrected__8813287253.jpg"], "question": "What is $x$, the height of the equilateral triangle?", "options": {"A": "$14\\sqrt{3}$ cm", "B": "$14$ cm", "C": "$7\\sqrt{3}$ cm", "D": "$7$ cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 703, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "A spectator is viewing the six cars of a roller coaster as it travels down a hill at an amusement park.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/30_0__Geometry2013_mmd_answers_corrected__d130c11218.jpg"], "question": "Which is closest to the total length of the six cars?", "options": {"A": "12.3 ft", "B": "15.8 ft", "C": "25.6 ft", "D": "32.5 ft"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 704, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "Three triangles that do not overlap are shown on the coordinate grid. The coordinates of all vertices are integers.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/31_0__Geometry2013_mmd_answers_corrected__726d5ef170.jpg"], "question": "Which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "$\\triangle ABD \\sim \\triangle EBA$", "B": "$\\triangle ABD \\sim \\triangle DBC$", "C": "$\\triangle CBD \\sim \\triangle ABE$", "D": "$\\triangle CBD \\sim \\triangle EBA$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 735, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "In the figure below, the vertices of $\\triangle ABC$ have (x,y) coordinates (4,5), (5,3), and (1,3), respectively.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6a235bf1a81261b8413f2a0a95df76af_23_img.webp"], "question": "What is the area of $\\triangle ABC$?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "5", "C": "6", "D": "7", "E": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 736, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/06ff61b55949bcd29d2d23d31978310b_13_img.webp"], "question": "The figure below consists of a square and 2 semicircles, with dimensions as shown. What is the outside perimeter, in centimeters, of the figure?", "options": {"A": "\\(8 + 8\\pi\\)", "B": "\\(16 + 8\\pi\\)", "C": "\\(16 + 16\\pi\\)", "D": "\\(32 + 8\\pi\\)", "E": "\\(32 + 16\\pi\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 737, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/06ff61b55949bcd29d2d23d31978310b_23_img.webp"], "question": "According to the measurements given in the figure below, which of the following expressions gives the distance, in miles, from the boat to the dock?", "options": {"A": "\\(30\\tan 52^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(30\\cos 52^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(30\\sin 52^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(\\frac{30}{\\cos 52^\\circ}\\)", "E": "\\(\\frac{30}{\\sin 52^\\circ}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 738, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "The figure below shows the design of a circular stained-glass panel on display at Hopewell's Antique Shop. Seams separate the pieces of the panel. All red triangular pieces shown are congruent and have a common vertex with each adjoining triangular piece. The 2 squares shown are inscribed in the circle. The diameter of the panel is 2 feet.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bdb50a54a350736ff2e1abd3542c1752_14_img.webp"], "question": "The design of the stained-glass panel has how many lines of symmetry in the plane of the panel?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "8", "D": "16", "E": "Infinitely many"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 739, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "The figure below shows the design of a circular stained-glass panel on display at Hopewell's Antique Shop. Seams separate the pieces of the panel. All red triangular pieces shown are congruent and have a common vertex with each adjoining triangular piece. The 2 squares shown are inscribed in the circle. The diameter of the panel is 2 feet.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bdb50a54a350736ff2e1abd3542c1752_14_img.webp"], "question": "What is the area of the stained-glass panel, to the nearest 0.1 square foot?", "options": {"A": "3.1", "B": "4.0", "C": "6.2", "D": "8.0", "E": "12.6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 740, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "The figure below shows the design of a circular stained-glass panel on display at Hopewell's Antique Shop. Seams separate the pieces of the panel. All red triangular pieces shown are congruent and have a common vertex with each adjoining triangular piece. The 2 squares shown are inscribed in the circle. The diameter of the panel is 2 feet.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bdb50a54a350736ff2e1abd3542c1752_14_img.webp"], "question": "Kaya wants to install a new circular stained-glass window in her living room. The design of the window will be identical to that of the panel. The diameter of the new window will be 75% longer than the diameter of the panel. The new window will be how many feet in diameter?", "options": {"A": "1.50", "B": "2.50", "C": "2.75", "D": "3.50", "E": "4.00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 741, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bdb50a54a350736ff2e1abd3542c1752_16_img.webp"], "question": "In the figure below, \\(AB \\parallel CD\\), \\(AE\\) bisects \\(\\angle BAC\\), and \\(CE\\) bisects \\(\\angle ACD\\). If the measure of \\(\\angle BAC\\) is \\(82^\\circ\\), what is the measure of \\(\\angle AEC\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(86^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(88^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(90^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(92^\\circ\\)", "E": "Cannot be determined from the given information"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 742, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bdb50a54a350736ff2e1abd3542c1752_19_img.webp"], "question": "In the circle shown below, chords \\(TR\\) and \\(QS\\) intersect at \\(P\\), which is the center of the circle, and the measure of \\(\\angle PST\\) is \\(30^\\circ\\). What is the degree measure of minor arc \\(RS\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(30^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(45^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(60^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(90^\\circ\\)", "E": "Cannot be determined from the given information"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 789, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Lake Agassiz existed between 11,700 and 9,500 years ago in North America (see Figure 1). The lake was formed when a large glacier dammed several rivers. Groundwater trapped in lake and glacial sediments provides information about the climate at the time the sediments were deposited. Figure 3 shows the $\\delta^{18}\\mathrm{O}$ values of groundwater taken from samples of the top $40\\mathrm{m}$ of sediment at 3 sites along the same cross section. $\\delta^{18}\\mathrm{O}$ is calculated from a ratio of 2 oxygen isotopes ( $^{18}\\mathrm{O}$ and $^{16}\\mathrm{O}$ ) in the groundwater. Smaller $\\delta^{18}\\mathrm{O}$ values indicate cooler average temperatures.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/44_0__science_passage_2_q6_10__36c42e4eb7_2.jpg"], "question": "Precipitation that falls at Sites 1, 2, and 3 soaks into the soil until it reaches the groundwater table about $3\\mathrm{m}$ below the surface. Based on Figure 3, and assuming no alteration of the precipitation, the $8^{18}\\mathrm{O}$ value of present-day precipitation in the study area is closest to:", "options": {"A": "-26.", "B": "-23.", "C": "-20.", "D": "-15."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 790, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In the 1940s, scientists thought all genetic material was contained in structures called chromosomes and that chromosomes had been found only in the nucleus of a cell (not in the cytoplasm):\n\nChromosomes are composed of 2 types of molecules, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Proteins are composed of subunits called amino acids. DNA consists of chains of subunits called nucleotides. The parts of chromosomes that are responsible for the transmission of genetic information are called genes.\n\nTwo scientists in the 1940s debate whether genes are made of proteins or DNA.\n\n## Protein Hypothesis\n\nGenes are made only of proteins. Proteins make up 50% or more of a cell's dry weight. Cells contain 20 different amino acids that can be arranged in a virtually infinite number of ways to make different proteins. The number and arrangement of different amino acids within a protein form the codes that contain hereditary information.\n\nIn contrast, only 4 different nucleotides make up the DNA found in cells, and they are believed to form chains only in certain ratios. As a result, the number of different combinations that DNA can carry is much smaller than the number that proteins can carry.\n\n## DNA Hypothesis\n\nGenes are made only of DNA. DNA is found exclusively in the cell's nucleus, whereas proteins are found throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm. Additionally, the amount of protein in a cell varies from cell type to cell type, even within the same animal.\n\nThough DNA is less abundant than proteins, the amount is consistent from cell type to cell type within the same animal, except for the gametes (the reproductive cells). Gametes have half the amount of DNA as other cells in the body. Gametes also have half the typical number of chromosomes. Thus, the amount of DNA in a cell is correlated with the number of chromosomes in the cell. No such correlation is found for proteins.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/53_0.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following statements is most consistent with the DNA Hypothesis? The amount of DNA will generally increase from cell type to cell type as the number of:", "options": {"A": "amino acids in the nucleus increases from cell type to cell type.", "B": "amino acids in the cytoplasm increases from cell type to cell type.", "C": "chromosomes in the nucleus increases from cell type to cell type.", "D": "chromosomes in the cytoplasm increases from cell type to cell type."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 791, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In the 1940s, scientists thought all genetic material was contained in structures called chromosomes and that chromosomes had been found only in the nucleus of a cell (not in the cytoplasm):\n\nChromosomes are composed of 2 types of molecules, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Proteins are composed of subunits called amino acids. DNA consists of chains of subunits called nucleotides. The parts of chromosomes that are responsible for the transmission of genetic information are called genes.\n\nTwo scientists in the 1940s debate whether genes are made of proteins or DNA.\n\n## Protein Hypothesis\n\nGenes are made only of proteins. Proteins make up 50% or more of a cell's dry weight. Cells contain 20 different amino acids that can be arranged in a virtually infinite number of ways to make different proteins. The number and arrangement of different amino acids within a protein form the codes that contain hereditary information.\n\nIn contrast, only 4 different nucleotides make up the DNA found in cells, and they are believed to form chains only in certain ratios. As a result, the number of different combinations that DNA can carry is much smaller than the number that proteins can carry.\n\n## DNA Hypothesis\n\nGenes are made only of DNA. DNA is found exclusively in the cell's nucleus, whereas proteins are found throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm. Additionally, the amount of protein in a cell varies from cell type to cell type, even within the same animal.\n\nThough DNA is less abundant than proteins, the amount is consistent from cell type to cell type within the same animal, except for the gametes (the reproductive cells). Gametes have half the amount of DNA as other cells in the body. Gametes also have half the typical number of chromosomes. Thus, the amount of DNA in a cell is correlated with the number of chromosomes in the cell. No such correlation is found for proteins.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/53_0.jpg"], "question": "By referring to the observation that DNA is found exclusively in the nucleus while proteins are found throughout the cell, the scientist supporting the DNA Hypothesis implies that genes are made only of DNA because which of the following are also found only in the nucleus?", "options": {"A": "Amino acids", "B": "Proteins", "C": "Gametes", "D": "Chromosomes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 797, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fluids", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/51_0__science_passage_6_q1_35__18d2427b0d_2.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/51_1.jpg"], "question": "Suppose the experiments had been repeated, except with a 5 L vessel. Based on Figures 1 and 2, the pressure exerted by 7 g of $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ would most likely have been:", "options": {"A": "less than 500 torr.", "B": "between 500 torr and 1,000 torr.", "C": "between 1,000 torr and 1,500 torr.", "D": "greater than 1,500 torr."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 798, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fluids", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/51_0__science_passage_6_q1_35__18d2427b0d_3.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/51_1.jpg"], "question": "Based on Figures 1 and 2, for a given mass of $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ at $22^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ , how does the pressure exerted by the $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ in a 6 L vessel compare to the pressure exerted by the $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ in a 3 L vessel? In the 6 L vessel, the $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ pressure will be:", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{2}$ as great as in the 3 L vessel.", "B": "the same as in the 3 L vessel.", "C": "2 times as great as in the 3 L vessel.", "D": "4 times as great as in the 3 L vessel."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 799, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/51_0__science_passage_6_q1_35__18d2427b0d_4.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/51_1.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following best explains why equal masses of $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ at the same temperature and in the same-size vessel had different pressures? The pressure exerted by the $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ was:", "options": {"A": "less, because there were fewer $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ molecules per gram than there were $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ molecules per gram.", "B": "less, because there were more $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ molecules per gram than there were $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ molecules per gram.", "C": "greater, because there were fewer $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ molecules per gram than there were $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ molecules per gram.", "D": "greater, because there were more $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ molecules per gram than there were $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ molecules per gram."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 800, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fluids", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/51_0__science_passage_6_q1_35__18d2427b0d_5.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/51_1.jpg"], "question": "Suppose the experiment involving $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and the 6 L vessel had been repeated, except at a room temperature of $14^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . For a given mass of $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ , compared to the pressure measured in the original experiment, the pressure measured at $14^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ would have been:", "options": {"A": "less, because pressure is directly proportional to temperature.", "B": "less, because pressure is inversely proportional to temperature.", "C": "greater, because pressure is directly proportional to temperature.", "D": "greater, because pressure is inversely proportional to temperature."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 828, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In the graph below,", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/14_0__USABO_14_Open_Exam_Final__3c0f1f75f1.jpg"], "question": "which point indicates where populations should be harvested to best obtain optimal yield?", "options": {"A": "Point A", "B": "Point B", "C": "Point C", "D": "Point D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 829, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The chemical structure shown is AZT, also known as Zidovudine, which is often used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2_0__2015USABOOpenExamAnswers__1c2c912ff7.jpg"], "question": "Based on its chemical structure, how would it work?", "options": {"A": "By decreasing the amount of DNA synthesized by HIV.", "B": "By modifying the surface proteins expressed by the host.", "C": "By decreasing the fidelity of reverse transcriptase of HIV.", "D": "By directly solubilize and degrade the surface proteins of HIV.", "E": "By accelerating the degradation of viral DNA synthesized by the host."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 830, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "As DNA replication is occurring, the molecule below is inserted into the nascent DNA strand as it lengthens.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2_0__USABO_16_Open_Exam.Final_web__27b857ae4c.jpg"], "question": "Which statement below is TRUE of the progress of replication immediately afterwards?", "options": {"A": "DNA replication would halt because there is an extra $5'$ -phosphate group for DNA polymerase to add the next nucleotide.", "B": "DNA replication would halt because there is no $3'$ OH for DNA polymerase to add the next nucleotide.", "C": "DNA replication would halt because there is no $5'$ OH for DNA polymerase to add the next nucleotide.", "D": "DNA replication would continue, but the new strand would have to be built from $3'$ to $5'$ .", "E": "DNA replication would proceed normally."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 831, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Consider the following plasmid, pET28a, a popular expression vector that is used for protein expression in bacteria.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0__USABO_16_Open_Exam.Final_web__8963c44afc.jpg"], "question": "You freshly purified plasmid from overnight bacterial culture using extraction kit, also known as miniprep. You confirmed the quality of plasmids by checking DNA and protein ratio (A260/280) and running them on a DNA agarose gel. They looked pure as they should be. You would now like to digest this vector for gene manipulation (molecular cloning) to generate vectors suitable for molecular cloning. If you cut the above plasmid with restriction enzyme called HindIII, the form of DNA will be changed from", "options": {"A": "Linear to supercoiled.", "B": "Nicked to linear.", "C": "Nicked to supercoiled.", "D": "Supercoiled to linear.", "E": "Supercoiled to nicked."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 832, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Symptoms of mineral deficiency depend on the nutrient's function and mobility within the plant. In a figure shown below, deficiency in this nutrient results in changing color of leaves into purple.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_0__USABO_16_Open_Exam.Final_web__9a58cd4281.jpg"], "question": "What mineral is missing in the figure shown below?", "options": {"A": "Calcium.", "B": "Iron.", "C": "Nitrogen", "D": "Oxygen.", "E": "Potassium."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 833, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Anthocyanins produce the red color in leaves. Trees produce them to protect the photosynthetic machinery in the fall as they start to shut-down for the winter. Schaberg et al. (2003) measured amount of leaf color in sugar maples from June- October 1999.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7_0__USABO_16_Open_Exam.Final_web__90a5318e80.jpg"], "question": "Based on their data, which of the following statements is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "Yellow color increased as green color decreased.", "B": "Significant color changes for all three colors was not detected until after the first frost.", "C": "Red color achieved a maximum earlier than yellow color.", "D": "When green leaf color was at a minimum, leaf color was more yellow than red.", "E": "All of the above are correct."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 834, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/0_0.jpg"], "question": "The structure shown is an example of a(n)... (Select the BEST answer.)", "options": {"A": "Carbohydrate.", "B": "Lipid.", "C": "Nucleic acid.", "D": "Saturated lipid.", "E": "Unsaturated lipid."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 835, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Circadian rhythms can include periodic changes in homeostatic setpoints. With that in mind, consider the following graph of variation in core body temperature and the concentration of an associated hormone in the blood.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7_0__USABO_17_Open_Exam.Final.web__d0af049b61.jpg"], "question": "The hormone with its concentration plotted is released from which of the following glands?", "options": {"A": "Adrenal medulla.", "B": "Anterior pituitary gland.", "C": "Hypothalamus.", "D": "Pineal gland.", "E": "Posterior pituitary gland."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 836, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/8_0__USABO_17_Open_Exam.Final.web__3d15649843.jpg"], "question": "The sliding filament model of muscle contraction, first proposed in the 1950's, has been supported over the decades by a number of independent experimental approaches. Which of the following experimental observations would NOT have been consistent with the currently accepted sliding filament model? A diagram of a skeletal muscle fiber is shown below for your reference.", "options": {"A": "Light microscopy video shows that frog sarcomere shortens during contraction and slightly increases in diameter.", "B": "When myosin filaments fixed to a glass slide (and fluorescently labeled red) are exposed to a solution of purified actin filaments (labeled green) in the presence of ATP, red and green filaments are seen in the microscope to glide past each other.", "C": "Light microscopy of a contracting sarcomere reveals that the I bands of the sarcomere shortened, while the A bands did not.", "D": "X-ray crystallography of live, relaxed muscle indicates that filaments of two different diameters are intermixed in a regular hexagonal pattern when the sarcomere is viewed end-on.", "E": "An electron micrograph shows both actin and myosin organized into long protein filaments at all points throughout the entire length of one myofibril."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 837, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/11_0__USABO_17_Open_Exam.Final.web__ebe6870725.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following will best describe how the pattern of even-skipped expression would be altered in embryos from a mother expressing 4 copies of the bicoid gene? A normal eve pattern is shown below for your reference. Assume that bicoid and eve expression are independent.", "options": {"A": "eve stripes are shifted anteriorly.", "B": "eve stripes are shifted posteriorly.", "C": "The whole embryo will be colored with eve gene with no stripes.", "D": "eve stripes will be concentrated into a small dot toward the anterior.", "E": "eve stripes will be concentrated into a small dot toward the posterior."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 838, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Observe the seedlings growing below which have a loss of function mutation in the ethylene receptor. ", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0__USABO_18_Open_Exam.Final_w.ans_0__b2589cf6b6.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE regarding this mutant's growth response NOT being related to a triple response? Select one response A, B, C, D, or E.I. This mutant will not respond to the exposure of ethylene under any circumstances.II. This mutant has a constitutive activity where it leads to the activation of kinase, which is important for the triple response. III. This mutant has a constitutive activity where it leads to the inactivation of kinase, which is important for the triple response.IV. If this mutant is treated with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (ethylene synthesis inhibitor), this mutant will be able to undergo triple response. V. If this mutant is treated with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (ethylene synthesis inhibitor), this mutant will not respond to the treatment and not undergo triple response.", "options": {"A": "I.", "B": "II, IV.", "C": "III, V.", "D": "I, II, IV.", "E": "I, III, V."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 844, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Students conducted a renal function experiment. Before the experiment began, students in one group consumed their usual volume of fluids, while students in the other group limited their fluid intake. At time $t = 0$ , both groups drank 750 mL of water.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/cfe152de3d475a6c50ba779aa34a1f4e_4_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/cfe152de3d475a6c50ba779aa34a1f4e_5_img.webp"], "question": "According to the data in the figures to the left, which of the following statements is TRUE?", "options": {"A": "Group A students' blood level of aldosterone was probably highest at $t = 60$ minutes", "B": "Group B excreted approximately 140 mL of urine from $t = 20$ to 40 minutes", "C": "Group B probably represents the fluid-deprived groups", "D": "Group B students' collecting ducts were less permeable to water than those of Group A students at $t = 60$ minutes", "E": "None are correct"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 845, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/79080a6b603fff9f686c6b87c79b5713_2_img.webp"], "question": "In the graph below, what factors would account most directly for the shape of the plot?", "options": {"A": "Number of amoebocytes per sponge", "B": "Number of choanocytes per sponge", "C": "Number of spicules per sponge", "D": "Rate of cribrostatin synthesis (molecules/time unit)", "E": "Spongin concentration (g/volume unit)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 846, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "For Questions 45 and 46, use the pedigree below that illustrates a relatively rare trait that is non-lethal.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6ca8f177fc9e4911e64fe525f5761b62_6_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following best describes the inheritance pattern?", "options": {"A": "Autosomal dominant", "B": "Autosomal recessive", "C": "X-linked, dominant", "D": "X-linked, recessive", "E": "Mitochondrial"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 847, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "For Questions 45 and 46, use the pedigree below that illustrates a relatively rare trait that is non-lethal., Using the sequence of I-4, II-2, II-4, and III-6 for the individuals in the diagram above,", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6ca8f177fc9e4911e64fe525f5761b62_6_img.webp"], "question": "which of the following best describes their genotypes?", "options": {"A": " $XX^a$ , $X^aY$ , $XX^a$ , $XY$ ", "B": " $XX^a$ , $XY$ , $XX^a$ , $X^aY$ ", "C": " $XY$ , $XX^a$ , $X^aY$ , $XX^a$ ", "D": " $X^aY$ , $XX^a$ , $XY$ , $XX^a$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 848, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Population genetics shows us that certain traits of a species will become more abundant if they benefit the species. The diagram below illustrates the change that occurred in the frequency of phenotypes in an insect population over 10 generations.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/79811c1da37ad2d23ae43b6d55cd654e_2_img.webp"], "question": "A probable explanation for this change would be that over time there was:", "options": {"A": "A decrease in the population of this insect", "B": "An increase in the population of this insect", "C": "A decrease in the adaptive value of gene *a*", "D": "An increase in the adaptive value of gene *a*", "E": "A decrease in the mutation rate of gene *A*"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 849, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Use the labels in the diagram below to answer the questions 61 to 65. Using the labels of the picture to answer the questions below:", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/0e9ce7a5b56f02e0b7f37c111b7ff232_3_img.webp"], "question": "Enzyme that is involved in DNA replication ______", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 850, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "The diagram below shows an agar block inserted beneath the tip of a growing grass seedling that is exposed to light from the left. After exposure to light, the block is removed and cut into two halves as shown by the dotted line. These halves are then placed onto a pair of new, straight grass seedlings whose tips have been removed. These seedlings are then grown in the dark.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/62762d1ff8cb754cf8fe2c828755b780_5_img.webp"], "question": "If the agar blocks are placed on these two plants as indicated, which of the diagrams blow shows the expected result?", "options": {"A": "Diagram A: Both seedlings bend towards the left.", "B": "Diagram B: Both seedlings bend towards the right.", "C": "Diagram C: Left seedling bends left, right seedling bends right.", "D": "Diagram D: Left seedling bends right, right seedling bends left.", "E": "Diagram E: Both seedlings bend towards the right."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 851, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "When someone already has the flu, they can be given the drug Tamiflu to prevent further spread of the virus. Tamiflu inhibits neuraminidase, an enzyme on the surface of the influenza virus. Below is a diagram of the activity of neuraminidase.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/23cd85933143ae49aaca02fa0554f228_6_img.webp"], "question": "How would inhibiting neuraminidase prevent further spreading of influenza?", "options": {"A": "Influenza particles will no longer be able to attach to host cells", "B": "Receptors containing sialic acid will not be cleaved. These receptors are needed to make influenza virulent.", "C": "Receptors containing sialic acid will not be cleaved. Thus, new virions will not be released and no new infections can occur.", "D": "If neuraminidase is not active, hemagglutinin can not function. This would render the virus non-virulent."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 852, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The following graph shows the pressure-volume curve of a mammalian lung when it is removed from the body and filled under two conditions. One condition is when the lung is inflated with air and the second is when it is inflated with saline solution (the entire lung is filled with saline). In both instances the excised lungs retained the thin film of liquid that lines the respiratory alveoli.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/a3b910b05c1d4f90c096bb2a725e2d97_2_img.webp"], "question": "Based on the data presented in the graph, which of the following statements is true?", "options": {"A": "The lung cannot increase its volume if it is filled with saline instead of air.", "B": "Surface tension created by the air-liquid interface on the alveolar surface increases the work needed to inflate the lung.", "C": "Resistance to flow of fluids through the respiratory passageways is greater than is the resistance to flow of air, so more work is needed to inflate the lung with saline than with air.", "D": "Lung compliance is independent of infusion media.", "E": "The work required to inflate the lungs with air at small volumes is less than the work required to inflate the lung at large volumes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 853, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A recessive phenotype was discovered in two unrelated families. A man from one family marries a woman from the other family. They have five children [see the pedigree below]. Assume the recessive phenotype is completely penetrant. If so,", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bcd57763bc3476ea3719b5337392819e_2_img.webp"], "question": "what is the genotype of the starred individual?", "options": {"A": " $D^1D^2$ ", "B": " $D^1d^2$ ", "C": " $d^1D^2$ ", "D": " $d^1d^2$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 854, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/f7300d021cc0c5d1b48daac9ebdeef5e_2_img.webp"], "question": "The following pedigree depicts inheritance of hemophilia, an X-linked recessive disorder. The great-grandfather of the child marked with \"?\" suffered from hemophilia. Assume the great-grandmother has no past history of hemophilia, and could not have been a carrier of the disease. What is the probability that the child marked with \"?\" will be born male AND suffer from hemophilia given that the other five children in Generation IV do not have hemophilia?", "options": {"A": " $1/8$ ", "B": " $1/10$ ", "C": " $1/12$ ", "D": " $1/20$ ", "E": " $1/32$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 855, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Use the gel diagram below to answer Questions 62 and 63. The positively-charged electrode of the electrophoresis gel is shown at the bottom of the diagram; the negatively-charged electrode is at the top. The mixture in each well included the original DNA fragment, all four dNTPs, one type of ddNTP as labeled in the diagram, and other necessary components of the dideoxy chain-termination reaction. The results are below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/960f4d44a8ef940aef743859e01ead8c_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following represents the sequence of the template strand?", "options": {"A": "5'--GAAGACTAACATTCA--3'", "B": "5'--ACTTACAATGTAGUA--3'", "C": "5'--CTTCTGATTGTAAGT--3'", "D": "5'--ACTTACAATCAGAAG--3'", "E": "5'--TGAATGTTAGTCTTTC--3'"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 856, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/9e53190af7f688a507e9dfcd5d05faf7_6_img.webp"], "question": "Among *U. sabo* individuals, there are two rare recessive traits, nerdy and geeky, that are known to be linked with a 20% chance of recombination. Consider the pedigree below where two nerdy, geeky individuals mate with normal individuals. If their offspring mate, what is the chance the grandchild, labeled with a question mark in the pedigree, will be nerdy, but not geeky?", "options": {"A": "8%", "B": "9%", "C": "10%", "D": "16%", "E": "20%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 857, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Using the oxygen affinity curve below, determine the amount of oxygen that would be delivered to cells at PO2 = 20 mmHg if the PO2 of the lungs were 60 mmHg. Assume maximum HbO2 to be the level of oxygen delivery if all available oxygen in the RBC's was transferred to cells.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7c868270344d9215687456dd83ab6ea1_2_img.webp"], "question": "Determine the amount of oxygen that would be delivered to cells at PO2 = 20 mmHg if the PO2 of the lungs were 60 mmHg.", "options": {"A": "17% of the maximum HbO2 would be delivered.", "B": "22% of the maximum HbO2 would be delivered.", "C": "65% of the maximum HbO2 would be delivered.", "D": "70% of the maximum HbO2 would be delivered.", "E": "82% of the maximum HbO2 would be delivered"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 858, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Questions 24 through 26 refer to the figure below, which shows the reaction of a single enzyme in the absence and presence of various inhibitors.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5943118bed62770f4c89509dc38d8165_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which line best describes the activity of the enzyme in the absence of an inhibitor?", "options": {"A": "Line A", "B": "Line B", "C": "Line C", "D": "Line D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 859, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Questions 24 through 26 refer to the figure below, which shows the reaction of a single enzyme in the absence and presence of various inhibitors.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5943118bed62770f4c89509dc38d8165_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which line best describes the activity of the same enzyme in the presence of a competitive inhibitor?", "options": {"A": "Line A", "B": "Line B", "C": "Line C", "D": "Line D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 860, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Questions 24 through 26 refer to the figure below, which shows the reaction of a single enzyme in the absence and presence of various inhibitors.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5943118bed62770f4c89509dc38d8165_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which line best describes the activity of the same enzyme in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor?", "options": {"A": "Line A", "B": "Line B", "C": "Line C", "D": "Line D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 940, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Sulfur, whose phase diagram is shown below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2_1__2022-usnco-local-exam__55a360f39b.jpg"], "question": "Which statement about sulfur is correct?", "options": {"A": "Monoclinic sulfur sublimes at 1 atm pressure while rhombic sulfur does not.", "B": "Rhombic sulfur is less dense than monoclinic sulfur.", "C": "At temperatures above $119^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ , monoclinic sulfur cannot exist at equilibrium.", "D": "The conversion of rhombic sulfur to monoclinic sulfur is endothermic."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 941, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "Cyclopropane isomerizes exothermically to propane as shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0__2022-usnco-local-exam__eda6e248e9.jpg"], "question": "The C-C single bond in propane has an estimated bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) of $345\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{- 1}$ , while the $\\mathrm{C} = \\mathrm{C}$ double bond in propane has a BDE of $611\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{- 1}$ . Assuming that the C-H bonds in propane and cyclopropane all have the same BDE, what is the estimated BDE of a C-C single bond in cyclopropane?", "options": {"A": "$308\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$329\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$423\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$924\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 942, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2_2__2023-usnco-local-exam-new__9d9b7ef292.jpg"], "question": "A portion of the phase diagram of uranium hexafluoride $(\\mathrm{UF}_6)$ is shown below. Which statements are correct?\n\nI. $\\mathrm{UF}_6$ sublimes, rather than melts, at 1 atm pressure.\nII. At 2 atm and $45^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , only solid $\\mathrm{UF}_6$ is present at equilibrium.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 943, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2_3.jpg"], "question": "A sample of methanol, $\\mathrm{CH_3OH}$ , is introduced into an evacuated chamber with a movable piston. The pressure is measured as a function of the volume of the container while the temperature is maintained at $50^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , and the graph below is obtained. Which statement best describes this system?", "options": {"A": "At volumes below $60\\mathrm{mL}$ , methanol is only present in the liquid phase.", "B": "At volumes above $60\\mathrm{mL}$ , methanol is only present in the gaseous phase.", "C": "If the process were repeated at $60^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , the point at which the pressure begins to decrease would shift to higher volume.", "D": "If more methanol were added to the container, the pressure at $V = 20\\mathrm{mL}$ would increase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 944, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0__2023-usnco-local-exam-new__c32f14036a.jpg"], "question": "The vapor pressure of solid $\\mathrm{I}_2$ is measured (in bar) over the temperature range $0 - 55^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . The natural logarithms of these vapor pressures are plotted as a function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature as shown below. What is the standard enthalpy of sublimation $(\\Delta H^\\circ_{\\mathrm{sub}})$ of $\\mathrm{I}_2(\\mathrm{s})$ ?", "options": {"A": "7.53 kJ mol-1", "B": "17.4 kJ mol-1", "C": "19.4 kJ mol-1", "D": "62.6 kJ mol-1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 945, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4_0__2023-usnco-local-exam-new__a0a5c973b4.jpg"], "question": "A $0.100\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous solution of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SeO}_3$ is titrated with $1.000\\mathrm{M}$ NaOH solution. At the point marked with a circle on the titration curve, which species comprise at least $10\\%$ of the total selenium in solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SeO}_3$ only", "B": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SeO}_3$ and $\\mathrm{HSeO}_3^-$", "C": "$\\mathrm{HSeO}_3^-$ and $\\mathrm{SeO}_3^{2 - }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{SeO}_3^{2 - }$ only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 946, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5_0__2023-usnco-local-exam-new__1c10c52e46.jpg"], "question": "A galvanic cell using an unknown metal M is arranged as shown below. What can be concluded about this cell?", "options": {"A": "Half-cell A is the cathode.", "B": "Half-cell B is the cathode.", "C": "No current flows in the cell since the same metal is used in both half-cells.", "D": "Which cell is the cathode depends on the standard reduction potential of $\\mathrm{M}^{2 + }(aq)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 947, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5_1.jpg"], "question": "What best represents the arrangement of electrons in a ground-state gas-phase $\\mathrm{Ni}^{2 + }$ ion?", "options": {"A": "[Ar] $(\\uparrow \\downarrow)$ $(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)$ ( )", "B": "[Ar] $(\\uparrow \\downarrow)$ $(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)$ ( )", "C": "[Ar] ( ) $(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)$ ( )", "D": "[Ar] ( ) $(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)(\\uparrow \\downarrow)$ ( )"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 948, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_2__2023-usnco-local-exam-new__ea53fb6562.jpg"], "question": "Which best describes the relationship between the two structures shown below?", "options": {"A": "They are identical.", "B": "They are enantiomers.", "C": "They are in rapid equilibrium at room temperature and are present in equal quantities.", "D": "They are in rapid equilibrium at room temperature and are present in unequal quantities."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 949, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_3.jpg"], "question": "Which compounds react readily with acidic dichromate solution $\\left(\\mathrm {K}_{2}\\mathrm {Cr}_{2}\\mathrm {O}_{7}/\\mathrm {aqueous}\\ \\mathrm {H}_{2}\\mathrm {SO}_{4}\\right)$ ?", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 950, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0__2024-usnco-local-exam__ef583af11b.jpg"], "question": "A mixture of A (whose molecules are represented by rectangles) and B (whose molecules are represented by ovals) is represented schematically below. Which is the best description of this mixture?", "options": {"A": "A is dissolved in liquid B.", "B": "A is a crystalline solid in the presence of liquid B.", "C": "A and B are crystalline solids with A denser than B.", "D": "A and B are immiscible liquids with A denser than B."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 951, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_1__2024-usnco-local-exam__2010adaad7.jpg"], "question": "What is the relationship between these two molecules?", "options": {"A": "Identical", "B": "Enantiomers", "C": "Diastereomers", "D": "Structural isomers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 952, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7_1.jpg"], "question": "Which are products of the acid-catalyzed reaction of $\\beta$ -D-glucose with methanol?", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 953, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_1__2025-usnco-local-exam__3d9b8c1a0d.jpg"], "question": "What is the relationship between the two alcohols?", "options": {"A": "Structural isomers", "B": "Enantiomers", "C": "Diastereomers", "D": "Identical"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 954, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_2__2025-usnco-local-exam__9e7aafa216.jpg"], "question": "In ethinylestradiol, shown below, how many $sp^2$ - hybridized and $sp$ - hybridized carbons are there?", "options": {"A": "$6sp^2,2sp$", "B": "$5sp^2,8sp$", "C": "$11sp^2,8sp$", "D": "$12sp^2,8sp$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 955, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2_0__2011-usnco-national-exam-part-i__45a87fa686.jpg"], "question": "In a glass tube columns of water and mercury appear as shown. This is best attributed to the differences in their", "options": {"A": "densities.", "B": "molar masses.", "C": "surface tensions.", "D": "viscosities."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 956, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0__2011-usnco-national-exam-part-i__aeedb35190.jpg"], "question": "Water ice exists in several different forms depending on the pressure and temperature. A portion of the phase diagram for ice I, ice III, and liquid water is shown below. Which statement about the densities of these three phases is correct?", "options": {"A": "The density of liquid water is greater than the densities of either ice I or ice III.", "B": "The density of ice I is greater than the densities of either ice III or liquid water.", "C": "The density of ice III is greater than the densities of either ice I or liquid water.", "D": "The densities of ice I and ice III are equal and greater than the density of liquid water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 957, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4_0__2011-usnco-national-exam-part-i__65dbe9f8fd.jpg"], "question": "The value of the specific rate constant, k, for a reaction is determined at two different temperatures and plotted in the accompanying graph. What is the relationship between the slope of the graph and the activation energy, \\(\\mathrm{E_a}\\) ?", "options": {"A": "slope $= \\mathrm{E_a}$", "B": "slope $= - \\mathrm{E_a}$", "C": "slope $= - \\mathrm{E_a} / \\mathrm{R}$", "D": "slope $= \\mathrm{E_a} \\times \\mathrm{R}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 958, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_0__2011-usnco-national-exam-part-i__8c1e6c809c.jpg"], "question": "What is the formula for anthracene, which has the structure shown?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{C_{10}H_{10}}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C_{10}H_{20}}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C_{14}H_{10}}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C_{14}H_{14}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 959, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_1__2011-usnco-national-exam-part-i__4e1357e352.jpg"], "question": "How many chiral centers are present in the molecule shown?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 960, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0__2012-usnco-national-exam-part-i__3086d81b32.jpg"], "question": "What quantity is represented by the slope of the line in this graph of the temperature dependence of the natural log of an equilibrium constant?", "options": {"A": "\\(-\\Delta G^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(\\frac{-\\Delta G^\\circ}{R}\\)", "C": "\\(-\\Delta H^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(\\frac{-\\Delta H^\\circ}{R}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 961, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4_0__2012-usnco-national-exam-part-i__2347ee46ee.jpg"], "question": "The diagram above depicts the temperature behavior of the rate constant, k, for two reactions, 1 and 2. Which statement about the k values at low temperatures and the activation energies, Ea for these reactions is correct?", "options": {"A": "k rxn 1 < k rxn 2 Ea rxn 1 < Ea rxn 2", "B": "k rxn 1 < k rxn 2 Ea rxn 1 > Ea rxn 2", "C": "k rxn 1 > k rxn 2 Ea rxn 1 < Ea rxn 2", "D": "k rxn 1 > k rxn 2 Ea rxn 1 > Ea rxn 2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 962, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2_0__2013-olympiad-national-exam-part1__a9b7edb839.jpg"], "question": "The phase diagram for sulfur is shown above. Which statement about this diagram is correct?", "options": {"A": "The critical point is above $154^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and $10^{3}\\mathrm{atm}$ .", "B": "There are only two triple points in this diagram.", "C": "Monoclinic sulfur is more dense than rhombic sulfur at any temperature.", "D": "Monoclinic sulfur forms rhombic sulfur at higher pressure or lower temperature."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 963, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5_1__2013-olympiad-national-exam-part1__3762537ecd.jpg"], "question": "How many carbon atoms can be described as $\\mathrm{sp}^2$ hybridized in this molecule?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1005, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2_1__2024-usnco-national-exam-part-i__8a0636ad0d.jpg"], "question": "Two compounds, A and B, are both solids at $20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . In separate experiments, one mole of each is heated and its temperature measured as a function of the amount of heat added. Which statement about the compounds is correct?", "options": {"A": "The molar heat capacity of solid A is greater than that of solid B.", "B": "The molar heat capacity of liquid A is greater than that of liquid B.", "C": "The melting point of A is less than that of B.", "D": "The heat of fusion of A is less than that of B."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1006, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0__2024-usnco-national-exam-part-i__9d5ad457c0.jpg"], "question": "A sample of a pure substance is placed in a sealed, rigid container and the pressure is measured as a function of temperature. Which is the best explanation for the result shown?", "options": {"A": "At lower temperatures, the substance is a mixture of solid and vapor, while at $60^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ the solid melts to give a mixture of liquid and vapor.", "B": "At lower temperatures, the substance is a mixture of liquid and vapor, while at $60^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ only liquid is present.", "C": "At lower temperatures, the substance is a mixture of liquid and vapor, while at $60^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ only a supercritical fluid is present.", "D": "At lower temperatures, the substance consists of vapor only, while at $60^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ only a supercritical fluid is present."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1025, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The scatterplot shows the relationship between two variables, x and y.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/99c30e2cacc11fb6dd31fcc0545f5021_6_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following equations is the most appropriate linear model for the data shown?", "options": {"A": "y = 0.9 + 9.4x", "B": "y = 0.9 - 9.4x", "C": "y = 9.4 + 0.9x", "D": "y = 9.4 - 0.9x"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1026, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Graph of a straight line on a coordinate plane. The line passes through the points (-8, 0) and (0, -8).", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/99c30e2cacc11fb6dd31fcc0545f5021_14_img.webp"], "question": "What is an equation of the graph shown?", "options": {"A": "y = -2x - 8", "B": "y = x - 8", "C": "y = -x - 8", "D": "y = 2x - 8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1027, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The line graph shows the estimated number of chipmunks in a state park on April 1 of each year from 1989 to 1999.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/0ad6f0ffd4d84705729be52073600df8_6_img.webp"], "question": "Based on the line graph, in which year was the estimated number of chipmunks in the state park the greatest?", "options": {"A": "1989", "B": "1994", "C": "1995", "D": "1998"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1028, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In the figure, lines m and n are parallel. If x = 6k + 13 and y = 8k - 29, what is the value of z?", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/43682d62b19be5006917b9a32f4fe211_8_img.webp"], "question": "What is the value of z?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "21", "C": "41", "D": "139"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1029, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A coordinate plane showing a graph of a linear equation (a line segment) passing through points such as (-4, 5) and (8, 2). The line has a negative slope.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/1a4d5a4011faa693a505c3c217ce62cf_13_img.webp"], "question": "If a new graph of three linear equations is created using the system of equations shown and the equation x + 4y = -16, how many solutions (x, y) will the resulting system of three equations have?", "options": {"A": "Zero", "B": "Exactly one", "C": "Exactly two", "D": "Infinitely many"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1030, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Data Set A\nDot plot showing 15 data points. The x-axis ranges from 22 to 26. The data points are: 22 (4 points), 23 (3 points), 24 (4 points), 25 (3 points), and 26 (1 point).", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/eacd388a72ec3acc902107b89fe68215_9_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following correctly compares the medians and the ranges of data sets A and B?", "options": {"A": "The median of data set B is equal to the median of data set A, and the range of data set B is equal to the range of data set A.", "B": "The median of data set B is equal to the median of data set A, and the range of data set B is greater than the range of data set A.", "C": "The median of data set B is greater than the median of data set A, and the range of data set B is equal to the range of data set A.", "D": "The median of data set B is greater than the median of data set A, and the range of data set B is greater than the range of data set A."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1068, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Question refer to the three graphs below which show velocity of three objects as a function of time. Each object is moving only in one dimension.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7ac268c5c449b1ed3df5b6ef867988e2_6_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/7ac268c5c449b1ed3df5b6ef867988e2_7_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/7ac268c5c449b1ed3df5b6ef867988e2_8_img.webp"], "question": "Rank the magnitudes of the distance traveled during the ten second interval.", "options": {"A": "I > II > III", "B": "II > I > III", "C": "III > II > I", "D": "I = II > III", "E": "I = II = III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1069, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "You are given a large collection of identical heavy balls and lightweight rods. When two balls are placed at the ends of one rod and interact through their mutual gravitational attraction (as is shown on the left), the compressive force in the rod is $F$. Next, three balls and three rods are placed at the vertices and edges of an equilateral triangle (as is shown on the right).", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/9bfb6bfccbbf885ff42ed3486053b419_4_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/9bfb6bfccbbf885ff42ed3486053b419_5_img.webp"], "question": "What is the compressive force in each rod in the latter case?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{3}}F$", "B": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}F$", "C": "$F$", "D": "$\\sqrt{3}F$", "E": "$2F$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1070, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The apparatus in the diagram consists of a solid cylinder of radius 1 cm attached at the center to two disks of radius 2 cm. It is placed on a surface where it can roll, but will not slip. A thread is wound around the central cylinder. When the thread is pulled at the angle $\\theta = 90^\\circ$ to the horizontal (directly up), the apparatus rolls to the right.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/9bfb6bfccbbf885ff42ed3486053b419_9_img.webp"], "question": "Which below is the largest value of $\\theta$ for which it will not roll to the right when pulling on the thread?", "options": {"A": "$\\theta = 15^\\circ$", "B": "$\\theta = 30^\\circ$", "C": "$\\theta = 45^\\circ$", "D": "$\\theta = 60^\\circ$", "E": "None, the apparatus will always roll to the right"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1071, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "You have 5 different strings with weights tied at various points, all hanging from the ceiling, and reaching down to the floor. The string is released at the top, allowing the weights to fall.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/967feeb840e2e3358481bc9dd6d3cc7f_4_img.webp"], "question": "Which one will create a regular, uniform beating sound as the weights hit the floor?", "options": {"A": "String A", "B": "String B", "C": "String C", "D": "String D", "E": "String E"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1072, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Jonathan using rope to lift a box with Becky in it; the box is hanging off the side of a bridge, Jonathan is on the top. A rope is hooked up from the box and passes a fixed railing; Jonathan holds the box up by pressing the rope against the railing with a massless, frictionless physics textbook. The static friction coefficient between the rope and railing is $\\mu_s$; the kinetic friction coefficient between the rope and railing is $\\mu_k < \\mu_s$; the mass of the box and Becky combined is $M$; and the initial height of the bottom of the box above the ground is $h$. Assume a massless rope.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/1dd5cbc5681e501ce7a306f51a542b05_5_img.webp"], "question": "What magnitude force does Jonathan need to exert on the physics book to keep the rope from slipping?", "options": {"A": "$Mg$", "B": "$\\mu_k Mg$", "C": "$\\mu_k Mg/\\mu_s$", "D": "$(\\mu_s + \\mu_k)Mg$", "E": "$Mg/\\mu_s$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1200, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two uniform rigid rods lie in a vertical plane. The lower rod rests on a rough horizontal table at a single point $O$ and makes angle $\\theta \\neq 0$ with the vertical. The rod can pivot about point $O$ without slipping. The second rod is rigidly attached at its center of mass to the top of the lower rod at point $P$ . A motor causes the second rod to rotate in the plane about $P$ . The motor is rigidly attached to the lower rod and does not exert forces or torques on the table.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/22_0__2026_FMA_solutions_v2__13888d948d.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following types of motion of the second rod could keep the angle $\\theta$ fixed in time?", "options": {"A": "The second rod rotates with constant angular velocity", "B": "The second rod rotates with angular velocity that varies periodically in time", "C": "The system cannot remain at constant $\\theta$ because only internal torques are produced by the motor", "D": "The second rod rotates with angular velocity that increases linearly in time"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1238, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": "A thin film of alcohol ($n_{\\text{alcohol}} = 1.35$) lies on a flat glass surface ($n_{\\text{glass}} = 1.60$). When light of wavelength $540 \\text{ nm}$ is incident normal to the alcohol surface from air, the light is strongly reflected, but when light of wavelength $432 \\text{ nm}$ is incident normal to the surface from air, the reflected light is minimized.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/38bddb06bc24fff845324ac1dcb29f96_6_img.webp"], "question": "Which one of the following choices could represent the thickness, $t$, of the alcohol film?", "options": {"A": "216 $\\text{ nm}$", "B": "320 $\\text{ nm}$", "C": "324 $\\text{ nm}$", "D": "400 $\\text{ nm}$", "E": "486 $\\text{ nm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1239, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "For the circuit shown, the four light bulbs have identical resistance, the battery is ideal and all wires have no resistance. After the switch, $S$, in the circuit is closed, which one of the following choices correctly describes what happens to the magnitude of the current at the point labeled $P$ and to the magnitude of the potential difference from $W$ to $X$?", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/38bddb06bc24fff845324ac1dcb29f96_10_img.webp"], "question": "Which one of the following choices correctly describes what happens to the magnitude of the current at the point labeled $P$ and to the magnitude of the potential difference from $W$ to $X$?", "options": {"A": "Current at P: No change; ?V_XW: Increases", "B": "Current at P: Decreases; ?V_XW: Increases", "C": "Current at P: Increases; ?V_XW: Increases", "D": "Current at P: Decreases; ?V_XW: Decreases", "E": "Current at P: Increases; ?V_XW: Decreases"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1240, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A $2.0 \\text{ kg}$ mass is connected to the end of a string and moves about the string's fixed end in a conical motion with a constant speed of $4.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$. The string has a length of $2.50 \\text{ m}$ and forms an angle of $\\theta$ with the vertical.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/38bddb06bc24fff845324ac1dcb29f96_12_img.webp"], "question": "What is the tension in the string?", "options": {"A": "20.0 $\\text{ N}$", "B": "23.7 $\\text{ N}$", "C": "27.4 $\\text{ N}$", "D": "29.8 $\\text{ N}$", "E": "32.5 $\\text{ N}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1241, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car and a truck are moving on a horizontal track. The position vs. time graph for the two vehicles is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/642c055cd8bb6addcd195609d7058ebe_5_img.webp"], "question": "For the entire time shown in the graph, which one of the following choices correctly describes the relationship between the average speed of the truck to that of the car?", "options": {"A": "The truck's average speed is less than the average speed of the car.", "B": "The truck's average speed is the same as the average speed of the car.", "C": "The truck's average speed is greater than the average speed of the car.", "D": "The truck's average speed is positive while the car's average speed is negative but of the same magnitude.", "E": "A relationship cannot be determined without more information."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1242, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car and a truck are moving on a horizontal track. The position vs. time graph for the two vehicles is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/642c055cd8bb6addcd195609d7058ebe_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which one of the following choices best describes the instants of time, $t$, at which the car and truck travel with the same speed?", "options": {"A": "Only at times $t = 0$, $t = T$ and $t = 2T$.", "B": "At one instant during the interval $0 < t < T$ and at one instant during the interval $T < t < 2T$.", "C": "At two instants during the interval $0 < t < T$ and at one instant during the interval $T < t < 2T$.", "D": "At one instant during the interval $0 < t < T$ and at two instants during the interval $T < t < 2T$.", "E": "At two instants during the interval $0 < t < T$ and at two instants during the interval $T < t < 2T$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1243, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "A $6.00 \\mu\\text{F}$ parallel-plate capacitor is disconnected from a 12 volt battery after being fully charged. A person now carefully inserts a dielectric material of constant $\\kappa = 2$ so that it fills one-half of the space between the plates as shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/642c055cd8bb6addcd195609d7058ebe_9_img.webp"], "question": "How much work was done by the person while inserting the dielectric?", "options": {"A": "-81 $\\mu\\text{J}$", "B": "-108 $\\mu\\text{J}$", "C": "-144 $\\mu\\text{J}$", "D": "-216 $\\mu\\text{J}$", "E": "-288 $\\mu\\text{J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1244, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform rod of mass $M$ and length $L$ is fixed to rotate about a frictionless pivot located $L/3$ from one end. The rod is released from rest incrementally away from being perfectly vertical, resulting in the rod rotating clockwise about the pivot. When the rod is horizontal, what is the magnitude of the tangential acceleration of its center of mass?", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3d6b8fef752827c9e6fc8a586227de75_2_img.webp"], "question": "When the rod is horizontal, what is the magnitude of the tangential acceleration of its center of mass?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{6}g$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{2}g$", "C": "$\\frac{4}{3}g$", "D": "$\\frac{2}{3}g$", "E": "$\\frac{1}{4}g$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1245, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "Two concentric charged conducting shells are in free space. The outer shell has inner radius $2a$ and outer radius $3a$. The inner shell has radius $a$. It is known that the electric potential at $r = 3a$ is $V_{3a} = \\frac{kQ}{3a}$. If the electric potential $V_a$ at $r = a$ is 0 volts, what is the charge on the inner spherical shell, $Q_{in}$?", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3d6b8fef752827c9e6fc8a586227de75_8_img.webp"], "question": "What is the charge on the inner spherical shell, $Q_{in}$?", "options": {"A": "$Q_{in} = -\\frac{3}{2}Q$", "B": "$Q_{in} = -\\frac{2}{3}Q$", "C": "$Q_{in} = -\\frac{1}{3}Q$", "D": "$Q_{in} = -2Q$", "E": "$Q_{in} = -\\frac{1}{2}Q$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1246, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "A magnetic field directed into the plane of the page is decreasing in time. A constant emf $\\xi$ is produced for the square loop enclosing the field in the figure. The square loop has three identical light bulbs of resistance $R$ in it and an ideal voltmeter connected to the corners through the center of the loop.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3d6b8fef752827c9e6fc8a586227de75_17_img.webp"], "question": "What is the magnitude of the voltmeter's reading?", "options": {"A": "0$\\xi$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{2}\\xi$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{3}\\xi$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{6}\\xi$", "E": "$\\frac{2}{3}\\xi$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1247, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass moves along the x-axis following the position vs. time graph provided.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/f35e7fd51a51a7df26adf7b048b28f44_4_img.webp"], "question": "During what time interval(s) does the mass have an acceleration of $0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$ ? Time is represented as $t$ .", "options": {"A": "only from $0 \\text{ s} < t < 3 \\text{ s}$ ", "B": "only at $t = 5 \\text{ s}$ ", "C": "only from $7 \\text{ s} < t < 10 \\text{ s}$ ", "D": "only from $0 \\text{ s} < t < 3 \\text{ s}$ and $7 \\text{ s} < t < 10 \\text{ s}$ ", "E": "only from $0 \\text{ s} < t < 3 \\text{ s}$ , $t = 5 \\text{ s}$ , and $7 \\text{ s} < t < 10 \\text{ s}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1248, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A $2000 \\text{ kg}$ car moves over a hill at a constant speed of $12.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ . At the very top of the hill, the shape of the road can be approximated as a circle with radius $25 \\text{ m}$ , as indicated in the figure.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/f35e7fd51a51a7df26adf7b048b28f44_7_img.webp"], "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the magnitude of the upward force exerted by the road on the car?", "options": {"A": " $20000 \\text{ N}$ ", "B": " $8000 \\text{ N}$ ", "C": " $12000 \\text{ N}$ ", "D": " $2000 \\text{ N}$ ", "E": " $0 \\text{ N}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1249, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two blocks X and Y are in contact on a frictionless horizontal surface. A constant 35 N force is applied to the right onto block X.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d98bf7e51c320d151c0bd990eb530297_14_img.webp"], "question": "What is the magnitude of the force that block Y exerts onto block X?", "options": {"A": "35 N", "B": "28 N", "C": "25 N", "D": "14 N", "E": "10 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1250, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A box slides with uniform acceleration up an incline. The box has an initial speed of $9.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ and rises vertically $2.60 \\text{ m}$ before coming to rest. If the angle of the incline is $30^\\circ$ ,", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4be22b6d0a1f3bc5893246f8eef539ed_5_img.webp"], "question": "what is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the incline?", "options": {"A": "0.298", "B": "0.322", "C": "0.372", "D": "0.483", "E": "0.557"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1251, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A $4.00 \\text{ kg}$ mass is in uniform circular motion as shown in the figure. The string to which the mass is attached has a length of $L = 3.00 \\text{ m}$ and forms an angle of $\\theta = 50.0^\\circ$ with the vertical.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4be22b6d0a1f3bc5893246f8eef539ed_8_img.webp"], "question": "What is the speed of the mass?", "options": {"A": " $5.23 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "B": " $5.54 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "C": " $5.98 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "D": " $6.62 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "E": " $6.90 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1252, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A $2.0 \\text{ kg}$ mass moves at $10.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ when it has a collision in space. The mass's speed was unchanged, but the direction of its velocity was altered by $80^\\circ$ . If the collision lasted $0.25 \\text{ s}$ ,", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4be22b6d0a1f3bc5893246f8eef539ed_11_img.webp"], "question": "what was the magnitude of the average force exerted on the mass?", "options": {"A": " $200 \\text{ N}$ ", "B": " $100 \\text{ N}$ ", "C": " $103 \\text{ N}$ ", "D": " $50 \\text{ N}$ ", "E": " $25 \\text{ N}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1253, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two cars, $P$ and $Q$ , each start from rest at the origin and will move along the $x$ -axis. The acceleration vs. time graph for each car is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d2537c1c5e7ff2f06e8580bbabb9ac71_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which one of the following choices correctly identifies the relationship for both the speeds ( $v_P$ and $v_Q$ ) and the positions ( $x_P$ and $x_Q$ ) of the cars at time $T$ ?", "options": {"A": " $v_P = v_Q$ and $x_P > x_Q$ ", "B": " $v_P > v_Q$ and $x_P > x_Q$ ", "C": " $v_P = v_Q$ and $x_P = x_Q$ ", "D": " $v_P < v_Q$ and $x_P < x_Q$ ", "E": " $v_P = v_Q$ and $x_P < x_Q$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1254, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A solid cylinder rolls without slipping on a rough inclined plane.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d2537c1c5e7ff2f06e8580bbabb9ac71_7_img.webp"], "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the type and direction of friction (if any) acting on the cylinder as it rolls up the incline?", "options": {"A": "static friction up the incline", "B": "static friction down the incline", "C": "kinetic friction up the incline", "D": "kinetic friction down the incline", "E": "no friction"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1343, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The complete graph of a function is shown in the $xy$ -plane.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/87cd824f67a14e9c9987cdeabfa8207d_4_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following inequalities best represents the range of the function shown?", "options": {"A": "$-4 \\le y \\le -2$", "B": "$-4 \\le x \\le 7$", "C": "$-4 \\le y \\le 7$", "D": "$-5 \\le x \\le 6$", "E": "$-5 \\le y \\le 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1344, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "All interior angles of the figure shown are congruent.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bb8c10c2b41d8155228e3246fb999df9_3_img.webp"], "question": "What is the measure of the marked angle?", "options": {"A": "$108^\\circ$", "B": "$114^\\circ$", "C": "$120^\\circ$", "D": "$126^\\circ$", "E": "$130^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1345, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "Note: Figures not drawn to scale.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/8a45382bc4a84beef792eb81d62a386c_3_img.webp"], "question": "What is the value of $h$ in the figure?", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "25", "C": "60", "D": "120", "E": "144"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1346, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Andy received an e-mail message. Andy sent the e-mail message to 3 people, who then each sent the e-mail message to 3 more people who had not already received the e-mail message. The table and graph show the first five stages and the number of people receiving the e-mail message at that stage.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d190c7f249f89e4512ed50d3b8002907_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following types of functions would best model these data?", "options": {"A": "Constant", "B": "Exponential", "C": "Linear", "D": "Quadratic", "E": "Trigonometric"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1354, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "The diagram shows a cross section of the top layers of Earth.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/8a1960d401b7853e082ae5c0c19eb80f_4_img.webp"], "question": "Which statement best explains why the tectonic plates that carry the continent and the island are moving away from each other as shown in the diagram?", "options": {"A": "Gravitational force between the Sun and Earth is breaking up the plates.", "B": "Convection currents in Earth's mantle are pulling the plates in opposite directions.", "C": "Magnetic material in Earth's mantle is pulling each plate into a subduction zone.", "D": "Water currents in the ocean are pushing the ocean floor in opposite directions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1365, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The diagram shows where the exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid occurs in a capillary bed.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/13_0__ib_biology_HL_paper_1A__061d345a93.jpg"], "question": "What explains the movement of solutes between blood and tissue fluid at region X?", "options": {"A": "Blood plasma has a higher concentration of solutes than tissue fluid.", "B": "Tissue fluid has a more negative water potential than blood plasma.", "C": "Hydrostatic pressure is higher in blood than in tissue fluid.", "D": "The permeability of capillary walls is highest at region X."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1366, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The number of hummingbird species in South America has increased continuously as shown in the graph.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/15_0__ib_biology_HL_paper_1A__db73351c83.jpg"], "question": "What could be a reason for the increase in the number of hummingbird species during the period labelled Z?", "options": {"A": "Food and shelter are plentiful and there is little intraspecific competition.", "B": "Closely related species can coexist indefinitely in the same niche.", "C": "A wide range of unoccupied potential niches exists, leading to adaptive radiation.", "D": "There are few limiting factors on the population size of hummingbirds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1367, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The preferred temperature ranges for three species of trout that are found together in freshwater lakes in North America are shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/17_0__ib_biology_HL_paper_1A__85e43d989b.jpg"], "question": "What can be deduced from this information?", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1368, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The series of images shows two unicellular organisms found in ponds and lakes.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/94_0.jpg"], "question": "Which functions of life are being shown in these images by organism X?", "options": {"A": "Metabolism and growth", "B": "Excretion and reproduction", "C": "Homeostasis and metabolism", "D": "Response and nutrition"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1369, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/95_0.jpg"], "question": "What can be identified in the electron micrograph?", "options": {"A": "Plant cells with cell walls, nuclei and chloroplasts", "B": "Plant cells with chloroplasts and large central vacuoles containing nuclei", "C": "Several prokaryotes with cell walls and cytoplasm", "D": "Animal cells with prominent mitochondria"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1370, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The image shows a glycoprotein embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/96_0.jpg"], "question": "Which features of this glycoprotein can be deduced from the image?", "options": {"A": "It is a peripheral protein that allows attachment to neighbouring cells.", "B": "It is a channel protein that provides hydrophilic channels for carbohydrate transport.", "C": "It is an integral protein that may be involved in cell recognition.", "D": "It is a transport protein that increases the permeability of the membrane to glucose."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1371, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/103_0.jpg"], "question": "With respect to the food chain shown in the image, what is the role of the locust?", "options": {"A": "Secondary consumer", "B": "Parasite", "C": "Chemoautotroph", "D": "Herbivore"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1372, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "spectroscopy", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5967271a6fb3ec57622648e0b09092ef_10_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/5967271a6fb3ec57622648e0b09092ef_12_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/5967271a6fb3ec57622648e0b09092ef_14_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/5967271a6fb3ec57622648e0b09092ef_16_img.webp"], "question": "Which is the $^1\\text{H}$ NMR spectrum of cyclohexane?", "options": {"A": "1H NMR spectrum A: A single sharp peak centered around 1.5 ppm. The x-axis is Chemical shift / ppm (0 to 8).", "C": "1H NMR spectrum C: A single sharp peak centered around 1.5 ppm. The x-axis is Chemical shift / ppm (0 to 8).", "B": "1H NMR spectrum B: A complex multiplet centered around 1.5 ppm. The x-axis is Chemical shift / ppm (0 to 8).", "D": "1H NMR spectrum D: A complex multiplet centered around 1.5 ppm. The x-axis is Chemical shift / ppm (0 to 8)."}, "option_labels": ["A", "C", "B", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1411, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "The figure below depicts common mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/df2cd7523d058c8b0246701195a94fd1_8_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following best explains the empty region towards the upper left of the diagram?", "options": {"A": "These conditions are not found in nature", "B": "Rocks in this region are igneous rocks", "C": "Rocks in this region are sedimentary rocks", "D": "Materials melt into magma in this region, and so minerals are thus destroyed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1412, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Consider the figure below. Answer the following two questions using the figure.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/67cc7a3ae8afd85eaada3d7749d0bd1f_8_img.webp"], "question": "Which direction is the groundwater flowing?", "options": {"A": "NW to SE", "B": "SW to NE", "C": "NE to SW", "D": "SE to NW", "E": "Impossible to tell"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1413, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Consider the figure below. Answer the following two questions using the figure.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/67cc7a3ae8afd85eaada3d7749d0bd1f_8_img.webp"], "question": "If you were drilling a well at point B, about how many feet down would you have to drill before you hit water?", "options": {"A": "230 feet", "B": "270 feet", "C": "500 feet", "D": "730 feet", "E": "Impossible to tell"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1414, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Using the figure below, answer the following three questions.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3f506451af825c6394dc00889ae82ef7_8_img.webp"], "question": "The diagram at the left is most useful for understanding which of the following?", "options": {"A": "The formation of metamorphic rocks", "B": "The formation of hotspots", "C": "The formation of volcanic arcs", "D": "The formation of mantle convection cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1415, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Using the figure below, answer the following three questions.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3f506451af825c6394dc00889ae82ef7_8_img.webp"], "question": "The diagram at the right is most useful for understanding which of the following?", "options": {"A": "The formation of metamorphic rock", "B": "The formation of hotspots", "C": "The formation of volcanic arcs", "D": "The formation of mantle convection cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1417, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Consider the figure below. Answer the four questions that follow using the figure.\n\n![A hand-drawn 500 mb isobaric chart showing four closed contours labeled A, B, C, and D. The contours are labeled with pressure values: 5400, 5460, 5520, 5580, and 5640. The figure is labeled '500 mb isobaric chart'.]", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5a089951f38e2700c21e8e135ae54ba9_11_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following locations have the same pressure?", "options": {"1": "They all have different pressures", "2": "B and C", "3": "A and D", "4": "They all have the same pressure"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1418, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Consider the figure below. Answer the four questions that follow using the figure.\n\n![A hand-drawn 500 mb isobaric chart showing four closed contours labeled A, B, C, and D. The contours are labeled with pressure values: 5400, 5460, 5520, 5580, and 5640. The figure is labeled '500 mb isobaric chart'.]", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5a089951f38e2700c21e8e135ae54ba9_11_img.webp"], "question": "Under which point is there most likely to be clear skies?", "options": {"1": "A", "2": "B", "3": "C", "4": "D", "5": "Surface conditions cannot be extrapolated"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1419, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Consider the figure below. Answer the four questions that follow using the figure.\n\n![A hand-drawn 500 mb isobaric chart showing four closed contours labeled A, B, C, and D. The contours are labeled with pressure values: 5400, 5460, 5520, 5580, and 5640. The figure is labeled '500 mb isobaric chart'.]", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5a089951f38e2700c21e8e135ae54ba9_11_img.webp"], "question": "At which point is convergence most likely?", "options": {"1": "A", "2": "B", "3": "C", "4": "D", "5": "Impossible to tell"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1420, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Consider the figure below. Answer the four questions that follow using the figure.\n\n![A hand-drawn 500 mb isobaric chart showing four closed contours labeled A, B, C, and D. The contours are labeled with pressure values: 5400, 5460, 5520, 5580, and 5640. The figure is labeled '500 mb isobaric chart'.]", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5a089951f38e2700c21e8e135ae54ba9_11_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following is closest to the prevailing wind direction 50 miles west of point D?", "options": {"1": "N", "2": "E", "3": "S", "4": "W"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1421, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": "Topographical map of the Moon showing elevation data using a color scale. The legend indicates elevation \\((\\mathrm{m})\\) values: \\(10760\\), \\(8769\\), \\(4787\\), \\(2796\\), \\(-1186\\), \\(-5168\\), and \\(-9150\\). The map shows high elevations (orange/red) in the center and low elevations (blue/purple) near the poles. The caption reads: LROC WAC Topography \\(80^\\circ\\mathrm{S}\\) to \\(80^\\circ\\mathrm{N}\\), LOLA \\(80^\\circ\\mathrm{N}\\), \\(S\\) to the poles. Orthographic projection centered on the farside.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/f0ab5484745a465ccf78aad9c98114a5_6_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following statements about its features are true?", "options": {"A": "The regions of low elevation are mostly smooth plains consisting of basaltic lavas.", "B": "The moon consists of mostly igneous rock, resulting from recent volcanic activity.", "C": "The visible craters are evidence of recent impacts because not enough time has passed for them to be removed by tectonic activity.", "D": "The moon's composition is less complex compared to the Earth because it never underwent magmatic differentiation.", "E": "The moon's craters and topographic features have been preserved under the protection of its atmosphere."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1422, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Consider the geological map of Central Texas below. Assume that the pink rocks in the upper left quadrant are pre-Cambrian granitic rocks, while everything else is Cretaceous limestone.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4120ea9c4a65cf7b5bc302280b556811_7_img.webp"], "question": "Using the figure above, indicate all of the following statements that are true. (*).", "options": {"A": "There is geologically recent extensive earthquake activity throughout the region.", "B": "The pink rock units represent an uplift.", "C": "The pink rock units represent an extinct shield volcano.", "D": "The faults to the east/southeast of the pink rock units are directly related to the uplifting of the pink rock units", "E": "The faults to the east/southeast of the pink rock units are the result of a deep, larger fault in the region", "F": "Elevation increases from West to East", "G": "Elevation increases from East to West", "H": "The faults to the east/southeast of the pink rock units act as barriers to surface water flow but not groundwater flow", "I": "The region to the east/southeast represent a disconformity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I"], "answer": ["B", "D", "G", "H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 1423, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Consider the isograd below. Answer #Q18-19 using the figure below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/1fd0cc2a26902205d4769a495882339d_6_img.webp"], "question": "Using the figure above, indicate the most likely candidate for a gneiss-rich zone.", "options": {"A": "Qingliu", "B": "Jianyang", "C": "Nanping", "D": "D4-3", "E": "Along the SQS"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1424, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Consider the isograd below. Answer #Q18-19 using the figure below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/1fd0cc2a26902205d4769a495882339d_6_img.webp"], "question": "Indicate the most likely candidate for the dominant geological process in this region.", "options": {"A": "Tensional forces", "B": "Compressional forces", "C": "Shear forces", "D": "Igneous intrusion", "E": "Jointing"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1425, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Consider the figure below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/42d8ade566e289437a045250690d5831_6_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following is the most likely formation environment for this profile?", "options": {"A": "Around a hydrothermal vent", "B": "In the middle of the Canadian shield", "C": "Surrounding a batholith", "D": "Above the Mariana Trench", "E": "Around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1426, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The image shows a ship appearing to float above the water due to a visual phenomenon.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/1eff2cdc4792f2412c21f23910e0713d_7_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the phenomenon shown?", "options": {"a": "Strong temperature inversions", "b": "Refraction by ice crystal in the atmosphere", "c": "Lensing by airborne dew droplets", "d": "Reflection off of fog droplets"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1427, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The isobaric chart shows 500 hPa height contours and pressure systems across the contiguous US and surrounding oceans.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d47f28f40c0a85a5bdab15c9ee912229_2_img.webp"], "question": "Identify the most likely candidate for a region that could expect an intensifying surface low.", "options": {"1": "To the west of A", "2": "To the east of A", "3": "Directly below A", "4": "To the west of E", "5": "To the east of E", "6": "Directly below E"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1577, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Pictured below is a map of the Atlantic Ocean with the equator marked by a dashed line.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/f58d571de657fbc093fe3e67f30ca993_7_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following correctly orders the average surface flow speed at the three marked points from least to greatest?", "options": {"A": "I, II, III", "B": "I, III, II", "C": "II, III, I", "D": "II, I, III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1642, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "A hiker encounters this wide, U-shaped valley (shown below) and begins to explore the area.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7_0__bowl_earth_2021_useso_open_key__329f662258.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following features is the hiker likely to find? (\\*)", "options": {"A": "Symmetrical ripple marks", "B": "Ridges of unsorted sediment", "C": "Boulders that are different from the bedrock of the area", "D": "Large scale cross-stratification", "E": "Stalagmites", "F": "Turbidity current deposits"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1643, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Shown below is a figure of the position of the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) in East Asia. X, Y, and Z refer to labeled locations on the map.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/8_0__bowl_earth_2021_useso_open_key__ec1ad569ec.jpg"], "question": "Identify all of the following statements concerning the figure that are likely true. (\\*)", "options": {"A": "This figure represents the ITCZ in January", "B": "This figure represents the ITCZ in July", "C": "Location X is a surface low-pressure center, and location Y is likely a surface high-pressure center", "D": "Location X is a surface high-pressure center, and location Y is likely a surface low-pressure center", "E": "The ITCZ represents a zone where winds converge aloft, instead of at the surface"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1645, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Lobate scarps (dashed line) are long thrust faults that are ubiquitous on the surface of Mercury.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/11_0__bowl_earth_2021_useso_open_key__2901769416.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following best explains the presence of these lobate scarps?", "options": {"A": "Mercury has active tectonics that generate areas of compression", "B": "Mercury has shrunk after its formation due to cooling", "C": "Mercury experiences abundant impact cratering", "D": "Tidal forces due to Mercury's proximity to the Sun", "E": "Mercury experiences strong solar wind"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1646, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Photomicrographs are close up images of thin slices of rock seen under a microscope. The three photomicrographs below represent samples of the three major rock types.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/13_0__bowl_earth_2021_useso_open_key__b991791737.jpg"], "question": "Identify all of the following statements regarding these photomicrographs that are true. (\\*)", "options": {"A": "The formation of Rock 1 involved the crystallization of magma", "B": "The formation of Rock 1 involved the lithification of sediment", "C": "The formation of Rock 1 involved the metamorphosis of a parent rock", "D": "Rock 2 is commonly found in a stream channel", "E": "Rock 2 is commonly found adjacent to an igneous intrusion", "F": "Rock 2 is commonly found in areas under differential stress", "G": "The formation of Rock 3 involved the crystallization of magma", "H": "The formation of Rock 3 involved the lithification of sediment", "I": "The formation of Rock 3 involved the metamorphosis of a parent rock"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I"], "answer": ["B", "F", "G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 1647, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "The Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica is of particular interest because its bed is hundreds of meters below sea level, as shown in the bathymetric map below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/14_0__bowl_earth_2021_useso_open_key__1b2e420570.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following is the primary reason for accelerated ablation (i.e., mass loss) of the Thwaites Glacier?", "options": {"A": "Calving", "B": "Sublimation of ice", "C": "Warming of circumpolar deep water", "D": "Surficial meltwater streams", "E": "Avalanches"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1648, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Refer to the following figure for this question:", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/15_0__bowl_earth_2021_useso_open_key__4fa09b0e4f.jpg"], "question": "Region B represents areas dominated by what type of sediment?", "options": {"A": "Alluvial deposits", "B": "Glacial deposits", "C": "Pelagic red clay", "D": "Siliceous ooze", "E": "Calcareous ooze"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1649, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Salt fingers, shown below, are a curious phenomenon caused by density variation in the oceans.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/17_0__bowl_earth_2021_useso_open_key__c820f004ae.jpg"], "question": "Identify all of the following statements regarding salt finger formation that are true. (\\*)", "options": {"A": "A cold, salty layer contacts warm freshwater, forming warm, salty fingers", "B": "A warm, salty layer contacts cold freshwater, forming cold, salty fingers", "C": "Salt diffusion is faster than heat diffusion, which causes fingers to sink", "D": "Heat diffusion is faster than salt diffusion, which causes fingers to sink", "E": "Salt water is less dense than fresh water at the same temperature"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1655, "assessment_program": "pisa", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "An increased demand for seafood is placing a greater burden on populations of wild fish. To reduce this burden, researchers are investigating ways to grow fish sustainably in fish farms.\n\nTwo challenges to creating a sustainable fish farm include (1) feeding the farmed fish and (2) maintaining water quality. Farmed fish require large amounts of food. A fish farm that is sustainable will grow the food needed to feed the farmed fish. Waste from the fish can build up in the farm to levels that are dangerous to the fish. In a sustainable fish farm, there is a constant flow of ocean water through the farm. Waste and excess nutrients (food that algae and plants need to grow) are removed from the water before it is returned to the ocean.\n\nThe diagram shows a design for an experimental fish farm with three large tanks. Filtered salt water is pumped from the ocean before flowing from tank to tank until it is returned to the ocean. The primary goal of the fish farm is to grow common sole to be harvested in a sustainable way.\n\n- **Common Sole:** The fish being farmed. 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The researcher observes ocean pout surviving below the freezing temperature of water. Since ice crystals destroy cell membranes, the researcher investigates how the fish survives. The ocean pout manufactures a type III antifreeze protein (AFP) that lowers the freezing temperature of its blood and other body fluids. The protein's active site attaches to forming ice crystals and prevents them from expanding. AFP is coded for by the OP5a gene. One AFP sequence is lysine-lysine-arginine-serine-glutamate.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/4_0.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/5_0__DC_Biology__39dcbd4167.jpg"], "question": "The differences between the various antifreeze proteins presented in the information provide evidence most strongly supporting which statement?", "options": {"A": "Each organism is exposed to different temperature ranges.", "B": "Each organism is exposed to a different minimum temperature.", "C": "The DNA that determines the structure of the protein has a distinct function in each organism.", "D": "The DNA that determines the structure of the protein has a distinct sequence in each organism."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 31, "assessment_program": "floridaeoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A team of ecologists observed feeding patterns of several populations in the desert. The energy pyramid shown below depicts the feeding patterns the ecologists observed.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_0__bio_biologydeepsek__8c5a24eba6.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following best explains the difference in the amount of available energy in the trophic levels of the desert ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "There is less energy available in the producers because their tissues are less dense than those at higher trophic levels.", "B": "There is more energy available in the second trophic level because less energy is needed for hunting compared to the higher trophic levels.", "C": "There is more available energy in the birds of prey because they have greater muscle mass for storing energy than organisms in lower trophic levels have.", "D": "There is less available energy in the fourth trophic level because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 78, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The solution set of a system of inequalities is represented on the coordinate plane shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4f92655f9fafe245b9848a6c876c1aaf_4_img.webp"], "question": "Which system of inequalities has the same solution as the one represented on the coordinate plane?", "options": {"A": "$\\begin{cases} y \\le 2x - 3 \\\\ y \\ge -2x - 7 \\end{cases}$", "B": "$\\begin{cases} y \\ge 2x - 3 \\\\ y \\le -2x - 7 \\end{cases}$", "C": "$\\begin{cases} y < 2x - 3 \\\\ y > -2x - 7 \\end{cases}$", "D": "$\\begin{cases} y > 2x - 3 \\\\ y > -2x - 7 \\end{cases}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 91, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Given: $\\triangle XYZ$ with point $Y$ on line $k$ , and $k \\parallel \\overline{XZ}$ .\n\n![Diagram for Question 13. A triangle XYZ is shown. Point Y lies on line k. Line k is parallel to segment XZ. Angles 1, 2, and 3 are marked. Angle 1 is adjacent to angle 2, forming a straight line at point Y. Angle 1 is an exterior angle, adjacent to angle 3, which is an interior angle of triangle XYZ.](f195435ef018dda84a3cb9e2ca17619d_6_img.webp)", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/f195435ef018dda84a3cb9e2ca17619d_6_img.webp"], "question": "Which statement will **most likely** be used to prove that $m\\angle X + m\\angle XYZ + m\\angle Z = 180^\\circ$ ?", "options": {"A": "m\\angle 2 = 90^\\circ", "B": "m\\angle 1 = m\\angle 3", "C": "m\\angle 1 = m\\angle X", "D": "m\\angle 2 + m\\angle Z = 180^\\circ"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 148, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Identical twins develop from a single fertilized egg. Scientists collected data about traits in identical twins. The graph shows the percentage of identical twins that share certain traits.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7_0.jpg"], "question": "Based on the graph, which trait is more likely influenced by genetics than the other traits?", "options": {"A": "same height", "B": "diabetes", "C": "hypertension", "D": "none of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 149, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Identical twins develop from a single fertilized egg. Scientists collected data about traits in identical twins. The graph shows the percentage of identical twins that share certain traits. Scientists also collected data for certain traits in fraternal twins. Unlike identical twins, each fraternal twin develops from a different fertilized egg. The data indicate that approximately 60% of the time, one fraternal twin is the same height as the other fraternal twin.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7_0.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following best explains why the percentage of fraternal twins that are the same height is different from the percentage of identical twins that are the same height?", "options": {"A": "Fraternal twins have access to fewer foods than identical twins.", "B": "Fraternal twins are exposed to more infections than identical twins.", "C": "Fraternal twins share fewer genes with each other than identical twins do.", "D": "Fraternal twins share more genes influenced by the environment than identical twins do."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 150, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A food web for a forest ecosystem is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/10_0__hs-bio_2024_mmd__e7ed1262d1.jpg"], "question": "What is the role of the blue jay in the ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "producer", "B": "primary consumer", "C": "secondary consumer", "D": "tertiary consumer"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 151, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Students use buttons to model the inheritance of a genetic trait. Black and white buttons represent alleles of a single gene. The diagram shows part of the students' model.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/27_0__hs-bio_2024_mmd__ff6a02ac6f.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following is best illustrated by this model?", "options": {"A": "A gene's alleles segregate when sex cells form.", "B": "All of the parents' alleles are passed on to the offspring.", "C": "Alleles of a gene can be dominant, recessive, incompletely dominant, or codominant.", "D": "Dominant alleles occur on the X chromosome and recessive alleles occur on the Y chromosome."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 178, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A cross-sectional view of a speed bump is represented on this coordinate plane.\n\nThe curve created by the speed bump on the graph is modeled by this quadratic function.\n\n$$f(x) = -0.0625x^{2} + 0.25$$\n\nIn the function, $x$ and $f(x)$ represent measurements, in feet, at different locations along the surface of the speed bump.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/19_0__g10-math_2024_updated__832fbcbfa7.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following shows the value of $f(0)$ and describes what the value represents?", "options": {"A": "The value of $f(0)$ is 0.25, which represents the maximum width, in feet, of the speed bump.", "B": "The value of $f(0)$ is 0.25, which represents the maximum height, in feet, of the speed bump.", "C": "The value of $f(0)$ is 0.625, which represents the maximum width, in feet, of the speed bump.", "D": "The value of $f(0)$ is 0.625, which represents the maximum height, in feet, of the speed bump."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 179, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider the inequality graphed on this coordinate plane.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/22_0__g10-math_2024_updated__e7ff80d09f.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following inequalities is represented by the graph?", "options": {"A": "$3y > - x - 3b$", "B": "$3y > - x + 3b$", "C": "$y< - 3x - b$", "D": "$y< - 3x + b$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 180, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Line $r$ is graphed on this coordinate plane.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/23_0__g10-math_2024_updated__a0c5842382.jpg"], "question": "Which of the following equations best represents the line that passes through the point $(2, - 3)$ and is parallel to line $r$ ?", "options": {"A": "$y = -\\frac{1}{2} x - 2$", "B": "$y = -\\frac{1}{2} x - 3$", "C": "$y = 2x - 4$", "D": "$y = 2x - 7$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 260, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A circuit with a battery and four resistors is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7a1ab0c54099a54da262b569c0af7e16_5_img.webp"], "question": "Which resistor has the greatest voltage drop across it?", "options": {"A": "8 Ω", "B": "10 Ω", "C": "12 Ω", "D": "18 Ω"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 265, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "The magnetic fields between three pairs of magnets are shown. One magnet in each pair is labeled X, Y, or Z.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/b6a47781f7a6968b31e6fbf5c9365928_6_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following shows the orientation of bar magnet Z?", "options": {"A": "Magnet labeled N on the left and S on the right.", "B": "Magnet labeled S on the left and N on the right."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 299, "assessment_program": "michiganmstep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The students notice that the maps show liquid water and land in addition to sea ice. They perform an investigation to determine if solar radiation affects water and land differently. The graph shows the data collected during the investigation.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/8_0__MSTEP_Grade_11_Science_Sample_Items_deepseek_mmd__22f50ffa82_3.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/8_1.jpg", "images/context_text_images__text_options/9_0__MSTEP_Grade_11_Science_Sample_Items_deepseek_mmd__a5ff097756_3.jpg"], "question": "The water had ---------- decrease in temperature when the heat lamp was turned off.", "options": {"A": "a large", "B": "a small", "C": "no"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 311, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The quadratic function $f(x)$ is shown in the graph below.\n\nIf the graph of $f(x)$ is moved left 4 units and down 2 units, what would be the equation for the new graph in vertex form?", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/14_0__asmt-eoc-practice-form-alg1_mmd__a6617552f4.jpg"], "question": "Select the correct equation.", "options": {"A": "$f(x) = (x - 4)^2 - 2$", "B": "$f(x) = (x - 1)^2 + 2$", "C": "$f(x) = (x + 4)^2 - 2$", "D": "$f(x) = (x + 2)^2 + 1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 325, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Examine the photograph taken by a United States spy plane in October 1962.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/38_0__asmt-eoc-practice-form-amhis.mmd__c5ac8e1032.jpg"], "question": "Which event is most closely associated with the photograph?", "options": {"A": "the Bay of Pigs", "B": "the Tet Offensive", "C": "the Cuban Missile Crisis", "D": "the Apollo 11 launch site"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 326, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Study the photograph and read the caption.\n\n![](images/40_0.jpg)\n\nTeepee with sign \"American Indian Movement\" on the grounds of the Washington Monument, Washington, D.C., during the \"Longest walk\"", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/40_0__asmt-eoc-practice-form-amhis.mmd__6fc2ae091a.jpg"], "question": "What is a similarity between this movement and the civil rights movement?", "options": {"A": "Both movements sought equality for minority groups.", "B": "Both movements wanted independent nations for minority groups.", "C": "Both movements focused on gaining legal recognition as American citizens.", "D": "Both movements sought legal enforcement of treaties with the United States."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 327, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Daphne birds can be classified into two categories of beak depths, shallower beaks, which have a height of $9 \\mathrm{mm}$ or less, and deeper beaks, which have a height of $10 \\mathrm{mm}$ or larger. In 1976, the mean beak depth was $9.5 \\mathrm{mm}$ and there were groups of birds on either side of this mean. The graphs show mean beak depth for the Daphne bird. Study the differences from 1976 to 1978. Note a drought occurred in 1977.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_0__asmt-eoc-practice-form-bio.mmd__27ff0c83c5.jpg"], "question": "If the drought continued, what is a reasonable expectation for the distribution of beak depths in the bird species?", "options": {"A": "One hundred percent of the population will have a beak depth of $10.5 \\mathrm{mm}$ instead of $10.0 \\mathrm{mm}$ .", "B": "Sixteen percent of the population will have a beak depth of $9 \\mathrm{mm}$ instead of only $4\\%$ of the population with $9 \\mathrm{mm}$ .", "C": "Ten percent of the population will have a beak depth of $9 \\mathrm{mm}$ and $16\\%$ of the population will have a beak depth of $13 \\mathrm{mm}$ .", "D": "Sixteen percent of the population will have a beak depth of $10 \\mathrm{mm}$ and $3\\%$ of the population will have a beak depth of $9 \\mathrm{mm}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 367, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Prostaglandins cause inflammation by attaching to protein receptors on the surface of some cells, as shown in the model below.\n\n![Diagram showing a cell with receptors on its surface. Prostaglandins (triangular molecules) are shown approaching and attaching to the receptors.]", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/b391b0376d7b506f2fbdd8e1f1fdf8ac_7_img.webp"], "question": "Which claim could be used to describe a possible cause of the new variation in the gene that codes for the production of the prostaglandin receptor?", "options": {"A": "The changed receptor will produce a new DNA sequence with different functions that change the inflammatory response.", "B": "Events during reproduction or exposure to some environmental factors could result in a new inheritable variation in the DNA that codes for the production of prostaglandin receptors.", "C": "The protein will no longer be able to produce the gene that codes for prostaglandins, resulting in a weaker inflammatory response.", "D": "The changed DNA will be passed on through reproduction and result in a different order of simple sugar subunits that make up the C-enzyme protein."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 401, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The scatter plot below shows the arm spans and heights of 20 people in Dorian's class.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/63119a218297acc42232e11a2e26b7df_4_img.webp"], "question": "Based on the line of best fit, which is **most likely** the height of a person with an arm span of 200 cm?", "options": {"A": "188 cm", "B": "192 cm", "C": "197 cm", "D": "205 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 402, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Nate will buy at least 10 cans of fishing bait. Each large can costs $\\$7$, and each small can costs $\\$3$. He will spend up to $\\$54$ on bait. This system of inequalities is graphed below.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/20_0__2015_keystone_iss_algebra_mmd__2575585c36.jpg"], "question": "Which combination of cans could Nate buy?", "options": {"A": "A. 2 large cans and 6 small cans", "B": "B. 2 large cans and 10 small cans", "C": "C. 6 large cans and 10 small cans", "D": "D. 8 large cans and 2 small cans"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 642, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph shows the linear relationship between the maximum area in square feet that can be painted and the number of gallons of paint used.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/16_0__dc_maths_2018_md__5da474ff36.jpg"], "question": "Which of these best represents the rate of change of the maximum area painted with respect to the number of gallons of paint used?", "options": ["A $200\\ \\mathrm{ft}^2/\\mathrm{gal}$", "B $1/200\\ \\mathrm{ft}^2/\\mathrm{gal}$", "C $400\\ \\mathrm{ft}^2/\\mathrm{gal}$", "D $1/400\\ \\mathrm{ft}^2/\\mathrm{gal}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 643, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/17_0__dc_maths_2018_md__c5c0fded56.jpg"], "question": "What appears to be the domain of the part of the exponential function graphed on the grid?", "options": {"A": "\\(-1 \\le x \\le 3\\)", "B": "\\(-1 \\le y \\le 3\\)", "C": "\\(5.3 \\le x \\le 27\\)", "D": "\\(5.3 \\le y \\le 27\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 644, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/23_0__dc_maths_2018_md__f76413491c.jpg"], "question": "What are the equation and slope of the line shown on the grid?", "options": ["F y = 6; slope is -1/6", "G x = 6; slope is zero.", "H y = 6; slope is 6.", "J x = 6; slope is undefined."], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 645, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graphs of linear functions f and g are shown on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/25_0__dc_maths_2018_md__1905cf1168.jpg"], "question": "Which function is best represented by the graph of g?", "options": ["A g(x) = f(x) - 4", "B g(x) = 1/3 f(x)", "C g(x) = f(x) - 2", "D g(x) = 3f(x)"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 664, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of a quadratic function is shown on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/17_0__dc_maths_2021_md__4649685bc4.jpg"], "question": "Which function is best represented by this graph?", "options": ["F. $f(x) = - \\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + 16$", "G. $f(x) = - x^{2} + 16$", "H. $f(x) = - \\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + 8$", "J. $f(x) = - x^{2} + 8$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 674, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A system of equations is graphed on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/9_0__dc_maths_2022_md__41bfe0c8c8.jpg"], "question": "Which system of equations is best represented by the graph?", "options": ["A $y = \\frac{2}{5} x - 8$ $y = -\\frac{3}{5} x - 3$", "B $y = \\frac{2}{5} x - 3$ $y = -\\frac{3}{5} x - 8$", "C $y = \\frac{5}{2} x - 8$ $y = -\\frac{5}{3} x - 3$", "D $y = \\frac{5}{2} x - 3$ $y = -\\frac{5}{3} x - 8$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 675, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An exponential function is graphed on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/15_0__dc_maths_2022_md__ebdc59607d.jpg"], "question": "Which function is best represented by the graph?", "options": ["A $p(x) = (0.25)^x$", "B $p(x) = 2(0.5)^x$", "C $p(x) = (1.25)^x$", "D $p(x) = (25)^x$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 676, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of a linear function is shown on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/19_0__dc_maths_2022_md__5bb871c58d.jpg"], "question": "Which equation is best represented by this graph?", "options": ["A $y = - \\frac{7}{4} x + 4$", "B $y = - \\frac{7}{4} x + 7$", "C $y = - \\frac{4}{7} x + 4$", "D $y = - \\frac{4}{7} x + 7$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 677, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A florist is making bouquets of flowers for a wedding. Each bouquet will have 9 flowers. The graph shows the linear relationship between $y$, the number of flowers used, and $x$, the number of bouquets. The florist will use no more than 8 bouquets for the wedding.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/21_0__dc_maths_2022_md__608d9a99f0.jpg"], "question": "Which set best represents the domain of the function for this situation?", "options": ["F {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}", "G {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}", "H {0, 18, 36, 54, 72, 90}", "J {0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72}"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 679, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Two points are plotted on the grid.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/26_0__dc_maths_2022_md__0f60ddde1b.jpg"], "question": "Which equation in slope-intercept form best represents the line that passes through these two points?", "options": ["A $y = - \\frac{2}{3} x - \\frac{11}{3}$", "B $y = - \\frac{11}{3} x - \\frac{2}{3}$", "C $y = - \\frac{2}{3} x - \\frac{10}{3}$", "D $y = - \\frac{10}{3} x - \\frac{2}{3}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 688, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of line $l$ is shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/903073dd602a2705f5b00758472dc4de_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which number is closest in value to the slope of line $l$?", "options": {"A": "$-6$", "B": "$-\\frac{1}{6}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{6}$", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 693, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4_0__Geometry2013_mmd_answers_corrected__fc3d745d49.jpg"], "question": "Which point is on the perpendicular bisector of $\\overline{ST}$?", "options": {"A": "W", "B": "X", "C": "Y", "D": "Z"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 744, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Marcia makes and sells handcrafted picture frames in 2 sizes: small and large. It takes her 2 hours to make a small frame and 3 hours to make a large frame. The shaded triangular region shown below is the graph of a system of inequalities representing weekly constraints Marcia has in making the frames. For making and selling $s$ small frames and $l$ large frames, Marcia makes a profit of $30s + 70l$ dollars. Marcia sells all the frames she makes.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4ffdc7cd7c4486de0df1f80dcdb5c328_14_img.webp"], "question": "For every hour that Marcia spends making frames in the second week of December each year, she donates $3 from that week's profit to a local charity. This year, Marcia made 4 large frames and 2 small frames in that week. Which of the following is closest to the percent of that week's profit Marcia donated to the charity?", "options": {"A": "6%", "B": "12%", "C": "14%", "D": "16%", "E": "19%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 766, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "In the figure below, A, B, C, and D lie on the circle centered at O.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/e137f9faef22c87bba8bca3e51c77949_44_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following does NOT appear in the figure?", "options": {"A": "Acute triangle", "B": "Equilateral triangle", "C": "Isosceles triangle", "D": "Right triangle", "E": "Scalene triangle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 767, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "In $\\triangle ABC$ shown below, the measure of $\\angle A$ is $58^\\circ$ , and $AB \\cong AC$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7eda8aea963752284d322e5e404c1980_15_img.webp"], "question": "What is the measure of $\\angle C$ ?", "options": {"A": " $32^\\circ$", "B": " $42^\\circ$", "C": " $58^\\circ$", "D": " $61^\\circ$", "E": " $62^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 768, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "geometry", "context": "The solid rectangular prism shown below was built by alternating congruent black cubes and white cubes such that 2 cubes of the same color have at most 1 edge touching.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7eda8aea963752284d322e5e404c1980_19_img.webp"], "question": "What is the total number of white cubes that were used to build the prism?", "options": {"A": "45", "B": "102", "C": "105", "D": "140", "E": "210"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 769, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Four identical glasses are shown below. One glass is empty, and the other 3 glasses are $\\frac{1}{4}$ full, $\\frac{1}{2}$ full, and $\\frac{4}{5}$ full of water, respectively.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/49dd60b24f2d83d571cdf88766b65b5d_13_img.webp"], "question": "If the water were redistributed equally among the 4 glasses, what fractional part of each glass would be filled?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{2}{11}$", "B": " $\\frac{8}{11}$", "C": " $\\frac{3}{22}$", "D": " $\\frac{31}{60}$", "E": " $\\frac{31}{80}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 788, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Lake Agassiz existed between 11,700 and 9,500 years ago in North America (see Figure 1). The lake was formed when a large glacier dammed several rivers. Groundwater trapped in lake and glacial sediments provides information about the climate at the time the sediments were deposited. Figure 2 shows a cross section of the sediments (lake clay and glacial till) and bedrock in the area.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/43_1.jpg"], "question": "According to Figure 2, as the thickness of the lake clay deposits increases from Grand Forks to Site 3, the thickness of the glacial till beneath it:", "options": {"A": "increases.", "B": "remains the same.", "C": "first increases and then decreases.", "D": "decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 866, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Consider the below diagram, which shows the annual percent increase in the global human population.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/0664aeb1a9301681b0d40f9ca40df22f_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the below would be the most plausible reason for a sharp dip indicated by the star in the figure above?", "options": {"A": "World War I.", "B": "Vietnam War.", "C": "A huge famine in China.", "D": "AIDS and voluntary population control by Chinese government.", "E": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 874, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d112d8f07130f2b0bf23a8379fd33b88_5_img.webp"], "question": "Below are diagrams of two sets of apparatus. The apparatus in Figure I is used for SDS-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and the apparatus in Figure II is used for DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. Which letters indicate the anode on each apparatus?", "options": {"A": "A and C.", "B": "A and D.", "C": "B and C.", "D": "B and D.", "E": "C and D."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 901, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Orion is observing the sky with two telescopes that he just made. Orion wrote down that the first telescope has a primary mirror with focal length F_p = 2m and an eye piece with focal length F_e = 30mm. However, he does not know the specifications of his second telescope. Given that the full-field image on the left was taken by the first telescope, and the full-field image on the right was taken by the second telescope.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/725392229f7e31cd98bcf3af0816e7d9_3_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/725392229f7e31cd98bcf3af0816e7d9_4_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following choices could be the specifications of the second telescope?", "options": {"A": "F_p = 1m F_e = 15mm", "B": "F_p = 1m F_e = 30mm", "C": "F_p = 1m F_e = 90mm", "D": "F_p = 6m F_e = 30mm", "E": "F_p = 6m F_e = 15mm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 908, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "You are stranded on a remote island somewhere on Earth, at an unknown date and time (in the 21st century). You look up and see the night sky.\n\n(For avoidance of doubt, the illuminated side of the Moon is on the left.)", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/d484a445ff65a098cabdb9fd854be2d2_1_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following is the best estimate of the month of the year?", "options": {"A": "(a) January", "B": "(b) April", "C": "(c) July", "D": "(d) September", "E": "(e) November"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1007, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3_1__2024-usnco-national-exam-part-i__8c0b2349ec.jpg"], "question": "Amphiphilic species like $\\mathrm{CH}_3(\\mathrm{CH}_2)_{10}\\mathrm{COO}^-$ can aggregate into micelles in water, as depicted schematically below. $\\Delta S$ for micelle formation is positive. Which best explains why?", "options": {"A": "Amphiphilic compounds are solvated by an ordered layer of water molecules.", "B": "Micelle formation involves converting many independent amphiphilic compounds into a single large micelle.", "C": "Water molecules are trapped in the hydrophobic interior of micelles.", "D": "Water molecules form ordered structures around the exterior of micelles."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1008, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7_0__2024-usnco-national-exam-part-i__dab09dcbde.jpg"], "question": "Which difluorocyclohexanes are optically active?", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1049, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "In the triangle shown, what is the value of $\\tan x^\\circ$ ?\n\n", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bbac968dda6aa2f289f02928123579c2_5_img.webp"], "question": "What is the value of $\\tan x^\\circ$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{26}$", "B": "$\\frac{19}{26}$", "C": "$\\frac{26}{7}$", "D": "$\\frac{33}{7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1090, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small bead is placed on the top of a frictionless glass sphere of diameter $D$ as shown. The bead is given a slight push and starts sliding down along the sphere.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bfe4f228f0d0b731af15f92f9710f38f_4_img.webp"], "question": "Find the speed $v$ of the bead at the point at which the bead leaves the sphere.", "options": {"A": "$v = \\sqrt{gD}$", "B": "$v = \\sqrt{4gD/5}$", "C": "$v = \\sqrt{2gD/3}$", "D": "$v = \\sqrt{gD/2}$", "E": "$v = \\sqrt{gD/3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1091, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two blocks are suspended by two massless elastic strings to the ceiling as shown in the figure. The masses of the upper and lower block are $m_1 = 2$ kg and $m_2 = 4$ kg respectively.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2cf1fb41378a39c537e82fc41014abf0_4_img.webp"], "question": "If the upper string is suddenly cut just above the top block what are the accelerations of the two blocks at the moment when the top block begins to fall?", "options": {"A": "upper: $10 \\text{ m/s}^2$ ; lower: 0", "B": "upper: $10 \\text{ m/s}^2$ ; lower: $10 \\text{ m/s}^2$", "C": "upper: $20 \\text{ m/s}^2$ ; lower: $10 \\text{ m/s}^2$", "D": "upper: $30 \\text{ m/s}^2$ ; lower: 0", "E": "upper: $30 \\text{ m/s}^2$ ; lower: $10 \\text{ m/s}^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1092, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform rod of length $l$ lies on a frictionless horizontal surface. One end of the rod is attached to a pivot. An un-stretched spring of length $L \\gg l$ lies on the surface perpendicular to the rod; one end of the spring is attached to the movable end of the rod, and the other end is attached to a fixed post. When the rod is rotated slightly about the pivot, it oscillates at frequency $f$ . The spring attachment is moved to the midpoint of the rod, and the post is moved so the spring remains unstretched and perpendicular to the rod. The system is again set into small oscillations.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/35b45028d535f95c1e56dbe7e6eb8441_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/7219b3593603e06a33fdce747a8cfad6_4_img.webp"], "question": "What is the new frequency of oscillation?", "options": {"A": "$f/2$", "B": "$f/\\sqrt{2}$", "C": "$f$", "D": "$\\sqrt{2}f$", "E": "$2f$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1093, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform rod of length $l$ lies on a frictionless horizontal surface. One end of the rod is attached to a pivot. An un-stretched spring of length $L \\gg l$ lies on the surface perpendicular to the rod; one end of the spring is attached to the movable end of the rod, and the other end is attached to a fixed post. When the rod is rotated slightly about the pivot, it oscillates at frequency $f$ .The spring attachment is moved back to the end of the rod; the post is moved so that it is in line with the rod and the pivot and the spring is unstretched. The post is then moved away from the pivot by an additional amount $l$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7219b3593603e06a33fdce747a8cfad6_4_img.webp", "images/context_text_images__text_options/9246634e74edf80c63f0645b60433bff_4_img.webp"], "question": "What is the new frequency of oscillation?", "options": {"A": "$f/3$", "B": "$f/\\sqrt{3}$", "C": "$f$", "D": "$\\sqrt{3}f$", "E": "$3f$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1094, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ping-pong ball with mass $m$ with initial horizontal velocity $v$ and angular velocity $\\omega$ comes into contact with the ground. Friction is not negligible, so both the velocity and angular velocity of the ping-pong ball changes.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/75da82d18bd874298a5ab26f669b0614_4_img.webp"], "question": "What is the critical velocity $v_c$ such that the ping-pong will stop and remain stopped? Treat the ping-pong ball as a hollow sphere.", "options": {"A": "$v = \\frac{2}{3}R\\omega$", "B": "$v = \\frac{2}{5}R\\omega$", "C": "$v = R\\omega$", "D": "$v = \\frac{3}{5}R\\omega$", "E": "$v = \\frac{5}{3}R\\omega$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1095, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform solid right prism whose cross section is an isosceles right triangle with height $h$ and width $w = 2h$ is placed on an incline that has a variable angle with the horizontal $\\theta$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/7c1a88fa8f26f6e540c66c647a6413b5_4_img.webp"], "question": "What is the minimum coefficient of static friction so that the prism topples before it begins sliding as $\\theta$ is slowly increased from zero?", "options": {"A": "0.71", "B": "1.41", "C": "1.50", "D": "1.73", "E": "3.00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1096, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block of mass $m$ is launched horizontally onto a curved wedge of mass $M$ at a velocity $v$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/bf2cfb37903de26f57bed203cea8b9b2_8_img.webp"], "question": "What is the maximum height reached by the block after it shoots off the vertical segment of the wedge? Assume all surfaces are frictionless; both the block and the curved wedge are free to move. The curved wedge does not tilt or topple.", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{v^2}{2g}$ ", "B": " $\\left(\\frac{m}{m+M}\\right)^2 \\cdot \\frac{v^2}{2g}$ ", "C": " $\\left(\\frac{M}{m+M}\\right)^2 \\cdot \\frac{v^2}{2g}$ ", "D": " $\\frac{m}{m+M} \\cdot \\frac{v^2}{2g}$ ", "E": " $\\frac{M}{m+M} \\cdot \\frac{v^2}{2g}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1097, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A cylinder has a radius $R$ and weight $G$ . You try to roll it over a step of height $h < R$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5505966cc006dc0bca0599947ebc50a4_4_img.webp"], "question": "The minimum force needed to roll the cylinder over is:", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{2Rh - h^2}}{R - h}G$ ", "B": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{2Rh - h^2}}{2R - h}G$ ", "C": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{2Rh - h^2}}{2R}G$ ", "D": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{2Rh - h^2}}{R}G$ ", "E": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{Rh - h^2}}{2R}G$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1098, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object of mass $m$ is attached to the end of a massless rod of length $L$ . The other end of the rod is attached to a frictionless pivot. The object is raised so that its height is $0.8L$ above the pivot, as shown in the figure.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6e7ebbdbe7fe7c07ddfb122571b3ae7b_4_img.webp"], "question": "After the object is released from rest, what is the tension in the rod when it is horizontal?", "options": {"A": " $0.6 mg$ ", "B": " $1.6 mg$ ", "C": " $2.6 mg$ ", "D": " $3.6 mg$ ", "E": " $5.36 mg$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1099, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A wheel of radius $R$ is rolling without slipping with angular velocity $\\omega$ .", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6e7ebbdbe7fe7c07ddfb122571b3ae7b_6_img.webp"], "question": "For point A on the wheel at an angle $\\theta$ with respect to the vertical, shown in the figure, what is the magnitude of its velocity with respect to the ground?", "options": {"A": " $\\omega R$ ", "B": " $\\omega R \\sin(|\\theta|/2)$ ", "C": " $\\sqrt{2}\\omega R \\sin(|\\theta|/2)$ ", "D": " $2\\omega R \\sin(|\\theta|)$ ", "E": " $2\\omega R \\sin(|\\theta|/2)$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1100, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A launcher is designed to shoot objects horizontally across an ice rink. It consists of two boards of negligible mass connected via a spring-loaded hinge, which exerts a constant torque $\\tau$ on each board to keep them together. For both problems, neglect friction with either the ice or the launch boards. A hard disc is pushed into the launcher between the boards until the boards make contact with it a distance $\\ell$ from the hinge and are open to an angle $\\theta$ , as shown in the figure.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2de9e376380907db6d2fee3997a3345f_6_img.webp"], "question": "What is the minimum force necessary to hold the disc in this position?", "options": {"A": " $2\\tau \\sin(\\theta/2)/\\ell$ ", "B": " $2\\tau \\cos(\\theta/2)/\\ell$ ", "C": " $\\tau \\cos(\\theta)/\\ell$ ", "D": " $\\tau \\tan(\\theta)/\\ell$ ", "E": " $2\\tau \\tan(\\theta)/\\ell$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1101, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A launcher is designed to shoot objects horizontally across an ice rink. It consists of two boards of negligible mass connected via a spring-loaded hinge, which exerts a constant torque $\\tau$ on each board to keep them together. For both problems, neglect friction with either the ice or the launch boards. The disc is removed and replaced with a pie-shaped wedge of the same mass $m$ , so that the hinge is still initially held open at an angle $\\theta$ , as shown in the following figure. If the wedge is released from rest,", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2de9e376380907db6d2fee3997a3345f_8_img.webp"], "question": "what is its speed after it exits the launcher?", "options": {"A": " $\\sqrt{\\frac{\\tau}{2m\\theta}}$ ", "B": " $\\sqrt{\\frac{4\\tau\\theta}{m}}$ ", "C": " $\\sqrt{\\frac{\\tau\\theta^2}{2m}}$ ", "D": " $\\sqrt{\\frac{2\\tau\\theta}{m}}$ ", "E": " $\\sqrt{\\frac{2\\tau}{m\\theta}}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1105, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A trough half-filled with water is suspended from wires, as shown. The tension is initially the same in each wire.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/303325d348d97edd9e8a246ee3655f17_6_img.webp"], "question": "A boat is placed in the trough directly under the left wire. It floats without touching the sides of the trough or overflowing the water. How does the tension in the wires change as a result?", "options": {"A": "The tension is not affected in either wire.", "B": "The tension increases equally in both wires.", "C": "The tension increases in the left wire and decreases in the right wire.", "D": "The tension increases in the left wire and stays the same in the right wire.", "E": "The tension increases in the left wire and increases by a smaller amount in the right wire."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1157, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A cubical box of mass 10 kg with edge length 5 m is free to move on a frictionless horizontal surface. Inside is a small block of mass 2 kg, which moves without friction inside the box. At time $t = 0$ , the block is moving with velocity $5\\mathrm{m / s}$ directly towards one of the faces of the box, while the box is initially at rest. The coefficient of restitution for any collision between the block and box is $90\\%$ , meaning that the relative speed between the box and block immediately after a collision is $90\\%$ of the relative speed between the box and block immediately before the collision.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/6_0__exam1-2014-2-2-solutions__cd6bd96e9b.jpg"], "question": "After 1 minute, the block is a displacement $x$ from the original position. Which of the following is closest to $x$ ?", "options": {"A": "$0\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$50\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$100\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$200\\mathrm{m}$", "E": "$300\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1215, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3fddc3406a5629f616806e5116c1882e_4_img.webp"], "question": "A simple pendulum of length $L$ has a point mass $M$ released from rest from the horizontal position shown. In the absence of air resistance and friction, the mass swings through the arc of a circle. Let $T$ represent the magnitude of the force from the string on the mass (tension), $G$ represent the magnitude of the gravitational force acting on the mass by the earth, and $F$ represent the magnitude of the net force acting on the mass. Which one of the following choices describes the relationship among these forces when the mass swings at the bottom of the arc (point P)?", "options": {"A": " $G < F < T$ ", "B": " $F < G = T$ ", "C": " $F < G < T$ ", "D": " $T < F < G$ ", "E": " $G = F < T$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1216, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3fddc3406a5629f616806e5116c1882e_6_img.webp"], "question": "An inverted \"V\" in static equilibrium is made from two uniform beams each of mass $M = 12 \\text{ kg}$ . Each beam of the \"V\" has the same length and makes an angle of $30^\\circ$ with the vertical as shown in the diagram. Which one of the following choices best represents the magnitude of the static friction force acting on the left leg of the \"V\" from the level ground? The coefficient of static friction between each beam and the ground is $\\mu_s = 0.76$ .", "options": {"A": "26.3 N", "B": "34.6 N", "C": "45.6 N", "D": "69.3 N", "E": "91.2 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1363, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The image shows an organism from the phylum Arthropoda. Dichotomous key: 1. antennae pointing forwards go to 2 antennae pointing sideways go to 3 2. branched antennae A. unbranched antennae B. 3. one pair of legs in each body segment C. two pairs of legs in each body segment D. ", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/12_0__ib_biology_HL_paper_1A__7799752129.jpg"], "question": "A dichotomous key was used to classify this arthropod. To which group does it belong? ", "options": {"A": "A.", "B": "B.", "C": "C.", "D": "D."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1382, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "The black-body radiation curve of an object at 600 K is shown. The intensity units are arbitrary.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/2b8de2eac6c34e80b5a688464d7c0fcf_4_img.webp"], "question": "What is the radiation curve of the same object at 450 K? The original curve is shown with a dashed line.", "options": {"A": "Graph showing intensity versus wavelength. The solid line (450 K) peaks lower than the dashed line (600 K) and shifts to longer wavelengths.", "B": "Graph showing intensity versus wavelength. The solid line (450 K) peaks higher than the dashed line (600 K) and shifts to shorter wavelengths.", "C": "Graph showing intensity versus wavelength. The solid line (450 K) peaks higher than the dashed line (600 K) and shifts to longer wavelengths.", "D": "Graph showing intensity versus wavelength. The solid line (450 K) peaks lower than the dashed line (600 K) and shifts to shorter wavelengths."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1383, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Waves", "context": "Four identical resistors, each of resistance $R$, are connected as shown.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/b5295af8467f41a4133a7532ce3c13c4_8_img.webp"], "question": "What is the effective resistance between P and Q?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{3R}{4}$", "B": "$R$", "C": "$\\frac{4R}{3}$", "D": "$4R$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1460, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": "An astronomer is watching the ISS transit the Sun when suddenly, a mysterious new planet (gray circle) comes into view. The astronomer makes some measurements and realizes that the planet is \\(3.6 \\times 10^8\\ \\mathrm{m}\\) away.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4e7f047f8e39de8ebec305dc8632bb7c_3_img.webp"], "question": "Estimate the diameter of the planet.", "options": {"A": "\\(10^4\\ \\mathrm{meters}\\)", "B": "\\(10^5\\ \\mathrm{meters}\\)", "C": "\\(10^6\\ \\mathrm{meters}\\)", "D": "\\(10^7\\ \\mathrm{meters}\\)", "E": "\\(10^8\\ \\mathrm{meters}\\)", "F": "\\(10^9\\ \\mathrm{meters}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1463, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The diagram above shows the carbon dioxide concentrations measured at Barrow (Alaska), Mauna Loa, Samoa, and the South Pole. In addition to the overall upward trend in \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) concentration, a seasonal variation pattern is also evident.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/a49b0baf3c4910c1f0b3e36d5a30fb91_5_img.webp"], "question": "Based on the diagram above, which of the following is likely true?", "options": {"A": "Fossil fuel combustion weakens seasonal \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) variations.", "B": "The large area covered by deciduous forests in the Northern Hemisphere accounts for the more prominent seasonal cycle of \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) concentration than in the Southern Hemisphere.", "C": "The seasonal variations are due to greater amounts of \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) being dissolved in the oceans during the summer.", "D": "The seasonal variations are due to the greater amount of insolation received in the Northern Hemisphere."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1469, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Below is satellite imagery of a developing storm system in the Northern hemisphere with a white dashed line marking the region of a pressure trough.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/cb3c23755403bd9aa0fc1196b5f4bdce_3_img.webp"], "question": "In which direction will the pressure trough move?", "options": {"1": "West", "2": "East"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1470, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Below is satellite imagery of a developing storm system in the Northern hemisphere with a white dashed line marking the region of a pressure trough.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/cb3c23755403bd9aa0fc1196b5f4bdce_3_img.webp"], "question": "This imagery is most associated with what weather phenomenon?", "options": {"1": "Hurricane", "2": "Mid-latitude cyclone", "3": "Tornado"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1530, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "The image below represents a two-dimensional cross section of $v_s/v_p$ (the ratio of S wave velocity to P wave velocity) under La Palma, an island where a lengthy volcanic eruption occurred in 2021. The yellow triangle represents the location of the eruption, while the smaller green triangles represent locations of major earthquakes that occurred during the eruption.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/c4a0f8a71609710ddd59e9acafb360aa_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the following statements is/are true of the image and the geology of the region? I) In the image, red represents an unusually high $v_s/v_p$ ratio II) The eruption was primarily fed by magma from less than 5 kilometers beneath the surface", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1590, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/c542b9420da5b359fcb70dac7879a1a7_11_img.webp"], "question": "Diana knows that, beginning one million years ago at a particular section of tectonically inactive coastline, the sea level fell from its initial position and then rose back up. If Diana dug to rocks formed around one million years ago, which of the following sequences would she most likely find? Assume that layers on top are younger.", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1602, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The following image depicts a 300 mb constant pressure chart over the United States.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/3ddf6683874225432c8401e0f62af996_2_img.webp"], "question": "Which of the locations depicted is most likely to exhibit surface-level convergence?", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1632, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": "Base your answers to questions 55 through 60 on the diagram below and your knowledge of science. The diagram represents a planet, P, in an elliptical orbit around a star located at F1. The foci of the elliptical orbit are F1 and F2. Orbital locations are represented by P1 through P6.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/30_0__bowl_earth_output_2018__564aa783b8_5.jpg"], "question": "Regarding the planet's orbital speed around its star,", "options": {"1": "the speed is constant", "2": "the speed is greatest at point P1", "3": "the speed is greatest at point P2", "4": "the speed is greatest at point P4"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1633, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": "Base your answers on the diagram below and your knowledge of science. The diagram represents a planet, P, in an elliptical orbit around a star located at F1. The foci of the elliptical orbit are F1 and F2. Orbital locations are represented by P1 through P6.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/30_0__bowl_earth_output_2018__564aa783b8_6.jpg"], "question": "When the planet is twice as far away from its star in its orbit, the gravitational attraction between planet P and the star is", "options": {"1": "the same", "2": "twice as much", "3": "four times as much", "4": "one quarter as much"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1634, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Baeo you answers to questions 65 through 68 on the diagram below. Letters A,B,C and X, Y, Z represent missing labels.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/33_0__bowl_earth_output_2018__77f4151725.jpg"], "question": "The classification of rocks into sedimentary or nonsedimentary is based primarily on the", "options": {"1": "origin", "2": "density", "3": "color", "4": "age"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1635, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Baeo you answers to questions 65 through 68 on the diagram below. Letters A,B,C and X, Y, Z represent missing labels.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/33_0__bowl_earth_output_2018__77f4151725_2.jpg"], "question": "Which process would form the type of rock that is represented by circle B?", "options": {"1": "deposition and compaction", "2": "weathering and erosion", "3": "melting and solidification", "4": "faulting and folding"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1636, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Baeo you answers to questions 65 through 68 on the diagram below. Letters A,B,C and X, Y, Z represent missing labels.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/33_0__bowl_earth_output_2018__77f4151725_3.jpg"], "question": "If the rock in circle C formed from limestone, it would be called", "options": {"1": "schist", "2": "anthracite coal", "3": "marble", "4": "slate"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1637, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Baeo you answers to questions 65 through 68 on the diagram below. Letters A,B,C and X, Y, Z represent missing labels.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/33_0__bowl_earth_output_2018__77f4151725_4.jpg"], "question": "Which rocks could be represented by circles X,Y, and Z?", "options": {"1": "shale, slate, and schist", "2": "sandstone, shale, and siltstone", "3": "anthracite coal, metaconglomerate, and rock salt", "4": "breccia, gneiss, and rhyolite"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1638, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": null, "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/35_0__bowl_earth_output_2018__d17c477d19.jpg"], "question": "The shaded portion of the map below indicates areas of night, and the unshaded portion indicates areas of daylight. What day of the year is best represented by the map? ", "options": {"1": "March 21", "2": "June 21", "3": "September 21", "4": "December 21"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1640, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The figure below shows the wind velocity anomalies at 850 hPa for both phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), a mode of climate variability in the Pacific Ocean. The region highlighted in blue will be denoted as Region A.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/4_0__bowl_earth_2021_useso_open_key__0857106607.jpg"], "question": "Which phase of ENSO is shown?", "options": {"A": "El Niño", "B": "La Niña"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1641, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "The diagrams below are the typical salinity profiles (ppt) of low, mid, and high latitude regions of the North Pacific Ocean.", "image_context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_images__text_options/5_0__bowl_earth_2021_useso_open_key__dabfc2df4a.jpg"], "question": "Identify all of the following statements regarding these salinity profiles that are true. 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She babysits for $ 5$ per hour and works at an ice cream shop for $ 8$ per hour. Leah cannot work more than a total of 20 hours per month. Let x represent the number of hours Leah babysits and let y represent the number of hours Leah works at the ice cream shop. Which graph shows the set of points that represents the number of hours that Leah can work in order to earn at least $ 120$ and not work more than 20 hours per month?", "question": "Which graph shows the set of points that represents the number of hours that Leah can work in order to earn at least $ 120$ and not work more than 20 hours per month?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/15_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 3, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph represents the equation $5y - 3x = -15$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/30_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/30_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/30_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/30_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 4, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The ordered pairs (20, -29.5), (21, -31), and (22, -32.5) are points on the graph of a linear equation. Which of the following graphs shows all of the ordered pairs in the solution set of this linear equation?", "question": "Which of the following graphs shows all of the ordered pairs in the solution set of this linear equation?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/33_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/33_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/33_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/33_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 5, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In a particular state, the first character on a license plate is always a letter. The last character is always a digit from 0 to 9.", "question": "If \\(V\\) represents the set of all license plates beginning with a vowel, and \\(O\\) represents the set of all license plates that end with an odd number, which license plate belongs to the set \\(V\\) and \\(O\\) ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/179_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 6, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph represents a system of linear equations that has multiple common coordinate pairs?", "options": {"A": "images/context_text_only__image_options/57_0.jpg", "B": "images/context_text_only__image_options/57_1.jpg", "C": "images/context_text_only__image_options/57_2.jpg", "D": "images/context_text_only__image_options/57_3.jpg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 7, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph represents \\(x > 3\\)?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/64_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 8, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph represents \\(y > 2x - 1\\)?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/65_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 9, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "To rent a canoe, the cost is \\$3 for the oars and life preserver, plus \\$5 per hour for the canoe.", "question": "Which graph models the cost of renting a canoe?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/100_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 10, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which scatter plot best represents a model of exponential growth?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/118_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 11, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph most clearly displays a set of data for which a linear function is the model of best fit?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/149_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 13, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following models of protein synthesis is labeled with the correct molecules and processes?", "options": {"A": "images/context_text_only__image_options/e33ac59be995268f6e35a2c554f2f12d_12_img.webp", "B": "images/context_text_only__image_options/e33ac59be995268f6e35a2c554f2f12d_21_img.webp", "C": "images/context_text_only__image_options/e33ac59be995268f6e35a2c554f2f12d_30_img.webp", "D": "images/context_text_only__image_options/e33ac59be995268f6e35a2c554f2f12d_39_img.webp"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 14, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Predation of rock pocket mice plays a role in their population sizes.", "question": "A new predator that hunts rock pocket mice moves into site 3.\n\nWhich of the following graphs shows what will most likely happen to the rock pocket mouse population size at site 3 after 40 generations?", "options": {"A": "images/context_text_only__image_options/7e8b6d08dab6476be34a4ba24f2d17ba_6_img.webp", "B": "images/context_text_only__image_options/7e8b6d08dab6476be34a4ba24f2d17ba_7_img.webp", "C": "images/context_text_only__image_options/7e8b6d08dab6476be34a4ba24f2d17ba_8_img.webp", "D": "images/context_text_only__image_options/7e8b6d08dab6476be34a4ba24f2d17ba_9_img.webp"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 15, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Emperor penguins can dive underwater for over 20 minutes. While underwater, the penguins use oxygen that is stored in their bodies.", "question": "Which of the following graphs shows the amount of carbon dioxide produced over time in a penguin's body as it swims underwater?", "options": {"A": "images/context_text_only__image_options/333965550107d99ed85f3351a178200e_10_img.webp", "B": "images/context_text_only__image_options/333965550107d99ed85f3351a178200e_11_img.webp", "C": "images/context_text_only__image_options/333965550107d99ed85f3351a178200e_12_img.webp", "D": "images/context_text_only__image_options/333965550107d99ed85f3351a178200e_13_img.webp"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 19, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this inequality.\n\n$$y\\leq \\frac{3}{2} x - 4$$", "question": "Which of the following graphs represents the solution set of the inequality?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/21_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/21_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/21_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/21_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 20, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Quadrilateral JKLM was graphed on a coordinate plane.\n\nThe coordinates of the vertices of the quadrilateral are shown.\n\n- $J(2, 2)$- $K(6, 2)$- $L(8, 8)$- $M(4, 8)$\n\nQuadrilateral JKLM will be dilated by a scale factor of $\\frac{1}{2}$ with respect to the origin.", "question": "Which graph shows the image of quadrilateral JKLM after the dilation?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/29_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/29_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/29_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/29_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 21, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this inequality.\n\n$$y\\geq 2x + 4$$", "question": "Which of the following graphs represents the solution set of the inequality?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/18_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/18_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/18_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/18_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 22, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following figures has rotational symmetry?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/26_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 23, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "On a coordinate plane, $\\triangle NPQ$ is dilated by a scale factor of 2 with respect to the origin to create its image, $\\triangle N'P'Q'$.", "question": "Which of the following shows possible locations of $\\triangle NPQ$ and $\\triangle N'P'Q'$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/5_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/5_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/5_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/5_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 24, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A survey was given to fifteen customers at a store. The customers rated their satisfaction with the store on a scale from 1 to 10. The ratings from the survey are shown in this list.\n\n8, 9, 2, 7, 10, 1, 7, 6, 9, 8, 5, 5, 9, 7, 10", "question": "Which histogram shows the correct distribution of customer satisfaction ratings?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_0__gr10-math_2021_updated__644092d308.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/7_1__gr10-math_2021_updated__6311484ada.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/7_2__gr10-math_2021_updated__ad71f0dca4.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/7_3__gr10-math_2021_updated__72d6ef9633.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 25, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Consider this system of linear equations.\n\n$$x + 2y = 8$$\n$$-2x + y = -6$$", "question": "Which of the following graphs represents the system of equations?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/22_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/22_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/22_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/22_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 26, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which of the following graphs represents the solution set of this system of inequalities?\n\n$$y \\geq \\frac{1}{2} x + 3$$ $$y \\geq -x + 5$$", "question": "Which of the following graphs represents the solution set of this system of inequalities?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/11_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/11_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/11_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/11_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 27, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": null, "question": "Which graph represents the motion of an object that has zero net force acting on it?", "options": {"A": "images/context_text_only__image_options/09cadbd73f3470c6fb7c07decc33b5a8_5_img.webp", "B": "images/context_text_only__image_options/09cadbd73f3470c6fb7c07decc33b5a8_7_img.webp", "C": "images/context_text_only__image_options/09cadbd73f3470c6fb7c07decc33b5a8_9_img.webp", "D": "images/context_text_only__image_options/09cadbd73f3470c6fb7c07decc33b5a8_11_img.webp"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 28, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_and_magnetism", "context": "A student arranges light bulbs, wires, and a battery to create some circuits. All of the light bulbs have the same resistance, and each battery has the same voltage. One of the light bulbs in each circuit is labeled X.", "question": "In which circuit would the light bulb labeled X be brightest?", "options": {"A": "images/context_text_only__image_options/f14867452251f0d53d40b2a9b46db18a_6_img.webp", "B": "images/context_text_only__image_options/f14867452251f0d53d40b2a9b46db18a_7_img.webp", "C": "images/context_text_only__image_options/f14867452251f0d53d40b2a9b46db18a_8_img.webp", "D": "images/context_text_only__image_options/f14867452251f0d53d40b2a9b46db18a_9_img.webp"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 30, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Select the graph that shows the solutions to the system of linear inequalities.\n\n$$y\\leq 2x - 2$$ $$y > -4x + 4$$", "question": "Select the correct graph.", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/16_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 31, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_and_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "Which model shows electric field lines surrounding a positively charged object?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/3_1.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 34, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "In which graph does the shaded region represent the solution set for the inequality shown below?$$2x - y < 4$$", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 35, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which is a graph of the solution of the inequality $|2x - 1| \\ge 5$?", "question": "Select the correct graph.", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/39cfda706130bb2ad7426acce88c3978_5_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 36, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An inequality is shown below. $$4x + 2 < 2x + 9$$ Which graph shows the solution of the inequality?", "question": "Which graph shows the solution of the inequality?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/16_0__2014_keystone_iss_algebra_md__ce9de0ece3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 37, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A compound inequality is shown below.\n\n$$x\\leq 3\\mathrm{and}x\\geq 0$$", "question": "Which graph represents the solution of the inequality?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/16_0__2015_keystone_iss_algebra_mmd__f1571cde14.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 38, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Patricia keeps apples in 3 bins and 2 crates in her store. Each bin can hold no more than 200 pounds. Each crate can hold no more than 50 pounds.", "question": "Which graph represents all of the possible weights, in pounds, of apples Patricia can keep in her store?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/17_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 39, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "A function models the height ($y$), in feet, of a car on a roller coaster based on the time ($x$), in seconds. The range consists only of positive numbers less than 100.", "question": "Which graph could represent the function?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/50_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/50_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/50_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/50_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 40, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The table below shows the relationship between the number of tickets sold for a concert and a theater's net profit, in dollars.\n\nConcert Profit\n\n| Tickets Sold | Net Profit ($) |\n|--------------|------------------|\n| 150 | -500 |\n| 200 | 0 |\n| 225 | 250 |\n| 400 | 2,000 |", "question": "Which graph could represent the relationship between the number of tickets sold ($x$) and the theater's net profit ($y$)?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/52_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 41, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An inequality is shown below.\n\n$$5x - 6< 4 + 6x$$", "question": "Which is a graph of the solution set of the inequality?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/17_0__2018_keystone_iss_algebra_mmd__a51e6d7fba.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 42, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Sandy has at least 2 times as many pencils as David has. David has 3 pencils more than Pietro has. Pietro has 4 pencils.", "question": "Which number line shows the solution set for the possible numbers of pencils that Sandy has?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/18_0__2019_keystone_iss_algebra_mmd__bc34f7b263.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 43, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Which graph represents a function?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/56_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 44, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph shows the solution set of the inequality $|2x - 7| > 3?$", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/17_0__2021_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__0e643e3aa5.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 45, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A system of inequalities is shown below.\n\n$$y \\leq -\\frac{1}{2} x + 3$$\n\n$$x + 2y \\geq -2$$\n\nWhich graph represents the system?", "question": "Which graph represents the system?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/21_0__2021_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__8d53d71035.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/21_1__2021_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__1d9f0f7fca.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/21_2__2021_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__73ae7bf73a.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/21_3__2021_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__ad4de8f162.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 46, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph represents the solution set of the inequality $|2x - 1| < 7?$", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/19_0__2022_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__41b54d7f6c.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 50, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A system of inequalities is shown below. $x\\geq -2$ $y< 3$. Which graph shows the correct solution set of this system of inequalities?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/23_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/23_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/23_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/23_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 52, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Which graph represents the equation $y = -\\frac{2}{3}x - 4$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/eeeb33248a861155da474e1fc25ac2ef_6_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/eeeb33248a861155da474e1fc25ac2ef_8_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/eeeb33248a861155da474e1fc25ac2ef_10_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/eeeb33248a861155da474e1fc25ac2ef_12_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 53, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which graphic organizer best compares the energy inputs and outputs of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 54, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In an experiment, two plants are grown together for a time and then separated. Plant 2 is a parasite of Plant 1.", "question": "Which graph best predicts the growth of Plant 1 and Plant 2 during the experiment?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/14_0__dc_biology_2021_md__3963aaee78.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 55, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which model accurately shows a cell progressing through mitosis?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8f9c9946827521f776665addc0241a95_2_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 56, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which government positions were held by Hillary Clinton?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8_1.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 57, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which headline can be most directly attributed to the efforts of the Civil Rights movement?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/11_0__dc_history_2019_md_deepseek__316c066b45.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 60, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents the solution set of -4x ≤ 6y - 54?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/15_0__dc_maths_2018_md__5acbf2d9c7.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 61, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents a quadratic function that has only one zero?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/21_0__dc_maths_2018_md__73501f57e1.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 62, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents f(x) = 2(5)^x?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/28_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 63, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which line appears to have an x-intercept of -5 and a y-intercept of 3?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/34_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 64, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents $- 5y = - 6x + 15?$", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/10_0__dc_maths_2019_md__5aea2c9311.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 65, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of quadratic parent function $f$ was transformed to create the graph of $g(x) = f(x + 2) - 5$ .", "question": "Which graph best represents $g$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/14_0__dc_maths_2019_md__275eec017a.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 66, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents the solution set of $y > 3x - 4?$", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/16_0__dc_maths_2019_md__2489609f54.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 67, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents $y = -x^{2} + 6x - 1?$", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/19_0__dc_maths_2019_md__44fab69842.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 74, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents a function with a domain of all real numbers less than or equal to 6?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/29_0__dc_maths_2021_md__7ce80f9376.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 75, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Linear function $t$ has an $x$-intercept of $-1$ and a $y$-intercept of 5.", "question": "Which graph best represents $t$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/34_0__dc_maths_2021_md__812fd9543d.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 76, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents the solution set of $y \\leq \\frac{3}{4} x - 4$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/38_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/38_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/38_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/38_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F"], ["G"], ["H"], ["J"]]} +{"id": 77, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents $y = 5\\left(\\frac{1}{3}\\right)^x$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/42_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 78, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph represents $y$ as a function of $x$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/10_0__dc_maths_2022_md__da0bad1d12.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 79, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents a quadratic function with a range of all real numbers greater than or equal to 3?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/12_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/12_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/12_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/12_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F"], ["G"], ["H"], ["J"]]} +{"id": 80, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A customer is buying bath towels and hand towels and can spend no more than $100. Each bath towel costs $8, and each hand towel costs $5. The inequality $8x + 5y \\leq 100$ represents all possible combinations of $x$, the number of bath towels, and $y$, the number of hand towels the customer can buy.", "question": "Which graph best represents the solution set for this inequality?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/14_0__dc_maths_2022_md__92e6ec12f5.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/14_1__dc_maths_2022_md__56c853c6e8.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/14_2__dc_maths_2022_md__c0e7e003e9.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/14_3__dc_maths_2022_md__cc10dfece3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F"], ["G"], ["H"], ["J"]]} +{"id": 81, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents $y = -4(x + 3) - 2$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/31_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 82, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents the solution set for this system of inequalities? \\[x + 2y< -2\\] \\[y - x< 3\\] ", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/36_0__dc_maths_2022_md__69765e2da9.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 83, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents $h(x) = (x + 1)(x - 3)$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/37_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 84, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents this system of equations and its solution? \\[2x = 6 - y\\] \\[5x - 4y = 28\\] ", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/40_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 85, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents part of a quadratic function with a domain of all real numbers less than $-4$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/42_0__dc_maths_2022_md__aa654743a3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 86, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The initial value of a home is $200,000. The value of the home will increase at a rate of $6\\%$ each year.", "question": "Which graph best models this situation?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/46_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 87, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Linear function $k$ has a zero of $-2$ and a $y$-intercept of 6.", "question": "Which graph best represents $k$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/48_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 88, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Malik can spend no more than \\$24 to buy pecans and cashews.", "question": "Which graph best represents the number of pounds of pecans and the number of pounds of cashews Malik can buy?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/f9b0aef1d9a0f2993b54bafac2b7a3c7_2_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/f9b0aef1d9a0f2993b54bafac2b7a3c7_3_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/f9b0aef1d9a0f2993b54bafac2b7a3c7_4_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/f9b0aef1d9a0f2993b54bafac2b7a3c7_5_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 90, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which diagram shows a pair of angle measures that prove lines $a$ and $b$ are parallel?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/9_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/9_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/9_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/9_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 91, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is the graph of the region $1 < x + y < 2$ in the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/d8b4efaf9605c0546a03e1ffb220a709_18_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 92, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In the fall, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America migrate to Mexico, where they overwinter in high-altitude forests of oyamel fir (an evergreen conifer). The butterflies store (accumulate) body lipids to use as a source of energy at a later time. Consider the following 3 hypotheses pertaining to when the butterflies store lipids and when the energy from the stored lipids is used, with respect to migration and overwintering.\n\n## Hypothesis 1\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration and during the overwintering period. The butterflies first store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. When the butterflies reach the overwintering sites, ending their migration, they must store lipids again before beginning the overwintering period.\n\n## Hypothesis 2\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration but not during the overwintering period. The butterflies store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. Because energy from stored lipids is not required during the overwintering period, the butterflies do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.\n\n## Hypothesis 3\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids during the overwintering period but not for migration. The butterflies do not store lipids before they begin their migration. Instead, lipids are stored during migration; therefore, lipid mass continuously increases from the beginning of migration until the end of migration. The butterflies arrive at the overwintering sites with enough lipids to provide themselves with energy during the overwintering period, so they do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.", "question": "Based on Hypothesis 3, which of the following figures best depicts the change in the lipid mass of a monarch butterfly from the beginning of migration to the end of migration?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/41_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 93, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "The coastline of Antarctica consists of many ice shelves (floating $100 - 1,000\\mathrm{m}$ thick sheets of ice that extend from a landmass). Many of these ice shelves are melting, causing them to calve (break off) large pieces known as icebergs. Four students each explain iceberg calving.\n\n## Student 1\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt due to the warming of the air above the surface of the ice during the summer. When the air temperature increases, the surface ice melts and water pools. The meltwater moves downward into the ice shelf, causing fractures to form. The accumulation of many fractures in the ice over many summers gradually leads to icebergs calving from an ice shelf.\n\n## Student 2\n\nStudent 1 is correct that an increase in air temperature during the summer leads to surface ice melting and water pooling, causing fractures to form in the ice. However, the action of the meltwater alone is insufficient to produce fractures deep enough to cause calving. When the air temperature lowers at the beginning of winter, falling snow accumulates in the fractures, increasing the pressure on the ice, eventually causing calving. After a large snowfall, calving can occur within a few days.\n\n## Student 3\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt only from below. During the summer, ocean currents circulate water that is just above freezing into and out of the basal cavity (the area underneath an ice shelf), causing the ice within the cavity to melt. For every $0.1^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ that the ocean water is above freezing, the water melts a thickness of $10\\mathrm{m}$ of ice from the bottom per year. When the ice shelf thickness has been reduced by at least $50\\mathrm{m}$ , calving occurs.\n\n## Student 4\n\nThe warmer water circulated by ocean currents melts the ice shelf as described by Student 3. However, calving cannot occur from this process alone. Snow accumulates on the surface of the ice each winter, but each following summer, warm air leads to the melting and compaction of the snow. The compaction lowers the surface of the ice shelf, pushing the ice down into the basal cavity, where it is melted by the ocean water. After several winter- summer cycles, the ice shelf becomes top- heavy due to the snow and the melting from below, and calving occurs.", "question": "Which of the following diagrams best shows the location of the basal cavity as described by Student 3?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/47_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 94, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following graphs signifies the total cross-sectional area of blood vessels in humans as the blood flows from the aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> venae cavae?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2762ca8cce9209afa6ebf773531e0c7c_2_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 95, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "There are some rare organisms that do not have lipid bilayers, but instead have lipid monolayers. Which of these is a plausible structure for the lipids they use to make up their lipid monolayers?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2_0__2012_Open_Exam__9025cbec40.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 96, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Each of the five phylogenies below displays a set of relationships between species A through M.", "question": "Which of the phylogenies represents a DIFFERENT set of relationships from the others?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/13_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/13_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/13_2.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 97, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "If a short-day plant flowers only when the night is at least 14 hours long, in which of the following light conditions will the plant flower? Place your response on your scantron.", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/e64679a2578cd18851cca52f93a66506_4_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 98, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Recall that Watson-Crick base pairing relies on hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases. Chemists synthesized the artificial non-ACTG nitrogenous base shown on the right.\n\nSuppose an artificial strand of DNA is synthesized using this nitrogenous base.", "question": "Which of the following artificial nitrogenous bases is MOST likely to pair with the nitrogenous base shown above via THREE hydrogen bonds?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/1_0__bowl_bio_output_2013__e0e6adece9.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 99, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following phylogenetic trees does NOT display the same information as the others?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/29_0__USABO_15_Semifinal_Finalwoans__75d3140222.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 103, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": "Which compound is NOT considered aromatic?", "question": "Which compound is NOT considered aromatic?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_1__2019-usnco-local-exam__981ea38932.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 104, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Phosphorous acid, $\\mathrm{H_3PO_3}$ , is a diprotic acid in aqueous solution $\\mathrm{(pK_1 = 2.0, pK_2 = 6.6)}$ . Which Lewis structure best represents $\\mathrm{HPO_3^{2 - }}$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/5_0__2020-usnco-local-exam__6392aa51e4.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 105, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound is an ester?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_1__2020-usnco-local-exam__1fa035bf04.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 106, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "A pure substance is found to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. Which compound is it?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_2.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 107, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which structure best represents the sulfur-containing species produced in the reaction of $\\mathrm{(CH_3)_2S}$ with $\\mathrm{CH_4I?}$", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 108, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound reacts the fastest in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions (such as with $\\mathrm{Br_2}$ in the presence of $\\mathrm{FeBr_3}$ )?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_4.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 109, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which structure best depicts the three-dimensional shape of the $\\mathrm{P_4}$ molecule?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 110, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which conformation of cyclohexane $\\mathrm{(C_6H_{12})}$ is most stable?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_3__2021-usnco-local-exam__447f414fc1.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 111, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which isomer of $\\mathrm{C_4H_8O_2}$ has the greatest solubility in water?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2_0__2022-usnco-local-exam__04877850d5.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 121, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Equal volumes of aqueous $1.00m$ glucose $(\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{H}_{12}\\mathrm{O}_6)$ and $1.00m$ sodium chloride solutions are placed on opposite sides of a U-tube, separated by a semipermeable membrane (through which only water can diffuse). What will the setup look like at equilibrium?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/1_1__2016-usnco-exam-part-i__13390f4515.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 122, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "A student has crystallized acetylsalicylic acid from a mixture of ethanol and water. Which apparatus is best suited for isolation of the crystalline material? (The point of addition of the solid/liquid mixture is indicated by the arrow.)", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2_0__2016-usnco-exam-part-i__da8e1592f3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 123, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best describes the radial wavefunction of a $2p$ orbital?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/5_1__2016-usnco-exam-part-i__8ce1153b23.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 124, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the product of the reaction of benzene with a solution of nitric acid in sulfuric acid at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_0__2016-usnco-exam-part-i__be89421b48.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 125, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Which graph represents the reduction potential of $\\mathrm{O_2}$ (at 1 bar pressure and $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ) as a function of $\\mathrm{pH}$ ?\n\n$$\\mathrm{O_2(g) + 4H^+(aq) + 4e^- \\rightarrow 2H_2O(l)} \\qquad E^\\circ = 1.23 \\mathrm{V}$$", "question": "Which graph represents the reduction potential of $\\mathrm{O_2}$ (at 1 bar pressure and $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ) as a function of $\\mathrm{pH}$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/5_0__2017-national-exam-part-i__5b3bfd9166.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 126, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "In which dimethylcyclohexane are both methyl groups equatorial in its most stable chair conformation?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_1__2018-usnco-exam-part-i__0ed3e7b8c7.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 127, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "A chemist wishes to prepare methyl benzoate by refluxing benzoic acid in methanol overnight in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. Which setup is most appropriate for carrying out this reaction?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2_0__2019-usnco-exam-part-i__b4b26a2b8d.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 128, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "When 0.100 M HCl was added to a $10.0\\mathrm{mL}$ sample of aqueous $\\mathrm{NaOH}$ , it generated the titration curve shown as a solid line. If the same number of moles of $\\mathrm{NaOH}$ , but initially at a volume of $20.0\\mathrm{mL}$ , were titrated with 0.100 M HCl,", "question": "which of the dashed curves would best describe this new titration?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/5_0__2020_usnco_exam_part_i__407f2a8738.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 129, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which is the most stable arrangement of the atoms in space in formamide, $\\mathrm{HC(O)NH_2}$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_0__2020_usnco_exam_part_i__3cbda5143e.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 130, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound will NOT react readily in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_3__2020_usnco_exam_part_i__00b7f0559a.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 131, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A sample of benzene $\\mathrm{(C_6H_6)}$ is heated at a constant rate.", "question": "Which graph most accurately represents how the temperature changes with time?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/3_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 132, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound will NOT form in the reaction of acetone (propanone) with aqueous base?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_0__2021-usnco-exam-part-i__2bbfcec5b7.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 133, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound would have the lowest $\\mathrm{C} = \\mathrm{O}$ stretching frequency in its infrared spectrum?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8_0__2021-usnco-exam-part-i__93cd929747.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 134, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound reacts fastest with aqueous acid?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8_1__2021-usnco-exam-part-i__0cd2853a28.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 135, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "A reaction initially contains pure reactant $\\mathbf{R}$ , which forms product $\\mathbf{P}$ reversibly.", "question": "Which reaction coordinate diagram corresponds to the reaction in which $\\mathbf{P}$ achieves a concentration within $5\\%$ of its equilibrium value the fastest?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/4_1.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 136, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound reacts readily with water under acidic but not basic conditions?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8_1__2022-usnco-exam-part-i__ad4513f877.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 137, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which $\\mathrm{C_5H_{10}O}$ isomer exhibits a strong infrared absorption band at $1717~\\mathrm{cm^{-1}}$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8_2.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 138, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "Hypochlorite ion reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen gas.\n\n$$\\mathrm{OCl}^{-}(aq) + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2(aq)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l) + \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}(aq) + \\mathrm{O}_2(g)$$\n\nA series of experiments is carried out where $10.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of a $0.30\\mathrm{M}$ solution of hydrogen peroxide is mixed with a varying volume of $0.40\\mathrm{M}$ sodium hypochlorite solution, and the oxygen gas evolved is collected over water.", "question": "Which graph best represents how the volume of $\\mathrm{O}_2$ varies with the volume of $\\mathrm{NaOCl}$ solution used?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/1_0__2023-usnco-national-exam-part-i__45693e7536.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 139, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which $\\mathrm{C}_5\\mathrm{H}_{10}\\mathrm{O}$ isomer has the highest normal boiling point?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2_0__2023-usnco-national-exam-part-i__dde10a25a4.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 140, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "Silver iodide is a sparingly soluble salt. Silver also forms a soluble complex ion, $\\mathrm{AgI}_2^-$ , with iodide ion. A series of solutions saturated with solid $\\mathrm{AgI}$ and containing various concentrations of dissolved iodide ion are prepared, and the total concentration of silver dissolved in each solution is measured.", "question": "Which graph of the logarithm of the total silver concentration as a function of the logarithm of the iodide concentration best represents the results of this experiment?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/5_2__2023-usnco-national-exam-part-i__964ac127b7.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 141, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which $\\mathrm{C_6H_{10}}$ isomer has the most positive standard enthalpy of formation?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8_0__2023-usnco-national-exam-part-i__159dcce09a.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 142, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "A neutral organic compound is to be separated from a basic impurity by washing a solution of the compound in hexane with $5\\%$ aqueous HCl. Which apparatus is best suited to this operation?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/1_0__2024-usnco-national-exam-part-i__cf3b656f2f.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 143, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which compound has the highest normal boiling point?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2_0__2024-usnco-national-exam-part-i__1df45a58e8.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 144, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound is least reactive toward ethylmagnesium bromide, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{MgBr}$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_2__2024-usnco-national-exam-part-i__7d3c6efe1b.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 145, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which compound absorbs infrared radiation strongly at $1715\\mathrm{cm}^{-1}$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_1__2025-usnco-national-exam-part-i__7d512e5560.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 146, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which structure does not readily produce D-glucose when dissolved in acidic solution?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_2__2025-usnco-national-exam-part-i__1084ecf6b6.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 147, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A large metal cylindrical cup floats in a rectangular tub half-filled with water. The tap is placed over the cup and turned on, releasing water at a constant rate. Eventually the cup sinks to the bottom and is completely submerged.", "question": "Which of the following five graphs could represent the water level in the sink as a function of time?", "options": {"A": "images/context_text_only__image_options/a261545a1d861a127970151455324adc_10_img.webp", "B": "images/context_text_only__image_options/a261545a1d861a127970151455324adc_12_img.webp", "C": "images/context_text_only__image_options/a261545a1d861a127970151455324adc_14_img.webp", "D": "images/context_text_only__image_options/a261545a1d861a127970151455324adc_16_img.webp", "E": "images/context_text_only__image_options/a261545a1d861a127970151455324adc_18_img.webp"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 148, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 2.0 kg box is originally at rest on a horizontal surface where the coefficient of static friction between the box and the surface is $\\mu_s$ and the coefficient of the kinetic friction between the box and the surface is $\\mu_k = 0.90\\mu_s$ . An external horizontal force of magnitude $P$ is then applied to the box.", "question": "Which of the following is a graph of the acceleration of the box $a$ versus the external force $P$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8000b6c2c2baf7db5b547de802a142d8_6_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 149, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A steel ball bearing bounces vertically on a steel plate. If the speed of the ball just before a bounce is $v_i$ , the speed of the ball immediately afterward is $v_f = \\alpha v_i$ , with $\\alpha < 1$ .", "question": "Which one of the following graphs best shows the time between successive bounces, $\\tau$ , as a function of time?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/3d8c09c2cb214502c76a2ab01db228fb_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/3d8c09c2cb214502c76a2ab01db228fb_7_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/3d8c09c2cb214502c76a2ab01db228fb_9_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/3d8c09c2cb214502c76a2ab01db228fb_11_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/3d8c09c2cb214502c76a2ab01db228fb_13_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 150, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A vertical pole has two massless strings, both of length $L$ , attached a distance $L$ apart. The other ends of the strings are attached to a mass $M$ . The mass is rotated around the pole with an angular speed $\\omega$ .", "question": "Which of the following graphs best gives the ratio of the tension in the bottom string to the tension in the top string as a function of $\\omega$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/9446f1430de42d5a5a61cbfe53762266_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/9446f1430de42d5a5a61cbfe53762266_7_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/9446f1430de42d5a5a61cbfe53762266_9_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/9446f1430de42d5a5a61cbfe53762266_11_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/9446f1430de42d5a5a61cbfe53762266_13_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 151, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The density of the Earth increases gradually from around $3 \\text{ g/cm}^3$ at the crust to about $13 \\text{ g/cm}^3$ at the core.", "question": "Which one of these plots could show local gravitational acceleration as a function of distance from Earth's center?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6a39a72612b54a96be860adcc78d3220_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/6a39a72612b54a96be860adcc78d3220_7_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/6a39a72612b54a96be860adcc78d3220_9_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/6a39a72612b54a96be860adcc78d3220_11_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/6a39a72612b54a96be860adcc78d3220_13_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 152, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A physical pendulum consists of a mass on one end of a massless rigid rod that can pivot about the opposite end. Assuming the oscillations have an amplitude of $90^\\circ$ ,", "question": "which of the following graphs best shows the total acceleration of the mass as a function of the angular position $\\theta$ , measured between the pendulum and the vertical direction?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/c680a4e328279b0da9325c1669dfdab4_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/c680a4e328279b0da9325c1669dfdab4_7_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/c680a4e328279b0da9325c1669dfdab4_9_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/c680a4e328279b0da9325c1669dfdab4_11_img.webp", "images/context_text_only__image_options/c680a4e328279b0da9325c1669dfdab4_13_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 153, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A three-legged table is shaped like a uniform equilateral triangle, and has identical legs at each corner. When the mass of an object placed on the center of the table exceeds $m_{\\text{max}}$ , the table's legs will all simultaneously break.", "question": "Which of the following shaded regions shows the area within which an object of $2m_{\\text{max}}/3$ can be placed without breaking any legs of the table?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/cd928b89a1fa555d0df82374ec045020_3_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 158, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following graphs best shows the velocity versus time of an object originally moving upward in the presence of air friction?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/1_0__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__27efa6e91c.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/1_1__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__97759e4536.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/1_2__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__9747adcebe.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/1_3__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__42514951a1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/1_4.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 159, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following graphs best shows the acceleration versus time of an object originally moving upward in the presence of air friction?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_0__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__24d1eedd72.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/7_1__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__ba9d5ab0c9.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/7_2__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__ab5f2f5a41.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/7_3__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__b604d780e2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/7_4.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 160, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A stream of sand is dropped out of a helicopter initially moving at a constant speed $v$ to the right. The helicopter suddenly turns and begins moving a constant speed $v$ to the left. Neglecting air resistance on the sand, what is the shape of the stream of sand, as viewed from the ground? The black dot represents the helicopter.", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/13_0__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__af5b7cc63c.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/13_1__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__5d16934d44.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/13_2__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__13e41f0089.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/13_3.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/13_4.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 161, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between a ball and an ramp are $\\mu_{s} = \\mu_{k} = \\mu$. The ball is released from rest at the top of the ramp. Which of the following graphs best shows the rotational acceleration of the ball about its center of mass as a function of the angle of the ramp?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/17_0__Fma-2018-A-Solutions__ca284b1d3b.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/17_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/17_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/17_3.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/17_4.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 162, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "At time $t = 0$, a small ball is released on the track shown, with an initial rightward velocity. Assume the ball always rolls along the track without slipping.", "question": "Which of the following shows the horizontal velocity of the ball as a function of time?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2_0__F-ma-2021-Solutions__0a51901827.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 163, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A factory's smokestack continually produces smoke. The smoke always rises with a constant speed relative to the air around it. Suppose that the air was initially still, then abruptly started blowing to the right, then abruptly became still again for some time.", "question": "Which of the following could show the resulting shape of the smoke plume?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/11_1__F-ma-2021-Solutions__42425d2f4d.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 164, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Angela the puppy loves chasing tennis balls, so her owners built a tennis ball launcher. It fires balls along the floor at some initial speed, applying no rotation to them. The balls initially slip along the floor, then start rolling without slipping. Ignore the potential deformation of the ball and floor during this process, as well as air resistance.", "question": "Which of the following plot pairs could show the linear speed $v$ and rotational speed $\\omega$ of one of the balls over time? Assume the floor has a constant roughness.", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/9_0__2025_FMA_solutions__6afd0cc263.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/10_0__2025_FMA_solutions__8e08d745b1.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"], ["E"]]} +{"id": 165, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A traveling sine wave of frequency $3.0 \\text{ Hz}$ is known to move at $6.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ on a string.", "question": "Which one of the following figures best represents what a one-meter section of the string could look like at an instant of time?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/f35e7fd51a51a7df26adf7b048b28f44_2_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 166, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An object is thrown straight upward. The object remains in free fall until it returns to its initial launch point. Which one of the following graphs could represent the velocity of the object as a function of time during its flight?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/2_1__bowl_physics_2013__2323f774bd.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 167, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "Several samples of different ideal gases all have the same temperature. Which of the following graphs could show the relationship between the atomic mass of the gas and the rms speed of the gas atoms?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/4_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 168, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A fan cart with an initial velocity is located on a level track with an initial position as shown. The cart's fan is blowing air to the right.", "question": "Which of the following position versus time graphs corresponds to the cart's subsequent motion?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/4_0__bowl_physics_2025__e6c32ece36.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} +{"id": 169, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "The diagrams show the structure of leucine, an essential amino acid.", "question": "Which diagram highlights the part of leucine that distinguishes it from other amino acids?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/93_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 170, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": "Mars' lower atmosphere contains a small amount of water vapor that is slowly lost over time. A group of researchers measured the rate of Mars' water loss throughout a full orbit from November 2017 to October 2019.", "question": "Which of the graphs below would likely be closest to the researchers' observed results?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/bed957d55525e19727c9add068f3edeb_2_img.webp"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 173, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents the radioactive decay of uranium 238 into lead 206?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/23_0__bowl_earth_output_2018__3e0a3293b3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["1", "2", "3", "4"]]} +{"id": 174, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which cross sectional diagram of Earth correctly shows the paths of seismic waves from an earthquake traveling through Earth's interior?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/24_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["1", "2", "3", "4"]]} +{"id": 175, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Use the four answers below for questions 61 through 64", "question": "Which symbol shows clear sky and light rain?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/32_0__bowl_earth_output_2018__74681f0dd3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, 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"option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 32, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which model represents energy transfer within a food web in a stable ecosystem?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/15_0__deepseek_mmd__0b4c35183d.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 47, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An inequality is shown below. \n\n$$-x + 2 > -3(x + 2)$$", "question": "Which graph represents the solution set of the inequality?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/20_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 48, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The equation $3x + y = 8$ describes a function of $x$ .", "question": "Which graph represents the function?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/58_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/58_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/58_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/58_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 49, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Rajeev unpacks 1 box that has 8 books in it. He has 4 other boxes that each have x books in them. He knows he has at least 80 books. The inequality shown below represents this situation. $4x + 8\\geq 80$. Which graph best models all the possible numbers of books in each of Rajeev's 4 other boxes?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/22_0__2023_keystone_iss_algebra_i_mmd__a33dc6183f.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 58, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which diagram shows a cause-and-effect relationship related to the Spanish- American War?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/21_0__dc_history_2021_md__c8afdaa9f9.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 68, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents $y = 10(0.85)^x$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/30_0__dc_maths_2019_md__462e9addb9.jpg"], "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["F", "H", "G", "J"]]} +{"id": 69, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A college student has two different jobs. 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The axis of symmetry of the graph of $p$ is $x = -3$. 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null, "question": "Which is the strongest acid?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_2__2024-usnco-local-exam__811136687c.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 116, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule is not aromatic?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_0__2024-usnco-local-exam__ac9700d114.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 117, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which is the best representation of the three-dimensional arrangement of the 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"images/context_text_only__image_options/88d4efe1effd5f632e7f3929e4bd1a0b_12_img.webp", "B": "images/context_text_only__image_options/88d4efe1effd5f632e7f3929e4bd1a0b_16_img.webp", "C": "images/context_text_only__image_options/88d4efe1effd5f632e7f3929e4bd1a0b_20_img.webp", "D": "images/context_text_only__image_options/88d4efe1effd5f632e7f3929e4bd1a0b_24_img.webp"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 33, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Which choice is the graph of $y = (4 - x)(x + 2)$?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/1_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/1_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/1_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/1_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 51, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A yogurt company recommends that its yogurt be stored at 37 degrees Fahrenheit ( $^\\circ \\mathrm{F}$ ). The company states that the recommended storage temperature can vary by $3^\\circ \\mathrm{F}$ . The absolute value inequality shown below represents all the recommended storage temperatures $(x)$ , in degrees Fahrenheit, for the yogurt.\n\n$$|x - 37|\\leq 3$$", "question": "Which number line represents all the recommended storage temperatures $(x)$ , in degrees Fahrenheit, for the yogurt?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/25_0.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/25_1.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/25_2.jpg", "images/context_text_only__image_options/25_3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 59, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph best represents a system of equations that has no solution?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/8_0__dc_maths_2018_md__151c4e982c.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 100, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound reacts readily with $\\mathrm{Cr(VI)}$ reagents?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_0__2017-local-olympiad-exam__c8638520bc.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 101, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the structure of polypropylene, formed by the polymerization of propene $\\mathrm{(CH_2 = CHCH_3)}$ ?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/7_1__2017-local-olympiad-exam__312f2d61e5.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 102, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which reaction would yield a single alkene product?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/6_1.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 157, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A helicopter is flying horizontally at constant speed. A perfectly flexible uniform cable is suspended beneath the helicopter; air friction on the cable is not negligible.", "question": "Which of the following diagrams best shows the shape of the cable as the helicopter flies through the air to the right?", "options": ["images/context_text_only__image_options/17_0__exam1-2014-2-2-solutions__b488dbfdf3.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"]]} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_only__table_options/test/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_only__table_options/test/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db05fd73ec60bf59848e6e2f7edcb4fd3eb8954a --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_only__table_options/test/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +{"id": 1, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which table represents an exponential function?", "options": {"A": "| x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|\n| y | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |", "B": "| x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|\n| y | 22 | 44 | 66 | 88 | 110 |", "C": "| x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|\n| y | 5 | 13 | 21 | 29 | 37 |", "D": "| x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |\n|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|\n| y | 3 | 9 | 27 | 81 | 243 |"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student correctly solved this equation.\n\n$$3(1 + 2x) = 4$$", "question": "Which of the following tables shows the correct justifications for each step the student used to solve the equation?", "options": {"A": "
StepJustification
3(1 + 2x) = 4Given
3(2x + 1) = 4distributive property
6x + 3 = 4commutative property
6x = 1division property of equality
x = 1/6subtraction property of equality
", "B": "
StepJustification
3(1 + 2x) = 4Given
3(2x + 1) = 4distributive property
6x + 3 = 4commutative property
6x = 1subtraction property of equality
x = 1/6division property of equality
", "C": "
StepJustification
3(1 + 2x) = 4Given
3(2x + 1) = 4commutative property
6x + 3 = 4distributive property
6x = 1division property of equality
x = 1/6subtraction property of equality
", "D": "
StepJustification
3(1 + 2x) = 4Given
3(2x + 1) = 4commutative property
6x + 3 = 4distributive property
6x = 1subtraction property of equality
x = 1/6division property of equality
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student solved this equation.\n\n$$17x - 2 = 3x + 5$$", "question": "Which of the following tables shows the correct explanations for each step the student used to solve the equation?", "options": {"A": "
StepExplanation
17x - 2 = 3x + 5Given
14x - 2 = 5Added 2 to both sides
14x = 7Divided both sides by 14
x = 1/2Subtracted 2 from both sides
", "B": "
StepExplanation
17x - 2 = 3x + 5Given
14x - 2 = 5Subtracted 3x from both sides
14x = 7Subtracted 2 from both sides
x = 1/2Divided both sides by 7
", "C": "
StepExplanation
17x - 2 = 3x + 5Given
14x - 2 = 5Added 3x to both sides
14x = 7Added 2 to both sides
x = 1/2Divided both sides by 14
", "D": "
StepExplanation
17x - 2 = 3x + 5Given
14x - 2 = 5Subtracted 3x from both sides
14x = 7Added 2 to both sides
x = 1/2Divided both sides by 14
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 6, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "There is a linear relationship between the price of a car and the amount of deposit required by the dealership when the car is purchased.", "question": "Which of the following tables could represent the linear relationship?", "options": {"A": "
Price of Car ($)Amount of Deposit ($)
10,000100
15,000200
20,000400
25,000800
30,0001600
", "B": "
Price of Car ($)Amount of Deposit ($)
10,000750
15,0001000
20,0001750
25,0003500
30,0007000
", "C": "
Price of Car ($)Amount of Deposit ($)
10,000100
15,000200
20,000500
25,0001000
30,0001700
", "D": "
Price of Car ($)Amount of Deposit ($)
10,000750
15,0001000
20,0001250
25,0001500
30,0001750
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 7, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which tables represent linear functions? Select all that apply.\n\n
A.xy
1-2
2-5
3-8
4-11
5-14
\n\n
D.xy
181
227
39
43
51
\n\n
B.xy
12
24
38
416
532
\n\n
E.xy
11.5
23.0
34.5
46.0
57.5
\n\n
C.xy
117
221
325
429
533
\n\n
F.xy
16
29
314
421
530
", "question": "Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "
xy
1-2
2-5
3-8
4-11
5-14
", "B": "
xy
12
24
38
416
532
", "C": "
xy
117
221
325
429
533
", "D": "
xy
181
227
39
43
51
", "E": "
xy
11.5
23.0
34.5
46.0
57.5
", "F": "
xy
16
29
314
421
530
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 8, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which table shows two steps of DNA replication?", "options": {"F": "| Step 1 | Step 2 |\n|---|---|\n| DNA Polymerase matches uracil to thymine and cytosine to guanine. | Two identical DNA double helixes are produced. |", "G": "| Step 1 | Step 2 |\n|---|---|\n| DNA Polymerase matches cytosine to thymine and uracil to guanine. | Two separate but complementary single DNA strands are produced. |", "H": "| Step 1 | Step 2 |\n|---|---|\n| DNA Polymerase matches adenine to thymine and cytosine to guanine. | Two identical DNA double helixes are produced. |", "J": "| Step 1 | Step 2 |\n|---|---|\n| DNA Polymerase matches uracil to thymine and adenine to guanine. | Two separate but complementary single DNA strands are produced. |"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 9, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which table best compares the events that occur during different stages of the cell cycle?", "options": {"F": "
PhaseEvent
FS PhaseDNA replication
M PhaseNuclear division
", "G": "
PhaseEvent
GS PhaseNuclear division
M PhaseCytoplasm division
", "H": "
PhaseEvent
HS PhaseCytoplasm division
M PhaseCell growth
", "J": "
PhaseEvent
JS PhaseCell growth
M PhaseDNA replication
"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 10, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$y < 5x + 6$", "question": "For which of the following tables are all the values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ solutions to the given inequality?", "options": {"A": "
xy
317
527
737
", "B": "
xy
317
535
737
", "C": "
xy
325
535
745
", "D": "
xy
321
531
741
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 13, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "21\n\n$$y > 4x + 8$$\n\nFor which of the following tables are all the values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ solutions to the given inequality?\n\n", "question": "For which of the following tables are all the values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ solutions to the given inequality?", "options": {"A": "
xy
219
430
641
", "B": "
xy
28
416
624
", "C": "
xy
213
418
623
", "D": "
xy
213
421
629
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 14, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$f(x) = (x + 6)(x + 5)(x - 4)$$\n\nThe function $f$ is given. Which table of values represents $y = f(x) - 3$?", "question": "Which table of values represents $y = f(x) - 3$?", "options": {"A": "A)
xy
-6-9
-5-8
41
", "B": "B)
xy
-6-3
-5-3
4-3
", "C": "C)
xy
-6-3
-5-2
47
", "D": "D)
xy
-63
-53
43
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 15, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$y > 13x - 18$ \n\nFor which of the following tables are all the values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ solutions to the given inequality?", "question": "For which of the following tables are all the values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ solutions to the given inequality?", "options": {"A": "A)
xy
321
547
886
", "B": "B)
xy
326
542
886
", "C": "C)
xy
316
542
881
", "D": "D)
xy
326
552
891
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 16, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "18\n\n$$y = -4x + 40$$\n\nWhich table gives three values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ for the given equation?\n\n", "question": "Which table gives three values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ for the given equation?", "options": {"A": "
xy
00
1-4
2-8
", "B": "
xy
040
144
248
", "C": "
xy
040
136
232
", "D": "
xy
00
14
28
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 17, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "19\n\n$$f(x) = 39$$\n\nFor the given linear function $f$, which table gives three values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $f(x)$?\n\n", "question": "For the given linear function $f$, which table gives three values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $f(x)$?", "options": {"A": "
xf(x)
00
10
20
", "B": "
xf(x)
039
139
239
", "C": "
xf(x)
00
139
278
", "D": "
xf(x)
039
10
2-39
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 18, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "20\n\n$$g(x) = 11x + 4$$\n\nFor the given linear function $g$, which table shows three values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $g(x)$?\n\n", "question": "For the given linear function $g$, which table shows three values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $g(x)$?", "options": {"A": "
xg(x)
-17
011
115
", "B": "
xg(x)
-1-4
00
14
", "C": "
xg(x)
-1-7
04
115
", "D": "
xg(x)
-1-11
00
111
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 19, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "How is the Na/K ion ratio established during the resting potential phase of neuron activity?", "options": {"A": "| Na+ ions | K+ ions |\n|---|---|\n| Actively transferred in | Actively transferred out |", "B": "| Na+ ions | K+ ions |\n|---|---|\n| Actively transferred out | Actively transferred in |", "C": "| Na+ ions | K+ ions |\n|---|---|\n| Passively diffused in | Passively diffused out |", "D": "| Na+ ions | K+ ions |\n|---|---|\n| Passively diffused out | Passively diffused in |"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 20, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which row of the table describes a type of nutrition?", "options": {"A": "| Type of nutrition | Source of energy | Source of carbon |\n|---|---|---|\n| Autotrophic | sunlight | organic molecules containing carbon |", "B": "| Type of nutrition | Source of energy | Source of carbon |\n|---|---|---|\n| Heterotrophic | sunlight | carbon dioxide |", "C": "| Type of nutrition | Source of energy | Source of carbon |\n|---|---|---|\n| Mixotrophic | sunlight and energy-rich organic molecules | carbon dioxide and organic molecules containing carbon |", "D": "| Type of nutrition | Source of energy | Source of carbon |\n|---|---|---|\n| Consumer | energy-rich organic molecules | organic molecules containing carbon |"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_only__table_options/train/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_only__table_options/train/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b01deaa07393a93af816cac9e6338654fa1a474c --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_only__table_options/train/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +{"id": 2, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The cell cycle includes the phases interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.", "question": "Which of the following tables correctly shows the description of each phase of the cell cycle?", "options": {"A": "
PhaseDescription
InterphaseCell membranes form to divide a cell into two cells.
MitosisChromosomes of a cell separate.
CytokinesisA cell develops and grows.
", "B": "
PhaseDescription
InterphaseA cell develops and grows.
MitosisCell membranes form to divide a cell into two cells.
CytokinesisChromosomes of a cell separate.
", "C": "
PhaseDescription
InterphaseA cell develops and grows.
MitosisChromosomes of a cell separate.
CytokinesisCell membranes form to divide a cell into two cells.
", "D": "
PhaseDescription
InterphaseChromosomes of a cell separate.
MitosisCell membranes form to divide a cell into two cells.
CytokinesisA cell develops and grows.
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Carbon cycles through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Three of the processes involved in the carbon cycle are photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and combustion.", "question": "Which of the following tables correctly identifies whether each process releases carbon to the environment or stores carbon as biomass?", "options": {"A": "
Releases CarbonStores Carbon
photosynthesiscellular respiration
combustion
", "B": "
Releases CarbonStores Carbon
cellular respirationphotosynthesis
combustion
", "C": "
Releases CarbonStores Carbon
photosynthesiscellular respiration
combustion
", "D": "
Releases CarbonStores Carbon
cellular respirationphotosynthesis
combustion
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 11, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "16\n\n$$y < x$$\n\n$$x < 22$$\n\nFor which of the following tables are all the values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ solutions to the given system of inequalities?\n\n", "question": "For which of the following tables are all the values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ solutions to the given system of inequalities?", "options": {"A": "
xy
1918
2019
2120
", "B": "
xy
1920
2021
2122
", "C": "
xy
2322
2423
2524
", "D": "
xy
2324
2425
2526
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_only__table_options/validation/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_only__table_options/validation/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b66e5a07e125e9e9dc232227b0ee8e0533e995c --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_only__table_options/validation/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"id": 12, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$2x - y > 883$$", "question": "For which of the following tables are all the values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$ solutions to the given inequality?", "options": {"A": "
xy
4400
441-2
442-4
", "B": "
xy
4400
442-2
441-4
", "C": "
xy
4420
440-2
441-4
", "D": "
xy
4420
441-2
440-4
"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_only__text_options/test/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_only__text_options/test/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b32693a6b4dad99fd167202960e30ac901731b7e --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_only__text_options/test/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,4028 @@ +{"id": 1, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Let a represent a non- zero rational number and let $b$ represent an irrational number.", "question": "Which expression could represent a rational number?", "options": {"A": "-b", "B": "a + b", "C": "ab", "D": "b^{2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 6, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Leah would like to earn at least $ 120$ per month. She babysits for $ 5$ per hour and works at an ice cream shop for $ 8$ per hour. Leah cannot work more than a total of 20 hours per month. Let x represent the number of hours Leah babysits and let y represent the number of hours Leah works at the ice cream shop.", "question": "Which pairs $(x,y)$ represent hours that Leah could work to meet the given conditions? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "(4, 15)", "B": "(5, 12)", "C": "(10, 9)", "D": "(15, 5)", "E": "(19, 1)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 7, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The formula for finding the perimeter, $P$ , of a rectangle with length $l$ and width $w$ is given. \\[P = 2l + 2w\\] ", "question": "Which formula shows how the length of a rectangle can be determined from the perimeter and the width?", "options": {"A": "l = P/2 - 2w", "B": "l = (P - 2w)/2", "C": "l = P/2 +w", "D": "l = (P - 2)/2w"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 8, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Find the equation that is equivalent to the quadratic equation shown. $x^{2} - 6x - 27 = 0$", "options": {"A": "x(x - 3) = 27", "B": "(x - 6)^{2} = 63", "C": "(x - 3)^{2} = 36", "D": "(x - 3)^{2} = 28"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 9, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A local theater sells admission tickets for $ 9.00$ on Thursday nights. At capacity, the theater holds 100 customers. The function $M(n) = 9n$ represents the amount of money the theater takes in on Thursday nights, where $n$ is the number of customers. What is the domain of $M(n)$ in this context?", "question": "What is the domain of $M(n)$ in this context?", "options": {"A": "all whole numbers", "B": "all non-negative rational numbers", "C": "all non-negative integers that are multiples of 9", "D": "all non-negative integers less than or equal to 100"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 10, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A researcher is studying ocean pout (Zoarces americanus), an eel-like fish found in the cold waters of the northwest Atlantic Ocean. The researcher observes ocean pout surviving below the freezing temperature of water. Since the formation of ice crystals in cells destroys cell membranes, the researcher becomes interested in finding out how the ocean pout can survive such low temperatures. Follow-up work in the lab reveals that the ocean pout manufactures an 'antifreeze' protein which reduces the freezing temperature of its blood and other body fluids. AFP is coded for by the gene OP5a. Sequencing of AFP reveals the following amino acid sequence at one location in the protein: lysine-lysine-arginine-serine-glutamate", "question": "The information provides the best evidence for which statement about the OP5a gene?", "options": {"A": "The protein it codes for in warmer-water fish does not have antifreeze properties.", "B": "When water temperature falls low enough, it changes structure to prevent ice crystal growth.", "C": "It rapidly copies itself throughout the DNA of ocean pout cells when water temperatures drop.", "D": "It includes base pairs corresponding with the amino acid sequence lysine-lysine-arginine-serine-glutamate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 11, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "On a field trip, a student collects a sample of lake water and examines it under a microscope. The student sees a microscopic animal with a clearly visible mouth and stomach. Her teacher identifies the organism as a type of zooplankton. The student researches the ecological role of zooplankton and finds a simplified model of biomass at different trophic levels in ecosystems which includes zooplankton.", "question": "Over a 24-hour time period, the student periodically observes the zooplankton consuming phytoplankton. The student wants to use this observation to graph the amount of energy taken in by the zooplankton over the time period. The student intends to average energy intake to produce a smooth line. Which statement best describes the line?", "options": {"A": "It is vertical.", "B": "It is horizontal.", "C": "It has a negative slope.", "D": "It has a positive slope."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 12, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Given the information the student collected, which statements help to explain the observed changes in maturing zooplankton body size?", "question": "Select two correct answers.", "options": {"A": "They are able to use ingested carbohydrates for growth.", "B": "They are able to use ingested carbohydrates for energy.", "C": "They use all carbohydrates for energy and all proteins to make new DNA.", "D": "They are able to use ingested proteins to produce carbohydrates for metabolic activity and growth.", "E": "They can only add to their body structure by using unchanged proteins and nucleic acids from their food."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 13, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A researcher investigating cattle in the Blue Mountains of Oregon observes the cattle drinking water from a local stream. The activity of the cattle muddies the clear water of the stream. After the cattle depart, the researcher finds that they have trampled and destroyed several fish eggs, which turn out to be from trout and salmon species listed as 'threatened' under the Endangered Species Act.", "question": "A researcher plans to use a computer simulation to explore whether there are any procedures which would allow cattle to drink from a stream while minimizing impact on the eggs of threatened fish. In order to produce a simulation which accurately models this system, which is the most important step?", "options": {"A": "using as powerful a computer as possible to run the software which produces the simulation", "B": "developing software that uses detailed quantitative observations of the amount of mud in water", "C": "running simulations using as many different configurations of system parameters as the software will allow", "D": "preventing cattle from using the streams until the simulation has been run and a correct solution has been found"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 14, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A researcher wants to create a computer simulation of the freshwater ecosystems of the Blue Mountain area to try to find the most effective and least costly strategy to conserve threatened fish populations.", "question": "Which statement best describes the difficulty in creating a computer simulation that is useful for this situation?", "options": {"A": "The available conservation strategies are expensive.", "B": "Cause and effect cannot be isolated outside of the laboratory setting.", "C": "Habitat fragmentation is extremely difficult to reverse after it has taken place.", "D": "A wide variety of human causes contributes to a narrow range of fish population effects."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 15, "assessment_program": "florida_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Water is essential for life. Its special properties make water the single most important molecule in plant life. Which of the following properties of water enable it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants?", "options": {"A": "Water expands as it freezes.", "B": "Water is an excellent solvent.", "C": "Water exhibits cohesive behavior.", "D": "Water is able to moderate temperatures."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 16, "assessment_program": "florida_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "One of the accepted scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is known as chemical evolution. According to this theory, which of the following events would need to occur first for life to evolve?", "options": {"A": "onset of photosynthesis", "B": "origin of genetic material", "C": "synthesis of organic molecules", "D": "formation of the plasma membrane"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 17, "assessment_program": "florida_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Hemophilia is a sex-linked, recessive trait. Which of the following describes the probability of hemophilia in the offspring of a man who does not have hemophilia and a woman who is a heterozygous carrier?", "options": {"A": "There is a $100\\%$ chance that their sons will have hemophilia.", "B": "There is a $0\\%$ chance that their daughters will have hemophilia.", "C": "There is a $25\\%$ chance that their sons will have hemophilia.", "D": "There is a $50\\%$ chance that their daughters will have hemophilia."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 18, "assessment_program": "florida_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed to a variety of pH levels. The stomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the small intestine has a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happens to pepsin as it enters the small intestine?", "options": {"A": "It becomes inactive.", "B": "It begins to replicate.", "C": "Its shape changes to engulf large proteins.", "D": "Its activity increases to digest more proteins."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 19, "assessment_program": "floridaeoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "After World War I", "question": "What did the U.S. government hope to achieve by lending money to Germany?", "options": {"A": "technological and military assistance from Europe", "B": "political and economic stability in Europe", "C": "investments for United States industries", "D": "profits for United States banks"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 20, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which is an equation for the circle with a center at (-2, 3) and a radius of 3?", "options": {"A": "\\(x^{2} + y^{2} + 4x - 6y + 22 = 0\\)", "B": "\\(2x^{2} + 2y^{2} + 3x - 3y + 4 = 0\\)", "C": "\\(x^{2} + y^{2} + 4x - 6y + 4 = 0\\)", "D": "\\(3x^{2} + 3y^{2} + 4x - 6y + 4 = 0\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 21, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the center of the circle given by the equation \\(x^{2} + y^{2} - 10x - 11 = 0\\) ?", "options": {"A": "(5, 0)", "B": "(0, 5)", "C": "(-5, 0)", "D": "(0, -5)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 22, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which point is on a circle with a center of (3, -9) and a radius of 5?", "options": {"A": "(-6, 5)", "B": "(-1, 6)", "C": "(1, 6)", "D": "(6, -5)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 23, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which two points can form the diameter of a circle with a center at the origin and a radius of 6?", "options": {"A": "(3, -5) and (-3, 5)", "B": "(-1, 0) and (4, 0)", "C": "(0, 6) and (0, -5)", "D": "(0, 0) and (5, 0)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 24, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Joe counts 250 peach trees on \\(25\\%\\) of the land he owns. He determined that there are 10 trees for every 1,000 square feet of land. 1 acre = 43,560 square feet.", "question": "About how many acres of land does Joe own?", "options": {"A": "2.3 acres", "B": "10 acres", "C": "43.56 acres", "D": "2,500 acres"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 25, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "For which set of probabilities would events \\(A\\) and \\(B\\) be independent?", "options": {"A": "\\(P(A) = 0.25; P(B) = 0.25; P(A \\text{ and } B) = 0.5\\)", "B": "\\(P(A) = 0.08; P(B) = 0.4; P(A \\text{ and } B) = 0.12\\)", "C": "\\(P(A) = 0.16; P(B) = 0.24; P(A \\text{ and } B) = 0.32\\)", "D": "\\(P(A) = 0.3; P(B) = 0.15; P(A \\text{ and } B) = 0.045\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 26, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Assume that the following events are independent: The probability that a high school senior will go to college is 0.72. The probability that a high school senior will go to college and live on campus is 0.46.", "question": "What is the probability that a high school senior will live on campus, given that the person will go to college?", "options": {"A": "0.26", "B": "0.33", "C": "0.57", "D": "0.64"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 27, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Mrs. Klein surveyed 240 men and 285 women about their vehicles. Of those surveyed, 155 men and 70 women said they own a red vehicle.", "question": "If a person is chosen at random from those surveyed, what is the probability of choosing a woman or a person who does NOT own a red vehicle?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\frac{14}{57}\\)", "B": "\\(\\frac{71}{105}\\)", "C": "\\(\\frac{74}{105}\\)", "D": "\\(\\frac{88}{105}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 28, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Bianca spins two spinners that have four equal sections numbered 1 through 4.", "question": "If she spins a 4 on at least one spin, what is the probability that the sum of her two spins is an odd number?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\frac{1}{4}\\)", "B": "\\(\\frac{7}{16}\\)", "C": "\\(\\frac{4}{7}\\)", "D": "\\(\\frac{11}{16}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 29, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Each letter of the alphabet is written on separate cards in red ink. The cards are placed in a container. Each letter of the alphabet is also written on separate cards in black ink. The cards are placed in the same container.", "question": "What is the probability that a card randomly selected from the container has a letter written in black ink and the letter is A or Z?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\frac{1}{2}\\)", "B": "\\(\\frac{7}{13}\\)", "C": "\\(\\frac{15}{26}\\)", "D": "\\(\\frac{8}{13}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 30, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which equation is true?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\sin 40^{\\circ} = \\tan 50^{\\circ}\\)", "B": "\\(\\cos 40^{\\circ} = \\cos 50^{\\circ}\\)", "C": "\\(\\sin 40^{\\circ} = \\sin 50^{\\circ}\\)", "D": "\\(\\cos 40^{\\circ} = \\sin 50^{\\circ}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 33, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which value is an irrational number?", "options": {"A": "\\(4 + \\sqrt{7}\\)", "B": "\\(\\sqrt{2\\sqrt{8}}\\)", "C": "\\(\\frac{\\sqrt{3\\sqrt{12}}}{5}\\)", "D": "\\(\\sqrt{3} - \\sqrt{3}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 34, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Select THREE equations that are true.", "options": {"A": "\\((3x^{2} + 7x - 4) + (x^{2} + x + 3) = 4x^{2} + 8x - 1\\)", "B": "\\((5x^{2} - 6x + 2) - (2x^{2} - 4x + 1) = 3x^{2} - 2x + 1\\)", "C": "\\((3x^{2} + 5x + 4) + (x^{2} + 2x - 5) = 3x^{2} + 7x - 1\\)", "D": "\\((6x^{2} - 3x - 8) - (3x^{2} + 5x - 4) = 3x^{2} - 8x - 4\\)", "E": "\\((x + 8)(x - 9) = x^{2} + x - 72\\)", "F": "\\((x - 3)(x - 7) = x^{2} - 10x - 21\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 35, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A professional weather balloon is 10 yards in diameter. It is in the shape of a sphere.", "question": "What is the volume of the weather balloon to the nearest cubic yard?", "options": {"A": "59 cubic yards", "B": "105 cubic yards", "C": "294 cubic yards", "D": "523 cubic yards"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 36, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which situation could be modeled by a function with a domain of all positive integers?", "options": {"A": "the distance a runner has moved during a race as a function of time since the race started", "B": "the amount of fish food required in a fish tank as a function of the number of fish in the tank", "C": "the amount of power required to operate a computer as a function of the length of time the computer is on", "D": "the amount of water required by an animal as a function of the mass of the animal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 37, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Select TWO situations that could be modeled by a function with a domain that includes positive and negative real numbers.", "options": {"A": "the height of a plant as a function of time since the seed was planted", "B": "the elevation of a hiker as a function of the number of steps taken", "C": "the temperature as a function of elevation above or below sea level", "D": "the amount of time required to read a book as a function of the number of words in the book", "E": "the amount of precipitation as a function of the outdoor temperature"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 38, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Study this equation of a circle: \\(x^{2} - 6x + y^{2} + 2y + 6 = 0\\).", "question": "Which of these represents the center and radius of the circle?", "options": {"A": "center: (3, -1), radius: 4", "B": "center: (-3, 1), radius: 4", "C": "center: (3, -1), radius: 2", "D": "center: (-3, 1), radius: 2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 39, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "One bag of lawn fertilizer can cover approximately 5,000 square feet. Mike's lawn is about 500 square feet. Mike fertilizes his lawn an average of 4 times per year.", "question": "About how many full years will he be able to fertilize his lawn with one bag of fertilizer?", "options": {"A": "2 years", "B": "3 years", "C": "9 years", "D": "10 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 40, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "When rolling a fair, six-sided number cube, what is the probability of rolling an even number or a number less than 3?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\frac{5}{6}\\)", "B": "\\(\\frac{2}{3}\\)", "C": "\\(\\frac{1}{2}\\)", "D": "\\(\\frac{1}{3}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 41, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the probability of rolling a 5 on a fair, six-sided number cube if you know that you rolled an odd number?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\frac{1}{6}\\)", "B": "\\(\\frac{1}{3}\\)", "C": "\\(\\frac{1}{2}\\)", "D": "\\(\\frac{2}{3}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 42, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "About one in one million people are born with dyskeratosis congenita. This disease affects many areas of the body. It causes fingernails and toenails to grow abnormally and discoloration of the skin. Dyskeratosis congenita is caused by a mutation in a gene responsible for the production of ribosomes; therefore, ribosome functioning is impaired.", "question": "Which cell process would be most directly affected by this disease?", "options": {"A": "the production of energy", "B": "the production of proteins", "C": "the removal of substances", "D": "the breakdown of chemicals"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 43, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Scientists conducted an experiment to determine how different wavelengths of light affected photosynthesis. They used two groups of the same plants. The leaves of Group 1 were covered with transparent green plastic. The leaves of Group 2 were not covered with any plastic.", "question": "The results show that the plants photosynthesized best when their leaves were not covered in any plastic. Which hypothesis do the results support?", "options": {"A": "If leaves are uncovered, then their chloroplasts will produce more oxygen than the leaves that are covered in green plastic.", "B": "If leaves are covered in green plastic, then their mitochondria will absorb more carbon dioxide than the mitochondria of uncovered leaves.", "C": "If leaves are uncovered, then their chloroplasts will release more carbon dioxide than the chloroplasts of leaves covered in green plastic.", "D": "If leaves are covered in green plastic, then their mitochondria will produce more oxygen than the leaves that are uncovered."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 44, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food pyramid. If 150,000 joules of sunlight are captured by plants, how much energy is transferred to secondary consumers?", "options": {"A": "150 joules", "B": "1,500 joules", "C": "15,000 joules", "D": "150,000 joules"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 50, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Cells\nStandard: SB1a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.", "question": "What is the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic plant cells?", "options": {"A": "to transport materials", "B": "to provide a storage area", "C": "to produce chemical energy", "D": "to control chemical reactions"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 51, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Organisms\nStandard: SB3d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.", "question": "Which characteristic does a virus have in common with a eukaryotic cell?", "options": {"A": "a cell wall", "B": "a mitochondrion", "C": "a nucleic acid", "D": "a ribosome"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 52, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Evolution\nStandard: SB5d. Explain how natural selection determines the differential survival of groups of organisms.", "question": "A plant species growing in a certain location has one variety that grows best in wet soil and another variety that grows best in dry soil. Which outcome is MOST LIKELY to occur at the end of an extended drought at that location?", "options": {"A": "The variety that prefers dry soil will show an increase in population.", "B": "The variety that prefers wet soil will show an increase in population.", "C": "Both varieties will compete for space, so the size of both populations will remain the same.", "D": "Both varieties will adapt to the new conditions, so the size of both populations will remain the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 53, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Ecology\nStandard: SB4a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.", "question": "In prairies around the world, grass species provide food for many different prairie animals. Based on the titles, in which book would a student find the MOST information about relationships between specific plants and animals of the prairie?", "options": {"A": "The Prairie Community", "B": "The Biomes of the Prairie", "C": "The Ecosystems of the Prairie", "D": "The Abiotic Factors of a Prairie"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 54, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Classification and Taxonomy\nStandard: SB3c. Explain the importance of biodiversity.", "question": "Which of the following supported the change in the classification system from five kingdoms to six kingdoms?", "options": {"A": "parasites on deep sea fish", "B": "new viral diseases in people", "C": "molecular differences among bacteria", "D": "new insect species in tropical rain forests"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 55, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Genetics\nStandard: SB2c. Explain the process of DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Use this information to answer the question.## Alleles and Traits in Pea Plants R- round seeds Y- yellow seeds r- wrinkled seeds y- green seeds ", "question": "Plants with the genotype RrYy are crossed with plants with the genotype rryy. What is the probability of an offspring with round, yellow seeds?", "options": {"A": "10%", "B": "25%", "C": "50%", "D": "100%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 56, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Ecology\nStandard: SB4b3. Explain the cycling of matter and energy in ecosystems.", "question": "The human body contains nitrogen( $N_2$ ) as part of amino acids, ATP, DNA, and RNA. The atmosphere is about 79% nitrogen, but humans cannot use nitrogen in its atmospheric form. How is atmospheric nitrogen made available for use in the human body?", "options": {"A": "Plants absorb nitrogen after it is changed to useable compounds by the radiant energy of the Sun.", "B": "Rainwater dissolves the nitrogen gas in the air and makes it available to plants and animals.", "C": "Humans have special enzymes in their lungs to make nitrogen gas useable.", "D": "Bacteria change nitrogen gas to useable compounds that can be absorbed by plants."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 57, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A rectangle has a length of 12 meters and a width of 400 centimeters.", "question": "What is the perimeter, in centimeters, of the rectangle?", "options": {"A": "824", "B": "1,600", "C": "2,000", "D": "3,200"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 58, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Jill swam 200 meters in 2 minutes 42 seconds. Each lap is 50 meters long.", "question": "Which time is her estimated time, in seconds, per lap?", "options": {"A": "32", "B": "40", "C": "48", "D": "60"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 59, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The distance a car travels can be found using the formula \\(d = rt\\), where \\(d\\) is the distance in miles, \\(r\\) is the rate of speed in miles per hour, and \\(t\\) is time in hours. Bill drives his car at 70 miles per hour for \\(\\frac{1}{2}\\) hour.", "question": "Which term gives the distance in miles Bill travels?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\frac{1}{2}\\)", "B": "2", "C": "\\((2)(70)\\)", "D": "\\((70)(\\frac{1}{2})\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 60, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A certain population of bacteria has an average growth rate of 0.02 bacteria per hour. The formula for the growth of the bacteria's population is \\(A = P_0(2.71828)^{0.02t}\\), where \\(P_0\\) is the original population and \\(t\\) is the time in hours.", "question": "Which factor represents the rate at which the bacteria grows?", "options": {"A": "\\(P_0\\)", "B": "\\(0.02t\\)", "C": "2.71828", "D": "1,478"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 61, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which equation shows \\(ax - w = 3\\) solved for \\(w\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(w = ax - 3\\)", "B": "\\(w = ax + 3\\)", "C": "\\(w = 3 - ax\\)", "D": "\\(w = -3 - ax\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 62, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which equation is equivalent to \\(\\frac{7x}{4} - \\frac{3x}{8} = 11\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(17x = 88\\)", "B": "\\(11x = 88\\)", "C": "\\(4x = 44\\)", "D": "\\(2x = 44\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 63, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which equation shows \\(4n = 2(t - 3)\\) solved for \\(t\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(t = \\frac{4n - 2}{3}\\)", "B": "\\(t = \\frac{4n + 2}{3}\\)", "C": "\\(t = 2n - 3\\)", "D": "\\(t = 2n + 3\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 66, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A ferry boat carries passengers between two communities on the Peachville River. It takes 30 minutes longer to travel upstream than downstream. The ferry's average speed in still water is 15 miles per hour, and the river's current is 5 miles per hour. The equation \\(\\frac{m}{15-5}=\\frac{m}{15+5}+0.5\\) can be used to determine how many miles apart the communities are.", "question": "What is \\(m\\), the distance between the two communities?", "options": {"A": "0.5 mile", "B": "5 miles", "C": "10 miles", "D": "15 miles"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 69, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A manager is comparing the cost of buying baseball caps from two companies. Company X charges a \\$50 fee plus \\$7 per cap. Company Y charges a \\$30 fee plus \\$9 per cap.", "question": "For what number of baseball caps will the cost be the same at both companies?", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "20", "C": "40", "D": "100"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 70, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A shop sells one-pound bags of peanuts for \\$2 and three-pound bags for \\$5. Nine bags are purchased for a total cost of \\$36.", "question": "How many three-pound bags were purchased?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "6", "C": "9", "D": "18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 71, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "\\(f(12)=4(12)-20\\).", "question": "Which function gives \\(f(x)\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(f(x)=4x\\)", "B": "\\(f(x)=12x\\)", "C": "\\(f(x)=4x-20\\)", "D": "\\(f(x)=12x-20\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 72, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A wild horse runs at a rate of 8 miles per hour for 6 hours. Let \\(y\\) be the distance, in miles, the horse travels for a given amount of time, \\(x\\), in hours.", "question": "Which of these describes the domain of the function?", "options": {"A": "\\(0\\le x\\le6\\)", "B": "\\(0\\le y<6\\)", "C": "\\(0\\le x\\le48\\)", "D": "\\(0\\le y\\le48\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 73, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The points (0, 1), (1, 5), (2, 25), and (3, 125) are on the graph of a function.", "question": "Which equation represents that function?", "options": {"A": "\\(f(x)=2^x\\)", "B": "\\(f(x)=3^x\\)", "C": "\\(f(x)=4^x\\)", "D": "\\(f(x)=5^x\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 74, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which graph shows the function \\(f(x)=2x\\) translated 4 units down?", "options": {"A": "graph of \\(g(x)=2x+8\\)", "B": "graph of \\(g(x)=2x-8\\)", "C": "graph of \\(g(x)=2x+4\\)", "D": "graph of \\(g(x)=2x-4\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 75, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Sandra makes necklaces and sells them at a school craft fair. She uses \\(P=7.5n-(2.25n+15)\\) to determine her total profit when \\(n\\) necklaces are sold.", "question": "Based on this equation, how much does she charge for each necklace?", "options": {"A": "\\$2.25", "B": "\\$7.50", "C": "\\$15.00", "D": "\\$17.25"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 76, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The perimeter of a rectangle is \\(P=2w+2l\\), where \\(w\\) is the width and \\(l\\) is the length.", "question": "Rearrange this formula to find the width of the rectangle.", "options": {"A": "\\(w=P-2l\\)", "B": "\\(w=\\frac{P}{4-l}\\)", "C": "\\(w=2P-l\\)", "D": "\\(w=\\frac{P}{2}-l\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 77, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The formula \\(v=v_0+at\\) represents final velocity \\(v\\) in terms of initial velocity \\(v_0\\), acceleration \\(a\\), and time \\(t\\).", "question": "Select three equations that are equivalent to the final velocity formula.", "options": {"A": "\\(v_0=v+at\\)", "B": "\\(v_0=v-at\\)", "C": "\\(a=\\frac{v-v_0}{t}\\)", "D": "\\(a=\\frac{v_0-v}{t}\\)", "E": "\\(t=a(v_0+v)\\)", "F": "\\(t=\\frac{v-v_0}{a}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B", "C", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 78, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A line is perpendicular to \\(y=\\frac{1}{2}x-6\\) and passes through (6, 4).", "question": "What is the equation of the line?", "options": {"A": "\\(y=\\frac{1}{2}x+1\\)", "B": "\\(y=-\\frac{1}{2}x+7\\)", "C": "\\(y=-2x-8\\)", "D": "\\(y=-2x+16\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 79, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Use this excerpt from the Monroe Doctrine: ...", "question": "Which statement BEST describes why the Southern colonies were established?", "options": {"A": "Settlers were seeking religious freedom.", "B": "Settlers wanted to make a profit from trade.", "C": "Settlers wanted to convert American Indians to their religion.", "D": "Settlers wanted to create more wealth for the English economy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 80, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Use this excerpt from the Monroe Doctrine: ...", "question": "Which statement accurately describes a difference between the Southern colonies and the New England colonies?", "options": {"A": "The Southern colonies were known for a much colder climate.", "B": "The Southern colonies were founded more for religious reasons.", "C": "The Southern colonies were settled much later in the time period.", "D": "The Southern colonies were more dependent on the plantation system."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 81, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Use this excerpt from the Monroe Doctrine: ...", "question": "What did the Intolerable Acts seek to do?", "options": {"A": "tax colonists in order to pay off British debt", "B": "punish Massachusetts after the colonists protested", "C": "require colonists to pay for British military supplies", "D": "stop all settlement to the west of the colonies"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 82, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the excerpt.\n\nThe state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason . . . teaches all mankind, . . . that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions . . . \n\nexcerpt from Second Treatise, John Locke", "question": "Which of these political ideals from the Declaration of Independence is BEST supported by the excerpt?", "options": {"A": "All men are created equal.", "B": "Governments are created by men to provide education and safety to all citizens.", "C": "All changes made to the government should be accomplished after much thought and consideration.", "D": "When government abuses its power, it is the responsibility of citizens to rise up and change governments."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 83, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "The Sedition Act made it illegal to \"print, utter, or publish . . . any false, scandalous, and malicious writing\" about the American government. How did this law affect the election of 1800?", "options": {"A": "Support for the law led to a landslide victory for John Adams.", "B": "New immigrants were no longer allowed to vote in federal elections.", "C": "Criticism of the law contributed to the defeat of the Federalist party.", "D": "Enforcement of the law encouraged election fraud as a form of protest."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 84, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which TWO statements accurately describe the North and the South prior to the Civil War?", "options": {"A": "The North had more railway lines than the South.", "B": "The North was more eager for a war than the South.", "C": "The North had more cash crop agriculture than the South.", "D": "The South was more focused on shipbuilding than the North.", "E": "The South had more highly trained military leaders than the North.", "F": "The South had more access to affordable manufactured goods than the North."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 85, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which technology MOST aided in the settlement of the West during the period immediately following the Civil War?", "options": {"A": "the automobile", "B": "the light bulb", "C": "the railroad", "D": "the telegraph"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 91, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which statement BEST describes the MAIN challenge to President Roosevelt's economic relief policies?", "options": {"A": "Unions went on strike to stop the programs.", "B": "The states voted against supporting the new programs.", "C": "The Supreme Court ruled the programs unconstitutional.", "D": "Opposition groups boycotted businesses that supported the programs."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 92, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which action was a result of the Manhattan Project?", "options": {"A": "The national government expanded the size of the army and navy to fight in World War II.", "B": "The national government took control of all private businesses to aid in war production.", "C": "The national government interred all German-American citizens to prevent sabotage.", "D": "The national government funded scientific research in order to build an atomic weapon."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 93, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Use the list to answer the question.\n\nwar on poverty improved medical treatment for the poor affirmative action plans for employers civil rights laws", "question": "All of these were part of what vision for America?", "options": {"A": "the Truman Doctrine", "B": "Roosevelt's New Deal", "C": "Johnson's Great Society", "D": "the Harlem Renaissance"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 94, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Examine the excerpt.\n\nI HAVE TODAY signed into law H. R. 13247, the National Defense Education Act. This Act, which is an emergency undertaking to be terminated after four years, will in that time do much to strengthen our American system of education so that it can meet the broad and increasing demands imposed upon it by considerations of basic national security. \n\nstatement by President Eisenhower, upon signing the National Defense Education Act, September 2, 1958", "question": "Which TWO factors MOST LIKELY spurred the passing of the legislation mentioned above?", "options": {"A": "the ending of World War II", "B": "the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor", "C": "the successful launch of Sputnik into space", "D": "the increase of consumerism in the United States", "E": "the sale of books and articles criticizing the lack of science education", "F": "the fear that public education was not as successful as in other countries"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["C", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 95, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "After communist rebels took power in Cuba in 1959, the U.S. government responded by taking which of the following TWO actions?", "options": {"A": "invading Cuba to remove any communist-led government", "B": "offering economic and military aid to the new government to protect them from European interference", "C": "installing nuclear missiles in Florida to protect the United States", "D": "asking for volunteers for a militia to invade and occupy the island", "E": "instituting an economic embargo that prevented all U.S. trade with the island", "F": "encouraging the Soviet Union to replace the communist leadership in Cuba"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 96, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which core issue was the National Organization for Women (NOW) founded upon?", "options": {"A": "provision of daycare", "B": "entrance into the military", "C": "equal pay in the workforce", "D": "access to higher education"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 97, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which action did President Carter take in response to the Iran hostage crisis?", "options": {"A": "He ordered a military rescue that failed.", "B": "He negotiated an exchange of prisoners.", "C": "He asked the courts around the world to arbitrate.", "D": "He ordered a blockade of the important ports in the area."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 98, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f(w) = 35w + 10$ represents the total amount of money, $f$, in dollars, in the student's account $w$ weeks after the student started saving for the computer.", "question": "What does the number 10 in the function represent in this context?", "options": {"A": "the percent interest rate that the account earns", "B": "the increase, in dollars, in the total amount of money in the account each week", "C": "the number of dollars in the account when the student started saving for the computer", "D": "the number of weeks it takes for the student to save enough money in the account to buy the computer"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 99, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f(x) = x^2$ is graphed on the $xy$-plane. Two other functions are defined as shown.\n- $g(x) = f(x - 3)$\n- $h(x) = -f(x)$", "question": "Which statement correctly describes how the graph of function $f(x)$ could be transformed to create the graph of function $g(x)$ or function $h(x)$?", "options": {"A": "The graph of function $f(x)$ could be translated 3 units downward to create the graph of $g(x)$.", "B": "The graph of function $f(x)$ could be translated 3 units to the left to create the graph of $g(x)$.", "C": "The graph of function $f(x)$ could be reflected across the $x$-axis to create the graph of $h(x)$.", "D": "The graph of function $f(x)$ could be reflected across the $y$-axis to create the graph of $h(x)$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 100, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A system of equations is shown.\n$$\\begin{cases} 2x - 3y = 7 \\\\ 6x - 9y = 21 \\end{cases}$$", "question": "Which statement about the system of equations is true?", "options": {"A": "The system has no solutions.", "B": "The system has exactly 1 solution.", "C": "The system has exactly 2 solutions.", "D": "The system has infinitely many solutions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 101, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function shown was developed by a city manager to predict the population of the city in future years for budget purposes. In the function, $x$ represents the number of years after 2025 and $p(x)$ represents the predicted population of the city.\n$$p(x) = 300,000(1.05)^x$$", "question": "Which set of numbers **best** represents the domain for the function in this context?", "options": {"A": "all integers", "B": "all whole numbers", "C": "all real numbers greater than or equal to 300,000", "D": "all whole numbers greater than or equal to 300,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 102, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Function $f$ is defined as $f(x) = x^2 - 6x + 14$.", "question": "Which equation shows an equivalent form of $f(x)$ and includes the minimum value of the function?", "options": {"A": "$f(x) = (x - 3)^2 + (-5)$", "B": "$f(x) = (x + 3)^2 + (-5)$", "C": "$f(x) = (x - 3)^2 + 5$", "D": "$f(x) = (x + 3)^2 + 5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 103, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An art teacher is purchasing paintbrushes and bottles of paint for a classroom.\n- Each paintbrush costs \\$1.49 and each bottle of paint costs \\$3.49.\n- The art teacher has a total of \\$225 to spend on the art supplies.\nLet $x$ represent the number of paintbrushes and $y$ represent the number of bottles of paint.", "question": "Which inequality **best** represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "$1.49x + 3.49y \\le 225$", "B": "$1.49x + 3.49y \\ge 225$", "C": "$3.49x + 1.49y \\le 225$", "D": "$3.49x + 1.49y \\ge 225$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 104, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Let $x$ and $y$ be nonzero rational numbers, and let $z$ be an irrational number.", "question": "Which phrase **best** describes the value of the expression $xyz$?", "options": {"A": "always rational", "B": "always irrational", "C": "neither rational nor irrational", "D": "sometimes rational and sometimes irrational"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 105, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A partially factored polynomial is shown.\n$$(x + 1)(x^2 + 2x - 15)$$", "question": "What are the zeros of the polynomial? select all that apply", "options": {"A": "-5", "B": "-3", "C": "-1", "D": "1", "E": "3", "F": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 106, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The owner of a company bought 150 tickets for a circus performance. The owner paid \\$10 for each adult ticket and \\$6 for each child ticket.", "question": "Which equation represents the relationship between $x$, the number of adult tickets the owner bought, and $y$, the total amount, in dollars, the owner paid for the tickets?", "options": {"A": "$6x + 10y = 150$", "B": "$10x + 6y = 150$", "C": "$y = 6x + 10(150 - x)$", "D": "$y = 10x + 6(150 - x)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 107, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A scientist observed how two substances, J and M, decayed over time.\n\nThe scientist started with 100 grams of substance J and observed that 8% of the substance decayed each day.\n\nThe equation $y = 110(0.82)^x$ represents $y$, the number of grams of substance M the scientist observed after $x$ days.", "question": "Which statement correctly compares the initial amounts and rates of decay for the two substances?", "options": {"A": "There was a greater initial amount of substance J, and substance J decayed at a slower rate.", "B": "There was a greater initial amount of substance J, and substance M decayed at a slower rate.", "C": "There was a greater initial amount of substance M, and substance J decayed at a slower rate.", "D": "There was a greater initial amount of substance M, and substance M decayed at a slower rate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 108, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A function is shown.\n$$y = -\\frac{2}{3}\\sqrt{x} - 1$$", "question": "Which set of numbers represents the domain for this function?", "options": {"A": "all real numbers", "B": "all real numbers greater than or equal to 0", "C": "all real numbers greater than or equal to 1", "D": "all real numbers greater than or equal to $-1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 109, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $p(x) = 18,500(0.86)^x$ represents the approximate value, in dollars, of a car $x$ years after the car was purchased.\n\nGiven that 1 year is equivalent to 12 months, which function **best** represents $p(m)$, the approximate value, in dollars, of the car $m$ months after the car was purchased?", "question": "Which function **best** represents $p(m)$, the approximate value, in dollars, of the car $m$ months after the car was purchased?", "options": {"A": "$p(m) = 18,500(0.0717)^m$", "B": "$p(m) = 18,500(0.1637)^m$", "C": "$p(m) = 18,500(0.8489)^m$", "D": "$p(m) = 18,500(0.9875)^m$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 110, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student claims that if an equation has no exponents greater than 1, then the equation is linear.", "question": "Which equation can be used to show that the student's claim is **false**?", "options": {"A": "$y = x$", "B": "$y = |x|$", "C": "$x + y = 1$", "D": "$y - x^2 = 1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 111, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An equation is shown.\n$$x^2 - 9x + 14 = 0$$", "question": "Which two values represent the solutions to the equation?", "options": {"A": "2 and 7", "B": "-2 and 7", "C": "-7 and 2", "D": "-7 and -2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 112, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An office manager is ordering this year's supply of pencils and pens for the office. Each pencil costs \\$0.10, each pen costs \\$0.75, and the manager will spend a total of \\$235 on pencils and pens.", "question": "Which additional piece of information is sufficient to determine the number of pencils and the number of pens that the manager will order?", "options": {"A": "The number of pencils purchased last year will be equal to the number of pens purchased this year.", "B": "The number of pens purchased this year will be three times the number of pencils purchased this year.", "C": "The total cost of the pens purchased this year will be greater than the total cost of the pencils purchased this year.", "D": "The total cost of the pencils and pens purchased last year will be three times the total cost of the pencils and pens purchased this year."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 116, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider the equation $(x - a)^2 - b = 0$, where $a$ and $b$ are both positive real numbers.", "question": "Which statement about the solution or solutions to the equation must be true?", "options": {"A": "The equation has no real solutions.", "B": "The equation has exactly one real solution and the solution is positive.", "C": "The equation has exactly two real solutions and both of the solutions are positive.", "D": "The equation has exactly two real solutions and at least one of the solutions is positive."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 117, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An equation is shown.\n\n$$2x^2 - 5x + 4 = 0$$", "question": "What are the solutions to the equation?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{5+i\\sqrt{7}}{4}$ and $\\frac{5-i\\sqrt{7}}{4}$", "B": "$\\frac{5+i\\sqrt{57}}{4}$ and $\\frac{5-i\\sqrt{57}}{4}$", "C": "$\\frac{-5+i\\sqrt{7}}{4}$ and $\\frac{-5-i\\sqrt{7}}{4}$", "D": "$\\frac{-5+i\\sqrt{57}}{4}$ and $\\frac{-5-i\\sqrt{57}}{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 118, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The recursive rule for a sequence is shown, where $n$ represents a positive integer.\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}f(1) &= 5 \\\\ f(n) &= 3 \\cdot f(n-1), \\text{ for } n > 1\\end{aligned}$$", "question": "Which is an explicit rule for the sequence?", "options": {"A": "$f(n) = 3(5)^{n-1}$, for $n \\ge 1$", "B": "$f(n) = 5(3)^{n-1}$, for $n \\ge 1$", "C": "$f(n) = 3 + 5(n - 1)$, for $n \\ge 1$", "D": "$f(n) = 5 + 3(n - 1)$, for $n \\ge 1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 119, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which value of $x$ makes the equation $5(e)^{4x} = 25$ true?", "options": {"A": "$x = \\ln \\frac{5}{4}$", "B": "$x = \\frac{1}{4}\\ln 2$", "C": "$x = \\frac{1}{4}\\ln 5$", "D": "$x = \\frac{1}{20}\\ln 25$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 120, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "Angle $\\theta$ is in standard position in the $xy$-plane, and $\\cos\\theta = \\frac{3}{\\sqrt{58}}$. Point $P$ lies on the terminal side of angle $\\theta$ and has coordinates $(x, y)$, where $x$ and $y$ are positive integers less than 10.", "question": "What are the coordinates of point $P$?", "options": {"A": "$(-7, 3)$", "B": "$(3, -7)$", "C": "$(3, 7)$", "D": "$(7, 3)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 121, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An expression is shown.\n\n$$\\frac{x^2 + 6x - 10}{x + 2}$$", "question": "Which expression is equivalent to the given expression when $x \\neq -2$?", "options": {"A": "$x + 8 + \\frac{6}{x + 2}$", "B": "$x + 8 - \\frac{26}{x + 2}$", "C": "$x + 4 - \\frac{2}{x + 2}$", "D": "$x + 4 - \\frac{18}{x + 2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 127, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The functions $f$ and $g$ are defined as shown.\n\n$$f(x) = x^3 + x^2 - 2x$$\n$$g(x) = 0.5x^2 + 1$$", "question": "Which intervals include a value of $x$ for which $f(x) = g(x)$?", "options": {"A": "$-3 < x \\le -2$", "B": "$-2 < x \\le -1$", "C": "$-1 < x \\le 0$", "D": "$0 < x \\le 1$", "E": "$1 < x \\le 2$", "F": "$2 < x \\le 3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 128, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The world population in 1997 was 5.88 billion.\n\nThe world population in 2017 was 7.53 billion.\n\nAssume that the ratio of the populations in any two consecutive years was constant from 1997 to 2017.", "question": "Which equation can be used to find $r$, the rate of growth per year of the world population?", "options": {"A": "$5.88 = 7.53r^{10}$", "B": "$5.88 = 7.53r^{20}$", "C": "$7.53 = 5.88r^{10}$", "D": "$7.53 = 5.88r^{20}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 129, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider the equation $a = \\sqrt{x+b}$, where $a$ and $b$ represent real numbers.", "question": "Which statement is true about the number of real solutions to the equation?", "options": {"A": "The number of real solutions depends only on the value of $a$.", "B": "The number of real solutions depends only on the value of $b$.", "C": "The values of $a$ and $b$ do not affect the number of real solutions.", "D": "The number of real solutions depends on the relationship between $a$ and $b$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 130, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "The approximate number of cars parked in a garage $x$ hours after 6:00 a.m. can be modeled by the function $y = 180 + 130 \\sin(\\frac{x}{12}\\pi)$, where $0 \\le x \\le 16$.", "question": "Based on the model, for which time interval did the number of cars parked in the garage increase?", "options": {"A": "7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.", "B": "1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m.", "C": "5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.", "D": "8:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 131, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider the system of equations shown.\n\n$$y = (x - 3)^2$$\n$$y = x - 1$$", "question": "On the coordinate plane, what are the coordinates of the points that represent solutions $(x, y)$ of the system?", "options": {"A": "$(-5, -6)$ and $(-2, -3)$", "B": "$(-5, -6)$ and $(2, 1)$", "C": "$(5, 4)$ and $(-2, -3)$", "D": "$(5, 4)$ and $(2, 1)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 132, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "Angle $\\theta$ is in standard position in the coordinate plane with the terminal side in the fourth quadrant. The value of $\\cos\\theta$ is $\\frac{12}{13}$.", "question": "What is the value of $\\tan\\theta$?", "options": {"A": "$-\\frac{12}{5}$", "B": "$-\\frac{5}{12}$", "C": "$\\frac{5}{12}$", "D": "$\\frac{12}{5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 133, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A kitchen supply store sells a set of 4 food storage containers.\n\n- From largest to smallest, the volumes of the containers are $v_1$, $v_2$, $v_3$, and $v_4$.\n- $v_n$ is 20% less than $v_{n-1}$, where $n$ is 2, 3, or 4.\n- $v_n = kv_{n-1}$, where $n$ is 2, 3, or 4.", "question": "What is the value of $k$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{3}{4}$", "B": "$\\frac{4}{5}$", "C": "$\\frac{5}{4}$", "D": "$\\frac{4}{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 134, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "The function shown models $t(x)$, the outside temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, in a city on a given day $x$ hours after midnight.\n\n$$t(x) = -16 \\cos\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{12}x\\right) + 60$$\n\nOn the day represented by the model, the actual temperature at 4:00 p.m. was \\(63^{\\circ}F\\).", "question": "Which statement correctly compares the actual temperature to the temperature predicted by the model?", "options": {"A": "The model underpredicted the actual temperature by 11°F.", "B": "The model underpredicted the actual temperature by 5°F.", "C": "The model overpredicted the actual temperature by 11°F.", "D": "The model overpredicted the actual temperature by 5°F."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 135, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Claim: $\\sqrt[3]{x} \\le x$, where $x$ is a real number", "question": "For which intervals is the claim true for all values of $x$ in the interval?", "options": {"A": "$x > 1$", "B": "$0 < x < 1$", "C": "$-1 < x < 0$", "D": "$-2 < x < -1$", "E": "$x < -2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 136, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An equation is shown.\n\n$$\\sqrt{x^2 + 19} - 100 = 0$$", "question": "What are the solutions of the equation?", "options": {"A": "$x = 9$ only", "B": "$x = 3\\sqrt{1109}$ only", "C": "$x = -9$ and $x = 9$", "D": "$x = -3\\sqrt{1109}$ and $x = 3\\sqrt{1109}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 137, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $P$ represents the processing fee, in dollars, for a debit card purchase of $x$ dollars.\n\n$$P(x) = 0.035x + 0.15$$", "question": "How is the processing fee calculated based on the purchase amount?", "options": {"A": "The processing fee consists of a fixed amount of \\$0.15 plus 0.35% of the purchase amount.", "B": "The processing fee consists of a fixed amount of \\$0.15 plus 3.5% of the purchase amount.", "C": "The processing fee consists of a fixed amount of \\$0.35 plus 1.5% of the purchase amount.", "D": "The processing fee consists of a fixed amount of \\$0.35 plus 15% of the purchase amount."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 138, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The half-life of the isotope Francium-223 is 22 minutes. For a sample that starts with $F$ grams of Francium-223, the expression $F(0.5)^{\\frac{m}{22}}$ represents the number of grams remaining after $m$ minutes.", "question": "Which expression represents the number of grams of Francium-223 remaining after $h$ hours?", "options": {"A": "$F(0.151)^h$", "B": "$F(0.5)^{\\frac{h}{60}}$", "C": "$F(0.5)^{60h}$", "D": "$F(0.969)^h$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 139, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The equation shown represents a circle in the $xy$ -plane.\n\n$$(x + 4)^2 + (y - 3)^2 = 36$$", "question": "Which statement includes the correct center and the correct radius for this circle?", "options": {"A": "The center is located at $(4, -3)$ , and the radius is 6.", "B": "The center is located at $(4, -3)$ , and the radius is 36.", "C": "The center is located at $(-4, 3)$ , and the radius is 6.", "D": "The center is located at $(-4, 3)$ , and the radius is 36."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 140, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Three different types of transformations were performed on triangle $FGH$ to result in triangle $XYZ$ . Triangle $FGH$ is congruent to triangle $XYZ$ .", "question": "Which three types of transformations were performed on triangle $FGH$ to result in triangle $XYZ$ ?", "options": {"A": "a reflection, a rotation, and a translation", "B": "a dilation, a translation, and a reflection", "C": "a translation, a dilation, and a rotation", "D": "a rotation, a reflection, and a dilation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 141, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Steps of a construction in a circle are described.\n\n- Step 1: Draw a diameter of the circle and label two endpoints $M$ and $N$ , respectively.\n- Step 2: Construct the perpendicular bisector of $\\overline{MN}$ .\n- Step 3: Label the points of intersection of the perpendicular bisector and the circle $P$ and $Q$ , respectively.\n- Step 4: Connect points $M$ to $P$ to $N$ to $Q$ and back to $M$ .", "question": "Which figure is the result of this construction?", "options": {"A": "a square inscribed in the circle", "B": "an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle", "C": "a non-square rhombus inscribed in the circle", "D": "a non-square rectangle inscribed in the circle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 142, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In the $xy$ -plane, two vertices of isosceles triangle $XYZ$ are at $X(1, 2)$ and $Y(7, 2)$ , and $XZ = YZ$ .", "question": "Which ordered pair could represent the location of point $Z$ ?", "options": {"A": "(3, 0)", "B": "(3, 4)", "C": "(4, 2)", "D": "(4, 5)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 143, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A bird flew from a point on the ground directly to the edge of the roof of a building. The height of the building is 40 feet, and the angle of elevation the bird's flight path made with the ground is $26^\\circ$ .", "question": "Which expression models the total distance, in feet, the bird flew?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{40}{\\cos 26^\\circ}", "B": "\\frac{40}{\\sin 26^\\circ}", "C": "\\frac{\\cos 26^\\circ}{40}", "D": "\\frac{\\sin 26^\\circ}{40}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 144, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A can is in the shape of a right circular cylinder with an inner diameter of 7.5 centimeters and an inner height of 12.5 centimeters. The can is placed on its circular base, and 450 milliliters of juice is poured into the can.\n\nGiven that 1 milliliter is equivalent to 1 cubic centimeter, what is the height of the juice in the can to the nearest tenth of a centimeter?", "question": "What is the height of the juice in the can to the nearest tenth of a centimeter?", "options": {"A": "2.5 cm", "B": "8.0 cm", "C": "10.2 cm", "D": "11.3 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 145, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A student claims that any quadrilateral with congruent diagonals must be a rectangle.", "question": "Which phrase **best** describes a shape that can be used to show the student's claim is incorrect?", "options": {"A": "a square", "B": "a rhombus with no right angles", "C": "a parallelogram with four right angles", "D": "a trapezoid with congruent nonparallel sides"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 146, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A farmer wants to build a garden using fence. A total of 60 feet of fence will be used to enclose the garden. The farmer calculates that the area of the garden will be 225 square feet if a square-shaped garden is built using the fence. The farmer also considers building the garden in different shapes to increase the area enclosed by the fence.", "question": "Building the garden in which shape will increase the area of the garden enclosed by the fence?", "options": {"A": "circle", "B": "equilateral triangle", "C": "rhombus that is not a square", "D": "rectangle that is not a square"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 147, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A company is designing a soup can that is in the shape of a right circular cylinder. The height of the can will be 3 times the radius of the can. The volume of the can will be 350 cubic centimeters.", "question": "Which measurement, in centimeters, is closest to the radius of the soup can?", "options": {"A": "2.3 cm", "B": "3.3 cm", "C": "6.9 cm", "D": "9.9 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 148, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Pronghorn antelope are herbivores that live in an area that includes much of the western United States. Wild horses and domestic sheep that also live in the area eat the same types of grasses as the pronghorn antelope. Coyotes and bobcats in the area prey on the antelope.", "question": "Which of the following would most likely **increase** the carrying capacity for the pronghorn antelope?", "options": {"A": "a ban on hunting bobcats in the area", "B": "a new law that allows more sheep to be raised in the area", "C": "a dry winter that decreases the number of plants that grow in the area", "D": "a viral disease that decreases the population size of the wild horses in the area"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 149, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Keratin is a protein found in hair, nails, and feathers of animals. Which of the following elements is most abundant in keratin?", "options": {"A": "aluminum", "B": "carbon", "C": "iron", "D": "zinc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 150, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "When a person has pneumonia, fluid accumulates in the alveoli. This fluid accumulation directly results in which of the following problems?", "options": {"A": "limited production of antibodies", "B": "decreased ability to regulate body temperature", "C": "slower diffusion of glucose into the bloodstream", "D": "reduced gas exchange between the lungs and the blood"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 151, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "One type of plant that was introduced to Santa Cruz Island was fennel. The fennel spread and began growing in the wild. Fennel seeds are spread by wind, and fennel plants can grow up to two meters tall.", "question": "Which of the following **best** explains how fennel most likely affected smaller native plants when it began to grow in the wild?", "options": {"A": "Fennel decreased the amount of sunlight that was available to native plants.", "B": "Fennel increased the number of native plant seeds that were spread by wind.", "C": "Fennel decreased the likelihood that native plants would be eaten by bald eagles.", "D": "Fennel increased the amount of energy that native plants used during cellular respiration."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 152, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "After the golden eagles started nesting on the island, the skunk population began to increase. Which of the following **best** explains why the skunk population increased as the island fox population decreased?", "question": "Which of the following **best** explains why the skunk population increased as the island fox population decreased?", "options": {"A": "The skunk preyed on the island fox.", "B": "The skunk competed with the island fox.", "C": "The skunk and the island fox had a parasitic relationship.", "D": "The skunk and the island fox had a mutualistic relationship."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 153, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following describes the genetic diversity in the island fox population from 1994 to 2000?", "options": {"A": "Genetic diversity increased as the foxes ate more mice.", "B": "Genetic diversity remained unchanged as the foxes stayed on the island.", "C": "Genetic diversity decreased as the foxes were preyed upon by golden eagles.", "D": "Genetic diversity remained unchanged as the number of mutations in the foxes stayed the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 154, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Island foxes play a role in the transfer of energy in the Santa Cruz Island ecosystem.", "question": "What percentage of energy from producers is stored in the trophic level of the island fox?", "options": {"A": "100%", "B": "10%", "C": "1%", "D": "0.1%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 155, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Pine trees are pollinated when the wind carries pollen grains from male pinecones to female pinecones. The female pinecones contain egg cells.", "question": "Which statement describes what happens in a female pinecone during fertilization?", "options": {"A": "A diploid sperm cell and a diploid egg cell fuse together to form a zygote.", "B": "A haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell fuse together to form a zygote.", "C": "A diploid sperm cell and a diploid egg cell undergo rapid meiosis to form an embryo.", "D": "A haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell undergo rapid meiosis to form an embryo."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 162, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Researchers want to determine whether the mice at site 5 have become a different species from the mice at site 6. An investigation designed to answer which of the following questions would **best** help researchers determine whether the mice at these two sites have become different species?", "question": "An investigation designed to answer which of the following questions would **best** help researchers determine whether the mice at these two sites have become different species?", "options": {"A": "Do the mice at sites 5 and 6 eat the same types of food?", "B": "Do the mice at sites 5 and 6 have similar population sizes?", "C": "Do the mice at sites 5 and 6 interbreed and produce fertile offspring?", "D": "Do the mice at sites 5 and 6 spend more time underground or above ground?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 163, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "The pigment eumelanin contains the elements hydrogen and oxygen. What other two elements make up eumelanin?", "question": "What other two elements make up eumelanin?", "options": {"A": "iron and nitrogen", "B": "carbon and nickel", "C": "carbon and nitrogen", "D": "calcium and potassium"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 164, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Predation of rock pocket mice plays a role in their population sizes.", "question": "Scientists concluded that the primary selection pressure affecting fur color in rock pocket mice is predation. Which of the following best supports this conclusion?", "options": {"A": "Mice with dark-colored fur have fewer offspring on basalt rock.", "B": "Mice with dark-colored fur have decreased fitness on basalt rock.", "C": "Mice with light-colored fur are more likely to survive and reproduce on granite rock.", "D": "Mice with light-colored fur are more likely to mate with mice with dark-colored fur on granite rock."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 165, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Two species of birds, the pied flycatcher and the collared flycatcher, are found in eastern and central Europe. In areas where the birds are geographically isolated from each other, the two species have similar color patterns. In areas where the birds' ranges overlap, each species has a different color pattern.\n\nIn the overlapping areas, the birds usually mate with birds of their own species. Occasionally the two species mate with each other, but these offspring are usually not fertile.", "question": "Which of the following **best** explains why natural selection would favor different color patterns in areas where the two flycatcher species overlap?", "options": {"A": "The different color patterns help the birds avoid predators.", "B": "The different color patterns help the birds eat a healthy, varied diet.", "C": "The different color patterns help increase the amount of heat the birds absorb.", "D": "The different color patterns help increase the reproductive success of the birds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 166, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "When a person is dehydrated, a hormone called ADH is produced that increases the reabsorption of water into the bloodstream. As a result, less water leaves the body.", "question": "Which organ does ADH most **directly** affect?", "options": {"A": "heart", "B": "kidney", "C": "liver", "D": "stomach"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 167, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "An offspring with a genetic mutation had a lower amount of muscle mass than expected. The offspring's parents did not have the allele for the mutation.", "question": "Which of the following is the most likely cause of the offspring's mutation?", "options": {"A": "random pairing in the parents' gametes", "B": "a dominant gene in the offspring's DNA", "C": "a replication error in the offspring's DNA", "D": "chromosomes crossing over in the parents' body cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 169, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Scientists are studying a drug to see how effective it is at reducing the production of usable energy in cells. What should the scientists measure to determine whether the drug is effective?", "options": {"A": "the amount of ATP in cells", "B": "the amount of RNA in cells", "C": "the number of new cells produced by old cells", "D": "the number of nerve signals produced by cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 170, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "A student created a model of a DNA sequence and its mRNA transcript, as shown.\n\n$$\\mathrm{DNA}3^\\prime - \\mathrm{AGC} \\mathrm{CGT} \\mathrm{ATC} - 5^\\prime$$\n$$\\mathrm{mRNA}5^\\prime - \\mathrm{TCG} \\mathrm{GCA} \\mathrm{TAG} - 3^\\prime$$\n\nAnother student found a mistake in the model.", "question": "Which of the following best describes how to correct the model?", "options": {"A": "The thymine (T) nucleotides in the mRNA transcript should be replaced with uracil (U) nucleotides.", "B": "The adenine (A) nucleotides in the mRNA transcript should be replaced with thymine (T) nucleotides.", "C": "The thymine (T) nucleotides in the mRNA transcript should be replaced with cytosine (C) nucleotides.", "D": "The cytosine (C) nucleotides in the mRNA transcript should be replaced with guanine (G) nucleotides."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 171, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best explains why bacteria are able to adapt to changing environmental conditions?", "options": {"A": "Bacteria have DNA that rarely mutates in the population.", "B": "Bacteria reproduce rapidly, allowing mutations to increase in the population.", "C": "Bacteria reproduce asexually, causing little genetic variation in the population.", "D": "Bacteria exchange genetic material, which increases the number of chromosomes in the population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 172, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Some mammals do not have enamel on their teeth, but they have copies of a gene that helps regulate enamel formation. The gene is mutated so that enamel is not produced.", "question": "Which of the following best explains why these mammals have copies of a gene that codes for enamel?", "options": {"A": "These mammals are going to evolve to have extra copies of the gene in the future.", "B": "These mammals might need to repair the gene and produce enamel if their current diet changes.", "C": "These mammals would be in danger of becoming extinct without high gene diversity in their populations.", "D": "These mammals are descended from mammals with enamel on their teeth and functional copies of the gene."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 173, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following describes how diffusion helps maintain homeostasis in the body?", "options": {"A": "Diffusion moves oxygen within nuclei to allow oxygen to be used by cells.", "B": "Diffusion moves oxygen within nuclei to allow oxygen to be removed by cells.", "C": "Diffusion moves oxygen across cell membranes to allow oxygen to be used by cells.", "D": "Diffusion moves oxygen across cell membranes to allow oxygen to be removed by cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 174, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Most people are born with two kidneys. However, it is possible to live with only one kidney. Doctors recommend that people with one kidney have their urine tested at least once a year.", "question": "Which of the following are doctors most likely trying to determine when testing the urine of a person with only one kidney?", "options": {"A": "that enough nutrients are dissolving in the blood", "B": "that enough oxygen is being delivered throughout the body", "C": "that enough red blood cells are being replaced in the blood", "D": "that enough nitrogenous waste is being removed from the body"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 175, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "In a sample of double-stranded DNA, $20\\%$ of the nitrogenous bases are adenine (A). What percentage of the nitrogenous bases in the sample are cytosine (C)?", "options": {"A": "10%", "B": "30%", "C": "60%", "D": "80%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 176, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Scientists have determined that the African savannah elephant and the African forest elephant are likely different species. Which of the following would provide the best evidence that the two types of elephant are different species?", "options": {"A": "comparing the diet of each type of elephant", "B": "comparing the size of each type of elephant", "C": "comparing the habitat of each type of elephant", "D": "comparing the genome of each type of elephant"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 177, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "A lichen is made up of an alga and a fungus. Which of the following provides the best evidence that the relationship between the alga and the fungus in the lichen is mutualistic?", "options": {"A": "The alga and the fungus belong to different kingdoms.", "B": "The alga and the fungus both require moist environments.", "C": "The alga is a simple unicellular organism, and the fungus is a complex multicellular organism.", "D": "The alga provides sugars for the fungus, and the fungus provides structure and protection for the alga."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 178, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "A scientist isolates a substance that is thought to be an enzyme. An experiment designed to answer which of the following questions would best determine whether the substance is an enzyme?", "options": {"A": "Is the substance made of monosaccharides?", "B": "Can the substance easily move across a cell membrane?", "C": "Does the synthesis of the substance require the conversion of ATP to ADP?", "D": "Does the substance decrease the amount of time it takes for a reaction to take place?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 179, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A scientist is trying to develop a wheat plant that tolerates cold temperatures and is resistant to insect pests. The scientist has identified two types of wheat to cross-pollinate. One type has traits that make it tolerant of cold weather. The other type has traits that make it resistant to many insects.", "question": "Which of the following explains why the process of meiosis is important to the scientist's work?", "options": {"A": "Meiosis reduces the chance of mutation during cross-pollination.", "B": "Meiosis produces haploid sperm and egg cells needed for cross-pollination.", "C": "Meiosis produces diploid cells with high genetic diversity during cross-pollination.", "D": "Meiosis selects for offspring with the desired characteristics needed for cross-pollination."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 180, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "A biologist conducts an experiment to determine whether a fish is infected with a virus or a bacterium. The biologist takes a sample of cells from the fish and isolates the infectious agent. Next, the biologist sets up two test tubes. Test tube X contains nutrients and fish cells. Test tube Y contains nutrients but no fish cells. The infectious agent is then placed in the two test tubes. The biologist determines the infectious agent reproduced in one of the test tubes.", "question": "Which of the following will allow the biologist to determine whether the infectious agent is bacterial or viral?", "options": {"A": "Viruses can only reproduce in test tube X.", "B": "Viruses can only reproduce in test tube Y.", "C": "Bacteria can only reproduce in test tube X.", "D": "Bacteria can only reproduce in test tube Y."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 181, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Adélie penguins are well adapted to Antarctica's cold climate. They eat fish off the coast of Antarctica and build nests on land. The average temperature in Antarctica has been increasing. Scientists claim that if this trend continues, it may have a negative effect on the penguins' ability to survive.", "question": "Which of the following best supports the scientists' claim?", "options": {"A": "Melting ice will decrease the concentration of salt in the ocean.", "B": "Increasing ocean temperatures will reduce fish population sizes.", "C": "Increasing air temperatures will allow more plant species to grow.", "D": "Melting snow will increase the size of the area where the penguins live."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 182, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In some types of cattle, the allele for a spotted coat (s) is recessive to the allele for a solid-colored coat (S).", "question": "A cow with a spotted coat is mated with a bull that is homozygous for a solid coat. What percentage of the offspring are expected to have solid coats?", "options": {"A": "100%", "B": "75%", "C": "50%", "D": "25%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 183, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Scientists developed an antibiotic to fight harmful bacteria that cause infections. After several years of use, the antibiotic became less effective.", "question": "Which of the following caused the antibiotic to become less effective?", "options": {"A": "Bacteria that were resistant to the antibiotic survived to produce more resistant bacteria.", "B": "Bacteria that were not resistant to the antibiotic began to produce resistant bacteria through meiosis.", "C": "Bacteria that were not resistant to the antibiotic learned how to protect themselves from the antibiotic.", "D": "Bacteria that were resistant to the antibiotic lost their resistance with repeated exposure to the antibiotic."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 184, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?", "options": {"A": "Two alleles code for a mixture of black and white feathers in chickens.", "B": "Several genes with different alleles contribute to a range of eye colors in fruit flies.", "C": "A rabbit can have one of four fur coat colors because of four alleles for a single gene.", "D": "A plant that has the allele for red flowers and the allele for white flowers produces pink flowers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 185, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A professional athlete often runs long distances. Some of the steps that enable the athlete to run are shown.\n\nStep 1: The athlete eats food before running.\n\nStep 2: The food is broken down into nutrients.\n\nStep 3: Usable energy is produced from the nutrients.\n\nStep 4: The athlete's muscles use the energy to contract.", "question": "Which of the following provides a more accurate step than the one shown?", "options": {"A": "Step 1: The athlete completely digests food while chewing.", "B": "Step 2: The only food molecules broken down into nutrients are fat molecules.", "C": "Step 3: Usable energy is produced from the nutrients during cellular respiration.", "D": "Step 4: The athlete's muscles produce glucose when they use energy to contract."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 186, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A professional athlete often runs long distances. Some of the steps that enable the athlete to run are shown.\n\nStep 1: The athlete eats food before running.\n\nStep 2: The food is broken down into nutrients.\n\nStep 3: Usable energy is produced from the nutrients.\n\nStep 4: The athlete's muscles use the energy to contract.", "question": "The athlete begins a long-distance run. As the athlete runs, their body produces more", "options": {"A": "amino acids.", "B": "carbon dioxide.", "C": "nitrogen.", "D": "oxygen."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 187, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A gamete of a domestic cat has 19 chromosomes. A student claims that a body cell of the cat contains 38 chromosomes.", "question": "Which of the following best describes the student's claim?", "options": {"A": "The claim is correct because a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, resulting in a cell with 38 chromosomes.", "B": "The claim is incorrect because the egg and sperm cells have a total of 19 chromosomes when they combine.", "C": "The claim is incorrect because the egg and sperm cells divide and have a total of 76 chromosomes when they combine.", "D": "The claim is correct because a sperm cell carries all of the chromosomes and passes them to the egg cell, resulting in 38 chromosomes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 188, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The pupfish is a type of fish that lives in small pools of water in the desert. A researcher studying desert ecosystems found that crayfish and mosquito fish had been introduced into some of these desert pools.\n\nAfter making this discovery, the researcher created three test ponds and put the following in each pond:\n\nPond 1: pupfish only\nPond 2: pupfish and crayfish\nPond 3: pupfish and mosquitofish\n\nThe researcher counted the number of each type of organism in each pond once a month for four months.", "question": "Which of the following describes what the researcher was most likely studying?", "options": {"A": "how immigration affects population size", "B": "how to increase biodiversity in the desert", "C": "how invasive species affect native species", "D": "how to decrease competition between predators"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 189, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Keratin is a protein found in hair, nails, and feathers of animals.", "question": "Which of the following elements is most abundant in keratin?", "options": {"A": "aluminum", "B": "carbon", "C": "iron", "D": "zinc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 190, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The American toad and the Fowler's toad are closely related and found in the eastern part of North America. American toads breed in early summer, and Fowler's toads breed in late summer. The two types of toads have produced fertile offspring when bred in the laboratory. They do not produce fertile offspring in the wild.", "question": "Which of the following best explains why these two types of toads do not produce fertile offspring in the wild?", "options": {"A": "The diets of each type of toad are changing.", "B": "The genes in the gametes in each type of toad are different.", "C": "An increase in gene flow occurred between the two types of toads.", "D": "Behavioral differences between the two types of toads caused reproductive isolation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 191, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "As an ant population moves across the forest floor, flying insects move away. Some birds follow the ants, catching and eating the flying insects.", "question": "Which of the following best explains the relationship between the birds and the ants?", "options": {"A": "It is commensal because it benefits the birds and has no effect on the ants.", "B": "It is commensal because it benefits the ants and has no effect on the birds.", "C": "It is parasitic because it benefits the birds and has a negative effect on the ants.", "D": "It is parasitic because it benefits the ants and has a negative effect on the birds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 192, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The birth rate is about the same as the death rate in population X.", "question": "Which of the following changes would be expected to increase the size of population X the most?", "options": {"A": "a large increase in both the emigration rate and the immigration rate", "B": "a large decrease in both the emigration rate and the immigration rate", "C": "a large decrease in the emigration rate and a large increase in the immigration rate", "D": "a large increase in the emigration rate and a large decrease in the immigration rate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 193, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The flamingo is a type of bird. Young flamingos have white and gray feathers. By the time they are 3-6 years old, their feathers have become pink. The pink color is caused by the flamingo's diet. Flamingos eat shrimp, which have red and orange pigments. When a flamingo stops eating shrimp, its feathers lose their pink color over time.", "question": "Which of the following best describes the cause of feather color in flamingos at different ages?", "options": {"A": "Pink feather color in adult flamingos and white and gray feathers in young flamingos are both most directly caused by genetic factors.", "B": "Pink feather color in adult flamingos and white and gray feathers in young flamingos are both most directly caused by environmental factors.", "C": "Pink feather color in adult flamingos is most directly caused by genetic factors and white and gray feathers in young flamingos are most directly caused by environmental factors.", "D": "Pink feather color in adult flamingos is most directly caused by environmental factors and white and gray feathers in young flamingos are most directly caused by genetic factors."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 194, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The flamingo is a type of bird. Young flamingos have white and gray feathers. By the time they are 3-6 years old, their feathers have become pink. The pink color is caused by the flamingo's diet. Flamingos eat shrimp, which have red and orange pigments. When a flamingo stops eating shrimp, its feathers lose their pink color over time.", "question": "The pink color of flamingo feathers demonstrates that the phenotype for feather color", "options": {"A": "changes. However, the genotype for feather color stays the same.", "B": "stays the same. However, the genotype for feather color changes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 195, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "A particular human disease results from mutations in a nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein responsible for transporting ions across the cell membrane. The sequence is more than 6000 nucleotides long, and there are many known mutations that can cause the disease. One example is a mutation at nucleotide 1609, which results in a stop codon rather than a codon for an amino acid.", "question": "Which of the following describes the expected result of this mutation?", "options": {"A": "The transport of ions across the membrane stops because the protein is nonfunctional.", "B": "The transport of ions across the membrane slows down because the protein is smaller than it should be.", "C": "The transport of ions across the membrane speeds up because the protein is produced faster than it should be.", "D": "The transport of ions across the membrane occurs in the opposite direction because the protein has an irregular shape."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 196, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Which of the following is the best example of speciation due to geographic isolation?", "question": "Which of the following is the best example of speciation due to geographic isolation?", "options": {"A": "A coral species casts all of its gametes out into the water when conditions are right for reproduction.", "B": "Two groups of birds share a summer breeding habitat but migrate to different locations in Mexico for the winter.", "C": "A plant species produces seeds that stick to the fur of mammals and get distributed to distant locations to germinate.", "D": "Descendants of fruit flies that colonized the Hawaiian Islands from the mainland cannot successfully breed with mainland fruit flies."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 197, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A plant called downy thorrapile stores its seeds in pods. The texture of the pods is genetically determined. The allele for spiny pods (S) is dominant to the allele for smooth pods (s).", "question": "A plant that has smooth pods is crossed with a homozygous plant that has spiny pods. What percentage of the offspring are expected to have smooth pods?", "options": {"A": "0%", "B": "25%", "C": "50%", "D": "100%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 198, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following describes how the liver interacts with the circulatory system?", "options": {"A": "It supplies oxygen to the blood.", "B": "It redirects blood flow in the body.", "C": "It produces hemoglobin for red blood cells.", "D": "It converts toxic compounds in blood to less toxic compounds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 199, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Carolina chickadees are small birds found in the southeastern United States. The chickadees eat insects that feed only on native plants in their habitat.", "question": "Which of the following would most likely occur if an invasive plant species were introduced into the chickadees' habitat?", "options": {"A": "The chickadee population size would increase because more insects would be available to eat.", "B": "The chickadee population size would remain unchanged because chickadees do not eat the invasive plants.", "C": "The chickadee population size would decrease because the invasive plants would outcompete native plants.", "D": "The chickadee population size would increase because the number of producers in the ecosystem would increase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 200, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Pronghorn antelope are herbivores that live in an area that includes much of the western United States. Wild horses and domestic sheep that also live in the area eat the same types of grasses as the pronghorn antelope. Coyotes and bobcats in the area prey on the antelope.", "question": "Which of the following would most likely increase the carrying capacity for the pronghorn antelope?", "options": {"A": "a ban on hunting bobcats in the area", "B": "a new law that allows more sheep to be raised in the area", "C": "a dry winter that decreases the number of plants that grow in the area", "D": "a viral disease that decreases the population size of the wild horses in the area"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 201, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following explains why a human infant is genetically similar to, but not identical to, its mother?", "options": {"A": "The infant's cells undergo mitosis as it develops from fertilization to birth.", "B": "The set of chromosomes that an infant inherits is determined by natural selection.", "C": "The infant's genetic material is translated by both the mother's and the father's cells.", "D": "Half of the infant's genetic material comes from the mother and half comes from the father."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 202, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Milk contains a high concentration of the carbohydrate lactose. What is the basic structure of lactose?", "question": "What is the basic structure of lactose?", "options": {"A": "two monosaccharides joined together", "B": "a chain of amino acids in a helix shape", "C": "two fatty acids joined to a phosphate group", "D": "a chain of alternating sugar and phosphate groups"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 203, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "In April 2009, a new type of influenza virus that became known as 2009 H1N1 was reported in the United States. The number of reported cases grew rapidly. By June 2009, 70 countries were reporting outbreaks of the virus.", "question": "Which of the following was most responsible for the rapid spread of the 2009 H1N1 virus?", "options": {"A": "The virus often killed a host cell after infecting the cell.", "B": "The virus reproduced only before entering and infecting a host cell.", "C": "The genetic material of a host cell was used when new viral particles were produced.", "D": "Only a few simple structures needed to be made when new viral particles were produced by a host cell."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 204, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "In April 2009, a new type of influenza virus that became known as 2009 H1N1 was reported in the United States. The number of reported cases grew rapidly. By June 2009, 70 countries were reporting outbreaks of the virus.", "question": "Which of the following best explains why new types of influenza viruses, such as 2009 H1N1, can develop?", "options": {"A": "Rapid reproduction allows mutations to be introduced into viral populations.", "B": "When viruses reproduce using many cell parts, they are able to develop new types of organelles.", "C": "Viruses travel slowly from one host to another and are able to break down more organic material.", "D": "The genetic material of viruses is constantly changed by environmental factors like radiation, and the viruses are able to grow larger."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 205, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Spiders grow until they reach adulthood. Which processes lead directly to growth by increasing the number of cells the spiders have?", "options": {"A": "mitosis and cytokinesis", "B": "osmosis and active transport", "C": "photosynthesis and transpiration", "D": "aerobic and anaerobic respiration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 206, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "An unfertilized egg from the European frog Rana esculenta has 13 chromosomes. A zygote of this species has 26 chromosomes.", "question": "What causes the increase in chromosome number?", "options": {"A": "The unfertilized egg undergoes meiosis.", "B": "Cell division occurs in the unfertilized egg.", "C": "DNA replication occurs in the unfertilized egg.", "D": "The unfertilized egg joins with a male gamete."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 207, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best describes how carbon is cycled from the atmosphere to living organisms?", "options": {"A": "Producers make organic compounds using light energy and carbon dioxide from the air.", "B": "Consumers take in air to break the bonds in carbon compounds to obtain energy.", "C": "Animals exhale carbon dioxide into the air during the process of breathing.", "D": "Plants release carbon into the air during the process of transpiration."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 208, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Phytoplankton are microscopic aquatic organisms that perform photosynthesis.", "question": "Phytoplankton support other aquatic organisms by producing", "options": {"A": "carbon dioxide.", "B": "oxygen.", "C": "salt.", "D": "water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 209, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A certain genetic condition is caused by a mutation in an animal.", "question": "Answering which of the following questions would best determine whether the condition would be passed on to the animal's offspring?", "options": {"A": "In what type of cell did the mutation occur?", "B": "Did the mutation change the appearance of the animal?", "C": "How many female offspring were produced by the animal?", "D": "Can the mutation travel through the body in the circulatory system?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 210, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Blood glucose levels rise after a person eats. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin from the pancreas is released. Insulin increases the transport of glucose into cells and stimulates the liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen. As a result, blood glucose levels decrease and return to a normal level.", "question": "Blood glucose levels returning to a normal level is an example of", "options": {"A": "homeostasis.", "B": "osmosis.", "C": "reflex.", "D": "respiration."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 211, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A frog's skin is very thin and has many capillaries. This allows the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide directly across the frog's skin.", "question": "The frog's skin performs the same function as which of the following in the human body?", "options": {"A": "alveoli", "B": "sweat glands", "C": "villi", "D": "kidneys"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 212, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "A certain organic molecule always contains a five-carbon sugar connected to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. This molecule belongs to which of the following groups?", "options": {"A": "carbohydrates", "B": "lipids", "C": "nucleic acids", "D": "proteins"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 213, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "C. elegans is a small roundworm. Two alleles of a single gene determine the roundworm's motion. The recessive allele (r) codes for a wave pattern of motion, and the dominant allele (R) codes for a spiral, or 'roller,' pattern of motion.", "question": "Roundworms with a roller pattern of motion have which of the following genotypes?", "options": {"A": "rr only", "B": "RR only", "C": "rr or Rr", "D": "RR or Rr"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 225, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Pine trees are pollinated when the wind carries pollen grains from male pinecones to female pinecones. The female pinecones contain egg cells.", "question": "Which statement describes what happens in a female pinecone during fertilization?", "options": {"A": "A diploid sperm cell and a diploid egg cell fuse together to form a zygote.", "B": "A haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell fuse together to form a zygote.", "C": "A diploid sperm cell and a diploid egg cell undergo rapid meiosis to form an embryo.", "D": "A haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell undergo rapid meiosis to form an embryo."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 226, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "As a tadpole becomes a frog, it loses its tail. Lysosomes play an important role in tail cells during this process.", "question": "What is the function of lysosomes as tadpoles lose their tails?", "options": {"A": "Lysosomes absorb ATP, causing the tail cells to die.", "B": "Lysosomes cause mutations in DNA that destroy tail cells.", "C": "Lysosomes release enzymes that help break down tail cells.", "D": "Lysosomes produce hormones, causing the tail cells to differentiate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 227, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Emperor penguins can dive underwater for over 20 minutes. While underwater, the penguins use oxygen that is stored in their bodies.", "question": "Which of the following best describes the importance of oxygen in the penguins' body systems?", "options": {"A": "Oxygen allows the lungs to grow underwater.", "B": "Oxygen diffuses from the muscles to other body parts.", "C": "Oxygen is converted into other gases in the bloodstream.", "D": "Oxygen is used to produce energy for muscle movement."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 228, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic condition that can cause high levels of cholesterol in the blood to develop at an early age. The symptoms of FH can be reduced or delayed if a person follows a special course of treatment that includes a low-fat diet and exercise.", "question": "Which of the following best explains why a person who inherits FH can benefit from a special course of treatment?", "options": {"A": "Some genetic conditions are found only in certain populations.", "B": "The symptoms of some genetic conditions only cause problems in old age.", "C": "Some genetic conditions are caused by bacteria that can be controlled with antibiotics.", "D": "The risk of developing some genetic conditions can be influenced by environmental factors."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 229, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "When a person is dehydrated, a hormone called ADH is produced that increases the reabsorption of water into the bloodstream. As a result, less water leaves the body.", "question": "Which organ does ADH most directly affect?", "options": {"A": "heart", "B": "kidney", "C": "liver", "D": "stomach"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 230, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The mass of DNA in a human body cell is approximately 6.5 picograms (pg).", "question": "What is the approximate mass of DNA in a human gamete?", "options": {"A": "3.2 pg", "B": "6.5 pg", "C": "9.7 pg", "D": "13 pg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 231, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The area, in square units, of a rectangle is represented by this expression.\n\n$$6x^{2} + 15x$$", "question": "Which of the following also represents the area, in square units, of the rectangle?", "options": {"A": "3x(2x + 5)", "B": "3x(2x + 15)", "C": "6x(x + 9)", "D": "6x(x) + 15"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 232, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A circle graphed on a coordinate plane has its center at (2, - 4) and a radius of 4 units.", "question": "Which of the following is an equation of the circle?", "options": {"A": "(x + 2)^{2} + (y - 4)^{2} = 2^{2}", "B": "(x - 2)^{2} + (y + 4)^{2} = 4^{2}", "C": "(x + 2)^{2} + (y - 4)^{2} = 8^{2}", "D": "(x - 2)^{2} + (y + 4)^{2} = 16^{2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 233, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Consider this expression.\n\n$$\\left(\\sqrt{6}\\right)^{2}$$", "question": "Which of the following is the value of the expression?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "12", "C": "36", "D": "216"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 234, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which of the following is equivalent to this expression?\n\n$$14 - 2(x - 4)$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to this expression?", "options": {"A": "10 - 2x", "B": "12 - 2x", "C": "20 - 2x", "D": "22 - 2x"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 235, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "This inequality represents $h$ , the number of hours Emma needs to work this week to earn at least $ 360$ by the end of the month.\n\n$$12h + 240 \\geq 360$$", "question": "What is the minimum number of hours Emma needs to work this week to earn at least $ 360$ by the end of the month?", "options": {"A": "5", "B": "10", "C": "30", "D": "50"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 236, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What are the solutions of this equation?\n\n$$ (x - 5)(x + 7) = 0 $$", "options": {"A": "-5 and -7", "B": "-5 and 7", "C": "5 and -7", "D": "5 and 7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 237, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Part A", "question": "Which of the following statements about rational and irrational numbers is not true?", "options": {"A": "The sum of two rational numbers is rational.", "B": "The product of two rational numbers is rational.", "C": "The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is rational.", "D": "The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is irrational."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 238, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "A librarian purchased books and e-readers for the school library.\n\nThe school received 11 shipments of books. The average price of the books was $189.20 per shipment. The school received 18 e-readers. The price of each e-reader was $54.90.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the total amount the librarian spent on the shipments of books and the e-readers?", "options": {"A": "$1,500", "B": "$2,500", "C": "$3,000", "D": "$4,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 239, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "This equation is graphed on a coordinate plane.\n\n$$2x + 3y = 8$$", "question": "Which of the following ordered pairs represent a solution of the equation? Select two correct answers", "options": {"A": "(-1, 2)", "B": "(0, 8)", "C": "(2, 1)", "D": "(4, 0)", "E": "(7, -2)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 240, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "This system of equations has one solution.\n\n$$y = x^{2} - 3$$\n$$y = 2x - 4$$", "question": "Which of the following is the solution of the system of equations?", "options": {"A": "(-1, -6)", "B": "(0, -3)", "C": "(1, -2)", "D": "(2, 0)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 241, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An arithmetic sequence is represented by this function.\n\n$$f(n) = 3n + 1$$", "question": "Which of the following sequences is represented by the function for $n = 1$ through $n = 4?$", "options": {"A": "3,6,12,24", "B": "4,7,10,13", "C": "4,10,28,82", "D": "6,9,12,15"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 245, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "An equation of a circle is shown.\n\n$$(x - 1)^{2} + (y + 2)^{2} = 9$$\n\nThe equation is graphed on a coordinate plane.", "question": "What are the coordinates of the center of the circle?", "options": {"A": "$(- 2,1)$", "B": "$(- 1,2)$", "C": "$(1, - 2)$", "D": "$(2, - 1)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 246, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which of the following is equivalent to this expression?\n\n$$(3x^{2} - 4x + 9) - (5x^{2} + 3x - 4)$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to this expression?", "options": {"A": "$2x^{2} - x + 5$", "B": "$- 2x^{2} - x + 5$", "C": "$2x^{2} - 7x + 13$", "D": "$- 2x^{2} - 7x + 13$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 247, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "What are the solutions of this equation?\n\n$$4x(x - 8) = 0$$", "question": "What are the solutions of this equation?", "options": {"A": "$x = - 4; x = 8$", "B": "$x = 0; x = - 8$", "C": "$x = 0; x = 8$", "D": "$x = 4; x = - 8$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 248, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Duane earned $607.50 for 37.5 hours of work.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the amount of money, in dollars, he earned per hour?", "options": {"A": "$12$", "B": "$16$", "C": "$20$", "D": "$24$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 249, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following equations is true?", "options": {"A": "$x^{2} - y^{2} = (x + y)(x + y)$", "B": "$x^{2} - y^{2} = (x - y)(x - y)$", "C": "$x^{2} + 2x y + y^{2} = (x + y)(x + y)$", "D": "$x^{2} - 2x y + y^{2} = (x + y)(x - y)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 250, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A polygon is translated 3 units left and 4 units up on a coordinate plane.", "question": "Which of the following represents the translation of the points of the polygon to their image points?", "options": {"A": "$(x,y)\\rightarrow (x - 3,y + 4)$", "B": "$(x,y)\\rightarrow (x - 4,y + 3)$", "C": "$(x,y)\\rightarrow (x + 3,y - 4)$", "D": "$(x,y)\\rightarrow (x + 4,y - 3)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 251, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The current population of an endangered bird species is 1,800 birds. The population is decreasing at a rate of $5\\%$ per year.", "question": "Which of the following functions can be used to model $B(t)$ , the population of these endangered birds $t$ years from now?", "options": {"A": "$B(t) = 0.95(1,800)^t$", "B": "$B(t) = 1.50(1,800)^t$", "C": "$B(t) = 1,800(1.05)^t$", "D": "$B(t) = 1,800(0.95)^t$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 252, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Consider this expression.\n\n$$\\sqrt[y]{5}$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to the expression?", "options": {"A": "$y^{\\frac{1}{5}}$", "B": "$5^{\\frac{1}{y}}$", "C": "$y^{5}$", "D": "$5^{y}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 253, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An executive at a company expects sales of a new product to increase by $20\\%$ per year. Sales of the product were $110,000$ at the end of the first year.", "question": "What are the expected sales of the product at the end of the third year?", "options": {"A": "$154,000$", "B": "$158,400$", "C": "$176,000$", "D": "$180,400$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 254, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student makes a deposit of $1,100 into a savings account and makes no additional deposits or withdrawals. This function represents the balance, in dollars, in the account after $t$ years.\n\n$$f(t) = 1,100(1.012)^t$$", "question": "Based on the function, which statement about the savings account is not true?", "options": {"A": "The account is increasing in value.", "B": "The balance is increasing exponentially.", "C": "The account has an interest rate of $12\\%$ .", "D": "The account had an initial balance of $1,100$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 255, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Jordan is driving a car. The car's navigation system provides directions for how to reach Jordan's destination.\n\n## Part A\n\nThe navigation system indicates that Jordan should turn left onto Main Street in 1,000 feet.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the distance, in miles, Jordan should drive before turning left onto Main Street?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{5}$ mile", "B": "$\\frac{1}{4}$ mile", "C": "$\\frac{2}{5}$ mile", "D": "$\\frac{3}{5}$ mile"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 256, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Terry has a bag that contains 7 red marbles and 8 blue marbles. All of the marbles have the same size and shape. Terry randomly selects a marble from the bag, does not return it to the bag, and then randomly selects another marble.", "question": "Which of the following expressions represents the probability that the first marble selected is red and the second marble selected is blue?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{7}{8} \\cdot \\frac{6}{7}$", "B": "$\\frac{7}{15} \\cdot \\frac{6}{14}$", "C": "$\\frac{7}{15} \\cdot \\frac{7}{14}$", "D": "$\\frac{7}{15} \\cdot \\frac{8}{14}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 257, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A city planner recorded the number of residents of each apartment building in a city and each building's distance from the city center. This equation models the data.\n\n$$P = 510 - 17d$$\n\nIn the model, $P$ represents the number of residents of an apartment building, and $d$ represents the building's distance, in miles, from the city center.", "question": "Based on the model, which of the following statements is true?", "options": {"A": "The number of residents of an apartment building decreases by 30 for every 1- mile increase in the building's distance from the city center.", "B": "The number of residents of an apartment building decreases by 17 for every 1- mile increase in the building's distance from the city center.", "C": "The number of residents of an apartment building increases by 30 for every 1- mile increase in the building's distance from the city center.", "D": "The number of residents of an apartment building increases by 17 for every 1- mile increase in the building's distance from the city center."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 258, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Points $E$ and $G$ lie on circle $F$ (not shown). The radius of circle $F$ is 15 centimeters. The length of arc $EG$ is $12\\pi$ centimeters.", "question": "Which of the following is the measure, in degrees, of angle EFG?", "options": {"A": "$72^\\circ$", "B": "$144^\\circ$", "C": "$180^\\circ$", "D": "$225^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 259, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "What is the minimum value of $x$ that makes this inequality true?\n\n$$12 - 2x\\leq 4$$", "question": "What is the minimum value of $x$ that makes this inequality true?", "options": {"A": "-8", "B": "-4", "C": "4", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 260, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "What is the value of this expression?\n\n$$\\left(\\sqrt[3]{64}\\right)^2 $$", "question": "What is the value of this expression?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "8", "D": "16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 265, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Triangle UVW is congruent to triangle XYZ.", "question": "Which of the following must be true? Select three correct answers", "options": {"A": "UV = XY", "B": "VW = XZ", "C": "$\\angle V\\cong \\angle Y$", "D": "$\\angle U\\cong \\angle X$", "E": "$\\angle W\\cong \\angle X$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 273, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Kelly graphed a circle on a coordinate plane (not shown) with its center at point $P$ . Then, Kelly plotted point $R$ on the circle. The coordinates of point $P$ are $(0,0)$ The coordinates of point $R$ are $(- 6,0)$ . Next, Kelly plotted point $Z$ on the coordinate plane. The coordinates of point $Z$ are (5, 3).", "question": "Which of the following sentences correctly describes the location of point $Z$ in relation to the circle?", "options": {"A": "Point $Z$ lies on the circle because the distance from point $P$ to point $Z$ is equal to the radius of the circle.", "B": "Point $Z$ lies inside the circle because the distance from point $P$ to point $Z$ is less than the radius of the circle.", "C": "Point $Z$ lies outside the circle because the distance from point $P$ to point $Z$ is less than the radius of the circle.", "D": "Point $Z$ lies outside the circle because the distance from point $P$ to point $Z$ is greater than the radius of the circle."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 274, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A ball was kicked from the ground into the air. This function models the approximate height of the ball, above the ground, at any time until it returned to the ground.\n\n$$h(t) = -16t^2 + 80t$$\n\nIn the function,\n\n- $t$ represents the number of seconds that have elapsed since the ball was kicked, and\n- $h(t)$ represents the height of the ball, in feet, after $t$ seconds.", "question": "B. Which of the following is the value of $h(1)$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "16", "C": "64", "D": "96"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 275, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A rare painting was purchased for an art museum. This function models the projected value of the painting $x$ years after its purchase.\n\n$$f(x) = 10,500(1.015)^x$$", "question": "Based on the function, which of the following statements is true?", "options": {"A": "The painting's value is decreasing.", "B": "The painting's value at the time of its purchase was $10,500.", "C": "The painting's value is projected to increase by $15\\%$ per year.", "D": "The painting's value after 15 years will be twice its purchase price."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 276, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about the slopes of two perpendicular lines could be true?", "options": {"A": "Both slopes are 0.", "B": "Both slopes are undefined.", "C": "One slope is 0; the other is 1.", "D": "One slope is 0; the other is undefined."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 277, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "It takes workers at a factory 2 hours and 30 minutes to produce 160 umbrellas.", "question": "At this rate, which of the following is closest to the total number of umbrellas the workers can produce in 8 hours?", "options": {"A": "300", "B": "400", "C": "500", "D": "600"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 278, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A student computed the correlation coefficient, $r$ , for a set of data. The result of the computation is shown.\n\n$$r = 0.92$$", "question": "Based on the correlation coefficient, which of the following statements about the data is true?", "options": {"A": "The data have a weak positive correlation.", "B": "The data have a weak negative correlation.", "C": "The data have a strong positive correlation.", "D": "The data have a strong negative correlation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 279, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A student computed the correlation coefficient, $r$ , for a set of data. The result of the computation is shown.\n\n$$r = 0.92$$\n\nThe student will graph the line of best fit for the data on a coordinate plane.", "question": "Which of the following statements about the line of best fit is true?", "options": {"A": "The slope must be positive.", "B": "The slope must be negative.", "C": "The $y$ - intercept must be positive.", "D": "The $y$ - intercept must be negative."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 280, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "On a farm, there are a variety of animals.\n\n30% of the animals on the farm are chickens. 24% of the animals on the farm are chickens that lay eggs.", "question": "Given that a randomly selected animal from the farm is a chicken, what is the probability that it lays eggs?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{6}{30}$", "B": "$\\frac{24}{30}$", "C": "$\\frac{6}{24}$", "D": "$\\frac{30}{24}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 281, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "As the x- value of a linear function increases, the y- value decreases.", "question": "Which of the following describes the slope of the graph of the function?", "options": {"A": "zero", "B": "positive", "C": "negative", "D": "undefined"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 282, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Silvia is planning to use a 4- year loan to purchase a car.\n\nThe price of the car is $\\$ 8,575$. The amount of interest she will have to pay on the loan is $\\$ 1,036$.\n\nSilvia will combine the price of the car and the amount of interest to determine how much she must repay. She will make 48 equal monthly payments.", "question": "Which of the following is the best estimate of each monthly payment Silvia will make?", "options": {"A": "$\\$ 175$", "B": "$\\$ 200$", "C": "$\\$ 225$", "D": "$\\$ 250$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 283, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Consider this equation.\n\n$$5x - 1 = x^{2} + 2x + 1$$", "question": "Which of the following values of $x$ make the equation true? Select two correct values", "options": {"A": "$- 2$", "B": "$- 1$", "C": "$0$", "D": "$1$", "E": "$2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 284, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "A system of equations is shown.\n\n$$y = -\\frac{1}{2} x$$\n$$x^{2} + y^{2} = 20$$", "question": "Which of the following ordered pairs are solutions of the system of equations? Select the two correct ordered pairs", "options": {"A": "$(- 8, - 4)$", "B": "$(- 4,2)$", "C": "$(0,0)$", "D": "$(4,- 2)$", "E": "$(8,- 4)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 285, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Triangle RST is drawn on a coordinate plane.", "question": "Which of the following transformations, when performed on triangle RST, will not result in a congruent figure?", "options": {"A": "a dilation by a scale factor of 2 with respect to point $R$", "B": "a $540^{\\circ}$ counterclockwise rotation about point $S$", "C": "a translation 2 units to the right", "D": "a reflection over $ST$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 286, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Which of the following has the same solution as this system of equations?\n\n$$4x + 9y = 10$$\n$$2x + 3y = 12$$", "question": "Which of the following has the same solution as this system of equations?", "options": {"A": "$4x + 9y = 10$\n$4x + 3y = 24$", "B": "$4x + 9y = 10$\n$4x + 6y = 24$", "C": "$4x + 9y = 10$\n$2x + 9y = 36$", "D": "$4x + 9y = 10$\n$2x + 9y = 12$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 287, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A data set with an outlier is shown. \n\n20, 35, 40, 45, 45, 50, 75", "question": "Which of the following best describes the effect on the mean of the data if the outlier is removed?", "options": {"A": "The mean will increase.", "B": "The mean will decrease.", "C": "The mean will remain the same.", "D": "There is not enough information to make a conclusion."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 288, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "An arithmetic sequence is represented by this function.\n\n$$f(n) = 3 + 2n$$", "question": "What is the fifth term of the sequence?", "options": {"A": "13", "B": "17", "C": "25", "D": "35"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 289, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "An expression is shown.\n\n$$\\sqrt{9} +\\sqrt{9}$$", "question": "What is the value of the expression?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "6", "C": "9", "D": "18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 290, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "A second expression is shown.\n\n$$2\\sqrt{3} \\cdot 2\\sqrt{4}$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to the second expression?", "options": {"A": "$2\\sqrt{6}$", "B": "$6\\sqrt{3}$", "C": "$8\\sqrt{3}$", "D": "$8\\sqrt{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 291, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "For all real values of $x$ and $y$ , which of the following is equivalent to this expression?\n\n$$-3x(-y + 4)$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to this expression?", "options": {"A": "$12x - 3xy$", "B": "$12x + 3xy$", "C": "$- 12x - 3xy$", "D": "$- 12x + 3xy$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 292, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "What are the solutions of this equation?\n\n$$2x(3x - 4) = 0$$", "question": "What are the solutions of this equation?", "options": {"A": "$x = 0; x = \\frac{3}{4}$", "B": "$x = 0; x = \\frac{4}{3}$", "C": "$x = - 2; x = 4$", "D": "$x = 2; x = - 4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 293, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "In a geometric sequence, the second term is 15 and the fourth term is 135.", "question": "What is the first term in the sequence?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "7", "D": "9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 294, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "A candidate received 59% of the votes cast in an election. In the election, 76% of the 39,881 registered voters cast a vote.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the total number of people who cast a vote for the candidate in the election?", "options": {"A": "12,000", "B": "14,000", "C": "16,000", "D": "18,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 295, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Consider this system of linear equations.\n\n$$x + 2y = 8$$\n$$-2x + y = -6$$", "question": "What is the solution of the system of equations?", "options": {"A": "$(- 1,2)$", "B": "$(0,4)$", "C": "$(3,0)$", "D": "$(4,2)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 296, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "An airplane reaches an altitude of 9000 meters and then begins to descend at a constant rate of 625 meters per minute.", "question": "Which of the following equations can be used to determine $y$ , the altitude of the airplane after $x$ minutes?", "options": {"A": "$y = - 9000x + 625$", "B": "$y = - 625x + 9000$", "C": "$y = 9000x - 625$", "D": "$y = 625x - 9000$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 297, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "A worker at the Rainbow Garden Center planted multiple rows of flowers.\n\n- There are 3 flowers in the first row.\n- Each of the remaining rows has 4 more flowers than the previous row.", "question": "How many flowers do rows 20 and 35 each have?", "options": {"A": "Row 20 has 83 flowers and row 35 has 143 flowers.", "B": "Row 20 has 83 flowers and row 35 has 106 flowers.", "C": "Row 20 has 79 flowers and row 35 has 139 flowers.", "D": "Row 20 has 79 flowers and row 35 has 83 flowers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 298, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Two students calculated the area of a circular skating rink that has a radius of 20 yards.\n\n- The first student calculated the area using 3 as an estimate for $\\pi$ .\n- The second student calculated the area using 3.14 as an estimate for $\\pi$ .", "question": "Which of the following statements correctly compares the students' calculations?", "options": {"A": "The first student's calculation is more accurate by about 3 square yards.", "B": "The first student's calculation is more accurate by about 56 square yards.", "C": "The second student's calculation is more accurate by about 3 square yards.", "D": "The second student's calculation is more accurate by about 56 square yards."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 299, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Which of the following statements correctly define a geometric term?", "question": "Select the three correct answers.", "options": {"A": "An angle is defined as lines in a plane that do not intersect.", "B": "An angle is defined as two rays that have the same endpoint.", "C": "A circle is defined as the set of all points equidistant from a point in a plane.", "D": "A circle is defined as part of a line that contains two endpoints and all the points between them.", "E": "Parallel lines are defined as the set of all points equidistant from a point in a plane.", "F": "Parallel lines are defined as lines in a plane that do not intersect."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B", "C", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 300, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "This compound inequality can be used to determine $X$ , the approximate range of temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, at which zinc is a liquid.\n\n$$419.5\\leq \\frac{5}{9} (X - 32)\\leq 907$$", "question": "What is the approximate range of temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, at which zinc is a liquid?", "options": {"A": "250.8 to 521.7", "B": "265.1 to 535.9", "C": "787.1 to 1664.6", "D": "812.7 to 1690.2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 301, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Some students are raising money by selling T- shirts.\n\nThey ordered 100 T- shirts to sell. They will sell the T- shirts for $\\$ 20$ each.\n\nThis equation models $P$ , the amount of money the students will earn, as a function of $n$ , the number of T- shirts they sell.\n\n$$P(n) = 20n - 500$$", "question": "What is the domain of this function, where $n$ is a whole number?", "options": {"A": "$0\\leq n\\leq 20$", "B": "$0\\leq n\\leq 100$", "C": "$20\\leq n\\leq 100$", "D": "$20\\leq n\\leq 500$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 302, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the solution of this equation?\n\n$$3(x + 5) = 5x - 7$$", "options": {"A": "  x = - 1", "B": " x = 4", "C": " x = 6", "D": " x = 11"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 303, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Two car rental companies each charge a fixed fee for renting a car, plus an additional amount for each mile the car is driven.\n\n- Company A charges a fixed fee of $25 plus $0.10 per mile.\n- Company B charges a fixed fee of $15 plus $0.20 per mile.", "question": "Which pair of equations can be used to determine y, the total amount, in dollars, a customer will be charged for renting a car from Company A or Company B and driving it x miles?", "options": {"A": "  Company A: y = 0.25x + 10 Company B: y = 0.15x + 20", "B": " Company A: y = 0.10x + 25 Company B: y = 0.20x + 15", "C": " Company A: y = 10x + 0.25 Company B: y = 20x + 0.15", "D": " Company A: y = 25x + 0.10 Company B: y = 15x + 0.20"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 304, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this expression.\n\n$$8x^{2} + 16x + 24$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to the expression?", "options": {"A": "$8(x^{2} + 16x + 24)$", "B": " $8(x^{2} + 2x) + 3$", "C": " $8(x^{2} + 2x + 3)$", "D": "  $8(x^{2} + 5x)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 305, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first five terms of an arithmetic sequence are shown.\n\n$$2,6,10,14,18,\\ldots$$", "question": "Which of the following expressions represents the nth term of the sequence?", "options": {"A": " $3n$", "B": "$4n$", "C": " $3n - 1$", "D": "  $4n - 2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 306, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to this expression?\n\n$$7 - 2(4x - 3y)$$", "options": {"A": "  $7 - 8x + 6y$", "B": " $7 - 8x + 3y$", "C": " $7 - 8x - 3y$", "D": " $7 - 8x - 6y$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 307, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The volume, V, of a cylinder with radius r and height h can be found using this equation.\n\n$$V = \\pi r^{2}h$$", "question": "Which of the following equations has been correctly rearranged to solve for h?", "options": {"A": "  h = V + $\\pi r^{2}$", "B": " h = V - $\\pi r^{2}$", "C": " h = $\\frac{\\pi r^{2}}{V}$", "D": "h = $\\frac{V}{\\pi r^{2}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 308, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The volume, V, of a cylinder with radius r and height h can be found using this equation.\n\n$$V = \\pi r^{2}h$$", "question": "Which of the following equations has been correctly rearranged to solve for r?", "options": {"A": "  r = $\\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi h}{V}}$", "B": " r = $\\sqrt{\\frac{V}{\\pi h}}$", "C": " r = $\\frac{\\pi h}{2V}$", "D": " r = $\\frac{V}{2\\pi h}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 309, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this expression.\n\n$$(x^{3}y^{5})^{4}(x^{3}y^{2})^{-2}$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to the expression?", "options": {"A": " $xy^{5}$", "B": " $x^{12}y$", "C": "$x^{6}y^{16}$", "D": "$x^{18}y^{24}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 310, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "This function models retail sales data in the United States from 2000 to 2017.\n\n$$R(t) = 263.3 + 11.6t$$\n\nIn the model, $t$ represents the number of years since 2000, and $R(t)$ represents the amount, in billions of dollars, of retail sales for the year.", "question": "Based on the model, which of the following statements about retail sales in the United States from 2000 to 2017 is true?", "options": {"A": " Retail sales increased by an average of $11.6 billion each year.", "B": " Retail sales increased by an average of $22.7 billion each year.", "C": " Retail sales increased by an average of $263.3 billion each year.", "D": "Retail sales increased by an average of $274.9 billion each year."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 311, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this function.\n\n$$f(x) = 3x^{2} - 7$$\n\nThe graph of f(x) is translated 4 units down to create the graph of g(x).", "question": "Which of the following functions represents g(x)?", "options": {"A": "$g(x) = -x^{2} - 3$", "B": "$g(x) = -x^{2} - 11$", "C": "$g(x) = 3x^{2} - 3$", "D": "$g(x) = 3x^{2} - 11$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 312, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The area of a square is represented by this expression.\n\n$$g^{2} + 8g + 16$$", "question": "Which of the following expressions represents the length of one side of the square?", "options": {"A": "  g + 16", "B": " g + 8", "C": " g + 4", "D": " g + 2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 313, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this expression.\n\n$$(\\sqrt{n^3})^4$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to the expression for all positive values of n?", "options": {"A": "  $n^3$", "B": " $n^6$", "C": " $n^7$", "D": " $n^{12}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 314, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this expression.\n\n$$(x)(\\sqrt[5]{x^4})$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to the expression for all positive values of x?", "options": {"A": "  $x^{\\frac{2}{10}}$", "B": " $x^{\\frac{4}{9}}$", "C": " $x^{\\frac{9}{5}}$", "D": " $x^{\\frac{5}{2}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 315, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "What is the y-value in the solution of this system of equations?\n\n$$3x + y = 3$$ $$-2x + y = -12$$", "question": "What is the y-value in the solution of this system of equations?", "options": {"A": "$y = -6$", "B": " $y = -3$", "C": " $y = 3$", "D": " $y = 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 316, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which list shows the rates, which relate distance and time, in order from least to greatest?", "options": {"A": "  100,000 yards per hour 1 mile per minute 100 feet per second", "B": " 100 feet per second 1 mile per minute 100,000 yards per hour", "C": " 1 mile per minute 100 feet per second 100,000 yards per hour", "D": " 100 feet per second 100,000 yards per hour 1 mile per minute"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 336, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "The types of energy in the system changed during step 1.", "question": "Before the spring was released during step 1, the marble was at rest and had", "options": {"A": "kinetic energy.", "B": "elastic potential energy.", "C": "gravitational potential energy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 337, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "The types of energy in the system changed during step 1.", "question": "Which of the following best describes the energy during step 1 after the spring was released?", "options": {"A": "Some of the gravitational potential energy stored in the spring was transferred to the marble, giving the marble elastic potential energy.", "B": "Some of the gravitational potential energy stored in the spring was transferred to the marble, giving the marble kinetic energy.", "C": "Some of the kinetic energy stored in the spring was transferred to the marble, giving the marble gravitational potential energy.", "D": "Some of the elastic potential energy stored in the spring was transferred to the marble, giving the marble kinetic energy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 338, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "The types of energy in the system changed during step 1.", "question": "The energy stored in the spring was 2 J before the spring was released. The spring transferred 1.8 J of energy to the marble. What was the efficiency of the spring?", "options": {"A": "0.2", "B": "0.9", "C": "1.1", "D": "3.6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 339, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "Which of the following statements describes a difference between an electromagnetic wave and a mechanical wave?", "question": "Which of the following statements describes a difference between an electromagnetic wave and a mechanical wave?", "options": {"A": "An electromagnetic wave always travels more slowly than a mechanical wave.", "B": "An electromagnetic wave is a longitudinal wave, and a mechanical wave is not.", "C": "An electromagnetic wave can travel in a vacuum, and a mechanical wave cannot.", "D": "An electromagnetic wave always has a lower frequency than a mechanical wave."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 340, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "A student is trying to determine the specific heat of a metal sample.", "question": "Select three additional measurements the student must make to determine the specific heat of the metal sample.", "options": {"A": "the mass of the sample", "B": "the volume of the water", "C": "the volume of the sample", "D": "the initial temperature of the sample before it is placed in the insulated container", "E": "the amount of time it takes the sample and the water to reach thermal equilibrium", "F": "the final temperature of the water after the sample and the water reach thermal equilibrium"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "D", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 341, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "Students are studying momentum using a baseball and a softball. The students measure the mass of each ball. Then the students roll the baseball toward the softball and measure the velocity of each ball after the balls collide.", "question": "Which of the following shows how the students can calculate the final momentum of the system after the balls collide?", "options": {"A": "Step 1: Find the final momentum of the baseball by adding its mass and final velocity. Step 2: Find the final momentum of the softball by adding its mass and final velocity. Step 3: Add the final momentums of the two balls.", "B": "Step 1: Find the final momentum of the baseball by adding its mass and final velocity. Step 2: Find the final momentum of the softball by adding its mass and final velocity. Step 3: Multiply the final momentums of the two balls.", "C": "Step 1: Find the final momentum of the baseball by multiplying its mass and final velocity. Step 2: Find the final momentum of the softball by multiplying its mass and final velocity. Step 3: Add the final momentums of the two balls.", "D": "Step 1: Find the final momentum of the baseball by multiplying its mass and final velocity. Step 2: Find the final momentum of the softball by multiplying its mass and final velocity. Step 3: Multiply the final momentums of the two balls."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 342, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "Some older forms of computer technology used plastic discs coated with iron oxide to store information in magnetic fields.", "question": "Which of the following best explains why one of these discs could be damaged if placed near a coil of wire that is carrying current?", "options": {"A": "The coil of wire generates heat, which could charge the iron oxide coating.", "B": "The coil of wire uses energy, which could affect the energy stored in the iron oxide coating.", "C": "The current in the wire produces a gravitational field, which could pull the iron oxide coating off the disc.", "D": "The current in the wire produces a magnetic field, which could alter the magnetic storage in the iron oxide coating."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 343, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A glass lens improves eyesight by changing how light travels from air into the glass lens. As light travels from air into the glass lens, the frequency of the light remains the same.", "question": "As light moves from air into the glass lens, the light's period", "options": {"A": "changes.", "B": "does not change."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 344, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A glass lens improves eyesight by changing how light travels from air into the glass lens. As light travels from air into the glass lens, the frequency of the light remains the same.", "question": "As light moves from air into the glass lens, the light's speed", "options": {"A": "changes.", "B": "does not change."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 345, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A glass lens improves eyesight by changing how light travels from air into the glass lens. As light travels from air into the glass lens, the frequency of the light remains the same.", "question": "As light moves from air into the glass lens, the light's wavelength", "options": {"A": "changes.", "B": "does not change."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 346, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A musical instrument produces a sound with a frequency of 1318 Hz. The speed of the sound wave is 340 m/s.", "question": "What is the wavelength of the sound that the instrument produces?", "options": {"A": "0.003 m", "B": "0.258 m", "C": "978.0 m", "D": "1658 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 347, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A student will drop water balloons into four containers to determine which container best minimizes the collision force on the water balloons so that they do not break.", "question": "Select **two** variables that the student must keep constant during testing to determine which container best minimizes the collision force on the water balloons.", "options": {"A": "the mass of each water balloon", "B": "the temperature of each water balloon", "C": "the frequency of dropping water balloons", "D": "the height from which water balloons are dropped", "E": "the time between dropping one water balloon and the next"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 348, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "A $60 \\text{ }\\Omega$ resistor is connected to a 1.5 V battery. If the internal resistance of the battery is ignored, what current will flow through the resistor?", "options": {"A": "0.025 A", "B": "0.040 A", "C": "0.084 A", "D": "0.090 A"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 349, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": null, "question": "Newton's universal law of gravitation and Coulomb's law have mathematical formulas that look similar. Which of the following is a difference between the forces described by these two laws?", "options": {"A": "The force due to gravity requires two objects, but the force due to electric charge requires only one object.", "B": "The force due to gravity is only attractive, but the force due to electric charge can be attractive or repulsive.", "C": "The force due to gravity varies inversely with the square of the distance, but the force due to electric charge does not.", "D": "The force due to gravity increases as distance decreases, but the force due to electric charge decreases as distance decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 350, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": null, "question": "Two rubber balls roll along a straight track toward each other at the same speed. The balls are the same size but have different masses. The two balls collide.\n\nWhich of the following best describes how the total momentum of the rubber balls is affected by the collision?", "options": {"A": "The total momentum stays the same, because the total momentum is conserved.", "B": "The total momentum is doubled, because each ball gains the other ball's momentum.", "C": "The total momentum is reduced by half, because each ball loses half of its momentum.", "D": "The total momentum becomes zero, because the momentum of each ball is equal and opposite."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 351, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": null, "question": "A rocket with a constant acceleration of $25 \\text{ m/s}^2$ has an initial velocity of $200 \\text{ m/s}$ in the same direction as the acceleration. What is the magnitude of the rocket's velocity $10 \\text{ s}$ later?", "options": {"A": "$250 \\text{ m/s}$", "B": "$450 \\text{ m/s}$", "C": "$1250 \\text{ m/s}$", "D": "$1450 \\text{ m/s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 352, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is an example of light behaving like a particle?", "options": {"A": "When violet light shines on a metal plate, electrons are ejected from the metal plate.", "B": "When light passes through slits and interferes, it forms a pattern of bright and dark regions on a wall.", "C": "When a light source is directed onto a soap bubble, reflections from the surface of the bubble produce colors.", "D": "When a laser beam shines on a round object, a circle with a bright spot in the center appears on a screen behind the object."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 353, "assessment_program": "michiganmstep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "diplomatic_military_history", "context": null, "question": "During the 1960s, why did the struggle over Vietnam become important to both the United States and the Soviet Union?", "options": {"A": "It was too close to the British colony of Singapore and Southeast Asia. ", "B": "It symbolized a larger struggle between democratic and communist governments. ", "C": "It was a French colony that supported Japan during World War II. ", "D": "It possessed petroleum and rubber vital to the global economy. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 354, "assessment_program": "michiganmstep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "government_role_in_economy", "context": null, "question": "Which statement describes the relationship between households and government in the United States economy?", "options": {"A": "Households generate revenue in activities regulated by government. ", "B": "Households produce income in businesses created by the government. ", "C": "Households buy goods from the government in return for wages. ", "D": "Households pay taxes to the government in return for services. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 356, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which of the following are factors of the equation when written in factored form?\n\n$$2a^{2} + 8a - 15 = 3a - 3$$", "question": "Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "$a - 4$", "B": "$a + 4$", "C": "$2a - 9$", "D": "$2a - 3$", "E": "$2a + 3$", "F": "$2a + 9$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 357, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The formula for the area of a trapezoid is $$A = \\frac{1}{2} (b_{1} + b_{2})h$$ . Solve for $b_{1}$ .", "question": "Which equation is a correct value for $b_{1}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$b_{1} = \\frac{(2A - b_{2})}{h}$", "B": "$b_{1} = \\frac{2A}{h} -b_{2}$", "C": "$b_{1} = \\frac{A}{2h} -b_{2}$", "D": "$b_{1} = \\frac{\\frac{1}{2}A - b_{2}}{h}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 358, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which student correctly solved this expression?\n\n$$x^{\\frac{1}{3}}\\cdot x^{\\frac{1}{4}}$$", "question": "Select the correct student.", "options": {"A": "Jo says the answer is $x^{\\frac{7}{12}}$ because the exponents should be added.", "B": "Kerrie says the answer is $x^{\\frac{2}{7}}$ because the exponents should be added.", "C": "Alex says the answer is $x^{\\frac{7}{12}}$ because the exponents should be multiplied.", "D": "Tracy says the answer is $x^{\\frac{1}{12}}$ because the exponents should be multiplied."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 359, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which equation completes the square to create an equivalent to $x^{2} + 10x + 13 = 0$ in the form of $(x - p)^{2} = q?$", "question": "Select the correct equation.", "options": {"A": "$(x - 5)^{2} = 12$", "B": "$(x + 5)^{2} = 12$", "C": "$(x + 5)^{2} = 25$", "D": "$(x - 5)^{2} = 25$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 360, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The following function was used to calculate the profit generated by selling T-shirts.\n\nLet $f(x) = 15x - 25$ represent the profit function and $x$ represent the number of T-shirts sold.", "question": "Which statement is true of $f(200)$?", "options": {"A": "It results in 15 and means that 15 T-shirts were sold.", "B": "It results in 15 and means that $15 was made in profit.", "C": "It results in 2,975 and means that 2,975 T-shirts were sold.", "D": "It results in 2,975 and means that $2,975 was made in profit."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 361, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the excerpt.\n\nThe Proclamation of Amnesty [Forgiveness] and Reconstruction.\n\nBY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:\n\nA PROCLAMATION.\n\nWHEREAS, in and by the Constitution of the United States, it is provided that the President 'shall have power to grant . . . pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment;' . . .\n\nThe persons excepted from the benefits of the foregoing provisions are all who are, or shall have been, civil or diplomatic officers or agents of the so-called Confederate government; all who have left judicial stations under the United States to aid the rebellion; all who are, or shall have been, military or naval officers of said so-called Confederate government above the rank of colonel in the army or of lieutenant in the navy; all who left seats in the United States congress to aid the rebellion; all who resigned commissions in the army or navy of the United States and afterwards aided the rebellion; and all who have engaged in any way in treating colored persons, or white persons in charge of such, otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war, and which persons may have been found in the United States service as soldiers, seamen, or in any other capacity.\n\nPresident Abraham Lincoln, 1863", "question": "What was the purpose of the action described in the excerpt?", "options": {"A": "to seize the property of southern landowners", "B": "to encourage southerners to accept reunification", "C": "to appoint leaders for southern state governments", "D": "to end alliances between southern states and foreign nations"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 362, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the transcript of the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863.\n\n\"Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:\n\n'That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.'\"\n\nAbraham Lincoln", "question": "Which amendment was passed to continue the ideals of the Emancipation Proclamation?", "options": {"A": "First Amendment", "B": "Tenth Amendment", "C": "Thirteenth Amendment", "D": "Twenty-Sixth Amendment"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 363, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which group of people received gainful employment and education as a result of the creation of the Freedmen's Bureau?", "options": {"A": "migrant workers", "B": "Native Americans", "C": "European immigrants", "D": "former enslaved persons"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 364, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the excerpt from the Gettysburg Address given by President Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863.\n\n\"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that 'all men are created equal.' Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. . . .\"\n\n---President Abraham Lincoln", "question": "Which event was motivated by the ideals of Lincoln's speech?", "options": {"A": "the McCarthy hearings", "B": "the start of World War I", "C": "the start of World War II", "D": "the Civil Rights Movement"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 365, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "What did the Reconstruction plans of President Abraham Lincoln, President Andrew Johnson, and the Radical Republicans have in common?", "options": {"A": "They maintained high tariffs on imported goods for the South.", "B": "They required Southerners to swear a loyalty oath to the Union.", "C": "They made it difficult for Southern states to return to the Union.", "D": "They allowed Southern officers to participate in the federal government."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 366, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the information from the National Archives about the Dawes Act of 1887.\n\nOn February 8, 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, named for its author, Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts. Also known as the General Allotment Act, the law allowed for the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals. Thus, Native Americans registering on a tribal 'roll' were granted allotments of reservation land.", "question": "What was one cost and one benefit of the Dawes Act? In the answer, be sure to explain how a cost to one group could be considered a benefit to another.", "options": {"A": "One cost was the Native Americans lost their land. One benefit was the government now controlled the land and could make it available for settlers. So, the cost of one group (Native Americans) losing land, benefited another the group the settlers who gained the land.", "B": "The Dawes Act was a benefit to Native Americans as they received individual pieces of land, so individuals became landowners. The Dawes Act also cost Native Americans as it meant the collective culture/wealth/influence of the tribe due to the breakup of tribal lands. In this case, to the group the settlers who gained the land.", "C": "The tribes lost, the government gained.", "D": "The tribes lost land."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 370, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "A political leader who supports imperialism would most likely make which statement?", "options": {"A": "Expansion to other parts of the world will ruin democratic ideals.", "B": "Expansion will help the economy gain natural resources and markets to sell goods.", "C": "Expansion will destabilize and weaken the military's ability to protect American shores.", "D": "Expansion to other countries will cost money that could otherwise be spent on infrastructure."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 371, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which action was the immediate cause for the United States' entry into World War I?", "options": {"A": "the revelation of the Zimmerman telegram, intercepted in January 1917", "B": "the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, a key ally in 1914", "C": "the breaking of trade agreements with both Allied Powers and Central Powers in 1914", "D": "the use of unrestricted submarine warfare, including the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 372, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the quotation.\n\n\"What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression.\"\n\nPresident Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points speech, January 8, 1918", "question": "How did Wilson's Fourteen Points affect Europe following World War I?", "options": {"A": "It gave rise to the creation of the League of Nations.", "B": "It allowed Germany to annex lands won during the war.", "C": "It forced Germany to pay for damage done during the war.", "D": "It allowed the Central Powers to negotiate the Paris Peace Treaty."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 373, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "What was the long-term environmental factor caused by people that led to the Dust Bowl?", "options": {"A": "increased grazing areas", "B": "increased crop rotations", "C": "increased topsoil erosion", "D": "increased water shortages"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 374, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which of President Franklin Roosevelt's policies was criticized for violating the principle of separation of powers?", "options": {"A": "the call for the creation of the Social Security system", "B": "the closing of all banks when a banking holiday was declared", "C": "the call to enter World War II after the bombing of Pearl Harbor", "D": "the court-packing plan to add six additional Supreme Court justices"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 375, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "The Bracero Program began during World War II as a result of agreements between the United States and Mexico. It resulted in large numbers of Mexican citizens coming to the United States on a short-term basis.", "question": "Which sentence best explains why the Bracero Program was implemented?", "options": {"A": "Mexico wanted to offer aid to Congress during the war.", "B": "Congress wanted to include more diverse cultures in society.", "C": "Labor shortages during the war led to the need for more workers.", "D": "Production surpluses allowed the government to feed a larger population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 381, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the excerpt from President Dwight D. Eisenhower's farewell address in 1961.\n\n\"Throughout America's adventure in free government, our basic purposes have been to keep the peace; to foster progress in human achievement, and to enhance liberty, dignity and integrity among people and among nations. . . .\n\nProgress toward these noble goals is persistently threatened by the conflict now engulfing the world. It commands our whole attention, absorbs our very beings. We face a hostile ideology—global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose, and insidious in method. Unhappily the danger it poses promises to be of indefinite duration. To meet it successfully, there is called for, not so much the emotional and transitory sacrifices of crisis, but rather those which enable us to carry forward steadily, surely, and without complaint the burdens of a prolonged and complex struggle—with liberty the stake. Only thus shall we remain, despite every provocation, on our charted course toward permanent peace and human betterment.\"\n\n—President Dwight D. Eisenhower", "question": "What circumstance was Eisenhower referring to in the excerpt?", "options": {"A": "Cold War", "B": "World War II", "C": "Alliance for Progress", "D": "Civil Rights Movement"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 382, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the excerpt.\n\n\"No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.\"\n\nVoting Rights Act, 1965", "question": "Which event encouraged President Lyndon B. Johnson to sign the legislation?", "options": {"A": "Vietnam War", "B": "Grape Boycott", "C": "Reconstruction", "D": "Selma Campaign"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 383, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the excerpt.\n\n\"I, William J. Clinton, President of the United States of America, find that the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons ('weapons of mass destruction') and of the means of delivering such weapons, constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States, and hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat. . . .\"\n\nExecutive Order 12938, issued November 14, 1994", "question": "The excerpt is most associated with which of these events?", "options": {"A": "regime change in Haiti", "B": "acts of genocide in Iraq", "C": "human rights abuses by China", "D": "technological advances in Iran", "E": "migration of refugees from Cuba"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 384, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Study the information from the Family and Medical Leave Act.\n\nThe Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) provides certain employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave per year. It also requires that their group health benefits be maintained during the leave. . . .\n\nFMLA applies to all public agencies, all public and private elementary and secondary schools, and companies with 50 or more employees. These employers must provide an eligible employee with up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave each year for any of the following reasons:\n\n- for the birth and care of the newborn child of an employee;\n\n- for placement with the employee of a child for adoption or foster care;\n\n- to care for an immediate family member (spouse, child, or parent) with a serious health condition; or\n\n- to take medical leave when the employee is unable to work because of a serious health condition.", "question": "Which statements describe how the FMLA provides for equal employment opportunity?", "options": {"A": "Employers must allow parents time off for childbirth.", "B": "Employees may take time off to care for sick parents.", "C": "Employees of public schools are not provided benefits.", "D": "Employees need to return from paid leave during busy times.", "E": "Employers must provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave for adoption."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 385, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Ozark cavefish are small, colorless, blind fish that live in caves in southwest Missouri. The label indicates the lateral line in an Ozark cavefish. The lateral line is a system of sense organs used to detect movement, pressure, and vibration.", "question": "How does a lateral line improve the chances of survival for Ozark cavefish?", "options": {"A": "by improving their overall speed", "B": "by allowing for a larger body size", "C": "by improving their ability to locate prey", "D": "by providing them camouflage to evade predators"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 386, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "What evidence supports common ancestry between two species? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "living in the same biome", "B": "growing to the same size", "C": "having similar anatomical structure", "D": "finding fossil evidence of each species", "E": "determining their DNA sequences are quite similar"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 387, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The black-tailed jackrabbit lives in the desert. These rabbits maintain their body temperature by releasing heat through their long ears. If global temperatures continue to rise, what change would be expected in this rabbit species over time?", "question": "If global temperatures continue to rise, what change would be expected in this rabbit species over time?", "options": {"A": "Rabbits with longer ears would have an advantage and be more likely to survive.", "B": "Rabbits with lighter-colored ears would have an advantage and be more likely to survive.", "C": "Individual rabbits will grow longer ears during their lifetimes and pass these traits on to their offspring.", "D": "Individual rabbits will acquire other adaptations during their lifetimes and pass these traits on to their offspring."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 388, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Human body temperature is 98.6°F and must be maintained for proper function of human body systems. Thermal homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain its stable internal body temperature. When it is cold, one way the human body maintains normal temperature is to constrict blood vessels to conserve heat and to prevent sweat glands from secreting fluid.\n\nOther mammals maintain body temperature in cold climates in different ways. Otters maintain body temperature by trapping air pockets in their thick fur which insulates them from the cold. Harbor seals retain their heat with a thick layer of fat under the skin which insulates them from the cold. During an oil spill in a cold climate, sea otters have been found to be less likely to survive than harbor seals.", "question": "Which best explains why sea otters are less likely than harbor seals to maintain homeostasis after an oil spill?", "options": {"A": "The layer of oil on sea otters encourages greater heat loss.", "B": "The layer of oil on sea otters interferes with reproductive abilities.", "C": "Oil penetrates the air pockets in sea otters' fur which they use for insulation and temperature regulation.", "D": "Oil penetrates the air pockets in sea otters' fur which interferes with their ability to be buoyant and stay above the water line."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 389, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A student walks to school in the morning when the outside temperature is 60°F. When the same student walks home after school, the outside temperature has dropped to 35°F.", "question": "In this situation, how is thermal homeostasis maintained?", "options": {"A": "The student's heart rate drops as a negative feedback mechanism to deliver less oxygen to the lungs.", "B": "The student begins to sweat as a positive feedback mechanism to reduce the core body temperature.", "C": "The student begins to shiver as a negative feedback mechanism to increase the core body temperature.", "D": "The student's breathing rate slows as a positive feedback mechanism to deliver more oxygen to the lungs."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 390, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement correctly describes macromolecules?", "options": {"A": "Nitrogen is essential for carbohydrate formation.", "B": "Lipids are water-loving molecules critical for cell functions.", "C": "Most macromolecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.", "D": "Repeating units, called amino acids, contain phosphorus and are used to build nucleic acids."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 391, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A student examined an unknown molecule that contained carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. No additional elements were found in the molecule.", "question": "Which type of molecule was examined?", "options": {"A": "protein", "B": "nucleotide", "C": "triglyceride", "D": "carbohydrate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 392, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Two different fish species, the Arctic cod and Antarctic toothfish, are separated by great distance. Although they are not genetically related, both produce a similar protein that prevents them from freezing in cold waters.", "question": "What is the best explanation for the similarities between these two fish?", "options": {"A": "Individuals with favorable genetic mutations were able to survive cold waters.", "B": "The introduction of a new predator caused the fish to move into deeper, colder waters.", "C": "The cod and toothfish share a recent, common ancestor, and therefore similar genomes.", "D": "Climate change is increasing the water's temperature and preventing the fish from freezing."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 393, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "A variety of evidence suggests common ancestry of living things. Which pieces of evidence support common ancestry? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "Scientists have discovered fossils that demonstrate a transition from one animal group to another.", "B": "Closely related species share more of the same amino acid sequences than more distantly related species.", "C": "Organisms that live in the same location grow to the same size and have the same adaptations for survival.", "D": "Body structures no longer useful in a species demonstrate that species will mutate into new species over time.", "E": "Adult body forms of various species appear unique but similar structures are observed during embryological development."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 406, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "historical_foundations", "context": "Read the quotation from Isaac Wilkins, a member of the General Assembly of the New York colony. He wrote the address below before he left his home and family in New York for England.\n\n## \"MY COUNTRYMEN,\n\nBEFORE I leave America, the land I love, and in which is contained everything that is valuable and dear to me, my wife, my children, my friends and property; permit me to make a short and faithful declaration, which I am induced to do neither through fear nor a consciousness of having acted wrong. . . . All I have done, written or said in relation to the present unnatural dispute between Great Britain and her Colonies proceeded from an honest intention of serving my country. Her welfare and prosperity were the objects towards which all my endeavors have been directed.\n\nI leave America, and every endearing connection, because I will not raise my hand against my Sovereign---nor will I draw my sword against my Country.\n\nIsaac Wilkins, Rivington's New York Gazetteer, May 11, 1775\n\n", "question": "Based on the quotation, which phrase best describes the writer?", "options": {"A": "a patriot", "B": "a loyalist", "C": "a Federalist", "D": "an Anti-Federalist"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 407, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "political_history", "context": "Read the quotation.\n\n\"... nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.\"\n\nArticles of Confederation: Article 6, Clause 2\n\n", "question": "Based on the quotation, which weakness of the Articles of Confederation is described?", "options": {"A": "no power to tax citizens", "B": "inability to control commerce", "C": "lack of a strong central government", "D": "difficulty making changes to government"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 408, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "historical_foundations", "context": "Read the excerpt.\n\n\"No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land.\"\n\nMagna Carta, Clause 39, 1215\n\n", "question": "Which ideas expressed in the excerpt are addressed in the United States Constitution?", "options": {"A": "judicial review", "B": "right to assemble", "C": "due process of law", "D": "limited government", "E": "divine right of kings", "F": "freedom of the press"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 409, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "market_economy", "context": "Read the quotation.\n\n\"Still one thing more, fellow-citizens---a wise and frugal Government shall ... leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government, and this is necessary to close the circle of our felicities [happiness].\"\n\nThomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801\n\n", "question": "How does the quotation demonstrate Jefferson's beliefs about the importance of capitalism on the development of early American government?", "options": {"A": "It explains that people are most happy and prosperous when free from government interference.", "B": "It explains the idea that most people who work will be paid with bread and other household goods.", "C": "It explains the idea that people who work in certain industries will be expected to pay high taxes to the federal government.", "D": "It explains that people can choose to work in any industry, but the role of the federal government is to pay them for their work."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 410, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "government_in_action", "context": null, "question": "Which Supreme Court cases helped to improve equal opportunity?", "options": {"A": "\"We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place.\" (Brown v. Board of Education)", "B": "\"Gauged by this standard, we cannot say that a law which authorizes or even requires the separation of the two races in public conveyances [places/areas/situations] is unreasonable.\" (Plessy v. Ferguson)", "C": "\"But when, under conditions of modern warfare, our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger.\" (Korematsu v. United States)", "D": "\"Not only these precedents, but also reason and reflection, require us to recognize that, in our adversary system of criminal justice, any person hailed into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him.\" (Gideon v. Wainwright)", "E": "\"We think [people of African ancestry] are not, and that they are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word 'citizens' in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States.\" (Dred Scott v. Sandford)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 411, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "structure_of_government", "context": null, "question": "Which institution is an example of representative democracy?", "options": {"A": "United States Congress", "B": "Department of the Interior", "C": "Social Security Administration", "D": "Federal Bureau of Investigation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 412, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "government_role_in_economy", "context": "SSI (Social Security Insurance)CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)FCC (Federal Communications Commission)FDiC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)\n\n", "question": "How did these programs change the role of government in the United States?", "options": {"A": "The federal government reduced its power because a loan was taken out to pay for the programs.", "B": "The state governments gained greater power by having control over which programs would be used.", "C": "The state governments grew less influential because the federal programs were designed to control the local economies.", "D": "The federal government gained influence because the programs changed the way people viewed the responsibilities of the government."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 413, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "government_in_action", "context": null, "question": "Which situation is an example of the United States federal government taking an active role in the daily lives of citizens?", "options": {"A": "The president appoints ambassadors to foreign countries.", "B": "The legislative branch decides on the rules for Senate procedure.", "C": "The president signs an executive order desegregating public schools.", "D": "The Supreme Court hears a case between two states suing each other."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 414, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "government_in_action", "context": null, "question": "Which actions are considered a civic duty and required by the government?", "options": {"A": "pay taxes", "B": "follow laws", "C": "protest issues", "D": "serve on a jury", "E": "vote in elections", "F": "write to elected officials"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 415, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "government_in_action", "context": "Study the photograph.Photo of mother and daughter at U.S. Supreme Court, courtesy of Getty/Bettmann. \n\n", "question": "Which statement can be concluded from the photograph?", "options": {"A": "Citizens may protest to protect their rights.", "B": "Citizens may petition the legislature to protect their rights.", "C": "Citizens may go to the judicial branch to protect their rights.", "D": "Citizens may depend on the executive branch to protect their rights."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 416, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "government_role_in_economy", "context": "Study the list of federal government programs.\n\n## New Deal Programs (1935)\n\nThe Social Security Act provided insurance for the elderly, provided disability insurance, and unemployment insurance.\n\nFERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) provided training and jobs for the unemployed.\n\n## Great Society Programs (1965)\n\nMedicare provided financial assistance to the elderly for medical care.\n\nMedicaid provided financial assistance to the poor for medical care.\n\nThe Food Stamp Act provided financial assistance in purchasing food for the poor.\n\n", "question": "Based on the information about the changing role of government in the economy, what conclusion can be drawn?", "options": {"A": "The federal government has improved workplace safety and job security.", "B": "The federal government has reduced the role of aid to the needy and elderly.", "C": "The federal government has increased its role in providing medical and financial assistance.", "D": "The federal government has failed to provide social security protections to all elderly citizens."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 417, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "government_in_action", "context": "Read the passage.\n\nMiranda v. Arizona (1966) was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court in which the Court held that statements made in response to interrogation by a suspect in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning.\n\n", "question": "What is one result of the court's decision?", "options": {"A": "Potential witnesses to a crime do not have to speak during the trial.", "B": "Those that investigate crimes were given more power and authority.", "C": "Suspects are not required to speak to police without an attorney present.", "D": "Every citizen, whether innocent or guilty, now has access to a proper criminal trial."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 418, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "structure_of_government", "context": null, "question": "Which question would best sway voters to eliminate the Electoral College?", "options": {"A": "Why should we change a long-standing system?", "B": "How long would a national recount of the popular vote take?", "C": "How would small states be an important part of the electoral process?", "D": "Why should candidates who do not win the popular vote become president?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 419, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "structure_of_government", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the changing role of the executive bureaucracy?", "options": {"A": "The power of the president has stayed the same.", "B": "The power and responsibility of the president has grown.", "C": "The president's power has been absorbed by the other branches.", "D": "The president's power has declined as amendments have been added to the Constitution."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 420, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "historical_foundations", "context": "Read the quotation.\n\n\"The only way whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of civil society, is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living one amongst another, in a secure enjoyment of their properties, and a greater security against any, that are not of it.\"\n\nJohn Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1689\n\nA student is reading John Locke's Two Treatises of Government for a paper she is writing. The student is most likely writing her paper about which of these topics?", "question": "A student is reading John Locke's Two Treatises of Government for a paper she is writing. The student is most likely writing her paper about which of these topics?", "options": {"A": "different social contracts around the world", "B": "the strengths of a large central government", "C": "the expansion of suffrage in the United States", "D": "the use of civil disobedience in achieving equality"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 421, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Use the formula $F = G \\frac{m_1 m_2}{d^2}$ , where\n- $F$ = the force of gravity\n- $G$ = universal gravitational constant\n- $m_1$ and $m_2$ = masses of the two objects\n- $d$ = the distance between the centers of the two objects", "question": "What would result in the greatest gravitational force between two objects?", "options": {"A": "halving the mass of object 1", "B": "doubling the mass of object 1", "C": "halving the distance between the two objects", "D": "doubling the distance between the two objects"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 422, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "Observe the chemical reaction.\n\n$$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O} + \\mathrm{CO}_2$$", "question": "Select the phrase to complete the sentence.\n\nTo create more reactants,", "options": {"A": "apply heat to the reactants.", "B": "double the amount of product.", "C": "double the amount of reactants."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 423, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": "A student is asked to develop a model to illustrate the life span of our sun.", "question": "Which factors must be included in the model?", "options": {"A": "size", "B": "color", "C": "time scale", "D": "composition", "E": "location of the sun in the universe", "F": "distance between the sun and other stars"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 424, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "The following question has two parts. First, answer Part A. Then, answer Part B. You may use the Periodic Table Reference Sheet to answer this question.", "question": "Part A Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is made of sodium (Na) ions and chloride (Cl) ions. Which of the following is the simplest formula unit for sodium chloride?", "options": {"A": "NaCl", "B": "$\\mathrm{Na_2Cl}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NaCl_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Na_3Cl_2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 425, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": null, "question": "Which statement is evidence that supports the Big Bang theory?", "options": {"A": "There are uniform cosmic gravitational forces in the universe.", "B": "There is uniform cosmic background radiation in the universe.", "C": "The observable long wavelengths of light indicate that galaxies are moving toward us.", "D": "The observable short wavelengths of light indicate that galaxies are moving away from us."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 426, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which factors could increase reaction rate? select all that apply", "options": {"A": "introducing an inhibitor", "B": "increasing the temperature of the system", "C": "increasing the surface area of a solid reactant", "D": "increasing the concentration of one of the reactants", "E": "increasing the size of the container in which the reaction occurs"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 427, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following objects have balanced forces acting upon them? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "one at rest on a table", "B": "one that is accelerating", "C": "one that is rolling to a stop", "D": "one that is falling after being dropped", "E": "one moving to the right at a constant velocity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 428, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Use the formula $F = G\\frac{m_1m_2}{d^2}$ , where\n$F =$ force of gravity $G =$ universal gravitational constant $m_1$ and $m_2 =$ masses of the two objects $d =$ distance between the centers of two objects\n\nScientists estimate that the moon gets farther away from Earth by 3.8 centimeters each year.", "question": "As the distance increases over time, the gravitational\nforce between the two objects", "options": {"A": "increases.", "B": "decreases.", "C": "stays the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 429, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "Physical science students conducted an investigation to compare the surface tension of three liquids. Some of the steps taken in the investigation were incorrect.", "question": "Select the actions that made the investigation unsuccessful.", "options": {"A": "four students choose four different pennies to test the different liquids.", "B": "Two students decide to place their penny heads up and two students place their penny heads down.", "C": "They use the same type of droppers to drop similar size drops onto the penny.", "D": "They predict that they will not be able to get as many drops of rubbing alcohol on the penny because rubbing alcohol has weaker attractive forces than water.", "E": "They find they are able to drop an average of 19 drops of rubbing alcohol on the penny.", "F": "They decide not to repeat the investigation, as they have 4 pieces of data from their 4 different pennies."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "B", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 430, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "end-of-course", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "A model of a nuclear process is shown.\n\n$$\\frac{235}{92}\\mathrm{U} + \\frac{1}{0}\\mathrm{n}\\rightarrow \\frac{144}{56}\\mathrm{Ba} + \\frac{89}{36}\\mathrm{Kr} + 3\\frac{1}{0}\\mathrm{n}$$\n\nWhat type of process is shown by the model?", "options": {"A": "nuclear fusion", "B": "nuclear fission", "C": "radioactive decay", "D": "chemical reaction"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 431, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Some species of zooxanthellae and coral have traits that make them more tolerant of changes to the temperature of the water in which they live. Scientists are experimenting with selective breeding of these species of coral and zooxanthellae to produce a coral that would be more likely to survive changing ocean temperatures.", "question": "Identify the explanation that best describes how the coral and zooxanthellae populations would be expected to change if the current trend in water temperatures were to continue over several generations within the coral reef.", "options": {"A": "The proportion of coral and zooxanthellae that can tolerate higher water temperatures will increase because they will survive at a higher rate than those that are sensitive to temperature changes.", "B": "The coral will eject zooxanthellae that are sensitive to cold water temperatures so that less sensitive algae may take their place.", "C": "The proportion of coral and zooxanthellae that are cold water tolerant will increase because they will have greater access to calcium carbonate to build stronger outer skeletons.", "D": "The coral will take in zooxanthellae that are sensitive to high water temperatures so that there is less of a chance that they will develop deformed outer shells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 432, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Most smartphone display screens are made of aluminosilicate glass. This electrically conductive glass is composed of an oxide of silicon and aluminum with sodium ions dispersed throughout the surface. Some aluminosilicate glass is made stronger by immersing the glass in a bath of molten potassium salt at $400^{\\circ}\text{C}$ . This causes some sodium ions to be replaced by potassium ions. The potassium ions are compressed in the spaces between molecules in the glass. This makes the glass harder and more resistant to breakage, but less conductive.", "question": "Which statement describes why positive ions in the molten salt replace ions in the aluminosilicate glass, resulting in the strengthening of the glass?", "options": {"A": "Sodium and potassium have similar patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level and have the same number of occupied energy levels.", "B": "Sodium and potassium have similar patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level and potassium is larger than sodium.", "C": "Aluminum and silicon have similar patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level and have the same number of occupied energy levels.", "D": "Aluminum and silicon have similar patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level and aluminum is larger than silicon."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 433, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Some states are studying ways to require tech companies to build phones that follow clear repair and recycling standards. Recycling smartphones prevents contamination of land, water, and air, which could occur when smartphones are disposed of in a landfill. Recycling can also reduce the amount of raw materials mined and the energy used to manufacture new phones. Recycling is not always cost-effective because there are not enough valuable recyclable materials within a single smartphone. Although consumers prefer thinner smartphones, they are more challenging for recyclers to take apart. Larger phones tend to have longer battery life.", "question": "A criterion that should be considered when designing smartphones to be more easily recyclable is to reduce the", "options": {"A": "battery life", "B": "size of the phone", "C": "amount of valuable materials in the phone", "D": "disposal of hazardous components in landfills"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 435, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The Moon is moving away from Earth at approximately 2.5 cm per year.", "question": "Which explanation correctly describes how this increased distance from Earth would affect Earth's tides after 1,000,000 years?", "options": {"A": "The difference between low tide and high tide will be smaller.", "B": "The difference between low tide and high tide will be greater.", "C": "The gravitational force exerted on Earth by the Moon would be greater, causing high tides to be higher.", "D": "The gravitational force exerted on Earth by the Moon would be less, causing low tides to be lower."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 436, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "How is a DNA molecule arranged?", "options": {"A": "double-stranded with alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups on the sides with adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine in the middle", "B": "double- stranded with alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups on the sides with adenine, guanine, cytosin, and uracil in the middle", "C": "double- stranded with alternating ribose and phosphate groups on the sides with adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine in the middle", "D": "double- stranded with alternating ribose and phosphate groups on the sides with adenine, guanine,cytosine, and uracil in the middle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 437, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Enzyme X is needed for a reaction to occur. What is the most likely result when additional Enzyme X is added to the reaction?", "options": {"A": "an increase in the reaction rate", "B": "a decrease in the reaction rate", "C": "a decrease in the product concentration", "D": "an increase in the substrate concentration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 438, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Hummingbirds thrive in warm, moist climates, and their primary source of food is nectar from flowering plants. A three-year drought is expected in an ecosystem.", "question": "How will this most likely affect the hummingbird population in that ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "The hummingbirds will increase their reproductive rate in order to ensure enough individuals survive.", "B": "The hummingbirds will decrease their reproductive rate in order to decrease genetic diversity within the population.", "C": "The hummingbirds will immediately adapt to eat new food sources, increasing the overall survival rate of the population.", "D": "The hummingbirds will struggle to find food, and only those that can adapt to new food sources will survive."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 439, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is the significance of three consecutive nucleotides in DNA?", "options": {"A": "They code for one amino acid.", "B": "They code for three amino acids.", "C": "They code for one complete protein.", "D": "They code for three complete proteins."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 440, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "A cell experiences an error during the cell cycle, causing it to go through cytokinesis before mitosis. Which statement best describes the new cells?", "options": {"A": "The new cells will be double the size of the original cell.", "B": "The new cells will have twice as much DNA as the original cell.", "C": "The new cells will have no DNA or organelles but will continue progressing through the cell cycle.", "D": "The new cells will have an incorrect amount of DNA and organelles, and will likely experience cell death."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 441, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Among birds, some skin cells grow feathers when they mature, while other skin cells grow scales at maturity. Which statement best explains this difference?", "options": {"A": "Skin cells exposed to colder environments grow feathers, while skin cells exposed to wet environments grow scales.", "B": "While all cells have the same DNA, specialized cells express certain traits that produce feathers or scales.", "C": "Skin cells that have feathers are diploid, while skin cells that make scales are haploid.", "D": "Some skin cells have different DNA to build structures like feathers and scales."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 442, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A group of students completed two experiments. Their notes are below:\n\nExperiment 1:\n\n- Hydrogen peroxide was poured on a slice of raw potato.- The peroxide bubbled vigorously.- The peroxide was broken down into water and oxygen.\n\nExperiment 2:\n\n- A slice of raw potato was heated and then hydrogen peroxide was poured on it.- There was no visible reaction.", "question": "Which statement explains the results of these experiments?", "options": {"A": "Heating the potato had no effect on the potato enzymes.", "B": "Heating the potato caused the hydrogen peroxide to evaporate, so the reaction did not occur.", "C": "Heating the potato caused the potato enzymes to release the water and oxygen from the hydrogen peroxide.", "D": "Heating the potato caused a shape change in the potato enzymes, so they could no longer function properly."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 443, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Based on the food web (Figure 2),", "question": "which statements are true? Select (click) three true statements.", "options": {"1": "The red drum only receives energy by consuming finger mullets.", "2": "The seagrass obtains its energy from the phytoplankton and algae.", "3": "The phytoplankton produce oxygen and glucose the heron needs to survive.", "4": "The phytoplankton produce carbon dioxide and glucose the algae need to survive.", "5": "The bull shark and heron populations have the most energy available because they are at the top of the food chain.", "6": "The phytoplankton population has the most energy available because it is at the bottom of the food chain."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"], "answer": ["1", "3", "4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 444, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "What would most likely occur if a new insect species were introduced into North Carolina's ecosystems?", "options": {"A": "The new insect species would maintain the stability of the area.", "B": "The new insect species would have less reproductive success.", "C": "The new insect species would be eaten by natural predators.", "D": "The new insect species would increase competition for food resources."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 445, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which human action could best reduce global climate change?", "options": {"A": "increasing the ozone layer", "B": "converting to carbon- free energy", "C": "monitoring smog levels in urban areas", "D": "protecting fresh water against pollution"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 446, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "How will melting of the polar ice caps affect the animal populations in the Arctic region?", "options": {"A": "Arctic organisms will have more available oxygen.", "B": "Arctic organisms will have more available drinking water.", "C": "Polar bears will find it easier to find food and habitat resources.", "D": "Polar bears will find it more difficult to find food and habitat resources."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 447, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "A farmer reads this information: A bacterium has a gene that allows it to create pesticide. The gene has been transferred into a corn plant, allowing the corn plant to produce pesticide.", "question": "Why might a farmer choose to plant genetically engineered corn?", "options": {"A": "to spread mutations from the corn to other crops.", "B": "to reduce chemical use during the growing season.", "C": "to allow the fields to be used for more than one season.", "D": "to decrease the amount of land needed to grow the corn crop."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 448, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which information provides the most reliable evidence of common ancestry for four species of mammals?", "options": {"A": "embryological forms", "B": "nucleotide sequences", "C": "anatomical structures", "D": "homologous structures"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 449, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "A population of rabbits lives in a forest. Some of the rabbits have a mutation that results in extra- powerful hind legs.", "question": "What will most likely happen to the population of rabbits if a population of wolves is introduced to the forest?", "options": {"A": "The number of rabbits with normal legs will increase over time because their DNA is not mutated.", "B": "The number of rabbits with powerful legs will increase over time because they can better escape the wolves.", "C": "The total number of rabbits will decrease over time because all rabbits have an equal chance of getting eaten.", "D": "The total number of rabbits will decrease over time because most rabbits will have induced mutations that reduce their survival rate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 450, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "An enzyme has an optimal temperature of $25^{\\circ}C$.", "question": "During an experiment, which action would most likely increase the rate of the reaction?", "options": {"A": "decreasing the light intensity", "B": "increasing the temperature above $25^{\\circ}C$", "C": "decreasing the amount of substrate available", "D": "increasing the temperature from $15^{\\circ}C$ to $25^{\\circ}C$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 451, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "The plants in an ecosystem complete both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How do the two processes differ from one another in terms of energy?", "options": {"A": "Photosynthesis stores solar energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates, while cellular respiration releases energy from the chemical bonds in carbohydrates to produce ATP molecules.", "B": "Photosynthesis releases energy from the chemical bonds in carbohydrates to produce ATP molecules, while cellular respiration stores solar energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates.", "C": "Photosynthesis stores solar energy in ATP molecules for cellular use, while cellular respiration produces ATP by breaking inorganic chemical bonds.", "D": "Photosynthesis stores solar energy in high- energy chemical bonds of inorganic compounds, while cellular respiration releases solar energy to heat cellular structures."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 454, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Modern dairy cows are different from their ancestors. They produce larger volumes of milk with higher protein and fat content. Which statement best explains this?", "options": {"A": "Dairy cows within the species have interbred, resulting in low genetic diversity among offspring.", "B": "Dairy cows within the species have interbred, resulting in high genetic diversity among offspring.", "C": "Humans have used artificial selection to encourage transmission of traits associated with high- quality milk production from parent cows to offspring.", "D": "Humans have used natural selection to encourage transmission of traits associated with high- quality milk production from parent cows to offspring."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 455, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "How could a scientist best determine whether a fungus is a new species?", "options": {"A": "by comparing the physical appearance of the fungus to a known fungal species", "B": "by comparing the epidermal cells of the fungus to a known fungal species", "C": "by comparing the feeding habits of the fungus to a known fungal species", "D": "by comparing the DNA sequence of the fungus to a known fungal species"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 456, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "An animal was cloned in a lab, producing five genetically identical offspring. The offspring were then sent to five different zoos. After five years, scientists collected data on these animals and found a variation in their heights. What is the most likely explanation for the data?", "options": {"A": "Each clone experienced mutations with no effect on its genes.", "B": "Each clone experienced a different environment with no effect on its genes.", "C": "Each clone experienced the same mutations, which influenced the expression of its genes.", "D": "Each clone experienced a different environment, which influenced the expression of its genes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 457, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which action takes place on a ribosome, resulting in synthesis of a protein?", "options": {"A": "creation of mRNA from one strand of the DNA double helix", "B": "transformation of single- stranded mRNA into double- stranded tRNA", "C": "breakdown of polypeptide chain into amino acids and nitrogenous bases", "D": "attachment of the mRNA to tRNA molecules which are coupled to specific amino acids"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 467, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "A club began with 3 members. Each month, each member brought one new member.", "question": "Which function can be used to determine the number of members $x$ months after the club began?", "options": {"A": "$f(x) = 2x + 3$", "B": "$f(x) = 3x + 1$", "C": "$f(x) = 1.5(2)^x$", "D": "$f(x) = 3(2)^x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 468, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Which choice could be modeled by a linear function?", "options": {"A": "the amount of money, $y$, in an account after $x$ years earning $4\\%$ interest compounded annually", "B": "the monthly cost, $y$, to use a cell phone for $x$ minutes at a rate of 4 cents per minute", "C": "the height, $y$, of a ball after bouncing $x$ times, if each bounce reaches $\\frac{2}{3}$ the previous height", "D": "the amount, $y$, of radioactive material remaining after $x$ years when decay occurs at a rate of $30\\%$ each year"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 469, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The choices below are data sets. In the choices, w is a constant. Each choice has the same mean.", "question": "Which choice has the greatest standard deviation?", "options": {"A": "$w - 2,w - 1,w,w + 1,w + 2$", "B": "$w - 2,w - 2,w,w + 2,w + 2$", "C": "$w - 3,w - 1,w,w + 1,w + 3$", "D": "$w - 3,w,w,w,w + 3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 470, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Abby scored 87, 93, 96, and 89 on her first four history quizzes.", "question": "What score does Abby need to get on her fifth quiz to have an average of exactly 91 on her history quizzes?", "options": {"A": "90", "B": "94", "C": "98", "D": "100"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 471, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What are the solutions to the equation $4x^{2} - 52x + 169 = 121$?", "options": {"A": "$\\{1, - 12\\}$", "B": "$\\{-1,12\\}$", "C": "$\\{-1, - 12\\}$", "D": "$\\{1,12\\}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 472, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "David has a rectangle and a right triangle. The length of the rectangle is 5 more than its width, $w$. The length of the shorter leg of the triangle is equal to the rectangle's width. The length of the longer leg of the triangle is twice the length of the rectangle.", "question": "Which function, $f(w)$, represents the combined area of the rectangle and the triangle?", "options": {"A": "$f(w) = 2w^{2} + 10w$", "B": "$f(w) = 3w^{2} + 15w$", "C": "$f(w) = w^{2} + 10w + 25$", "D": "$f(w) = w^{2} + 15w + 50$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 473, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Two functions are shown below.\n\n$$f(x) = 3x + 7$$\n$$g(x) = 2x + 12$$", "question": "What is the value of $x$ where the graphs of $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ intersect?", "options": {"A": "- 22", "B": "- 5", "C": "5", "D": "22"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 474, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Marcus measured the height, in inches, $y$, of plants over the course of 3 weeks. The correlation coefficient between the number of days, $x$, and the height of the plants is 0.85.", "question": "Which could be concluded based on the correlation coefficient of the data?", "options": {"A": "There is a strong relationship showing that as the number of days increases, the height of the plants increases.", "B": "There is a strong relationship showing that as the number of days increases, the height of the plants decreases.", "C": "There is a weak relationship showing that as the number of days increases, the height of the plants increases.", "D": "There is a weak relationship showing that as the number of days increases, the height of the plants decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 475, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The vertices of a rectangle are located at (1, 2), (5, 0), (2, -6), and (-2, -4).", "question": "What is the area of the rectangle?", "options": {"A": "20 square units", "B": "30 square units", "C": "35 square units", "D": "45 square units"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 476, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A rectangle has a perimeter of 64. Let $x$ equal the width of the rectangle. Let $y$ equal the area of the rectangle.", "question": "Which equation can be used to find the area of the rectangle?", "options": {"A": "$y = x^{2} - 64x$", "B": "$y = - x^{2} + 64x$", "C": "$y = x^{2} - 32x$", "D": "$y = - x^{2} + 32x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 477, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the midpoint of the longest side of the triangle with vertices (1, 4), (3, 4), and (3, 6)?", "options": {"A": "(1, 1)", "B": "(2, 4)", "C": "(2, 5)", "D": "(3, 5)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 478, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An expression is shown below.\n\n$2\\sqrt{51x}$", "question": "Which value of $x$ makes the expression equivalent to $10\\sqrt{51}$?", "options": {"A": "5", "B": "25", "C": "50", "D": "100"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 479, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Simplify:\n\n$2(2\\sqrt{4})^{-2}$", "question": "What is the simplified form?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{8}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{4}$", "C": "16", "D": "32"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 480, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A polynomial expression is shown below.\n\n$$(mx^3 + 3)(2x^2 + 5x + 2) - (8x^5 + 20x^4)$$\n\nThe expression is simplified to $8x^3 + 6x^2 + 15x + 6$.", "question": "What is the value of $m$?", "options": {"A": "-8", "B": "-4", "C": "4", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 481, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which is a factor of the trinomial $x^2 - 2x - 15$?", "question": "Select the correct factor.", "options": {"A": "$(x - 13)$", "B": "$(x - 5)$", "C": "$(x + 5)$", "D": "$(x + 13)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 482, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Simplify:\n\n$$\\frac{x^2 - 3x - 10}{x^2 + 6x + 8}; x \\neq -4, -2$$", "question": "What is the simplified form?", "options": {"A": "$-\\frac{1}{2}x - \\frac{5}{4}$", "B": "$x^2 - \\frac{1}{2}x - \\frac{5}{4}$", "C": "$\\frac{x-5}{x+4}$", "D": "$\\frac{x+5}{x-4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 483, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Anna burned 15 calories per minute running for $x$ minutes and 10 calories per minute hiking for $y$ minutes. She spent a total of 60 minutes running and hiking and burned 700 calories. The system of equations shown below can be used to determine how much time Anna spent on each exercise.\n\n$$15x + 10y = 700$$\n$$x + y = 60$$", "question": "What is the value of $x$, the minutes Anna spent running?", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "20", "C": "30", "D": "40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 484, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Samantha and Maria purchased flowers. Samantha purchased 5 roses for $x$ dollars each and 4 daisies for $y$ dollars each and spent \\$32 on the flowers. Maria purchased 1 rose for $x$ dollars and 6 daisies for $y$ dollars each and spent \\$22. The system of equations shown below represents this situation.\n\n$$5x + 4y = 32$$\n$$x + 6y = 22$$", "question": "Which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "A rose costs \\$1 more than a daisy.", "B": "Samantha spent \\$4 on each daisy.", "C": "Samantha spent more on daisies than she did on roses.", "D": "Maria spent 6 times as much on daisies as she did on roses."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 485, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A baseball team had \\$1,000 to spend on supplies. The team spent \\$185 on a new bat. New baseballs cost \\$4 each. The inequality $185 + 4b \\le 1,000$ can be used to determine the number of new baseballs ($b$) that the team can purchase.", "question": "Which statement about the number of new baseballs that can be purchased is true?", "options": {"A": "The team can purchase 204 new baseballs.", "B": "The minimum number of new baseballs that can be purchased is 185.", "C": "The maximum number of new baseballs that can be purchased is 185.", "D": "The team can purchase 185 new baseballs, but this number is neither the maximum nor the minimum."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 486, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Tyreke always leaves a tip of between 8% and 20% for the server when he pays for his dinner. This can be represented by the system of inequalities shown below, where $y$ is the amount of tip and $x$ is the cost of dinner.\n\n$$y > 0.08x$$\n$$y < 0.2x$$", "question": "Which of the following is a true statement?", "options": {"A": "When the cost of dinner, $x$, is \\$10 the amount of tip, $y$, must be between \\$2 and \\$8.", "B": "When the cost of dinner, $x$, is \\$15 the amount of tip, $y$, must be between \\$1.20 and \\$3.00.", "C": "When the tip, $y$, is \\$3, the cost of dinner, $x$, must be between \\$11 and \\$23.", "D": "When the tip, $y$, is \\$2.40, the cost of dinner, $x$, must be between \\$3 and \\$6."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 487, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A pizza restaurant charges for pizzas and adds a delivery fee. The cost ($c$), in dollars, to have any number of pizzas ($p$) delivered to a home is described by the function $c = 8p + 3$.", "question": "Which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "The cost of 8 pizzas is \\$11.", "B": "The cost of 3 pizzas is \\$14.", "C": "Each pizza costs \\$8 and the delivery fee is \\$3.", "D": "Each pizza costs \\$3 and the delivery fee is \\$8."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 488, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Jeff's restaurant sells hamburgers. The amount charged for a hamburger, $h$, is based on the cost for a plain hamburger plus an additional charge for each topping, $t$, as shown in the equation below.\n\n$$h = 0.60t + 5$$", "question": "What does the number 0.60 represent in the equation?", "options": {"A": "the number of toppings", "B": "the cost of a plain hamburger", "C": "the additional cost for each topping", "D": "the cost of a hamburger with 1 topping"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 489, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The daily high temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit in Allentown, PA, for a period of 10 days are shown below.\n\n76 80 89 96 98 100 98 91 89 82", "question": "Which statement correctly describes the data?", "options": {"A": "The median value is 98.", "B": "The interquartile range is 16.", "C": "The lower quartile value is 76.", "D": "The upper quartile value is 96."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 490, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A number cube with sides labeled 1- 6 is rolled two times, and the sum of the numbers that end face up is calculated.", "question": "What is the probability that the sum of the numbers is 3?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{18}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{12}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{9}$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 491, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "When factored completely, which is a factor of $12ax^2 - 3a$ ?", "options": {"A": "12a", "B": "(4x^2 + 1)", "C": "3a", "D": "(4x - 1)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 492, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Simplify: $$\\frac{(x-7)^2}{x(x-4)-21}; x \\neq -3, 7$$", "options": {"A": "-14", "B": "$\\frac{7x+7}{2x-3}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{x+3}$", "D": "$\\frac{x-7}{x+3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 493, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A person's hair is 8 centimeters long. The equation below can be used to estimate the length ( $L$ ), in centimeters (cm), that the person's hair will be after $w$ weeks. $$L = \\frac{w}{4} + 8$$ Based on the equation, what will be the estimated length of the person's hair after 10 weeks?", "question": "Based on the equation, what will be the estimated length of the person's hair after 10 weeks?", "options": {"A": "4.5 cm", "B": "8 cm", "C": "10 cm", "D": "10.5 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 494, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Ms. Bernard monitored the growth of a fish. The fish originally weighed 27 ounces. The fish grew at a rate of 5 ounces per month. The equation below can be used to describe the weight, in ounces, of the fish. $$72 = 27 + 5x$$ Ms. Bernard correctly determined that $x = 9$ . What does the solution of the equation mean?", "question": "What does the solution of the equation mean?", "options": {"A": "The fish grew at a rate of 9 ounces per month for 72 months.", "B": "The fish grew at a rate of 72 ounces per month for 9 months.", "C": "It took 9 months for the fish to grow to a weight of 72 ounces.", "D": "It took 72 months for the fish to grow to a weight of 9 ounces."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 495, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A system of equations is shown below. $$2x + 2y = 10$$ $$5x - 2y = 4$$ What is the solution of the system of equations?", "question": "What is the solution of the system of equations?", "options": {"A": "(-2, -7)", "B": "(2, 7)", "C": "(2, 3)", "D": "(3, 2)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 496, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Juan answered all 50 questions on a test. He earned 3 points for each question he answered correctly. He lost 1 point for each question he answered incorrectly. His final test score was 102 points. The system of equations below describes the relationship between the number of questions he answered correctly ( $x$ ) and the number of questions he answered incorrectly ( $y$ ). $$x + y = 50$$ $$3x - y = 102$$ Part of the solution of the system of equations is $x = 38$ . What does this value represent?", "question": "What does this value represent?", "options": {"A": "the number of questions Juan answered correctly", "B": "the number of questions Juan answered incorrectly", "C": "the number of points Juan lost from questions he answered incorrectly", "D": "the number of points Juan earned from questions he answered correctly"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 497, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Jason decided that he will sell his stocks if their value per share ( $x$ ) goes below \\$5 or above \\$15. Which compound inequality represents the values at which Jason will sell his stocks?", "question": "Which compound inequality represents the values at which Jason will sell his stocks?", "options": {"A": "$x > \\$5$ or $x < \\$15$", "B": "$x < \\$5$ or $x > \\$15$", "C": "$x > \\$5$ and $x < \\$15$", "D": "$x < \\$5$ and $x > \\$15$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 498, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A ticket to a baseball game costs \\$20. Each soda sold at the game costs \\$5. Shawn may spend no more than \\$50. He buys 1 ticket and $x$ sodas. Shawn represents this situation with the inequality below. $$5x + 20 \\le 50$$ The solution of the inequality is $x \\le 6$ . Which statement **best** describes the solution of the inequality?", "question": "Which statement best describes the solution of the inequality?", "options": {"A": "Shawn buys 6 or fewer sodas.", "B": "Shawn buys 6 or fewer tickets.", "C": "Shawn buys 1 ticket and 5 sodas.", "D": "Shawn has less than or equal to \\$6 remaining when he leaves the game."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 499, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The set of ordered pairs shown below is a relation that is a function of x. $$\\{(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)\\}$$ Which ordered pair could be included in the set so that the relation remains a function of x?", "question": "Which ordered pair could be included in the set so that the relation remains a function of x?", "options": {"A": "(0, 4)", "B": "(1, 6)", "C": "(3, 3)", "D": "(4, 7)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 500, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "LaShawn earned \\$60.00 for working 8 hours this weekend.", "question": "What is the total amount of money LaShawn would earn for working 34 hours at the same rate of pay?", "options": {"A": "\\$255", "B": "\\$272", "C": "\\$315", "D": "\\$453"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 501, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Javier's score on a science test is equal to the upper quartile value of all the scores on the test.", "question": "Based on this information, which statement about Javier's score is **most likely** to be true?", "options": {"A": "Javier's score is 75.", "B": "Javier's score is greater than 75 other scores.", "C": "Javier's score is the same as 75% of all the scores.", "D": "Javier's score is greater than 75% of all the scores."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 502, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Two expressions are shown below.\n\n$$\\pi x x^2$$", "question": "For which value of $x$ is the value of $\\pi x$ greater than the value of $x^{2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "A. $x = -2$", "B": "B. $x = 0$", "C": "C. $x = 1.5$", "D": "D. $x = 9$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 503, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which shows a correct procedure to simplify $3\\sqrt{8}$ ?", "options": {"A": "A. $3\\sqrt{8} = 3\\sqrt{4} \\bullet 2 = 3\\sqrt{4} \\bullet \\sqrt{2} = 6\\sqrt{2}$", "B": "B. $3\\sqrt{8} = 3\\sqrt{4} \\bullet 2 = 3\\sqrt{4} \\bullet \\sqrt{2} = 12\\sqrt{2}$", "C": "C. $3\\sqrt{8} = 3\\sqrt{3} +3 + 2 = 3(\\sqrt{3} +3 + \\sqrt{2}) = 3 + 3\\sqrt{2} = 6\\sqrt{2}$", "D": "D. $3\\sqrt{8} = 3\\sqrt{3} +3 + 2 = 3(\\sqrt{3} +3 + \\sqrt{2}) = 9 + 3\\sqrt{2} = 12\\sqrt{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 504, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The list below shows the items Ethan and his friends bought for lunch.\n\n2 sandwiches for $5.29$ each\n2 burgers for $6.79$ each\n1 bowl of soup for $3.89$\n5 drinks for $1.19$ each\n\nThey paid $8\\%$ tax. They then paid a tip that was about twice the amount of the tax they paid.", "question": "Which is the closest estimate of the total amount Ethan and his friends paid for their food, drinks, tax, and tip?", "options": {"A": "A. $\\$22$", "B": "B. $\\$33$", "C": "C. $\\$43$", "D": "D. $\\$51$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 505, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The difference of 2 polynomial expressions is shown below.\n\n$$(-2x^{2} + wx - 4) - (x^{2} + 5x + 6) = -3x^{2} - 10$$", "question": "What is the value of $w$ ?", "options": {"A": "A. -8", "B": "B. -5", "C": "C. 2", "D": "D. 5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 506, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Keyshawn buys 100 baseball cards to start a collection. He purchases 25 more baseball cards each week.", "question": "Which equation could be used to represent the number of baseball cards ($b$) in Keyshawn's collection after $w$ weeks?", "options": {"A": "A. $w = 25b + 100$", "B": "B. $w = 100b + 25$", "C": "C. $b = 25w + 100$", "D": "D. $b = 100w + 25$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 507, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "One of the steps Lewis used to correctly solve an equation is shown below.\n\n$$3(x - 7) + 40 = -5$$\n$$3x - 21 + 40 = -5$$", "question": "Which statements describe the procedure Lewis used in this step of solving the equation and identify the property that justifies that procedure?", "options": {"A": "A. Lewis added 3 and $x$ to eliminate the parentheses. This procedure is justified by the associative property.", "B": "B. Lewis added 3 and $x$ to eliminate the parentheses. This procedure is justified by distributive property.", "C": "C. Lewis multiplied $x$ and 7 by 3 to eliminate the parentheses. This procedure is justified by the associative property.", "D": "D. Lewis multiplied $x$ and 7 by 3 to eliminate the parentheses. This procedure is justified by the distributive property."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 508, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Raul has $\\$640$ saved, and Jaime has $\\$320$ saved. They each begin a new job on the same day and save all of their money. Raul earns $\\$180$ per day, and Jaime earns $\\$200$ per day.", "question": "In how many days will they have an equal amount of money?", "options": {"A": "A. 8", "B": "B. 16", "C": "C. 24", "D": "D. 32"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 509, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Nitrogen is a gas at certain temperatures under normal conditions. These temperatures ($t$), in degrees Celsius ($^\\circ C$), are represented by the inequality $t \\geq -196$.", "question": "Which best describes the meaning of the inequality?", "options": {"A": "A. Nitrogen is a gas only if the temperature is below $-196^\\circ C$.", "B": "B. Nitrogen is a gas only if the temperature is above $-196^\\circ C$.", "C": "C. Nitrogen is a gas only if the temperature is at or below $-196^\\circ C$.", "D": "D. Nitrogen is a gas only if the temperature is at or above $-196^\\circ C$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 510, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A band is determining how many songs to record for a new album. The band members want to record no more than 16 songs, and their album has to be shorter than 78 minutes. They can record short songs that are about 3 minutes in length or long songs that are about 5 minutes in length.", "question": "Which system of inequalities best represents the number of short songs ($x$) and the number of long songs ($y$) the band can record for the new album?", "options": {"A": "A. $x + y< 16$ $3x + 5y\\leq 78$", "B": "B. $x + y\\leq 16$ $3x + 5y< 78$", "C": "C. $x + y\\leq 78$ $3x + 5y< 16$", "D": "D. $x + y< 78$ $3x + 5y\\leq 16$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 511, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The set of ordered pairs shown below is a relation that is a function of $x$.\n\n$$\\{(-5,1),(-4,1),(-3,1),(-2,1)\\}$$", "question": "Which ordered pairs could be included in the set so that the relation remains a function of $x$?", "options": {"A": "A. (-6, 1) (-5, -1)", "B": "B. (-6, 1) (-1, -1)", "C": "C. (-2, 2) (-1, 1)", "D": "D. (-3, 0) (-1, 1)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 512, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A truck left a warehouse at 1:00 P.M. The truck traveled 232 miles by 5:00 P.M. The truck continued traveling at the same average speed.", "question": "How many miles, altogether, did the truck travel by 6:30 P.M.?", "options": {"A": "A. 58", "B": "B. 87", "C": "C. 319", "D": "D. 348"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 513, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A line segment on a coordinate plane representing the distance a bicyclist is from home has a slope of $\\frac{35}{2}$. On the line segment, $x$ represents the time, in hours, that the bicyclist has been riding and $y$ represents the bicyclist's distance, in miles, from home. The bicyclist began his ride at home and rides his bicycle at a constant rate.", "question": "How long will it take until the bicyclist is 140 miles from home?", "options": {"A": "A. 2 hours", "B": "B. 4 hours", "C": "C. 7 hours", "D": "D. 8 hours"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 514, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The ordered pairs shown below are on the same line.\n\n$$(6,4)(12,6)$$", "question": "Which equation describes the relationship between the $x$-coordinates and $y$-coordinates in the ordered pairs?", "options": {"A": " $y = 3x - 14$", "B": " $y = 3x - 6$", "C": " $y = \\frac{1}{3} x + 10$", "D": " $y = \\frac{1}{3} x + 2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 515, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A data set shows the number of minutes each of 153,477 students takes to complete a reading test. The median completion time is 110 minutes. The interquartile range is 34.", "question": "Which statement about the completion times is most likely to be true?", "options": {"A": "A. Of these students, $25\\%$ complete the test in 110 minutes or less.", "B": "B. Of these students, $50\\%$ complete the test in 110 minutes or less.", "C": "C. Of these students, $75\\%$ complete the test in 127 minutes or less.", "D": "D. Of these students, $75\\%$ complete the test in 144 minutes or less."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 516, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Brent works at a tire store. He recorded the number of tires sold each day for two weeks in the stem-and-leaf plot below.\n\n# Daily Tire Sales\n\n| 8 | 4 | 6 |\n| 9 | 3 | 8 |\n| 10 | 0 | 0 |\n| 11 | 5 | 9 |\n| 12 | 4 | |\n| 13 | | |\n| 14 | 6 | |\n| 15 | 2 | 3 |\n| 16 | 1 | 3 |\n\nKey: 11 2 = 112 tires", "question": "What is the median of the number of tires sold each day?", "options": {"A": "A. 100", "B": "B. 117", "C": "C. 121", "D": "D. 124"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 517, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which set of ordered pairs is a function?", "options": {"A": " $\\{(-10, 4), (-8, 3), (-8, 2), (-4, 1)\\}$", "B": " $\\{(-2, 4), (0, 4), (2, 4), (2, 6)\\}$", "C": " $\\{(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)\\}$", "D": " $\\{(-1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)\\}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 518, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Paul inherited a stamp collection. Since receiving the collection, Paul has gone to the store and bought the same number of new stamps each week to add to his collection. The equation shown below can be used to determine the number of stamps ( $y$ ) in Paul's stamp collection $x$ weeks after he inherited the stamps.\n\n$$y = 3x + 40$$\n\nBased on the equation, which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "The stamp collection had 3 stamps in it when Paul inherited it.", "B": "So far, Paul has purchased 40 additional stamps for the collection.", "C": "Since inheriting the collection, Paul has bought 3 new stamps each week.", "D": "Six weeks after he inherited the collection, Paul's stamp collection contains 18 stamps."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 519, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A caterer uses 4 pans of lasagna to serve 30 people. At this rate, how many pans of lasagna does the caterer use to serve 390 people?", "options": {"A": "13", "B": "52", "C": "90", "D": "98"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 520, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which linear equation has the points $(\\frac{1}{2}, \\frac{3}{4})$ and $(4, 3)$ as solutions?", "options": {"A": " $9x - 14y = -6$", "B": " $9x + 14y = 78$", "C": " $y - 3 = \\frac{14}{9}(x - 4)$", "D": " $y - 4 = \\frac{9}{14}(x - 3)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 521, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "A data set contains student test scores.\n\n- The **median** test score is 75 points.\n- The third quartile value is 85 points.\n- The range of the test scores is 40 points.\n\nWhich statement about the test scores in the data set is **most likely** true?", "options": {"A": "The lowest test score is 45 points.", "B": "The highest test score is 95 points.", "C": "About 25% of the test scores are less than 55 points.", "D": "About 25% of the test scores are between 75 and 85 points."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 522, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "There are 28 students whose last names begin with the letters G, H, J, or K. Information about the probability of randomly selecting one of these students is listed below.\n\n- probability of selecting a student whose last name begins with G: $\\frac{1}{7}$\n- probability of selecting a student whose last name begins with G or H: $\\frac{5}{14}$\n\nHow many of these students have a last name that begins with H?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "5", "C": "6", "D": "7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 523, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Four values are listed below.\n\n$$\\frac{1}{7}\\quad 20\\% \\quad \\sqrt{0.5}\\quad \\vdash 0.5l$$", "question": "Which list shows the values in order from least to greatest?", "options": {"A": "A. $\\vdash 0.5l$ $\\sqrt{0.5}$ $\\frac{1}{7}$ 20%", "B": "B. $\\vdash 0.5l$ $\\frac{1}{7}$ 20% $\\sqrt{0.5}$", "C": "C. $\\frac{1}{7}$ 20% $\\vdash 0.5l$ $\\sqrt{0.5}$", "D": "D. $\\frac{1}{7}$ $\\sqrt{0.5}$ $\\vdash 0.5l$ 20%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 524, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An inequality is shown below.\n\n$$4(ab)^{3} > 15a^{3}b$$", "question": "Which values of $a$ and $b$ make the inequality true?", "options": {"A": "A. $a = 1$ $b = 1$", "B": "B. $a = 1$ $b = 2$", "C": "C. $a = 2$ $b = 0$", "D": "D. $a = 2$ $b = 1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 525, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An equation involving polynomials is shown below.\n\n$$(ax + 5y) + (x - y) - (3x - by) = 2x + y$$", "question": "What are the values of $a$ and $b$?", "options": {"A": "A. $a = 4$ $b = -3$", "B": "B. $a = 4$ $b = 3$", "C": "C. $a = 5$ $b = -5$", "D": "D. $a = 5$ $b = 5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 526, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Simplify:\n\n$$\\frac{3x^{2} + 3x - 6}{6x^{2} + 18x + 12};x\\neq -2, -1$$", "question": "Which is the simplified form?", "options": {"A": "A. $\\frac{1}{10}$", "B": "B. $\\frac{1}{2}$", "C": "C. $\\frac{x - 1}{2(x + 1)}$", "D": "D. $\\frac{2(x - 1)}{x + 1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 527, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Joan has a gym gift card worth $100. Each time she visits the gym, $12 is deducted from the amount remaining on the gift card.", "question": "Which equation can be used to determine the amount of money (m), in dollars, remaining on the gift card after Joan visits the gym d times?", "options": {"A": "A. $m = 12 - 100d$", "B": "B. $m = 12d - 100$", "C": "C. $m = -12 + 100d$", "D": "D. $m = -12d + 100$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 528, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The equation below describes the relationship between the number of months (x) since a customer began renting a storage unit and the total amount of money (y), in dollars, the customer has paid to the storage facility.\n\n$$y = 15x + 30$$", "question": "Which statement describes a solution of the equation based on the number of months the customer has rented the storage unit?", "options": {"A": "A. After exactly 16 months, the customer has paid $240.", "B": "B. After exactly 240 months, the customer has paid $16.", "C": "C. After exactly 16 months, the customer has paid $270.", "D": "D. After exactly 270 months, the customer has paid $16."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 529, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Charlene owns a bookstore. She purchases used books from customers. She pays $3.50 for each hardback book. $0.75 for each paperback book. Charlene pays a customer a total of $199.75 for 149 used books.", "question": "Which system of equations could be used to determine the number of hardback books $(x)$ and the number of paperback books $(y)$ Charlene purchases from the customer?", "options": {"A": "A. $x + y = 199.75$ $0.75x + 3.50y = 149$", "B": "B. $x + y = 149$ $0.75x + 3.50y = 199.75$", "C": "C. $x + y = 199.75$ $3.50x + 0.75y = 149$", "D": "D. $x + y = 149$ $3.50x + 0.75y = 199.75$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 530, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Gloria is considering two different movie services. Service A charges a $15.00 monthly fee for unlimited streaming of movies and $2.50 per DVD rental. Service B charges a $12.00 monthly fee for unlimited streaming of movies and $3.50 per DVD rental. The system of equations below describes the relationship between the number of DVDs rented per month $(x)$ and the monthly cost $(y)$, in dollars, for both services.\n\n$$y = 15.00 + 2.50x$$\n$$y = 12.00 + 3.50x$$", "question": "Which statement about the costs of the movie services is true?", "options": {"A": "A. When Gloria rents 3 DVDs per month, either service will cost her $22.50 per month.", "B": "B. When Gloria rents 6 DVDs per month, either service will cost her $27.00 per month.", "C": "C. When Gloria rents fewer than 3 DVDs per month, service A will cost less per month than service B will cost.", "D": "D. When Gloria rents more than 3 DVDs per month, service B will cost $12 more per month than service A will cost."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 531, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A part for a machine must meet certain length requirements, in centimeters (cm), as shown in the inequality below.\n\n$$16.75 - x1< 0.25$$", "question": "Which statement completely describes the length requirements for this machine part?", "options": {"A": "A. The length of the part must be less than 7 cm.", "B": "B. The length of the part must be greater than 6.5 cm.", "C": "C. The length of the part must be less than 6.5 cm or greater than 7 cm.", "D": "D. The length of the part must be greater than 6.5 cm and less than 7 cm."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 532, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "All the books in a bookstore window display today will be mysteries and biographies. The system of inequalities below describes the relationship between the number of mysteries (x) and the number of biographies (y) that could be in the display.\n\n$$x + y\\leq 30$$ $$2x\\leq 3y$$", "question": "Which description is a possible number of books of each type that could be in the display?", "options": {"A": "A. 6 mysteries and 22 biographies", "B": "B. 15 mysteries and 8 biographies", "C": "C. 21 mysteries and 14 biographies", "D": "D. 24 mysteries and 12 biographies"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 533, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression can be simplified to the form $3\\sqrt[3]{y + 3}$, where $y$ is a positive integer?", "options": {"A": "A. $\\sqrt[3]{18}$", "B": "B. $\\sqrt[3]{63}$", "C": "C. $\\sqrt[3]{75}$", "D": "D. $\\sqrt[3]{84}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 534, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": " A dog's body temperature (t), in degrees Fahrenheit (°F), is considered normal when the value of the expression below is no more than 0.75. \n\n$$|t - 101.75|$$\n\nA dog's body temperature is $101.2^\\circ\\mathrm{F}$.", "question": "Based on the expression, which statement about the dog's body temperature is true?", "options": {"A": "A. Since normal body temperature is from $100.25^\\circ\\mathrm{F}$ to $103.25^\\circ\\mathrm{F}$, the dog's body temperature is considered normal.", "B": "B. Since normal body temperature is from $100.25^\\circ\\mathrm{F}$ to $103.25^\\circ\\mathrm{F}$, the dog's body temperature is not considered normal.", "C": "C. Since normal body temperature is from $101^\\circ\\mathrm{F}$ to $102.5^\\circ\\mathrm{F}$, the dog's body temperature is considered normal.", "D": "D. Since normal body temperature is from $101^\\circ\\mathrm{F}$ to $102.5^\\circ\\mathrm{F}$, the dog's body temperature is not considered normal."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 535, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Over one week, a snack booth at a fair sold 362 cans of soft drinks for $1.75 each and 221 hot dogs for $2.35 each.", "question": "Which calculation will give the closest estimate of the sales of soft drinks and hot dogs?", "options": {"A": "A. $300(2) + 200(2)$", "B": "B. $400(2) + 200(2)$", "C": "C. $400(2) + 200(3)$", "D": "D. $400(2) + 300(3)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 536, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "When $x^{3} - 2x^{2} - 15x$ is factored completely, which expression is one of the factors?", "options": {"A": "A. $x - 5$", "B": "B. $x + 5$", "C": "C. $x^{2} - 5x$", "D": "D. $x^{2} - 2x - 15$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 537, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A clothing company sells hats online to its customers. The price of each hat is $p$ dollars. The shipping cost is $s$ dollars. The equation shown below can be used to find the total cost (c), in dollars, when $n$ hats are purchased.\n\n$$c = np + s$$", "question": "Which equation can be used to find the price of each hat when 5 hats are purchased, the shipping cost is $6, and the total cost is $41?", "options": {"A": "A. $c = 5(6) + 41$", "B": "B. $c = 6(41) + 5$", "C": "C. $41 = 5p + 6$", "D": "D. $41 = 6p + 5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 538, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An equation and some of the steps used to solve the equation are shown below. One step is missing.\n\n$$2(x - 3) + 10x = 5(3 + x)$$\n$$?$$\n$$2x - 5x + 10x = 15 + 6$$\n$$7x = 21$$\n$$x = 3$$", "question": "Which set of statements is most likely the missing step and the property that justifies the step?", "options": {"A": "A. $2x - (3 + 10x) = 5(3 + x)$ This step is justified by the associative property.", "B": "B. $2(x - 3) = 5(3 + x) - 10x$ This step is justified by the associative property.", "C": "C. $2x - 6 + 10x = 15 + 5x$ This step is justified by the distributive property.", "D": "D. $2x - 3 + 10x = 15 + x$ This step is justified by the distributive property."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 539, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student is selling small and large frozen pizzas for a school fund-raiser.\n\nThe student earns $3 for each small pizza sold. $4 for each large pizza sold. The student has sold exactly 30 pizzas. The student has earned $100.", "question": "How many small pizzas and large pizzas has the student sold?", "options": {"A": "A. 10 small pizzas 20 large pizzas", "B": "B. 14 small pizzas 16 large pizzas", "C": "C. 18 small pizzas 12 large pizzas", "D": "D. 20 small pizzas 10 large pizzas"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 540, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The system of equations below describes the relationship between the time (t), in seconds, two objects have been traveling and each object's velocity (v), in feet per second.\n\n$$v = -32t$$\n$$v = -32t + 16$$", "question": "Based on the system of equations, which statement about the velocity of the objects is true?", "options": {"A": "A. The objects never travel at the same velocity.", "B": "B. The objects always travel at the same velocity.", "C": "C. The objects travel at the same velocity only after they have been traveling for $\\frac{1}{4}$ second.", "D": "D. The objects travel at the same velocity only after they have been traveling for $\\frac{1}{\\frac{1}{2}}$ second."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 546, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A scatter plot shows the relationship between the distances (x), in miles, from a local airport to airports in various cities and the time (y), in minutes, a flight between the airports takes. The equation below describes the line of best fit for the scatter plot.\n\n$$y = 0.16x + 58.62$$", "question": "Based on the equation, which value is the most likely distance, in miles, between two airports when a flight between the airports takes 240 minutes?", "options": {"A": "A. 1,134", "B": "B. 1,441", "C": "C. 1,866", "D": "D. 2,251"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 547, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "There are 28 students whose last names begin with the letters G, H, J, or K. Information about the probability of randomly selecting one of these students is listed below.\n\n- probability of selecting a student whose last name begins with G: $\\frac{1}{7}$\n- probability of selecting a student whose last name begins with G or H: $\\frac{5}{14}$", "question": "How many of these students have a last name that begins with H?", "options": {"A": "A. 4", "B": "B. 5", "C": "C. 6", "D": "D. 7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 548, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The set of ordered pairs below is a relation: $(1, 5), (0, 2), (-1, -1), (-2, -4)$.", "question": "What is the range of the relation?", "options": {"A": "$\\{-4, -1, 2, 5\\}$", "B": "$\\{-2, -1, 0, 1\\}$", "C": "{all real numbers from -4 through 5}", "D": "{all real numbers from -2 through 1}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 549, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student completes math problems at an average rate of 2 problems every 5 minutes.", "question": "At this rate, how many math problems does the student complete in 65 minutes?", "options": {"A": "13", "B": "26", "C": "30", "D": "52"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 570, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The list below represents the number of novels written by each of Amir's 10 favorite authors. \n\n1 3 3 4 5 7 8 10 12 23", "question": "What is the interquartile range of the number of novels written by each of Amir's 10 favorite authors?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "6", "C": "7", "D": "22"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 571, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Dion has two bunches of similar bananas. One bunch has 8 bananas, and the other bunch has 9 bananas. The list below shows the weight, in grams, of each of the bananas in the bunch of 8. \n\n138 118 121 164 140 115 129 123", "question": "Which measurement is most likely closest to the total weight of the bunch of 9 bananas?", "options": {"A": "932 grams", "B": "1,048 grams", "C": "1,179 grams", "D": "1,368 grams"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 572, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A bookstore manager will randomly select 1 of 5 newly arrived fiction books and 1 of 4 newly arrived nonfiction books for a window display.", "question": "What is the probability that the manager will select the shortest of the newly arrived fiction books and the longest of the newly arrived nonfiction books?", "options": {"A": "5%", "B": "10%", "C": "20%", "D": "45%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 573, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Clara opens a bank account with some money. After opening the account, she deposits the same amount of money each week. She does not withdraw any money from the account. The list below shows how much money Clara has in her bank account at the end of each of the first four weeks.\n\n\\$214, \\$228, \\$242, \\$256\n\nThe pattern continues.", "question": "Which expression represents how much money, in dollars, Clara has in her bank account at the end of $ n $ weeks?", "options": {"A": "200 + 14n", "B": "214 + 14n", "C": "200n + 14", "D": "214n + 14"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 574, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Dana reads a certain book at an average rate of 2 pages every 3 minutes. The fourth chapter of the book is 28 pages.", "question": "Based on his average rate, how many minutes will it take Dana to read the fourth chapter of the book?", "options": {"A": "9 1/3", "B": "18 2/3", "C": "42", "D": "84"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 575, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Marty is exercising.\n\n- After exercising, his heart rate is 168 beats per minute.\n- His heart rate decreases at a constant rate of 4 beats per minute until it reaches his resting heart rate.\n- Marty's resting heart rate is 72 beats per minute.", "question": "How many minutes after exercising will it be until Marty's heart rate returns to his resting heart rate?", "options": {"A": "18", "B": "24", "C": "30", "D": "60"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 576, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of a linear function has a slope of $-1/4$ and contains the point (8, 12).", "question": "What is the equation of the line?", "options": {"A": "y = -1/4x - 10", "B": "y = -1/4x - 5", "C": "y = -1/4x + 11", "D": "y = -1/4x + 14"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 577, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A satellite is traveling in an orbit around Earth. Its altitude begins to decrease at a constant rate until the satellite reenters Earth's atmosphere. The equation shown below can be used to determine the satellite's altitude ($ y $), in kilometers, $ x $ months after its altitude began to decrease.\n\n$$y = 17,600 - 23x$$", "question": "Which statement about the satellite is true?", "options": {"A": "The satellite was at an altitude of 17,600 kilometers before its altitude began to decrease.", "B": "The satellite will reenter Earth's atmosphere 23 months after its altitude began to decrease.", "C": "The satellite was traveling at a rate of 17,600 kilometers per hour before its altitude began to decrease.", "D": "The satellite has been slowing down at a rate of 23 kilometers per hour since its altitude began to decrease."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 578, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The list below describes the results, in minutes and seconds (m:s), of the 800-meter run during a track meet.\n\n- The fastest time was 2:00.\n- The first quartile time was 2:15.\n- The third quartile time was 3:05.\n- The slowest time was 3:30.", "question": "Which statement about the results of the 800-meter run is **most likely** true?", "options": {"A": "About half the times were between 2:00 and 2:40.", "B": "About half the times were between 2:00 and 2:45.", "C": "About one-fourth of the times were between 2:15 and 3:30.", "D": "About one-fourth of the times were between 3:05 and 3:30."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 579, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "There are 8 members in a running group. Last week, the group ran a mean distance of 33 miles and a median distance of 32 miles. The distances, in miles, that five of the members ran last week are shown below.\n\n25 44 23 32 26", "question": "Which list could show the distances, in miles, that the other three members ran last week?", "options": {"A": "32 37 45", "B": "32 45 48", "C": "34 34 38", "D": "30 36 48"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 580, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which monomial is the greatest common factor (GCF) of $x^{4}y^{8}$ and $x^{6}y^{4}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$x^{2}y^{4}$", "B": "$x^{4}y^{4}$", "C": "$x^{6}y^{8}$", "D": "$x^{12}y^{8}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 594, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "One of the steps Neesha used to correctly solve an equation is shown below.\n\n$$\\mathrm{line~1:} \\quad 18 + 8x - 4 = 13$$\n\n$$\\mathrm{line~2:} \\quad 8x + 18 - 4 = 13$$", "question": "Which set of statements describes the procedure Neesha used to go from line 1 to line 2 and identifies the property that justifies that procedure?", "options": {"A": "Neesha changed the order of the 18 and 8x. This procedure is justified by the associative property of addition.", "B": "Neesha changed the order of the 18 and 8x. This procedure is justifed by the commutative property of addition.", "C": "Neesha added - 18 to both sides of the equation. This procedure is justified by the additive inverse property.", "D": "Neesha added - 18 to both sides of the equation. This procedure is justified"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 595, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Stacy is solving the system of equations shown below.\n\n$$3w + 7t = 64$$ $$6w + 2t = 44$$\n\nStacy correctly uses elimination to solve the system of equations. Her first step is to rewrite one equation so one of the variables can be eliminated.", "question": "Which system of equations could show Stacy's rewritten system of equations?", "options": {"A": "$- 6w + - 14t = - 128$ $6w + 2t = 44$", "B": "$3w + 7t = 64$ $- 3w + - 2t = - 22$", "C": "$- 6w + - 10t = - 67$ $6w + 2t = 44$", "D": "$3w + 7t = 64$ $- 42w + - 7t = - 308$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 596, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Marcy bought some packages of large paintbrushes and small paintbrushes.\n\nEach package of large paintbrushes contained 3 large paintbrushes. Each package of small paintbrushes contained 6 small paintbrushes. She bought a total of 13 packages of paintbrushes. She bought a total of 57 paintbrushes.\n\nThe system of equations shown below can be used to represent this situation.\n\n$$x + y = 13$$\n\n$$3x + 6y = 57$$\n\nThe solution to the system of equations is (7, 6).", "question": "Based on the solution, which statement is most likely true?", "options": {"A": "Marcy bought exactly 6 small paintbrushes.", "B": "Marcy bought exactly 6 large paintbrushes.", "C": "Marcy bought exactly 6 packages of small paintbrushes.", "D": "Marcy bought exactly 6 packages of large paintbrushes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 597, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first 5 terms of a pattern are shown below.\n\n120, 162, 204, 246, 288", "question": "Which expression can be used to find the 12th term in the pattern?", "options": {"A": "42(11)", "B": "42(12)", "C": "120 + 42(11)", "D": "120 + 42(12)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 598, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A piece of wood fell into a river. The equation shown below can be used to determine the distance ( $d$ ), in meters, the piece of wood has floated down the river $t$ minutes after it fell into the river.\n\n$$d = \\frac{11}{5}t$$", "question": "Based on the equation, which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "The piece of wood will have floated a distance of 5 meters in 11 minutes.", "B": "The piece of wood will have floated a distance of 11 meters in 5 minutes.", "C": "The piece of wood will have floated a distance of 1 meter in 5 minutes and 2 meters in 11 minutes.", "D": "The piece of wood will have floated a distance of 5 meters in 1 minute and 11 meters in 2 minutes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 599, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A store sells pre-owned books.\n\n- The store makes the same amount of money for each pre-owned book sold.\n- The store makes \\$19.05 from selling 3 pre-owned books.", "question": "How much **more** money does the store make from selling 47 pre-owned books than from selling only 18 pre-owned books?", "options": {"A": "$86.15", "B": "$184.15", "C": "$465.45", "D": "$552.45"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 600, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the slope of the line represented by the equation $7x - 3y = 5$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-\\frac{7}{3}$", "B": "$-\\frac{3}{7}$", "C": "$\\frac{3}{7}$", "D": "$\\frac{7}{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 601, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A teacher gave a quiz that was worth 50 points. The range of quiz scores was 35 points.", "question": "Based on the range of quiz scores, which conclusion is **most likely** true?", "options": {"A": "Every quiz score was 35 points.", "B": "The lowest quiz score was 35 points.", "C": "Half of the quiz scores were between 10 points and 45 points.", "D": "The highest quiz score was 50 points and the lowest quiz score was 15 points."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 602, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A radio station will randomly select 1 of 5 playlists, each containing 8 songs, to play over the next hour. The station will then play the songs on the selected list in a random order. Josh's favorite song is on 3 of those playlists.", "question": "What is the probability that the first song in the next hour is Josh's favorite song?", "options": {"A": "0.025", "B": "0.075", "C": "0.375", "D": "0.475"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 603, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A.1.2.1", "question": "Which statement best describes a difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?", "options": {"A": "The presence of both DNA and ribosomes in prokaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than eukaryotic cells.", "B": "The larger size of prokaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than eukaryotic cells.", "C": "The presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than prokaryotic cells.", "D": "The larger size of eukaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than prokaryotic cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 604, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A.1.2.2", "question": "Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly?", "options": {"A": "They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood.", "B": "They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation.", "C": "They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled.", "D": "They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 605, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A.3.2.1", "question": "Which statement best compares the energy transformations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?", "options": {"A": "Only photosynthesis uses oxygen to create energy.", "B": "Only photosynthesis causes an increase in kinetic energy.", "C": "Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both store energy in chemical bonds.", "D": "Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both require chemical energy to make food."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 606, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A.2.2.3", "question": "Which type of organic molecule was most likely formed by the scientist in the laboratory?", "options": {"A": "lipid", "B": "protein", "C": "nucleic acid", "D": "carbohydrate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 607, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "B.1.1.2", "question": "Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis?", "options": {"A": "Meiosis is a multi-step process.", "B": "Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells.", "C": "Meiosis is used in the repair of an organism.", "D": "Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 608, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "B.2.1.1", "question": "A scientist observes that a certain trait is determined by a single allele. An organism inherited one version of the trait from one parent and another version from the other parent. Both versions of the trait are expressed in the phenotype of the offspring. Which pattern of inheritance best classifies the observed trait?", "options": {"A": "dominance", "B": "sex-linkage", "C": "co-dominance", "D": "incomplete dominance"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 609, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "B.2.2.1", "question": "The bacterium *Acetobacter aceti* is found in acidic environments and has an acidic cytoplasm. For this reason, most of its proteins are able to function in acidic conditions. This property distinguishes *Acetobacter aceti* proteins from those of most other organisms. Which characteristic does *Acetobacter aceti* most likely share with other organisms?", "options": {"A": "the method that the organism uses to reproduce itself", "B": "the physical and chemical responses to environmental changes", "C": "the type of organelle used to produce energy for cellular functions", "D": "the process used to form proteins by transcription and translation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 610, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "B.2.3.1", "question": "A mutation occurs at the midpoint of a gene, altering all amino acids encoded after the point of mutation. Which mutation could have produced this change?", "options": {"A": "deletion of two nucleotides", "B": "deletion of three nucleotides", "C": "insertion of six nucleotides", "D": "insertion of twelve nucleotides"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 611, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "B.3.1.1", "question": "The frequency of an allele in a fly population changes from 89% to 20% after three generations. Which other events most likely occurred during the same time period?", "options": {"A": "an environmental change and a fly population increase", "B": "an environmental change and a fly population decrease", "C": "interbreeding of flies with an invasive species and fly population speciation", "D": "interbreeding of flies with an established local species and fly population speciation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 612, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "A researcher observing an ecosystem describes the amount of sunlight, precipitation, and type of soil present. Which factors is the researcher most likely describing?", "options": {"A": "biotic factors in a forest", "B": "biotic factors in a tundra", "C": "abiotic factors in a prairie", "D": "abiotic factors in an ocean"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 613, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "B.4.2.1", "question": "Scientists observed that the populations of top-level consumers in a particular ecosystem were rapidly decreasing. Further studies revealed that there was also a decline in producer productivity. Which other changes did the scientists most likely observe in the ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "increased producer diversity", "B": "decreased population size at all levels", "C": "decreased primary consumer populations only", "D": "increased primary and secondary consumer diversity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 614, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement describes the formation of a protein molecule?", "options": {"A": "Amino acids combine to form a protein chain.", "B": "Fatty acid monomers dissolve to form a protein chain.", "C": "Fatty acid monomers combine to form a protein chain.", "D": "Amino acids dissolve monomers to form a protein chain."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 615, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme involved in the reaction of carbon dioxide with water to form a molecule that dissolves well in the liquid part of blood. How does carbonic anhydrase affect this reaction?", "options": {"A": "by making the reaction reversible", "B": "by changing chemical products of the reaction", "C": "by increasing the time needed for the reaction to occur", "D": "by decreasing the amount of energy needed to complete the reaction"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 616, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Use the list below to answer question 9.\n\n1. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis both involve water.\n2. Cellular respiration uses sugar, and photosynthesis produces sugar.\n3. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis both use light to produce energy.\n4. Cellular respiration requires light energy, and photosynthesis requires chemical energy.", "question": "Which two statements correctly describe one similarity and one difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?", "options": {"A": "statements 1 and 2", "B": "statements 1 and 4", "C": "statements 2 and 3", "D": "statements 3 and 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 617, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Use the list below to answer question 10.\n\n### Functions of a Cell Structure\n\n- allows waste to exit the cell\n- allows chemicals required for cellular respiration to enter the cell\n- regulates movement of water into and out of the cell\n\n10. The functions of which cell structure are described in this list?", "question": "The functions of which cell structure are described in this list?", "options": {"A": "a lysosome", "B": "a mitochondrion", "C": "the plasma membrane", "D": "the endoplasmic reticulum"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 618, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A jackrabbit has large ears containing blood vessels that help it maintain a constant body temperature by adjusting heat exchange with the surrounding environment. Which characteristic of life is best described by this example?", "options": {"A": "growth", "B": "energy use", "C": "organization", "D": "homeostasis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 619, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the relationship between an allele and a gene?", "options": {"A": "An allele is a variation of a gene that can be expressed as a phenotype.", "B": "An allele is the part of a gene that attaches to messenger RNA molecules.", "C": "An allele is a segment of a DNA molecule that controls replication of a gene.", "D": "An allele is the primary protein made by a gene found in a developing embryo."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 620, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "A trait in cows is determined by two alleles of a single gene: allele R is dominant, and allele r is recessive. What is the probability of the dominant trait being expressed in the offspring of one RR parent and one rr parent?", "options": {"A": "25%", "B": "50%", "C": "75%", "D": "100%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 621, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which form of genetic engineering was used by humans for many years before the discovery of DNA?", "options": {"A": "gene splicing", "B": "gene insertion", "C": "animal cloning", "D": "selective breeding"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 622, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Overuse of antibiotics has caused antibiotic resistance in some bacteria in a population. Which statement describes the most likely impact of natural selection on the bacterial population?", "options": {"A": "Beneficial mutations have decreased, resulting in a larger population than normal.", "B": "Only the genes for antibiotic resistance are now expressed, eliminating other genes.", "C": "More antibiotic-resistant bacteria have survived, resulting in more offspring with this trait.", "D": "The bacteria have become genetically isolated, resulting in decreased reproductive rates."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 623, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement is a hypothesis?", "options": {"A": "The presence of an enzyme increased the reaction rate.", "B": "The reaction rate increased 100% once the enzyme was introduced.", "C": "Introducing an enzyme into a reaction did not increase the rate of the reaction.", "D": "When an enzyme is introduced into a reaction the reaction rate will increase by 100%."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 624, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "A student studying the biosphere makes a list of biotic and abiotic characteristics of various biomes. Which characteristic is considered a biotic factor?", "options": {"A": "dry, sandy, nutrient-poor soil in a desert", "B": "less than 25 cm of precipitation in a desert", "C": "evergreen trees present in a coniferous forest", "D": "temperature range of $-40$ to $40^\\circ\\text{C}$ in a grassland"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 625, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which example describes a mutualistic relationship between organisms?", "options": {"A": "Young wasps prey on caterpillars.", "B": "Crabs eat the remains of dead fish.", "C": "Ants protect a tree on which they feed.", "D": "Tapeworms feed on food in the intestines of cats."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 626, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Most of the water on Earth is located in the oceans and has a salinity of about 3.5%. Which statement best explains why rain is fresh water and has a very low salinity?", "options": {"A": "When water precipitates from oceans, most of the salt remains in the oceans.", "B": "When water evaporates from oceans, most of the salt remains in the oceans.", "C": "When water precipitates from clouds, most of the salt remains in the clouds.", "D": "When water evaporates from clouds, most of the salt remains in the clouds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 627, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Why are nonnative species often considered a disturbance in an ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "They increase mutations.", "B": "They compete for resources.", "C": "They have special growth needs.", "D": "They cause increased biodiversity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 647, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes a relationship between enzymes and a simple biological reaction?", "options": {"A": "Enzymes will increase the amount of substrate formed during a biological reaction.", "B": "Enzymes will decrease the amount of substrate formed during a biological reaction.", "C": "A reaction rate can be increased when the specific enzyme for a biological reaction is present.", "D": "A reaction rate can be decreased when multiple enzymes for a biological reaction are present."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 648, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Microbes in the digestive system break down food, which allows nutrients to be absorbed by the body's cells.", "question": "How will these body cells most likely be affected if an individual suffers from a high fever?", "options": {"A": "The body cells will swell because an increase in temperature promotes greater water absorption.", "B": "The body cells will stop absorbing nutrients because the heat melts the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.", "C": "The body cells will shrivel because the heat eliminates the chemical gradients on either side of the plasma membrane.", "D": "The body cells will bring in fewer nutrient molecules because the transport proteins lose their proper shape due to the high temperature."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 649, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is most involved in providing structure for a plasma membrane?", "options": {"A": "the number of protein channels embedded in the membrane", "B": "the types of carbohydrates attached to proteins on the surface", "C": "the types of proteins that are attached to the surface of the membrane", "D": "the arrangement of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends of the phospholipids"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 650, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The shivering mechanism in bumblebees often serves the same purpose as it does in mammals.", "question": "During which condition will the action of shivering most help a bumblebee to maintain homeostasis?", "options": {"A": "decrease in available oxygen", "B": "low environmental temperature", "C": "uncontrolled rise in core temperature", "D": "depletion of oxygen in muscle tissues"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 651, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "## A New Type of Treatment Some human diseases involve the unregulated growth of cells. Although some patients are not affected by these growths, many are harmed. Cells in harmful growths divide uncontrollably and can eventually invade other cells, tissues, and organs of the body. Some patients carry a mutation on one or more growth-suppressor genes (GSGs). GSGs help to repair damage to DNA. This mutation decreases the individual's ability to fight these harmful growths. Recently, researchers reported on the results of using a combination of two types of medicine to treat patients with unregulated growths caused by a lack of functioning GSGs. ### Characteristics of Medicine X - large molecule - damages DNA ![Chemical structure of Medicine X, a large molecule containing a cyano group, a lactone ring, and a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a pyrimidine derivative.]()### Characteristics of Medicine Y - large molecule - decreases enzyme activity ![Chemical structure of Medicine Y, a large molecule containing a phenyl group attached to a pyridine derivative, which is attached to a hydroxyl group and a methyl group.]() When medicine X and medicine Y are used together, they cause the cell processes in the targeted cells to fail.", "question": "In order for medicine X to produce the effects that the researchers observed, it must have entered into which part of the targeted cells?", "options": {"A": "nucleus", "B": "ribosomes", "C": "Golgi apparatus", "D": "rough endoplasmic reticulum"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 652, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "## A New Type of Treatment Some human diseases involve the unregulated growth of cells. Although some patients are not affected by these growths, many are harmed. Cells in harmful growths divide uncontrollably and can eventually invade other cells, tissues, and organs of the body. Some patients carry a mutation on one or more growth-suppressor genes (GSGs). GSGs help to repair damage to DNA. This mutation decreases the individual's ability to fight these harmful growths. Recently, researchers reported on the results of using a combination of two types of medicine to treat patients with unregulated growths caused by a lack of functioning GSGs. ### Characteristics of Medicine X - large molecule - damages DNA ![Chemical structure of Medicine X, a large molecule containing a cyano group, a lactone ring, and a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a pyrimidine derivative.]()### Characteristics of Medicine Y - large molecule - decreases enzyme activity ![Chemical structure of Medicine Y, a large molecule containing a phenyl group attached to a pyridine derivative, which is attached to a hydroxyl group and a methyl group.]() When medicine X and medicine Y are used together, they cause the cell processes in the targeted cells to fail.", "question": "Given the properties of the medicine Y molecule, which mechanism is most likely responsible for medicine Y's entry into cells?", "options": {"A": "osmosis", "B": "exocytosis", "C": "active transport", "D": "simple diffusion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 653, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which activity would a cell be unable to perform if a mutation occurred that caused the Golgi apparatus to stop functioning?", "options": {"A": "packaging proteins for transport out of the cell", "B": "processing mRNA as it is transcribed from DNA strands", "C": "providing the location for the delivery of amino acids by tRNA", "D": "producing a template to guide the sequencing of amino acid chains"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 654, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement describes how cloning is different from selective breeding?", "options": {"A": "Cloning eliminates recessive alleles from a genome.", "B": "Cloning transforms harmful traits into beneficial traits.", "C": "Cloning corrects or replaces mutated gene sequences.", "D": "Cloning results in offspring genetically identical to the parents."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 655, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A student listed characteristics of a classroom aquarium ecosystem.", "question": "Which characteristic is a biotic component of the aquarium ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "The water temperature is \\(23^{\\circ}C\\)", "B": "The pH of the water is usually between 6.5 and 6.8.", "C": "The ammonia is controlled with a filter that uses two types of bacteria.", "D": "The lighting is supplied by natural sunlight and a fluorescent light bulb."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 656, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is essential to proper functioning of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?", "options": {"A": "\\(O_{2}\\)", "B": "\\(CO_2\\)", "C": "ATP", "D": "NaCl"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 657, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best compares eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?", "options": {"A": "Eukaryotic cells are smaller than prokaryotic cells.", "B": "Prokaryotic cells are more complex than eukaryotic cells.", "C": "Prokaryotic cells contain a distinct central organelle, and eukaryotic cells do not.", "D": "Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 658, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Lungs and capillaries both have porous linings that allow certain substances to move into or out of the structures. Which function do these porous linings most likely serve in living organisms?", "options": {"A": "heat release", "B": "gas exchange", "C": "carbohydrate absorption", "D": "osmotic pressure regulation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 659, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which property of water is most responsible for plants being able to transport water from their roots to their leaves?", "options": {"A": "the attraction between molecules", "B": "a capacity to dissolve many substances", "C": "the ability to form a low-density crystalline structure when frozen", "D": "a capacity to absorb large amounts of energy as temperature increases"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 660, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "The element carbon has multiple bonding patterns. Which bonding pattern cannot be formed by carbon?", "options": {"A": "C—C", "B": "C—C—C", "C": "C=C=C", "D": "C=C=C"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 661, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which process best describes the assembly of proteins from amino acids?", "options": {"A": "Atoms are linked to form a compound.", "B": "Monomers are linked to form a polymer.", "C": "Atoms are added to a monomer until it becomes a polymer.", "D": "Molecules are added to a compound until it becomes a monomer."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 662, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best compares a carbohydrate and a nucleic acid?", "options": {"A": "The sequence of monomers in a carbohydrate stores genetic information, and the bonds in a nucleic acid store energy.", "B": "The bonds in a carbohydrate store energy, and the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid stores genetic information.", "C": "A carbohydrate has a unique structure to assist diffusion across a plasma membrane, and a nucleic acid has a unique structure to assist chemical reactions.", "D": "A carbohydrate has a unique structure to assist chemical reactions, and a nucleic acid has a unique structure to assist diffusion across a plasma membrane."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 663, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Each cell in the human body contains thousands of different enzymes responsible for regulating reactions within the cell. Which statement explains why a single enzyme is unable to regulate a variety of reactions?", "options": {"A": "The binding of a product and an enzyme is specific.", "B": "The binding of a substrate and an enzyme is specific.", "C": "The enzyme is consumed by the products of the reactions.", "D": "The enzyme is consumed by the substrates of the reactions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 664, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes a function of the proteins embedded in the plasma membrane of cells?", "options": {"A": "They provide instructions for the processes in the cell.", "B": "They selectively allow certain particles into and out of the cell.", "C": "They attract charges in the cell's environment to give the cell a net charge.", "D": "They store the energy required by the rest of the membrane to perform its functions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 665, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "How does a mitochondrion facilitate the movement of some materials between cells?", "options": {"A": "It supplies the energy needed for moving molecules through membranes.", "B": "It manufactures the proteins needed to form channels in cell membranes.", "C": "It supplies digestive substances that break large molecules into smaller units.", "D": "It produces fibers that attach to molecules and move them through the cytoplasm."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 666, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Use the list below to answer the question. #### Cell Observation - chromatin has condensed into visible chromosomes - nuclear envelope has disappeared - nucleolus is no longer visible", "question": "A student looking through a microscope records observations about a cell. Which stage of the cell cycle has the student described?", "options": {"A": "prophase", "B": "anaphase", "C": "interphase", "D": "telophase"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 667, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Before cellular division, the cell must duplicate its DNA so that daughter cells will contain complete copies of the DNA. Which characteristic of DNA makes it most suitable as a molecule for this role?", "options": {"A": "DNA is located in the nucleus.", "B": "DNA is a large macromolecule.", "C": "DNA is made of repeating sugar-phosphate subunits.", "D": "DNA is made of two strands of complementary nucleotides."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 668, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best explains how organisms accomplish passing on traits to their offspring?", "options": {"A": "Traits are acquired when parents care for their offspring.", "B": "Offspring inherit traits when DNA is replicated during mitosis.", "C": "Traits are inherited by the transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring.", "D": "Offspring acquire traits when cells become specialized for certain functions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 669, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "During a cell division cycle, chromosome segments from two homologous chromosomes exchange places. Which result is most likely to occur following this cycle?", "options": {"A": "Genetic material will be lost.", "B": "The number of chromosomes will increase.", "C": "The total number of genes in the cell will decrease.", "D": "A change in gene location will occur on both chromosomes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 670, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes how organisms use DNA and amino acids to synthesize a protein?", "options": {"A": "DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated by the ribosome to produce an amino acid chain.", "B": "DNA is translated into mRNA, which is transcribed by the ribosome to produce an amino acid chain.", "C": "Amino acids are transcribed into mRNA, which is translated in the nucleus to produce a molecule of DNA.", "D": "Amino acids are translated into mRNA, which is transcribed in the nucleus to produce a molecule of DNA."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 671, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Two closely related shrimp species have habitats and niches that partially overlap. Which factor most likely caused the divergence of the shrimp into separate species?", "options": {"A": "reproductive isolation", "B": "reduction of food supply", "C": "a series of rapid mutations", "D": "large initial population size"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 672, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which sequence best orders ecological categories from the one with the fewest number of individuals to the one with the greatest number of individuals?", "options": {"A": "ecosystem, population, community, biome", "B": "population, community, ecosystem, biome", "C": "biome, population, community, ecosystem", "D": "community, biome, population, ecosystem"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 673, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Orchids living in tropical rainforests often grow on the branches of trees to access sunlight. The trees are not affected by the orchids. Which term best classifies the relationship between the orchids and the trees?", "options": {"A": "predation", "B": "parasitism", "C": "competition", "D": "commensalism"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 674, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Directions: Use the information presented on page 62 to answer questions 12 and 13.\n\n## Horizontal Gene Transfer\n\nGenes are passed from parent to offspring through a process called vertical gene transfer (VGT). In contrast, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can transfer genes across species. HGT most commonly occurs between prokaryotes because their DNA is not in a protective nucleus. This allows genetic material to more easily be exchanged. However, there is evidence of HGT and the exchange of genetic material between bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals.\n\nHGT can help to explain how some bacteria species acquire antibiotic resistance from another species and the method by which some insects have acquired the ability to digest certain foods because they can produce enzymes that are typically only observed in bacteria. Another example is the genetic material known as BovB, which was first observed in cows and is present in many animals such as opossums, horses, silkworms, and zebra fish. VGT could not explain BovB's presence in such distantly related animals that do not share habitats or interbreed. Researchers think that organisms such as ticks and flatworms may be one of the links between all the organisms that have BovB. When the ticks and flatworms obtain nutrients from their hosts, they can transfer some of their genetic material to the host, which can then become incorporated into the host's genome.\n\nOne of the most researched instances of HGT is between a fungus and the pea aphid. Pea aphids are small insects that can appear green or red depending on the presence of certain chemicals called carotenoids in their bodies. The color of pea aphid populations can change in response to certain environmental threats. Red aphids are more susceptible to ladybird beetle predation, and green aphids are more susceptible to parasitic wasps. It was previously thought that fungi, plants, and bacteria were the only organisms to have genes that encode for carotenoids and that animals with carotenoids acquired them only from their diet. However, scientists observed a gene for the carotenoids in the pea aphid genome. The pea aphid carotenoid gene is more similar to the genes in a fungus than to the genes in the plants they consume. Scientists think that at some point millions of years ago HGT occurred between the fungi and the pea aphids.", "question": "HGT can occur naturally in the wild but can also be accomplished in a laboratory setting. Which laboratory procedure most closely resembles the process of HGT?", "options": {"A": "inserting DNA from a bacterium into a corn plant", "B": "selectively breeding corn plants for desired traits", "C": "using radiation to induce genetic mutations in bacteria", "D": "cloning a bacterium to produce an identical strain of cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 675, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Directions: Use the information presented on page 62 to answer questions 12 and 13.\n\n## Horizontal Gene Transfer\n\nGenes are passed from parent to offspring through a process called vertical gene transfer (VGT). In contrast, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can transfer genes across species. HGT most commonly occurs between prokaryotes because their DNA is not in a protective nucleus. This allows genetic material to more easily be exchanged. However, there is evidence of HGT and the exchange of genetic material between bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals.\n\nHGT can help to explain how some bacteria species acquire antibiotic resistance from another species and the method by which some insects have acquired the ability to digest certain foods because they can produce enzymes that are typically only observed in bacteria. Another example is the genetic material known as BovB, which was first observed in cows and is present in many animals such as opossums, horses, silkworms, and zebra fish. VGT could not explain BovB's presence in such distantly related animals that do not share habitats or interbreed. Researchers think that organisms such as ticks and flatworms may be one of the links between all the organisms that have BovB. When the ticks and flatworms obtain nutrients from their hosts, they can transfer some of their genetic material to the host, which can then become incorporated into the host's genome.\n\nOne of the most researched instances of HGT is between a fungus and the pea aphid. Pea aphids are small insects that can appear green or red depending on the presence of certain chemicals called carotenoids in their bodies. The color of pea aphid populations can change in response to certain environmental threats. Red aphids are more susceptible to ladybird beetle predation, and green aphids are more susceptible to parasitic wasps. It was previously thought that fungi, plants, and bacteria were the only organisms to have genes that encode for carotenoids and that animals with carotenoids acquired them only from their diet. However, scientists observed a gene for the carotenoids in the pea aphid genome. The pea aphid carotenoid gene is more similar to the genes in a fungus than to the genes in the plants they consume. Scientists think that at some point millions of years ago HGT occurred between the fungi and the pea aphids.", "question": "Which statement best explains why the carotenoid gene has been present in pea aphids for millions of years?", "options": {"A": "Environmental selection pressures prevented the carotenoid gene from mutating in the pea aphids.", "B": "The HGT process introduced a benefit for survival and led to greater reproductive success in pea aphids with the carotenoid gene.", "C": "Because genes acquired by HGT are less susceptible to selection pressures, the carotenoid gene remained in the pea aphid genome.", "D": "The carotenoid gene had a long time to evolve before being introduced into the pea aphids, which led to a stable gene that can be successfully inherited."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 676, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which characteristic is shared by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?", "options": {"A": "have organ systems", "B": "make their own food", "C": "contain genetic material", "D": "need oxygen gas to breathe"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 677, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Carbon can combine with many different elements but frequently combines with oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen to form organic molecules. Which statement best explains why carbon is able to form a large number of different molecules?", "options": {"A": "Carbon forms only ionic bonds.", "B": "Carbon can form only ring structures.", "C": "Carbon can form four covalent bonds.", "D": "Carbon forms small, simple structures."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 678, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement correctly describes how a protein is formed?", "options": {"A": "A monosaccharide bonded to a side chain is broken apart.", "B": "Amino acids are bonded together in a long chain to form a new molecule.", "C": "A molecule containing glycerol bonded to three fatty acids is broken apart.", "D": "A nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group combine to form a new molecule."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 679, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which action must occur for an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction?", "options": {"A": "A competitive inhibitor must first bind to an active site.", "B": "A substrate must bind to an active site of the enzyme.", "C": "A substrate must bind to an allosteric site of the enzyme.", "D": "A noncompetitive inhibitor must first bind to an active site."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 680, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down lipids in the digestive system of humans. It functions best at a pH range of 4.0 to 5.0. When a person takes an antacid tablet to relieve heartburn, the antacid increases the pH to around 7 in certain areas of the digestive system.", "question": "Which initial effect would most likely be caused by a change in pH?", "options": {"A": "More lipids would be digested.", "B": "Fewer lipids would be digested.", "C": "The production of lipase molecules would increase.", "D": "The production of lipase molecules would decrease."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 681, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A cell in the leaf of a green plant performs both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, often at the same time.", "question": "Which statement best describes how these processes are related to each other?", "options": {"A": "Both processes produce carbon dioxide.", "B": "Both processes require energy directly from the Sun.", "C": "Products of one process are used as some of the reactants for the other process.", "D": "Thermal energy from one process is used as the energy source for the other process."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 682, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A scientist observed that during the course of a chemical reaction the number of ATP molecules was reduced.", "question": "What did the scientist most likely learn from the observation?", "options": {"A": "The reaction produced water.", "B": "The reaction consumed water.", "C": "The reaction caused an output of energy.", "D": "The reaction required an input of energy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 683, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes how channel and carrier proteins in the plasma membrane are similar?", "options": {"A": "Both allow for the flow of molecules into and out of a cell.", "B": "Both directly connect the membrane to the nucleus of a cell.", "C": "Both use energy to continuously move water molecules out of a cell.", "D": "Both cause the phospholipid bilayer to form a rigid membrane for a cell."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 684, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "At a point in the cell cycle, chromosomes have aligned near the middle of a cell.", "question": "Which sequence of events will the cell need to complete to produce two identical daughter cells?", "options": {"A": "anaphase \\(\\rightarrow\\) telophase \\(\\rightarrow\\) cytokinesis", "B": "anaphase II \\(\\rightarrow\\) telophase II \\(\\rightarrow\\) cytokinesis II", "C": "prophase \\(\\rightarrow\\) metaphase \\(\\rightarrow\\) anaphase", "D": "metaphase II \\(\\rightarrow\\) anaphase II \\(\\rightarrow\\) telophase II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 685, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the outcomes of both meiosis and mitosis?", "options": {"A": "Cell division results in daughter cells that contain DNA.", "B": "Each daughter cell has two complete sets of chromosomes.", "C": "Within a cell, two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of genetic material.", "D": "Genetically identical daughter cells are produced that can function as body cells or sex cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 686, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "In order to study genetic mutations, scientists must study genetic material. Which statement describes the genetic material scientists are most likely studying?", "options": {"A": "They study alleles that contain chromosomes, which are RNA.", "B": "They study alleles that contain genes, which are chromosomes.", "C": "They study chromosomes that contain DNA segments, which are RNA.", "D": "They study chromosomes that contain genes, which are DNA segments."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 687, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "An inversion occurs along part of a chromosome. How does the inversion most likely affect the region in which it occurs?", "options": {"A": "Recessive alleles in the region become dominant alleles.", "B": "The information in the region is read differently during transcription.", "C": "The coding sequence in the region disappears entirely from the cell.", "D": "Multiple frameshift errors in the region are triggered after translation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 688, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes how geographic isolation can contribute to land animal speciation?", "options": {"A": "Geographic isolation physically separates populations but allows them to interact.", "B": "Geographic isolation physically separates populations and prevents them from interacting.", "C": "Geographic isolation causes genetic changes in individual organisms but allows them to interact.", "D": "Geographic isolation causes genetic changes in individual organisms and prevents them from interacting."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 689, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which condition would most likely result in an increase in the phenotypic variation within a population?", "options": {"A": "The variety of food available in the habitat decreases.", "B": "A mutation leads to individuals with genetic differences.", "C": "Competition is reduced for all individuals during the winter.", "D": "Climate remains unchanged in the population's ecosystem."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 690, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Many scientists have concluded that whales and dolphins have a more recent common ancestor than do whales and sharks. Which characteristic most likely allowed scientists to make this conclusion?", "options": {"A": "species niche", "B": "predation behavior", "C": "anatomical structure", "D": "geographical distribution"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 691, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which set of ecological organization levels is most likely to contain the largest variety of species?", "options": {"A": "multiple biomes in a biosphere", "B": "multiple ecosystems in a biome", "C": "multiple individuals in a population", "D": "multiple populations in a community"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 692, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Tadpoles grown in ponds with high densities of tadpoles have lower survival and growth rates than tadpoles grown in ponds with lower densities of tadpoles.", "question": "Which interaction between tadpoles grown in high-tadpole-density ponds would most likely cause the decreased survival and growth rates?", "options": {"A": "symbiosis", "B": "mutualism", "C": "competition", "D": "commensalism"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 693, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Ash from a volcanic eruption decreases the amount of available solar energy for a region.", "question": "Which statement describes how a decrease in available sunlight will most likely affect ecosystems of this region?", "options": {"A": "Producer populations will decrease, causing a decrease in consumer populations.", "B": "Producer populations will decrease, causing an increase in consumer populations.", "C": "Decomposer populations will increase, causing a decrease in consumer populations.", "D": "Decomposer populations will increase, causing an increase in consumer populations."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 694, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?", "options": {"A": "contain genetic material", "B": "contain membrane-bound organelles", "C": "use the same method of reproduction", "D": "use the same method of obtaining nutrition"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 695, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which conclusion is best supported by the presence of ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?", "options": {"A": "Ribosomes have different functions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.", "B": "Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes store energy to power life functions.", "C": "Ribosomes developed independently inside prokaryotes and eukaryotes.", "D": "Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes make proteins to perform life functions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 696, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes how amino acids become polymers?", "options": {"A": "Water is added as amino acids link to form proteins.", "B": "Water is released as amino acids break apart to form proteins.", "C": "Peptide bonds link amino acids together as proteins form.", "D": "Peptide bonds break between amino acids as proteins form."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 697, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "DNA replication in a eukaryotic cell occurs in the presence of the enzyme DNA polymerase.", "question": "Which effect is most likely caused by a pH change in the cell nucleus?", "options": {"A": "The rate of DNA replication will decrease.", "B": "The energy required to initiate DNA replication will decrease.", "C": "DNA replication will occur in the absence of certain nucleic acids.", "D": "DNA replication will move to the cytoplasm and be completed by other enzymes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 698, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the role of ATP in a living system?", "options": {"A": "ATP senses and adjusts the pH in the cellular environment.", "B": "ATP identifies and repairs weak components of cells and tissues.", "C": "ATP measures and provides heat to increase reaction rates in cells.", "D": "ATP captures and transfers energy released by the breakdown of glucose."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 699, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "An organism carries out both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.", "question": "Which statement describes a difference between these two processes?", "options": {"A": "Only cellular respiration creates chemical energy.", "B": "The processes occur in different types of animal cells.", "C": "Only photosynthesis changes light energy into chemical energy.", "D": "The processes occur at different times during the animal's life cycle."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 700, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes both mitochondria and chloroplasts?", "options": {"A": "They both contain their own RNA and are involved in transcription.", "B": "They both contain their own DNA and are involved in energy conversions.", "C": "They both contain their own DNA and are involved in controlling the activities of a cell.", "D": "They both contain their own RNA and are involved in storage of nuclear genetic material."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 701, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A molecule is produced within a ribosome in a cell.", "question": "What most likely happens to the newly formed molecule once it is inside the Golgi apparatus of the cell?", "options": {"A": "It will be used to form new genetic material.", "B": "It will be stored for the cell's future energy needs.", "C": "It will be modified before it is packaged for transport.", "D": "It will be broken down so its components can be reused."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 702, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "In the human body, the steroid aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands to help regulate sodium and potassium levels. This regulation helps control blood pressure and the balance of fluids in blood.", "question": "Which statement best describes this process of regulation within the body?", "options": {"A": "It is a feedback system that maintains homeostasis.", "B": "It is a response that is only a result of medical intervention.", "C": "It is a response by the body that is used only in extreme situations.", "D": "It is a feedback system that moves the body further from equilibrium."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 703, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best explains why most biological macromolecules contain carbon?", "options": {"A": "The long chains formed by carbon can be combusted with oxygen as a source of energy.", "B": "Carbon exists across the universe and is produced in the interior of stars during their life cycles.", "C": "Carbon can share electrons with up to four different atoms and form three types of bonding patterns.", "D": "The chemical and physical characteristics of carbon-containing molecules change as they move through the carbon cycle."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 704, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which event describes cellular activities that would be observed during cytokinesis in an animal cell?", "options": {"A": "The cytoplasm of the parent cell divides following the division of the nucleus.", "B": "The chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle in their most tightly condensed form.", "C": "The DNA and proteins condense and the centrioles move toward the opposite ends of the cell to form a spindle.", "D": "The spindle fibers, attached to the two sister chromatids of each chromosome, contract and separate as the chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 705, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "A scientist wants to make a change to a genetic code that will lead to the removal of one amino acid from the sequence of a protein. Which genetic material should the scientist remove?", "options": {"A": "three genes", "B": "three alleles", "C": "three nucleotides", "D": "three chromosomes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 706, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "A specific genetic disorder is caused by nondisjunction. Which statement describes how the genetic disorder occurs?", "options": {"A": "A problem with RNA replication leads to gametes with extra chromosomes.", "B": "A problem with chromosome separation leads to gametes with damaged chromosomes.", "C": "Incomplete DNA replication leads to gametes with half the usual number of chromosomes.", "D": "Incomplete chromosome separation leads to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 707, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which sequence of events correctly describes the process of protein synthesis?", "options": {"A": "DNA \\(\\rightarrow\\) transcription \\(\\rightarrow\\) mRNA \\(\\rightarrow\\) translation \\(\\rightarrow\\) proteins produced", "B": "DNA \\(\\rightarrow\\) translation \\(\\rightarrow\\) mRNA \\(\\rightarrow\\) transcription \\(\\rightarrow\\) proteins produced", "C": "mRNA \\(\\rightarrow\\) transcription \\(\\rightarrow\\) polypeptides form \\(\\rightarrow\\) translation \\(\\rightarrow\\) proteins produced", "D": "mRNA \\(\\rightarrow\\) translation \\(\\rightarrow\\) polypeptides form \\(\\rightarrow\\) transcription \\(\\rightarrow\\) proteins produced"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 708, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "A mutation present in a parent's genetic code impacts offspring. Which statement most likely describes the mutation?", "options": {"A": "The mutation can be recognized and repaired by enzymes.", "B": "The mutation is observed in the somatic cells of the parent.", "C": "The mutation changes a base without changing an amino acid.", "D": "The mutation alters the function of the protein made by the gene."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 709, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Scientific Evidence\n\n1. Some genes from the bacterium E. coli have sequences that are similar to genes found in humans.\n2. In the 1940s, infections by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be treated successfully with penicillin. Today, populations exist that are completely resistant to natural penicillin.\n3. Whales have tiny bones inside the rear portion of their bodies that are very similar to the bones found in vertebrate legs.\n4. Human embryos have gill slits similar to those observed in fish embryos.", "question": "How did the scientists most likely use these pieces of evidence?", "options": {"A": "to support the cell theory", "B": "to support the theory of evolution", "C": "to explain the process of DNA replication", "D": "to explain the process of genetic mutations"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 710, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A scientist determined that the average air temperature in an area increased during an observed period of time. The area included several small ponds.", "question": "Which change to the water cycle most likely occurred in the area during the observed period of time?", "options": {"A": "runoff decreased", "B": "evaporation increased", "C": "precipitation decreased", "D": "condensation increased"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 711, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "A student made an observation about a plant. Which statement is an observation that the student most likely made?", "options": {"A": "Plants benefit from tilting their leaves toward the Sun.", "B": "At 10 A.M. the plant's leaves were tilted toward the Sun.", "C": "Plants that do not tilt their leaves toward the Sun will not survive.", "D": "The tilting of plant leaves toward the Sun evolved over a long period of time."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 712, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Oak treehoppers are parasites of trees. Which statement describes the relationship between an oak treehopper and a tree?", "options": {"A": "Both the oak treehopper and the tree are harmed by one another.", "B": "The oak treehopper benefits from the tree, while the tree is unaffected.", "C": "The tree benefits from the oak treehopper, while the oak treehopper is unaffected.", "D": "The oak treehopper benefits from the tree, while the tree is harmed by the oak treehopper."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 713, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Some scientists believe that a gradual but steady atmospheric warming has led to changes in the reproductive rates of several moth and butterfly species in a region. These species are producing multiple generations in one year, rather than the single generation per year they have historically produced.", "question": "Which statement describes the most likely impact of the additional generations on the ecosystem in this region?", "options": {"A": "Insects will have less ability to develop genetic resistance to insecticides.", "B": "Insect predator populations will increase due to increased availability of prey.", "C": "Plants pollinated by insects will have less of a chance of producing offspring.", "D": "Plant and animal diversity will increase as more insects are produced each year."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 714, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Photosynthesis is a process that helps cycle matter through the environment. Which statement best explains the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle?", "options": {"A": "Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air, and carbohydrates are produced.", "B": "Carbon dioxide is released into the air, and carbohydrates are broken down.", "C": "Carbon and nitrogen are absorbed into the soil, and carbohydrates are produced.", "D": "Carbon and nitrogen are released from the soil, and carbohydrates are broken down."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 715, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Some prokaryotic bacteria and certain eukaryotic microorganisms can survive in extremely salty environments.", "question": "Which characteristic do these organisms most likely have in common?", "options": {"A": "the presence of a nervous system", "B": "the ability to maintain homeostasis", "C": "the ability to perform photosynthesis", "D": "the presence of a nuclear membrane"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 716, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best compares the plasma membrane in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?", "options": {"A": "The plasma membrane is a single layer of lipids in prokaryotes, but it is a bilayer in eukaryotes.", "B": "The plasma membrane in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes separates the cell from the external environment.", "C": "The plasma membrane is lined with ribosomes in prokaryotes, but it is lined with lipids in eukaryotes.", "D": "The plasma membrane in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contains chloroplasts for starch storage."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 717, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Student's Claim: Carbohydrates are complex compounds made of monosaccharides that function as data-storage molecules.", "question": "Which statement best explains whether the student's claim is correct?", "options": {"A": "The student's claim is correct because carbohydrates form DNA.", "B": "The student's claim is correct because all complex molecules store data.", "C": "The student's claim is incorrect because carbohydrates are simple compounds, not complex ones.", "D": "The student's claim is incorrect because nucleic acids, not carbohydrates, are the data-storage molecules."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 719, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Muscle cells have a comparatively large number of mitochondria.", "question": "Which action does this characteristic allow muscle cells to accomplish?", "options": {"A": "rapidly release chemical energy for use", "B": "rapidly convert carbohydrates into lipids", "C": "reduce oxygen demand when releasing stored energy", "D": "reduce carbon dioxide production when releasing stored energy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 720, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus within the cell?", "options": {"A": "It is the site where glucose is oxidized to produce energy.", "B": "It is the site where lipids and proteins are translated and folded.", "C": "It is the site where DNA and RNA are stored, maintained, and controlled.", "D": "It is the site where proteins are sorted, packaged, processed, and modified."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 721, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which reaction helps maintain homeostasis when the body becomes dehydrated?", "options": {"A": "The skin starts to sweat.", "B": "The muscles contract rapidly.", "C": "The lungs exhale more frequently.", "D": "The kidneys produce concentrated urine."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 722, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes how DNA replication results in the conservation of genetic information?", "options": {"A": "Enzymes associated with DNA replication are used over and over by the cell.", "B": "Each strand of DNA serves as a template for a new strand during DNA replication.", "C": "Nucleic acids linked to sugars twist in a specific pattern following DNA replication.", "D": "Random shuffling of DNA base pairs during DNA replication maintains the base pair ratios."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 723, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "An individual of a plant species shows a certain physical characteristic that requires two copies of the same allele to be expressed. Based on this information, how would the allele for the characteristic most likely be classified?", "options": {"A": "recessive", "B": "dominant", "C": "sex-linked", "D": "polygenic"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 724, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "What is one important result of chromosomal crossing-over during meiosis?", "options": {"A": "an increase in the likelihood of having gametes in offspring that are genetically the same as their parents", "B": "an increase in the amount of genetic variation within a population that can improve its ability to survive", "C": "a decrease in the number of chromosome pairs that can be passed from each parent to its offspring", "D": "a decrease in the frequency of genetic mutations and a limit to the diversity of traits within a species"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 725, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Antibiotics are medicines that slow the growth of disease-causing bacteria. One of the ways that antibiotics work is by interfering with the normal functioning of bacterial ribosomes. How does this interference reduce the rate of bacterial reproduction?", "options": {"A": "by preventing the bacterial cell from synthesizing essential proteins", "B": "by increasing the rate at which bacterial cells go through the cell cycle", "C": "by blocking the bacterial cell's access to nutrients from the host organism", "D": "by allowing harmful substances to enter the bacterial cell through its cell membrane"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 726, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Hummingbirds are the smallest warm-blooded animals on Earth. They get their name from the sound made by flapping their wings, which they can do 10 to 80 times per second. Hummingbirds are the only birds that can hover and fly backward. Nectar from flowers and small flying insects are their primary sources of food. Their nests are often preyed upon by larger birds, snakes, and mammals, while adult hummingbirds are prey to cats, larger birds, frogs, spiders, and praying mantises.\n\nHummingbirds have the highest metabolic rate of any vertebrate and the highest rate of energy consumption of any animal. Their hearts can beat 1,200 times per minute. Hummingbirds have to constantly eat due to their high energy requirements. Many hummingbirds go into torpor, a hibernation-like sleep, at night so they do not starve. During torpor, their heart rate drops to between 50 and 180 beats per minute.\n\nToday, hummingbirds live only in North and South America. The oldest hummingbird fossils that have been found are from southern Germany in Europe. The fossils are about 30 million years old. Based on fossil evidence, it is thought that hummingbirds diverged from a related group of small-sized birds that lived in Europe and Asia about 42 million years ago. About 22 million years ago, the common ancestor of hummingbirds migrated to North and South America. Today, there are 338 hummingbird species, which are divided into nine groups, based on differences in size, shape, habitat, and feeding method. Different hummingbird species utilize different niches. Bright-colored feathers, body decorations, courtship displays, and complex calls are evidence that sexual selection has played a part in hummingbird evolution. Hummingbirds are still developing into new species. One scientist hypothesizes that the number of hummingbird species could double in the next several million years.", "question": "Which factor would most likely contribute to the development of new hummingbird species?", "options": {"A": "having the ability to hover", "B": "having a common ancestor", "C": "having a high rate of metabolism", "D": "having different courtship displays"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 727, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Hummingbirds are the smallest warm-blooded animals on Earth. They get their name from the sound made by flapping their wings, which they can do 10 to 80 times per second. Hummingbirds are the only birds that can hover and fly backward. Nectar from flowers and small flying insects are their primary sources of food. Their nests are often preyed upon by larger birds, snakes, and mammals, while adult hummingbirds are prey to cats, larger birds, frogs, spiders, and praying mantises.\n\nHummingbirds have the highest metabolic rate of any vertebrate and the highest rate of energy consumption of any animal. Their hearts can beat 1,200 times per minute. Hummingbirds have to constantly eat due to their high energy requirements. Many hummingbirds go into torpor, a hibernation-like sleep, at night so they do not starve. During torpor, their heart rate drops to between 50 and 180 beats per minute.\n\nToday, hummingbirds live only in North and South America. The oldest hummingbird fossils that have been found are from southern Germany in Europe. The fossils are about 30 million years old. Based on fossil evidence, it is thought that hummingbirds diverged from a related group of small-sized birds that lived in Europe and Asia about 42 million years ago. About 22 million years ago, the common ancestor of hummingbirds migrated to North and South America. Today, there are 338 hummingbird species, which are divided into nine groups, based on differences in size, shape, habitat, and feeding method. Different hummingbird species utilize different niches. Bright-colored feathers, body decorations, courtship displays, and complex calls are evidence that sexual selection has played a part in hummingbird evolution. Hummingbirds are still developing into new species. One scientist hypothesizes that the number of hummingbird species could double in the next several million years.", "question": "Which food chain best describes how energy flows in an urban ecosystem that includes hummingbirds?", "options": {"A": "cats \\(\\rightarrow\\) hummingbirds \\(\\rightarrow\\) insects \\(\\rightarrow\\) plants", "B": "cats \\(\\rightarrow\\) insects \\(\\rightarrow\\) hummingbirds \\(\\rightarrow\\) plants", "C": "plants \\(\\rightarrow\\) insects \\(\\rightarrow\\) hummingbirds \\(\\rightarrow\\) cats", "D": "plants \\(\\rightarrow\\) cats \\(\\rightarrow\\) hummingbirds \\(\\rightarrow\\) insects"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 728, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Use the model below to answer the question.\n\nIncomplete Student Model\n\nDNA sequence → ? → ? → protein", "question": "A student develops a model to show how DNA and proteins are related. Which sequence correctly completes the model to show the protein synthesis process?", "options": {"A": "amino acid sequence \\(\\rightarrow\\) tRNA sequence \\(\\rightarrow\\) mRNA sequence", "B": "tRNA sequence \\(\\rightarrow\\) mRNA sequence \\(\\rightarrow\\) amino acid sequence", "C": "mRNA sequence \\(\\rightarrow\\) tRNA sequence \\(\\rightarrow\\) amino acid sequence", "D": "mRNA sequence \\(\\rightarrow\\) amino acid sequence \\(\\rightarrow\\) tRNA sequence"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 729, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Use the information below to answer the question.\n\nFight-or-Flight Response in a Rabbit\n\n1. A rabbit hears a noise perceived as dangerous.\n2. Neurons signal the brain that danger may be near.\n3. Signals from the brain cause chemical signals to be released through blood vessels.\n4. Cells in the heart receive the chemical signals.\n5. The rabbit's heart rate increases.", "question": "Which model correctly identifies the organization of an organ system and explains how organ systems interact when a rabbit perceives danger?", "options": {"A": "nervous system \\(\\rightarrow\\) brain \\(\\rightarrow\\) nerve tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) neurons The nervous system and circulatory system work together in response to danger.", "B": "circulatory system \\(\\rightarrow\\) heart \\(\\rightarrow\\) cardiac tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) myocardial cells The nervous system and circulatory system respond independently to danger.", "C": "nervous system \\(\\rightarrow\\) neurons \\(\\rightarrow\\) nerve tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) brain The nervous system and circulatory system respond independently to danger.", "D": "circulatory system \\(\\rightarrow\\) myocardial cells \\(\\rightarrow\\) cardiac tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) heart The nervous system and circulatory system work together in response to danger."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 730, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "A student claims that sugar molecules can be converted directly to proteins by the cell since proteins contain the same elements as sugar. Which statement best evaluates this claim?", "options": {"A": "The claim is incorrect because proteins contain nitrogen. Cells can use the elements in sugar but will need to combine them with other elements to form proteins.", "B": "The claim is incorrect because all proteins are enzymes, which are used to make sugar molecules.", "C": "The claim is correct because proteins help form DNA, and DNA synthesis uses energy from sugar molecules.", "D": "The claim is correct because proteins are made from only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are all parts of a sugar molecule."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 731, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Energy pyramids represent the flow of energy through organisms at different trophic levels in the same ecosystem. If the producers in a desert ecosystem receive 90,000 kilocalories (kcal) of energy from the Sun, about how much energy would be available to secondary consumers in this ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "90 kcal", "B": "900 kcal", "C": "9,000 kcal", "D": "900,000 kcal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 732, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Fragments are areas of a habitat that are separated from other areas of the same habitat. Corridors connect two or more fragments and allow individuals of a population to move between different fragments. Which statement best describes the relationship between a fragment and a population?", "question": "Fragments are areas of a habitat that are separated from other areas of the same habitat. Corridors connect two or more fragments and allow individuals of a population to move between different fragments. Which statement best describes the relationship between a fragment and a population?", "options": {"A": "A larger fragment with few corridors supports fewer individuals, increasing its population.", "B": "A smaller fragment with few corridors supports more individuals, increasing its population.", "C": "A larger fragment with many corridors supports more individuals, increasing its population.", "D": "A smaller fragment with many corridors supports fewer individuals, increasing its population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 733, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Some cats have a striped fur pattern. Scientists discovered that striped patterns in cat fur correspond to areas of thick and thin skin on the developing embryo. Which question could a student use to best discover how DNA coding affects this pattern?", "options": {"A": "Do cats with striped fur have smaller cells in areas of thin skin?", "B": "Does a striped cat's behavior have an effect on the thickness of its skin?", "C": "Do cats with striped fur have an allele that is absent from cats with solid fur patterns?", "D": "Does a striped cat have more genetic material in its cells than either of its parents do?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 734, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "In rabbits, the allele for brown fur is dominant and the allele for white fur is recessive. A rabbit that is homozygous dominant for brown fur mates with a rabbit that is heterozygous. What is the probability that any one offspring will have white fur?", "options": {"A": "0 percent", "B": "25 percent", "C": "50 percent", "D": "75 percent"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 735, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Rabbits, hares, and pikas are known to be related species, but their exact relatedness has been debated by scientists. Scientists have used molecular DNA evidence to propose two different cladograms that show the relationships between the species.\n\nWhich additional characteristic should be compared so scientists can better understand the common ancestry of these species?", "options": {"A": "their skull shapes", "B": "their fur colors", "C": "their habitats", "D": "their diets"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 736, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Many species of fish and other aquatic animals have darker coloration on their top side and lighter coloration on their underside. This phenomenon is called countershading, and it occurs in oceans and bodies of fresh water. Which statement best explains this phenomenon?", "options": {"A": "The common ancestor of all fish had this color pattern.", "B": "Sediment tends to fall onto the tops of aquatic animals, making them darker on top.", "C": "This color pattern provides camouflage and is favored by natural selection in many species.", "D": "The tops of aquatic animals receive more sunlight than the undersides do, so the tops become darker."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 737, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Scientists studied a plant species growing in two types of soil: soil polluted by heavy metals and unpolluted soil. They found some genetic variations that were more common in the plants living in polluted soil. Which statement best explains how the pollution impacted the genetic diversity within the plant species?", "options": {"A": "The pollution caused all individual plants to have the same genes.", "B": "The pollution affected which individual plants survive and successfully reproduce.", "C": "The pollution was absorbed by an individual plant's roots and transferred to its cells.", "D": "The pollution caused individual plants to choose a stronger gene variation to increase survival."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 738, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "### Managing Pennsylvania's Forests Forests cover about 60% of the land in Pennsylvania. These ecosystems protect drinking water, provide recreational opportunities, and are a source of lumber, which provides many jobs. Forest managers make decisions about when and how trees are cut, whether new trees are planted, and other actions that can have significant effects on the environment and on people's lives. Another function of forest ecosystems is carbon storage. As trees grow, they remove carbon from the air and store it in their tissues. However, about 40% of the carbon stored in a forest is contained in the upper layers of soil, and about 23% is stored in the layer of plant litter that lies on top of the soil. The remaining 37% is stored in the trees themselves. This type of carbon storage, called sequestration, can offset some of the carbon released into the atmosphere by human activities. There are many factors that affect how much carbon a forest sequesters (stores). Large mature trees store large amounts of carbon and provide habitat for wildlife; young trees absorb more carbon as they grow. A product made from wood continues to store carbon until it is burned or begins to decompose, so the ways that harvested trees are used can also affect the carbon cycle.Through the choices they make, Pennsylvania's forest managers affect not only carbon sequestration but also forest ecosystem health and the benefits that forests provide to residents and visitors.", "question": "Wild pigs are invasive animals that consume a wide variety of plants and small animals. What is the **most likely** result of recent increases in wild pig populations living in forests?", "options": {"A": "a decrease of carbon storage due to increased health of the forests' trees", "B": "decreased populations of native species due to consumption of their food sources", "C": "an increase of carbon storage due to increased health of the forests' trees", "D": "increased populations of native species due to consumption of their food sources"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 739, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "### Managing Pennsylvania's Forests Forests cover about 60% of the land in Pennsylvania. These ecosystems protect drinking water, provide recreational opportunities, and are a source of lumber, which provides many jobs. Forest managers make decisions about when and how trees are cut, whether new trees are planted, and other actions that can have significant effects on the environment and on people's lives. Another function of forest ecosystems is carbon storage. As trees grow, they remove carbon from the air and store it in their tissues. However, about 40% of the carbon stored in a forest is contained in the upper layers of soil, and about 23% is stored in the layer of plant litter that lies on top of the soil. The remaining 37% is stored in the trees themselves. This type of carbon storage, called sequestration, can offset some of the carbon released into the atmosphere by human activities. There are many factors that affect how much carbon a forest sequesters (stores). Large mature trees store large amounts of carbon and provide habitat for wildlife; young trees absorb more carbon as they grow. A product made from wood continues to store carbon until it is burned or begins to decompose, so the ways that harvested trees are used can also affect the carbon cycle.Through the choices they make, Pennsylvania's forest managers affect not only carbon sequestration but also forest ecosystem health and the benefits that forests provide to residents and visitors.", "question": "A forest manager proposes cutting down specific areas of an old-growth forest and planting young trees. The forest manager's goal is to reduce the total amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Which method of disposing of the old-growth trees will best help the forest manager meet this goal?", "options": {"A": "transforming the wood into paper products", "B": "allowing the wood to decompose for use as compost", "C": "using the wood to build furniture or other durable products", "D": "grinding up the wood into chips used for gardening and landscaping"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 740, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The Indian leaf butterfly has traits that allow it to resemble a leaf. The bright colors of the monarch butterfly indicate that the butterfly tastes bad and can be poisonous.", "options": {"F": "The Indian leaf butterfly is able to avoid predators while the monarch butterfly warns predators away.", "G": "The Indian leaf butterfly frightens predators away while the monarch butterfly poisons predators before they can eat it.", "H": "Both butterflies rely on camouflage to avoid predation.", "J": "Both butterflies cooperate with one another to avoid predation."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 741, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The female reproductive and endocrine systems work interactively for which main purpose?", "options": {"A": "To maintain homeostasis by removing waste products from the body", "B": "To release neurotransmitters during times of stress", "C": "To control hormone levels to prepare the body for pregnancy", "D": "To exchange gases to support cellular aerobic respiration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 742, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "In the 1880s, Louis Pasteur developed a method of weakening viruses. The weakened viruses could be injected into healthy individuals. How is this method effective in fighting viral diseases?", "options": {"A": "The immune system develops antibodies in response to the weakened viruses.", "B": "The weakened viruses attach to unaffected viruses in the host and interrupt the viral reproductive cycle.", "C": "The rate of genetic mutation in the host is decreased due to the introduction of weakened viruses.", "D": "Weakened viruses are unable to enter the host organism."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 743, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "In humans blood type is determined by the A, B, and O alleles. The A and B alleles are codominant to each other and dominant over the O allele. An individual with the AO genotype and an individual with the BO genotype can produce offspring with which of the following phenotypes?", "options": {"F": "O only", "G": "A or B only", "H": "A, B, or O only", "J": "A, B, AB, or O"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 744, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of these best demonstrates mutualism between certain types of bacteria and humans?", "options": {"A": "Intestinal bacteria obtain nutrients from the gut and produce vitamin K used by humans.", "B": "Bacteria become resistant to antibacterial medication that humans use for treatment.", "C": "Invasive bacteria at an area of injury produce toxins that damage healthy tissues of the human body.", "D": "Bacteria in improperly prepared food is consumed by humans, causing food poisoning."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 745, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is the role of mRNA in expressing specialized structures?", "options": {"F": "Making energy available for cellular activities", "G": "Creating bonds to form biomolecules", "H": "Producing sugars that assist with replication", "J": "Providing information to form proteins"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 747, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "In the mid-1980s an aggressive strain of algae known as *Caulerpa* was accidentally introduced into the Mediterranean Sea when a seaside aquarium cleaned out its tanks. The algae contains a toxin that prevents native herbivores from consuming it. *Caulerpa* quickly spread over the sea floor, crowding out many species including sponges, corals, sea fans, and lobsters. Which statement explains the most likely impact Caulerpa has had on the biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea?", "options": {"A": "The presence of *Caulerpa* within an ecosystem is an indicator of the ecosystem's health.", "B": "The spread of *Caulerpa* improved the habitat for many species of sea grasses, and increased the biodiversity.", "C": "*Caulerpa* interbred with native species with the same adaptations within the ecosystem.", "D": "*Caulerpa* became dominant within the ecosystem and reduced the biodiversity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 748, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "A small town in the piney woods of East Texas has a soccer field composed of native grasses. The soccer field is mowed once a week. What effect does continual mowing have on the ecology of the field?", "options": {"A": "Mowing increases the likelihood of nonnative species displacing native species.", "B": "Mowing increases the number of species found in the field.", "C": "Mowing causes different types of communities to form across the field.", "D": "Mowing maintains a low species diversity by inhibiting further succession."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 749, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which list correctly identifies characteristics that protists share with animals?", "options": {"F": "- Motile\n- Reproduce sexually\n- Photosynthetic", "H": "- Eukaryotic\n- Motile\n- Reproduce sexually", "G": "- Motile\n- Multicellular\n- Photosynthetic", "J": "- Motile\n- Prokaryotic\n- Multicellular"}, "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 750, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "The activities in the cell cycle occur during specific phases. In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?", "options": {"A": "Mitosis", "B": "$G_1$ phase", "C": "$G_2$ phase", "D": "S phase"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 751, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The white cattail is a hybrid species of plant that is a result of the cross between the broad-leaved cattail and the narrow-leaved cattail. Over time, the white cattail has established itself in the wetlands of Midwestern states. Which of these explains the success of the white cattail?", "options": {"A": "Favorable genes from parental generations provide advantageous characteristics to the hybrid species.", "B": "Hybridization produces offspring traits that allow different species to survive in extreme environments.", "C": "Inherited traits passed on from parental generations make hybrid species more susceptible to disease.", "D": "Hybrid species display more adaptations due to their reduced genetic diversity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 762, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "When mammals get an infection, their internal body temperature often rises 2 to 3 degrees Celsius. The body gets the energy it needs to react to an infection by ", "options": {"A": "increasing the rate of cellular division", "B": "decreasing the rate of glucose movement into the cell", "C": "increasing the rate of cellular respiration in mitochondria", "D": "decreasing the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the cell"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 763, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Scientists use zebra fish to study human genetic diseases because zebra fish and humans share many of the same genetic diseases. Which statement describes why zebra fish experience similar genetic diseases as humans?", "options": {"F": "Zebra fish have an omnivorous diet similar to that of humans.", "G": "Zebra fish have nucleotide sequences similar to those of humans.", "H": "Zebra fish go through embryonic stages similar to those of humans.", "J": "Zebra fish produce gametes through a process that is similar to that of humans."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 764, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "How do the circulatory system and immune system work together to respond to an injury?", "options": {"A": "Increased blood flow kills healthy cells which prevents infection at the site of the injury.", "B": "Increased blood flow removes infected cells from the body at the site of the injury.", "C": "Increased blood flow carries white blood cells to the site of the injury.", "D": "Increased blood flow allows for an increase in the exchange of $O_2$ and $CO_2$ at the site of the injury."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 765, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "In North American forests, two species of birds, nuthatches and brown creepers, forage on the same trees for insects. Brown creepers feed on insects found near the bottom of the tree trunk, while nuthatches feed on insects in the top part of the tree. The difference in foraging behavior most likely affects the nuthatches and brown creepers by �", "options": {"F": "allowing the birds to avoid many types of predators", "G": "reducing competition between the birds for resources", "H": "preventing the birds from interbreeding with each other", "J": "establishing dominance between the birds for nesting sites"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 766, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Fruits grown in hot climates are usually less sweet than those grown in cooler temperatures. The high temperatures increase the rate of respiration in the plants, thus reducing the sugar content in some fruits. Why does increased respiration in the leaves and stems reduce the sugar content in the fruits of a plant?", "options": {"A": "Chloroplasts move from the fruits to the leaves and stems to provide energy for respiration.", "B": "The flow of nutrients shifts from the phloem to the xylem, moving nutrients away from the fruits.", "C": "Sugars are moved from the fruits to the roots for storage.", "D": "Sugars produced in the leaves are used as an energy source instead of being stored in fruits."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 767, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement explains how producers are dependent upon consumers for their survival?", "options": {"A": "Consumers supply oxygen for producers to undergo aerobic respiration.", "B": "Consumers produce carbon dioxide for producers to use during photosynthesis.", "C": "Consumers provide chemical energy needed by producers for cellular respiration.", "D": "Consumers make lactic acid that producers use in photosynthesis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 768, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of these describes a difference between viruses and cells?", "options": {"F": "Cells contain protein, and viruses contain only carbohydrates.", "G": "Viruses have flagella, and cells have only cilia.", "H": "Cells reproduce independently, and viruses require a host to reproduce.", "J": "Viruses have membranes made of proteins, and cells have membranes made of nucleic acid."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 769, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "As part of the nitrogen cycle, animals acquire some amino acids by doing which of the following?", "options": {"A": "Breathing air", "B": "Eating plants", "C": "Drinking water", "D": "Producing waste"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 770, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which two body systems must directly interact for vertebrate organisms to exchange gases?", "options": {"F": "Skeletal system and muscular system", "G": "Excretory system and reproductive system", "H": "Circulatory system and respiratory system", "J": "Digestive system and immune system"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 771, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A new predator of rabbits has been introduced within an ecosystem. This new predator runs faster than the native predators of rabbits.", "question": "Which statement describes what will most likely occur in the rabbit population due to the introduction of the predator?", "options": {"A": "The rabbits will mutate their genes and express genes that increase their speed.", "B": "Slower rabbits will develop stronger legs and pass this trait to their offspring.", "C": "Rabbits will mate and produce offspring with a different species that has faster runners.", "D": "Faster rabbits will survive and reproduce increasing the average speed of the rabbit population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 772, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which answer choice best describes a community?", "options": {"F": "Praying mantises caring for their young", "G": "Three-spined sticklebacks living in estuaries", "H": "Different species of lizards occupying the same niche in a desert", "J": "Roosting mother bats recognizing their offspring"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 773, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Eight components present in nucleic acids are listed in the box.\n\nComponents of Nucleic Acids\n\n1. Phosphate\n2. Ribose sugar\n3. Deoxyribose sugar\n4. Uracil\n5. Thymine\n6. Adenine\n7. Guanine\n8. Cytosine", "question": "Which components bond with adenine in a section of double-stranded DNA?", "options": {"A": "1, 3, 5, and 6 only", "B": "3 and 5 only", "C": "2 and 4 only", "D": "3, 4, 7, and 8 only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 774, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "What would be the most likely effect of a wildfire that burned a large area of a forest?", "options": {"F": "More sugars and starches would be available for animals in the area.", "G": "The availability of fossil fuels for use by industries in the area would be reduced.", "H": "Less carbon dioxide would be removed from the atmosphere in the area by plants.", "J": "An increase in animal respiration would increase the release of carbon dioxide in the area."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 775, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which four body systems interact to allow a person to sneeze?", "options": {"A": "Muscular, immune, nervous, respiratory", "B": "Nervous, respiratory, circulatory, skeletal", "C": "Respiratory, endocrine, skeletal, circulatory", "D": "Lymphatic, skeletal, respiratory, muscular"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 785, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Many tree frog populations are threatened due to habitat loss. In an effort to promote conservation, tree frogs may be bred in captivity. A zoo acquired male and female tree frogs from two different populations. In the zoo, the tree frogs were able to successfully mate within their own population, but breeding attempts between the two populations were unsuccessful.", "question": "Based on this information, which statement correctly describes the relationship between the two populations of tree frogs?", "options": {"A": "They are in the same species but different kingdoms.", "B": "They are in the same class but different phyla.", "C": "They are in the same family but different orders.", "D": "They are in the same genus but different species."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 786, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "In a study of physical endurance, researchers observed significant increases in the heart rates and breathing rates of participants immediately after they engaged in strenuous exercise.", "question": "Which statement best explains the increase in the heart rate and the breathing rate during exercise?", "options": {"F": "The water concentration in the blood increases.", "G": "Body cells require increased oxygen as energy is expended.", "H": "Muscle cells increase in temperature and require fluid to reduce the temperature.", "J": "An increase in muscle activity causes increases in glucose levels in red blood cells."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 787, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "In 1898 Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch found evidence that the cause of the highly contagious hoof-and-mouth disease in livestock was a microscopic infectious particle. It was discovered that this particle requires a host cell to reproduce.", "question": "Which pathogen is most likely responsible for causing hoof-and-mouth disease in livestock?", "options": {"A": "A bacterium, because it is contagious", "B": "A fungus, because it infects livestock", "C": "A protist, because it is microscopic", "D": "A virus, because it requires a host cell to reproduce"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 788, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Male guppies found in areas without predators are more colorful than the ones found in locations with large predator populations. A population of adult guppies originating from an area with a large number of predators is transferred to a nearby area with few predators.", "question": "Which of these is most likely to happen over a few generations?", "options": {"A": "The mortality rate of the guppies will increase.", "B": "Offspring will stop competing for resources.", "C": "There will be an increase in mutations in the offspring.", "D": "There will be an increase in the number of colorful guppies."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 789, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Grassland ecosystems in Texas have evolved to depend on periodic fires to return nutrients to the soil and encourage plant reproduction. Humans have prevented fires in many of these grassland areas, resulting in plant and animal communities with little diversity. Wildlife biologists often recommend purposefully starting fires called prescribed burns, which are monitored and controlled, in grassland ecosystems every 3 to 4 years. These biologists observe greater diversity in plant and animal life in the years following a prescribed burn.", "question": "What natural processes are the biologists attempting to imitate?", "options": {"F": "Biomagnification", "G": "Succession", "H": "Population bottleneck", "J": "Species extinction"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 790, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Exposure to the building material asbestos has been linked to certain types of cancers. Asbestos causes mutations in the p53 gene, which controls tumor suppression.", "question": "Which statement best explains why people with cancer due to asbestos exposure do not pass the mutation on to their offspring?", "options": {"F": "The mutation occurred in gametic cells.", "G": "The mutation occurred in somatic cells.", "H": "The mutation is recessive.", "J": "The mutation is sex-linked."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 791, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of these components are found in the cells of all living organisms?", "options": {"A": "Estrogen and testosterone", "B": "Hemoglobin and lymphocytes", "C": "Cytosine and guanine", "D": "Cellulose and chlorophyll"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 792, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which role of protists has the most positive effect on maintaining the plant population in an ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "Protists are a major food source for animals.", "B": "Protists produce approximately 75 percent of the oxygen on Earth.", "C": "Protists decompose dead materials, returning nutrients to the soil.", "D": "Protists found in the gut of animals assist in digestion."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 793, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Gametes produced by an organism contain a combination of genes from that organism. In every gamete, this combination is ", "options": {"A": "the same because it is created from the same DNA", "B": "the same because chromosomes are copied prior to meiosis", "C": "different due to DNA replication prior to mitosis", "D": "different due to independent assortment during meiosis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 794, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A segment of a DNA strand is shown. 3' AGGTCAGGT 5'", "question": "Which of these is the correct complementary DNA strand for the segment shown?", "options": {"A": "5' AGGTCAGGT 3'", "B": "5' ACCUGAGGU 3'", "C": "5' TGGACTGGA 3'", "D": "5' TCCAGTCCA 3'"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 795, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement accurately describes the energy needs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?", "options": {"A": "Solar energy is needed for cellular respiration but not for photosynthesis.", "B": "Chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.", "C": "Chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for photosynthesis, and solar energy is needed for cellular respiration.", "D": "Solar energy is needed for photosynthesis, and chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for cellular respiration."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 796, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Some species of millipedes will roll into a ball when threatened, while other species of millipedes can secrete noxious chemicals from their bodies.", "question": "These adaptations allow the millipedes to", "options": {"F": "survive in different temperatures", "G": "avoid different types of predators", "H": "conserve different amounts of energy", "J": "blend into different types of environments"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 797, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "When the skin comes in contact with an irritant, receptors in the skin send signals to the spinal cord. The signal is then sent to the brain for processing, and the individual begins to scratch the affected area.", "question": "Which two systems are most likely interacting when a person experiences itching caused by a skin irritant?", "options": {"A": "Circulatory and excretory", "B": "Integumentary and nervous", "C": "Digestive and muscular", "D": "Respiratory and lymphatic"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 798, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "During the cell cycle, proteins called cyclins bind to enzymes that send signals for the cell to progress through stages of cell replication. At the end of this cycle, the cyclins degrade to prevent further signaling for the cell to divide.", "question": "Uncontrolled production of cyclins will most likely result in -", "options": {"F": "the formation of tumors", "G": "the immediate death of the cell", "H": "the transfer of cyclins to other cells", "J": "the formation of haploid cells"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 799, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Farmers spray pesticides on their plants to protect the plants from being eaten by insects. Some individual insects have a genetic mutation that makes them resistant to the toxins in the pesticides.", "question": "Which statement best describes how only a few resistant individuals resulted in the pesticide becoming ineffective?", "options": {"F": "The resistant insects change the toxin on the plants, making it safe for others.", "G": "The resistant insects grow larger and eat less of the plants.", "H": "The resistant insects eat the contaminated surface and leave the rest for others.", "J": "The resistant insects are able to survive to reproduce and create a population that is also resistant."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 800, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which property is shared by the cells of all living things?", "options": {"F": "The cells contain DNA composed of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.", "G": "The cells are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer and a cell wall made of cellulose.", "H": "The cells have chromosomes that are located inside a membrane- bound nucleus.", "J": "The cells rely on mitochondria to carry out aerobic cellular respiration."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 801, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Overfishing is causing the decline of fish populations, such as Eastern Atlantic bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean. Eastern Atlantic bluefin tuna are caught faster than they can reproduce.", "question": "Which statement describes the most likely effect that overfishing will have on this ecosystem?", "options": {"F": "Overfishing makes the ecosystem more stable by increasing competition for limited resources.", "G": "Overfishing decreases the stability of the ecosystem by disrupting food chains.", "H": "Overfishing has no effect on ecosystem's stability because it affects one species out of many.", "J": "Overfishing increases ecosystem stability by allowing prey populations to overproduce."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 802, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statements best compare the function of an ATP molecule to a DNA molecule?", "options": {"F": "ATP carries and transmits the genetic information of organisms. DNA serves as a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions.", "G": "ATP provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell. DNA carries and transmits the genetic information of organisms.", "H": "ATP serves as a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions. DNA acts as a structural sugar in the cell walls of plants.", "J": "ATP acts as a structural sugar in the cell walls of plants. DNA provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 803, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Students created note cards comparing characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Which set of note cards most accurately compares these cells?", "options": {"F": "Eukaryotic Cells: • Membrane-bound nucleus or organelles • DNA chromosomes in the nucleus | Prokaryotic Cells: • No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles • DNA chromosome in the cytoplasm", "G": "Eukaryotic Cells: • Membrane-bound nucleus or organelles • DNA chromosomes in the cytoplasm | Prokaryotic Cells: • No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles • DNA chromosome in the cytoplasm", "H": "Eukaryotic Cells: • No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles • DNA chromosomes in the cytoplasm | Prokaryotic Cells: • Membrane-bound nucleus or organelles • DNA chromosome in the nucleus", "J": "Eukaryotic Cells: • No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles • DNA chromosomes in the nucleus | Prokaryotic Cells: • Membrane-bound nucleus or organelles • DNA chromosome in the nucleus"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 804, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The Mexican long- nosed bat roosts in Big Bend National Park in West Texas. The bat feeds on nectar and pollen and hovers while it feeds. Additionally, its tongue can extend up to eight centimeters.", "question": "The features of Mexican long- nosed bats are evidence of natural selection because the features are adaptations that -", "options": {"A": "lead to an increase in predation by other species of animals.", "B": "show that most DNA mutations are necessary and advantageous but do not increase survival or reproductive success.", "C": "help individuals outcompete other individuals for food resources to increase survival and reproductive success.", "D": "are the result of intentional breeding"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 805, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement describes the process of osmosis in an animal cell?", "options": {"F": "Sugar molecules move across the plasma membrane until the cell has enough energy to grow in size and divide.", "G": "Water molecules move across the plasma membrane until solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane.", "H": "Ions move across the plasma membrane until the inside of the cell has a higher concentration of positive charges.", "J": "Enzymes move across the plasma membrane until the cell has completed metabolism."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 806, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Sand dunes along the coast are formed of bare sand. Eventually, grasses take root on the dunes. Over time, larger plants such as shrubs and trees are able to grow at the edge of the sand dune ecosystem.", "question": "This gradual change in plant communities of a sand dune ecosystem can result in -", "options": {"A": "reduced symbiotic relationships between producers and bacteria.", "B": "reduced energy absorption by consumers.", "C": "greater erosion rates.", "D": "greater species diversity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 807, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "A researcher determines an organism to be eukaryotic, unicellular, and autotrophic. In which taxonomic group should this organism be classified?", "options": {"F": "Bacteria", "G": "Protista", "H": "Archaea", "J": "Animalia"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 808, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "For an enzyme to be able to catalyze a reaction, the active site must -", "options": {"A": "be occupied by an inhibitor", "B": "increase the activation energy level", "C": "have a complementary shape to the substrate", "D": "cause the enzyme to be destroyed in the reaction"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 809, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Snowshoe hares can be found living in the Rocky Mountains of New Mexico. During the summer months, when there is no snow on the ground, the snowshoe hare's coat color is typically brown. During the winter months, when the mountains are covered in snow, the snowshoe hare's coat is typically white.", "question": "Which statement describes the genetic basis for the seasonal changes in coat color?", "options": {"F": "The snow causes mutations in the genes that regulate coat color so that snowshoe hares are adapted to their environment during the winter months.", "G": "The genes that control coat color are regulated by hormone signals that are altered by changes in environmental factors.", "H": "Sunlight causes cancer cells to develop in the bodies of snowshoe hares, resulting in an apparent brown- colored coat as a result of hair loss.", "J": "The genes that control coat color in snowshoe hares are deleted from the genome during the summer months."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 810, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "When multiple transitional fossils are found in many rock layers, they provide evidence of - -", "options": {"F": "seasonal variation in the diet of a species", "G": "gradual change of a species over time", "H": "DNA functioning as the genetic material of organisms", "J": "an unchanging environment"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 811, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Environmental factors typically activate genes in a cell by causing the cell to -", "options": {"A": "produce identical daughter cells through mitosis", "B": "form haploid gamete cells through meiosis", "C": "fuse with another cell to increase the size of its genome", "D": "transcribe specific DNA segments to mRNA for translation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 812, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A genetic cross involving two unlinked genes is represented.", "question": "## AaGG x aaGg Which genotype is NOT possible in the offspring produced by the cross?", "options": {"A": "AaGG", "B": "Aagg", "C": "aaGg", "D": "aaGG"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 825, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "A dichotomous key of different mollusks is shown.\n\n#### Partial Mollusk Dichotomous Key\n\n1a External shell is present .................................... Go to 2\n\n1b No external shell is present ............................ Go to 3\n\n2a Single shell ................................................ Go to 4\n\n2b Two shells .................................................... Go to 5\n\n3a Moves by jet propulsion.................................... Squid\n\n3b Moves by crawling with a single muscular foot.... Slug\n\n4a Moves by jet propulsion.................................... Nautilus\n\n4b Moves by crawling with a single muscular foot.... Snail\n\n5a Can burrow in the sand .................................... Clam\n\n5b Attaches to solid surfaces .................................... Oyster", "question": "Which mollusk moves by jet propulsion and does not have an external shell?", "options": {"A": "Squid", "B": "Slug", "C": "Nautilus", "D": "Snail"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 826, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes how a virus replicates?", "options": {"F": "A virus divides into two identical virus particles before infecting the host cell.", "G": "A virus enters a host cell and uses the materials from the host cell to produce new virus particles.", "H": "Multiple virus particles fuse and form a large particle that breaks apart, releasing new virus particles.", "J": "Multiple virus particles break down in component parts, which then reassemble into new copies of the virus."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 827, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Biting flies can transmit diseases and cause loss of blood for animals in nature.Horses have developed behaviors to repel biting flies such as ear twitching, head tossing, leg stomping, and tail swishing.", "question": "Which statement best describes the interaction between body systems that allows horses to repel biting flies?", "options": {"A": "The nervous system senses the biting flies and sends a signal to the muscular system to move.", "B": "The circulatory system senses the biting flies and sends a signal to the nervous system to move.", "C": "The muscular system senses the biting flies and sends a signal to the integumentary system to move.", "D": "The integumentary system senses the biting flies and sends a signal to the circulatory system to move."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 828, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of these shows an example of an insertion mutation?", "options": {"A": "R S T U V X Y Z → S T U V X Y", "B": "R S T U V X Y Z → R S T V X Y Z", "C": "R S T U V X Y Z → R U T S V X Y Z", "D": "R S T U V X Y Z → K L R S T U V X Y Z"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 829, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In a Central Texas grassland, the producers incorporate 12,000 kJ of energy from the sun into their tissues.", "question": "About how much energy would be incorporated into the tissues of herbivores?", "options": {"F": "12,000 kJ", "G": "1,200 kJ", "H": "10,800 kJ", "J": "1,080 kJ"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 830, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "White clovers, *Trifolium repens*, are plants that are native to Europe and Central Asia and are able to produce the poison cyanide within their cells. Skunk cabbage, *Symplocarpus foetidus*, is a plant that is native to eastern North America and can produce a chemical that makes it have a strong, foul odor and bitter taste.", "question": "The chemicals produced by both the white clovers and skunk cabbages are adaptations that allow them to", "options": {"F": "attract more pollinators", "G": "survive a long-term drought", "H": "protect against herbivores", "J": "grow better in colder habitats"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 831, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "When a stem cell divides, it produces two daughter cells. One daughter cell will remain a stem cell, while the other daughter cell will differentiate into a specialized cell.", "question": "Which factor will most directly determine what type of specialized cell will be produced?", "options": {"F": "The size of the cell", "G": "The length of the cell cycle", "H": "The number of chromosomes that are replicated", "J": "The genes that are expressed"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 832, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Blue flying fish live in the upper layers of the ocean. Blue flying fish have enlarged pectoral fins that enable them to glide for 400 meters above the ocean surface and appear to fly.", "question": "Which statement best describes how natural selection led to enlarged pectoral fins in blue flying fish?", "options": {"A": "Fish were able to glide out of the ocean and into other bodies of water to mate with other species.", "B": "Fish were able to live both on land and in the water as a result of their larger pectoral fins.", "C": "Fish with enlarged pectoral fins were able to glide out of the ocean to escape predators, increasing their fitness.", "D": "Fish changed their DNA to express enlarged pectoral fins, changing the allele frequency of the population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 833, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Green anoles are lizards that can change their skin color rapidly in response to various stimuli. This adaptation is the result of", "options": {"A": "selective breeding of lizards by humans", "B": "beneficial traits passed from parents to offspring", "C": "geographic isolation that prevented genetic mutation", "D": "environmental pollutants that changed their genotype"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 834, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which type of movement across a cell's plasma membrane requires energy supplied by ATP?", "options": {"F": "Passive transport", "G": "Simple diffusion", "H": "Active transport", "J": "Osmosis"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 835, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Leaf-cutter ants harvest leaves and carry them to fungi that convert plant material into a usable form for the ants to digest. The fungi depend on the leaves for nutrients. The ants also produce an antibiotic on their bodies that helps protect the fungi from harmful bacteria.", "question": "Which of these explains the relationship between the leaf-cutter ants and the fungi?", "options": {"A": "Predation, because the ants feed on the fungi", "B": "Mutualism, because both the ants and the fungi benefit from each other", "C": "Competition, because both organisms consume the same resource for energy", "D": "Commensalism, because the ants receive energy from the fungi and the fungi are unaffected"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 836, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Why is it important to assign each organism a scientific name?", "options": {"A": "Each scientific name applies to only one species, making it universally identifiable to scientists.", "B": "Each scientific name allows scientists to better study the behavior of an organism.", "C": "The scientific name allows scientists to develop common names for organisms.", "D": "The scientific name describes how an individual looks relative to others of the same genus."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 837, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "What components make up the backbone of a DNA molecule?", "options": {"F": "Purines and deoxyribose", "G": "Pyrimidines and purines", "H": "Deoxyribose and phosphate groups", "J": "Phosphate groups and pyrimidines"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 838, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which sequence best describes an interaction between the integumentary and excretory systems that helps maintain homeostasis?", "options": {"F": "Heart rate increases \\(\\rightarrow\\) Blood vessels constrict \\(\\rightarrow\\) Blood pressure increases", "G": "Blood vessel is damaged \\(\\rightarrow\\) Platelets begin to clump \\(\\rightarrow\\) Blood vessel ruptures", "H": "Blood sugar levels rise \\(\\rightarrow\\) Pancreas secretes insulin \\(\\rightarrow\\) Blood sugar continues to rise", "J": "Body temperature increases \\(\\rightarrow\\) Glands release sweat \\(\\rightarrow\\) Body temperature decreases"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 839, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes a similarity among trees, cats, and amoebas?", "options": {"A": "They are prokaryotic organisms.", "B": "They are classified as members of the same kingdom.", "C": "They have genomes that consist of the same number of genes.", "D": "They contain DNA composed of the same four types of nucleotides."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 840, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which characteristic do all organisms in Kingdoms Animalia, Protista, and Fungi have in common?", "options": {"A": "They are eukaryotic.", "B": "They are prokaryotic.", "C": "They are unicellular.", "D": "They are multicellular."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 841, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In domesticated dogs, hair type is controlled by two different alleles. The allele for wire hair is (H) and the allele for smooth hair is (h).", "question": "When two heterozygous dogs are crossed, what percentage of the offspring is expected to be homozygous for smooth hair?", "options": {"F": "0%", "G": "25%", "H": "50%", "J": "75%"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 842, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statements best compare a function of proteins and lipids in a human cell?", "options": {"A": "Proteins provide energy for cellular processes. \nLipids catalyze chemical reactions inside the cell.", "B": "Proteins catalyze chemical reactions inside the cell. \nLipids allow for the transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell.", "C": "Proteins allow for the transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell. \nLipids store genetic information for cells.", "D": "Proteins store genetic information for cells. \nLipids provide energy for cellular processes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 843, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statements explain how a mutation in a somatic cell is different from a mutation that occurs in gametes?", "options": {"F": "Somatic cell mutations occur in cells that give rise to gametes. Gamete mutations occur in cells that result in apoptosis.", "G": "Somatic cell mutations are maintained in the gene pool. Gamete mutations are expelled from the gene pool.", "H": "Somatic cell mutations are generally not passed to offspring. Gamete mutations are usually passed to offspring.", "J": "Somatic cell mutations will not be expressed by the individual that contains the mutation. Gamete mutations will be expressed by the individual."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 844, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Two scientists studied patterns of evolution in the fossil record. Many species they analyzed showed periods of slow changes interrupted by a period of rapid change.\n\nThis pattern of periods of slow change interrupted by periods of rapid change with few, if any transitional fossils, best describes the theory of", "options": {"A": "natural selection", "B": "genetic drift", "C": "punctuated equilibrium", "D": "gene flow"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 845, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Cross-pollination of flowers from different populations of the same species will most likely result in ", "options": {"A": "gene flow as new alleles are introduced", "B": "evolution of a different species as alleles mix", "C": "hybrid sterility as gametes from different individuals are incompatible", "D": "a decrease of genetic variation among individuals"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 846, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "After a wheat field is cleared, wild grasses and weeds begin growing. This process is considered", "options": {"F": "primary succession because pioneer species appear", "G": "primary succession because there are no large trees", "H": "secondary succession because soil is already present", "J": "secondary succession because the field contains inorganic matter"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 847, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "During an extended dry season in an area, the majority of the ground cover dried up.", "question": "Which description best explains how this would affect the ecosystem in that area?", "options": {"F": "The ecosystem would become less stable because the ranges of many organisms would expand and overlap.", "G": "The ecosystem would become more stable because there would be less competition among canopy plants.", "H": "The ecosystem would become less stable because less energy would be available to it from the decrease in producers.", "J": "The ecosystem would become more stable because organisms in higher trophic levels would be able to find prey more easily."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 848, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Water, sugar, and other important nutrients need to be transported from one part of a plant to another. Which statement correctly describes the interaction of the root and shoot systems during nutrient transport?", "options": {"A": "The leaves take in water and sugar, which are then transported to the rest of the plant through vascular tissues.", "B": "The roots take in water and sugar, which are then transported to the rest of the plant through vascular tissues.", "C": "The leaves take in water and the roots produce sugar that are transported to the rest of the plant through vascular tissues.", "D": "The roots take in water and the leaves produce sugar that are transported to the rest of the plant through vascular tissues."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 849, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Most animals avoid eating monarch butterflies due to their bad taste. Viceroy butterflies look very similar to the monarchs.", "question": "Which of these best explains how the viceroy butterfly benefits from looking like the monarch butterfly?", "options": {"A": "Viceroy butterflies are able to reproduce with the monarch butterflies.", "B": "Viceroy butterflies are able to deter predators in the same way as the monarch butterflies.", "C": "Viceroy butterflies are able to follow the migratory patterns of the monarch butterflies.", "D": "Viceroy butterflies are able to find additional sources of food used by the monarch butterflies."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 850, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which sequence represents the levels of organization found in a multicellular organism, from smallest to largest?", "options": {"F": "Cell \\(\\rightarrow\\) tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) organ \\(\\rightarrow\\) organ system", "G": "Organ system \\(\\rightarrow\\) organ \\(\\rightarrow\\) tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) cell", "H": "Tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) organ \\(\\rightarrow\\) organ system \\(\\rightarrow\\) cell", "J": "Cell \\(\\rightarrow\\) organ system \\(\\rightarrow\\) organ \\(\\rightarrow\\) tissue"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 851, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which application of a new technology can be attributed to an invention of Thomas Edison?", "options": {"A": "Refrigerated railroad cars allowed food to be transported long distances.", "B": "Light bulbs made it efficient for factory workers to work at night.", "C": "Diesel engines were used in the production of airplanes.", "D": "Sonar technology was used to track submarines."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 852, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "While my solutions were a little less complex than those offered by FDR, . . . I played a kind of New Deal cowboy who never hesitated to tackle many of the same problems.\n\nGene Autry, country-and-western singer and actor", "question": "Why were country-and-western performers such as Gene Autry popular with U.S. radio audiences during the 1930s?", "options": {"F": "Their art related to the struggles of the period.", "G": "They shared stories of individuals who became wealthy.", "H": "They promoted work programs for rural communities.", "J": "Their art brought attention to global human rights issues."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 853, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale.\n\nPresident Harry S. Truman, Executive Order 9981, \nJuly 26, 1948", "question": "Which of the following contributed to President Truman's decision to issue this order?", "options": {"A": "A lack of funding for veteran pensions", "B": "Declining enlistment rates during peacetime", "C": "Discrimination against minority service members", "D": "A desire to repeal the draft"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 854, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one factor that helped turn the Great Plains into the Dust Bowl in the 1930s?", "options": {"A": "Paying farmers to plant native grasses", "B": "Increased demand for tobacco after World War I", "C": "Numerous tornadoes occurring in the region", "D": "Intense drought in the region"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 855, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "There was music from my neighbor's house through the summer nights. . . . The halls and . . . verandas are gaudy with primary colors and hair shorn in strange new ways and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile. . . . There was dancing now on the canvas in the garden. . . . By midnight the hilarity had increased.\n\nF. Scott Fitzgerald, *The Great Gatsby*", "question": "How does this excerpt reflect a significant turning point in American history?", "options": {"F": "It depicts the reaction to victory in the Spanish-American War.", "G": "It portrays the changing social norms of the Jazz Age.", "H": "It describes the experiences of immigrant workers during the Gilded Age.", "J": "It details the industrial progress of the post-World War I era."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 856, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was the overall goal of U.S. military intervention in Vietnam from 1964 TO 1973?", "options": {"A": "Eliminating trade barriers between the United States and Southeast Asia", "B": "Isolating the Soviet Union by improving Chinese relations with the United States", "C": "Promoting economic growth in the Pacific region", "D": "Preventing communism from spreading throughout Southeast Asia"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 857, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Tonight I want to have an unpleasant talk with you about a problem that is unprecedented in our history. With the exception of preventing war, this is the greatest challenge that our country will face during our lifetime. . . . It's a problem that we will not be able to solve in the next few years, and it's likely to get progressively worse through the rest of this century. . . . The oil and natural gas that we rely on for 75 percent of our energy are simply running out. In spite of increased effort, domestic production has been dropping steadily at about 6 percent a year. Imports have doubled in the last 5 years. . . . Unless profound changes are made to lower oil consumption, we now believe that early in the 1980s the world will be demanding more oil than it can produce.\n\nPresident Jimmy Carter, address to the nation, April 18, 1977", "question": "Which course of action did President Carter propose in order to solve this problem for the next generation?", "options": {"A": "Contract with foreign nations to build wind turbines", "B": "Reduce federal spending on solar cell energy research", "C": "Drill fewer offshore wells to conserve marine life", "D": "Develop alternative energy sources"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 858, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best explains how bank failures contributed to the Great Depression?", "options": {"A": "People lost their savings because the government did not insure bank deposits.", "B": "Business could not be done when President Franklin Roosevelt declared a bank holiday.", "C": "The interest rates on bank loans were too high.", "D": "Foreign investors did not invest enough in U.S. banks."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 859, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "As social conditions become more equal, the number of persons increases who, although they are neither rich enough nor powerful enough to exercise any great influence over their fellow-creatures, have nevertheless acquired or retained sufficient education and fortune to satisfy their own wants. They owe nothing to any man, they expect nothing from any man; they acquire the habit of always considering themselves as standing alone, and they are apt to imagine that their whole destiny is in their own hands.\n\n---Alexis de Tocqueville, \\textit{Democracy in America}, 1835", "question": "Which American value is described in this excerpt?", "options": {"A": "Individualism", "B": "Populism", "C": "Liberty", "D": "Laissez-faire"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 860, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "In the World War II era, what was the major reason for Jewish immigration to the United States?", "options": {"F": "To seek guaranteed universal suffrage", "G": "To escape famine and drought caused by natural disaster", "H": "To seek better educational opportunities", "J": "To escape state-sponsored genocide"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 861, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In November 1942, the National War Labor Board (NWLB) adopted the policy of \"equal pay for equal work,\" which had not been standard practice in industry.", "question": "What was the most likely purpose of this National War Labor Board order?", "options": {"F": "To prevent unions from discriminating against unskilled workers during the war", "G": "To weaken the \"Rosie the Riveter\" image for women working on the home front", "H": "To double the output of equipment needed to support U.S. troops overseas", "J": "To ensure fair treatment for women in the workplace during the war"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 862, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt is from a book written by a Norwegian man who immigrated to the United States in the late 1800s.\n\nThen west by train on road and route not known to us. We saw mountains, which must have been the Alleghenies, and felt much depressed. Was that America? Had we been fooled? We expected to see flat ground with no timber or boulders to clear. When we came far enough to see that kind of country our spirits rose again. . . .\n\nAndreas Ueland, *Recollections of an Immigrant*", "question": "These immigrants were relieved when they saw the type of land they were expecting because they ", "options": {"F": "hoped to establish farms", "G": "wanted to build factories", "H": "planned to mine for gold", "J": "wanted to work for the railroad"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 863, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In 2015 the New York City Mayor's office reported that the city had recently accomplished the following:\n\n- Reduced carbon emissions by one-fifth and achieved the city's cleanest air in 50 years\n- Upgraded building codes to prepare for extreme weather like flooding and high winds\n- Added nearly one million trees and six million square feet of reflective rooftop to the city landscape", "question": "Which challenges prompted New York City to take these actions?", "options": {"A": "Increasing threats to large urban areas by foreign and domestic terrorism", "B": "A widening gap in income levels between socioeconomic groups in society", "C": "Escalating costs of providing health care and social services for senior citizens", "D": "Aging infrastructure and pollution caused by high population density"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 864, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did Bill Gates earn the title \"World's Richest Man\"?", "options": {"F": "By creating social media sites", "G": "By investing in global satellite communications", "H": "By developing computer software", "J": "By creating innovations in cell phone technology"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 865, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "**II.** Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.\n\nPresident Woodrow Wilson, *Fourteen Points*", "question": "Which of the causes underlying World War I was this provision of the Fourteen Points intended to prevent?", "options": {"F": "Nationalism and militarism", "G": "Blockades and unrestricted submarine warfare", "H": "Secret treaties and alliances", "J": "Imperialism and self-determination"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 866, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was the most important diplomatic effect of the Declaration of Independence for the United States?", "options": {"F": "It allowed foreign governments to officially recognize the United States.", "G": "It forced Great Britain to trade with the United States.", "H": "It required Great Britain to pay war reparations to the United States.", "J": "It allowed the United States to establish immigration quotas."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 867, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In 1884 Toynbee Hall was founded in a poor neighborhood in London. The primary mission of Toynbee Hall was to offer services to those in need, but it also gave university students first-hand experience with the effects of poverty. This allowed the students to develop practical solutions to further assist people in need. Many reformers in the United States soon adopted this model.", "question": "This model was evident in the United States through the works of", "options": {"F": "Frances Willard and her support of the temperance movement", "G": "A. Philip Randolph and his protests during World War II", "H": "Jane Addams and her programs for new immigrants", "J": "Eugene V. Debs and his establishment of the American Railway Union"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 868, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which action caused the United States to engage in a \"police action\" on the Korean Peninsula in 1950?", "options": {"A": "The collapse of South Korea's democratic government", "B": "The assassination of North Korea's political leader", "C": "South Korea's blockade of North Korea", "D": "North Korea's invasion of South Korea"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 869, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Hanford, Washington - Oak Ridge, Tennessee - Los Alamos, New Mexico", "question": "Which technological advancement was developed in installations near these cities during World War II?", "options": {"F": "Long-range submarines", "G": "Radio navigation", "H": "Atomic bombs", "J": "Jet engines"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 870, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor developed in response to the ", "options": {"A": "increased need to protect worker interests", "B": "decreased power of political machines", "C": "increased demand for skilled workers", "D": "decreased profitability of the agricultural sector"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 871, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_? : A term that originated during President Lyndon Johnson's administration to describe the perception of a discrepancy between public statements and actual policies.", "question": "Which term completes this text box?", "options": {"A": "Hawk mentality", "B": "Credibility gap", "C": "Living-room war", "D": "Flexible response"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 872, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one economic effect of the Spanish-American War?", "options": {"A": "Shipbuilding industries in the United States declined.", "B": "New free and fair trade treaties were established between the United States and developing countries.", "C": "The United States gained direct access to additional natural resources and overseas markets.", "D": "Demand for coal and petroleum as energy sources declined."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 873, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Issues Regarding the Selection of U.S. Senators Prior to 1913\n\n- All senators were chosen by state legislatures, but states used different procedures to select them.\n- Intimidation and bribery of state legislators were often used to influence the selection of senators.\n- Deadlocked legislatures were often unable to select senators, leaving vacancies for several years.", "question": "Which of the following was implemented in 1913 to solve these problems?", "options": {"A": "Each state held party conventions in order to select senators.", "B": "A national referendum was held to standardize the procedures for selecting senators.", "C": "Open primaries were used to limit the choices of senators who could be confirmed by state legislatures.", "D": "A constitutional amendment was ratified that required senators to be elected directly by popular vote."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 874, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did the *Brown v. Board of Education* decision influence the Civil Rights movement?", "options": {"F": "By discouraging activists from relying on the judicial system", "G": "By guaranteeing scholarships to minority college students", "H": "By providing a judicial basis for achieving equality in other areas", "J": "By eliminating social barriers associated with hiring practices"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 875, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none; or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns.\n\nGeorge Washington, *Farewell Address*, 1796", "question": "Which group followed the advice given in this address?", "options": {"F": "Expansionists during the Spanish-American War", "G": "Isolationists regarding the Treaty of Versailles after World War I", "H": "Hawks in Congress during the Vietnam War", "J": "Civil libertarians in Congress after the start of the War on Terror"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 876, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "In the late 1800s, Sanford B. Dole contributed to the expansion of the United States by advocating the annexation of ", "options": {"A": "Puerto Rico", "B": "the Panama Canal Zone", "C": "Hawaii", "D": "the Philippines"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 877, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. . . . When the exclusion act expired in 1892, Congress extended it for 10 years in the form of the Geary Act.\n\n\"Chinese Exclusion Act (1882),\" *National Archives and Records Administration*, www.ourdocuments.gov \n(accessed August 31, 2013)", "question": "What was the main reason given for the creation of these restrictions?", "options": {"F": "Preventing the depletion of natural resources", "G": "Discouraging anti-American activism", "H": "Reducing competition for U.S. jobs", "J": "Addressing a lack of urban housing"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 878, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In the future there will be tele-medicine, where you can operate on someone somewhere else in the world. I don't think that's far-fetched science fiction anymore. I think that I'll see that in my lifetime.\n\ndr. Michael Palese, Mount Sinai Hospital, \nNew York, 2012", "question": "Innovations in which industry will most likely make this kind of surgery possible?", "options": {"A": "Robotics", "B": "Aeronautics", "C": "Chemistry", "D": "Nursing"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 879, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did the Nineteenth Amendment expand the democratic process?", "options": {"F": "By prohibiting discrimination in voting on the basis of race", "G": "By eliminating the poll tax", "H": "By prohibiting discrimination in voting on the basis of gender", "J": "By lowering the voting age"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 880, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "It was during the First World War that a silent pilgrimage took its first steps within the borders of this country. . . . It would not end until the 1970s. . . . Over the course of six decades, some six million black southerners left the land of their forefathers and fanned out across the country for an uncertain existence in nearly every other corner of America. . . .\n\nIsabel Wilkerson, *The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration*, 2010", "question": "What was a primary reason for the demographic shift described in this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "Increased demand for sharecroppers in the North", "G": "Limited economic opportunities for African Americans in the South", "H": "Increased availability of manufactured goods in the North", "J": "A lack of educational institutions for African Americans in the South"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 881, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What prompted the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) to target the \"Hollywood Ten\"?", "options": {"F": "Support for American isolationism in the years leading up to World War II", "G": "Increased political pressure from racial groups regarding civil rights legislation", "H": "Growing anxiety related to the economic effects of the Great Depression", "J": "Fear of communist infiltration within the American entertainment industry"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 882, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "New Jersey lawyer Ravinder Singh Bhalla . . . went to visit a client at the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn. . . . The guards would not let him in because he refused to remove his turban. Mr. Bhalla informed the guards that the turban is not a hat, but is a religious symbol required of all observant Sikhs. . . . He cited his \\_\\_\\_?\\_\\_\\_ right to practice his religion and his \\_\\_\\_?\\_\\_\\_ protection against unreasonable searches, noting that he had already passed through the metal detector.\n\nMr. Bhalla took his case to the Federal District Court in Newark. Then on January 17, the Federal Bureau of Prisons changed the policy.\n\nU.S. Congressman Edolphus Towns, address to the \nHouse of Representatives, February 7, 2003", "question": "Which two amendments should replace the question marks in this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "Fifth Amendment and Eighth Amendment", "G": "Third Amendment and Seventh Amendment", "H": "First Amendment and Fourth Amendment", "J": "Second Amendment and Sixth Amendment"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 883, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was the reaction of many Americans to the Watergate scandal?", "options": {"A": "Confidence in the presidential selection process", "B": "Support for the containment of communism", "C": "Discontent over the antiwar and civil rights protests", "D": "Cynicism about government and elected politicians"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 884, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The attack took place on American soil, but it was an attack on the heart and soul of the civilized world. And the world has come together to fight a new and different war, the first, and we hope the only one, of the 21st century. A war against all those who seek to export terror, and a war against those governments that support or shelter them.\n\nPresident George W. Bush, news conference, October 11, 2001", "question": "Which event prompted this speech by President Bush?", "options": {"F": "The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon", "G": "The attack on the USS *Cole*", "H": "The mail-bombing campaign of the Unabomber", "J": "The bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 885, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one effect of the arrival of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I?", "options": {"A": "Italy left the Central powers alliance.", "B": "The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated in Sarajevo.", "C": "The Allies were able to launch a major counterattack on the western front.", "D": "Russian forces were able to withdraw from the eastern front."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 886, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In 1919, Charles Schenck was charged with violating the Espionage Act. The Supreme Court ruled that Schenck's actions created a \"clear and present danger.\"", "question": "How did the decision in this case affect the rights of U.S. citizens?", "options": {"A": "By establishing restrictions on the right to vote", "B": "By protecting the freedoms of religious minorities", "C": "By placing limits on freedom of expression", "D": "By protecting the rights of accused persons"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 887, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following was a significant effect of New Deal legislation?", "options": {"A": "Income tax rates fell to historic lows.", "B": "The federal government took on new roles.", "C": "The regulation of intrastate trade was transferred to the states.", "D": "States became the sole enforcers of immigration law."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 888, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "We claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil and social; and until we get these rights we will never cease to protest and assail the ears of America. The battle we wage is not for ourselves alone but for all true Americans.\n\nW. E. B. Du Bois, Niagara Movement Address to the Country, 1906", "question": "How did the ideas presented in this address affect the early Civil Rights movement in the United States?", "options": {"A": "By encouraging African Americans to achieve equality through vocational education", "B": "By directly supporting Marcus Garvey's Black Star Steamship Line", "C": "By encouraging African Americans to accept Jim Crow laws", "D": "By forming the basis for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 889, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which action is prohibited under provisions of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972?", "options": {"A": "A principal refuses to organize athletic events and programs for female sports teams.", "B": "The funding for a music program is cut because of declining tax revenues.", "C": "A teacher attempts to organize a charity basketball game for faculty and students.", "D": "The staffing for a foreign language class is reduced due to lack of interest."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 890, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Lacrosse gained popularity . . . in the mid-nineteenth century . . . [in] the urban areas of New York, Philadelphia, and especially Baltimore and Annapolis. Advent of the synthetic stick and conversion of the field to a hockey-like box . . . in the 1930s made lacrosse even more popular. . . . Sporadically disappearing and reappearing, today the old native game enjoys a record following. Organized professional leagues have surfaced during the past two decades, and college intramural and varsity lacrosse, which have long thrived in the northeast, are established at state universities across the South and West.\n\nAnthony Aveni, Colonial Williamsburg Journal, 2010", "question": "A student could use this excerpt in a paper about the ", "options": {"A": "challenges of preserving American Indian traditional clothing", "B": "movement to reform American Indian schools", "C": "contributions of American Indians to U.S. culture", "D": "pressure on American Indians to assimilate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 891, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What important military contribution did Navajo Code Talkers make during World War II?", "options": {"A": "They were part of a volunteer group of U.S. pilots that defended China from Japanese aggression.", "B": "They were one of the groups that transmitted secret military information in the Pacific Theater.", "C": "They were among the first black servicemen to fly as military aviators in the U.S. armed forces.", "D": "They were members of the tank division that helped liberate France after the invasion of Normandy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 892, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which box lists characteristics of the 1960s?", "options": {"F": "- Prohibition\n- The Lost Generation\n- The Harlem Renaissance\n- Religious fundamentalism", "H": "- The counterculture\n- The Civil Rights movement\n- The Vietnam War\n- The Space Race", "G": "- Widespread unemployment\n- New Deal programs\n- The Golden Age of Hollywood\n- The Dust Bowl", "J": "- Televangelists\n- Neoconservatism\n- Video games\n- The fall of the Soviet Union"}, "option_labels": ["F", "H", "G", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 893, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which action is the best example of a civic responsibility?", "options": {"F": "Writing an editorial piece for a newspaper", "G": "Volunteering to sell raffle tickets", "H": "Voting on election day", "J": "Opening a business"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 894, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which statement describes one reason the year 2008 was significant?", "options": {"A": "First Lady Hillary Clinton testified before Congress on health care reform.", "B": "Barack Obama was the first African American to be elected president.", "C": "Ross Perot was the first third party candidate to win a presidential debate.", "D": "President George W. Bush announced a war on terrorism."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 895, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Read the list and answer the question that follows.\n\nGoal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality\nGoal 2: Safeguarding America's Waters\nGoal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development\nGoal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution\n\nWhich government entity is responsible for achieving these goals?", "options": {"F": "National Park Service", "G": "Department of Homeland Security", "H": "Environmental Protection Agency", "J": "Federal Emergency Management Agency"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 896, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Read the list and answer the question that follows.\n\n- Nineteenth Amendment\n- Twenty-Fourth Amendment\n- Twenty-Sixth Amendment\n\nWhat was one reason why these amendments were added to the Constitution?", "options": {"A": "To guarantee due process of law", "B": "To expand the authority of the states over the federal government", "C": "To limit the freedom of expression", "D": "To expand the rights of individuals to participate in the government"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 897, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did the Great Depression affect American society?", "options": {"A": "The price of agricultural goods decreased, causing an increase in demand for farm labor.", "B": "Manufacturing wages increased, causing businesses to concede to labor union demands.", "C": "Demand for luxury goods increased, causing overproduction in manufacturing.", "D": "Businesses were forced to close, causing widespread unemployment."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 898, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This is an excerpt from a presidential speech.\n\nThe Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice. . . .\n\nThe Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. . . .\n\nIt is a place where man can renew contact with nature. It is a place which honors creation for its own sake and for what it adds to the understanding of the race. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods.\n\nPresident Lyndon B. Johnson, speech at\nUniversity of Michigan, May 22, 1964", "question": "According to the excerpt, which goal was the focus of the Great Society?", "options": {"F": "To increase taxation", "G": "To privatize education", "H": "To expand voting rights", "J": "To fight social inequality"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 899, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did the Battle of Midway alter the course of the war in the Pacific?", "options": {"A": "By stopping the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor", "B": "By halting the progress of Japanese expansion", "C": "By preventing the continued use of Japanese kamikaze planes", "D": "By defending the Philippines from Japanese conquest"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 900, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This list describes selected features of the Homestead Act of 1862.\n\n- Adult citizens were granted 160 acres of public land.\n- People claiming the land were required to improve the land by building a home and farming the land.\n- After 5 years on the land, the person claiming the land paid a registration fee and officially owned the land.", "question": "What was one effect of the act described in this list?", "options": {"F": "The population of settlers in the American West increased.", "G": "The debt of the federal government increased.", "H": "The number of conflicts with American Indians decreased.", "J": "The demand for natural resources decreased."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 901, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This list provides a partial summary of a presidential plan.\n\nIdeas from President Wilson's Fourteen Points, 1918\n\n1. Open and public peace treaties\n2. Freedom of the seas outside territorial waters\n3. Removal of trade barriers among all nations\n4. Arms reductions\n5. An association of nations", "question": "Which statement describes the purpose of this plan?", "options": {"A": "To establish a new era of isolationism", "B": "To punish countries that are defeated in war", "C": "To prevent multinational countries from breaking apart", "D": "To create conditions that prevent future global conflicts"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 902, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows.\n\nWe conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of \"separate but equal\" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs . . . are . . . deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.\n\nChief Justice Earl Warren, *Brown v. Board of Education*, May 17, 1954", "question": "Which previous Supreme Court decision had protected the practice described in this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "*Sweatt v. Painter*", "G": "*Hernandez v. Texas*", "H": "*Plessy v. Ferguson*", "J": "*Wisconsin v. Yoder*"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 903, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the list and answer the question that follows.\n\nSection 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001\n\n- Allows the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to search for \"tangible things\" without probable cause\n- Allows search warrants to be issued for any U.S. citizen believed to be involved in terrorist activities", "question": "This act has caused conflict between", "options": {"F": "individual rights and the authority of the government to maintain national security", "G": "equal protection under the law and protection of minorities against discrimination", "H": "economic stability and increased government spending on military readiness", "J": "promotion of free-trade policies and protections for workers in domestic industries"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 904, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This list presents the work of a civil rights advocate.\n\nSelected Accomplishments of Dolores Huerta\n\n- Secured disability insurance for California farmworkers\n- Directed a national grape boycott to protest the dangers of pesticides for farmworkers\n- ?", "question": "Which accomplishment correctly completes this list?", "options": {"A": "Organized armed resistance to protest police brutality against farmworkers", "B": "Negotiated to secure better working conditions for farmworkers", "C": "Filed a federal lawsuit to fight segregation against farmworkers in public facilities", "D": "Seized corporate farmland to protest discrimination against farmworkers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 905, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows.\n\nChina is so large, looms so high just beyond the frontiers, that if South Viet-Nam went, it would not only give them an improved geographic position for a guerrilla assault on Malaya, but would also give the impression that the wave of the future in southeast Asia was China and the Communists.\n\nPresident John F. Kennedy, televised interview, September 9, 1963", "question": "Which idea reflected in these remarks formed the basis for U.S. involvement in Vietnam?", "options": {"F": "Nuclear deterrence", "G": "Flexible response", "H": "Domino theory", "J": "Iron Curtain"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 906, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "NATO was created in response to concerns about", "options": {"F": "the Soviet Union and Communism", "G": "Italy and Nazism", "H": "Germany and fascism", "J": "Japan and militarism"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 907, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the list and answer the question that follows.\n\n- Passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act\n- Ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment\n- Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act", "question": "In which historical time period were these laws enacted?", "options": {"A": "The Great Society", "B": "The Progressive Era", "C": "The Great Depression", "D": "The Jazz Age"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 908, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the list and answer the question that follows.\n\n- Passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act\n- Ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment\n- Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act", "question": "Which issue was discussed in the writings of Jacob Riis?", "options": {"F": "Discrimination against African Americans in U.S. cities", "G": "Harsh conditions of tenement housing in U.S. cities", "H": "Growing conflict between rural regions and U.S. cities", "J": "Increasing efforts to reduce Chinese immigration to U.S. cities"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 909, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "The demographic structure of the United States changed in the late nineteenth century with the arrival of ", "options": {"A": "immigrants from southern and eastern Europe seeking industrial jobs", "B": "political refugees coming to the United States from the former Spanish colonies", "C": "migrants from Mexico seeking agricultural jobs during a worldwide depression", "D": "German immigrants fleeing Europe prior to the outbreak of the First World War"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 910, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which factor has **MOST** contributed to the improvement of cell phone technology?", "options": {"F": "Competition between cell phone companies to gain new customers", "G": "Government tariffs to reduce sales of imported cell phones", "H": "Sales taxes on cell phone equipment to generate revenue", "J": "Long-term contracts from cell phone service providers to reward customer loyalty"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 911, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows.\n\nWe have seen something here that overpowers the death of anyone back home. We have seen what can be called the living dead. Moving up into a new position we came across a prison camp. . . . We went out to see what a concentration camp looked like. . . . As we entered the camp the first thing we saw was the burned down buildings, but a little farther on we got the shock of our lives.\n\nAaron A. Eiferman, member of the U.S. 12th Armored Division, letter to his wife, April 27, 1945", "question": "Which action did the Allied powers take in response to what was described in this letter?", "options": {"F": "Imposed economic sanctions on Germany", "G": "Began a bombing campaign to destroy key military bases", "H": "Charged Nazi officials with war crimes in the Nuremberg trials", "J": "Permitted Nazi officials to leave the country"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 912, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Why did the Spanish-American War move the United States into the position of a world power?", "options": {"F": "The United States acquired Spanish territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific.", "G": "The United States proved its nuclear capabilities against Spain in Southeast Asia.", "H": "The United States stopped the spread of communism in Spain.", "J": "The United States ended Spanish trade in the Eastern Hemisphere."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 913, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows.\n\nNo voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.\n\nSection 2 of the Voting Rights Act, August 6, 1965", "question": "Which voting practice requirement was specifically targeted by this act?", "options": {"A": "Providing proof of employment", "B": "Proving property ownership", "C": "Passing literacy tests", "D": "Taking religious tests"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 914, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What is a **PRIMARY** reason why Hurricane Katrina caused major destruction to New Orleans in 2005?", "options": {"F": "Levees surrounding the city collapsed under pressure from floodwaters.", "G": "Crude oil from offshore drilling platforms sparked fires across the city.", "H": "Citywide pavement prevented floodwaters from soaking into the ground.", "J": "Mass evacuations left the city without enough volunteers to build a seawall."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 915, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows.\n\nIn fact, U.S. religious pluralism has its origins in America's colonial past, when members of persecuted religious minorities migrated from Europe to the New World so they could freely practice their faiths. And newcomers still arrive from every corner of the globe, bringing their unique faith traditions to towns and cities across the United States.\n\nLauren Monsen, \"The American Religious Landscape,\" \nMarch 26, 2015", "question": "How has this religious pluralism influenced the national identity of the United States?", "options": {"A": "The government establishes religious schools for immigrants.", "B": "Most Americans live in isolated religious communities.", "C": "The government limits the number of religious community centers.", "D": "Many Americans are tolerant of various religious beliefs."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 916, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What is the purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission?", "options": {"A": "To encourage business practices that promote minority employment", "B": "To maintain fair markets and increase investor confidence in financial institutions", "C": "To encourage business policies that protect the environment", "D": "To ensure worker safety and protect the public from hazardous products"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 917, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This diagram shows working conditions during the Second Industrial Revolution.\n\nFactories begin to produce more goods during the Second Industrial Revolution.\n\n- Workers include young women and children.\n- Workers work long hours.\n- Workers earn low wages.", "question": "During the early twentieth century, which action was taken to address the issues shown in this diagram?", "options": {"A": "Labor reformers secured better working conditions through legislation.", "B": "Businesses hired fewer immigrants as laborers.", "C": "Corporations sought greater federal industrial regulations.", "D": "Businesses created monopolies to increase competition among industries."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 918, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which action by the federal government was one cause of the Great Depression?", "options": {"F": "Failing to decrease the reserve requirement", "G": "Refusing to regulate the stock market", "H": "Abolishing the use of the gold standard", "J": "Eliminating tariffs on foreign trade"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 919, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "\"I've found the job where I fit best!\"\n\nFIND YOUR WAR JOB\nIn Industry - Agriculture - Business\n\nOWI Poster No. 31. Additional copies may be obtained upon request from the Division of Public Relations, Office of War Information, Washington, D. C.\n\nSource: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division", "question": "Which action by the federal government was one cause of the Great Depression?", "options": {"A": "Women's colleges closed as wartime employment opportunities grew.", "B": "The number of women in nontraditional roles increased.", "C": "Women's organizations secured passage of the GI Bill for returning veterans.", "D": "Congress passed laws guaranteeing equal pay for equal work for women."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 920, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows.\n\nOn May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case *Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas*. . . . There was considerable resistance to the Supreme Court's ruling. . . .\n\n\\textit{Brown v. Board of Education (1954)},\" National Archives and Records Administration, [www.ourdocuments.gov](#) (accessed February 28, 2018)", "question": "How did President Dwight D. Eisenhower respond to considerable resistance in Arkansas?", "options": {"F": "By sending soldiers to Arkansas to enforce desegregation", "G": "By closing schools in Arkansas until desegregation was achieved", "H": "By declaring school segregation to be a decision for the state of Arkansas to make", "J": "By firing public school teachers in Arkansas who supported segregation"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 921, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one effect of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) on the United States?", "options": {"A": "Decreased employment opportunities for minorities and women", "B": "Increased availability of foreign laborers in the United States", "C": "Increased access to foreign markets for U.S. businesses", "D": "Decreased funding for the establishment of national parks"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 922, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows.\n\nUnder the act, approximately 2,300,000 attended colleges and universities, 3,500,000 received school training, and 3,400,000 received on-the-job training. The number of degrees awarded by U.S. colleges and universities more than doubled between 1940 and 1950.\n\nThe U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, \nwww.ourdocuments.gov \n(accessed September 21, 2017)", "question": "Which government action directly contributed to these changes?", "options": {"A": "Passage of the Federal Reserve Act", "B": "Passage of the National Security Act of 1947", "C": "Passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944", "D": "Passage of the Central Intelligence Agency Act"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 923, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows.\n\nNavstar GPS is a satellite-based radio navigation system developed and operated by the US Department of Defense (DOD). . . . It consists of a constellation of orbiting satellites, a ground control system and thousands of GPS information receiver units in aircraft, ships, [and] land vehicles. . . .\n\nU.S. Military GPS, www.army-technology.com \n(accessed May 7, 2018)", "question": "Which military need contributed to development of the technology described in this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "Faster, more accurate responses during combat", "G": "Stronger, more dependable weapons for soldiers", "H": "Lighter, more fuel-efficient cargo planes", "J": "Larger, more powerful nuclear submarines"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 924, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt describes a work process established by Henry Ford.\n\nOne man fits the parts together, so that the bolt holes come right. The next man fits the bolt holes into place. The next has a pan of nuts before him and all day he scoops them up and with his fingers starts them on the thread of the bolts. The next man has a wrench and he gives the final twist that makes them tight.\n\nJohn A. Fitch, 1914", "question": "Which results did Ford hope to achieve by implementing the process described in this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "Increased productivity and efficiency", "G": "Reduced numbers of employees quitting", "H": "Increased labor union membership", "J": "Reduced payroll taxes and employee benefits"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 925, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NOTICE TO ALIENS OF ENEMY NATIONALITIES \n\n\\* The United States Government requires all aliens of ? , or ? nationality to apply at post offices nearest to their place of residence for a Certificate of Identification. Applications must be filed between the period February 9 through February 28, 1942. Go to your postmaster today for printed directions. \n\nEARL G. HARRISON, Special Assistant to the Attorney General. \n\nFRANCIS BIDDLE, Attorney General. \n\nSource: NARA ", "question": "Which nationalities correctly replace the three question marks on this notice?", "options": {"A": "Polish, Romanian, Russian", "B": "Mexican, Spanish, Portuguese", "C": "Irish, Israeli, Turkish", "D": "German, Italian, Japanese"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 926, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt describes a country and western star in the 1930s. \n\n[Gene Autry] got a bit part in [In Old Santa Fe], a Western in 1934, and unbelievably the ideas that came from this Western ... pretty much started the template of the musical Western. Audiences just loved them—they had the music, they had the comedy and, of course, the action and those great fancy cowboy outfits, too. \n\n—\"Gene Autry, America's 'Public Cowboy No. 1',\" National Public Radio, www.npr.org (accessed November 20, 2018) ", "question": "What was one effect of this new style of \"musical Western\" on the United States in the 1930s? ", "options": {"F": "Country music became more popular than rock and roll music.", "G": "Country music prompted people to move to farms on the Great Plains.", "H": "Country music transitioned from a regional genre to a national sensation.", "J": "Country music encouraged Exodusters to migrate from southern states."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 927, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt describes some court cases about education. \n\nWhile Brown v. Board of Education is a widely known landmark Supreme Court case, few can trace its origins to the case of nine- year- old Sylvia Mendez in Mendez v. Westminster. \n\nSylvia's case, which was decided in the federal courts in California, preceded Brown by about eight years. Thurgood Marshall represented Sylvia Mendez and Linda Brown. Marshall used some of the same arguments from Mendez to win Brown v. Board of Education. \n\n- \"Background - Mendez v. Westminster Re-Enactment,\" U.S. Courts, www.uscourts.gov (accessed November 28, 2018) ", "question": "Why are the court cases described in this excerpt important to education in the United States?", "options": {"A": "The cases reduced racial segregation in schools.", "B": "The cases established the use of quotas in school admissions.", "C": "The cases ordered schools to provide accommodations for students with disabilities.", "D": "The cases reduced inequities in school district financing."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 928, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. \n\nThe whole of our governmental machinery was devised for the purpose that . . . we give incentive and equality of opportunity to every individual to rise to that highest achievement of which he is capable. . . . The spread of government destroys initiative and thus destroys character. . . . There is an entirely different avenue by which we may both resist this drift to centralized government and at the same time meet a multitude of problems. That is to strengthen in the Nation a sense and an organization of self- help . . . \n\n—President Herbert Hoover, radio address, February 12, 1931 ", "question": "How did this response to the Great Depression differ from the ideas of Franklin D. Roosevelt?", "options": {"F": "Hoover wanted to implement social welfare programs to provide for the poor.", "G": "Roosevelt wanted private charities to take responsibility for relief efforts.", "H": "Hoover wanted to limit the role of the federal government in managing the crisis.", "J": "Roosevelt wanted state governments to regulate private business activity."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 929, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did the National Organization for Women (NOW) affect the feminist movement during the 1970s?", "options": {"A": "By opposing the Supreme Court's *Roe v. Wade* decision legalizing abortion", "B": "By opposing laws granting tax credits for stay-at-home mothers", "C": "By supporting scholarship programs available through beauty pageants", "D": "By supporting the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 930, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which cause united many college students, civil rights activists, and labor union members during the 1960s?", "options": {"F": "Opposing U.S. participation in the Vietnam War", "G": "Expanding presidential use of executive privilege", "H": "Protecting the world against climate change", "J": "Using détente as a foreign policy with China"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 931, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "President Woodrow Wilson's Reasons \nfor Entering World War I\n\n- Assert American rights to \"freedom of the seas\"\n- Stop German plans to aid Mexico", "question": "Which statement describes one reason the year 2008 was significant?", "options": {"A": "First Lady Hillary Clinton testified before Congress on health care reform.", "B": "Barack Obama was the first African American to be elected president.", "C": "Ross Perot was the first third party candidate to win a presidential debate.", "D": "President George W. Bush announced a war on terrorism."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 932, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt is about the U.S. policy in Lebanon. \n\nFrom 1981 onward, the Reagan administration feared that conflict between Lebanese factions backed by Syria and Israel, along with clashes between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), could escalate into an Arab- Israeli war. Yet American policymakers differed over how to prevent such a conflict, especially over whether to commit troops for that purpose. Following Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, the advocates of military intervention won out. But by 1984, terrorist attacks, a lack of diplomatic progress, and congressional opposition led President Ronald Reagan to withdraw U.S. forces from Lebanon. \n\n—\"The Reagan Administration and Lebanon, 1981–1984,\" U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov (accessed April 17, 2020) \n\nBased on the excerpt, why were U.S. forces initially sent to Lebanon? ", "question": "Based on the excerpt, why were U.S. forces initially sent to Lebanon?", "options": {"F": "To regain control of vital oil fields", "G": "To provide military support to Syria", "H": "To provide military assistance to Israel", "J": "To help maintain peace between warring groups"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 933, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was mouldy and white—it would be dosed with borax and glycerine, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. \n\n—Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906 ", "question": "What was the immediate response to the practices mentioned in this excerpt?", "options": {"A": "Monopolies formed to control competition in the meat-processing industry.", "B": "Meat packers developed refrigerated railroad cars to ship meat nationwide.", "C": "Congress passed legislation to protect consumer health and safety.", "D": "Farmers demanded government regulation of livestock sales and distribution."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 934, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which concern directly contributed to U.S. involvement in the Korean War during the 1950s?", "options": {"F": "Containing the spread of communism", "G": "Improving political relations with China", "H": "Deterring the use of nuclear weapons", "J": "Resisting the rise of fascism in Asia"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 935, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the list and answer the question that follows.\n\n- Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund\n- American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee\n- National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium", "question": "Which action is a goal of all these groups?", "options": {"A": "Promoting nativist policies", "B": "Protecting civil liberties", "C": "Supporting segregation", "D": "Organizing labor unions"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 936, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one result of immigration to the northeastern United States during the early twentieth century?", "options": {"F": "Factories experienced labor shortages.", "G": "Cities became more densely populated.", "H": "Fewer people lived in settlement houses.", "J": "Fewer diseases spread among urban populations."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 937, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1963 \"I Have a Dream\" speech affect U.S. politics?", "options": {"F": "By increasing pressure on political leaders to form a new minority-based political party", "G": "By persuading political leaders to introduce literacy tests for voting", "H": "By persuading political leaders to ratify an amendment that extends voting rights to women", "J": "By increasing pressure on political leaders to pass federal civil rights legislation"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 938, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows.\n\nWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\n\n—*Declaration of Independence*", "question": "Which phrase from this excerpt is **MOST** directly related to the Nineteenth Amendment?", "options": {"F": "We hold these truths to be self-evident", "G": "they are endowed by their Creator", "H": "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness", "J": "deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 939, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one goal of Ku Klux Klan marches held before elections in the early 1900s?", "options": {"A": "To prevent the government from passing voter identification laws", "B": "To warn people about the dangers of voter fraud", "C": "To prevent racial minorities from participating in the political process", "D": "To protest the use of literacy tests in the political process"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 940, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What is one example of how space exploration and technology have improved the quality of life?", "options": {"F": "By reducing dependence on robotics for performing surgery", "G": "By developing shields to protect homes from meteorites", "H": "By reducing dependence on solar cells and biofuels for energy", "J": "By developing satellites to send communication signals"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 941, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What is one qualification that must be fulfilled for a person to become a U.S. citizen?", "options": {"A": "Earning an income above the national average", "B": "Earning an advanced degree from an American university", "C": "Demonstrating an understanding of the principles of American government", "D": "Demonstrating an understanding of the constitutions of each state"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 942, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "\nSomeone asked me if I wanted to make a New Year's wish, and I said yes—and it was that I'd like to see every young person in the world join the \"Just Say No\" . . . club. Well, just the fact that Congress has proclaimed \"Just Say No Week\" and in light of all the activities taking place, it seems that my wish is well on its way to coming true. I'm so proud of all the young people, the parents, the citizens in cities and towns across the Nation, the Government, and everyone else who's helping to create what I believe is the final solution to this problem. . . . \n\n—First Lady Nancy Reagan, May 20, 1986 ", "question": "Which problem is Nancy Reagan hoping to solve with this campaign?", "options": {"A": "Drug and alcohol abuse among children", "B": "The effects of video- game violence on children", "C": "Diets high in sugar and salt among children", "D": "The effects of explicit lyrics in music on children"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 943, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which event prompted the United States to enter World War II?", "options": {"A": "The German annexation of Austria", "B": "The Soviet occupation of Germany", "C": "The landing of Allied soldiers on Normandy Beach", "D": "The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 944, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which benefit resulted from the introduction of the Bessemer steel process?", "options": {"F": "Mechanical reapers to replace horse-drawn reapers", "G": "Stronger and cheaper material for railroads and bridges", "H": "Transistors for radios", "J": "Electric lightbulb"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 945, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The Civil Rights Act of 1957 established a Civil Rights Division within the U.S. Department of Justice. ", "question": "What was the main purpose of this division?", "options": {"A": "To enforce laws prohibiting discrimination", "B": "To integrate public schools", "C": "To enforce privacy protections", "D": "To integrate the armed forces"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 946, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was a major influence on the popularity of the flapper during the 1920s?", "options": {"A": "A decline in the number of women working in urban factories", "B": "A shift away from the traditional roles of women", "C": "An increase in the use of credit and installment plans", "D": "A decrease in crime associated with prohibition"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 947, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "At the height of the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, HUAC's influence soared and contributed to a climate of domestic fear stoked by its sensational and often unsubstantiated investigations.\n\n\"The Permanent Standing House Committee on Un-American Activities,\" U.S. House of Representatives Historical Highlights, http://history.house.gov (accessed September 14, 2016)", "question": "The committee mentioned in this statement was investigating suspected members of the -", "options": {"F": "Communist Party", "G": "Civilian Conservation Corps", "H": "Navajo Code Talkers", "J": "Flying Tigers"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 948, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "But when we come to the possible sequence of events, the loss of Indochina, of Burma, of Thailand, of the Peninsula, and Indonesia following, now you begin to talk about areas that not only multiply the disadvantages that you would suffer, ... but now you are talking really about millions and millions and millions of people.\n\nPresident Dwight D. Eisenhower, news conference, April 7, 1954", "question": "In this excerpt, President Eisenhower is expressing concern about -", "options": {"A": "a trade imbalance with Asia", "B": "the spread of communism in Asia", "C": "the educational opportunities available in Asia", "D": "an environmental disaster in Asia"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 949, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "During Reconstruction the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments were ratified. ", "question": "Which issue did these amendments address?", "options": {"F": "Rights for women", "G": "Readmission of states to the Union", "H": "Rights for former slaves", "J": "Presidential impeachment proceedings"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 950, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "What was the effect of television on the development and outcome of the war? The conventional wisdom has generally been that for better or for worse it was an anti- war influence. It brought the \"horror of war\" night after night into people's living rooms and eventually inspired revulsion and exhaustion. The argument has often been made that any war reported in an unrestricted way by television would eventually lose public support.\n\n- Daniel Hallin, The Museum of Broadcast Communications", "question": "Which article would most likely quote this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "\"Embedding Journalists in Combat during the Korean War\"", "G": "\"The Role of the Office of War Information during World War II\"", "H": "\"Improvements in Media Production during the Persian Gulf War\"", "J": "\"The Role of the Media during the Vietnam War\""}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 951, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which situation is an example of a person using technology initially designed for the military?", "options": {"A": "A teenager pumps gasoline into a new car.", "B": "A man uses a credit card to pay for new purchases.", "C": "A pediatrician vaccinates patients against polio.", "D": "A woman uses a Global Positioning System to navigate around town."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 952, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which phrase best defines the Holocaust?", "options": {"A": "The U.S. plan to relocate Japanese Americans to internment camps", "B": "The Allied plan to liberate concentration camps in Eastern Europe", "C": "The Nazi campaign to use genocide to eliminate European Jews", "D": "The Japanese military strategy to destroy U.S. aircraft carriers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 953, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Why did the United States intervene in Korea during the mid- twentieth century?", "options": {"A": "The United States wanted to promote trade in Southeast Asia.", "B": "The United States responded to a surprise attack against a U.S. naval base.", "C": "The United States assumed responsibility for defeating international terrorist groups.", "D": "The United States led the international community in response to an act of aggression."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 954, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The nation participates in the making of its laws by the choice of its legislators, and in the execution of them by the choice of the agents of the executive government; it may almost be said to govern itself. . . .\n\nAlexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1835", "question": "Which constitutional provision did the most to advance the aspect of democracy Tocqueville describes?", "options": {"F": "\"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated. . . .\"", "G": "\"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.\"", "H": "\"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.\"", "J": "\"Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.\""}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 955, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was the primary goal of the 2009 Affordable Care Act?", "options": {"A": "To eliminate state medical programs", "B": "To expand access to health insurance", "C": "To nationalize medical care for the elderly", "D": "To ease restrictions on healthcare providers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 956, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one significant impact of the opening of the Panama Canal?", "options": {"A": "It helped reduce the spread of communism and socialism in Latin American countries.", "B": "It resulted in the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement.", "C": "It increased trade by reducing travel times between the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans.", "D": "It created tension between the United States and Latin American countries over immigration policy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 957, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "My party's in power in the city, and it's goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a new park at a certain place. I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public, and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before. Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft.\n\nGeorge Washington Plunkitt, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, 1905", "question": "Which action is best described by this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "Elected leaders helped immigrants to assimilate to life in the United States.", "G": "Political machines justified corruption while providing benefits to communities.", "H": "Progressive leaders protested eminent domain laws in the United States.", "J": "Muckrakers tried to uncover government scandals in urban communities."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 958, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or national origin.\n\nExecutive Order 11246 as amended, September 24, 1965", "question": "What was the main purpose of this executive order?", "options": {"A": "To expand protections in hiring decisions", "B": "To guarantee a minimum wage for employees", "C": "To provide corporate tax cuts to companies", "D": "To provide on- the- job training for new workers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 959, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Why did the U.S. Senate refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles after World War I?", "options": {"F": "The Senate would not support America's participation in the League of Nations.", "G": "The Senate believed the treaty did not punish Germany enough.", "H": "The Senate thought the treaty did not have the power to prevent secret alliances.", "J": "The Senate could not agree on military disarmament levels."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 960, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Thousands of African Americans moved to the Great Plains during the late nineteenth century. Many of them moved to Kansas in what was called the Great Exodus, and the participants were called exodusters.", "question": "What was the primary reason the exodusters left the South?", "options": {"A": "To escape drought conditions", "B": "To reunite with family members", "C": "To find employment in U.S. wartime industries", "D": "To escape oppression and discrimination"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 961, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes how investment in the stock market during the mid- to- late 1920s contributed to the Great Depression?", "options": {"F": "People were unable to repay the loans used to purchase stocks.", "G": "Government taxes on stock transactions made it difficult to repay investors.", "H": "Financial institutions were not required to report earnings to stock investors.", "J": "Foreign countries were not required to immediately pay stockholder earnings."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 962, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How have computer technology entrepreneurs such as Steve Jobs and Jeff Bezos most directly affected the twenty- first- century economy?", "options": {"A": "More people are able to shop for goods online.", "B": "Restaurant owners are able to open fast- food franchises overseas.", "C": "More people are able to get hired after graduating from high school.", "D": "Bankers are able to offer customized loans for potential home buyers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 963, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was the purpose of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906?", "options": {"F": "To protect consumers by regulating the food and drug industry", "G": "To lower the cost of essential foods and drugs for consumers", "H": "To prevent shortages by regulating the supply of food and drugs", "J": "To reduce production costs for food and drug manufacturers"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 964, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Over the course of the 20th century, the composition of the labor force shifted from industries dominated by primary production occupations, such as farmers and foresters, to those dominated by professional, technical, and service workers.\n\nDonald M. Fisk, \"American Labor in the 20th Century,\" Fall 2001", "question": "How have these shifts affected the physical environment?", "options": {"A": "Water shortages occurred as more people moved to rural areas.", "B": "Air pollution levels increased as the government decreased regulations.", "C": "Cropland eroded as farmers used outdated agricultural techniques.", "D": "Cities grew in size as previously used farmland was absorbed into urban areas."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 965, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Built sod houses, Used steel plows, Developed dry farming techniques", "question": "What is the best title for this list?", "options": {"F": "How Sharecroppers Lived in the Deep South", "G": "Ways Migrant Workers Lived in the Southwest", "H": "How Miners Took Advantage of Gold Rush Opportunities", "J": "Ways Settlers Adapted to Conditions on the Great Plains"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 966, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Why did the United States fight in the Persian Gulf War?", "options": {"A": "Iraq needed help resisting a communist revolution.", "B": "Iraq supplied weapons to al- Qaeda terrorists.", "C": "Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait.", "D": "Iraq financed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 967, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which factor prompted the Americanization movement of the early twentieth century?", "options": {"F": "The increasing numbers of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe", "G": "The strengthening of Jim Crow laws in the southern United States", "H": "The rising tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union", "J": "The growing concern about environmental issues in the western United States"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 968, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which New Deal program still in existence today provides an income for retired people?", "options": {"F": "Social Security Administration", "G": "Securities and Exchange Commission", "H": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation", "J": "Farm Credit Administration"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 969, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution increased the power of the executive branch by -", "options": {"A": "allowing the president to use military force without a declaration of war by Congress", "B": "authorizing the president to choose the Senate Majority Leader", "C": "allowing the president to introduce bills to Congress", "D": "expanding the president's right to executive privilege"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 970, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\n\n- Tenth Amendment", "question": "Which phrase best describes the goal of this amendment?", "options": {"F": "To restrict civil liberties", "G": "To limit due process rights", "H": "To restrain the power of judicial activists", "J": "To limit the power of the federal government"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 971, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one immediate result of Henry Ford's manufacturing methods?", "options": {"A": "Cars became affordable for more people.", "B": "Cars required little fuel to operate efficiently.", "C": "Cars replaced railroads as the fastest way to ship goods.", "D": "Cars could be customized."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 972, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed an increase in the number of Supreme Court justices because the Court ruled against", "options": {"F": "the gold standard", "G": "some New Deal programs", "H": "internment camps", "J": "some rationing programs"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 973, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which phrase describes a major goal of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?", "options": {"A": "To provide stability for the national economy by creating a central banking system", "B": "To raise money for wartime needs by selling government bonds", "C": "To give incentives for U.S. entrepreneurs by offering low-interest loans", "D": "To encourage competition in U.S. industry by breaking up corporate trusts"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 974, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which action did the U.S. government take in 1924 to expand the rights of American Indians?", "options": {"A": "Granting citizenship to American Indians", "B": "Establishing private schools for American Indian children", "C": "Providing retirement benefits to American Indians", "D": "Guaranteeing jobs for American Indians in urban areas"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 975, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was the most significant result of the 1957 launch of Sputnik?", "options": {"F": "U.S. military troops were deployed to Korea.", "G": "The United States ended its involvement in the Vietnam War.", "H": "A space race between the United States and the Soviet Union began.", "J": "The U.S. government implemented the Marshall Plan."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 976, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "But it taxes our credulity to say that mere chance resulted in their [sic] being no members of this class among the over six thousand jurors called in the past 25 years. The result bespeaks discrimination, . . . [Hernandez's] only claim is the right to be indicted and tried by juries from which all members of his class are not systematically excluded---juries selected from among all qualified persons regardless of national origin or descent. To this much, he is entitled by the Constitution.\n\nChief Justice Earl Warren, Hernandez v. Texas, May 3, 1954", "question": "How did this Supreme Court decision affect judicial interpretations of the Constitution?", "options": {"A": "By expanding equal protection rights", "B": "By eliminating due process protections", "C": "By limiting free expression", "D": "By expanding the right of religious freedom"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 977, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad contribute to the settlement of the West?", "options": {"F": "By providing people with access to essential goods", "G": "By raising money to build factories along the routes", "H": "By giving funds to local leaders to build schools", "J": "By establishing military forts along the routes"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 978, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique affect the lives of everyday Americans?", "options": {"A": "By inspiring women in the 1960s to question their traditional social roles", "B": "By focusing attention on a widespread environmental problem", "C": "By advocating for passage of consumer safety laws during the 1970s", "D": "By bringing attention to racial discrimination in government hiring practices"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 979, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "For decades, the United States and ___? ___ have maintained strong bilateral relations based on a number of factors, including robust domestic U.S. support for ___? ___ and its security; shared strategic goals in the Middle East; a mutual commitment to democratic values; and historical ties dating from U.S. support for the creation of ___? ___ in 1948. U.S. foreign aid has been a major component in cementing and reinforcing these ties.", "question": "The name of which Middle Eastern country correctly completes the excerpt?", "options": {"F": "Egypt", "G": "Israel", "H": "Kuwait", "J": "Saudi Arabia"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 980, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Why would a company invest in a time- study analysis?", "options": {"A": "To diversify the workforce", "B": "To improve efficiency", "C": "To reduce the amount of goods in storage", "D": "To improve relations with inventory suppliers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 981, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Selected Interest Groups\n\n- Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)\n- League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)\n- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)\n- National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)\n- National Urban League\n- Rainbow PUSH Coalition", "question": "How have these groups helped shape U.S. culture?", "options": {"A": "By fighting against child labor", "B": "By supporting strict immigration quotas", "C": "By focusing on expanding civil rights for minorities", "D": "By lobbying against equal pay for equal work"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 982, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which phrase best explains the popularity of American music in China?", "options": {"A": "The diffusion of U.S. culture", "B": "The result of U.S. free trade agreements", "C": "The communist control of government in China", "D": "The success of antitrust legislation in China"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 983, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The Federal Children's Bureau, in the summer of 1932, undertook a survey of the situation in the Southwest, with especial reference to boys and young men who by the thousands (estimated 200,000 for the United States) were found \"riding the rods\" of the railroads. . . . In October 1932 a group of individuals, members of national agencies deeply concerned with this problem, together with a number of persons actively engaged in the study of the subject, organized themselves under the auspices of the National Social Work Council as a discussion group to explore the size and content of the problem . . . and, if possible, to work out some practical plan for its relief.\n\nDr. Ellen C. Potter, \"The Problem of the Transient,\" 1934", "question": "Which situation contributed to the problem described in this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "Migration caused by racial discrimination during World War I", "G": "Homelessness caused by unemployment during the Great Depression", "H": "Strict bank regulations made by the federal government during the New Deal", "J": "Rate increases imposed by the railroad industry during the Gilded Age"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 984, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Let us unite in committing the resources of this Nation to a major new endeavor, an endeavor that in this Bicentennial Era we can appropriately call \"Project Independence.\"\n\nLet us set as our national goal, in the spirit of Apollo, with the determination of the Manhattan Project, that by the end of this decade we will have developed the potential to meet our own energy needs without depending on any foreign energy sources.\n\nPresident Richard Nixon, address to the nation, November 7, 1973", "question": "Which situation caused President Nixon to introduce this project?", "options": {"F": "The fall of Saigon", "G": "The OPEC oil embargo", "H": "The Iraqi invasion of oil fields in Kuwait", "J": "The illegal sale of weapons to Iran"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 985, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Republican Political Plan for the 1994 Election\n\nDrafted by Republicans led by Representative Newt Gingrich of Georgia\nSpecified legislation to be passed once the House of Representatives was controlled by Republicans\nPromised conservative economic and political reforms", "question": "What did congressional Republicans call this political plan?", "options": {"A": "The New Frontier", "B": "The Great Society", "C": "The Return to Normalcy", "D": "The Contract with America"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 986, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders whom he may from time to time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded. . . .\n\nPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt, Executive Order 9066, February 19, 1942", "question": "Which constitutional right was most directly violated by this executive order?", "options": {"F": "Freedom of speech", "G": "Right to equal protection", "H": "Right to bear arms", "J": "Freedom of religion"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 987, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": " Europeans seek industrial jobs in the United States.- World War I begins.- Nativism resurges in the United States. ", "question": "What was one way the U.S. government responded to this combination of events?", "options": {"A": "Made labor unions illegal", "B": "Passed immigration restrictions", "C": "Implemented a military draft", "D": "Established a federal income tax"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 988, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best explains one effect of the New Deal?", "options": {"F": "The federal government took control of public education and universities.", "G": "Corporations had to obtain permission from state governments before hiring workers.", "H": "Labor unions had to provide justification to state governments before conducting strikes.", "J": "People relied more on the federal government for assistance."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 989, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which example best defines a historical era?", "options": {"A": "A collection of art by a world- renowned artist", "B": "A period of time characterized by certain political, social, or economic events", "C": "A genre of music specific to a region of a country", "D": "A piece of landmark legislation passed during a congressional session"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 990, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which method for achieving civil rights is most associated with Martin Luther King, Jr.?", "options": {"A": "Using peaceful protests and acts of civil disobedience", "B": "Obtaining signatures to petition for a referendum", "C": "Pursuing litigation through the court system", "D": "Recalling officials in special elections"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 991, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which action did Congress take to help protect native plants and animals from extinction?", "options": {"F": "Passed the Endangered Species Act", "G": "Constructed the Hoover Dam", "H": "Passed the Community Reinvestment Act", "J": "Established the Department of Energy"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 992, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Suffrage for African American men\nSuffrage for women\nSuffrage for 18- year- old men and women\n\nHow were these rights formally obtained?", "options": {"A": "By granting citizenship to immigrants", "B": "By passing antitrust legislation", "C": "By ratifying constitutional amendments", "D": "By engaging in an international conflict"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 993, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one result of the creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) during the 1930s?", "options": {"F": "State governments took over the responsibility of protecting minority rights.", "G": "The federal government was no longer responsible for protecting natural resources.", "H": "State governments could no longer control their budgets.", "J": "The federal government provided aid to people suffering from unemployment."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 994, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which statement describes one of the MOST important reasons why the United States annexed the Kingdom of Hawaii?", "options": {"A": "The islands offered excellent locations for tropical resorts.", "B": "The local residents needed help to prevent the spread of poverty and disease.", "C": "The location was strategically valuable to both military and business leaders.", "D": "The local rulers wanted financial assistance to rebuild after a natural disaster."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 995, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "\"Do Everything\"\n\nAn all- round movement can only be carried forward by all- round advocates. . . . Our WCTU is a school. . . . Here we try our wings that . . . we may calmly take our places and prove to the world that what it needed most was two heads in counsel as well as \"two beside the hearth.\" When that day comes, the nation shall no longer miss as now the influence of half its wisdom, more than half its purity and nearly all its gentleness, in courts of justice and halls of legislation. Then shall one code of morals—and that the highest—govern both men and women; then shall the Sabbath be respected, the rights of the poor be recognized, the liquor traffic banished, and the home protected from all its foes. \n\n—A Handbook for the World's White Ribboners, 1895 ", "question": "How did the White Ribboners contribute to U.S. society during the late 1800s?", "options": {"F": "By supporting the movement to end Reconstruction and Jim Crow", "G": "By establishing labor unions for women and children", "H": "By winning the right to vote for African Americans and immigrants", "J": "By leading efforts to achieve prohibition and women's suffrage"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 996, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which action BEST prepares a responsible citizen to vote?", "options": {"F": "Staying informed about issues affecting the country and communities", "G": "Defending the country through military service if the need arises", "H": "Getting a high- paying job with health care and retirement benefits", "J": "Participating on a grand jury on a regular basis"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 997, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What has been one effect of population growth on the physical environment?", "options": {"F": "Increased supplies of underground water", "G": "Increased damage to coastal ecosystems", "H": "Decreased greenhouse gas emissions", "J": "Decreased air pollution levels"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 998, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which statement describes how the GI Bill affected the United States during the 1950s?", "options": {"A": "The act allowed members of minority groups to join the armed forces because it desegregated the military.", "B": "The financial regulations in the act protected the deposits of bank customers.", "C": "The educational benefits included in the act helped provide training to military veterans.", "D": "The act provided employment opportunities for women because it made discrimination in the workplace illegal."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 999, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court decided that the Equal Protection Clause allowed state governments to apply the \"separate but equal\" provision to public facilities.", "question": "What was one way the decision described in this passage affected the United States in the first half of the twentieth century?", "options": {"F": "Minorities were not allowed to attend schools with whites.", "G": "Poll taxes in federal elections were ruled unconstitutional.", "H": "Affirmative action programs were ruled unconstitutional.", "J": "Minorities were not allowed to join the military."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1000, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which U.S. action was the MOST direct and immediate response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin?", "options": {"A": "Airlifting supplies to people in West Berlin", "B": "Creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization", "C": "Withdrawing military forces from West Berlin", "D": "Providing financial support to help rebuild European nations"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1001, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Evidence for \"productivity miracles\" arising from the computer and from information technology (IT) in general appears to be all around us . . . The New York Stock Exchange handles electronically a volume of transactions that was inconceivable in the pre- computer age. Businesses nowadays can compute and communicate far faster than they could, say, a decade or two ago.\n\nAlan S. Blinder and Richard E. Quant, \"The Computer and the Economy,\" The Atlantic, December 1997", "question": "How has use of the technology described in this excerpt impacted the United States?", "options": {"F": "By increasing the number of workers in the agricultural sector", "G": "By increasing the amount of time used to manufacture goods", "H": "By increasing the efficiency of workers and businesses", "J": "By increasing the health and safety risks faced by industrial workers"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1002, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What effect did the sinking of the Lusitania have on World War I?", "options": {"A": "Germany joined the Central Powers.", "B": "U.S. public opinion shifted against Germany.", "C": "Germany refused to join the League of Nations.", "D": "U.S. leaders proposed a military alliance with Germany."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1003, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "U.S. Responses to the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001\n\nObtained a pledge of support from NATO and the United Nations\nPassed the USA PATRIOT Act to improve counter- terrorism efforts\n?", "question": "Which response correctly replaces the question mark on this list?", "options": {"A": "Imposed economic sanctions on Israel", "B": "Provided humanitarian support to Iran", "C": "Conducted military operations in Afghanistan", "D": "Declared war against Pakistan"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1014, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "African Americans migrated from the rural South to the urban North.\nLiteracy rates among African Americans increased.\nNational organizations dedicated to African American civil rights were created.", "question": "The developments on this list contributed to what development of the 1920s and 1930s?", "options": {"F": "African American painters of the Hudson River School focused on the beauty of nature.", "G": "African American architects created the Neoclassical style based on Roman and Greek models.", "H": "African American artists and writers celebrated their culture in a movement called the Harlem Renaissance.", "J": "African American musicians developed rock and roll music based on African rhythms and beats."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1015, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What were two economic effects of World War II on the home front?", "options": {"A": "Increased number of women working in industrial jobs Increased income tax rates", "B": "Increased number of labor union strikes Increased production of consumer goods", "C": "Decreased size of the national debt Decreased efforts to recycle metal for the military", "D": "Decreased government funding for nuclear weapons research Decreased sale of government savings bonds"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1016, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the . . . quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her powerful good, and endanger her very existence. Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come, as in the years that have gone. Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind.\n\n- Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, 1919", "question": "Why did Senator Lodge express this opinion about the Treaty of Versailles?", "options": {"F": "He wanted to prevent the spread of the global flu epidemic.", "G": "He wanted to protect secret U.S. nuclear technology.", "H": "He wanted the United States to join an international league.", "J": "He wanted to protect U.S. sovereignty in international relations."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1017, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What is one way the Civil Rights Movement impacted the United States?", "options": {"A": "By increasing diversity in the workplace.", "B": "By leading to the creation of a national health care system", "C": "By increasing the globalization of the economy", "D": "By leading to the passage of antitrust laws"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1018, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\n\n- Declaration of Independence", "question": "What is the meaning of unalienable rights?", "options": {"F": "Rights that change over time", "G": "Rights that cannot be taken away or denied", "H": "Rights that only governments can provide", "J": "Rights that cannot be defined and protected"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1019, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In a unanimous decision, the Court held that the Equal Protection Clause required that Sweatt be admitted to the university. . . .\n\n\"Sweatt v. Painter,\" www.oyez.org (accessed November 29, 2017)", "question": "How did the decision in this 1950 case benefit minorities?", "options": {"F": "By setting a precedent for Brown v. Board of Education", "G": "By reinforcing the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson", "H": "By giving state governments the power to create school programs", "J": "By allowing for the creation of religious schools"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1020, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Selected Achievements of Marcus Garvey\n\n- Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association\n- Established the Black Star Line steamship corporation\n- Established the weekly newspaper Negro World for people of African descent", "question": "How did Marcus Garvey MOST impact African Americans in the early 1900s?", "options": {"A": "By desegregating schools and urban neighborhoods", "B": "By urging blacks to accept low-paying jobs and social inequality", "C": "By promoting black cultural pride and economic independence", "D": "By supporting the use of violence to overthrow government and win reforms"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1021, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "\"Veto of the War Powers Resolution\"\n\nHouse Joint Resolution 542 [The War Powers Act] would attempt to take away, by a mere legislative act, authorities which the President has properly exercised under the Constitution for almost 200 years. One of its provisions would automatically cut off certain authorities after sixty days unless the Congress extended them.\n\nPresident Richard Nixon, October 24, 1973", "question": "Why did Congress override the veto described in this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "Congress wanted to expand its power to provide funding to the military.", "G": "Congress wanted to limit the president's power to send U.S. troops into armed conflicts.", "H": "Congress wanted to regain control over its treaty- making powers.", "J": "Congress wanted to give the president the power to make battlefield decisions."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1022, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The Republic of Korea, and the freedom seeking people of North Korea . . . seek for themselves a united, self- governing and sovereign country, independent of foreign control and support and with membership in the United Nations. In their desire for unity and independence, they are supported by the United Nations. The United States has a deep interest in the continuing progress of the Korean people toward these objectives.\n\nPresident Harry S. Truman, special message to Congress, June 7, 1949", "question": "What was the PRIMARY goal of the foreign policy described in this excerpt?", "options": {"F": "To increase U.S. colonization of Asia", "G": "To prevent the spread of communist influence in Asia", "H": "To end trade sanctions against Asian countries", "J": "To protect U.S. soldiers stationed in Asian countries"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1023, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "During the late 1960s, Mexican American students in Los Angeles participated in the Chicano movement by organizing school walkouts.", "question": "What was the PRIMARY goal of these walkouts?", "options": {"A": "To end the use of poll taxes for voting", "B": "To raise awareness of insufficient educational opportunities", "C": "To protest the rising cost of college education", "D": "To support the passage of a minimum wage law"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1024, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which action opposed the civil rights advances that the Reconstruction amendments had promised?", "options": {"A": "The temperance movement", "B": "The passage of Jim Crow laws", "C": "The passage of antitrust legislation", "D": "The conservation movement"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1025, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Hence arises the maxim that everyone is the best and the sole judge of his own private interest, and that society has no right to control a man's actions, unless they are prejudicial to the common weal [good] or unless the common weal [good] demands his co- operation. This doctrine is universally admitted in the United States.\n\nAlexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America", "question": "Which U.S. government action is MOST CLOSELY based on this idea?", "options": {"A": "The federal government passes laws to protect individual liberties.", "B": "The Supreme Court votes to approve the appointment of presidential cabinet members.", "C": "The Electoral College votes to approve the winner of congressional elections.", "D": "The federal government passes laws to regulate businesses."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1026, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which question is associated with the passage of the Espionage and Sedition Acts during World War I?", "options": {"F": "Should industries be allowed to prohibit workers from joining unions?", "G": "Can the government require citizens to purchase war bonds?", "H": "At what age should citizens be required to enlist in a branch of the military?", "J": "Can the government limit the constitutional rights of citizens during wartime?"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1027, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one way the role of women in society changed during the 1920s?", "options": {"A": "They were granted the right to attend public schools.", "B": "They were allowed to own property.", "C": "They were allowed increased participation in the political process.", "D": "They were granted the right to serve in military combat units."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1028, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "\"Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Samuel M. Walton\"\nThis visit is not about Sam Walton's wealth. He has earned his money, and that's his business. He's been generous with his fortune, and that is in the great tradition of America's commitment to this concept that I call a Thousand Points of Light. . . . You see—you know this, but many around the country might not—you see, he had hit upon a combination that was to form the basis of the strategy of today's Wal-Mart Stores, smalltown markets for name- brand merchandise sold at a discount. \n\n—President George H. W. Bush, March 17, 1992 ", "question": "How did Sam Walton benefit the U.S. economy?", "options": {"A": "By providing jobs in rural areas across the country", "B": "By inventing new technologies that helped create the internet", "C": "By building jewelry shops that sold luxury goods", "D": "By investing his money in the space technology industry"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1029, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Why did the government implement a draft during the Vietnam War?", "options": {"F": "To monitor ethnic groups for espionage activities", "G": "To fund the war by authorizing the sale of government bonds", "H": "To regulate freedom of expression at antiwar demonstrations", "J": "To provide the military with additional manpower"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1030, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Other industrialists, including John D. Rockefeller, merged the operations of many large companies to form a trust. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust came to monopolize $90\\%$ of the industry. . . .\n\n\"The Industrial Revolution in the United States,\" Library of Congress, www.loc.gov (accessed August 25, 2017)", "question": "What was one DIRECT effect of the business practice discussed in this excerpt?", "options": {"A": "Employees were prevented from buying stock.", "B": "There was decreased competition among producers.", "C": "Consumers were denied access to goods.", "D": "There was a lack of employment opportunities for immigrants."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1031, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)\nNational Child Labor Committee (NCLC)\nStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)\nWoman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)", "question": "How have these groups influenced U.S. culture?", "options": {"F": "By supporting government funding of the arts and sciences", "G": "By supporting increased environmental protections", "H": "By supporting the implementation of social reforms", "J": "By supporting the development of free trade practices"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1032, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Reasons for the Great Depression\n\nCollapse of the stock market\nLoss of consumer confidence\n?", "question": "Which reason correctly replaces the question mark on this list?", "options": {"A": "Decrease in interest rates", "B": "Failure of banks", "C": "Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs", "D": "Outbreak of a global war"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1033, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How has the free enterprise system contributed to technological innovation?", "options": {"F": "Companies have reduced their production of goods.", "G": "Companies have limited the number of employees they hire.", "H": "Companies have established industry- wide pricing policies.", "J": "Companies have competed to make better products."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1034, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was one effect of rock and roll music on U.S. society during the 1950s?", "options": {"A": "Fewer musicians gave live musical performances.", "B": "People were exposed to more diverse musical styles.", "C": "Music stores sold fewer musical instruments.", "D": "Many religious groups actively supported the new musical culture."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1035, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. \n\nYesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked. . . . \n\n—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, address to Congress, December 8, 1941", "question": "Which statement correctly summarizes the reason for this speech?", "options": {"F": "Axis violations of international law caused the United States to hold criminal trials.", "G": "German expansion in Western Europe caused the United States to assist France.", "H": "Japanese aggression in the Pacific caused the United States to declare war.", "J": "Allied defeats on the battlefield caused the United States to develop new weapons."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1036, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Why were vaccination programs developed during the twentieth century?", "options": {"A": "To assist doctors in diagnosing injuries", "B": "To assist farmers in irrigating crops", "C": "To protect agricultural products from insects", "D": "To prevent the outbreak of dangerous diseases"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1037, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which action was a goal of President Barack Obama's administration?", "options": {"F": "Introducing reforms to health care insurance", "G": "Easing restrictions for gun ownership", "H": "Reducing regulations for offshore drilling", "J": "Requiring women to register for the draft"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1038, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt is from a presidential speech made during the 1960s.", "question": "Which selections from President Nixon's inaugural address describe his future policy of détente? ", "options": {"A": "The American dream does not come to those who fall asleep.", "B": "Our greatest need now is to reach beyond government, and to enlist the legions of the concerned.", "C": "With these, we can build a great cathedral of the spirit—each of us raising it one stone at a time, as he reaches out to his neighbor, helping, caring, doing.", "D": "The essence of freedom is that each of us shares in the shaping of his own destiny.", "E": "We seek an open world—open to ideas, open to the exchange of goods and people—a world in which no people, great or small, will live in angry isolation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1039, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt describes an event during the Vietnam War in 1968. \n\nIn the months that followed, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces retook the towns that the [National Liberation Front (NLF)] had secured over the course of the offensive, but they incurred heavy military and civilian casualties in the process. \n\nAt the end of the Tet Offensive, both sides had endured losses, and both sides claimed victory. The U.S. and South Vietnamese military response almost completely eliminated the NLF forces and regained all of the lost territory. At the same time, the Tet Offensive weakened domestic support for the Johnson Administration as the vivid reporting on the Tet Offensive by the U.S. media made clear to the American public that an overall victory in Vietnam was not [forthcoming]. \n\n\"U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968,\" U.S. Department of State", "question": "According to the excerpt, why did this event result in a negative perception of the Vietnam War in the United States?", "options": {"A": "The U.S. military endured another defeat by the enemy during the war.", "B": "U.S. citizens lost confidence in the country's ability to win the war.", "C": "The U.S. military began to use selective service to draft soldiers during the war.", "D": "U.S. government officials openly spoke out against the war."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1040, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt describes an event during the Vietnam War in 1968. \n\nIn the months that followed, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces retook the towns that the [National Liberation Front (NLF)] had secured over the course of the offensive, but they incurred heavy military and civilian casualties in the process. \n\nAt the end of the Tet Offensive, both sides had endured losses, and both sides claimed victory. The U.S. and South Vietnamese military response almost completely eliminated the NLF forces and regained all of the lost territory. At the same time, the Tet Offensive weakened domestic support for the Johnson Administration as the vivid reporting on the Tet Offensive by the U.S. media made clear to the American public that an overall victory in Vietnam was not [forthcoming]. \n\n\"U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968,\" U.S. Department of State", "question": "Which statement provides evidence for the answer to Part A?", "options": {"A": "\"U.S. and South Vietnamese forces retook the towns that the [NLF] had secured. . . .\"", "B": "\". . . both sides had endured losses, and both sides claimed victory.\"", "C": "\"The U.S. and South Vietnamese military response almost completely eliminated the NLF forces. . . .\"", "D": "\". . . the U.S. media made clear to the American public that an overall victory in Vietnam was not [forthcoming].\""}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1041, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt describes an event from World War II. \n\nLt. General Masaharu Homma was the commander in charge of the Japanese Imperial forces during the first battles for the Philippines. . . . It was Homma who forced and accepted the surrender of the Americans at Bataan. Homma also ordered the evacuation of American and Filipino forces from Bataan. . . . \n\nAt the end of the war, war crimes trials were convened in Manila. Homma was tried for crimes including abuses of POWs in the Philippines, atrocities related to the death march and the bombing of Manila after it was declared an open city. Homma accepted moral responsibility as commander—but maintained that he had no knowledge of atrocities until after they had occurred. According to historian Philip Piccigallo, Homma was convicted for the actions of his troops rather than for directly ordering atrocities. \n\n—\"Masaharu Homma and Japanese Atrocities,\" PBS ", "question": "Which claim is supported by the excerpt?", "options": {"A": "Americans were able to successfully address only atrocities related to the Bataan Death March.", "B": "The Battle of the Philippines led to the most U.S. casualties of the war.", "C": "Americans demanded accountability for the atrocities of the Bataan Death March.", "D": "The Battle of the Philippines put an end to U.S. military involvement in the war."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1042, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt describes an event from World War II. \n\nLt. General Masaharu Homma was the commander in charge of the Japanese Imperial forces during the first battles for the Philippines. . . . It was Homma who forced and accepted the surrender of the Americans at Bataan. Homma also ordered the evacuation of American and Filipino forces from Bataan. . . . \n\nAt the end of the war, war crimes trials were convened in Manila. Homma was tried for crimes including abuses of POWs in the Philippines, atrocities related to the death march and the bombing of Manila after it was declared an open city. Homma accepted moral responsibility as commander—but maintained that he had no knowledge of atrocities until after they had occurred. According to historian Philip Piccigallo, Homma was convicted for the actions of his troops rather than for directly ordering atrocities. \n\n—\"Masaharu Homma and Japanese Atrocities,\" PBS ", "question": "Which statement BEST provides evidence for the answer to Part A?", "options": {"A": "\"It was Homma who forced and accepted the surrender of the Americans at Bataan.\"", "B": "\"Homma also ordered the evacuation of American and Filipino forces from Bataan.\"", "C": "\"Homma accepted moral responsibility as commander. . . .\"", "D": "\". . . Homma was convicted for the actions of his troops rather than for directly ordering atrocities.\""}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1043, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This excerpt explains an effect of technology on the U.S. economy. \n\nThe United States was one of the largest exporters of industrial robots in 2018 and NAFTA [North American Free Trade Agreement] partners were the main markets for these exports. The automotive industry drives demand for robots, which in North America is highly connected, making Canada and Mexico accessible markets for industrial robots from the United States. These robots are widely used in automotive manufacturing because of their welding, handling, and heavy payload capabilities. \n\n- Robert Casanova, \"Industrial Robot Market Trends in the United States,\" U.S. International Trade Commission, September 2019", "question": "Which statements describe the effects this technology has had on the United States?", "options": {"A": "It led to more taxation of the automotive industry in the United States.", "B": "It led to an increase in immigration to the United States from NAFTA partners.", "C": "It led to a more efficient automotive industry in the United States.", "D": "It led to more automotive job opportunities in the United States.", "E": "It led to an increase in business between the United States and NAFTA partners."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1044, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "At a restaurant jars of tomato sauce are stored in boxes in the pantry. Each box contains 8 jars of tomato sauce. A cook uses 2 jars from 1 of the boxes.", "question": "Which function shows the relationship between y, the total number of jars of tomato sauce remaining in the pantry, and x, the number of boxes in the pantry?", "options": ["A y = 8x + 6", "B y = 8x", "C y = 8x - 2", "D y = 6x"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1045, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to -28x² + 35x?", "options": ["F 7x(4x + 5)", "G -7x(4x - 5)", "H 7x(4x - 5)", "J -7x(4x + 5)"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1046, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about the graph of y = 8(0.25)^x is true?", "options": ["F The coordinates of the x-intercept are (0.25, 0).", "G The coordinates of the y-intercept are (0, 8).", "H The equation of the asymptote is x = 0.", "J The graph includes the point (2, 1)."], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1047, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the range of y = -x² - 2x + 3?", "options": {"A": "x ≤ 4", "B": "x ≥ -4", "C": "y ≤ 4", "D": "y ≥ -4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1048, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to (144k²r¹⁴)^(1/2) for all positive values of k and r?", "options": {"F": "12k r⁷", "G": "72k²r¹⁴", "H": "144k r⁷", "J": "12k²r¹⁴"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1049, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What value of n makes the equation 4(0.5n - 3) = n - 0.25(12 - 8n) true?", "options": ["F 3", "G -9", "H 0", "J -15"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1050, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "In a sequence of numbers, $a_3 = 0$, $a_4 = 6$, $a_5 = 12$, $a_6 = 18$, and $a_7 = 24$.", "question": "Based on this information, which equation can be used to find the nth term in the sequence, aₙ?", "options": {"A": "aₙ = -6n + 18", "B": "aₙ = -18n + 6", "C": "aₙ = 6n - 18", "D": "aₙ = 18n - 6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1051, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The value of y varies directly with x. If x = 3, then y = 21.", "question": "What is the value of x when y = 105?", "options": ["F 3/5", "G 2/3", "H 7", "J 15"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1052, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to x² - 17x - 60?", "options": {"A": "(x - 20)(x + 3)", "B": "(x - 5)(x - 12)", "C": "(x - 20)(x - 3)", "D": "(x + 5)(x - 12)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1053, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What are the domain and range of f(x) = -37?", "options": ["A Domain: All real numbers greater than or equal to -37 Range: All real numbers", "B Domain: {-37} Range: All real numbers", "C Domain: All real numbers Range: All real numbers greater than or equal to -37", "D Domain: All real numbers Range: {-37}"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1063, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "In the year 1900, the total number of metric tons of copper produced in the world was 495,000. Each year since 1900, the total number of metric tons of copper produced has increased on average by about 3.25% over the amount produced the previous year.", "question": "Which function models the total number of metric tons of copper produced in the year that is x years since 1900?", "options": ["A c(x) = 495,000(1.0325)^x", "B c(x) = 495,000(0.9675)^x", "C c(x) = 495,000x^1.0325", "D c(x) = 495,000x^0.9675"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1064, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to (h² + 9h - 1)(-4h + 3)?", "options": {"F": "\\(-4h^3 - 33h^2 + 31h - 3\\)", "G": "\\(4h^3 + 39h^2 - 23h - 3\\)", "H": "\\(-4h^3 - 39h^2 + 23h + 3\\)", "J": "\\(4h^3 + 33h^2 - 31h + 3\\)"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1065, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "There are 15 plates in a kitchen cabinet. The diameter of each plate is either 7 inches or 12 inches. The diameter of all 15 plates combined is 140 inches.", "question": "Which system of equations can be used to find the number of 7-inch plates, x, and the number of 12-inch plates, y, that are in the cabinet?", "options": ["A x + y = 140 12x + 7y = 15", "B 7x + 12y = 140 7x + 12y = 15", "C x + y = 15 7x + 12y = 140", "D x + y = 15 12x + 7y = 140"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1066, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes through the point (2, -2) and is perpendicular to the line represented by y = 2/5 x + 2?", "options": ["A y = 5/2 x - 7", "B y = 5/2 x + 7", "C y = -5/2 x - 3", "D y = -5/2 x + 3"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1067, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The area of a rectangular trampoline is 112 ft². The length of the trampoline is 6 ft greater than the width of the trampoline. This situation can be represented by the equation w² + 6w - 112 = 0.", "question": "What is the width of the trampoline in feet?", "options": ["A 7 ft", "B 16 ft", "C 8 ft", "D 14 ft"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1068, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is a factor of 9r² - 4r + 1?", "options": {"F": "\\(3r - 1\\)", "G": "\\(r - 1\\)", "H": "\\(9r - 1\\)", "J": "There are no real factors."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1069, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Scientists are studying a bacteria sample. The function f(x) = 245(1.12)^x gives the number of bacteria in the sample at the end of x days.", "question": "Which statement is the best interpretation of one of the values in this function?", "options": ["F The initial number of bacteria is 12.", "G The initial number of bacteria decreases at a rate of 88% each day.", "H The number of bacteria increases at a rate of 12% each day.", "J The number of bacteria at the end of one day is 245."], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1070, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The daily cost of hiring a plumber, y, to work x hours on a repair project can be modeled using a linear function. The plumber charges a fixed cost of $80 plus an additional cost of $45 per hour. The plumber works a maximum of 8 hours per day.", "question": "For one day of work, what is the range of the function for this situation?", "options": {"A": "\\(0 \\le x \\le 8\\)", "B": "\\(80 \\le y \\le 440\\)", "C": "\\(0 \\le x \\le 10\\)", "D": "\\(45 \\le y \\le 685\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1071, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of $g(x) = x^2$ was transformed to create the graph of $h(x) = -(x/4)^2$.", "question": "Which of these describes the transformation from the graph of g to the graph of h?", "options": ["F A reflection over the x-axis and a horizontal stretch", "G A reflection over the y-axis and a horizontal stretch", "H A reflection over the x-axis and a vertical stretch", "J A reflection over the y-axis and a vertical stretch"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1072, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to \n\\[\n\\frac{10q^5w^7}{2w^3}\\cdot \\frac{4(q^5)^2}{w^{-5}}\n\\]\nfor all values of \\(q\\) and \\(w\\) where the expression is defined?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\frac{32q^7}{w}\\)", "B": "\\(20q^{17}w^9\\)", "C": "\\(32q^7w^9\\)", "D": "\\(20qw\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1073, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the slope of the line that passes through the points (5, -11) and (-9, 17)?", "options": ["A -2", "B -1", "C 7", "D 2"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1074, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the x-value of the solution to this system of equations?\nx = 2y - 4\n7x + 5y = -66", "options": ["F -2", "G -19/7", "H -8", "J -62/19"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1075, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to \\(\\sqrt{96}\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(24\\)", "B": "\\(8\\sqrt{6}\\)", "C": "\\(48\\)", "D": "\\(4\\sqrt{6}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1076, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the slope of the graph of $y = 12x - 19?$", "options": ["A - 19", "B 12 19", "C 19 12", "D 12"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1077, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which value of $x$ makes the equation $1.25(4x - 10) = 7.5$ true?", "options": ["A 3.5", "B - 1", "C - 0.5", "D 4"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1078, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which function is equivalent to $g(x) = x^{2} + 15x - 54?$", "options": ["F $g(x) = (x + 9)(x - 6)$", "G $g(x) = (x + 18)(x - 3)$", "H $g(x) = (x - 9)(x + 6)$", "J $g(x) = (x - 18)(x + 3)$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1079, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the equation in slope- intercept form of the line that passes through the points $(- 4,2)$ and (12, 6)?", "options": ["F $y = 0.25x + 3$", "G $y = 0.25x - 4.5$", "H $y = 4x + 18$", "J $y = 4x - 42$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1080, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A baker determined the annual profit in dollars from selling pies using $p(n) = 52n - 0.05n^2$ , where $n$ is the number of pies sold.", "question": "What is the annual profit if the baker sells 400 pies?", "options": ["F $20,780$", "G $12,800$", "H $28,800$", "J $20,760$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1081, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the equation in slope-intercept form of the line that crosses the $x$ - axis at 36 and is perpendicular to the line represented by $y = - \\frac{4}{9} x + 5?$", "options": ["F $y = \\frac{4}{9} x + 16$", "G $y = \\frac{4}{9} x - 16$", "H $y = \\frac{9}{4} x + 81$", "J $y = \\frac{9}{4} x - 81$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1082, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\frac{45m^{- 6}p^{2}v^{12}}{15m^{- 2}p^{8}v^{- 4}}$ for all values of $m, p,$ and $v$ where the expression is defined?", "options": ["A $\\frac{3v^{8}}{m^{8}p^{6}}$", "B $\\frac{3v^{16}}{m^{4}p^{6}}$", "C $\\frac{30m^{3}}{p^{4}v^{3}}$", "D $\\frac{30v^{3}}{m^{3}p^{4}}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1083, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the positive solution to this equation? $$4x^{2} + 12x = 135$$", "options": ["A 4.5", "B 3.5", "C 5.5", "D 6.5"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1084, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A grill at a barbecue restaurant will be used to cook sausage links that are 2 lb each and brisks that are 6 lb each. No more than 120 lb of sausage links and brisks will be cooked on the grill.", "question": "Which inequality represents all possible combinations of $x$ , the number of sausage links that will be cooked on the grill, and $y$ , the number of brisks that will also be cooked?", "options": ["A $6x + 2y < 120$", "B $2x + 6y \\leq 120$", "C $6x + 2y > 120$", "D $2x + 6y \\geq 120$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1085, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(10 + 7r - r^{2}) + (-6r^{2} - 18 + 5r)?$", "options": ["F $- 7r^{2} + 2r + 8$", "G $7r^{2} + 12r + 8$", "H $- 7r^{2} + 12r - 8$", "J $7r^{2} + 2r - 8$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1086, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A bank account earning annual compound interest was opened, and no additional deposits or withdrawals were made after the initial deposit. The balance in the account after $x$ years can be modeled by $b(x) = 850(1.025)^x$ .", "question": "Which statement is the best interpretation of one of the values in this function?", "options": ["F The initial balance of the account decreases at a rate of $97.5\\%$ each year.", "G The balance in the account increases at a rate of $2.5\\%$ each year.", "H The initial balance of the account was $\\$ 1,025\\$ .", "J The balance in the account at the end of one year is $\\$ 850\\$ ."], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1087, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(xy^{- 6})^{2}$ for all values of $x$ and $y$ where the expression is defined?", "options": {"F": "\\(xy - 36\\)", "G": "\\(xy^{36}\\)", "H": "\\(x^2y - 12\\)", "J": "\\(x^2y^{12}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1088, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A college student completed some courses worth 3 credits and some courses worth 4 credits. The student earned a total of 59 credits after completing 18 courses.", "question": "How many courses worth 3 credits did the student complete?", "options": ["A 13", "B 5", "C 20", "D 39"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1089, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the value of the $y$ - intercept of the graph of $h(x) = 29(5.2)^x$ ?", "options": ["A 29", "B 5.2", "C 1.0", "D 0.0"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1090, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $24x^{2} - 22x + 5?$", "options": ["A $(12x + 5)(2x + 1)$", "B $(8x - 5)(3x - 1)$", "C $(12x - 5)(2x - 1)$", "D $(8x + 5)(3x + 1)$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1091, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of $f(x) = x^{2}$ was transformed to create the graph of $g(x) = f(x) - 9$ .", "question": "Which statement about the graphs is true?", "options": ["A The graph of $g$ is a reflection of the graph of $f$ across the $x$ - axis.", "B The vertex of the graph of $g$ is 9 units to the right of the vertex of the graph of $f$", "C The graph of $g$ is a reflection of the graph of $f$ across the $y$ - axis.", "D The $y$ - intercept of the graph of $g$ is 9 units below the $y$ - intercept of the graph of $f$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1092, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The expression $(x^{22})(x^{7})^{3}$ is equivalent to $x^{p}$ . What is the value of $p$ ?", "options": ["A 43", "B 29", "C 37", "D 55"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1093, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $210d^{2} - 63d?$", "options": ["F $21d(10d - 3)$", "G $21d(10d + 3)$", "H $21(10d + 3)$", "J $21(10d - 3)$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1094, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the value of $x$ in the solution to this system of equations? $$3x - 5y = 22$$ $$y = -5x + 32$$", "options": ["A - 6.5", "B 0.5", "C 6.5", "D - 0.5"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1095, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which value of $x$ is a solution to this equation? $$5x^{2} - 36x + 36 = 0$$", "options": ["F $x = - 6$", "G $x = 4$", "H $x = - 1.8$", "J $x = 1.2$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1096, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the solution to $- (6m + 8) = 4(17 - m)?$", "options": ["A -38", "B 38", "C -42", "D 42"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1097, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which function is equivalent to $y = 3(x + 2)^2 + 7?$", "options": ["A $y = 3x^{2} + 12x + 33$", "B $y = 3x^{2} + 12x + 19$", "C $y = 3x^{2} + 19$", "D $y = 3x^{2} + 33$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1098, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes through the point (5, 0) and is parallel to the line represented by $y = 1.2x + 3.8$ ?", "options": ["A $y = 1.2x - 6$", "B $y = - 1.2x + 6$", "C $y = 1.2x + 5$", "D $y = - 1.2x - 5$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1099, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which function is equivalent to $q(x) = 9x^{2} - 24x + 16?$", "options": ["F $q(x) = (9x - 4)(x - 4)$", "G $q(x) = (3x + 4)^{2}$", "H $q(x) = (9x + 4)(x + 4)$", "J $q(x) = (3x - 4)^{2}$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1100, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What are the domain and range of $g(x) = - \\frac{1}{4} (x - 17)^2 + 61?$", "options": ["F Domain: All real numbers Range: $g(x)\\leq 61$", "G Domain: $x\\leq 17$ Range: $g(x)\\leq 61$", "H Domain: All real numbers Range: $x\\leq 17$", "J Domain: $g(x)\\geq 61$ Range: $x\\leq 17$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1101, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A customer at a store paid $64 for 3 large candles and 4 small candles. At the same store, a second customer paid $4 more than the first customer for 1 large candle and 8 small candles. The price of each large candle is the same, and the price of each small candle is the same.", "question": "Which system of equations can be used to find the price in dollars of each large candle, $x$ , and each small candle, $y$ ?", "options": ["A $4y = 3x + 64$ $8y = x + 68$", "B $4y = 3x + 64$ $8y = x + 60$", "C $3x + 4y = 64$ $x + 8y = 68$", "D $3x + 4y = 64$ $x + 8y = 60$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1102, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $4\\sqrt{147}$ ?", "options": {"A": "\\(196\\sqrt{3}\\)", "B": "\\(12\\sqrt{7}\\)", "C": "\\(3\\sqrt{7}\\)", "D": "\\(28\\sqrt{3}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1103, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The total distance in centimeters a toy robot moves varies directly with the time in seconds. The toy robot moves a total distance of 264 centimeters in 11 seconds.", "question": "What is the time in seconds the toy robot moves when the total distance is 408 centimeters?", "options": ["F 24 s", "G 17 s", "H 13 s", "J 37 s"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1104, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\sqrt{184}$?", "options": {"A": "\\(92\\)", "B": "\\(2\\sqrt{46}\\)", "C": "\\(4\\sqrt{23}\\)", "D": "\\(4\\sqrt{46}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1105, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Given $g(x) = x^{2} - 6x - 16$", "question": "Which statement is true?", "options": ["F. The zeros are $- 8$ and 2, because the factors of $g$ are $(x + 8)$ and $(x - 2)$.", "G. The zeros are $- 8$ and $- 2$, because the factors of $g$ are $(x + 8)$ and $(x + 2)$.", "H. The zeros are $- 2$ and 8, because the factors of $g$ are $(x + 2)$ and $(x - 8)$.", "J. The zeros are 2 and 8, because the factors of $g$ are $(x - 2)$ and $(x - 8)$."], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1106, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which ordered pair is in the solution set of $8x + 16y > 32$?", "options": ["A. (0, 2)", "B. (-3, 5)", "C. (-1, 1)", "D. (4, 0)"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1107, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes through the points (-26, -11) and (39, 34)?", "options": ["F. $y = - \\frac{9}{13} x + 7$", "G. $y = - \\frac{9}{13} x - 7$", "H. $y = \\frac{9}{13} x + 7$", "J. $y = \\frac{9}{13} x - 7$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1108, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(x^{9}y z^{4})^{5}$?", "options": ["F. $x^{14}y^{6}z^{9}$", "G. $x^{14}y^{5}z^{9}$", "H. $x^{45}yz^{20}$", "J. $x^{45}y^{5}z^{20}$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1109, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the solution to $4(y - 3) + 19 = 8(2y + 3) + 7$?", "options": ["F. -1 2", "G. 1 2", "H. -2", "J. 2"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1110, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Given $p(x) = - 4(x - 15)^2 + 2$", "question": "What is the value of $p(7)$?", "options": ["A. -254", "B. 225", "C. 73", "D. 0.8"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1111, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A customer paid a total of $6.00 for 68 copies at a print shop. Some of the copies were black-and-white copies, and the rest were color copies. Each black-and-white copy cost $0.08. Each color copy cost $0.15.", "question": "Which system of equations can be used to find $b$, the number of black-and-white copies, and $c$, the number of color copies that the customer paid for at the print shop?", "options": ["A. $b + c = 6.00$ $0.08b + 0.15c = 68$", "B. $b + c = 68$ $0.15b + 0.08c = 6.00$", "C. $b + c = 6.00$ $0.15b + 0.08c = 68$", "D. $b + c = 68$ $0.08b + 0.15c = 6.00$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1112, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is a factored form of $2x^{2} - 25x + 63$?", "options": ["F. $(x + 9)(2x + 7)$", "G. $(x - 9)(2x - 7)$", "H. $(x + 7)(2x + 9)$", "J. $(x - 7)(2x - 9)$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1113, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the equation in standard form of the line that passes through the point $(6, -1)$ and is parallel to the line represented by $8x + 3y = 15$?", "options": ["A. $8x + 3y = -45$", "B. $8x - 3y = -51$", "C. $8x + 3y = 45$", "D. $8x - 3y = 51$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1114, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which value of $x$ is a solution to this equation? $3x^{2} - 30x - 72 = 0$", "options": ["A. $x = -12$", "B. $x = -4$", "C. $x = -2$", "D. $x = -6$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1115, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\frac{36x^4y^5}{(3xy)^2}$ for all values of $x$ and $y$ where the expression is defined?", "options": ["F. $12x^{3}y^{4}$", "G. $27x^{2}y^{3}$", "H. $4x^{2}y^{3}$", "J. $6x^{3}y^{4}$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1116, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\left(\\frac{3}{2} p + 1\\right)\\left(\\frac{1}{2} p + 3\\right)$?", "options": ["A. $2p^{2} + 3$", "B. $4p^{2} + 3$", "C. $\\frac{3}{4} p^{2} + 5p + 3$", "D. $\\frac{3}{4} p^{2} + 10p + 3$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1117, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which situation best shows causation?", "options": ["A. The length of a rectangle affects the width of the rectangle.", "B. The amount of time a cell phone is used affects the charge of its battery.", "C. The number of ice-cream bars sold affects the number of milkshakes sold.", "D. The number of soccerballs a team owns affects the number of games the team wins during the soccer season."], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1118, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $16w^{2} + 24w + 9$?", "options": ["F. $(4w + 3)^2$", "G. $(4w - 3)^2$", "H. $(8w + 3)^2$", "J. $(8w - 3)^2$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1119, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(15a^{0}b^{2}c^{34})(3a^{16}b^{-29}c^{0})$ for all values of $a$, $b$, and $c$ where the expression is defined?", "options": ["A. $\\frac{18}{b^{58}}$", "B. $\\frac{45}{b^{58}}$", "C. $\\frac{18a^{16}c^{34}}{b^{27}}$", "D. $\\frac{45a^{16}c^{34}}{b^{27}}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1120, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the solution set for $2x^{2} + 15 = -11x$?", "options": ["A. $\\{-5, -1.5\\}$", "B. $\\{2.5,3\\}$", "C. $\\{1.5,5\\}$", "D. $\\{-3, -2.5\\}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1121, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $9n^{2} - 25$?", "options": ["F. $(3n - 5)^{2}$", "G. $(3n + 5)(3n - 5)$", "H. $9(n - 4)^{2}$", "J. $9(n + 4)(n - 4)$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1122, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $x^{2} + 10x + 24$?", "options": ["A. $(x + 1)(x + 24)$", "B. $(x + 2)(x + 12)$", "C. $(x + 3)(x + 8)$", "D. $(x + 4)(x + 6)$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1123, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $35m^{2} - 63$?", "options": ["F. $7(5m^{2} - 9)$", "G. $-7(5m^{2} + 9)$", "H. $7m(5m - 9)$", "J. $-7m(5m + 9)$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1124, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the value of $y$ in the solution to this system of equations? $6y + x = -59$ $x = -2y + 9$", "options": ["F. 8.5", "G. -17", "H. 43", "J. -12.5"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1125, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The graph of $f(x) = x^{2}$ was translated 4.5 units to the left to create the graph of function $g$.", "question": "Which function represents $g$?", "options": ["F. $g(x) = (x - 4.5)^{2}$", "G. $g(x) = (x + 4.5)^{2}$", "H. $g(x) = x^{2} - 4.5$", "J. $g(x) = x^{2} + 4.5$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1126, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the solution to this equation? $-4(2m - 7) = 3(52 - 4m)$", "options": ["F. 32", "G. 46", "H. -6.4", "J. -40.75"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1127, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the solution to this system of equations? \\[2x + y = 40\\] \\[x - 2y = -20\\] ", "options": ["A (12, 16)", "B (15, 17.5)", "C There is no solution.", "D There are an infinite number of solutions."], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1128, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The value of $y$ is directly proportional to the value of $x$. When $x = 512$, $y = 128$.", "question": "What is the value of $y$ when $x = 64$?", "options": ["A 256", "B 32", "C 16", "D 8"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1129, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(n - 4)(2n + 7)$?", "options": ["F $3n + 3$", "G $n - 28$", "H $2n^{2} - 15n - 28$", "J $2n^{2} - n - 28$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1130, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which situation shows causation?", "options": ["A When the number of people in a bus increases, the number of animals in a zoo also increases.", "B When the number of hours worked each week by an hourly employee decreases, the amount of money earned by the employee also decreases.", "C When the amount of a discount for a sale increases, the number of items sold during the sale decreases.", "D When the number of bike trails in a city decreases, the amount of rainfall in the city increases."], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1131, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which answer choice describes how the graph of $f(x) = x^{2}$ was transformed to create the graph of $n(x) = x^{2} - 1$?", "options": ["A A vertical shift up", "B A horizontal shift to the left", "C A vertical shift down", "D A horizontal shift to the right"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1132, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The expression $d^{2} - d - 6$ can be written in factored form as $(d + 2)(d + k)$, where $k$ represents a number. What is the value of $k$?", "options": ["F -3", "G -2", "H 2", "J 3"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1133, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\frac{c^{8}(d^{6})^{3}}{c^{2}}$ for all values of $c$ for which the expression is defined?", "options": ["F $c^{4}d^{9}$", "G $c^{4}d^{18}$", "H $c^{6}d^{9}$", "J $c^{6}d^{18}$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1134, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which value of $x$ is the solution to this equation? \\[5x^{2} = 30x - 45\\] ", "options": ["A $x = 3$", "B $x = - 3$", "C $x = 5$", "D $x = - 5$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1135, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the value of the $y$-intercept of the graph of $h(x) = 12.3(4.9)^x$?", "options": ["F 12.3", "G 4.9", "H 12.3 * 4.9", "J 0"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1136, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\frac{8.8 \times 10^9}{2.2 \times 10^{-3}}$?", "options": ["A $4 \\times 10^{12}$", "B $4 \\times 10^{6}$", "C $4 \\times 10^{- 3}$", "D $4 \\times 10^{- 6}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1137, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(5rt - 3rw - 8tw) + (6rt - 4rw + 2tw)$?", "options": ["A $11rt + rw - 10tw$", "B $11rt - 7rw - 6tw$", "C $11rt + rw - 6tw$", "D $11rt - 7rw - 10tw$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1138, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The solutions to $p(x) = 0$ are $x = - 7$ and $x = 7$. Which quadratic function could represent $p$?", "options": ["F $p(x) = x^{2} - 49$", "G $p(x) = x^{2} + 49$", "H $p(x) = x^{2} - 14$", "J $p(x) = x^{2} + 14$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1139, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the positive solution to $x^{2} + 9x - 22 = 0$?", "options": ["F 11", "G 2", "H -11", "J -2"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1140, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A university will spend at most $4,500 to buy monitors and keyboards for a computer lab. Each monitor will cost $250, and each keyboard will cost $50.", "question": "Which inequality represents all possible combinations of $x$, the number of monitors, and $y$, the number of keyboards, the university can buy for the computer lab?", "options": ["F $250x + 50y < 4,500$", "G $250x + 50y \\leq 4,500$", "H $50x + 250y < 4,500$", "J $50x + 250y \\leq 4,500$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1141, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Given $f(x) = x^{2} - 36$", "question": "Which statement is true?", "options": ["F The only zero, 6, can be found when $0 = (x - 6)(x - 6)$.", "G The only zero, 18, can be found when $0 = (x - 18)(x - 18)$.", "H The zeros, $- 6$ and 6, can be found when $0 = (x + 6)(x - 6)$.", "J The zeros, $- 18$ and 18, can be found when $0 = (x + 18)(x - 18)$."], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1142, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A function is shown. f(x) = 7 - 4x", "question": "What is the value of $f(- 5)$?", "options": ["A 27", "B - 13", "C - 15", "D 140"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1143, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is a factor of $10x^{2} - 19x + 6$?", "options": ["A $10x - 3$", "B $10x - 1$", "C $5x - 3$", "D $5x - 2$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1144, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An insect population after $x$ months can be modeled by the function $g(x) = 18(1.3)^x$.", "question": "Which statement is the best interpretation of one of the values in this function?", "options": ["F The insect population increased by 13 insects each month.", "G The insect population decreased by 13 insects each month.", "H The insect population increased at a rate of $30\\%$ each month.", "J The insect population decreased at a rate of $30\\%$ each month."], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1145, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first six terms in a geometric sequence are shown, where $a_{1} = - 4$.", "question": "Based on this information, which equation can be used to find the $n^{\text{th}}$ term in the sequence, $a_{n}$?", "options": ["A $a_{n} = - 4n$", "B $a_{n} = - (4)^{n}$", "C $a_{n} = - n^{2}$", "D $a_{n} = (- 4)^{n}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1146, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $36m^{2} - 100$?", "options": ["A $(9m - 20)(4m + 5)$", "B $4(3m - 5)(3m + 5)$", "C $2(2m - 5)(9m + 10)$", "D $4(3m - 5)^{2}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1147, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which function is equivalent to $k(x) = x^{2} + 2x - 15$?", "options": ["F $k(x) = (x + 15)(x - 1)$", "G $k(x) = (x + 1)(x - 15)$", "H $k(x) = (x + 5)(x - 3)$", "J $k(x) = (x + 3)(x - 5)$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1148, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A mail carrier delivers mail on one of two different routes: a morning route or an afternoon route. Each workday the mail carrier is assigned one of these two routes. Last month the mail carrier delivered mail on the morning route 16 times and on the afternoon route 12 times, for a total distance traveled of 141 miles. This month the mail carrier delivered mail on the morning route 10 times and on the afternoon route 15 times, for a total distance traveled of 123.75 miles. ", "question": "What is the distance of the morning route in miles?", "options": ["A 5.25 mi", "B 6.00 mi", "C 4.75 mi", "D 5.00 mi"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1149, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the solution to this equation? \\[2(40 - 5y) = 10y + 5(1 - y)\\] ", "options": ["A 7.5", "B 15", "C 5", "D Not here"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1150, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression represents four less than half a number, $n$?", "options": {"A": "$4 - \\frac{1}{2}n$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{2}n - 4$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{2}(4 - n)$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{2}(n - 4)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1151, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following binomials is a factor of $x^2 - x - 6$?", "options": {"A": "$x - 1$", "B": "$x - 2$", "C": "$x - 3$", "D": "$x - 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1152, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Identify each expression that is in simplest radical form.", "options": {"1": "$x\\sqrt{50y}$", "2": "$64\\sqrt{x}$", "3": "$7x^2y\\sqrt{2xy}$", "4": "$\\sqrt{12x^3y^4}$"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1153, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\frac{1}{6}(30x - 24y) - \\frac{1}{8}(32x - 16y)$?", "options": {"A": "$x - 6y$", "B": "$x - 2y$", "C": "$2x - 4y$", "D": "$9x - 6y$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1154, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which is equivalent to $\\sqrt[3]{48}$ in simplest form?", "options": {"A": "$2\\sqrt[3]{6}$", "B": "$6\\sqrt[3]{2}$", "C": "16", "D": "24"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1155, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the value of $\\sqrt{128}$ in simplest radical form?", "options": {"A": "$8\\sqrt{2}$", "B": "$64\\sqrt{2}$", "C": "$4\\sqrt{8}$", "D": "$16\\sqrt{8}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1156, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": " Which polynomial is equivalent to this expression if \\(n \\neq -1\\) ? \n\n\\[\\frac{3 + n - 2n^2}{1 + n}\\] ", "options": {"A": "$2n - 3$", "B": "$3 - 2n$", "C": "$3 - 2n^2$", "D": "$4 - 2n^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1157, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which is a factor of $2n^2 - 5n - 42$?", "options": {"A": "$2n - 7$", "B": "$2n - 6$", "C": "$n - 7$", "D": "$n - 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1162, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "For which system of inequalities is $(-3, 1)$ a solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\begin{cases} x + y < -2 \\\\ 2x - 3y < -9 \\end{cases}$", "B": "$\\begin{cases} x + y < -2 \\\\ 2x - 3y \\le -9 \\end{cases}$", "C": "$\\begin{cases} x + y \\le -2 \\\\ 2x - 3y < -9 \\end{cases}$", "D": "$\\begin{cases} x + y \\le -2 \\\\ 2x - 3y \\le -9 \\end{cases}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1163, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What value of $x$ makes this equation true? 3x - 20 = 2x", "options": {"A": "-20", "B": "-4", "C": "4", "D": "20"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1164, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What values of $x$ are solutions of $3x^2 + 11x = 20$?", "options": {"A": "$-\\frac{4}{3}$ and 5", "B": "$-\\frac{5}{3}$ and 4", "C": "-4 and $\\frac{5}{3}$", "D": "-5 and $\\frac{4}{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1165, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Renee is going bowling. - The cost per game is \\$2.50. - Renee will need to rent a pair of bowling shoes for \\$1.50. - She can spend up to \\$16.00 to bowl and rent a pair of shoes.", "question": "What is the maximum number of games that Renee can bowl?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "5", "C": "6", "D": "9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1166, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which equation best represents this data set? $$\\{(-4, -4.8), (-3, -8.2), (-2, -9.1), (-1, -8.1), (0, -4.7), (1, 0.3)\\}$$", "options": {"A": "$y = 1.1x^2 + 4.2x + 4.9$", "B": "$y = 1.1x^2 + 4.2x - 4.9$", "C": "$y = 1.1x - 4.2$", "D": "$y = 1.1x + 4.2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1167, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Ms. Scott will pay \\$2,000 to have her house painted. The amount each painter earns, $A$ , varies inversely for the number of painters, $n$ , that will paint the house. Which equation best represents this situation?", "question": "Which equation best represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "$A = 2,000 + n$", "B": "$2,000 = A + n$", "C": "$A = 2,000n$", "D": "$2,000 = An$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1168, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of these functions has exactly two different zeros?", "options": {"A": "$f(x) = \\frac{1}{10}x + 4$", "B": "$g(x) = \\frac{3x - 10}{3}$", "C": "$h(x) = x^2 - 4x + 4$", "D": "$k(x) = x^2 + 11x + 24$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1172, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which number is NOT an element in the domain of this relation? $$\\{(-2, 3), (0, 4), (1, 1), (6, 0)\\}$$", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "1", "C": "0", "D": "-2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1173, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$\\{(-5, 9), (2, 31), (9, 143), (11, 151), (0, 42), (5, 97)\\}$ ", "question": "Using the equation of the line of best fit, which number is the best prediction of the output when the input is 13?", "options": {"A": "127", "B": "159", "C": "170", "D": "178"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1174, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A data set has a mean of 720 and a standard deviation of 6.", "question": "Which is closest to the z-score for an element of this data set with a value of 709?", "options": {"A": "11.00", "B": "1.83", "C": "-11.00", "D": "-1.83"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1175, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Two angles are vertical angles.", "question": "What is the symbolic representation of the following statement? If two angles are congruent, then the angles are vertical angles.", "options": {"A": "\\(q \\rightarrow p\\)", "B": "\\(p \\rightarrow q\\)", "C": "\\(\\sim q \\rightarrow \\sim p\\)", "D": "\\(\\sim p \\rightarrow \\sim q\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1176, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Given: $P(5, 7)$ and $T(-3, 3)$", "question": "What is the slope of $\\overleftrightarrow{PT}$?", "options": {"A": "- 2", "B": "- 1 2", "C": "1 2", "D": "2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1177, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following sets of lengths can represent the measures of the sides of a right triangle?", "options": {"A": "4, 5, 6", "B": "5, 12, 15", "C": "8, 10, 17", "D": "20, 21, 29"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1178, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Part of a marching band formed a triangle made with trumpet players on one side, clarinet players on one side, and flute players on the third side. The angle formed by the trumpet and flute players measured \\(45^{\\circ}\\) . The angle formed by the flute and clarinet players measured \\(68^{\\circ}\\) .", "question": "Which orders the sides of this triangle from least to greatest using the instrument names?", "options": {"A": "Clarinet, trumpet, flute", "B": "Clarinet, flute, trumpet", "C": "Trumpet, flute, clarinet", "D": "Flute, trumpet, clarinet"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1179, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which could be the lengths of three sides of a triangle?", "options": {"A": "6 cm, 14 cm, 8 cm", "B": "9 cm, 11 cm, 21 cm", "C": "8.5 cm, 17 cm, 10.6 cm", "D": "14 cm, 4.7 cm, 4.7 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1180, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Given: Circle P with center at (-4, 1)", "question": "Which equation could represent circle $P$?", "options": {"A": "$(x - 4)^{2} + (y - 1)^{2} = 41$", "B": "$(x - 4)^{2} + (y + 1)^{2} = 41$", "C": "$(x + 4)^{2} + (y - 1)^{2} = 41$", "D": "$(x + 4)^{2} + (y + 1)^{2} = 41$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1181, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Circle O has a center at (-2, -2) and a diameter of 10 units.", "question": "Which point lies on circle O?", "options": {"A": "(-6,-5)", "B": "(-2,-2)", "C": "(6,4)", "D": "(8,8)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1182, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The volume of a cube is 64 cubic centimeters.", "question": "What is the surface area of the cube?", "options": {"A": "16cm2", "B": "96cm2", "C": "256cm2", "D": "384cm2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1183, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A company is creating a new cylindrical container to replace its original cylindrical container.", "question": "The new container will have 4 times the volume of the original container. The height of the new container will remain the same as the height of the original container. The length of the radius of the new container will be -", "options": {"A": "2 times the length of the radius of the original container", "B": "4 times the length of the radius of the original container", "C": "8 times the length of the radius of the original container", "D": "16 times the length of the radius of the original container"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1184, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the value of $|7 - 3| - |3 - 7|$?", "options": {"A": "-8", "B": "-6", "C": "-4", "D": "0", "E": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1185, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A consultant charges \\$45 for each hour she works on a consultation, plus a flat \\$30 consulting fee.", "question": "How many hours of work are included in a \\$210 bill for a consultation?", "options": {"A": "2\\frac{4}{5}", "B": "4", "C": "4\\frac{2}{3}", "D": "5\\frac{1}{2}", "E": "7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1186, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Vehicle A averages 14 miles per gallon of gasoline, and Vehicle B averages 36 miles per gallon of gasoline.", "question": "At these rates, how many more gallons of gasoline does Vehicle A need than Vehicle B to make a 1,008-mile trip?", "options": {"A": "25", "B": "28", "C": "44", "D": "50", "E": "72"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1187, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is $t^2 - 59t + 54 - 82t^2 + 60t$ equivalent to?", "options": {"A": "-26t^2", "B": "-26t^6", "C": "-81t^4 + t^2 + 54", "D": "-81t^2 + t + 54", "E": "-82t^2 + t + 54"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1188, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is $(4z + 3)(z - 2)$ equivalent to?", "options": {"A": "4z^2 - 5", "B": "4z^2 - 6", "C": "4z^2 - 3z - 5", "D": "4z^2 - 5z - 6", "E": "4z^2 + 5z - 6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1189, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "If 40% of a given number is 8, then what is 15% of the given number?", "options": {"A": "1.2", "B": "1.8", "C": "3.0", "D": "5.0", "E": "6.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1190, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The 6 consecutive integers below add up to 447.\n\n$x - 2$\n\n$x - 1$\n\n$x$\n\n$x + 1$\n\n$x + 2$\n\n$x + 3$", "question": "What is the value of $x$?", "options": {"A": "72", "B": "73", "C": "74", "D": "75", "E": "762"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1191, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane, point $M$ with coordinates $(5,4)$ is the midpoint of $\\overline{AB}$, and $B$ has coordinates $(7,3)$.", "question": "What are the coordinates of $A$?", "options": {"A": "(17,11)", "B": "(9, 2)", "C": "(6, 3.5)", "D": "(3, 5)", "E": "(-3,-5)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1192, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the slope of a line parallel to the line $y = \\frac{2}{3}x - 4$ in the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane?", "options": {"A": "-4", "B": "-\\frac{3}{2}", "C": "2", "D": "\\frac{3}{2}", "E": "\\frac{2}{3}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1193, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Janelle cut a board 30 feet long into 2 pieces. The ratio of the lengths of the 2 pieces is 2:3.", "question": "What is the length, to the nearest foot, of the shorter piece?", "options": {"A": "5", "B": "6", "C": "12", "D": "15", "E": "18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1194, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "What is the smallest integer greater than $\\sqrt{58}$?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "7", "C": "8", "D": "10", "E": "30"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1195, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Sergio plans to paint the 4 walls of his room with 1 coat of paint. The walls are rectangular, and, according to his measurements, each wall is 10 feet by 15 feet. He will not need to paint the single 3-foot-by-5-foot rectangular window in his room and the $3\\frac{1}{2}$-foot-by-7-foot rectangular door. Sergio knows that each gallon of paint covers between 300 and 350 square feet.", "question": "What is the minimum number of cans of paint Sergio needs to buy to paint his walls?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4", "E": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1196, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What values of $x$ are solutions for $x^2 + 2x = 8$?", "options": {"A": "-4 and 2", "B": "-2 and 0", "C": "-2 and 4", "D": "0 and 2", "E": "6 and 8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1197, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For all $a > 1$, the expression $\\frac{3a^4}{3a^6}$ equals:", "question": "What is the value of the expression?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{1}{2}", "B": "-a^2", "C": "a^2", "D": "-\\frac{1}{a^2}", "E": "\\frac{1}{a^2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1198, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The fixed costs of manufacturing basketballs in a factory are \\$1,400.00 per day. The variable costs are \\$5.25 per basketball.", "question": "Which of the following expressions can be used to model the cost of manufacturing $b$ basketballs in 1 day?", "options": {"A": "\\$1,405.25b", "B": "\\$5.25b - \\$1,400.00", "C": "\\$1,400.00b + \\$5.25", "D": "\\$1,400.00 - \\$5.25b", "E": "\\$1,400.00 + \\$5.25b"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1199, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "If $\\frac{3\\sqrt{7}}{a\\sqrt{7}} = \\frac{3\\sqrt{7}}{7}$ is true", "question": "What is the value of $a$?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "\\sqrt{7}", "C": "7", "D": "21", "E": "49"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1200, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A hot-air balloon 70 meters above the ground is falling at a constant rate of 6 meters per second while another hot-air balloon 10 meters above the ground is rising at a constant rate of 15 meters per second.", "question": "To the nearest tenth of a second, after how many seconds will the 2 balloons be the same height above the ground?", "options": {"A": "8.9", "B": "6.7", "C": "2.9", "D": "0.4", "E": "0.2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1201, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A hiking group will go from a certain town to a certain village by van on 1 of 4 roads, from the village to a waterfall by riding bicycles on 1 of 2 bicycle paths, and then from the waterfall to their campsite by hiking on 1 of 6 trails.", "question": "How many routes are possible for the hiking group to go from the town to the village to the waterfall to their campsite?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "12", "C": "24", "D": "48", "E": "220"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1202, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Cube A has an edge length of 2 inches. Cube B has an edge length double that of Cube A.", "question": "What is the volume, in cubic inches, of Cube B?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "8", "C": "16", "D": "32", "E": "64"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1203, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A formula used to compute the current value of a savings account is $A = P(1 + r)^n$, where $A$ is the current value; $P$ is the amount deposited; $r$ is the rate of interest for 1 compounding period, expressed as a decimal; and $n$ is the number of compounding periods.", "question": "What is the value of a savings account after 5 years if \\$10,000 is deposited at 4% annual interest compounded yearly?", "options": {"A": "\\$10,400", "B": "\\$12,167", "C": "\\$42,000", "D": "\\$52,000", "E": "\\$53,782"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1204, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Given $f(x) = 4x + 1$ and $g(x) = x^2 - 2$", "question": "What is an expression for $f(g(x))$?", "options": {"A": "-x^2 + 4x + 1", "B": "x^2 + 4x - 1", "C": "4x^2 - 7", "D": "4x^2 - 1", "E": "16x^2 + 8x - 1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1205, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is $(3x^3)^3$ equivalent to?", "options": {"A": "x", "B": "9x^6", "C": "9x^9", "D": "27x^6", "E": "27x^9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1206, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the solution to the inequality $4x - 8 > 8x + 16$?", "options": {"A": "x < -6", "B": "x > -6", "C": "x < -2", "D": "x > 2", "E": "x < 6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1207, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "If there are $8 \\times 10^{12}$ hydrogen molecules in a volume of $4 \\times 10^4$ cubic centimeters", "question": "What is the average number of hydrogen molecules per cubic centimeter?", "options": {"A": "5 \\times 10^{-9}", "B": "2 \\times 10^3", "C": "2 \\times 10^8", "D": "32 \\times 10^{16}", "E": "32 \\times 10^{48}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1208, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "What rational number is halfway between $\\frac{1}{5}$ and $\\frac{1}{3}$?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{1}{2}", "B": "\\frac{1}{4}", "C": "\\frac{2}{15}", "D": "\\frac{4}{15}", "E": "\\frac{8}{15}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1209, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a rational number?", "options": {"A": "\\sqrt{2}", "B": "\\sqrt{\\pi}", "C": "\\sqrt{7}", "D": "\\sqrt{\\frac{5}{25}}", "E": "\\sqrt{\\frac{64}{49}}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1210, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "If $a < b$", "question": "What is $|a - b|$ equivalent to?", "options": {"A": "a + b", "B": "-(a + b)", "C": "\\sqrt{a - b}", "D": "a - b", "E": "-(a - b)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1211, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Tom has taken 5 of the 8 equally weighted tests in his U.S. History class this semester, and he has an average score of exactly 78.0 points.", "question": "How many points does he need to earn on the 6th test to bring his average score up to exactly 80.0 points?", "options": {"A": "90", "B": "88", "C": "82", "D": "80", "E": "792"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1212, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "In the real numbers, what is the solution of the equation $8^{2x+1} = 4^{1-x}$?", "question": "What is the value of $x$?", "options": {"A": "-\\frac{1}{3}", "B": "-\\frac{1}{4}", "C": "-\\frac{1}{8}", "D": "0", "E": "\\frac{1}{7}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1213, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "An integer from 100 through 999, inclusive, is to be chosen at random.", "question": "What is the probability that the number chosen will have 0 as at least 1 digit?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{19}{900}", "B": "\\frac{81}{900}", "C": "\\frac{90}{900}", "D": "\\frac{171}{900}", "E": "\\frac{271}{1,000}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1214, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The radio signal from the transmitter site of radio station WGGW can be received only within a radius of 52 miles in all directions from the transmitter site. A map of the region of coverage of the radio signal is shown below in the standard (x,y) coordinate plane, with the transmitter site at the origin and 1 coordinate unit representing 1 mile. The transmitter site of radio station WGGW and the transmitter site of another radio station, WGWB, are on the same highway 100 miles apart. The radio signal from the transmitter site of WGWB can be received only within a radius of 60 miles in all directions from the WGWB transmitter site.", "question": "For how many miles along the highway can the radio signals of both stations be received?", "options": {"A": "8", "B": "12", "C": "40", "D": "44", "E": "48"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1215, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For every positive 2-digit number, $x$, with tens digit $t$ and units digit $u$, let $y$ be the 2-digit number formed by reversing the digits of $x$.", "question": "Which of the following expressions is equivalent to $x - y$?", "options": {"A": "9(t - u)", "B": "9(u - t)", "C": "9t - u", "D": "9u - t", "E": "0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1216, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The sum of an infinite geometric series with first term $a$ and common ratio $r < 1$ is given by $\\frac{a}{1-r}$. The sum of a given infinite geometric series is 200, and the common ratio is 0.15.", "question": "What is the second term of this series?", "options": {"A": "25.5", "B": "30", "C": "169.85", "D": "170", "E": "199.85"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1217, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The weekly fee for staying at the Pleasant Lake Campground is $20 per vehicle and $10 per person. Last year, weekly fees were paid for v vehicles and p persons. Which of the following expressions gives the total amount, in dollars, collected for weekly fees last year?", "options": {"A": "20v + 10p", "B": "20p + 10v", "C": "10(v + p)", "D": "30(v + p)", "E": "10(v + p) + 20p"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1218, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If r = 9, b = 5, and g = -6, what does (r + b - g)(b + g) equal?", "options": {"A": "-20", "B": "-8", "C": "8", "D": "19", "E": "20"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1219, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A copy machine makes 60 copies per minute. A second copy machine makes 80 copies per minute. The second machine starts making copies 2 minutes after the first machine starts. Both machines stop making copies 8 minutes after the first machine started. Together, the 2 machines made how many copies?", "options": {"A": "480", "B": "600", "C": "680", "D": "720", "E": "960"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1220, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "Marlon is bowling in a tournament and has the highest average after 5 games, with scores of 210, 225, 254, 231, and 280. In order to maintain this exact average, what must be Marlon's score for his 6th game?", "options": {"A": "200", "B": "210", "C": "231", "D": "240", "E": "245"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1221, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Joelle earns her regular pay of $7.50 per hour for up to 40 hours of work in a week. For each hour over 40 hours of work in a week, Joelle is paid 1 1/2 times her regular pay. How much does Joelle earn for a week in which she works 42 hours?", "options": {"A": "$126.00", "B": "$315.00", "C": "$322.50", "D": "$378.00", "E": "$472.50"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1222, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following mathematical expressions is equivalent to the verbal expression 'A number, x, squared is 39 more than the product of 10 and x'?", "options": {"A": "2x = 39 + 10x", "B": "2x = 39x + 10x", "C": "x^2 = 39 - 10x", "D": "x^2 = 39 + x^{10}", "E": "x^2 = 39 + 10x"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1223, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If 9(x - 9) = -11, then x = ?", "options": {"A": "-92/9", "B": "-20/9", "C": "-11/9", "D": "-2/9", "E": "70/9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1224, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Discount tickets to a basketball tournament sell for $4.00 each. Enrico spent $60.00 on discount tickets, $37.50 less than if he had bought the tickets at the regular price. What was the regular ticket price?", "options": {"A": "$2.50", "B": "$6.40", "C": "$6.50", "D": "$7.50", "E": "$11.00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1228, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "In the school cafeteria, students choose their lunch from 3 sandwiches, 3 soups, 4 salads, and 2 drinks. How many different lunches are possible for a student who chooses exactly 1 sandwich, 1 soup, 1 salad, and 1 drink?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "12", "D": "36", "E": "72"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1229, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "For 2 consecutive integers, the result of adding the smaller integer and triple the larger integer is 79. What are the 2 integers?", "options": {"A": "18, 19", "B": "19, 20", "C": "20, 21", "D": "26, 27", "E": "39, 40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1230, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "A function f(x) is defined as f(x) = -8x^2. What is f(-3)?", "options": {"A": "-72", "B": "72", "C": "192", "D": "-576", "E": "576"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1231, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If 3^x = 54, then which of the following must be true?", "options": {"A": "1 < x < 2", "B": "2 < x < 3", "C": "3 < x < 4", "D": "4 < x < 5", "E": "5 < x"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1232, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "What is the least common multiple of 70, 60, and 50?", "options": {"A": "60", "B": "180", "C": "210", "D": "2,100", "E": "210,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1233, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Hot Shot Electronics is designing a packing box for its new line of Acoustical Odyssey speakers. The box is a rectangular prism of length 45 centimeters, width 30 centimeters, and volume 81,000 cubic centimeters. What is the height, in centimeters, of the box?", "options": {"A": "75", "B": "60", "C": "48", "D": "27", "E": "18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1234, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Four points, A, B, C, and D, lie on a circle having a circumference of 15 units. B is 2 units counterclockwise from A. C is 5 units clockwise from A. D is 7 units clockwise from A and 8 units counterclockwise from A. What is the order of the points, starting with A and going clockwise around the circle?", "options": {"A": "A, B, C, D", "B": "A, B, D, C", "C": "A, C, B, D", "D": "A, C, D, B", "E": "A, D, C, B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1235, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A group of cells grows in number as described by the equation y = 16(2)^t, where t represents the number of days and y represents the number of cells. According to this formula, how many cells will be in the group at the end of the first 5 days?", "options": {"A": "80", "B": "160", "C": "400", "D": "512", "E": "1,280"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1236, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "The length of a rectangle is 3 times the length of a smaller rectangle. The 2 rectangles have the same width. The area of the smaller rectangle is A square units. The area of the larger rectangle is kA square units. Which of the following is the value of k?", "options": {"A": "1/9", "B": "1/3", "C": "1", "D": "3", "E": "9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1237, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "(a + 2b + 3c) - (4a + 6b - 5c) is equivalent to:", "options": {"A": "-4a - 8b - 2c", "B": "-4a - 4b + 8c", "C": "-3a + 8b - 2c", "D": "-3a - 4b - 2c", "E": "-3a - 4b + 8c"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1238, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "The dimensions of the right triangle shown below are given in feet. What is \\(\\sin \\theta\\)?\n\n\\[\n\\text{In the right triangle, the legs are labeled } a \\text{ and } b,\\text{ the hypotenuse is labeled } c,\\text{ and angle } \\theta \\text{ is opposite leg } a.\n\\]", "options": {"F": "\\(\\frac{a}{b}\\)", "G": "\\(\\frac{a}{c}\\)", "H": "\\(\\frac{b}{c}\\)", "J": "\\(\\frac{b}{a}\\)", "K": "\\(\\frac{c}{a}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1239, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "In a basketball passing drill, 5 basketball players stand evenly spaced around a circle. The player with the ball (the passer) passes it to another player (the receiver). The receiver cannot be the player to the passer's immediate right or left and cannot be the player who last passed the ball. A designated player begins the drill as the first passer. This player will be the receiver for the first time on which pass of the ball?", "options": {"A": "4th", "B": "5th", "C": "6th", "D": "10th", "E": "24th"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1240, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Lines p and n lie in the standard (x,y) coordinate plane. An equation for line p is y = 0.12x + 3,000. The slope of line n is 0.1 greater than the slope of line p. What is the slope of line n?", "options": {"A": "0.012", "B": "0.02", "C": "0.22", "D": "1.2", "E": "300"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1241, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The expression -8x^3(7x^6 - 3x^5) is equivalent to:", "options": {"A": "-56x^9 + 24x^8", "B": "-56x^9 - 24x^8", "C": "-56x^{18} + 24x^{15}", "D": "-56x^{18} - 24x^{15}", "E": "-32x^4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1242, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "-3|-6 + 8| = ?", "options": {"A": "-42", "B": "-6", "C": "-1", "D": "6", "E": "42"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1243, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "In right triangle \\(\\triangle ACE\\) below, \\(\\overline{BD}\\parallel \\overline{AE}\\), and \\(\\overline{BD}\\perp \\overline{EC}\\) at \\(D\\). The length of \\(\\overline{AC}\\) is \\(20\\) feet, the length of \\(\\overline{BD}\\) is \\(3\\) feet, and the length of \\(\\overline{CD}\\) is \\(4\\) feet. What is the length, in feet, of \\(\\overline{AE}\\)?\n\n\\[\n\\text{Right triangle } ACE \\text{ has a right angle at } E.\n\\]\n\\[\nAC = 20,\\quad BD = 3,\\quad CD = 4\n\\]", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "12", "C": "15", "D": "16", "E": "17"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1244, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The inequality 6(x + 2) > 7(x - 5) is equivalent to which of the following inequalities?", "options": {"A": "x < -23", "B": "x < 7", "C": "x < 17", "D": "x < 37", "E": "x < 47"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1245, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "The sides of a square are 3 cm long. One vertex of the square is at (2,0) on a square coordinate grid marked in centimeter units. Which of the following points could also be a vertex of the square?", "options": {"A": "(-4, 0)", "B": "(0, 1)", "C": "(1,-1)", "D": "(4, 1)", "E": "(5, 0)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1246, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "For \\(\\triangle FGH\\), shown below, which of the following is an expression for \\(y\\) in terms of \\(x\\)?\n\n\\[\n\\text{Right triangle } FGH \\text{ has a right angle at } F.\n\\]\n\\[\nFG = x \\text{ meters}, \\quad FH = 4 \\text{ meters}, \\quad HG = y \\text{ meters}.\n\\]", "options": {"A": "x + 4", "B": "sqrt(x^2 + 4)", "C": "sqrt(x^2 + 8)", "D": "sqrt(x^2 - 16)", "E": "sqrt(x^2 + 16)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1247, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "A bag contains 12 red marbles, 5 yellow marbles, and 15 green marbles. How many additional red marbles must be added to the 32 marbles already in the bag so that the probability of randomly drawing a red marble is 3/5?", "options": {"A": "13", "B": "18", "C": "28", "D": "32", "E": "40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1248, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "What are the quadrants of the standard (x,y) coordinate plane below that contain points on the graph of the equation 4x - 2y = 8? ![Standard (x,y) coordinate plane showing quadrants I, II, III, and IV.]", "options": {"A": "I and III only", "B": "I, II, and III only", "C": "I, II, and IV only", "D": "I, III, and IV only", "E": "II, III, and IV only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1249, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "The graph of y = -5x^2 + 9 passes through (1, 2a) in the standard (x,y) coordinate plane. What is the value of a?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "7", "D": "-1", "E": "-8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1250, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Jerome, Kevin, and Seth shared a submarine sandwich. Jerome ate 1/2 of the sandwich, Kevin ate 1/3 of the sandwich, and Seth ate the rest. What is the ratio of Jerome's share to Kevin's share to Seth's share?", "options": {"A": "2:3:6", "B": "2:6:3", "C": "3:1:2", "D": "3:2:1", "E": "6:3:2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1251, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "The coordinates of the endpoints of CD, in the standard (x,y) coordinate plane, are (-4,-2) and (14,2). What is the x-coordinate of the midpoint of CD?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "2", "C": "5", "D": "9", "E": "10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1252, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the surface area, in square inches, of an 8-inch cube?", "options": {"A": "512", "B": "384", "C": "320", "D": "256", "E": "192"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1253, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "The equations below are linear equations of a system where a, b, and c are positive integers. ay + bx = c ay - bx = c Which of the following describes the graph of at least 1 such system of equations in the standard (x,y) coordinate plane? I. 2 parallel lines II. 2 intersecting lines III. A single line", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "III only", "D": "I or II only", "E": "I, II, or III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1254, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "For what value of a would the following system of equations have an infinite number of solutions? 2x - y = 8 6x - 3y = 4a", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "6", "C": "8", "D": "24", "E": "32"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1255, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The determinant of a matrix [a b; c d] equals ad - cb. What must be the value of x for the matrix [x 8; x x] to have a determinant of -16?", "options": {"A": "-4", "B": "-2", "C": "-8/5", "D": "8/3", "E": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1256, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A formula for finding the value, A dollars, of P dollars invested at i% interest compounded annually for n years is A = P(1 + 0.01i)^n. Which of the following is an expression for P in terms of i, n, and A?", "options": {"A": "A - 0.01i^n", "B": "A + 0.01i^n", "C": "(A / (1 + 0.01i))^n", "D": "A / (1 - 0.01i)^n", "E": "A / (1 + 0.01i)^n"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1257, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If x and y are real numbers such that x > 1 and y < -1, then which of the following inequalities must be true?", "options": {"A": "x/y > 1", "B": "|x|^2 > |y|", "C": "x/3 - 5 > y/3 - 5", "D": "x^2 + 1 > y^2 + 1", "E": "x^{-2} > y^{-2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1258, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Triangle \\(\\triangle ABC\\) is described below. The measure of \\(\\angle A\\) is \\(40^\\circ\\), \\(AB = 18\\text{ cm}\\), and \\(AC = 12\\text{ cm}\\). Which of the following is the length, in centimeters, of \\(BC\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(12\\sin 40^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(18\\sin 40^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(\\sqrt{18^2 - 12^2}\\)", "D": "\\(\\sqrt{12^2 + 18^2}\\)", "E": "\\(\\sqrt{12^2 + 18^2 - 2(12)(18)\\cos 40^\\circ}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1259, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the sum of the first 4 terms of the arithmetic sequence in which the 6th term is 8 and the 10th term is 13?", "options": {"A": "10.5", "B": "14.5", "C": "18", "D": "21.25", "E": "39.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1260, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "In the equation x^2 + mx + n = 0, m and n are integers. The only possible value for x is -3. What is the value of m?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "-3", "C": "6", "D": "-6", "E": "9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1261, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The solution set of which of the following equations is the set of real numbers that are 5 units from -3?", "options": {"A": "|x + 3| = 5", "B": "|x - 3| = 5", "C": "|x + 5| = 3", "D": "|x - 5| = 3", "E": "|x + 5| = -3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1262, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "The monthly fees for single rooms at 5 colleges are \\$370, \\$310, \\$380, \\$340, and \\$310, respectively. What is the mean of these monthly fees?", "options": {"A": "\\$310", "B": "\\$340", "C": "\\$342", "D": "\\$350", "E": "\\$380"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1263, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "On a particular road map, $\\frac{1}{2}$ inch represents 18 miles. About how many miles apart are 2 towns that are $2\\frac{1}{2}$ inches apart on this map?", "options": {"A": "18", "B": "22\\frac{1}{2}", "C": "36", "D": "45", "E": "90"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1264, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Given $f = cd^3$, $f = 450$, and $d = 10$, what is $c$?", "options": {"A": "0.45", "B": "4.5", "C": "15", "D": "45", "E": "150"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1265, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "If $f(x) = (3x + 7)^2$, then $f(1) =$ ?", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "16", "C": "58", "D": "79", "E": "100"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1266, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Jorge's current hourly wage for working at Denti Smiles is \\$12.00. Jorge was told that at the beginning of next month, his new hourly wage will be an increase of 6% of his current hourly wage. What will be Jorge's new hourly wage?", "options": {"A": "\\$12.06", "B": "\\$12.60", "C": "\\$12.72", "D": "\\$18.00", "E": "\\$19.202"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1267, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first term is 1 in the geometric sequence 1, -3, 9, -27, ...", "question": "What is the SEVENTH term of the geometric sequence?", "options": {"A": "-243", "B": "-30", "C": "81", "D": "189", "E": "729"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1268, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "The length of a rectangle with area 54 square centimeters is 9 centimeters. What is the perimeter of the rectangle, in centimeters?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "12", "C": "15", "D": "24", "E": "30"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1269, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "This month, Kami sold 70 figurines in 2 sizes. The large figurines sold for \\$12 each, and the small figurines sold for \\$8 each. The amount of money he received from the sales of the large figurines was equal to the amount of money he received from the sales of the small figurines. How many large figurines did Kami sell this month?", "options": {"A": "20", "B": "28", "C": "35", "D": "42", "E": "50"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1270, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A car accelerated from 88 feet per second (fps) to 220 fps in exactly 3 seconds. Assuming the acceleration was constant, what was the car's acceleration, in feet per second per second, from 88 fps to 220 fps?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{1}{44}", "B": "29\\frac{1}{3}", "C": "44", "D": "75\\frac{1}{3}", "E": "102\\frac{2}{3}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1271, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In a plane, the distinct lines \\(\\overleftrightarrow{AB}\\) and \\(\\overleftrightarrow{CD}\\) intersect at \\(A\\) where \\(A\\) is between \\(C\\) and \\(D\\) . The measure of \\(\\angle BAC\\) is \\(47^{\\circ}\\)", "question": "What is the measure of $\\angle BAD$?", "options": {"A": "\\(43^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(47^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(94^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(133^\\circ\\)", "E": "\\(137^\\circ\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1272, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "In which of the following are $\\frac{1}{2}$, $\\frac{5}{6}$, and $\\frac{5}{8}$ arranged in ascending order?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{1}{2} < \\frac{5}{8} < \\frac{5}{6}", "B": "\\frac{5}{6} < \\frac{1}{2} < \\frac{5}{8}", "C": "\\frac{5}{6} < \\frac{5}{8} < \\frac{1}{2}", "D": "\\frac{5}{8} < \\frac{1}{2} < \\frac{5}{6}", "E": "\\frac{5}{8} < \\frac{5}{6} < \\frac{1}{2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1273, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "In scientific notation, $670,000,000 + 700,000,000 =$ ?", "options": {"A": "1.37 \\times 10^{-9}", "B": "1.37 \\times 10^{7}", "C": "1.37 \\times 10^{8}", "D": "1.37 \\times 10^{9}", "E": "137 \\times 10^{15}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1275, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If $a$, $b$, and $c$ are positive integers such that $a^b = x$ and $c^b = y$, then $xy =$ ?", "options": {"A": "ac^b", "B": "ac^{2b}", "C": "(ac)^b", "D": "(ac)^{2b}", "E": "(ac)^{b^2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1276, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions is equivalent to $\\frac{1}{2}y^2(6x + 2y + 12x - 2y)$?", "options": {"A": "9xy^2", "B": "18xy", "C": "3xy^2 + 12x", "D": "9xy^2 - 2y^3", "E": "3xy^2 + 12x - y^3 - 2y"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1277, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An artist makes a profit of $(500p - p^2)$ dollars from selling $p$ paintings.", "question": "What is the fewest number of paintings the artist can sell to make a profit of at least \\$60,000?", "options": {"A": "100", "B": "150", "C": "200", "D": "300", "E": "600"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1278, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the product of the complex numbers $(-3i + 4)$ and $(3i + 4)$?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "7", "C": "25", "D": "-7 + 24i", "E": "7 + 24i"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1279, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "To make a 750-piece jigsaw puzzle more challenging, a puzzle company includes 5 extra pieces in the box along with the 750 pieces, and those 5 extra pieces do not fit anywhere in the puzzle. If you buy such a puzzle box, break the seal on the box, and immediately select 1 piece at random, what is the probability that it will be 1 of the extra pieces?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{1}{5}", "B": "\\frac{1}{755}", "C": "\\frac{1}{750}", "D": "\\frac{5}{755}", "E": "\\frac{5}{750}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1280, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "What fraction lies exactly halfway between $\\frac{2}{3}$ and $\\frac{3}{4}$?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{3}{5}", "B": "\\frac{5}{6}", "C": "\\frac{7}{12}", "D": "\\frac{9}{16}", "E": "\\frac{17}{24}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1281, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Gianna is converting a 12-foot-by-15-foot room in her house to a craft room. Gianna will install tile herself but will have CC Installations build and install the cabinets. The scale drawing shown below displays the location of the cabinets in the craft room (0.25 inch represents 2 feet). Cabinets will be installed along one of the 12-foot walls from floor to ceiling, and 4 cabinets that are each 3 feet tall will be installed in the middle of the room. These are the only cabinets that will be installed, and each of them will be 2 feet wide and 2 feet deep. CC Installations has given Gianna an estimate of \\$2,150.00 for building and installing the cabinets.", "question": "What is the area, in square feet, of the portion of the floor that will NOT be covered by cabinets?", "options": {"A": "72", "B": "90", "C": "140", "D": "156", "E": "164"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1282, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Gianna is converting a 12-foot-by-15-foot room in her house to a craft room. Gianna will install tile herself but will have CC Installations build and install the cabinets. The scale drawing shown below displays the location of the cabinets in the craft room (0.25 inch represents 2 feet). Cabinets will be installed along one of the 12-foot walls from floor to ceiling, and 4 cabinets that are each 3 feet tall will be installed in the middle of the room. These are the only cabinets that will be installed, and each of them will be 2 feet wide and 2 feet deep. CC Installations has given Gianna an estimate of \\$2,150.00 for building and installing the cabinets.", "question": "CC Installations would give Gianna what estimate if the craft room were to have twice as many cabinets as Gianna is planning to have?", "options": {"A": "\\$2,800.00", "B": "\\$3,000.00", "C": "\\$3,450.00", "D": "\\$3,650.00", "E": "\\$4,300.00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1283, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "What is the difference between the mean and the median of the set $\\{3, 8, 10, 15\\}$?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "4", "D": "9", "E": "12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1284, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "![Graph of trapezoid ABCD in the standard (x,y) coordinate plane. A(2,1), B(3,4), C(9,4), D(12,1).] When $ABCD$ is reflected over the $y$-axis to $A'B'C'D'$", "question": "What are the coordinates of $D'$?", "options": {"A": "(-12, 1)", "B": "(-12, -1)", "C": "(12, -1)", "D": "(1, 12)", "E": "(1, -12)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1285, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "![Graph of trapezoid ABCD in the standard (x,y) coordinate plane. A(2,1), B(3,4), C(9,4), D(12,1).]", "question": "Which of the following vertical lines cuts $ABCD$ into 2 trapezoids with equal areas?", "options": {"A": "x = 2.5", "B": "x = 3.5", "C": "x = 4.5", "D": "x = 5.5", "E": "x = 6.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1286, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Given $f(x) = x - \\frac{1}{x}$ and $g(x) = \\frac{1}{x}$, what is $f(g(\\frac{1}{2}))$?", "options": {"A": "-3", "B": "-\\frac{3}{2}", "C": "-\\frac{2}{3}", "D": "0", "E": "\\frac{3}{2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1287, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A formula to estimate the monthly payment, $p$ dollars, on a short-term loan is", "question": "When $a$ is multiplied by 2, what is the effect on $p$?", "options": {"A": "p is divided by 6", "B": "p is divided by 2", "C": "p does not change", "D": "p is multiplied by 2", "E": "p is multiplied by 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1288, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Given that $a\\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 6 \\\\ 1 & 4 \\end{bmatrix} = \\begin{bmatrix} x & 27 \\\\ y & z \\end{bmatrix}$ for some real number $a$, what is $x + z$?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{4}{3}", "B": "\\frac{27}{2}", "C": "26", "D": "27", "E": "48"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1309, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The average of 5 distinct scores has the same value as the median of the 5 scores. The sum of the 5 scores is 420.", "question": "What is the sum of the 4 scores that are NOT the median?", "options": {"F": "315", "G": "320", "H": "336", "J": "350", "K": "360"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1310, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the value of the expression below?\n\n$ ||-8 + 4| - |3 - 9|| $", "options": {"A": "-18", "B": "-2", "C": "0", "D": "2", "E": "18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1311, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions is equivalent to $ x^{\\frac{2}{3}} $?", "options": {"F": "\\frac{x^2}{3}", "G": "\\frac{x(2)}{3}", "H": "\\sqrt[3]{x^2}", "J": "\\sqrt[3]{x}", "K": "\\sqrt[3]{x^2}"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["K"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1312, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "In the standard $ (x,y) $ coordinate plane, what is the slope of the line given by the equation $ 4x = 7y + 5 $?", "options": {"A": "-\\frac{4}{7}", "B": "\\frac{4}{7}", "C": "\\frac{7}{4}", "D": "4", "E": "7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1313, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "For which of the following conditions will the sum of integers $ m $ and $ n $ always be an odd integer?", "options": {"F": "$ m $ is an odd integer.", "G": "$ n $ is an odd integer.", "H": "$ m $ and $ n $ are both odd integers.", "J": "$ m $ and $ n $ are both even integers.", "K": "$ m $ is an odd integer and $ n $ is an even integer."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["K"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1314, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In $ \\triangle DEF $, the length of $ \\overline{DE} $ is $ \\sqrt{30} $ inches, and the length of $ \\overline{EF} $ is 3 inches.", "question": "If it can be determined, what is the length, in inches, of $ \\overline{DF} $?", "options": {"F": "3", "G": "\\sqrt{30}", "H": "\\sqrt{33}", "J": "\\sqrt{39}", "K": "Cannot be determined from the given information"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["K"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1315, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Laura plans to paint the 8-foot-high rectangular walls of her room, and before she buys paint she needs to know the area of the wall surface to be painted. Two walls are 10 feet wide, and the other 2 walls are 15 feet wide. The combined area of the 1 window and the 1 door in her room is 60 square feet.", "question": "What is the area, in square feet, of the wall surface Laura plans to paint?", "options": {"A": "200", "B": "340", "C": "360", "D": "390", "E": "400"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1316, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The length of a rectangle is 5 inches longer than the width. The perimeter of the rectangle is 40 inches.", "question": "What is the width of the rectangle, in inches?", "options": {"F": "7.5", "G": "8", "H": "15", "J": "16", "K": "17.5"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1317, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "8% of 60 is $ \\frac{1}{5} $ of what number?", "options": {"A": "0.96", "B": "12", "C": "24", "D": "240", "E": "3,750"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1318, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Armin is trying to decide whether to buy a season pass to his college basketball team's 20 home games this season. The cost of an individual ticket is \\$14, and the cost of a season pass is \\$175. The season pass will admit Armin to any home basketball game at no additional cost.", "question": "What is the minimum number of home basketball games Armin must attend this season in order for the cost of a season pass to be less than the total cost of buying an individual ticket for each game he attends?", "options": {"F": "8", "G": "9", "H": "12", "J": "13", "K": "20"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1319, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "\\frac{4.8 \\times 10^{-7}}{1.6 \\times 10^{-11}} = ?", "options": {"A": "3.0 \\times 10^{4}", "B": "3.0 \\times 10^{-4}", "C": "3.0 \\times 10^{-18}", "D": "3.2 \\times 10^{18}", "E": "3.2 \\times 10^{4}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1320, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A circle in the standard $ (x,y) $ coordinate plane has center $ C(-1,2) $ and passes through $ A(2,6) $. Line segment $ \\overline{AB} $ is a diameter of this circle.", "question": "What are the coordinates of point B?", "options": {"F": "(-6,-2)", "G": "(-5,-1)", "H": "(-4,-2)", "J": "(4, 2)", "K": "(5,10)"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1321, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions is a factor of $ x^3 - 64 $?", "options": {"A": "x - 4", "B": "x + 4", "C": "x + 64", "D": "x^2 + 16", "E": "x^2 - 4x + 16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1322, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The average of a list of 4 numbers is 90.0. A new list of 4 numbers has the same first 3 numbers as the original list, but the fourth number in the original list is 80, and the fourth number in the new list is 96.", "question": "What is the average of this new list of numbers?", "options": {"F": "90.0", "G": "91.5", "H": "94.0", "J": "94.5", "K": "94.8"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1323, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Maria ordered a pizza. She ate only $ \\frac{2}{9} $ of it and gave the remaining pizza to her 3 brothers.", "question": "What fraction of the whole pizza will each of Maria's brothers receive, if they share the remaining pizza equally?", "options": {"F": "\\frac{7}{9}", "G": "\\frac{3}{7}", "H": "\\frac{1}{3}", "J": "\\frac{7}{27}", "K": "\\frac{2}{27}"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1324, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "The number 1,001 is the product of the prime numbers 7, 11, and 13. Knowing this,", "question": "What is the prime factorization of 30,030?", "options": {"A": "3 \\times 7 \\times 10 \\times 13", "B": "30 \\times 7 \\times 11 \\times 13", "C": "2 \\times 5 \\times 7 \\times 11 \\times 13", "D": "3 \\times 7 \\times 10 \\times 11 \\times 13", "E": "2 \\times 3 \\times 5 \\times 7 \\times 11 \\times 13"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1325, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions, when evaluated, equals an irrational number?", "options": {"1": "\\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{\\sqrt{8}}", "2": "\\frac{\\sqrt{8}}{\\sqrt{2}}", "3": "(\\sqrt{8})^2", "4": "\\sqrt{2} \\times \\sqrt{8}", "5": "\\sqrt{2} + \\sqrt{8}"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1326, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The equation $ |2x - 8| + 3 = 5 $ has 2 solutions. Those solutions are equal to the solutions to which of the following pairs of equations?", "options": {"1": "2x - 5 = 5\n-2x - 5 = -5", "2": "2x - 8 = 2\n-2x - 8 = 2", "3": "2x - 8 = 8\n-(2x - 8) = 8", "4": "2x - 8 = 2\n-(2x - 8) = 8", "5": "2x - 8 = 2\n-(2x - 8) = 2"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1327, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The number of decibels, $ d $, produced by an audio source can be modeled by the equation $ d = 10 \\log(\\frac{I}{K}) $, where $ I $ is the sound intensity of the audio source and $ K $ is a constant.", "question": "How many decibels are produced by an audio source whose sound intensity is 1,000 times the value of $ K $?", "options": {"F": "4", "G": "30", "H": "40", "J": "100", "K": "10,000"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1328, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "The graph of $ y = |x - 6| $ is in the standard $ (x,y) $ coordinate plane. Which of the following transformations, when applied to the graph of $ y = |x| $, results in the graph of $ y = |x - 6| $?", "options": {"F": "Translation to the right 6 coordinate units", "G": "Translation to the left 6 coordinate units", "H": "Translation up 6 coordinate units", "J": "Translation down 6 coordinate units", "K": "Reflection across the line $ x = 6 $"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1329, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Toby wants to find the volume of a solid toy soldier. He fills a rectangular container 8 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 10 cm high with water to a depth of 4 cm. Toby totally submerges the toy soldier in the water. The height of the water with the submerged toy soldier is 6.6 cm.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the volume, in cubic centimeters, of the toy soldier?", "options": {"A": "125", "B": "156", "C": "192", "D": "208", "E": "317"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1330, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A box in the shape of a cube has an interior side length of 18 inches and is used to ship a right circular cylinder with a radius of 6 inches and a height of 12 inches. The interior of the box not occupied by the cylinder is filled with packing material.", "question": "Which of the following numerical expressions gives the number of cubic inches of the box filled with packing material?", "options": {"F": "6(18)^2 - 2\\pi(6)(12) - 2\\pi(6)^2", "G": "6(18)^2 - 2\\pi(6)(12)", "H": "18^3 - \\pi(6)(12)^2", "J": "18^3 - \\pi(6)^2(12)", "K": "18^3 - \\pi(12)^3"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1331, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A room has a rectangular floor that is 15 feet by 21 feet.", "question": "What is the area of the floor in square *yards*?", "options": {"A": "24", "B": "35", "C": "36", "D": "105", "E": "144"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1332, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The sum of 2 positive numbers is 151. The lesser number is 19 more than the square root of the greater number.", "question": "What is the value of the greater number minus the lesser number?", "options": {"F": "19", "G": "66", "H": "85", "J": "91", "K": "121"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1333, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The list of numbers 41, 35, 30, X, Y, 15 has a median of 25. The mode of the list of numbers is 15.", "question": "To the nearest whole number, what is the mean of the list?", "options": {"A": "20", "B": "25", "C": "26", "D": "27", "E": "30"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1334, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "You are given the following system of equations:\n\n$$ y = x^2 $$\n$$ rx + sy = t $$\n\nwhere $ r $, $ s $, and $ t $ are integers.", "question": "For which of the following will there be more than one $ (x,y) $ solution, with real-number coordinates, for the system?", "options": {"F": "$ r^2 + 4st > 0 $", "G": "$ s^2 - 4rt > 0 $", "H": "$ r^2 - 4st < 0 $", "J": "$ s^2 - 4rt < 0 $", "K": "$ s^2 + 4rt < 0 $"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1335, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The 3rd and 4th terms of an arithmetic sequence are 13 and 18, respectively.", "question": "What is the 50th term of the sequence?", "options": {"A": "248", "B": "250", "C": "253", "D": "258", "E": "263"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1336, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "What is the period of the function $ f(x) = \\csc(4x) $?", "options": {"A": "\\pi", "B": "2\\pi", "C": "4\\pi", "D": "\\frac{\\pi}{4}", "E": "\\frac{\\pi}{2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1337, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "At the school carnival, Mike will play a game in which he will toss a penny, a nickel, and a dime at the same time. He will be awarded 3 points for each coin that lands with heads faceup. Let the random variable $ x $ represent the total number of points awarded on any toss of the coins.", "question": "What is the expected value of $ x $?", "options": {"F": "1", "G": "\\frac{3}{2}", "H": "\\frac{9}{2}", "J": "6", "K": "9"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1338, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For what positive real value of $ k $, if any, is the determinant of the matrix $ \\begin{bmatrix} k & 4 \\\\ 3 & k \\end{bmatrix} $ equal to $ k $?", "question": "(Note: The determinant of matrix $ \\begin{bmatrix} a & b \\\\ c & d \\end{bmatrix} $ equals $ ad - bc $.)", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "12", "D": "\\sqrt{12}", "E": "There is no such value of $ k $."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1339, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Given a positive integer $ n $ such that $ i^n = 1 $,", "question": "which of the following statements about $ n $ must be true?", "options": {"F": "When $ n $ is divided by 4, the remainder is 0.", "G": "When $ n $ is divided by 4, the remainder is 1.", "H": "When $ n $ is divided by 4, the remainder is 2.", "J": "When $ n $ is divided by 4, the remainder is 3.", "K": "Cannot be determined from the given information"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1340, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "For $ -\\frac{\\pi}{2} \\le \\theta \\le \\frac{\\pi}{2} $, $ |\\sin \\theta| \\ge 1 $ is true for all and only the values of $ \\theta $ in which of the following sets?", "options": {"A": "\\left[-\\frac{\\pi}{2}, \\frac{\\pi}{2}\\right]", "B": "\\left\\{-\\frac{\\pi}{2}, \\frac{\\pi}{2}\\right\\}", "C": "\\left\\{\\theta \\mid -\\frac{\\pi}{2} < \\theta < \\frac{\\pi}{2}\\right\\}", "D": "\\left\\{\\theta \\mid -\\frac{\\pi}{2} \\le \\theta \\le \\frac{\\pi}{2}\\right\\}", "E": "The empty set"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1341, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Ray $ \\overrightarrow{PK} $ bisects $ \\angle LPM $, the measure of $ \\angle LPM $ is $ 11x^\\circ $, and the measure of $ \\angle LPK $ is $ (4x + 18)^\\circ $.", "question": "What is the measure of $ \\angle KPM $?", "options": {"F": "12^\\circ", "G": "28\\frac{2}{7}^\\circ", "H": "42^\\circ", "J": "61\\frac{1}{5}^\\circ", "K": "66^\\circ"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["K"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1342, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "The numbers 1 through 15 were each written on individual pieces of paper, 1 number per piece. Then the 15 pieces of paper were put in a jar. One piece of paper will be drawn from the jar at random. What is the probability of drawing a piece of paper with a number less than 9 written on it?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{9}$", "B": " $\\frac{1}{15}$", "C": " $\\frac{6}{15}$", "D": " $\\frac{7}{15}$", "E": " $\\frac{8}{15}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1343, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions is equivalent to $-4x^3 - 12x^3 + 9x^2$ ?", "options": {"A": " $x^8$", "B": " $-7x^8$", "C": " $-8x^3 + 9x^2$", "D": " $-16x^3 + 9x^2$", "E": " $-16x^6 + 9x^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1344, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "When $x = 2$ , $10 + 3(12 \\div (3x)) =$ ?", "options": {"A": "12", "B": "16", "C": "26", "D": "34", "E": "104"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1345, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": " $|6 - 4| - |3 - 8| =$ ?", "options": {"A": "-7", "B": "-3", "C": "3", "D": "7", "E": "21"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1346, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The expression $(4c - 3d)(3c + d)$ is equivalent to:", "options": {"A": " $12c^2 - 13cd - 3d^2$", "B": " $12c^2 - 13cd + 3d^2$", "C": " $12c^2 - 5cd - 3d^2$", "D": " $12c^2 - 5cd + 3d^2$", "E": " $12c^2 - 3d^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1347, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "Of the 180 students in a college course, \\(\\frac{1}{4}\\) of the students earned an A for the course, \\(\\frac{1}{3}\\) of the students earned a B for the course, and the rest of the students earned a C for the course. How many of the students earned a C for the course? ", "options": {"A": "75", "B": "90", "C": "105", "D": "120", "E": "135"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1348, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The number of fish, $f$ , in Skipper's Pond at the beginning of each year can be modeled by the equation $f(x) = 3(2^x)$ , where $x$ represents the number of years after the beginning of the year 2000. For example, $x = 0$ represents the beginning of the year 2000, $x = 1$ represents the beginning of the year 2001, and so forth.", "question": "According to the model, how many fish were in Skipper's Pond at the beginning of the year 2006?", "options": {"A": "96", "B": "192", "C": "384", "D": "1,458", "E": "46,656"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1349, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Manish drove from Chicago to Baton Rouge. At 8:00 a.m., he was 510 km from Baton Rouge. At 1:00 p.m., he was 105 km from Baton Rouge. Which of the following values is closest to Manish's average speed, in kilometers per hour, from 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.?", "options": {"A": "58", "B": "68", "C": "81", "D": "94", "E": "102"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1350, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Katerina runs 15 miles in \\(2\\frac{1}{2}\\) hours. What is the average number of minutes it takes her to run 1 mile? ", "question": "What is the average number of *minutes* it takes her to run 1 mile?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "10", "C": " $12\\frac{1}{2}$", "D": " $16\\frac{2}{3}$", "E": " $17\\frac{1}{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1351, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A bag contains 8 red marbles, 9 yellow marbles, and 7 green marbles.", "question": "How many additional red marbles must be added to the 24 marbles already in the bag so that the probability of randomly drawing a red marble is $\\frac{3}{5}$ ?", "options": {"A": "11", "B": "16", "C": "20", "D": "24", "E": "32"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1352, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane, the point $(2,1)$ is the midpoint of $\\overline{CD}$ . Point $C$ has coordinates $(6,8)$ .", "question": "What are the coordinates of point $D$ ?", "options": {"A": " $(-2, -\\frac{7}{2})$", "B": " $(-2, -6)$", "C": " $(4, \\frac{9}{2})$", "D": " $(10, 10)$", "E": " $(10, 15)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1353, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "At his job, the first 40 hours of each week that Thomas works is *regular time*, and any additional time that he works is *overtime*. Thomas gets paid \\$15 per hour during regular time. During overtime Thomas gets paid 1.5 times as much as he gets paid during regular time. Thomas works 46 hours in 1 week and gets \\$117 in deductions taken out of his pay for this week.", "question": "After the deductions are taken out, how much of Thomas's pay for this week remains?", "options": {"A": "$492", "B": "$573", "C": "$609", "D": "$618", "E": "$735"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1354, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "What is 3% of $4.14 \\times 10^4$ ?", "options": {"A": "1,242", "B": "1,380", "C": "12,420", "D": "13,800", "E": "124,200"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1355, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What value of $x$ satisfies the equation $-3(4x - 5) = 2(1 - 5x)$ ?", "options": {"A": " $-\\frac{17}{2}$", "B": " $-\\frac{17}{22}$", "C": " $-1$", "D": " $\\frac{3}{17}$", "E": " $\\frac{13}{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1356, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": " $\\left(\\frac{27}{64}\\right)^{-\\frac{2}{3}} = ?$", "options": {"A": " $-\\frac{9}{16}$", "B": " $-\\frac{9}{32}$", "C": " $\\frac{9}{32}$", "D": " $\\frac{16}{9}$", "E": " $\\frac{32}{9}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1357, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Loto begins at his back door and walks 8 yards east, 6 yards north, 12 yards east, and 5 yards north to the barn door.", "question": "About how many yards less would he walk if he could walk directly from the back door to the barn door?", "options": {"A": "8", "B": "19", "C": "23", "D": "26", "E": "31"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1358, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "For a given set of data, the standard score, $z$ , corresponding to the raw score, $x$ , is given by $z = \\frac{x - \\mu}{\\sigma}$ , where $\\mu$ is the mean of the set and $\\sigma$ is the standard deviation.", "question": "If, for a set of scores, \\(\\mu = 78\\) and \\(\\sigma = 6\\) , Which of the following is the raw score, $x$ , corresponding to $z = 2$ ?", "options": {"A": "90", "B": "84", "C": "80", "D": "76", "E": "66"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1359, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the slope of a line, in the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane, that is parallel to $x + 5y = 9$ ?", "options": {"A": " $-5$", "B": " $-\\frac{1}{5}$", "C": " $\\frac{1}{5}$", "D": " $\\frac{9}{5}$", "E": "9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1360, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Given $y = \\frac{x}{x-1}$ and $x > 1$ ,", "question": "which of the following is a possible value of $y$ ?", "options": {"A": " $-1.9$", "B": " $-0.9$", "C": "0.0", "D": "0.9", "E": "1.9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1375, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Mary, James, and Carlos sold $\\frac{1}{4}$ -page advertisements for the school yearbook. Mary sold twice as many as Carlos did, and James sold 3 times as many as Mary did.", "question": "What fraction of these advertisements did Carlos sell?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{9}$", "B": " $\\frac{1}{7}$", "C": " $\\frac{1}{6}$", "D": " $\\frac{1}{5}$", "E": " $\\frac{1}{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1376, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "In a window display at a flower shop, there are 3 spots for 1 plant each. To fill these 3 spots, Emily has 6 plants to select from, each of a different type.", "question": "Selecting from the 6 plants, Emily can make how many possible display arrangements with 1 plant in each spot?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "6", "C": "15", "D": "120", "E": "216"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1377, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "What is the 275th digit after the decimal point in the repeating decimal $0.\\overline{6295}$ ?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "2", "C": "5", "D": "6", "E": "9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1378, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Given that $f(x) = x^2 - 4$ and $g(x) = x + 3$ ,", "question": "what are all the values of $x$ for which $f(g(x)) = 0$ ?", "options": {"A": " $-5$ and $-1$", "B": " $-3$ , $-2$ , and $2$", "C": " $-1$ and $1$", "D": " $1$ and $5$", "E": " $-\\sqrt{5}$ and $\\sqrt{5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1379, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Given that $p$ is a positive number, $n$ is a negative number, and $|p| > |n|$ ,", "question": "which of the following expressions has the greatest value?", "options": {"A": " $\\left| \\frac{p-n}{p} \\right|$", "B": " $\\left| \\frac{p-n}{n} \\right|$", "C": " $\\left| \\frac{p+n}{p-n} \\right|$", "D": " $\\left| \\frac{p+n}{p} \\right|$", "E": " $\\left| \\frac{p+n}{n} \\right|$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1380, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "If $i = \\sqrt{-1}$ ,", "question": " $\\frac{i + i^2 + i^3}{i^3 + i^4 + i^5} = ?$", "options": {"A": " $-3$", "B": " $-1$", "C": " $\\frac{1}{2}$", "D": " $1$", "E": " $3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1381, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Let $a$ , $b$ , $c$ , and $d$ be real numbers. Given that $ac = 1$ , $\\frac{b+c}{d}$ is undefined, and $abc = d$ ,", "question": "which of the following must be true?", "options": {"A": " $a = 0$ or $c = 0$", "B": " $a = 1$ and $c = 1$", "C": " $a = -c$", "D": " $b = 0$", "E": " $b + c = 0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1382, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If a publisher charges \\$15 for the first copy of a book that is ordered and \\$12 for each additional copy, which of the following expressions represents the cost of $y$ books?", "options": {"A": " $12y + 3$", "B": " $12y + 15$", "C": " $15y - 3$", "D": " $15y + 3$", "E": " $15y + 12$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1383, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "Cameron took 4 tests, and his scores were as follows: 100, 60, 80, and 30. Cameron took another test that was scored $x$ . The mean score of the 5 tests he took is 72. What is the value of $x$ ?", "options": {"A": "54", "B": "67.5", "C": "68.4", "D": "90"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1384, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "In $\\triangle ABC$ , $\\angle A$ and $\\angle C$ are congruent, and the measure of $\\angle B$ is $143.6^\\circ$ . What is the measure of $\\angle A$ ?", "options": {"A": "$18.2^\\circ$", "B": "$36.4^\\circ$", "C": "$71.8^\\circ$", "D": "$143.6^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1385, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions is equivalent to $x^2 - x - 30$ ?", "options": {"A": "$(x+3)(x-10)$", "B": "$(x+6)(x-5)$", "C": "$(x-6)(x+5)$", "D": "$(x-15)(x-15)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1386, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following matrices is equal to $5 \\begin{bmatrix} -4 & 2 \\\\ 0 & -5 \\end{bmatrix}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\begin{bmatrix} -20 & -15 \\end{bmatrix}$", "B": "$\\begin{bmatrix} -10 \\\\ -25 \\end{bmatrix}$", "C": "$\\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 7 \\\\ 5 & 0 \\end{bmatrix}$", "D": "$\\begin{bmatrix} -20 & 10 \\\\ 0 & -25 \\end{bmatrix}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1388, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The initial speed, in miles per hour, of a certain car that skids to a stop can be estimated by multiplying the length of the skid, in feet, by 35 and then taking the square root of the product.", "question": "According to this method, what is the estimated initial speed, in miles per hour, of the car when it makes a 108-foot skid?", "options": {"A": "$\\sqrt{143}$", "B": "$7\\sqrt{105}$", "C": "$6\\sqrt{105}$", "D": "$210\\sqrt{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1389, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If $6y = 5x - 1$ , then $x =$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{6}{5}y - 1$", "B": "$\\frac{6}{5}y + 1$", "C": "$\\frac{6y - 1}{5}$", "D": "$\\frac{6y + 1}{5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1390, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "A boat is traveling at a speed of 30 miles per hour.", "question": "What is the boat's speed in feet per second? (Note: 1 mile = 5,280 feet)", "options": {"A": "20", "B": "30", "C": "44", "D": "176"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1391, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "An object is launched vertically at 30 meters per second from a 55-meter-tall platform. The height, $h(t)$ meters, of the object $t$ seconds after launch is modeled by $h(t) = -4.9t^2 + 30t + 55$ .", "question": "What will be the height, in meters, of the object 3 seconds after launch?", "options": {"A": "44.1", "B": "100.9", "C": "145", "D": "189.1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1392, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The whole numbers 1 through 30 were each written on separate pieces of paper. Those 30 pieces of paper were put into a jar. One piece of paper will be randomly drawn from this jar.", "question": "What is the probability that this piece of paper will have a prime number written on it?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{30}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{20}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{10}$", "D": "$\\frac{10}{30}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1393, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "For an angle with measure $\\alpha$ in a right triangle, $\\sin \\alpha = \\frac{5}{13}$ and $\\tan \\alpha = \\frac{5}{12}$ .", "question": "What is the value of $\\cos \\alpha$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{12}{13}$", "B": "$\\frac{12}{\\sqrt{194}}$", "C": "$\\frac{12}{\\sqrt{119}}$", "D": "$\\frac{13}{12}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1394, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following values, if any, is the y-value of the solution set to the system of equations below?\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}2x - y &= 7 \\\\ -4x + 2y &= 2\\end{aligned}$$", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "5", "C": "9", "D": "There is no such value for y."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1395, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions is equivalent to $(y + 7)^3$ ?", "options": {"A": "$y^3 + 21y^2 + 147y + 343$", "B": "$y^3 + 14y + 343$", "C": "$y^3 + 14y + 49$", "D": "$y^3 + 343$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1396, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "The sum of 3 positive integers is 180, and the ratio of the integers is 5:3:2.", "question": "What is the value of the smallest of the integers?", "options": {"A": "18", "B": "36", "C": "54", "D": "90"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1397, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions is equivalent to $(x^2 - y^2) - (6x^2 + 4xy - y^2)$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-5x^2 - 4xy$", "B": "$-5x^2 + 4xy - 2y^2$", "C": "$7x^2 + 4xy - 2y^2$", "D": "$7x^2 + 4xy + 2y^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1398, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Given $i = \\sqrt{-1}$ ,", "question": "what is $\\sqrt{9} + \\sqrt{-16}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$7i$", "B": "$i\\sqrt{7}$", "C": "$3 - 4i$", "D": "$3 + 4i$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1399, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first 5 terms of an arithmetic sequence are 7, 21, 35, 49, and 63. Let $t_n$ represent the $n$ th term of the sequence.", "question": "What is the value of $t_{25}$ ?", "options": {"A": "175", "B": "343", "C": "357", "D": "371"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1400, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "At a certain time of day, a flagpole casts a 9.0-foot-long shadow and a nearby 4.0-foot-tall fence post casts a 2.4-foot-long shadow. Given that both the flagpole and the fence post are vertical and on level ground,", "question": "what is the height, in feet, of the flagpole?", "options": {"A": "5.4", "B": "10.6", "C": "15.0", "D": "15.4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1401, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "In a particular cleaning solution, the ratio of concentrated solution to water is 3:40.", "question": "How many cups of concentrated solution should be added to 5 gallons of water to make the cleaning solution in the given ratio? (Note: 4 cups = 1 quart; 4 quarts = 1 gallon)", "options": {"A": "12", "B": "6", "C": "$1\\frac{1}{2}$", "D": "$\\frac{3}{8}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1402, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Let $f(t) = 7e^{3t} + 1$ .", "question": "Which of the following numbers is closest to the value of $f(5)$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-2 \\times 10^{-1}$", "B": "$3 \\times 10^{2}$", "C": "$2 \\times 10^{7}$", "D": "$6 \\times 10^{7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1403, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expresses $40^\\circ$ in radians?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{2}{9\\pi}$", "B": "$\\frac{2\\pi}{9}$", "C": "$\\frac{9\\pi}{2}$", "D": "$\\frac{7,200}{\\pi}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1419, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Given $b = 40$ and $c = -16$, $b + c$ is equal to the product of $-4$ and what number?", "options": {"A": "-14", "B": "-6", "C": "6", "D": "14"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1420, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "It takes Collin 24 minutes to walk to school in the morning. What fraction of his 24-hour day is spent walking to school in the morning?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{1,440}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{60}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{24}$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{12}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1421, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "A certain triangle has interior angle measures of $(6x)^\\circ$, $(2x)^\\circ$, and $x^\\circ$. What is the value of $x$?", "options": {"A": "9", "B": "12", "C": "20", "D": "57"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1422, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following matrices is equal to $6 \\begin{bmatrix} -5 & 3 \\\\ 0 & -4 \\end{bmatrix}$?", "options": {"A": "$\\begin{bmatrix} -30 & -6 \\end{bmatrix}$", "B": "$\\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 9 \\\\ 6 & 2 \\end{bmatrix}$", "C": "$\\begin{bmatrix} -\\frac{5}{6} & \\frac{1}{2} \\\\ 0 & -\\frac{2}{3} \\end{bmatrix}$", "D": "$\\begin{bmatrix} -30 & 18 \\\\ 0 & -24 \\end{bmatrix}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1423, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An object is launched vertically at 30 meters per second from a 55-meter-tall platform. The height, $h(t)$ meters, of the object $t$ seconds after launch is modeled by $h(t) = -4.9t^2 + 30t + 55$.", "question": "What will be the height, in meters, of the object 3 seconds after launch?", "options": {"A": "44.1", "B": "100.9", "C": "145", "D": "189.1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1424, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Given the function $f(x) = 4x^2 - 14x + 12$, which of the following expressions is equivalent to $f(x)$?", "options": {"A": "$(-2x + 4)(2x + 3)$", "B": "$(2x - 4)(2x - 3)$", "C": "$(2x - 4)(2x + 3)$", "D": "$(2x - 3)(2x + 4)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1425, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to $(6x + 3y) - (y - 2x)$?", "options": {"A": "$4x + 2y$", "B": "$5x + y$", "C": "$5x + 5y$", "D": "$8x + 2y$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1426, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Bryce owns an apartment building. He charges \\$325 per month for each 1-bedroom apartment and \\$410 per month for each 2-bedroom apartment. Bryce charged a total of \\$4,905 in rent for 13 apartments this month.", "question": "How many 1-bedroom apartments did Bryce charge for this month?", "options": {"A": "5", "B": "6", "C": "7", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1427, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "For what value of $n$ does the quadratic equation $x^2 - 4x + n = 0$ have solutions of $x = 7$ and $x = -3$?", "options": {"A": "-21", "B": "-4", "C": "4", "D": "10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1428, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The lengths of corresponding sides of 2 similar right triangles are in the ratio 4:5. The hypotenuse of the smaller triangle is 20 inches long.", "question": "How many inches long is the hypotenuse of the larger triangle?", "options": {"A": "9", "B": "20", "C": "21", "D": "25"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1429, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A circle in the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane has its center at $(3,-4)$ and passes through $(0,0)$.", "question": "Which of the following is an equation for that circle?", "options": {"A": "$x^2 + y^2 = 5$", "B": "$(x - 3)^2 + (y + 4)^2 = 25$", "C": "$(x + 3)^2 + (y - 4)^2 = 7$", "D": "$(x + 3)^2 + (y - 4)^2 = 25$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1430, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "$\\sqrt{112} + \\sqrt{63} + \\sqrt{175} = ?$", "options": {"A": "$7\\sqrt{12}$", "B": "$7\\sqrt{50}$", "C": "$12\\sqrt{7}$", "D": "$60\\sqrt{7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1431, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "The sum of 3 positive integers is 180, and the ratio of the integers is 5:3:2.", "question": "What is the value of the smallest of the integers?", "options": {"A": "18", "B": "36", "C": "54", "D": "902"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1432, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Jeremy reaches into a box in the closet. The box contains 10 gloves that make up 5 matching pairs. He picks 1 glove at random and puts it on. Then he picks another glove at random.", "question": "What is the probability that he has picked a matching pair?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{9}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{5}$", "C": "$\\frac{4}{9}$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1433, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "During an event, a store gave a free T-shirt to every 24th customer that entered the store and a free gift certificate to every 60th customer that entered the store. Given that 500 customers entered the store during the event.", "question": "How many customers received both a free T-shirt and a free gift certificate?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "12", "D": "24"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1434, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Cameron's bookshelf has 3 books with a rating of 10, 5 books with a rating of 100, and 2 books with a rating of 70. There are no other books on the bookshelf.", "question": "What is the expected value, to the nearest whole number, of the rating of a book randomly selected from Cameron's bookshelf?", "options": {"A": "18", "B": "60", "C": "67", "D": "85"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1435, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The 1st term of a certain sequence is -10, and the 2nd term is 1. Each subsequent term is obtained by adding the 2 immediately preceding terms.", "question": "What is the 5th term of this sequence?", "options": {"A": "-23", "B": "-17", "C": "19", "D": "34"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1436, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Given the system of equations:\n$$-4y - 3 = x$$\n$$2x - 22 = 6y$$", "question": "Which of the following values is the y-value of the solution to the given system of equations?", "options": {"A": "$y = -2\\frac{1}{2}$", "B": "$y = -2$", "C": "$y = -\\frac{3}{4}$", "D": "$y = 5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1437, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is $40^\\circ$. What is the measure of a base angle?", "options": {"A": "$40^\\circ$", "B": "$70^\\circ$", "C": "$100^\\circ$", "D": "$140^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1438, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A scale model, where 1 coordinate unit represents 1 mile, is drawn in the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane. Angelo's house is at $(4,-3)$, Ella's house is at $(4,7)$, Troy's house is at $(-2,7)$, and Yoko's house is at $(-2,-3)$.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the area, in square miles, of the rectangle whose vertices are the real locations of the 4 houses?", "options": {"A": "32", "B": "36", "C": "60", "D": "100"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1439, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Let the function $f$ be defined as $f(x) = -9x^2$. In the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane, the graph of $y=f(x)$ undergoes a transformation such that the result is the graph of $y=f(x)-4$.", "question": "Under this transformation the graph of $y=f(x)$ is:", "options": {"A": "shifted downward 4 coordinate units.", "B": "shifted left 4 coordinate units.", "C": "stretched horizontally by a factor of 4.", "D": "stretched vertically by a factor of 4."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1440, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Deon often flies his kite. He can only fly his kite on days with wind. He does not fly his kite on every day with wind. For any given day, let Event *A* be that there is wind and let Event *B* be that Deon flies his kite.", "question": "Which of the following values can $P(A \\text{ and } B)$ be?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "0.5", "C": "1", "D": "1.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1441, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Whenever $\\frac{-3x^3 + 12x}{x^3 - x^2 - 6x}$ is defined, it is equivalent to:", "options": {"A": "-2", "B": "$\\frac{1}{x+3}$", "C": "$\\frac{6-3x}{x+3}$", "D": "$\\frac{6-3x}{x-3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1442, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The roots of a polynomial equation are 0, 2, and -5. Which of the following is a factored form of the equation?", "options": {"A": "$(x-2)(x+5) = 0$", "B": "$x(x-2)(x+5) = 0$", "C": "$x(x+2)(x-5) = 0$", "D": "$(x-2)(x+5) = x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1443, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If $\\frac{3x-y}{x+y} = \\frac{5}{8}$, then $\\frac{x}{y} = ?$", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{2}{19}$", "B": "$\\frac{13}{19}$", "C": "$\\frac{5}{8}$", "D": "$\\frac{13}{7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1444, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Let the slope of $3x+2y=5$ be $m_1$, and the slope of $6x+4y=7$ be $m_2$.", "question": "Which of the following is true?", "options": {"A": "$m_1 = m_2$", "B": "$m_1 = 2m_2$", "C": "$2m_1 = m_2$", "D": "$7m_1 = 5m_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1445, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The piecewise functions $f$ and $g$ are given.\n$$f(x) = \\begin{cases} -x^2 & \\text{for } x < 0 \\\\ 1-x & \\text{for } x \\ge 0 \\end{cases}$$\n$$g(x) = \\begin{cases} |x| + 7 & \\text{for } x \\le -1 \\\\ x - 3 & \\text{for } x > -1 \\end{cases}$$", "question": "What is the value of $f(g(-1))$?", "options": {"A": "-16", "B": "-7", "C": "-5", "D": "-1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1446, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Let $f$ be defined by $f(x) = 4x + 7$. Let $g$ be defined by $g(x) = -2x^2 + 11x + 1$. The graphs of $y = f(x)$ and $y = g(x)$ intersect at one of the following $(x,y)$ points.", "question": "Which one?", "options": {"A": "$(-2,-1)$", "B": "$(1\\frac{1}{2},13)$", "C": "$(2,1\\frac{1}{2})$", "D": "$(13,-1)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1447, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Given that $i$ is the imaginary unit, which of the following numbers is equal to $(7 + 4i)^2$?", "options": {"A": "33", "B": "65", "C": "$14 + 8i$", "D": "$33 + 56i$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1448, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "The product of 2 complex numbers, $x$ and $y$, is a real number that is irrational.", "question": "Which of the following statements **cannot** be true?", "options": {"A": "Both $x$ and $y$ are rational.", "B": "Both $x$ and $y$ are imaginary.", "C": "The product of $x$ and $y$ is $\\sqrt{2}$.", "D": "The product of $x$ and $y$ is negative."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1449, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The real solution of the equation $3e^x = 12$ is:", "options": {"A": "$\\ln 4$", "B": "$3\\ln 12$", "C": "$4^e$", "D": "$\\frac{\\ln 12}{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1450, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "It took Sam $x$ minutes to bike the $d$ miles from home to work. Returning home on the same route, it took Sam $y$ minutes. On the way home his average speed was 2 times his average speed on the way to work.", "question": "Which of the following equations gives $y$ in terms of $x$?", "options": {"A": "$y = \\frac{x}{2}$", "B": "$y = x - 2$", "C": "$y = x + 2$", "D": "$y = 2x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1451, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Given that $f(x) = \\sqrt[3]{2x - 1}$, which of the following expressions is the inverse function, $f^{-1}(x)$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt[3]{2x - 1}}$", "B": "$\\sqrt[3]{\\frac{x+1}{2}}$", "C": "$\\frac{x^3 + 1}{2}$", "D": "$(2x - 1)^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1452, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "An astronomy class is given the following facts about stellar evolution. 1. A star's evolution can be divided into 3 stages: pre-main sequence (pre-MS), main sequence (MS), and post-main sequence (post-MS). 2. Gravity causes part of a cloud of gas and dust to collapse and heat up, creating a pre-MS star. The star's hot dust and gas emit its energy. 3. A pre-MS star becomes an MS star when the star produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei (protons) at its center to make helium nuclei. 4. An MS star becomes a post-MS star when the star expands in volume and produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen to make helium in a shell surrounding its center. 5. The more massive a star, the more rapidly the star passes through each of the 3 stages of its evolution. Two students discuss the evolution of the Algol system—Algol A, a 3.6-solar-mass MS star; Algol B, a 0.8-solar-mass post-MS star; and Algol C, a 1.7-solar-mass MS star. (One solar mass = the Sun's mass.) The 3 stars orbit a mutual center of mass, with Algol A and Algol B much closer to each other and to the center of mass than to Algol C. Student 2: Algol B was not part of the original Algol system (Algol A and Algol C). Algol B and the original Algol system formed in different clouds of gas and dust at different times and moved in 2 different but intersecting orbits around the center of the galaxy. During a particular orbit, Algol B encountered the original Algol system at the intersection of the 2 orbits and became part of the Algol system. Algol B became a post-MS star while Algol A and Algol C remained MS stars. Algol B never lost mass to Algol A. Algol B was always less massive than Algol A.", "question": "Based on Student 2's discussion, Algol B is part of the present Algol system because of which of the following forces exerted on Algol B by the original Algol system?", "options": {"A": "Electric force", "B": "Magnetic force", "C": "Gravitational force", "D": "Nuclear force"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1453, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "An astronomy class is given the following facts about stellar evolution. 1. A star's evolution can be divided into 3 stages: pre-main sequence (pre-MS), main sequence (MS), and post-main sequence (post-MS). 2. Gravity causes part of a cloud of gas and dust to collapse and heat up, creating a pre-MS star. The star's hot dust and gas emit its energy. 3. A pre-MS star becomes an MS star when the star produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei (protons) at its center to make helium nuclei. 4. An MS star becomes a post-MS star when the star expands in volume and produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen to make helium in a shell surrounding its center. 5. The more massive a star, the more rapidly the star passes through each of the 3 stages of its evolution. Two students discuss the evolution of the Algol system—Algol A, a 3.6-solar-mass MS star; Algol B, a 0.8-solar-mass post-MS star; and Algol C, a 1.7-solar-mass MS star. (One solar mass = the Sun's mass.) The 3 stars orbit a mutual center of mass, with Algol A and Algol B much closer to each other and to the center of mass than to Algol C. Student 2: Algol B was not part of the original Algol system (Algol A and Algol C). Algol B and the original Algol system formed in different clouds of gas and dust at different times and moved in 2 different but intersecting orbits around the center of the galaxy. During a particular orbit, Algol B encountered the original Algol system at the intersection of the 2 orbits and became part of the Algol system. Algol B became a post-MS star while Algol A and Algol C remained MS stars. Algol B never lost mass to Algol A. Algol B was always less massive than Algol A.", "question": "Based on Student 1's discussion and Fact 4, while matter flowed between Algol A and Algol B, Algol B produced the majority of its energy by fusing:", "options": {"A": "hydrogen nuclei to make helium nuclei at its center.", "B": "hydrogen nuclei to make helium nuclei in a shell surrounding its center.", "C": "helium nuclei to make hydrogen nuclei at its center.", "D": "helium nuclei to make hydrogen nuclei in a shell surrounding its center."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1454, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "An astronomy class is given the following facts about stellar evolution. 1. A star's evolution can be divided into 3 stages: pre-main sequence (pre-MS), main sequence (MS), and post-main sequence (post-MS). 2. Gravity causes part of a cloud of gas and dust to collapse and heat up, creating a pre-MS star. The star's hot dust and gas emit its energy. 3. A pre-MS star becomes an MS star when the star produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei (protons) at its center to make helium nuclei. 4. An MS star becomes a post-MS star when the star expands in volume and produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen to make helium in a shell surrounding its center. 5. The more massive a star, the more rapidly the star passes through each of the 3 stages of its evolution. Two students discuss the evolution of the Algol system—Algol A, a 3.6-solar-mass MS star; Algol B, a 0.8-solar-mass post-MS star; and Algol C, a 1.7-solar-mass MS star. (One solar mass = the Sun's mass.) The 3 stars orbit a mutual center of mass, with Algol A and Algol B much closer to each other and to the center of mass than to Algol C. Student 2: Algol B was not part of the original Algol system (Algol A and Algol C). Algol B and the original Algol system formed in different clouds of gas and dust at different times and moved in 2 different but intersecting orbits around the center of the galaxy. During a particular orbit, Algol B encountered the original Algol system at the intersection of the 2 orbits and became part of the Algol system. Algol B became a post-MS star while Algol A and Algol C remained MS stars. Algol B never lost mass to Algol A. Algol B was always less massive than Algol A.", "question": "Suppose that chemical composition is uniform among stars formed from the same cloud of gas and dust, but that chemical composition varies among stars formed from different clouds of gas and dust. Student 2 would most likely agree with which of the following statements comparing the chemical compositions of the stars in the present-day Algol system at the time they formed?", "options": {"A": "Algol A and Algol B had the most similar compositions.", "B": "Algol A and Algol C had the most similar compositions.", "C": "Algol B and Algol C had the most similar compositions.", "D": "Algol A, Algol B, and Algol C had the same composition."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1455, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "An astronomy class is given the following facts about stellar evolution. 1. A star's evolution can be divided into 3 stages: pre-main sequence (pre-MS), main sequence (MS), and post-main sequence (post-MS). 2. Gravity causes part of a cloud of gas and dust to collapse and heat up, creating a pre-MS star. The star's hot dust and gas emit its energy. 3. A pre-MS star becomes an MS star when the star produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei (protons) at its center to make helium nuclei. 4. An MS star becomes a post-MS star when the star expands in volume and produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen to make helium in a shell surrounding its center. 5. The more massive a star, the more rapidly the star passes through each of the 3 stages of its evolution. Two students discuss the evolution of the Algol system—Algol A, a 3.6-solar-mass MS star; Algol B, a 0.8-solar-mass post-MS star; and Algol C, a 1.7-solar-mass MS star. (One solar mass = the Sun's mass.) The 3 stars orbit a mutual center of mass, with Algol A and Algol B much closer to each other and to the center of mass than to Algol C. Student 2: Algol B was not part of the original Algol system (Algol A and Algol C). Algol B and the original Algol system formed in different clouds of gas and dust at different times and moved in 2 different but intersecting orbits around the center of the galaxy. During a particular orbit, Algol B encountered the original Algol system at the intersection of the 2 orbits and became part of the Algol system. Algol B became a post-MS star while Algol A and Algol C remained MS stars. Algol B never lost mass to Algol A. Algol B was always less massive than Algol A.", "question": "If the mass of the Sun is $2.0 \\times 10^{30} \\mathrm{~kg}$, what is the mass of Algol C?", "options": {"A": "$1.6 \\times 10^{30} \\mathrm{~kg}$", "B": "$2.0 \\times 10^{30} \\mathrm{~kg}$", "C": "$3.4 \\times 10^{30} \\mathrm{~kg}$", "D": "$7.2 \\times 10^{30} \\mathrm{~kg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1456, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "An astronomy class is given the following facts about stellar evolution. 1. A star's evolution can be divided into 3 stages: pre-main sequence (pre-MS), main sequence (MS), and post-main sequence (post-MS). 2. Gravity causes part of a cloud of gas and dust to collapse and heat up, creating a pre-MS star. The star's hot dust and gas emit its energy. 3. A pre-MS star becomes an MS star when the star produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei (protons) at its center to make helium nuclei. 4. An MS star becomes a post-MS star when the star expands in volume and produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen to make helium in a shell surrounding its center. 5. The more massive a star, the more rapidly the star passes through each of the 3 stages of its evolution. Two students discuss the evolution of the Algol system—Algol A, a 3.6-solar-mass MS star; Algol B, a 0.8-solar-mass post-MS star; and Algol C, a 1.7-solar-mass MS star. (One solar mass = the Sun's mass.) The 3 stars orbit a mutual center of mass, with Algol A and Algol B much closer to each other and to the center of mass than to Algol C. Student 2: Algol B was not part of the original Algol system (Algol A and Algol C). Algol B and the original Algol system formed in different clouds of gas and dust at different times and moved in 2 different but intersecting orbits around the center of the galaxy. During a particular orbit, Algol B encountered the original Algol system at the intersection of the 2 orbits and became part of the Algol system. Algol B became a post-MS star while Algol A and Algol C remained MS stars. Algol B never lost mass to Algol A. Algol B was always less massive than Algol A.", "question": "Which of the following statements best explains why the reaction described in Fact 3 requires a high temperature and pressure?", "options": {"A": "All protons are positively charged, and like charges attract each other.", "B": "All protons are positively charged, and like charges repel each other.", "C": "All electrons are negatively charged, and like charges attract each other.", "D": "All electrons are negatively charged, and like charges repel each other."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1457, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "An astronomy class is given the following facts about stellar evolution. 1. A star's evolution can be divided into 3 stages: pre-main sequence (pre-MS), main sequence (MS), and post-main sequence (post-MS). 2. Gravity causes part of a cloud of gas and dust to collapse and heat up, creating a pre-MS star. The star's hot dust and gas emit its energy. 3. A pre-MS star becomes an MS star when the star produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei (protons) at its center to make helium nuclei. 4. An MS star becomes a post-MS star when the star expands in volume and produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen to make helium in a shell surrounding its center. 5. The more massive a star, the more rapidly the star passes through each of the 3 stages of its evolution. Two students discuss the evolution of the Algol system—Algol A, a 3.6-solar-mass MS star; Algol B, a 0.8-solar-mass post-MS star; and Algol C, a 1.7-solar-mass MS star. (One solar mass = the Sun's mass.) The 3 stars orbit a mutual center of mass, with Algol A and Algol B much closer to each other and to the center of mass than to Algol C. Student 2: Algol B was not part of the original Algol system (Algol A and Algol C). Algol B and the original Algol system formed in different clouds of gas and dust at different times and moved in 2 different but intersecting orbits around the center of the galaxy. During a particular orbit, Algol B encountered the original Algol system at the intersection of the 2 orbits and became part of the Algol system. Algol B became a post-MS star while Algol A and Algol C remained MS stars. Algol B never lost mass to Algol A. Algol B was always less massive than Algol A.", "question": "Based on Fact 5 and Student 1's discussion, which of the 3 stars in the Algol system, if any, was most likely the first to become an MS star?", "options": {"A": "Algol A", "B": "Algol B", "C": "Algol C", "D": "The 3 stars became MS stars at the same time."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1458, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "An astronomy class is given the following facts about stellar evolution. 1. A star's evolution can be divided into 3 stages: pre-main sequence (pre-MS), main sequence (MS), and post-main sequence (post-MS). 2. Gravity causes part of a cloud of gas and dust to collapse and heat up, creating a pre-MS star. The star's hot dust and gas emit its energy. 3. A pre-MS star becomes an MS star when the star produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei (protons) at its center to make helium nuclei. 4. An MS star becomes a post-MS star when the star expands in volume and produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen to make helium in a shell surrounding its center. 5. The more massive a star, the more rapidly the star passes through each of the 3 stages of its evolution. Two students discuss the evolution of the Algol system—Algol A, a 3.6-solar-mass MS star; Algol B, a 0.8-solar-mass post-MS star; and Algol C, a 1.7-solar-mass MS star. (One solar mass = the Sun's mass.) The 3 stars orbit a mutual center of mass, with Algol A and Algol B much closer to each other and to the center of mass than to Algol C. Student 2: Algol B was not part of the original Algol system (Algol A and Algol C). Algol B and the original Algol system formed in different clouds of gas and dust at different times and moved in 2 different but intersecting orbits around the center of the galaxy. During a particular orbit, Algol B encountered the original Algol system at the intersection of the 2 orbits and became part of the Algol system. Algol B became a post-MS star while Algol A and Algol C remained MS stars. Algol B never lost mass to Algol A. Algol B was always less massive than Algol A.", "question": "Based on Fact 5, would Student 2 agree that by the time Algol A stops being an MS star, Algol A will have spent as much time being an MS star as Algol B spent being an MS star?", "options": {"A": "Yes, because according to Student 2, Algol A has always been more massive than Algol B.", "B": "Yes, because according to Student 2, Algol A has always been less massive than Algol B.", "C": "No, because according to Student 2, Algol A has always been more massive than Algol B.", "D": "No, because according to Student 2, Algol A has always been less massive than Algol B."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1459, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In the fall, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America migrate to Mexico, where they overwinter in high-altitude forests of oyamel fir (an evergreen conifer). The butterflies store (accumulate) body lipids to use as a source of energy at a later time. Consider the following 3 hypotheses pertaining to when the butterflies store lipids and when the energy from the stored lipids is used, with respect to migration and overwintering.\n\n## Hypothesis 1\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration and during the overwintering period. The butterflies first store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. When the butterflies reach the overwintering sites, ending their migration, they must store lipids again before beginning the overwintering period.\n\n## Hypothesis 2\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration but not during the overwintering period. The butterflies store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. Because energy from stored lipids is not required during the overwintering period, the butterflies do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.\n\n## Hypothesis 3\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids during the overwintering period but not for migration. The butterflies do not store lipids before they begin their migration. Instead, lipids are stored during migration; therefore, lipid mass continuously increases from the beginning of migration until the end of migration. The butterflies arrive at the overwintering sites with enough lipids to provide themselves with energy during the overwintering period, so they do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.", "question": "Which hypothesis, if any, asserts that monarch butterflies store lipids during 2 distinct periods?", "options": {"A": "Hypothesis 1", "B": "Hypothesis 2", "C": "Hypothesis 3", "D": "None of the hypotheses"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1460, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In the fall, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America migrate to Mexico, where they overwinter in high-altitude forests of oyamel fir (an evergreen conifer). The butterflies store (accumulate) body lipids to use as a source of energy at a later time. Consider the following 3 hypotheses pertaining to when the butterflies store lipids and when the energy from the stored lipids is used, with respect to migration and overwintering.\n\n## Hypothesis 1\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration and during the overwintering period. The butterflies first store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. When the butterflies reach the overwintering sites, ending their migration, they must store lipids again before beginning the overwintering period.\n\n## Hypothesis 2\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration but not during the overwintering period. The butterflies store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. Because energy from stored lipids is not required during the overwintering period, the butterflies do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.\n\n## Hypothesis 3\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids during the overwintering period but not for migration. The butterflies do not store lipids before they begin their migration. Instead, lipids are stored during migration; therefore, lipid mass continuously increases from the beginning of migration until the end of migration. The butterflies arrive at the overwintering sites with enough lipids to provide themselves with energy during the overwintering period, so they do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.", "question": "Which hypothesis, if any, asserts that monarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids neither for migration nor during the overwintering period?", "options": {"A": "Hypothesis 1", "B": "Hypothesis 2", "C": "Hypothesis 3", "D": "None of the hypotheses"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1461, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In the fall, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America migrate to Mexico, where they overwinter in high-altitude forests of oyamel fir (an evergreen conifer). The butterflies store (accumulate) body lipids to use as a source of energy at a later time. Consider the following 3 hypotheses pertaining to when the butterflies store lipids and when the energy from the stored lipids is used, with respect to migration and overwintering.\n\n## Hypothesis 1\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration and during the overwintering period. The butterflies first store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. When the butterflies reach the overwintering sites, ending their migration, they must store lipids again before beginning the overwintering period.\n\n## Hypothesis 2\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration but not during the overwintering period. The butterflies store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. Because energy from stored lipids is not required during the overwintering period, the butterflies do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.\n\n## Hypothesis 3\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids during the overwintering period but not for migration. The butterflies do not store lipids before they begin their migration. Instead, lipids are stored during migration; therefore, lipid mass continuously increases from the beginning of migration until the end of migration. The butterflies arrive at the overwintering sites with enough lipids to provide themselves with energy during the overwintering period, so they do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.", "question": "Assume that changes in the body mass of a monarch butterfly are caused only by changes in the mass of the butterfly's stored lipids. The statement \"The percent of a monarch butterfly's body mass that is made up of lipids is greater at the beginning of migration than at the end of migration\" is supported by which of the hypotheses?", "options": {"A": "Hypothesis 1 only", "B": "Hypothesis 2 only", "C": "Hypotheses 1 and 2 only", "D": "Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1462, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In the fall, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America migrate to Mexico, where they overwinter in high-altitude forests of oyamel fir (an evergreen conifer). The butterflies store (accumulate) body lipids to use as a source of energy at a later time. Consider the following 3 hypotheses pertaining to when the butterflies store lipids and when the energy from the stored lipids is used, with respect to migration and overwintering.\n\n## Hypothesis 1\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration and during the overwintering period. The butterflies first store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. When the butterflies reach the overwintering sites, ending their migration, they must store lipids again before beginning the overwintering period.\n\n## Hypothesis 2\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration but not during the overwintering period. The butterflies store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. Because energy from stored lipids is not required during the overwintering period, the butterflies do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.\n\n## Hypothesis 3\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids during the overwintering period but not for migration. The butterflies do not store lipids before they begin their migration. Instead, lipids are stored during migration; therefore, lipid mass continuously increases from the beginning of migration until the end of migration. The butterflies arrive at the overwintering sites with enough lipids to provide themselves with energy during the overwintering period, so they do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.", "question": "To store lipids, monarch butterflies convert sugar from nectar they have consumed into lipids. A supporter of which hypothesis, if any, would be likely to claim that to ensure the butterflies can store lipids for the overwintering period, nectar must be present at the butterflies' overwintering sites?", "options": {"A": "Hypothesis 1", "B": "Hypothesis 2", "C": "Hypothesis 3", "D": "None of the hypotheses"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1463, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In the fall, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America migrate to Mexico, where they overwinter in high-altitude forests of oyamel fir (an evergreen conifer). The butterflies store (accumulate) body lipids to use as a source of energy at a later time. Consider the following 3 hypotheses pertaining to when the butterflies store lipids and when the energy from the stored lipids is used, with respect to migration and overwintering.\n\n## Hypothesis 1\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration and during the overwintering period. The butterflies first store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. When the butterflies reach the overwintering sites, ending their migration, they must store lipids again before beginning the overwintering period.\n\n## Hypothesis 2\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration but not during the overwintering period. The butterflies store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. Because energy from stored lipids is not required during the overwintering period, the butterflies do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.\n\n## Hypothesis 3\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids during the overwintering period but not for migration. The butterflies do not store lipids before they begin their migration. Instead, lipids are stored during migration; therefore, lipid mass continuously increases from the beginning of migration until the end of migration. The butterflies arrive at the overwintering sites with enough lipids to provide themselves with energy during the overwintering period, so they do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.", "question": "Which of the following statements about lipids in monarch butterflies is consistent with all 3 hypotheses?", "options": {"A": "The butterflies' lipid masses do not change during the overwintering period.", "B": "The butterflies' lipid masses change during migration.", "C": "The butterflies use energy from stored lipids during the overwintering period.", "D": "The butterflies use energy from stored lipids for migration."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1464, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In the fall, monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America migrate to Mexico, where they overwinter in high-altitude forests of oyamel fir (an evergreen conifer). The butterflies store (accumulate) body lipids to use as a source of energy at a later time. Consider the following 3 hypotheses pertaining to when the butterflies store lipids and when the energy from the stored lipids is used, with respect to migration and overwintering.\n\n## Hypothesis 1\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration and during the overwintering period. The butterflies first store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. When the butterflies reach the overwintering sites, ending their migration, they must store lipids again before beginning the overwintering period.\n\n## Hypothesis 2\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids for migration but not during the overwintering period. The butterflies store lipids before they begin their migration. During migration, as stored lipids are converted to energy, lipid mass continuously decreases. Because energy from stored lipids is not required during the overwintering period, the butterflies do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.\n\n## Hypothesis 3\n\nMonarch butterflies require energy from stored lipids during the overwintering period but not for migration. The butterflies do not store lipids before they begin their migration. Instead, lipids are stored during migration; therefore, lipid mass continuously increases from the beginning of migration until the end of migration. The butterflies arrive at the overwintering sites with enough lipids to provide themselves with energy during the overwintering period, so they do not store lipids while at the overwintering sites.", "question": "When the monarch butterflies use their stored lipids, the lipids must be broken down to produce energy-rich molecules that can be readily used by cells. Which of the following molecules is produced as a direct result of the breakdown of the lipids?", "options": {"A": "ATP", "B": "Starch", "C": "DNA", "D": "Amino acids"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1465, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Greenhouse gases such as methane (CH₄) warm Earth's climate. Figure 1 shows the concentration of CH₄ in Earth's atmosphere and the solar radiation intensity at Earth's surface for tropical Europe and Asia over the past 250,000 years. As the figure shows, the CH₄ concentration and the solar radiation intensity have increased and decreased at the same times over most of this period. Figure 2 shows the same types of data for the same region over the past 11,000 years. This figure is consistent with the hypothesis that the greenhouse gases from human activities may have begun warming Earth's climate thousands of years earlier than once thought.\",", "question": "Which of the following statements best describes the primary effect of $\\mathrm{CH}_4$ on Earth's climate?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CH}_4$ gives off visible light to space, cooling Earth's climate.", "B": "$\\mathrm{CH}_4$ gives off ultraviolet radiation to space, warming Earth's climate.", "C": "$\\mathrm{CH}_4$ absorbs heat as it enters Earth's atmosphere from space, cooling Earth's climate.", "D": "$\\mathrm{CH}_4$ absorbs heat that comes up from Earth's surface, warming Earth's climate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1466, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "In a particular playa (relatively flat, dry desert basin) evidence shows that some large rocks have moved along the surface, leaving shallow trails in the clay sediment, some up to several hundred meters long. Three scientists provided explanations for how these rocks moved.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nIn the spring, snowmelt from surrounding mountains runs downhill and collects in the playa. At night, cold temperatures cause this water to freeze around the rocks. When temperatures rise again, the ice begins to melt, leaving a layer of mud on the surface and ice \"rafts\" around the rocks. The buoyancy of the ice rafts floats the rocks on top of the mud such that even light winds can then push the rocks along the surface. Evidence of this lifting is seen in that the trails left by rocks are both shallow and only about 2/3 as wide as the rocks themselves. Due to the combination of ice, mud, and light winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few days.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nSnowmelt from surrounding mountains does collect in the playa during the spring. However, the temperature in the playa does not get cold enough for ice to form. When the playa's surface gets wet, the top layer of clay transforms into a slick, muddy film. In addition, dormant algae present in the dry clay begin to grow rapidly when the clay becomes wet. The presence of mud and algae reduces friction between the rocks and the clay. Even so, relatively strong winds are required to push the rocks along the wet surface, forming trails. Due to the combination of mud, algae, and strong winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few hours.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nWater does collect in the playa, producing mud and ice. However, neither mud nor ice is responsible for the rocks' movements. The playa is located along a fault line between tectonic plates. Minor vertical shifts in the plates cause the rocks to move downhill, leaving trails. Due to the combination of tectonic plate movement and strong winds, the rocks are able to move only a few meters over several years.", "question": "According to Scientist 2, friction between the rocks and the clay is reduced by which of the following?", "options": {"A": "Ice only", "B": "Algae only", "C": "Ice and mud only", "D": "Mud and algae only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1467, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "In a particular playa (relatively flat, dry desert basin) evidence shows that some large rocks have moved along the surface, leaving shallow trails in the clay sediment, some up to several hundred meters long. Three scientists provided explanations for how these rocks moved.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nIn the spring, snowmelt from surrounding mountains runs downhill and collects in the playa. At night, cold temperatures cause this water to freeze around the rocks. When temperatures rise again, the ice begins to melt, leaving a layer of mud on the surface and ice \"rafts\" around the rocks. The buoyancy of the ice rafts floats the rocks on top of the mud such that even light winds can then push the rocks along the surface. Evidence of this lifting is seen in that the trails left by rocks are both shallow and only about 2/3 as wide as the rocks themselves. Due to the combination of ice, mud, and light winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few days.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nSnowmelt from surrounding mountains does collect in the playa during the spring. However, the temperature in the playa does not get cold enough for ice to form. When the playa's surface gets wet, the top layer of clay transforms into a slick, muddy film. In addition, dormant algae present in the dry clay begin to grow rapidly when the clay becomes wet. The presence of mud and algae reduces friction between the rocks and the clay. Even so, relatively strong winds are required to push the rocks along the wet surface, forming trails. Due to the combination of mud, algae, and strong winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few hours.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nWater does collect in the playa, producing mud and ice. However, neither mud nor ice is responsible for the rocks' movements. The playa is located along a fault line between tectonic plates. Minor vertical shifts in the plates cause the rocks to move downhill, leaving trails. Due to the combination of tectonic plate movement and strong winds, the rocks are able to move only a few meters over several years.", "question": "Suppose a researcher observed that wind speeds greater than 80 miles per hour are needed to move the rocks in the playa. This observation is consistent with which of the scientists' explanations?", "options": {"A": "Scientists 1 and 2 only", "B": "Scientists 1 and 3 only", "C": "Scientists 2 and 3 only", "D": "Scientists 1, 2, and 3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1468, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "In a particular playa (relatively flat, dry desert basin) evidence shows that some large rocks have moved along the surface, leaving shallow trails in the clay sediment, some up to several hundred meters long. Three scientists provided explanations for how these rocks moved.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nIn the spring, snowmelt from surrounding mountains runs downhill and collects in the playa. At night, cold temperatures cause this water to freeze around the rocks. When temperatures rise again, the ice begins to melt, leaving a layer of mud on the surface and ice \"rafts\" around the rocks. The buoyancy of the ice rafts floats the rocks on top of the mud such that even light winds can then push the rocks along the surface. Evidence of this lifting is seen in that the trails left by rocks are both shallow and only about 2/3 as wide as the rocks themselves. Due to the combination of ice, mud, and light winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few days.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nSnowmelt from surrounding mountains does collect in the playa during the spring. However, the temperature in the playa does not get cold enough for ice to form. When the playa's surface gets wet, the top layer of clay transforms into a slick, muddy film. In addition, dormant algae present in the dry clay begin to grow rapidly when the clay becomes wet. The presence of mud and algae reduces friction between the rocks and the clay. Even so, relatively strong winds are required to push the rocks along the wet surface, forming trails. Due to the combination of mud, algae, and strong winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few hours.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nWater does collect in the playa, producing mud and ice. However, neither mud nor ice is responsible for the rocks' movements. The playa is located along a fault line between tectonic plates. Minor vertical shifts in the plates cause the rocks to move downhill, leaving trails. Due to the combination of tectonic plate movement and strong winds, the rocks are able to move only a few meters over several years.", "question": "Suppose that no seismic activity was recorded in the playa where the trails left by the rocks are found. This finding would weaken which of the scientists' explanations?", "options": {"A": "Scientist 1 only", "B": "Scientist 3 only", "C": "Scientist 1 and Scientist 2 only", "D": "Scientist 2 and Scientist 3 only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1469, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "In a particular playa (relatively flat, dry desert basin) evidence shows that some large rocks have moved along the surface, leaving shallow trails in the clay sediment, some up to several hundred meters long. Three scientists provided explanations for how these rocks moved.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nIn the spring, snowmelt from surrounding mountains runs downhill and collects in the playa. At night, cold temperatures cause this water to freeze around the rocks. When temperatures rise again, the ice begins to melt, leaving a layer of mud on the surface and ice \"rafts\" around the rocks. The buoyancy of the ice rafts floats the rocks on top of the mud such that even light winds can then push the rocks along the surface. Evidence of this lifting is seen in that the trails left by rocks are both shallow and only about 2/3 as wide as the rocks themselves. Due to the combination of ice, mud, and light winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few days.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nSnowmelt from surrounding mountains does collect in the playa during the spring. However, the temperature in the playa does not get cold enough for ice to form. When the playa's surface gets wet, the top layer of clay transforms into a slick, muddy film. In addition, dormant algae present in the dry clay begin to grow rapidly when the clay becomes wet. The presence of mud and algae reduces friction between the rocks and the clay. Even so, relatively strong winds are required to push the rocks along the wet surface, forming trails. Due to the combination of mud, algae, and strong winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few hours.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nWater does collect in the playa, producing mud and ice. However, neither mud nor ice is responsible for the rocks' movements. The playa is located along a fault line between tectonic plates. Minor vertical shifts in the plates cause the rocks to move downhill, leaving trails. Due to the combination of tectonic plate movement and strong winds, the rocks are able to move only a few meters over several years.", "question": "Suppose it were discovered that a particular rock formed a $200\\mathrm{m}$ long trail in $72\\mathrm{hr}$. Would this discovery support Scientist 1's explanation?", "options": {"A": "Yes; Scientist 1 indicated the rocks can move several hundred meters in a few hours.", "B": "Yes; Scientist 1 indicated the rocks can move several hundred meters in a few days.", "C": "No; Scientist 1 indicated the rocks can move several hundred meters in a few hours.", "D": "No; Scientist 1 indicated the rocks can move several hundred meters in a few days."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1470, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "In a particular playa (relatively flat, dry desert basin) evidence shows that some large rocks have moved along the surface, leaving shallow trails in the clay sediment, some up to several hundred meters long. Three scientists provided explanations for how these rocks moved.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nIn the spring, snowmelt from surrounding mountains runs downhill and collects in the playa. At night, cold temperatures cause this water to freeze around the rocks. When temperatures rise again, the ice begins to melt, leaving a layer of mud on the surface and ice \"rafts\" around the rocks. The buoyancy of the ice rafts floats the rocks on top of the mud such that even light winds can then push the rocks along the surface. Evidence of this lifting is seen in that the trails left by rocks are both shallow and only about 2/3 as wide as the rocks themselves. Due to the combination of ice, mud, and light winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few days.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nSnowmelt from surrounding mountains does collect in the playa during the spring. However, the temperature in the playa does not get cold enough for ice to form. When the playa's surface gets wet, the top layer of clay transforms into a slick, muddy film. In addition, dormant algae present in the dry clay begin to grow rapidly when the clay becomes wet. The presence of mud and algae reduces friction between the rocks and the clay. Even so, relatively strong winds are required to push the rocks along the wet surface, forming trails. Due to the combination of mud, algae, and strong winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few hours.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nWater does collect in the playa, producing mud and ice. However, neither mud nor ice is responsible for the rocks' movements. The playa is located along a fault line between tectonic plates. Minor vertical shifts in the plates cause the rocks to move downhill, leaving trails. Due to the combination of tectonic plate movement and strong winds, the rocks are able to move only a few meters over several years.", "question": "Suppose that during one year there was no measurable movement of any rocks in the playa during the spring. Scientists 1 and 2 would most likely both agree that this was due to the absence of which of the following factors?", "options": {"A": "Algae", "B": "Snowmelt", "C": "Strong winders", "D": "Subzero temperatures"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1476, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "astronomy_space_science", "context": "Star formation begins with the gravitational collapse of matter in an interstellar gas cloud. A protostar (forming star) affects gas in the surrounding portions of the cloud in 2 ways:\n\nThe protostar's gravitational field attracts gas, causing the gas to accrete (accumulate onto the protostar). Radiation pressure (RP) associated with the protostar's emissions causes gas to be pushed away from the protostar, inhibiting accretion.\n\nStar formation ends when the effect of RP overcomes that of gravity. At that point, the protostar can no longer gain mass by accretion and is considered a fully formed star.\n\nThree scientists debate whether the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is great enough to account for the most massive stars observed.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nThe effect of RP is uniform in all directions around a protostar. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $20\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ ( $1\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}} =$ mass of the Sun). Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger (the combination of 2 or more fully formed stars into 1). Because stars tend to form in clusters, stellar mergers are likely.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nScientist 1 is correct that stellar mergers are likely. However, because a protostar rotates about its axis, a disk of gas forms in the plane of the protostar's equator. This reduces the effect of RP in that plane, allowing gas from the disk to readily accrete. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $40\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ . Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nStellar mergers are very unlikely given the vast distances between stars, even within clusters. Scientist 2 is correct about the formation and the effect of the disk. In addition, a protostar produces bubble- like regions of radiation that increase the effect of RP near the protostar's poles, promoting the flow of gas into the disk. As a result, accretion continues until the surrounding portions of the cloud are nearly depleted of gas. Therefore, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is limited only by the amount of available gas.", "question": "When the effect of RP overcomes that of gravity, a star is said to have \"emerged from its envelope,\" because that is the first time the star is directly observable from outside the cloud. An observation of which of the following stars emerging from its envelope would support Scientist 2's argument but weaken Scientist 1's argument?", "options": {"A": "A $15\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ star", "B": "A $20\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ star", "C": "A $30\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ star", "D": "A $50\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ star"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1479, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The coastline of Antarctica consists of many ice shelves (floating $100 - 1,000\\mathrm{m}$ thick sheets of ice that extend from a landmass). Many of these ice shelves are melting, causing them to calve (break off) large pieces known as icebergs. Four students each explain iceberg calving.\n\n## Student 1\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt due to the warming of the air above the surface of the ice during the summer. When the air temperature increases, the surface ice melts and water pools. The meltwater moves downward into the ice shelf, causing fractures to form. The accumulation of many fractures in the ice over many summers gradually leads to icebergs calving from an ice shelf.\n\n## Student 2\n\nStudent 1 is correct that an increase in air temperature during the summer leads to surface ice melting and water pooling, causing fractures to form in the ice. However, the action of the meltwater alone is insufficient to produce fractures deep enough to cause calving. When the air temperature lowers at the beginning of winter, falling snow accumulates in the fractures, increasing the pressure on the ice, eventually causing calving. After a large snowfall, calving can occur within a few days.\n\n## Student 3\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt only from below. During the summer, ocean currents circulate water that is just above freezing into and out of the basal cavity (the area underneath an ice shelf), causing the ice within the cavity to melt. For every $0.1^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ that the ocean water is above freezing, the water melts a thickness of $10\\mathrm{m}$ of ice from the bottom per year. When the ice shelf thickness has been reduced by at least $50\\mathrm{m}$ , calving occurs.\n\n## Student 4\n\nThe warmer water circulated by ocean currents melts the ice shelf as described by Student 3. However, calving cannot occur from this process alone. Snow accumulates on the surface of the ice each winter, but each following summer, warm air leads to the melting and compaction of the snow. The compaction lowers the surface of the ice shelf, pushing the ice down into the basal cavity, where it is melted by the ocean water. After several winter- summer cycles, the ice shelf becomes top- heavy due to the snow and the melting from below, and calving occurs.", "question": "Suppose that the air temperature along the Antarctic coastline is never warmer than $-10^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and that the atmospheric pressure is always 1.0 atmosphere. Does this information support the description given by Student 1?", "options": {"A": "Yes, because ice cannot melt at those temperatures.", "B": "Yes, because ice can melt at those temperatures.", "C": "No, because ice cannot melt at those temperatures.", "D": "No, because ice can melt at those temperatures."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1480, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The coastline of Antarctica consists of many ice shelves (floating $100 - 1,000\\mathrm{m}$ thick sheets of ice that extend from a landmass). Many of these ice shelves are melting, causing them to calve (break off) large pieces known as icebergs. Four students each explain iceberg calving.\n\n## Student 1\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt due to the warming of the air above the surface of the ice during the summer. When the air temperature increases, the surface ice melts and water pools. The meltwater moves downward into the ice shelf, causing fractures to form. The accumulation of many fractures in the ice over many summers gradually leads to icebergs calving from an ice shelf.\n\n## Student 2\n\nStudent 1 is correct that an increase in air temperature during the summer leads to surface ice melting and water pooling, causing fractures to form in the ice. However, the action of the meltwater alone is insufficient to produce fractures deep enough to cause calving. When the air temperature lowers at the beginning of winter, falling snow accumulates in the fractures, increasing the pressure on the ice, eventually causing calving. After a large snowfall, calving can occur within a few days.\n\n## Student 3\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt only from below. During the summer, ocean currents circulate water that is just above freezing into and out of the basal cavity (the area underneath an ice shelf), causing the ice within the cavity to melt. For every $0.1^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ that the ocean water is above freezing, the water melts a thickness of $10\\mathrm{m}$ of ice from the bottom per year. When the ice shelf thickness has been reduced by at least $50\\mathrm{m}$ , calving occurs.\n\n## Student 4\n\nThe warmer water circulated by ocean currents melts the ice shelf as described by Student 3. However, calving cannot occur from this process alone. Snow accumulates on the surface of the ice each winter, but each following summer, warm air leads to the melting and compaction of the snow. The compaction lowers the surface of the ice shelf, pushing the ice down into the basal cavity, where it is melted by the ocean water. After several winter- summer cycles, the ice shelf becomes top- heavy due to the snow and the melting from below, and calving occurs.", "question": "Based on the description of the icebergs that are calved along the coastline of Antarctica, do the icebergs sink or float?", "options": {"A": "Sink; they are more dense than ocean water.", "B": "Sink; they are less dense than ocean water.", "C": "Float; they are more dense than ocean water.", "D": "Float; they are less dense than ocean water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1481, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The coastline of Antarctica consists of many ice shelves (floating $100 - 1,000\\mathrm{m}$ thick sheets of ice that extend from a landmass). Many of these ice shelves are melting, causing them to calve (break off) large pieces known as icebergs. Four students each explain iceberg calving.\n\n## Student 1\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt due to the warming of the air above the surface of the ice during the summer. When the air temperature increases, the surface ice melts and water pools. The meltwater moves downward into the ice shelf, causing fractures to form. The accumulation of many fractures in the ice over many summers gradually leads to icebergs calving from an ice shelf.\n\n## Student 2\n\nStudent 1 is correct that an increase in air temperature during the summer leads to surface ice melting and water pooling, causing fractures to form in the ice. However, the action of the meltwater alone is insufficient to produce fractures deep enough to cause calving. When the air temperature lowers at the beginning of winter, falling snow accumulates in the fractures, increasing the pressure on the ice, eventually causing calving. After a large snowfall, calving can occur within a few days.\n\n## Student 3\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt only from below. During the summer, ocean currents circulate water that is just above freezing into and out of the basal cavity (the area underneath an ice shelf), causing the ice within the cavity to melt. For every $0.1^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ that the ocean water is above freezing, the water melts a thickness of $10\\mathrm{m}$ of ice from the bottom per year. When the ice shelf thickness has been reduced by at least $50\\mathrm{m}$ , calving occurs.\n\n## Student 4\n\nThe warmer water circulated by ocean currents melts the ice shelf as described by Student 3. However, calving cannot occur from this process alone. Snow accumulates on the surface of the ice each winter, but each following summer, warm air leads to the melting and compaction of the snow. The compaction lowers the surface of the ice shelf, pushing the ice down into the basal cavity, where it is melted by the ocean water. After several winter- summer cycles, the ice shelf becomes top- heavy due to the snow and the melting from below, and calving occurs.", "question": "Which of Students 1 and 4, if either, implied that the processes involved in iceberg calving will take more than one year to result in the formation of an iceberg?", "options": {"A": "Student 1 only", "B": "Student 4 only", "C": "Both Student 1 and Student 4", "D": "Neither Student 1 nor Student 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1482, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The coastline of Antarctica consists of many ice shelves (floating $100 - 1,000\\mathrm{m}$ thick sheets of ice that extend from a landmass). Many of these ice shelves are melting, causing them to calve (break off) large pieces known as icebergs. Four students each explain iceberg calving.\n\n## Student 1\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt due to the warming of the air above the surface of the ice during the summer. When the air temperature increases, the surface ice melts and water pools. The meltwater moves downward into the ice shelf, causing fractures to form. The accumulation of many fractures in the ice over many summers gradually leads to icebergs calving from an ice shelf.\n\n## Student 2\n\nStudent 1 is correct that an increase in air temperature during the summer leads to surface ice melting and water pooling, causing fractures to form in the ice. However, the action of the meltwater alone is insufficient to produce fractures deep enough to cause calving. When the air temperature lowers at the beginning of winter, falling snow accumulates in the fractures, increasing the pressure on the ice, eventually causing calving. After a large snowfall, calving can occur within a few days.\n\n## Student 3\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt only from below. During the summer, ocean currents circulate water that is just above freezing into and out of the basal cavity (the area underneath an ice shelf), causing the ice within the cavity to melt. For every $0.1^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ that the ocean water is above freezing, the water melts a thickness of $10\\mathrm{m}$ of ice from the bottom per year. When the ice shelf thickness has been reduced by at least $50\\mathrm{m}$ , calving occurs.\n\n## Student 4\n\nThe warmer water circulated by ocean currents melts the ice shelf as described by Student 3. However, calving cannot occur from this process alone. Snow accumulates on the surface of the ice each winter, but each following summer, warm air leads to the melting and compaction of the snow. The compaction lowers the surface of the ice shelf, pushing the ice down into the basal cavity, where it is melted by the ocean water. After several winter- summer cycles, the ice shelf becomes top- heavy due to the snow and the melting from below, and calving occurs.", "question": "In regard to the season(s) involved in iceberg calving, how does Student 2's description differ from Student 3's description? Student 2 indicated that:", "options": {"A": "summer and winter are involved in calving, whereas Student 3 indicated that only summer is involved in calving.", "B": "summer and winter are involved in calving, whereas Student 3 indicated that only winter is involved in calving.", "C": "only summer is involved in calving, whereas Student 3 indicated that summer and winter are involved in calving.", "D": "only winter is involved in calving, whereas Student 3 indicated that only summer is involved in calving."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1483, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The coastline of Antarctica consists of many ice shelves (floating $100 - 1,000\\mathrm{m}$ thick sheets of ice that extend from a landmass). Many of these ice shelves are melting, causing them to calve (break off) large pieces known as icebergs. Four students each explain iceberg calving.\n\n## Student 1\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt due to the warming of the air above the surface of the ice during the summer. When the air temperature increases, the surface ice melts and water pools. The meltwater moves downward into the ice shelf, causing fractures to form. The accumulation of many fractures in the ice over many summers gradually leads to icebergs calving from an ice shelf.\n\n## Student 2\n\nStudent 1 is correct that an increase in air temperature during the summer leads to surface ice melting and water pooling, causing fractures to form in the ice. However, the action of the meltwater alone is insufficient to produce fractures deep enough to cause calving. When the air temperature lowers at the beginning of winter, falling snow accumulates in the fractures, increasing the pressure on the ice, eventually causing calving. After a large snowfall, calving can occur within a few days.\n\n## Student 3\n\nAntarctic ice shelves melt only from below. During the summer, ocean currents circulate water that is just above freezing into and out of the basal cavity (the area underneath an ice shelf), causing the ice within the cavity to melt. For every $0.1^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ that the ocean water is above freezing, the water melts a thickness of $10\\mathrm{m}$ of ice from the bottom per year. When the ice shelf thickness has been reduced by at least $50\\mathrm{m}$ , calving occurs.\n\n## Student 4\n\nThe warmer water circulated by ocean currents melts the ice shelf as described by Student 3. However, calving cannot occur from this process alone. Snow accumulates on the surface of the ice each winter, but each following summer, warm air leads to the melting and compaction of the snow. The compaction lowers the surface of the ice shelf, pushing the ice down into the basal cavity, where it is melted by the ocean water. After several winter- summer cycles, the ice shelf becomes top- heavy due to the snow and the melting from below, and calving occurs.", "question": "Which of Students 2, 3, and 4 agree(s) with Student 1 that some form of melting occurs on the ice shelf surface?", "options": {"A": "Student 2 only", "B": "Students 2 and 3 only", "C": "Students 2 and 4 only", "D": "Students 3 and 4 only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1484, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "All of the following processes involve hydrogen bonding except:", "options": {"A": "DNA replication", "B": "Formation of ice crystals", "C": "Binding of enzyme and substrate", "D": "Protein folding", "E": "All of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1485, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Of the cellular compartments listed below, which has the lowest pH?", "options": {"A": "Mitochondrial matrix", "B": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "C": "Lysosome", "D": "Cytoplasm", "E": "Nucleus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1486, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Listed are three statements about lipids.\n1. Lipids are made up of polymers of fatty acids\n2. Lipids are hydrophobic\n3. Lipids that are made up of fatty acids with a high degree of saturation are more likely to be solids at room temperature\nChoose the most accurate statement from below:", "options": {"A": "Statements 1 and 2 are true", "B": "Statements 1 and 3 are true", "C": "Statements 2 and 3 are true", "D": "Only statement 2 is true", "E": "All three statements are true"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1487, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the concentration of hydrogen ions at pH 5.7? (You do NOT need a calculator.)", "options": {"A": "$7.0 \\times 10^{-5}$ M $H^+$", "B": "$2.0 \\times 10^{-6}$ M $H^+$", "C": "$1.0 \\times 10^{-5}$ M $H^+$", "D": "$1.0 \\times 10^{-6}$ M $H^+$", "E": "$3.0 \\times 10^{-5}$ M $H^+$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1488, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Amino acids and nucleotides form complex polymers. Select ALL the statements that are TRUE (Select all that apply).", "options": {"A": "Both contain peptide bonds", "B": "Both contain nitrogen", "C": "Both **may** form helical structures", "D": "Nucleotides and amino acids form branched polymers", "E": "Both contain phosphate groups"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1489, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "A variety of different techniques are used to separate, analyze, and purify different chemical compounds. Select ALL of the following techniques that can be used to estimate the molecular weight of a protein? (Select all that apply)", "options": {"A": "Isoelectric focusing.", "B": "Electrophoresis.", "C": "Size exclusion gel chromatography.", "D": "Ion-exchange chromatography.", "E": "Affinity chromatography."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1490, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Use the following pathway to answer Question. Many metabolic pathways involve multi-step reactions. Consider the following pathway, where E represents different enzymes, and A, B, C, D and F represent substrates and products of the pathway.\n\n$$\\text{A} \\xrightarrow{\\text{E}_1} \\text{B} \\xrightarrow{\\text{E}_2} \\text{C} \\xrightarrow{\\text{E}_3} \\text{D} \\xrightarrow{\\text{E}_4} \\text{F}$$", "question": "Feedback inhibition of this pathway may involve", "options": {"A": "The product of the final reaction, F, interacting with and inhibiting $E_1$", "B": "F interacting with and inhibiting product B", "C": "Product B interacting with and inhibiting $E_4$", "D": "Product C interacting with and inhibiting $E_4$", "E": "$E_3$ interacting with and inhibiting $E_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1497, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "During starvation, steroid hormones trigger the transcription of genes for lipid metabolism in their target cells. This would be an example of control by", "options": {"A": "Negative feedback", "B": "Positive feedback", "C": "Repressors", "D": "Inducers", "E": "Modulators"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1498, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "One fifth of the cardiac output flows through the kidneys. After being filtered by the glomerulus, in what order does the filtrate pass through the following nephric structures?\n\n1. Ascending limb of the Loop of Henle\n2. Distal convoluted tubule\n3. Descending limb of the Loop of Henle\n4. Proximal convoluted tubule\n5. Collecting duct", "options": {"A": "1, 3, 4, 2, 5", "B": "2, 1, 3, 4", "C": "2, 3, 1, 4, 5", "D": "4, 1, 3, 5", "E": "4, 3, 1, 2, 5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1499, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "An animal experiences an acid-base imbalance in the arterial blood that results in acidosis. To increase pH toward normal, which direction would the ventilation rate be changed and what would be the corresponding change in arterial $P_{CO_2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Ventilation rate increases, arterial $P_{CO_2}$ increases", "B": "Ventilation rate increases, arterial $P_{CO_2}$ decreases", "C": "Ventilation rate decreases, arterial $P_{CO_2}$ increases", "D": "Ventilation rate decreases, arterial $P_{CO_2}$ decreases", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1500, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle is NOT correct?", "options": {"A": "The length (distance) of a single muscle contraction depends on the concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum", "B": "Muscles with short sarcomeres contract faster than muscles with long sarcomeres", "C": "The velocity of muscle contractions is determined by myosin-ATPase activity", "D": "Tetanus is the effect of repeated stimulations within a very short interval", "E": "Rigor mortis (death rigidity) appears when the concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ in cytoplasm is high, but ATP is lacking"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1501, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The completion of meiosis in males produces four spermatids, each containing (Select all that apply):", "options": {"A": "23 chromosomes", "B": "23 pairs of chromosomes", "C": "Diploid number of chromosomes", "D": "Haploid number of chromosomes", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1502, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "A rat chewing the insulation from the wiring in your car is analogous to:", "options": {"A": "The depolarization of the unmyelinated axons", "B": "The nodes of Ranvier in the PNS", "C": "Demyelination of the nervous system", "D": "Schwann cells failing to myelinate axons in the CNS", "E": "The deterioration of the brain-blood barrier"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1503, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statement(s) is/are INCORRECT:\n\n1. Cartilage heals slower than skin because cartilage is a deeper tissue\n2. The inside lining of the intestine has a large surface area because of the presence of cilia\n3. Adipose is a type of connective tissue because that is where fat is stored", "options": {"A": "#1 and #2 are incorrect", "B": "#2 and #3 are incorrect", "C": "#1 and #3 are incorrect", "D": "All are correct statements", "E": "All are incorrect statements"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1504, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "In the absence of active transport, the passive sodium and potassium ion fluxes across the plasma membrane are still coupled. What makes these two passive ion fluxes dependent on each other?", "options": {"A": "The potassium channels", "B": "The $Na^+: K^+$ pumping ratio", "C": "The cholesterol: phospholipid ratio in the plasma membrane", "D": "The membrane potential, $V_m$", "E": "The relative chemical potentials of sodium ions and potassium ions to the chemical potential of chloride ion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1505, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Polarity in the developing *Drosophila* embryo is determined by", "options": {"A": "A protein gradient of the segmentation protein *engrailed*", "B": "A protein gradient of the *bicoid* protein expressed from maternal mRNA", "C": "A protein gradient of the gap protein *hunchback*", "D": "Expression of the segmentation protein *engrailed* throughout the embryo", "E": "Expression of the gap protein *hunchback* throughout the embryo"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1506, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Although many fish are exothermic, some fish are endothermic. Which of the following is/are most likely endothermic fish\n\nI. Bluefin tuna\nII. Salmon\nIII. Great white shark", "options": {"A": "II", "B": "I, II", "C": "I, III", "D": "II, III", "E": "I, II, III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1507, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "John, 45-years-old, ran his first marathon in Denver, Colorado, with a time of 3 hours and 43 minutes. Running hard at Mile-23, which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "John's abdominal muscles increased his intra-abdominal pressure, which is forcing his abdominal viscera upward against his diaphragm. His intrapulmonary pressure at Mile-23 may have decreased by 80 mmHg since the beginning of the marathon", "B": "John's abdominal muscles decreased his intra-abdominal pressure, which is forcing his abdominal viscera upward against his diaphragm. His intrapulmonary pressure at Mile-23 may have increased by 80 mmHg since the beginning of the marathon.", "C": "John's abdominal muscles increased his intra-abdominal pressure, which is forcing his abdominal viscera upward against his diaphragm. His intrapulmonary pressure may have increased by 80 mmHg since the beginning of the marathon", "D": "John's abdominal muscles decreased his intra-abdominal pressure, which is forcing his abdominal viscera upward against his diaphragm. His intrapulmonary pressure may have decreased by 80 mmHg since the beginning of the marathon", "E": "John's abdominal muscles decreased his intra-abdominal pressure, which is forcing his abdominal viscera upward against his diaphragm. His intrapulmonary pressure stayed the same since the beginning of the marathon"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1508, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The Costa Rican vampire bat is often not able to acquire blood from a mammal on a given night. Wilkinson (1984) trapped bats which were not allowed to feed for a night and found that they were given regurgitated blood by certain cave-mates. Based on this knowledge, which of the following observations are essential to confirm the occurrence of reciprocal altruism in this species?", "question": "Data showing that:\n\nI. Blood is exchanged only between kin\nII. Blood is exchanged between non-kin\nIII. Weak bats are frequently given blood even if they cannot give it to others\nIV. Bats who are given blood donate it to those who have given it to them previously", "options": {"A": "I, II", "B": "I, III", "C": "II, III", "D": "II, IV", "E": "III, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1509, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "The coefficient of relatedness between an uncle and his nephew is:", "options": {"A": "0.125", "B": "0.25", "C": "0.5", "D": "1.0", "E": "cannot be determined"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1510, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding hemophilia, a maternally inherited sex linked trait?", "options": {"A": "A son of a normal non-carrier mother, will not be affected by hemophilia even if the father has the disease.", "B": "A daughter of the same parents will be a heterozygous carrier.", "C": "Males are considered to be hemizygous.", "D": "If a female has a hemophilic gene on one of her chromosomes, she will not show signs of the disease.", "E": "A son will be protected from the disease if neither parent shows any symptoms."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1511, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "What is the probability of obtaining the given genotype in the offspring AAbbCCdd from the parents AaBbCcDd x AABbCcDd (Assume independent assortment of all gene pairs)?", "options": {"A": "1/64", "B": "1/128", "C": "3/128", "D": "9/256", "E": "3/256"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1512, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "There are $n+1$ alleles at a particular locus on an autosome. The frequency of one allele is $1/2$ and the frequencies of the other alleles are $1/2n$ . Under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the total frequency of heterozygotes?", "options": {"A": " $n-1/2n$", "B": " $2n-1/3n$", "C": " $3n-1/4n$", "D": " $4n-1/5n$", "E": " $5n-1/6n$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1513, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Natural selection is effective in the evolutionary processes because it:", "options": {"A": "Causes evolution.", "B": "Changes allele frequencies.", "C": "Changes genotype frequencies.", "D": "Leads to fixation or loss of particular alleles.", "E": "Increases the mean fitness of a population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1514, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following populations is most likely to be close to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "The human population of Toronto, Canada.", "B": "A population of 100 fruit flies living in a habitat with little environmental fluctuation that has no other populations of fruit flies nearby.", "C": "A population of 1 million fruit flies living in a habitat with little environmental fluctuation that has many other populations of fruit flies nearby.", "D": "A population of 100 fruit flies living in a habitat with little environmental fluctuation that has many other populations of fruit flies nearby.", "E": "A population of 1 million fruit flies living in a habitat with little environmental fluctuation that has no other populations of fruit flies nearby."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1515, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Darwin's Finches are a prime example of adaptive radiation. Which of the following best describes this adaptive radiation correctly?", "options": {"A": "The genetic variability that can be found among individuals of the same species", "B": "The evolutionary process by which different forms, adapted to different niches arose from a common ancestor", "C": "A sudden diversification of a group of organisms from closely related species", "D": "The evolutionary process that allows for the changes that occur within the same lineage", "E": "The evolutionary process of adaptation of species through a form of polymorphism"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1516, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "A species of insect was found to have a resistance to a commonly used insecticide. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?", "options": {"A": "Stabilizing selection caused development of resistance in the insect population", "B": "The original gene pool included genes that conferred resistance to the insecticide", "C": "The insecticide stimulated development of resistance in certain individuals and this was inherited", "D": "The insecticide caused a mutation that was favorable to resistance and this was inherited"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1517, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Progressive change toward a climax in a community is called:", "options": {"A": "Evolutionary change", "B": "Succession", "C": "Energy flow", "D": "Dynamic equilibrium", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1518, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following would you expect to happen if a bacterial cell lacked restriction enzymes?", "options": {"A": "Bacteriophages could easily infect and lyse the cell", "B": "Incomplete plasmids would be the cell's products", "C": "Replication would not be possible", "D": "The bacteria would be an obligate parasite", "E": "Both C and D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1519, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Replacement of a lysine with a glycine in a protein could result in all of the following EXCEPT a:", "options": {"A": "Change in the quaternary structure of the protein", "B": "Change in the secondary structure of the protein", "C": "Loss of catalytic activity of the protein", "D": "Loss of a negatively charged side chain", "E": "Loss of the protein's ability to interact with other proteins"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1520, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The biodiversity of a community is measured by the following:", "options": {"A": "Species richness.", "B": "Relative abundance.", "C": "Total biomass in a given area.", "D": "Ratio of plant to animal species.", "E": "Both A and B are metrics of biodiversity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1521, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Earth's four major terrestrial biomes are", "options": {"A": "Forest, taiga, grassland, desert", "B": "Forest, grassland, tundra, desert.", "C": "Forest, grassland, savanna, desert", "D": "Savanna, forest, grassland, tundra", "E": "Savanna, taiga, grassland, estuary"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1522, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which two major climatic factors dictate what kind of vegetation is found on the landscape?", "options": {"A": "Temperature and latitude", "B": "Temperature and precipitation", "C": "Temperature and soil type", "D": "Precipitation and soil type", "E": "Precipitation and solar angle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1523, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "In a forest, a group consisting of all the maple trees would be considered a:", "options": {"A": "Population", "B": "Community", "C": "Ecosystem", "D": "Biome", "E": "None or all of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1524, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Among plants, long-term survival depends mostly on competition for:", "options": {"A": "Water", "B": "Air", "C": "Minerals", "D": "Light", "E": "All or none of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1525, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement is true about enzymes? Enzymes", "options": {"1": "Are made up of a base containing nitrogen, phosphate, and ribose.", "2": "Have activity that is independent of temperature and pH.", "3": "Lose some or all of their normal activity when their 3-D structure is disrupted.", "4": "Provide the activation energy needed to activate a reaction.", "5": "Work once only and then are destroyed."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1526, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "You have a multicellular organism that reproduces asexually by fission. When you excise a ~10,000 cell portion of its body, both the original organism and the excised portion grow into fully formed, healthy organisms. You take one of the offspring and repeat the procedure for one hundred and twenty-three generations. Each time, the resulting organisms are healthy.", "question": "What must be true of the nuclei of this species?", "options": {"1": "The cells contain plasmids.", "2": "The cells have multiple forms of DNA polymerase.", "3": "The cells have the majority of their genome stored in circular DNA.", "4": "The cells contain active telomerase.", "5": "The cells contain active fissionase."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1527, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following correctly describes how the lifespan of a protein is regulated?", "options": {"1": "The part of the sequence coded for by the UTR tags it for destruction.", "2": "Giant protein complexes called ubiquitins destroy proteins after they have remained in the cell for a certain time.", "3": "Proteins are methylated over time; heavily methylated proteins are destroyed by proteasomes.", "4": "Proteins are tagged with ubiquitins, which are recognized by proteasomes; the proteasomes destroy the proteins.", "5": "Proteins tagged with methyl groups are destroyed by ubiquitins."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1528, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Of the following amino acids, which is least likely to form strong interactions with other amino acids that contribute to the tertiary structure of a given protein?", "options": {"1": "Histidine", "2": "Glutamate", "3": "Cysteine", "4": "Glycine", "5": "Serine"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1529, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Thymine dimers arise when two adjacent thymine bases become covalently linked. This interferes with normal DNA geometry and will cause replication errors. Which of the following agents is the primary cause of the thymine dimers?", "options": {"1": "Chemical mutagens", "2": "Beta emissions from radioactive decay", "3": "Gamma rays", "4": "X-rays", "5": "UV rays"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1530, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following oligonucleotides would have the highest melting point when paired with the proper complementary strand?", "options": {"1": "5'-AAAAAAAA-3'", "2": "5'-ATGCATGC-3'", "3": "5'-CGCGCGCG-3'", "4": "5'-TTTTGGGG-3'", "5": "5'-TATATATA-3'"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1531, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a way in which the cell increases gene expression in the nucleus?", "options": {"1": "Acetylation of histone tails", "2": "DNA methylation", "3": "Locating a gene within heterochromatin", "4": "Dephosphorylating DNA", "5": "Alternative splicing"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1532, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Below are the structures of five amino acids.", "question": "Select the amino acid that would contribute most significantly to stability of the tertiary structure of a protein.", "options": {"A": "Phenylalanine", "B": "Glutamic Acid", "C": "Histidine", "D": "Cysteine", "E": "Glycine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1533, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about cellular ultrastructure is FALSE?", "options": {"1": "Nonmotile eukaryotic cilia are composed of 9 doublets of microtubules in a ring, with no microtubules in the center ( $9+0'$ ).", "2": "Bacterial flagella are composed of 9 doublets of microtubules in a ring, with two microtubules in the center ( $9+2'$ ).", "3": "Motile eukaryotic cilia are composed of 9 doublets of microtubules in a ring, with two microtubules in the center ( $9+2'$ ).", "4": "Centrioles are composed of nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring.", "5": "The basal bodies of eukaryotic flagella are composed of nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1534, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following chemicals or groups of chemicals is not a major determinant of flower color?", "options": {"1": "Flavonols", "2": "Carotenoids", "3": "Cyanidin", "4": "Phytoalexins", "5": "Betacyanins"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1535, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is not a characteristic of cycads?", "options": {"1": "Secondary growth from a vascular cambium", "2": "Fruit", "3": "True leaves", "4": "Insect pollination", "5": "Presence of neurotoxins and carcinogens in plant tissues"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1536, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following does not take part in the light reactions of photosynthesis?", "options": {"1": "Photosystem I", "2": "Photosystem II", "3": "Rubisco", "4": "ATP synthase", "5": "Cytochrome complex"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1537, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Lettuce seeds receive flashes of far red and red light in this order: far red, red, far red, red, red, red, far red. The seeds will", "options": {"1": "Germinate since far red light induces germination.", "2": "Germinate since the first flash of light determines germination.", "3": "Germinate since there are more flashes of red light.", "4": "Not germinate since the flashes of light have destroyed the seeds.", "5": "Not germinate since only the last flash of light determines germination."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1538, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about alternation of generations in land plants is TRUE?", "options": {"1": "The gametophyte produces haploid cells by meiosis.", "2": "In nonvascular plants (Bryophyta), the gametophyte stage is dominant.", "3": "The sporophyte produces diploid spores that later undergo meiosis.", "4": "The gametophyte stage is diploid.", "5": "(A) and (D) are BOTH true."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1539, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best describes the function of sporopollenin in green algae?", "options": {"A": "It reduces the risk of desiccation in exposed zygotes.", "B": "It facilitates recognition of other individuals of the same species.", "C": "It augments the effectiveness of the chloroplasts.", "D": "It digests invasive bacterial cells.", "E": "It deters predation by herbivores."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1540, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Place the following statements regarding photosynthesis in C4 plants in the correct order: I. ATP is used to convert pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). II. Mesophyll cells export four-carbon products such as malate through plasmodesmata to the bundle-sheath cells. III. PEP carboxylase adds $CO_2$ to PEP to produce oxaloacetate. IV. $CO_2$ is used to produce G3P in the Calvin cycle. V. $CO_2$ is released in cells that contain the protein rubisco, which binds it.", "options": {"A": "II, V, IV, I, III", "B": "V, II, III, IV, I", "C": "I, III, V, II, IV", "D": "I, III, II, V, IV", "E": "I, V, III, II, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1541, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Many important foods are fruits. Which of the following is not a fruit or part of a fruit?", "options": {"A": "Corn", "B": "Jalapeño", "C": "Rhubarb", "D": "Squash", "E": "Tomato"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1542, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is not formed from neural crest cells?", "options": {"A": "Peripheral nerves", "B": "Bones of the middle ear", "C": "Parts of teeth", "D": "Bones of the jaw", "E": "Muscles of the face"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1543, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The lymphatic system is most involved in the absorption of nutrients from which of the following foods?", "options": {"A": "Bacon", "B": "Banana", "C": "Lettuce", "D": "Skim milk", "E": "White bread"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1544, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Beriberi, a disease characterized by tingling, poor coordination, and reduced blood circulation, can be avoided by consuming adequate amounts of which of the following?", "options": {"1": "Zinc", "2": "Thiamine", "3": "Folic acid", "4": "Magnesium", "5": "Vitamin A"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1545, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?", "options": {"1": "Prolactin", "2": "Oxytocin", "3": "Luteinizing hormone", "4": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone", "5": "Adrenocorticotropic hormone"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1546, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which gland is directly controlled by messages from nerves leading into it?", "options": {"1": "Adrenal cortex", "2": "Adrenal medulla", "3": "Anterior pituitary", "4": "Testes", "5": "Ovaries"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1547, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The binding affinity of hemoglobin to $O_2$ in the bloodstream is greatest at relatively", "options": {"1": "High pH and high $CO_2$ concentration.", "2": "High pH and low $CO_2$ concentration.", "3": "Low pH and high $CO_2$ concentration.", "4": "Low pH and low $CO_2$ concentration.", "5": "Low pH, and does not depend on $CO_2$ concentration."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1548, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology was awarded to Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann, and Ralph Steinman in part for their discovery of the Toll receptors in fruit flies. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are their equivalent in mammals.", "question": "Which of the following statements regarding TLRs is FALSE?", "options": {"1": "TLRs function in the adaptive immune system as signaling receptors.", "2": "TLRs are found both on the plasma membrane of cells well as the inner surfaces of vesicles.", "3": "Specific TLRs are capable of recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as flagellin, double-stranded RNA, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", "4": "Signaling of TLRs promotes phagocytosis of foreign material.", "5": "ALL of the above are true."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1549, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is important for the coordinated rhythmic nature of heart contraction?", "options": {"1": "Acetylcholine transmission between cardiac myocytes.", "2": "Desmosomes between cardiac myocytes.", "3": "Gap junctions between cardiac myocytes.", "4": "Plasmodesmata between cardiac myocytes.", "5": "Tight junctions between cardiac myocytes."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1550, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Sam was walking through an alley when he spotted a small lump next to the dumpster. When he examined the lump, he found that it was a newborn baby that was not breathing. He called \"911\" to report the incident. When the police arrived, they questioned Sam regarding whether the baby was alive when he found it. He said, \"No.\" The baby was autopsied to determine if it were alive or dead at birth.", "question": "Which of the following results of the autopsy would prove that the baby was born dead and not alive?", "options": {"1": "Discoloration of the lungs.", "2": "Dissected lung(s) floats in water.", "3": "Dissected lung(s) sinks in water.", "4": "Lungs collapsed.", "5": "Lungs inflated with fluid."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1551, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "If one were to follow the path of a human erythrocyte starting from an artery that leads to the duodenum, the erythrocyte will most likely pass through _____ capillary beds before reaching the right ventricle of the heart.", "options": {"1": "1", "2": "2", "3": "3", "4": "4", "5": "5"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1552, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "If one were to compare the length of the Loop of Henle and collecting ducts to the overall length of each mammal below, which would have the highest ratio?", "options": {"1": "Asian elephant", "2": "Brazilian rabbit", "3": "Harbor seal", "4": "Kangaroo rat", "5": "Flying squirrel"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1553, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "While conducting research on *Euglena*, a researcher observed that the contractile vacuole ceased functioning yet the rest of the organism seemed healthy and active.", "question": "Which of the following is MOST likely responsible for the cessation of contractile vacuole action?", "options": {"A": "Moving the *Euglena* from a lighted to darkened environment.", "B": "Moving the *Euglena* from a freshwater to a seawater environment.", "C": "Moving the *Euglena* from a seawater to a freshwater environment.", "D": "Lowering the pH of the medium from 7.0 to 6.5.", "E": "Lowering the temperature of the medium from $20^{\\circ}\\text{C}$ to $15^{\\circ}\\text{C}$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1554, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Last year, Katya joined five of her best friends for an adventure rafting 42 miles on the Tara River in Montenegro's Durmitor National Park. One evening, they pulled into the bank to rest and have dinner. Katya decided she would explore the area for few wild strawberries and found very few of them. She gathered all the strawberries she saw and brought them back for the group to have on their pancakes the next morning. Katya had such a wonderful time that when her friend Charles asked her to do the trip again, she readily agreed. They made port in the same spot as last year and again, Katya with Charles sought out strawberries. This time though, the hillsides were covered with wild strawberries and they gathered only the largest and most ripe berries for their pancakes.", "question": "This is an example of:", "options": {"A": "Associative learning", "B": "Cognitive thinking", "C": "Operant conditioning", "D": "Optimal foraging", "E": "Trial-and-error learning"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1555, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Each morning, Chuck goes downstairs and brews his morning coffee. His faithful dog Ozzie stays in bed until he hears Chuck place dry dog food into Ozzie's dish. As soon as Ozzie hears the first piece of dog food clink on the dish, he bounds down the steps from his comfortable bed to eat his morning meal.", "question": "This is an example of", "options": {"1": "Habituation", "2": "Imprinting", "3": "Classical conditioning", "4": "Operant learning", "5": "Maturation"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1556, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT a reason that *Drosophila melanogaster* was originally used as a model organism in Thomas Morgan's 1907 genetics experiments?", "options": {"1": "Generation time is brief.", "2": "It has only four chromosomes, which are easily visible.", "3": "It reproduces prolifically.", "4": "It was easy to manipulate genetically.", "5": "It is a relatively simple organism to breed in the lab."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1557, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is correct?", "options": {"1": "Acetylation of histones facilitates expression of the DNA associated with the acetylated histone.", "2": "Methylation of DNA facilitates expression.", "3": "G proteins attaching to histones facilitate expression of DNA.", "4": "Deacetylation of histones facilitates expression of DNA wrapped around the acetylated histone.", "5": "Methylation of histones facilitates expression of DNA wrapped around the acetylated histone."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1558, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following could NOT be the blood type of a child born to a mother with AB+ blood and a father with B- blood?", "options": {"1": "A+", "2": "AB-", "3": "O+", "4": "A-", "5": "AB+"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1559, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "X-linked agammaglobulinaemia is a rare X-linked disorder that interferes with the body's ability to fight infection. A man with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia marries a woman who is not affected.", "question": "Which of the following best predicts their children's potential for inheriting X-linked agammaglobulinaemia?", "options": {"A": "All their children, regardless of sex, will have X-linked agammaglobulinaemia.", "B": "All their sons will have X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, and all their daughters will be carriers.", "C": "Approximately 50% of their daughters will have X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, and all their sons will be normal.", "D": "Approximately 50% of their sons will have X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, and all their daughters will be carriers.", "E": "None of their children will have X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, but their daughters will be carriers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1560, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "In a population of papillons that contains genetic variation under the influence of natural selection,", "question": "What is the correct sequence of the following events? I. Allele frequency within the population change. II. Differential reproduction occurs. III. Environmental changes occur. IV. New selective pressures occur.", "options": {"A": "IV, III, II, I", "B": "IV, III, I, II", "C": "III, II, IV, I", "D": "III, IV, II, I", "E": "III, IV, I, II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1561, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following pairs represent two distinct species?", "options": {"A": "House mouse, Fancy mouse", "B": "Mayan Indian, Inuit Indian", "C": "Monarch butterfly, Viceroy butterfly", "D": "Papillon, Chihuahua", "E": "Soldier ant, Drone ant"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1562, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Olney, IL, is known for its white squirrel population. In this squirrel population, assume that 10% of the genes are for albino coat color and 90% are for gray coat.", "question": "If Hardy-Weinberg assumptions are true, what percentage of the squirrels are heterozygous?", "options": {"A": "90", "B": "81", "C": "18", "D": "9", "E": "1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1563, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Evolution of Batesian mimicry is dependent upon", "options": {"A": "Brain-controlled deposition of pigment by the mimic in response to seeing the model.", "B": "Evolution by the model and the mimic of similar adaptations to the same selection pressures.", "C": "Greater predation on the non-mimicking individuals of the mimic species than on the mimicking individuals.", "D": "Genetic drift as a result of a very small population.", "E": "Similar genetic potential inherited from the common ancestor of the model and the mimic."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1564, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Hackweed has a diploid number of 8 and thale cress has a diploid number of 10. Suppose these two plants produce a single fertile hybrid.", "question": "When this new species produces gametes, how many chromosomes would each gamete have?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "5", "C": "9", "D": "18", "E": "36"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1565, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?", "options": {"A": "A delicious viceroy butterfly is colored similarly to an unpalatable monarch butterfly.", "B": "A poison dart frog's brilliant colors warn predators of its toxicity.", "C": "A tiger's stripes allow it to blend in with the grasses in its natural habitat.", "D": "A young monkey mimics an older one to learn how to obtain food.", "E": "Honeybees and bumblebees are both bright yellow and black, warning predators that they can sting."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1566, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "A mother antelope and its child are galloping along the plains, when they encounter a group of hungry lions. If the two antelopes try to escape the lions together, there is a 75% chance that both will be consumed and eaten, and a 25% chance that both will escape alive. If, however, the mother sacrifices herself to the lions, she may be able to buy her baby additional time to escape.", "question": "What is the minimum chance that the baby can have to escape from the lions following such a sacrifice such that the mother's action will be evolutionarily favored? You may assume that the baby antelope, once escaped, will be guaranteed to survive into a reproducing adult, and that the mother antelope is at the beginning of reproductive age.", "options": {"A": "25%", "B": "33%", "C": "50%", "D": "66%", "E": "75%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1567, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements concerning ecological niches is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "Similar species can coexist in the same environment following resource partitioning.", "B": "Following sympatric speciation, the two daughter species can occupy the same niche due to their shared genetic lineage.", "C": "Due to competitive exclusion, no two species in a given environment can occupy the same niche.", "D": "The fundamental niches of two species sharing an environment cannot have any overlap due to the principle of competitive exclusion.", "E": "Two or more of the above statements are FALSE."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1568, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which ecosystem is the most unstable?", "options": {"A": "African grassland", "B": "Alpine tundra", "C": "Belize tropical rain forest", "D": "Saskatchewan wheat field", "E": "Mojave desert"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1569, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following families is a monocot?", "options": {"A": "Asteraceae", "B": "Fabaceae", "C": "Myrtaceae", "D": "Orchidaceae", "E": "Roseaceae"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1570, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "As marine mammals, dolphins possess the following derived characteristics distinctive to their class and in their lineage:", "question": "I. A four-chambered heart and efficient circulatory system. II. Body hair and a fat layer beneath the skin. III. An amniotic egg with four extraembryonic membranes. IV. Mammary glands. V. A calcified internal skeleton.", "options": {"A": "II and IV only.", "B": "II and III only.", "C": "I, II, and IV only.", "D": "I, III, and IV only.", "E": "I, II, III, IV, and V."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1571, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Rank the following biological molecules in order of how readily they diffuse across the plasma membrane from the most diffusible to the least diffusible. I. $\\mathbf{CO}_2$ II. Cl- III. Sucrose IV. Glycerol", "options": {"A": "I, III, IV, II", "B": "II, IV, III, I", "C": "III, II, IV, I", "D": "I, IV, III, II", "E": "II, I, III, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1572, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "You perform a Western blot on two proteins of similar molecular weights ( $\\sim 50\\mathrm{kDa}$ ) and find only one band developed on your SDS-PAGE gel. How would you modify your assay to distinguish the two proteins?", "options": {"A": "Use a lower concentration of acrylamide to raise the resolution of your gel", "B": "Use a non-ionic detergent to denature your protein", "C": "Focus your sample isoelectrically on a pH gradient", "D": "Remove reducing agents like mecaptoethanol or dithiothreitol", "E": "Switch the anode and cathode on your gel"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1573, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "When found on the extracellular side of the cell, which of the following classes of membrane molecules is a marker for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells?", "options": {"A": "Glycolipid", "B": "Sphingomyelin", "C": "Phosphatidylethanolamine", "D": "Phosphatidylserine", "E": "Phosphatidylcholine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1574, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "The presence of which of the following amino acids in the channel region of aquaporins contributes to the electrostatic selectivity to allow water, but not other molecules, to pass through?", "options": {"A": "Valine", "B": "Tryptophan", "C": "Asparagine", "D": "Methionine", "E": "Leucine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1575, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "One of your classmates has symptoms of protein deficiency. You suspect that she might have a mineral deficiency due to her diet of nothing but canned spaghetti. Which of the following minerals should you test for first?", "options": {"A": "Iron", "B": "Copper", "C": "Manganese", "D": "Molybdenum", "E": "Sulfur"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1576, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A new therapeutic drug can treat the symptoms of the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) by blockage of voltage-gated potassium channels. Neuron action potential conduction improves because:", "options": {"A": "More potassium is allowed to enter the axon which increases the amplitude of the action potential", "B": "The high resting leak of potassium out of the axon is minimized", "C": "Less potassium is allowed to leave the axon which increases the size and duration of the action potential", "D": "Less potassium is allowed to leave the axon which prevents the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels increasing the amplitude of the action potential", "E": "The resistance of the plasma membrane decreases which increases the amplitude of the action potential"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1577, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which component of Fick's Law of Diffusion is MOST optimized in the ventilation of fish gills compared to mammalian lungs?", "options": {"A": "Diffusion coefficient", "B": "Gradient for diffusion", "C": "Surface area", "D": "Path length", "E": "Temperature"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1578, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Pollen grains were treated with colchicine in culture. The resulting plants were", "options": {"A": "No more than large calluses", "B": "Dihaploid and fertile", "C": "Dihaploid and sterile", "D": "Haploid and sterile", "E": "Haploid and fertile"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1579, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about seeds is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "Coleorhizae are found in monocotyledonous seeds", "B": "Both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds have radicles", "C": "Both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds have a pericarp", "D": "The coleoptile is found only in monocotyledonous seeds", "E": "The aleurone layer is found only in dicotyledonous seeds"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1580, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following terms describes the closing of leaves or flowers at night?", "options": {"A": "Epinasty", "B": "Nyctinasty", "C": "Seismonasty", "D": "Thermonasty", "E": "Thigmonasty"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1581, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about carnivorous plants is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "All carnivorous plants are angiosperms.", "B": "All carnivorous plants are evolved for nutrient-poor environments.", "C": "All carnivorous plants are limited to small arthropods or, in the case of bladderwort, zooplankton as prey.", "D": "All carnivorous plants have mechanisms to attract and capture prey.", "E": "All carnivorous plants derive energy from trapping and consuming arthropods and/or zooplankton"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1582, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Roots absorb cations from the soil by a process called:", "options": {"A": "Cation absorption", "B": "Cation exchange", "C": "Cation transfer", "D": "Cation cotransport", "E": "Cation reduction"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1583, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about plant stomata is TRUE?", "options": {"A": "When the guard cells are filled with water and turgid, the stoma is closed.", "B": "Cellulose microfibrils are oriented along the longer axis of guard cells.", "C": "After a certain point, stomata closure is irreversible.", "D": "Stomata open with the active uptake of $\\mathrm{K}^{+}$ ions by the guard cells.", "E": "Only $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ depletion contributes to stomatal opening."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1584, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following features of flowers is NOT meant to facilitate its pollination by animals?", "options": {"A": "The production of nectar at the base of the flower.", "B": "The presence of leaf-like sepals.", "C": "Brightly-colored and conspicuous petals.", "D": "A strong odor of rotting meat.", "E": "Patterns only visible under ultraviolet light."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1585, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "The food source of Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold, a zygomycete) has been depleted. Which of these is most likely to happen?", "options": {"A": "Zygosporangia form.", "B": "Mycelia increase the rate of asexual reproduction.", "C": "Mycelia produce conidia (pigmented haploid spores).", "D": "The Rhizopus forms mycorrhizal interactions with root plants.", "E": "The Rhizopus forms flagellated zoospores to spread via aquatic transportation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1586, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Stressful stimuli cause a number of physiological reactions. Which of the following is NOT a correctly matched statement about stress-related hormones?", "options": {"A": "Epinephrine - Stimulate glucose production from glycogen", "B": "Mineralocorticoids - Increase blood pressure and volume", "C": "Glucocorticoids - Reduce immune system activity", "D": "Norepinephrine - Increase breathing rate", "E": "ACTH - Stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete hormones"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1587, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which one of these hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?", "options": {"A": "Growth hormone", "B": "Prolactin", "C": "Antidiuretic hormone", "D": "Luteinizing hormone", "E": "Adrenocorticotropic hormone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1588, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A patient presents the following symptoms: diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia, as well as \"necklace\" lesions on the lower neck, hyperpigmentation, thickening of the skin, inflammation of the mouth and tongue, digestive disturbances, amnesia, and delirium. Which of the following is deficient in this person's system?", "options": {"A": "Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)", "B": "Vitamin B3 (niacin)", "C": "Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)", "D": "Vitamin B1 (thiamine)", "E": "Vitamin E (tocopherol)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1589, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following membranes is/are responsible for respiration in developing birds and reptiles?", "options": {"A": "Amnion", "B": "Allantois", "C": "Chorion", "D": "A and C", "E": "B and C"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1590, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "What is the primary source of food for developing zebrafish larvae up to 5 days post fertilization (dpf)?", "options": {"A": "Yolk Sac", "B": "Larval fish food flakes", "C": "No food required", "D": "Paramecium"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1591, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The virus *Ijustmadethisup* causes the following symptoms: overly fragile bones, fatigue, bone pain, an abnormal EKG with a short QT interval and a long T wave, kidney stones, constipation, and vomiting. You theorize that the virus is infecting endocrine cells and causing the overproduction of a certain hormone. Which hormone should you test for first?", "options": {"A": "Prolactin", "B": "Parathyroid hormone (PTH)", "C": "Triiodothyronine", "D": "Melatonin", "E": "Oxytocin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1592, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The flippers of dolphins are exposed to cold water away from the main mass of the body and employ countercurrent heat exchange. Which of the following statements is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "Each artery in the flipper is surrounded by several veins, allowing efficient heat exchange.", "B": "As long as there is a difference in temperatures, heat transfer occurs from the warmer vessel to the cooler one.", "C": "The coolest blood is found at the tip of the dolphin flipper.", "D": "Dolphins are the only mammals known to employ countercurrent heat exchange.", "E": "Once the arterial blood has been cooled past a certain point, it will no longer transfer heat to the veins."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1593, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best explains why the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is thicker than the descending limb?", "options": {"A": "Many cells with aquaporin are present in the ascending limb", "B": "The ascending limb receives a better blood supply", "C": "The triple-pumps $(\\mathrm{Na}^{+} / \\mathrm{K}^{+} / \\mathrm{Cl}^{-})$ of the ascending limb consume a lot of ATP and need many mitochondria.", "D": "Unexplained proliferation of cells around the ascending limb", "E": "Descending limb has evolved completely while the thickness of the ascending limb is a vestigial feature."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1594, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A child has overdosed on acetaminophen, causing acute liver failure. He displays symptoms of severe jaundice and swelling of the abdomen. Which of the following processes is not directly impacted?", "options": {"A": "Bile synthesis", "B": "Bilirubin glucuronidation", "C": "Production of serum albumin", "D": "Erythropoietin synthesis", "E": "Glycogenesis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1595, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "What is the primary mechanism by which ADH exerts its effects on the kidney?", "options": {"A": "Formation of water-impermeable junctions by the podocytes of nephron glomeruli", "B": "Decreasing circulatory flux through renal afferent arterioles", "C": "Raising the osmolarity of nephron medullae to $\\sim 1500$ mosm/L", "D": "Increasing expression of aquaporins in the distal convoluted tubule", "E": "Synthesis of additional cation pumps in the ascending Loop of Henle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1596, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is an example of habituation?", "options": {"A": "Chickadees learning new songs when they shift from living in small groups to living in large winter flocks.", "B": "Lion cubs stalking and attacking litter mates", "C": "Hydra initially contracting when gently touched, and then soon stopping to respond", "D": "Golden plovers migrating yearly from Arctic breeding grounds to southeastern South America", "E": "A mother eagle flying beneath her young to prevent them from falling"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1597, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "By convincing soldiers that they are part of a \"brotherhood,\" and thus increasing the likelihood that they will protect, and even die for each other, the military is—consciously or unconsciously—tapping into genes that were adaptive in our ancestors due to", "options": {"A": "Individual selection", "B": "Kin selection", "C": "Neoteny", "D": "Inclusive selection", "E": "Heterochrony"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1598, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "A certain plant you are studying has alleles R and r for pointed and round leaves, and alleles B and b for blue and white petals. You perform a cross between homozygous dominant (RRBB) and homozygous recessive (rrbb) plants. The offspring are then crossed with a homozygous recessive (rrbb) plant. You observe the results. 1600 offspring are produced. Which of the following data is CLOSEST to what you would expect given a recombination frequency of $25\\%$ ?", "options": {"A": "100 rrbb, 300 rrBb, 300 Rrbb, 900 RrBb", "B": "600 rrbb, 600 rrBb, 200 Rrbb, 200 RrBb", "C": "200 rrbb, 200 rrBb, 600 Rrbb, 600 RrBb", "D": "900 rrbb, 300 rrBb, 300 Rrbb, 100 RrBb", "E": "600 rrbb, 200 rrBb, 200 Rrbb, 600 RrBb"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1599, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "In birds, the keel is an extension of the sternum where the powerful pectoral flight muscles attach. Which of the following orders of birds is most likely to have a reduced keel?", "options": {"A": "Piciformes", "B": "Anseriformes", "C": "Sphenisciformes", "D": "Struthioniformes", "E": "Galliformes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1600, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "What provides the best evidence for the independent origin of microphylls and megaphylls?", "options": {"A": "Microphylls have a single unbranched vein, while megaphylls have a branching vascular system", "B": "Microphylls have a branching vascular system, while megaphylls have a single unbranched vein", "C": "Microphylls are small, while megaphylls are larger", "D": "Both are vascularized", "E": "Both appear as lateral appendages"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1601, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "A male child with Klinefelter's syndrome is found to be color-blind (a recessive X-linked trait). Both the mother and father have normal vision. How can this be explained?", "options": {"A": "Nondisjunction during the mother's meiosis I", "B": "Nondisjunction during the mother's meiosis II", "C": "Nondisjunction during the father's meiosis I", "D": "Nondisjunction during the father's meiosis II", "E": "Failure of X inactivation in the child"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1602, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Birds and mammals share all the following characteristics EXCEPT:", "options": {"A": "Amniotic eggs", "B": "A notochord", "C": "Bi-directional breathing", "D": "Endothermy", "E": "A four-chambered heart"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1603, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of these is NOT true about allopatric speciation?", "options": {"A": "It describes formation of a new species due to geographic isolation", "B": "It is more rare than sympatric speciation", "C": "It can be caused by sexual selection", "D": "It can be caused by natural selection under different environmental conditions", "E": "It can prevent interbreeding with the parent population"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1604, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT true about genetic drift?", "options": {"A": "Can cause harmful alleles to become fixed", "B": "Can cause allele frequencies to change at random", "C": "Significant in small populations", "D": "Can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations", "E": "Prevents allele frequencies from fluctuating over time"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1605, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "An individual with Turner Syndrome would have which of the following sex chromosomes arrangements?", "options": {"A": "XO", "B": "XXYY", "C": "XXXY", "D": "YO", "E": "XXX"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1606, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "When the base composition of DNA from bacterium Fusobacterium novum was determined, $32\\%$ of the bases were found to be guanine. What is the pyrimidine content?", "options": {"A": "$18\\%$", "B": "$32\\%$", "C": "$50\\%$", "D": "$64\\%$", "E": "$72\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1607, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "From which geological period over 500 million years ago did fossils first show all of the major body plans we see today?", "options": {"A": "Burgess period", "B": "Cambrian period", "C": "Carboniferous period", "D": "Cretaceous period", "E": "Ediacaran period"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1608, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson studied island biogeography and developed the island equilibrium model. Which of the following scenarios will DEFINITELY result in an island X having a greater equilibrium number of species than island Y?", "options": {"A": "Island X is bigger than Island Y. The two islands are the same distance from the mainland.", "B": "Island X is farther from the mainland than Island Y. The two islands are the same size.", "C": "Island X is bigger than Island Y and farther from the mainland.", "D": "Island X is smaller than Island Y and closer to the mainland.", "E": "Island X and Y have the same rate of immigration and extinction."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1609, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT an adaptation to survival in a grassland biome?", "options": {"A": "Grasses have basal meristems that allow them to grow from the base of the plant instead of the tip.", "B": "Trees retain their moisture below the ground and have bark that lacks resin or cork.", "C": "Grasses have deep roots to anchor them and provide starch reserves.", "D": "Grasses have bulliform cells that can change in turgor pressure allowing the plant to furl its blade and shelter its stomata.", "E": "Grazing animals have long distance vision with eyes placed well above their snouts."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1610, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "In many bird and mammal species, more often males have secondary sexual characters like the antlers of the deer or colored plumage in birds and/or perform elaborate courtship displays in order to attract females for copulations. Why do you think females are often said to be the 'choosy' sex?", "options": {"A": "Sperm production by the male is more expensive than egg production by the females, so they can invest more time in mate choice.", "B": "The embryo usually develops inside females until birth or egg laying. This involves a great amount of energy and causes females to be choosy.", "C": "Males produce much more sperm than females produce eggs. The limited gamete production by females makes them more choosy than males.", "D": "A, B and C", "E": "B and C"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1611, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Males of a small tropical bird species spend 6 months of the year jumping around in a small area on the forest floor exposing their bright yellow beard during landing. Males don't contribute anything other than sperm to the production of their offspring. Which of the following statements best explains why males display themselves in such an obvious manner that also would make them an easy prey?", "options": {"A": "Males that display more frequently and move faster obtain more matings, as females use displaying capabilities as indicators of male quality on which they base their mate choice.", "B": "Males that display more frequently and faster obtain less matings, as females prefer males that perform such displays as little and slow as possible so they don't get eaten by predators.", "C": "Males that perform the courtship behavior more frequently and faster obtain more matings as this is direct evidence of good male genetic quality important for healthy offspring.", "D": "Males perform such noisy and startling behaviors as there are very few predators in the tropics.", "E": "Males that display more frequently and move faster are selected for because displays improve their chance of survival."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1652, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Cells treated with the drug specified in Question 3 become arrested.", "question": "A drug inhibits topoisomerase, preventing the relief of DNA supercoiling during replication. Which phase of the cell cycle do cells will treated cells become arrested?", "options": {"A": "G0 phase.", "B": "G1 Phase.", "C": "G2 phase.", "D": "M phase.", "E": "S phase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1653, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A liquid culture of yeast was grown under anaerobic conditions but then had a significant quantity of alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor added to the medium.", "question": "Which of the following would best describe the effect on glycolysis due to the presence of the inhibitor?", "options": {"A": "Glycolysis would continue with no change in catabolic efficiency.", "B": "Glycolysis would continue with higher catabolic efficiency.", "C": "Glycolysis would continue with lower catabolic efficiency and pyruvate would be further broken down through the Krebs cycle.", "D": "Glycolysis would continue with lower catabolic efficiency and the cells would start to excrete pyruvate instead of alcohol.", "E": "The rate of glycolysis would slow to a complete stop."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1654, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "C-Myc is a transcription factor that recognizes DNA bases using hydrophobic interactions. By binding to specific DNA sequences, c-Myc can encourage cell division.", "question": "In order to halt cell division, what mutations can one make to c-Myc?", "options": {"A": "Change the nucleotides in the recognition site sequence from GCATTG to CGTAAC.", "B": "Change the nucleotides in the recognition site sequence from GCATTG to TATGGT.", "C": "Change the amino acids in the recognition site sequence from GVVLIA to AFFLLP.", "D": "Change the amino acids in the recognition site sequence from GVVLIA to FAFHIL.", "E": "Change the amino acids in the recognition site sequence from GVVLIA to TRKESE."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1655, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A replication inhibitor is added to stem cells in the middle of DNA replication.", "question": "At what phase of the cell cycle would these cells remain?", "options": {"A": "Mitosis.", "B": "G0 phase.", "C": "G1 phase.", "D": "S phase.", "E": "G2 phase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1656, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "You have been asked to identify a bacterial culture using a light microscope. In order to examine a single bacterium, you use the technique of oil immersion.", "question": "Which of the following responses does NOT support your use of this technique?", "options": {"A": "The numerical aperture of the objective lens is increased.", "B": "It protects the objective lens from contacting the slide.", "C": "Resolution is increased to discern an individual bacterium.", "D": "The refractive index of glass is similar to that of the oil, preventing loss of light to the scope.", "E": "Refraction at the coverslip - air interface causes the light ray to miss the objective."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1657, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is FALSE about Meiosis II?", "options": {"A": "Cytoplasmic division occurs.", "B": "Individual chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate.", "C": "Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.", "D": "The chromosomes replicate.", "E": "The nuclear envelope disintegrates."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1658, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Spores and seeds are necessary for reproduction.", "question": "Which of the following comparisons is FALSE with respect to spores and seeds?", "options": {"A": "Spores contain gametophytic tissues; seeds contain both gametophytic and sporophytic tissues.", "B": "Spores produce mature gametophyte; seeds produce new sporophytes.", "C": "Spores are produced by meiosis; seeds are generally the result of fertilization.", "D": "Spores produce sporophytes; seeds contain both gametophytic and sporophytic tissues.", "E": "Spores contain little or no nutritive tissue; seeds contain nutritive tissue."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1659, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "If one were to compare the dispersal mechanisms of spores and seeds,", "question": "which of the following statements would be FALSE?", "options": {"A": "Seed plants do not disperse spores.", "B": "Non-seed bearing plants are a paraphyletic group.", "C": "Seed plants produce spores that develop into sporophytes that are dispersed.", "D": "Non-seed bearing plants disperse spores by wind, water, active discharge (compression, slingshot, development of specialized dispersal structures.", "E": "Seed plants disperse seeds via animals, particularly insects."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1660, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Monocots and dicots are angiosperms. There are approximately 200,000 species of dicots on the Earth today and approximately 59,000 monocot species.", "question": "From the characteristics below, select the statement that is TRUE for dicots. Dicots", "options": {"A": "Are a paraphyletic group.", "B": "Have a ring shaped vascular bundle, but no pith region in the stem.", "C": "Have stomata in their roots.", "D": "Have the order of plant components from the medial to the lateral direction in the root cross section of phloem -> xylem -> endodermis.", "E": "Include the families Rosaceae, Orchidaceae, and Asteraceae."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1661, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Angiosperms are dominant in most terrestrial ecosystems.", "question": "Which of the following traits DOES NOT contribute to their dominance over the specified clade of terrestrial photosynthetic organisms?", "options": {"A": "Cuticle: compared to ferns.", "B": "Stomata: compared to liverworts.", "C": "Lignin: compared to mosses.", "D": "Seeds: compared to ferns.", "E": "Xylem: compared to conifers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1662, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about long distance transport systems in plants are TRUE?", "options": {"A": "Phloem requires rigid cell walls to prevent implosion.", "B": "Phloem transport can be multidirectional.", "C": "Phloem transport is dependent upon metabolic activity.", "D": "The driving force that moves water in the xylem is ultimately derived from the energy of the sun.", "E": "Xylem transport occurs through the living xylem conduits."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 1664, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Chrissie is a Papillon an herbivore who tends to round out her daily serving of \"crunchies\" with slash palms and grasses found in the yard. Today, she decided to try the new Dieffenbachia plant in the living room. Unfortunately, she developed the following symptoms: swollen lips and mouth accompanied by drooling.", "question": "Which statement BEST describes Chrissie's reaction to the Dieffenbachia? Her symptoms were the result of the effects of:", "options": {"A": "An organ-level defense mechanism of the Dieffenbachia.", "B": "A cellular level defense mechanism of the Dieffenbachia.", "C": "The soapy solution applied to the Dieffenbachia.", "D": "A tissue-level defense mechanism of the Dieffenbachia.", "E": "The trichomes found on the leaves."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1665, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "In which of the following habitats would you expect to find many C4 plants?", "options": {"A": "Cool temperate grassland and temperate forest canopy.", "B": "Subtropical grassland and tropical rainforest canopy.", "C": "Subtropical grassland and tropical rainforest understory.", "D": "Temperate forest canopy and temperate forest canopy.", "E": "Tropical rainforest understory and tropical rainforest canopy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1666, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "You hypothesize that reduced caloric intake may increase the lifespan of C. elegans. To test your hypothesis, you feed the worms different caloric diets and measure their life span.", "question": "Which of the following are examples of a positive control experiment you could perform to further support your results:", "options": {"A": "Knock out a gene that decreases the worm's ability to eat and provide this strain of worms with the same dietary regimes.", "B": "Provide one group of worms with a drug known to increase their lifespan.", "C": "Provide one group of worms with their 'normal' diet and measure the difference between control and treatment groups.", "D": "Provide the worms nothing but sugar water and measure the placebo effect.", "E": "Isolate one group of worms known to have longer life spans determined by genetics and provide them with the treatment diet."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 1667, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "You are a summer student at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole. Like Hodgkin and Huxley, you want to study the speed of action potential propagation in the squid giant axon and compare it with a cultured neuron isolated from the Central Nervous System of a C57BL/6 mouse. To do this, you apply a stimulus near the squid and mouse axon hillocks and record the speed of action potential propagation downstream of each. You calculate the squid and mouse speeds to be $25\\mathrm{m / s}$ and $145\\mathrm{m / s}$ respectively.", "question": "Based on your observations, which of the following is TRUE regarding the properties of your test neurons? I. The squid giant axon is myelinated and hence the propagation speed is high even though it is an invertebrate.II. The cultured mouse axon is myelinated. Therefore, the speed is greater because there are voltage gated ion channels throughout the myelination.III. The squid giant axon has a larger diameter which reduces the resistance, thereby increasing the speed of propagation.IV. The cultured mouse axon is myelinated and therefore there is saltatory propagation of action potential.", "options": {"A": "I and II.", "B": "I and III.", "C": "II and III.", "D": "II and IV.", "E": "III and IV."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1668, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "You are in a developmental biology lab and your professor has asked you to study the effects of manipulating cortical rotations on a fertilized frog embryo. You try a few manipulations and report to your professor.", "question": "Which of the following is an INCORRECT observation?", "options": {"A": "You inhibit cortical rotation with UV irradiation and end up with a ventrilized embryo.", "B": "You permit cortical rotation and end up with a normal embryo.", "C": "You create an additional rotation with centrifugation and end up with conjoined twins.", "D": "You inhibit cortical rotation and end up with a dorslized embryo.", "E": "You enhance microtubules elongation with D2O treatment and end up with a dorslized embryo."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1669, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "You are making a fate map of a developing Xenopus laevis embryo.", "question": "Which of the following structures will the archenteron form in the adult animal?", "options": {"A": "Blood vessel.", "B": "Epidermis.", "C": "Gonads.", "D": "Kidney.", "E": "Lumen of the gut."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1670, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Reptiles differ from amphibians due to:", "options": {"A": "Eyelids and an external ear openings.", "B": "Scaly skin and the cledioic egg.", "C": "Terrestrial life style and the ability to climb.", "D": "Scaly skin and an external ear opening.", "E": "A three chambered heart and the cledioic egg."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1671, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following structures of the human nephron is relatively impermeable to water?", "options": {"A": "Ascending limb of Henle.", "B": "Descending limb of Henle.", "C": "Glomerulus.", "D": "Medullary collecting duct.", "E": "Proximal tubule."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1672, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Vitellogenesis is a very important process in all egg-laying vertebrates.", "question": "Which of the following statements is FALSE about vitellinogen? It", "options": {"A": "Can last up to several months.", "B": "Cannot be detected in plasma of females.", "C": "Is a very large protein.", "D": "Is taken up by the developing oocytes.", "E": "Produced by the liver of females."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1673, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "If excitatory potentials in the cell body reach the threshold, where do action potentials begin in neurons and how do they propagate?", "options": {"A": "They begin in the axon hillock and propagate in one direction down the axon toward the axon terminals.", "B": "They begin in the dendrite and propagate in one direction down the dendrite toward the dendrite terminals.", "C": "They begin in the dendrite and propagate in two directions down the cell body toward the dendrite terminals.", "D": "They begin in the axon hillock and propagate in one direction down the cell body toward the dendrite terminals.", "E": "They begin in the axon hillock and propagate in two directions down the cell body toward the dendrite terminals."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1674, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Ellie is a Labradoodle who, as a pup, would quiver at the sight of any tiny leaf that flew near her. She is now a one-year old and will forget everything and bound into the woods to chase a blowing leaf.", "question": "The learning mode is", "options": {"A": "Classical conditioning.", "B": "Habituation.", "C": "Imprinting.", "D": "Operant conditioning.", "E": "Reasoning or insight learning."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1675, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The Homer Spit was selected by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game as an enhancement site due to its accessibility to locals and tourists to fish Chinook. In nature, fish smell the unique odors of soil and trees along the home stream to return to the same site to spawn. Unfortunately, there were no such unique odors at Homer Spit. So the salmon fish managers added a harmless chemical morpholine to the stream when they released the young fish and continued to do so even after the fish left for the ocean. At maturation, the fish swam back to the stream at Homer Spit by using the morpholine odor.", "question": "In effect, the fish were using", "options": {"A": "Habituation.", "B": "Higher order reasoning.", "C": "Learning by trial-and-error.", "D": "Its genetic-grounded ability to relocate its own stream via chemotropism.", "E": "Sensitization."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1676, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The Pallas cat, Octocelous manul, inhabits both the desert and the rocky terrain and woodlands of the mountain steppe environments of Central Asia, and has been observed on rocky plateaus at altitudes of 13,000 feet. One of its major food sources is the rabbit-like pika.", "question": "Which of the following characteristics of the Pallas cat would be the MOST valuable in hunting the pika?", "options": {"A": "Flat forehead and low ears.", "B": "Stocky build.", "C": "Thick coat.", "D": "Well developed, nictitating membrane.", "E": "Well furred tail."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1677, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A farmer purchases F1 hybrid seed. This seed contains four heterozygous loci that give a significant increase in crop yield when compared to either homozygote. Two of these loci are on the same chromosome and show partial linkage. If the farmer allows the F1 plants to self-fertilize,", "question": "what is the probability that a seed from the resulting F2 generation has all four heterozygous loci?", "options": {"A": "At least 1/2.", "B": "Between 1/2 and 1/4.", "C": "Between 1/4 and 1/8.", "D": "Between 1/8 and 1/16.", "E": "Less than 1/16."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1678, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "For forensic inspection, you only obtained red blood cells from an individual and amplified for the DI580 locus in chromosome 1. Twenty nine different alleles of DI580 have been identified, and 435 allelic combinations are theoretically possible. Approximately $86\\%$ of the population is heterozygous at this locus. You set up a PCR reaction for this locus and ran a DNA gel electrophoresis.", "question": "What would your expected results be based on the described protocol?", "options": {"A": "You would most likely see no bands.", "B": "You would see more than two bands.", "C": "You would see two bands for the heterozygous while one band for the homozygous.", "D": "You would see two bands for the homozygous while two bands for the heterozygous."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1679, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Some thermophilic organisms can thrive at very high temperatures ( $100^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C} +$ ).", "question": "What effect, if any, would natural selection be expected to have on double stranded DNA (dsDNA) composition for survival at high temperatures?", "options": {"A": "dsDNA would evolve to be rich in AT base pairs.", "B": "dsDNA would evolve to be rich in GC base pairs.", "C": "dsDNA would evolve to be rich in purine bases.", "D": "dsDNA would evolve to be rich in pyrimidine bases.", "E": "dsDNA composition would not need to change to support life at high temperatures."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1680, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) is a critical enzyme for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which lives on rotting fruit. Flies with malfunctioning ADH will mostly die before reproduction. If you sequenced the gene that encodes for ADH in random samples of flies from around the world,", "question": "which of the following qualitative observations would you anticipate: (Note multiple answers are possible.)", "options": {"A": "All gene sequences would be identical, or nearly so.", "B": "Sequences from flies in one part of the world would be more similar to each other than to those from other regions.", "C": "The number of mutations which change amino acid structure of ADH is very low when compared to mutations which do not affect amino acid structure.", "D": "ADH does not affect reproductive fitness, so no unique pattern of mutations will be observed in this gene.", "E": "The number of mutations found in ADH is about the same as the number of mutations found in all other fruit fly genes of the same length."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1681, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "You crossed two parental plants with unknown genotypes, while screening for a particular trait for height ( $T$ being completely dominant over $\\theta$ ). If you obtain offspring that are $50\\%$ tall and $50\\%$ short,", "question": "what could be the possible genotypes of the parents?", "options": {"A": "TT, Tt.", "B": "$T_{t},Tt$", "C": "$T_{t},TT$", "D": "$T_{t},tt$", "E": "$TT,TT$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1682, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Some reptiles have very striking coloration; is thought to provide a visual warning to predators and it's usually found in", "options": {"A": "Batesian mimicry - cobra snakes.", "B": "Mullerian mimicry - skinks.", "C": "Aposematic coloration - vipers.", "D": "Aposematic coloration - coral snakes.", "E": "Batesian mimicry - boas."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1683, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Fossil evidence suggests that roughly 400 million years ago, fish began exploring the terrestrial environment, eventually evolving into the first four-legged land animals called tetrapods. Nature published a study that examines this issue with the organism Polypterus senegalus (bichirs), a modern day walking fish. In the journal article, \"Developmental plasticity and the origin of tetrapods,\" Dr. Emily Standen's team from McGill University raised one group of Polypterus on land and another group in the water and tested to see if a change in environment caused a change in the behavior or anatomy of the fish. The study found that fish raised on land walked more effectively; their fins slipped less during the stroke; they planted their fins closer to their body mid-line; and lifted their heads higher off the ground, reducing friction. In addition, the bones at the base of the fin changed shape, becoming more supportive and allowing more freedom of motion of the shoulder and neck. These anatomical changes actually mirror what is found in the fossil record. Given these results are found in a single generation of land- raised fish,", "question": "select ALL answers that are an accurate description of this study.", "options": {"A": "Data from this study shows how evolution occurred when fish evolved into tetrapods.", "B": "This study shows that a change in environment can induce a plastic response in an organism.", "C": "This study proves that Polypterus are the common ancestor of tetrapods.", "D": "This study made evolution happen.", "E": "The offspring of land raised fish would be even better at walking than their parents."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1684, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Mink and fox both prey upon rabbits, exhibiting resource competition.", "question": "Which of the following is an example of why the mink and fox may be able to coexist in the face of this competition?", "options": {"A": "The mink and fox will never coexist due to the competitive exclusion principle.", "B": "The mink and fox have a degree of niche separation such that they can coexist.", "C": "Interspecific competition is more important that intraspecific competition, so the mink and fox can coexist.", "D": "Spatial metapopulation structure can enable competitive species to coexist.", "E": "B&D."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1685, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The size of an amphibian or reptile matters in terms of thermal interactions with the environment. ", "question": "The larger the animal the _______and the _______________", "options": {"A": "Lower the surface: volume ratio - lower the heat exchange.", "B": "Higher the surface: volume ratio - higher the heat exchange.", "C": "Higher the surface: volume ratio - lower the rate of water loss.", "D": "Higher the heat exchange - higher the rate of water loss.", "E": "Higher the surface: volume ratio - lower the heat exchange."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1686, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Which of the following statements about taxonomy are CORRECT? Use \"A\" for CORRECT and \"B\" for NOT CORRECT.", "question": "Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) are more closely related to red algae (Rhodophyta) than they are to brown algae (Phaeophyta).", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1687, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Which of the following statements about taxonomy are CORRECT? Use \"A\" for CORRECT and \"B\" for NOT CORRECT.", "question": "Slime molds (Euomycetozoa) are more closely related to amoebas (Lobosea) than they are to brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces).", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1688, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Which of the following statements about taxonomy are CORRECT? Use \"A\" for CORRECT and \"B\" for NOT CORRECT.", "question": "Cycads are more closely related to ferns (Polypodiopsida) than they are to conifers (Pinophyta).", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1689, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Which of the following statements about taxonomy are CORRECT? Use \"A\" for CORRECT and \"B\" for NOT CORRECT.", "question": "Insects are more closely related to roundworms (Nematoda) than they are to segmented worms (Oligochaeta).", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1690, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Thales is prided as the first Greek philosopher and postulated that water is the unifying principle of the universe. Which of the following is a property of water?", "options": {"A": "Water is least dense at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "Linear hydrogen bonds involving water are stronger than covalent bonds.", "C": "Water has a lower heat capacity than methanol", "D": "Hydroxide is the conjugate base of water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1691, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY", "options": {"A": "Beta-endorphin | Adrenal gland | Secretion of glucocorticoid", "B": "Corticotropin | Adrenal gland | Secretion of androgens", "C": "Prolactin | Mammary glands | Promotes lactation", "D": "Growth Hormone | Liver | Promotes growth"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1692, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "You inserted the coding sequence for your favorite protein into the HindIII site. You find that $E$ . coli carrying this plasmid express the protein in the presence of IPTG, a lactose analog. What DNA elements would you expect to find in proximity to the HindIII site? Select the choice which gives the appropriate elements in the correct order.", "question": "1. Binding sites for the LacI repressor\n2. Enhancer sequences\n3. Poly-A sequence\n4. Ribosomal binding site\n5. Stop codon(s)\n6. Strong constitutive promoter", "options": {"A": "1, 2, 4, [HindIII site], 5, 3", "B": "2, 1, 4, [HindIII site], 3, 5", "C": "6, 1, 3, [HindIII site], 4, 5", "D": "1, 6, 4, [HindIII site], 3, 5", "E": "6, 1, 4, [HindIII site], 5, 3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1693, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Compound C is a single organic biomolecule with an important role in plant metabolism. Solutions of C in four separate test tubes yield the following results when combined with the reagents listed:", "question": "Ninhydrin - Blue Biuret reagent - Blue Tollens' reagent - Clear Lugol's solution - Brown\n\nAddition of a hydrolytic enzyme to a fresh tube of compound C results in a solution that, when combined with Tollen's reagent, forms a silvery precipitate. Which of the following is a possible identity for Compound C?", "options": {"A": "Amino acid; serine.", "B": "Monosaccharide; glucose.", "C": "Peptide; glutathione.", "D": "Disaccharide; sucrose.", "E": "Polysaccharide; amylose."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1694, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "You have designed a 15 base-pair long degenerate primer (sequence: CATCATCATMAAGCM). The Ms represent base pairs which can either be A or C. You will be using these primers for binding within a genome of $2^{*}10^{-9}$ base pairs. What is the expected number of binding sites for your primers?", "options": {"A": "7.", "B": "70.", "C": "700.", "D": "7000.", "E": "70000."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1695, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Suppose you have solutions of the following amino acids buffered at a pH of 7.0. In which of the solutions would the major species have no net charge? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY", "options": {"A": "Histidine (6.0)", "B": "Glutamic Acid (4.2)", "C": "Cysteine (8.3)", "D": "Isoleucine (>14)", "E": "Lysine (10.0)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1696, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The progression of cancer is often driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations.", "question": "Which of the following is not likely to contribute to tumorigenesis?", "options": {"A": "Loss of function mutation in the p53 gene.", "B": "Upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins.", "C": "Duplication of the telomerase gene.", "D": "Increased secretion of growth factors.", "E": "Moderately high level of oxidative stress."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1697, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Botanist Grace is attempting to determine the identity of a plant. She masterfully sections the leaves, and through a light microscope observes that the vessels have a thick layer of concentric mesophyll tissue around them. Which of the following plants could this most likely be?", "options": {"A": "Chard.", "B": "Crabgrass.", "C": "Kale.", "D": "Rutabaga.", "E": "Squash."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1698, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "The Death Star experiences a power outage. Darth Guha, being the hipster he is, really doesn't want his kale to die. He uses his red lightsaber as an emergency light source for his beloved kale. Anticipating this scenario, Darth Guha engineered his kale to overexpress beta-carotene.", "question": "What is the engineered kale's photosynthetic rate, compared to wild-type kale, under the red lightsaber?", "options": {"A": "The engineered kale has a significantly higher photosynthetic rate compared to wild-type kale because beta-carotene absorbs red light better than chlorophyll.", "B": "The engineered kale has a significantly lower photosynthetic rate compared to wild-type kale because beta-carotene interferes with the absorption of red light.", "C": "The engineered kale has a significantly lower photosynthetic rate compared to wild-type kale because beta-carotene does not significantly absorb red light.", "D": "The engineered kale has approximately the same photosynthetic rate compared to wild-type kale because beta-carotene does not significantly absorb red light.", "E": "The engineered kale has approximately the same photosynthetic rate compared to wild-type kale because beta-carotene is not an accessory pigment to chlorophyll a or chlorophyll b."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1699, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about plant growth and development is NOT correct?", "options": {"A": "Most plant hormones are transmitted from one individual to another through the air.", "B": "A nail hammered into the trunk of a tree will remain at the same height throughout the tree's lifetime.", "C": "When the tip of a shoot is plucked off, the plant will become bushier.", "D": "Plants bend towards light because cells on the dark side of the stem elongate in response to auxins.", "E": "The biomass of a plant is derived primarily from carbon dioxide in the air."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1700, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "During the reproductive process in angiosperms, all of the following transitions occur EXCEPT that the:", "options": {"A": "Microspores become pollen grains.", "B": "Ovulary becomes a fruit.", "C": "Integuments become the seed coat.", "D": "Flower petals fall off.", "E": "The tube and sperm nuclei fuse."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1701, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about apical meristems is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "Apical meristems are found in roots, shoots and axillary buds.", "B": "Apical meristems are protected by tissues made from differentiated cells produced by the meristem.", "C": "The pattern of nodes is laid down by the shoot apical meristem like the pattern of branch roots is laid down by the root apical meristem.", "D": "The root apical meristem contains a region called the quiescent center.", "E": "All apical meristems produce primary growth."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1702, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "In what ways can terrestrial plants increase their access and uptake of water?", "options": {"A": "Increase the production of root hairs", "B": "Increase concentrations of osmotically-active solutes in the root cortical cells", "C": "Increase the production of siphonophores", "D": "B and C.", "E": "A and B."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1703, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "In Adolf Huxley's Brave New World, John remembers Linda's quotes like \"A, B, C, Vitamin D. The fat's in the liver, the cod's in the sea.\" This duty was intended to coerce people into taking vitamins.", "question": "Which disease below could be helped with the same vitamin found in cod and the liver?", "options": {"A": "Beriberi.", "B": "Pellagra.", "C": "Rickets.", "D": "Scurvy.", "E": "Kwashiorkor-edema."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1704, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "You are working on samples of *Phytophthora infestans* (potato blight) that you have sequenced from natural populations. You then obtain more samples from a museum in Ireland that date to the 1840s and 1850s, when the potato blight swept through Europe (the Irish Potato Famine). You build a phylogenetic tree and find that the samples cluster in the following way.", "question": "Which of the following conclusions best describes the data?", "options": {"A": "The Irish potato blight from the museum samples likely originated in Mexico.", "B": "The Irish potato blight from the museum samples likely originated in Argentina.", "C": "The Irish potato blight from the museum samples likely originated in the United States", "D": "All modern *Phytophthora infestans* comes from a strain that was ancestral to the Irish potato blight found in the museum samples and you cannot determine its geographic origin from this data.", "E": "All modern *Phytophthora infestans* is descended from a subset of the strain that caused the Irish potato famine, and you cannot determine its geographic origin from this data."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1705, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Elk populations A and B have 1000 and 100 individuals, respectively, with all individuals in a given population existing in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with one another. One day, you observe that in each population, a single individual has gained a new mutation that gives it spotted fur. The spotted fur allele is not found to affect survival or reproductive fitness. Let $\\mathbf{p}_{\\mathrm{- }}\\mathbf{A}$ be the probability that the spotted fur allele eventually goes extinct in population A, and let $\\mathbf{p}_{\\mathrm{- }}\\mathbf{B}$ be the probability that the spotted fur allele eventually goes extinct in population B.", "question": "Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between $\\mathbf{p}_{\\mathrm{- }}\\mathbf{A}$ and $\\mathbf{p}_{\\mathrm{- }}\\mathbf{B}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}A > \\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}B$", "B": "$\\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}A< \\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}B$", "C": "$0< \\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}A = \\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}B< 1$", "D": "$\\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}A = \\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}B = 0$", "E": "$\\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}A = \\mathrm{p}_{\\mathrm{-}}B = \\mathrm{1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1706, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "When true-breeding, brown female flies with wild-type wings are mated to true-breeding, black male flies with vestigial wings, the F1 offspring have the following phenotypes, with the numbers of male and females approximately equal in each phenotypic class:", "question": "781 brown flies with wild-type wings 769 black flies with vestigial wings 23 brown flies with vestigial wings 27 black flies with wild-type wings\n\nYou had expected there to be equal numbers of offspring in each phenotypic class. Which of the following best explains the deviation?", "options": {"A": "Small sample sizes frequently cause large differences between expected and observed offspring ratios.", "B": "One or both of the genes is sex-linked.", "C": "The alleles responsible for body color and wing size are linked.", "D": "Spontaneous mutation caused some individuals carrying the allele for vestigial wings to revert to wild-type wings, and vice versa.", "E": "Meiotic drive causes certain chromosomes to preferentially be passed on to the next generation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1707, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In most species, males and females are born in an approximately 1:1 ratio.", "question": "From an evolutionary perspective, what is the most likely reason that explains this?", "options": {"A": "In a population with a 1:1 ratio, a parent that produces nonequal numbers of males and females is less likely to pass on their genes relative to the rest of the population.", "B": "A 1:1 ratio is the most likely because it has the most entropy.", "C": "There is no major selection pressure that acts on sex ratio.", "D": "Since each offspring must have 1 male and 1 female parent, this would maximize the number of total possible offspring.", "E": "Since each offspring must have 1 male and 1 female parent, this would maximize the amount of genetic diversity in the population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1708, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Ranger Geraldo is conducting a population of Rhydon in the Kanto Regional Safari Zone. Rhydon are large mammals which move in herds.", "question": "Which of the following sampling methods would be most effective?", "options": {"A": "Aerial Counting.", "B": "Catch 'em all.", "C": "Mark & Recapture.", "D": "Quadrant Sampling.", "E": "Transect Sampling"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1709, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Two varieties of the same species of voles (meadow mice), albino and red-backed, were used in an experiment. Both varieties were subjected to the predation of a hawk, under controlled laboratory conditions. During the experiment, the floor of the test room was covered on alternate days with white ground cover that matched the albino voles and red-brown cover that matched the red-backed voles. The description below shoes 50 trials summary. In 50 controlled trials, hawks preyed on albino and red-backed voles against either white or red-brown ground cover. Hawks captured 35 albino voles on white cover and 57 on red-brown cover, for a total of 92. They captured 60 red-backed voles on white cover and 40 on red-brown cover, for a total of 100. Overall, 95 voles were captured on white cover and 97 on red-brown cover, giving a total of 192 captured voles.", "question": "The results of this experiment lend credibility to the concept of", "options": {"A": "Adaptation allowing the species to survive.", "B": "Species perpetuation through overproduction.", "C": "Spontaneous generation of lethal mutations.", "D": "The female of the species being more deadly than the male.", "E": "Use and disuse of organs and tissues."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1710, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "An investigator studying the diatom community present in a certain stream found 150 different species of diatoms in Mile 1, none of which comprised more than $5\\%$ of the total diatoms in the stream. In Mile 25, the investigator found only 20 different species, with 2 species representing $80\\%$ of the total.", "question": "Which of the following is the best explanation of these observations?", "options": {"A": "The stream was larger at mile 25.", "B": "The nature of the stream bottom changed.", "C": "Organic wastes high in nitrates and phosphates entered the stream somewhere between the two sampling stations.", "D": "The stream velocity changed.", "E": "There must have been something wrong with the sampling methods."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1711, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following classes would have members undergo radial and indeterminate cleavage during development? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY", "options": {"A": "Cephalopoda.", "B": "Holothuroidea.", "C": "Mammalia.", "D": "Scyphozoa.", "E": "Trematoda."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1712, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Chef Grace is cooking up a stir fry. She wants to use a pseudocoelomate larva.", "question": "Which of the following groups would NOT provide suitable larvae for her consumption? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY", "options": {"A": "Cestoda.", "B": "Aves.", "C": "Rotifera.", "D": "Mollusca.", "E": "Nematoda."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1713, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "A virus has been discovered. The virus has no envelope and consists of a helical capsid surrounding its dsDNA genome. During assembly, the pac site of the genome ensures that it is properly packaged by the capsomeres. Which of the following amino acids is/are expected to be on the capsomere domain that interacts with the pac site?", "options": {"A": "Lysine.", "B": "Methionine.", "C": "Glycine.", "D": "Arginine.", "E": "A and D."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1714, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Developing diagnostics for the Zika virus has proven to be difficult due to cross reactivity displayed by antibodies for other flaviviruses. If a person has been previously exposed to certain flaviviruses (i.e. yellow fever or West Nile virus), then he/she may have antibodies which diagnostics erroneously attribute to Zika virus exposure. The issue stems from antibodies that resulted from a prior immune response.", "question": "In the classic immune response, which cells are primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?", "options": {"A": "Macrophages.", "B": "Eosinophils.", "C": "Plasma cells.", "D": "T lymphocytes.", "E": "Goblet cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1715, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "You are observing the response of Type 1 and Type 2 cells to a specific protein ligand. Type 1 cells proliferate rapidly in response to the ligand unlike Type 2 cells.", "question": "Circle the option(s) from below that can explain the observed difference.", "options": {"A": "The gene encoding the ligand specific receptor in Type 1 cells has a methylated promoter", "B": "Type 1 cells express intracellular receptors unlike Type 2 cells.", "C": "Type 1 cells express plasma membrane receptors unlike Type 2 cells.", "D": "Type 1 cells lack the transcription factor needed for the expression of the gene encoding the ligand specific receptor.", "E": "The gene encoding the ligand specific membrane receptor in Type 1 cells has a frame-shift mutation that generates a premature stop codon."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1716, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "The following reactions are the free energy changes associated with four biological reactions. Which reaction will have the highest ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "$\\Delta G = -2.5\\mathrm{Kcal / mole}$ .", "B": "$\\Delta G = -1.5\\mathrm{Kcal / mole}$ .", "C": "$\\Delta G = +2.5\\mathrm{Kcal / mole}$ .", "D": "$\\Delta G = +1.0\\mathrm{Kcal / mole}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1717, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a plausible reason that explains why extreme halophiles can tolerate high salt conditions?", "options": {"A": "They can accumulate compatible solutes, such as glycerol and sucrose, in their cytoplasm.", "B": "They can prevent the entrance of protons in their cytoplasm.", "C": "They have less porins or transport proteins, which makes them less permeable to solutes.", "D": "They have more saturated fatty acids in their membranes than unsaturated fatty acids.", "E": "They have more unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes than saturated fatty acids."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1718, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "NADPH oxidase is a complex of five proteins that forms (not hydrolyzes) reactive oxygen species such as $\\mathbf{O}_2^-$ and $\\mathbf{H}_2\\mathbf{O}_2$ by catalyzing the reduction of oxygen $(\\mathbf{O}_2)$ by hydride ions $(\\mathbf{H}^-)$ from NADPH. Loss of function mutations in NADPH oxidase components were found in the 1950-60's to underlie an inherited human immunodeficiency disorder called chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). CGD is characterized by the inability of neutrophils to destroy phagocytosed bacteria, especially if the bacteria are capable of hydrolyzing $\\mathbf{H}_2\\mathbf{O}_2$ . Based on your knowledge of phagocytosis by immune cells,", "question": "in which subcellular organelle or compartment of neutrophils is NADPH oxidase activity found to be highest?", "options": {"A": "Cytosol.", "B": "Lysosome.", "C": "Mitochondrion.", "D": "Peroxisome.", "E": "Smooth endoplasmic reticulum."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1719, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about the life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is most accurate?", "options": {"A": "The viral glycoproteins that coat the mature virion's lipid envelope's outer surface are synthesized by host cell ribosomes in the cytosol.", "B": "The mature virus particle does not contain reverse transcriptase; the protein is translated from the RNA genome after entry into the host cell.", "C": "If a scientist were to extract just the viral genome from HIV virions and inject the nucleic acid into a human cell, the genome would integrate as a provirus into the host's genome.", "D": "In HIV positive individuals, HIV provirus can be found latent in CD4 positive cells years after initial infection.", "E": "The high error rate of reverse transcriptase enables the virus to evade the host's circulating antibodies by changing the antigenicity of its internal capsid protein."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1720, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The progression of cancer is often driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations.", "question": "Which of the following is not likely to contribute to tumorigenesis?", "options": {"A": "Loss-of-function mutation in the p53 gene.", "B": "Upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins.", "C": "Duplication of the telomerase gene.", "D": "Increased secretion of growth factors.", "E": "Moderately high level of oxidative stress."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1721, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Grace is attempting to identify what organism a tissue sample came from. She finds linear cellulose synthesizing complexes.", "question": "Which of the following organisms could it have come from? I. Plant II. Charophycean III. Green Alga", "options": {"A": "I only.", "B": "II only.", "C": "III only.", "D": "I and II.", "E": "II and III."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1722, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about vascular plant anatomy is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "The bark is a coat of waxy suberin produced by the epidermis of woody plants.", "B": "Trichomes are modified epidermal cells, often resembling hairs, that some species have adapted to reflect excess sunlight or to deter herbivorous insects.", "C": "The phloem is composed of live sieve-tube elements and companion cells.", "D": "Plant stems arise by the apical meristem's production of nodes (regions where leaves and other appendages are attached) separated by internodes (regions where most of the stem elongation occurs).", "E": "In flowering plants, the xylem and phloem form a vascular cylinder that runs down the center of the root."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1723, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Soil chemistry greatly influences the availability of nutrients to plant roots.", "question": "Which one of the following statements accurately describes such a relationship?", "options": {"A": "Some plants are able to grow in low soil $\\mathrm{pH}$ by secreting anions, such as citrate or oxalate that can chelate toxic calcium ions $\\mathrm{Ca}^{2 + }$ and prevent their absorption by roots.", "B": "High soil $\\mathrm{pH}$ can prevent plants from absorbing $\\mathrm{Ca}^{2 + }$ ions due to $\\mathrm{Al}^{3 + }$ ions solubilizing at high $\\mathrm{pH}$ .", "C": "At a soil $\\mathrm{pH}$ of 8 or greater, the iron $\\mathrm{Fe}^{2 + }$ needed by plants is unavailable.", "D": "Anions such as phosphate and sulfate bind to soil particles and are not easily leached from the soil.", "E": "Atmospheric nitrogen and nitrogenous compounds in the humus are the first and second most important reservoirs of bioavailable nitrogen for plants in most habitats."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1735, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "You are performing an experiment on neural embryonic development, and you decide to knock out a gene that leads to the normal formation of the metencephalon.", "question": "Select ALL of the following structures in the CNS that would be affected:", "options": {"A": "Cerebellum.", "B": "Basal nuclei.", "C": "Midbrain.", "D": "Pons.", "E": "Medulla."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1736, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "During your rounds as a medical student, your mentor asks you to identify potential causes for the pernicious anemia of the patient that you are visiting. Having recently studied your GI physiology, you correctly answer that it could have been caused by (Select ALL that apply):", "options": {"A": "Faulty iron absorption.", "B": "Damage to the absorptive cells of the duodenum.", "C": "Damage to chief cells.", "D": "Damage to parietal cells.", "E": "Damage to the absorptive cells of the ileum."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1737, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best represents the type of mimicry characteristic of multiple poisonous butterflies having similar coloration?", "options": {"A": "Mertensian mimicry.", "B": "Müllerian mimicry.", "C": "Batesian mimicry.", "D": "Wasmannian mimicry.", "E": "Vavilovian mimicry."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1738, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Optimal foraging can depend on the densities of different food sources. Assuming the goal is to maximize the rate of food acquisition, how might this relationship manifest (Select ALL that apply)?", "options": {"A": "In a clustered distribution, a greater distance between clusters translates to more time spent at each cluster.", "B": "In a clustered distribution, a greater distance between clusters translates to less time spent at each cluster.", "C": "A less prevalent prey species which is easier to eat than a more prevalent species can be preferred.", "D": "A more prevalent prey species which is harder to eat than a less prevalent species can be preferred.", "E": "Ignoring certain prey on a hunting trip may be the optimal strategy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "C", "D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 1739, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "You wish to understand the nature of birds' song and divide a group of baby birds of the same species into three groups— Control Group, Experimental Group I, and Experimental Group II. The Control Group is reared with their species and sings this species' song. The Experimental Group I is placed with a different bird species with a different song and never learns to sing the different species' song. Experimental Group II is raised with no parents for the first week, they sing no song even when re-wilded with the control birds at a relatively young age. ", "question": "Which of the following best describes these birds behavior with respect to singing (Select ALL that apply)?", "options": {"A": "Learned.", "B": "Innate.", "C": "Has a Critical Period.", "D": "Plastic.", "E": "Automimicry."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1740, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) prevents the G1-> S transition when it is active. You are analyzing the cell cycle of a somatic cell (2n).", "question": "What is the DNA content of a mutant somatic cell that has a constitutively active pRb?", "options": {"A": "n (analogous to the state in the gamete).", "B": "2n (analogous to somatic cells which have just completed cytokinesis).", "C": "4n (analogous to mid anaphase).", "D": "2n (analogous to early prophase).", "E": "4n (analogous to mid telophase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1741, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Consider a diploid snail species that has 34 chromosomes $(2n = 34)$ . This species has an XX/XY- like sex determination system, with males hemizygous for a particular locus on chromosome 2. Without considering crossing over,", "question": "how many genetically unique individuals can one pair of snails potentially produce when reproducing sexually?", "options": {"A": "68.", "B": "$2^{4} \\times 2^{34}$ .", "C": "$2 \\times 34^{2}$ .", "D": "$2^{17} \\times 2^{17}$ .", "E": "It is impossible to know."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1742, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Unlike the eukaryotes, there is only one origin of replication (ori site) in the bacterial genome. If DNA polymerase enzyme adds nucleotides at the rate of 10,000 base pairs/minute in one direction and the bacterial cells replicate their entire genome every 20 minutes,", "question": "what is the size of the bacterial genome?", "options": {"A": "$4 \\times 10^{5}$ base pairs.", "B": "$2 \\times 10^{5}$ base pairs.", "C": "$4 \\times 10^{5}$ base.", "D": "$2 \\times 10^{5}$ base."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1743, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "John has Downs Syndrome. At a given locus on chromosome 21 in a region with low crossover, John's genotype is ACC. At this same locus, his father has genotype AC and his mother BC.", "question": "In which stage of his parents' meiosis could nondisjunction have occurred (Select ALL that apply)?", "options": {"A": "Meiosis I of the father.", "B": "Meiosis II of the father.", "C": "Meiosis I of the mother.", "D": "Meiosis II of the mother.", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 1744, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is correct about diversity in ecological environments?", "options": {"A": "Ecological stress increases diversity.", "B": "Animals that share a common habitat are typically more closely related that animals in different environments.", "C": "Natural selection generally decreases diversity.", "D": "Diversity is most often seen in small populations.", "E": "Changes in diversity of host species have little effect on other species."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1745, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which set of organisms is correctly paired with a habitat inhabited by all organisms in the set?", "options": {"A": "Kelp (Laminaia), echinoderms, barnacle (Balanus): littoral zone of freshwater lakes", "B": "Chemosynthetic bacteria, pogonophorans (giant tube worms), blind crabs: deep-sea hydrothermal vent (abyssal benthic zone)", "C": "Sphagnum moss, alligator, methanogenic archaea, heron: rocky intertidal zone", "D": "Nudibranch (sea slug), crinoids (feather star), corals, spiny lobster (Palinurus): pelagic zone", "E": "Kelp, barnacle, limpet, chiton: wave-exposed sandy intertidal zone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1746, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following climates describes that of the chaparral biome?", "options": {"A": "Precipitation $< 30 \\mathrm{cm / year}$ . Wide temperature variation on daily and yearly time scales.", "B": "Precipitation $150 \\mathrm{to} 200 \\mathrm{cm / year}$ , 6-7 month dry season. Temperature $25 \\mathrm{to} 29^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ with little seasonal variation.", "C": "Precipitation $30 \\mathrm{to} 50 \\mathrm{cm / year}$ , seasonal with cool, rainy winters and long, dry summers. Winter temperatures $10 \\mathrm{to} 12^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "D": "Precipitation $30 \\mathrm{to} 100 \\mathrm{cm / year}$ , seasonal with dry winters and wet summers. Winter temperatures can fall to $-10^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "E": "Precipitation $70 \\mathrm{to} 200 \\mathrm{cm / year}$ , year-round. Winter temperature around $0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ with snow, summer temperature $35^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1748, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Select ALL of the following that correctly match the species to its survivorship curve and survival strategy:", "options": {"A": "Humans: Type I curve, K-selection.", "B": "Songbirds: Type II curve, neither r nor K-selection.", "C": "Trees: Type III curve, r-selection.", "D": "Frogs: Type III curve, K-selection.", "E": "Elephants: Type I curve, neither r nor K-selection."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 1760, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Three groups of Arabidopsis seedlings are subjected to a short burst of ethylene. Group A is comprised of ethylene-insensitive (ein) mutants. Group B consists of constitutive triple-response (ctr) mutants. Group C is also subjected to high levels of abscisic acid. Group D serves as a control (wild type) and receives the ethylene treatment. Which group is likely to be the tallest after a few days of the treatment?", "options": {"A": "Group A.", "B": "Group B.", "C": "Group C.", "D": "Group D.", "E": "They will be equally as tall."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1761, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Today's corn plants evolved from an ancestral plant known as teosinte. One genetic change that occurred in modern corn is a mutation in the regulatory DNA associated with the gene tbl. As a result of this change, teosinte has low levels of tbl expression, and corn has high levels of tbl expression. High levels of tbl expression in plant axillary buds inhibit the growth of branches, leading to tall, unbranched corn plants in farmer's fields. In contrast, teosinte is highly branched. The tbl gene is also required for the development of ears of corn on the plant; both modern corn and teosinte produce ears of corn that carry the seeds of the plant.", "question": "Based on this information, which of the following statements is NOT true?", "options": {"A": "The replacement of the tbl protein-coding sequence of corn with the tbl protein-coding sequence of teosinte would be expected to result in a plant that is able to produce ears of corn.", "B": "A corn plant with a synonymous substitution mutation in the tbl gene would produce ears of corn.", "C": "Deletion of the tbl gene from modern corn would result in a plant resembling teosinte in its shape and production.", "D": "A corn plant with a nonsense mutation at the beginning of the tbl gene would be expected to exhibit increased branching.", "E": "A missense mutation in tbl that led to a nonfunctional protein product could be considered a loss-of-function mutation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1762, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "A plant geneticist uses an RNA microarray to assess gene expression in two populations of cabbage plants: a wild-type cabbage line, and a line carrying a deletion in gene \"X\". The geneticist calculates the relative signal for each gene expressed by the cabbages, relative to a reference gene that is known to be unaffected by gene X. In the gene X mutant line, the relative levels of expression of genes A, B, and C are drastically reduced (as compared to their relative expression level in the wild-type cabbages).", "question": "Which of the following potential explanations for the effect of gene X is NOT directly consistent with the microarray data?", "options": {"A": "Gene X produces a helix-turn-helix transcription factor that binds to the promoters of genes A, B, and C.", "B": "The product of gene X binds to enhancer sequences located 100,000 base pairs upstream of each of the genes A, B, and C.", "C": "The product of gene X inhibits a ubiquitin ligase that targets the products of genes A, B, and C to the proteasome.", "D": "The product of gene X binds to the 3' untranslated region of gene A, B, and C mRNAs to regulate stability.", "E": "The product of gene X binds to and inhibits a repressor of gene A, B, and C transcription."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1763, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Tissue culture can be used to generate whole plants from single cells in the laboratory. In the \"doubled haploid\" technique, a haploid cell is obtained from a plant and induced to double in chromosome number without cell division. A plant breeder would like to try the method on a diploid rose variety. Which of the following would be a suitable source of haploid cells to begin this procedure?", "options": {"A": "Endosperm. ", "B": "Meristem. ", "C": "Sporophyte. ", "D": "Pollen grains. ", "E": "Flower buds. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1764, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "The Arabidopsis plant utilizes a range of posttranslational modifications to the genome as a means of regulating gene expression. These include activation of genes by histone acetylation, and methylation of DNA.", "question": "Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the mechanism or impacts of these modifications in the plant cell?", "options": {"A": "Addition of DNA and histone modifications in the cell is performed by protein-based enzymes. ", "B": "Lysine acetylation leads to a tighter association of histone proteins with DNA in the promoter regions. ", "C": "DNA methylation patterns can be propagated to daughter strands after DNA replication. ", "D": "The covalent addition of methyl groups to plant DNA is reversible in the cell. ", "E": "More than one of the above does NOT correctly describe the impacts of these modifications. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1765, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Nitrogen fixation has the following net chemical reaction: $\\mathrm{N}_{2} + 8\\mathrm{e}^{-} + 8\\mathrm{H}^{+} + 16\\mathrm{ATP}\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{NH}_{3} + \\mathrm{H}_{2} + 16\\mathrm{ADP} + 16\\mathrm{F}_{1}$ If $1\\mathrm{kg}$ of ATP (molar mass $507.2\\mathrm{g / mol}$ ) and $3\\mathrm{g}$ of nitrogen gas (molar mass $28\\mathrm{g / mol}$ ) are supplied as input, what is the maximum yield of ammonia (molecular mass $17\\mathrm{g / mol}$ )?", "options": {"A": "$1.8\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$2.5\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$3.6\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$4.2\\mathrm{g}$", "E": "$4.9\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1766, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Order the following elements of a tree trunk from the center of the trunk outward: 1. Sapwood 2. Secondary phloem 3. Vascular cambium 4. Heartwood 5. Periderm", "options": {"A": "1, 2, 4, 5, 3.", "B": "4, 1, 3, 2, 5.", "C": "5, 2, 3, 1, 4.", "D": "3, 5, 4, 2, 1.", "E": "4, 1, 5, 2, 3."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1767, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A woman experiencing rickets is diagnosed with a deficiency of a particular vitamin and given a diet guideline. Which of the following food is most likely to help with the condition?", "options": {"A": "Carrot.", "B": "Butter.", "C": "Whole grains.", "D": "Oranges.", "E": "Tomatoes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1768, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "As a wider intern at an animal development lab at University of Wisconsin- Madison, you would like to investigate how different treatments may alter the outcomes of fertilization in sea urchins.", "question": "You would like to test different conditions in which fertilization is blocked in sea urchin eggs. All of the following conditions would result in unsuccessful fertilizations EXCEPT FOR", "options": {"A": "When the sea urchin sperm not exposed to egg jelly interacts with sea urchin egg stripped of its egg jelly. ", "B": "When the normal sea urchin sperm interacts with sea urchin egg held at a constant $+20 \\mathrm{mv}$ by using an electrophysiological voltage camp. ", "C": "When the sea urchin sperm treated with calcium ionophore interacts with the normal sea urchin egg from same species with its egg jelly removed. ", "D": "When the sea urchin egg is prematurely exposed to IP3 and DAG, this triggers the release of calcium from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and triggers the cortical reaction. ", "E": "When the sea urchin sperm exposed to egg jelly interacts with sea urchin egg from same species pretreated with purified bindin, a protein responsible for the specific adhesion of the sperm acrosomal process in sea urchin. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1769, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "As a side project, you would also like to work on fertilization in mouse embryos using CRISPR/cas9 technology by conducting in vitro fertilization (IVF).", "question": "At which phase of the embryo should you return the embryo to the mouse uterus?", "options": {"A": "2-cell stage. ", "B": "4-cell stage. ", "C": "8-cell stage. ", "D": "Blastocysts. ", "E": "Fertilized egg (zygote). "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1770, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "By blindfolding fish, Brian Partridge and Tony Pitcher demonstrated in 1979 that schooling behavior is dependent not on vision, but instead on the proper functioning of a different organ: the lateral line.", "question": "Given this knowledge, which of the following structures, when damaged, would lead to a loss in the ability for fish to school?", "options": {"A": "Fovea. ", "B": "Cupula. ", "C": "Ruffini ending. ", "D": "Zonule. ", "E": "Eustachian tube."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1771, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Dr. Ross has developed a new drug, Rossazole that prevents the presentation of antigens to CD4 helper T cells. She administers the drug to a lab mouse.", "question": "Which one of the following immune cell types would have its functions LEAST disrupted by the drug?", "options": {"A": "Cytotoxic T Cell", "B": "Memory B Cell", "C": "Macrophage", "D": "Neutrophil", "E": "Dendritic Cell"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1772, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is most accurate regarding the anatomy and physiology of the vertebrate vascular system?", "options": {"A": "The thin walls of veins are an adaptation that allows the tissues of the vein itself to obtain, via diffusion, sufficient oxygen from oxygen-poor venous blood. Otherwise, the tissue of thick-walled vessels carrying deoxygenated blood would experience inadequate oxygenation and die.", "B": "Arteries and veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.", "C": "Elastic fibers made of the protein elastin in the tunica media allow arteries to accommodate fluctuating blood pressures. They are almost absent in the tunica media of veins.", "D": "The larger arteries have a thick layer of smooth muscle, the motion of which helps propel blood forward.", "E": "Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a signaling protein that stimulates branching and growth of capillaries. The gene encoding VEGF is often lost or inhibited in solid tissue cancers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1773, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "In tetrapods, neural pathways carrying information from all the senses, except for the sense of smell, pass through and synapse in a particular anatomical structure in the brain, which is embryonically derived from the diencephalon. This structure is the:", "options": {"A": "Medulla.", "B": "Thalamus.", "C": "Amygdala.", "D": "Occipital lobe.", "E": "Somatosensory cortex."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1774, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following are most responsible for carrying and transporting triacylglycerols in the body?", "options": {"A": "IDL and LDL.", "B": "Chylomicrons and LDL.", "C": "Chylomicrons and VLDL.", "D": "HDL and LDL.", "E": "IDL and VLDL."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1775, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A patient complains to his neurologist that he is experiencing powerful headaches and double vision. An MRI confirms that he is suffering from prolactinoma. Which substance should the neurologist prescribe to control the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland?", "options": {"A": "Renin.", "B": "Dopamine.", "C": "Angiotensin-2.", "D": "Endorphins.", "E": "Caffeine."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1776, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A mutant Drosophila is engineered to be unable to efficiently produce certain amino acids. Metabolic analysis finds the mutant contains very low levels of alpha-ketoglutarate, an important intermediate in the Krebs cycle.", "question": "Which amino acid is most likely to NOT be produced?", "options": {"A": "Arginine.", "B": "Glycine.", "C": "Phenylalanine.", "D": "Histidine.", "E": "Tyrosine."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1777, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which two amino acids are the least likely to occur in the middle of an alpha helical protein structure?", "options": {"A": "Glycine and lysine.", "B": "Glycine and proline.", "C": "Lysine and proline.", "D": "Methionine and lysine.", "E": "Methionine and proline."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1778, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Some herding animals develop matriarchal leadership systems led by the oldest female.", "question": "Which of the following hypothetical reasons could NOT be a proximate cause of this social behavior?", "options": {"A": "Older individuals are more able to distinguish between friendly and hostile family groups.", "B": "Older individuals confer onto the herd increased chances of survival and reproduction.", "C": "Older individuals have more time to develop ties with other herd members.", "D": "Older individuals hold more knowledge of safe watering grounds and territorial boundaries.", "E": "Older individuals have enhanced social and emotional intelligence."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1779, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "A female guppy has a choice of three mates: (1) an unpaired, dull-colored guppy; (2) an unpaired, brightly-colored guppy; (3) a paired, dull-colored guppy. Which of the mates would the guppy prefer?", "options": {"A": "Mate 1, because its dull coloration confers on it a selective advantage against predation.", "B": "Mate 2, because its bright coloration indicates robust health and ready access to nutrition.", "C": "Mate 2, because its bright coloration reflects increased genetic variation.", "D": "Mate 3, because guppies prefer to engage in polygynous behavior.", "E": "Mate 3, because its current courtship will induce mate choice copying."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1780, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Dr. T is a famous lecturer on ethology, and his favorite topic happens to be agonistic behavior.", "question": "Which of the following are examples of agonistic behavior? I. A female guppy picking a mate based on the males' external features. II. Two grey kangaroos boxing with each other to decide who gets the mate. III. Two male stalk-eyed flies comparing eye-stalk lengths for rights to a mate. IV. Male grey catbirds fluffing their feathers when their territory is threatened by another male.", "options": {"A": "I, II, IV.", "B": "I, III, V.", "C": "II, III.", "D": "II, III, IV.", "E": "III, IV."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1781, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following amino-acid substitutions is LEAST likely to be disruptive to protein function?", "options": {"A": "Lysine to glycine.", "B": "Cysteine to leucine.", "C": "Alanine to proline.", "D": "Aspartate to valine.", "E": "Alanine to valine."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1782, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman Syndrome can each occur due to a deletion in the same part of chromosome 15. However, Prader-Willi syndrome will result if the defective chromosome was inherited from the father, while Angelman syndrome results if it was inherited from the mother. Identify the answer choice below that also exemplifies a similar inheritance pattern.", "options": {"A": "Inheritance of Flower Color in Peas", "B": "Inheritance of Flower Color in Snapdragons", "C": "Inheritance of the Igf-2 gene in Mice", "D": "Inheritance of X-linked Color Blindness in Humans", "E": "Inheritance of Height in Humans"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1783, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A 30-year old woman (is planning to have a child and visits a genetic counselor. The only observed genetic disorder in her immediate family is that her brother was afflicted by Hurler syndrome (also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type I), a monogenic, autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a loss of function of a lysosomal enzyme named alpha-L iduronidase. Hurler syndrome manifests itself early in childhood and is often fatal.", "question": "What is the probability that the woman is a carrier for a disease-causing allele of alpha-L iduronidase?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{4}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{2}$", "C": "$\\frac{9}{16}$", "D": "$\\frac{2}{3}$", "E": "$\\frac{3}{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1784, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is incorrect about operons?", "options": {"A": "Operons can be switched off with a repressor.", "B": "The lac operon is an inducible operon.", "C": "In the presence of lactose and glucose, the lac operon will not be repressed.", "D": "CAP is an activator of transcription when not bound to cAMP.", "E": "A mutation in the operator of the trp operon can lead to overproduction of tryptophan."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1785, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The ratio of synonymous to nonsynonymous mutations that a protein-coding gene experiences in a given period of time is frequently used to infer the evolutionary pressures acting upon that gene. In particular, let $\\omega = \\mathrm{d}_{\\mathrm{N}} / \\mathrm{d}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ , where $\\mathrm{d}_{\\mathrm{N}}$ is the number of nonsynonymous mutations per nonsynonymous site, and $\\mathrm{d}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ is the number of synonymous mutations per synonymous site.", "question": "Which of the following statements about $\\omega$ and protein evolution is NOT correct?", "options": {"A": "A viral protein that experiences strong selection from the host immune system is likely to have $\\omega > 1$ .", "B": "In the absence of selection, nonsynonymous changes are more likely to occur than synonymous changes at any given codon site.", "C": "A gene paralog that is no longer expressed is likely to have $\\omega = 1$ .", "D": "For most genes, $\\omega = 1$ .", "E": "A highly conserved housekeeping gene is likely to have $\\omega < 1$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1786, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Eye color in fruit fly shows an X linked recessive mode of inheritance with red being the dominant phenotype and white being the recessive phenotype.", "question": "Which of the following mating experiments best prove this observation?", "options": {"A": "Mate a heterozygous red-eye female fly with a red-eye male fly.", "B": "Mate a homozygous red-eye female fly with a white-eye male fly.", "C": "Mate a white-eye female fly with a red-eye male fly.", "D": "Mate a white-eye female fly with a white-eye male fly.", "E": "Mate a heterozygous red-eye female fly with a white-eye male fly."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1787, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "After Pete was infected with Chikungunya virus, his immune system developed immunoglobulin against the virus's epitope with a peptide sequence VPRNAELGD.", "question": "Which of the following mutated sequences will most likely lead to immune evasion? (Assume that the mutated virus retains function)", "options": {"A": "APRNAELGD", "B": "VPRQAELGD", "C": "VPRNAELAD", "D": "VPRNYELAD", "E": "VPRNAEIGD"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1788, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which process likely explains why exons of the tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) are also found in other proteins?", "options": {"A": "Exon shuffling.", "B": "Clonal selection.", "C": "Translocation.", "D": "Heterochrony.", "E": "Transposition."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1789, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A microbiologist inoculates a clump of yeast cells into a large, sterile, closed flask full of growth media. Every hour, she uses a measure of the cloudiness of the liquid (known as the optical density) to estimate the number of yeast present. Initially, the yeast in the flask doubled in number every hour. After 24 hours, however, the growth of the yeast population slowed down; after 36 hours of measurement, the population size remained steady for the next 6 hours.", "question": "Which of the following is NOT true about this experiment?", "options": {"A": "One possible explanation for the results is the accumulation of high levels of ethanol in the flask over time.", "B": "For the first day, the yeast exhibit exponential growth.", "C": "At time $= 36$ hours, the yeast culture has reached a state of approximately zero population growth.", "D": "The plateau in population size at 36 hours is likely to be due to density-dependent regulation.", "E": "A graph of the yeast population over time (using a linear scale) has a constant slope for the first day, with a steadily decreasing slope from 24-36 hrs. and zero slope after 36 hrs."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1790, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Microbiologists from around the world travel to Hawaii to study the interaction of *Euprymna scolopes*, the Hawaiian squid, with the bacterium *Vibrio fischeri*. *Vibrio* bacteria live inside the light organ and obtain nutrients from the squid. The bacteria produce light through a process known as bioluminescence, providing a mechanism for camouflage for the squid in the ocean.", "question": "This is an example of:", "options": {"A": "Commensalism.", "B": "Parasitism.", "C": "Behavioral Imprinting.", "D": "Epigenetic modification.", "E": "Mutualism."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1791, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is FALSE regarding the cycling of water and nutrients in the ecosystems?", "options": {"A": "Prokaryotic nitrogen fixation is a mode for nitrogen entrance into ecosystems.", "B": "Solar energy is the force that causes water to move in a global cycle.", "C": "The carbon cycle mirrors the shared processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.", "D": "The proportion of a particular nutrient form and its cycling in that form is consistent within ecosystems.", "E": "Vegetation regulates nutrient cycling."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1792, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A meaningful estimate of the minimum viable population for a species requires computing the effective population size.", "question": "Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding factors that affect effective population size?", "options": {"A": "An uneven breeding sex ratio can lower the effective population size.", "B": "In an ideal population, the number of breeding individuals is constant between generations.", "C": "Effective population size calculations assume that all members of a generation are born at the same time.", "D": "In natural populations, the number of offspring for each individual often does not follow a Poisson distribution. This lowers the effective population size.", "E": "Genetic drift can lower the effective population size."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1793, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "A certain caterpillar has a net production efficiency of $28\\%$ , assimilation efficiency of $39\\%$ , exploitation efficiency of $50\\%$ , and a gross production efficiency of $10.92\\%$ . If there are 900 calories in the form of leaves (which this certain caterpillar loves to eat), how many calories will actually be used for production by this caterpillar?", "options": {"A": "5,405 calories.", "B": "90 calories.", "C": "49.14 calories.", "D": "10.81 calories.", "E": "19,305 calories."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1794, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which is not a difference between bacteria and archaea?", "options": {"A": "Presence of introns in archaea.", "B": "Presence of some histones in archaea.", "C": "Extremophilic growth of archaea.", "D": "Bacterial presence of peptidoglycan.", "E": "All of the above are differences."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1795, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which is not a similarity between land plants and green algae?", "options": {"A": "Rosette complexes for cellulose synthesis.", "B": "Lignified cell walls.", "C": "Peroxisome enzymes.", "D": "Structure of flagellated sperm.", "E": "Formation of aphragoplast."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1796, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "If you extract the genetic material of the Bacteriophage ( $\\Phi$ X174), you will find that its composition is 25% A, 33% T, 24% G, and 18% C.", "question": "How would you interpret these results?", "options": {"A": "The experiment's results must be erroneous; something went wrong", "B": "We could admit that the %A approximately equals that of T, and the same is true for C and G. Consequently, Chargaff's rules are followed and the DNA is double stranded", "C": "Because the %A does not equal the %T, nor does the %G equal the %C, the DNA is single-stranded; it is replicated by special enzymes, following a particular replication pattern, with the single-stranded chain as a template", "D": "Because the %A does not equal the %T, nor does the %G equal the %C, the DNA must be single-stranded; It replicates by synthesizing a complementary strand and uses the double stranded form as a template"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1797, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following cellular proteins make *direct* contact with chromosomes?", "options": {"A": "Centrosomes and microtubule-associated proteins", "B": "Kinesins, myosins, and actin microfilaments", "C": "Histones, condensins, and synaptonemal complexes", "D": "All of the above", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1798, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Your colleague's PCR reaction failed to amplify the human rhodopsin gene. Her lab notebook indicates that she added dNTPs, the Rhodopsin template gene, complementary DNA primers, buffer, and an *E. coli* DNA polymerase and ran the reaction under the proper conditions.", "question": "How would you advise her to fix the reaction?", "options": {"A": "Add a bacterial promoter to the Rhodopsin template", "B": "Add extra ATP so there is enough energy to catalyze the reaction", "C": "Add dNTPs to facilitate elongation", "D": "Use a different polymerase", "E": "Use RNA primers instead"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1799, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "For a constant concentration of an enzyme,", "question": "which of the following is true of a noncompetitive inhibitor?", "options": {"A": " $k_m$ is lowered; $v_{max}$ remains constant", "B": " $k_m$ is increased; $v_{max}$ remains constant", "C": " $k_m$ remains constant; $v_{max}$ is lowered", "D": " $k_m$ remains constant; $v_{max}$ is increased", "E": " $k_m$ remains constant; $v_{max}$ remains constant"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1800, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "The mitochondrion has more than three stop codons. Which biological principle does this violate?", "options": {"A": "Central dogma", "B": "Endosymbiotic theory", "C": "Conservation DNA replication", "D": "Complementary base-pairing", "E": "Universal genetic code"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1801, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following structures and processes can exist in eukaryotic cells and in all prokaryotic cells?I. Nuclear envelope\nII. Ribosomes\nIII. Introns\nIV. ATP synthesis\nV. rRNA 18S\nVI. Cell membrane\nVII. DNA polymerase\nVIII. Cytoskeletal elements", "options": {"A": "I, II, III and VIII", "B": "II, IV, VI and VIII", "C": "I, III, V and VII", "D": "II, IV, V and VI", "E": "II, III, VI and VIII"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1802, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Comparing the effect of an inhibitor with an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation,", "question": "the:", "options": {"A": "inhibitor would allow electrons to pass through the electron transport chain", "B": "inhibitor would increase the pumping of protons by the electron transport chain", "C": "uncoupler would increase heat production by the mitochondria", "D": "uncoupler would inhibit the reduction of oxygen by the electron transport chain", "E": "uncoupler would stop the oxidation of NADH by the electron transport chain"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1803, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "You order a degenerate probe designed from the following hemoglobin protein sequence: \n\nTrp- Gly- Lys- Val- Asn TGG GGC AAA GTC AAT T G T C A A G G ", "question": "How many different probe sequences would be returned to you? How many would be specific to your gene of interest?", "options": {"A": "25 total, 1 specific to gene", "B": "25 total, 5 specific to gene", "C": "32 total, 1 specific to gene", "D": "64 total, 1 specific to gene", "E": "64 total, 5 specific to gene"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1804, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A yeast extract contains all the enzymes required for alcohol production. The extract is incubated under anaerobic conditions in 1 liter of media containing: 200 mM glucose, 20 mM ADP, 40 mM ATP, 2 mM NADH, 2 mM $\\text{NAD}^+$ and 20 mM $\\text{Pi}$ (inorganic phosphates).", "question": "What is the maximum amount of ethanol that can be produced in these conditions?", "options": {"A": "2 mM", "B": "20 mM", "C": "40 mM", "D": "200 mM", "E": "400 mM"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1805, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "You find a plant that appears to have parallel veined leaves. Examination of its root indicates a single layered pericycle, primary xylem in the center of the root, and an active vascular cambium.", "question": "The plant most likely belongs to which of the following groups?", "options": {"A": "Conifer", "B": "Dicot", "C": "Fern", "D": "Gnetum", "E": "Monocot"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1806, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "\"Year after year, men cruising timber or hunting deer in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon had come back with the same story. Near the little hamlet of Kamela, they had heard a faraway tinkling, a ghostly bell ringing. No one was able to track down the strange sound. It would fade away in the sighs of the wind through the big pines. Skeptics accused the men of hearing things. Last week, while slashing a right-of-way for a power line from *Bonneville Dam*, lumberjacks brought down a ponderosa pine. Tied by a shriveled leather thong, high in the treetop, was the answer to the mystery of Kamela; a bronze cattle bell inscribed with the date 1878. The people of Kamela guessed that a pioneer had tied it to a sapling that had grown to a towering pine.\" (*Time Magazine*, 1937)", "question": "Which of the following is the best appraisal of the concluding sentence of the above report?", "options": {"A": "Logical because this tree could have attained great height since 1878.", "B": "Logical because a tree trunk elongates from the base up.", "C": "Illogical because no one knows with certainty when the bell was tied to the sapling.", "D": "Illogical because elongation of a tree trunk occurs from the apical meristem up.", "E": "There is no basis for appraising the concluding sentence of the report."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1807, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the bulk flow of substances in the phloem.1. Sugar moves down the stem\n2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis\n3. Sugar is transported from cell to cell via the apoplast and/or symplast\n4. Solutes are actively transported into sieve elements\n5. Water diffuses into the sieve tube elements", "options": {"A": "2,1,4,3,5", "B": "1,2,3,4,5", "C": "2,4,3,1,5", "D": "4,2,1,3,5", "E": "2,4,1,3,5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1808, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "A field of a common grain crop, *Zea mays* (corn, maize), was being cultivated for genetic plant-studies. Over the years it was noted that rabbits were eating the fallen kernels (corn seed) that were left in the field. The botanists were quick to notice that the rabbits did not eat the most starchy portion of the seed (taking mostly the protein) when environmental conditions were good. As conditions became more stressful, the rabbits came back to eat the most starchy portions of the seeds remaining. These behaviors lead the botanists to an interesting collaborative study with a team of zoologists and nutritionists.", "question": "What part of the corn seed was eaten last by the rabbits under more stressful conditions?", "options": {"A": "Cotyledon", "B": "Hypocotyl", "C": "Scutellum", "D": "Endosperm", "E": "Coleoptile"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1809, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statement(s) about the regulation of the stomatal opening is true?", "options": {"A": "The concentration of abscisic acid in the guard cells increases", "B": "Higher $K^+$ concentrations decrease guard cell's more negative water potential", "C": "The Level of carbon dioxide in the spaces inside the leaf increases", "D": "Lower $K^+$ concentrations give guard cells a more negative water potential", "E": "Potassium ions diffuse passively out of the guard cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1816, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "What observations would you **NOT** make when the body responds to a rapid increase of organic acids?", "options": {"A": "Decreased blood pH", "B": "Decreased respiration rate", "C": "Increased alveolar ventilation", "D": "Increased blood pressure", "E": "Increased heart rate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1817, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A preadolescent boy suffers an injury to the anterior pituitary. Although FSH is no longer produced, ICSH (LH) levels are normal. At 25 years of age,", "question": "one would expect that he would", "options": {"A": "Be impotent", "B": "Be sterile", "C": "Have impaired interstitial cell function", "D": "Not develop secondary sex characteristics", "E": "Produce large amounts of inhibin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1818, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "If adenylyl cyclase, the enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP is blocked, the:", "options": {"A": "Activity of progesterone at the endometrium would increase", "B": "Endometrial cells would not respond to estradiol", "C": "Corpus luteum would not respond to HCG", "D": "Level of progesterone produced by the ovary during the luteal phase would increase", "E": "Mammary glands would not respond to progesterone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1819, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "All of the following would result from severing the sensory fibers of the vagus nerve from the lung, **EXCEPT**", "options": {"A": "Atelectasis", "B": "Disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes", "C": "Less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing", "D": "Less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing", "E": "Potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1831, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "The presence of a vertebral column is with respect to all vertebrates [first term], but with respect to all chordates [second term].", "options": {"A": "homologous; analogous", "B": "primitive; derived", "C": "adaptive; maladaptive", "D": "analogous; homologous", "E": "analogous; derived"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1832, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In foxes, there are 9 coat colors: red, standard silver, Alaskan silver, double-black, smokey red, cross-red, blended-cross, substandard silver, and sub-Alaskan silver. A red fox was crossed with a double-black fox and their offspring were then crossed with each other. The F2 phenotypes were; 10 red : 18 smokey red : 20 cross-red : 39 blended-cross : 9 standard silver : 19 substandard silver : 12 Alaskan silver : 22 sub-Alaskan silver : 8 double-black.", "question": "How many genes are involved in this cross?", "options": {"A": "18 genes", "B": "4 pairs of genes", "C": "9 genes", "D": "9 pairs of genes", "E": "4 genes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1833, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "For populations that exhibit ________ population growth, maximum harvesting yield is achieved when ________.", "options": {"A": "exponential, population growth rate is highest", "B": "logistic, the population reaches its carrying capacity", "C": "logistic, population growth rate is highest", "D": "logistic, population growth rate is not changing with population size", "E": "exponential, the population reaches its carrying capacity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1834, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The best description of the relationships between fundamental niches (FN) and realized niches (RN) of two competing species that coexist is:", "options": {"A": " $FN_A = RN_A$ ; $FN_B = RN_B$ ", "B": " $FN_A > RN_A$ ; $FN_B = RN_B$ ", "C": " $FN_A < RN_A$ ; $FN_B < RN_B$ ", "D": " $FN_A > RN_A$ ; $FN_B > RN_B$ ", "E": " $FN_A = RN_A$ ; $FN_S > RN_S$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1845, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "An animal cell contains different organelles that perform specific functions. The nucleus controls the cell’s activities, the rough endoplasmic reticulum helps produce and process proteins, ribosomes build proteins, and mitochondria provide energy for the cell.", "question": "DNA ______", "options": {"A": "Nucleus", "B": "Golgi apparatus", "C": "Ribosomes on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)", "D": "Plasma membrane"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1875, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "For certain fishes that maintain feeding territories that they must patrol against intruders, the most successful individuals will be those maintaining:", "options": {"A": "Very large territories compared to their size", "B": "Very small territories compared to their size", "C": "Intermediate sized territories compared to their size", "D": "Cooperation with individuals of the same species", "E": "Groups of females to capture prey"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1876, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Two cultivars of the 4-o' clock plant (*Mirabilis jalapa*) are reciprocally crossed. When pollen from cultivar A pollinates cultivar B, all the offspring are nonvariegated (all green). When pollen from cultivar B pollinates cultivar A, some of the offspring are variegated (having green and white patches), some are green, and some are white but die as seedlings.", "question": "Which of the following statements are true? 1. Cultivar A is variegated\n2. Cultivar B is variegated\n3. A portion of chloroplasts in variety A carry a mutation for chlorophyll synthesis\n4. The pollen's genotype determines variegation in this cross\n5. Variegation is a lethal recessive phenotype", "options": {"A": "2, 4 only", "B": "2, 4, 5 only", "C": "1, 3 only", "D": "1, 2, 5 only", "E": "1, 2, 3, 4, 5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1877, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In bacteria, the elongation factor EF-Tu binds aminoacyl-tRNAs and transports them to the A site of the ribosomal large subunit after translation has been initiated.", "question": "Which amino acid's aminoacyl-tRNA does not need EF-Tu to enter the ribosome?", "options": {"A": "Phenylalanine", "B": "Proline", "C": "Lysine", "D": "Glycine", "E": "Formylmethionine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1878, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The Telome Theory describes the evolution of", "options": {"A": "Euphylophyte leaves", "B": "Lycophyte leaves", "C": "Plant meristems", "D": "Roots from shoots", "E": "Vascular tissues"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1879, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Plesiomorphy refers to a character that is", "options": {"A": "Ancestral", "B": "Derived", "C": "Distributed among taxa", "D": "No longer found in extant taxa", "E": "Unique to a given taxon"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1880, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement is true according to Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection?", "options": {"A": "Species adapt until reaching an optimal form", "B": "Individuals evolve as a function of their environment", "C": "Species producing many offspring are more adapted than those producing few", "D": "The number of offspring produced by an individual is related to both the traits of the parents and the environment", "E": "In a population undergoing natural selection most mutations lead to new species"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1881, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Questions 107 to 110, use the following information: You are studying a population of penguins found on an island near Antarctica, and discover that some have blue feet, while others have orange.", "question": "You count 16 blue-footed penguins and 84 orange-footed penguins. Assuming that foot color is determined by two different alleles of one gene, where the orange foot allele is dominant to the blue foot allele, and that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the allele frequency of the orange foot allele?", "options": {"A": "0.40", "B": "0.50", "C": "0.60", "D": "0.75", "E": "0.84"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1882, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "You are studying a population of penguins found on an island near Antarctica, and discover that some have blue feet, while others have orange. Under the same assumptions as above,", "question": "what is the frequency of heterozygotes for the foot color gene in this population of penguins?", "options": {"A": "0.0", "B": "0.24", "C": "0.4", "D": "0.48", "E": "0.6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1883, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Upon further investigation, it is discovered that 20 of the orange-footed penguins have a small black spot on the bottom of their feet, and that these individuals are the heterozygotes for the foot color gene. Assuming random mating over many generations, one would expect the frequency of blue-footed penguins to approach", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "0.04", "C": "0.07", "D": "0.1", "E": "Cannot be determined"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1884, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Assume the black-spotted orange feet are caused by another gene epistatic to the foot color gene. With random mating over many generations, one would expect the frequency of blue-footed penguins to approach", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "0.04", "C": "0.06", "D": "0.07", "E": "Cannot be determined"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1885, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In *Lycopersicon esculentum* (tomato), plants that were homozygous tall with smooth fruit were crossed with plants that were homozygous recessive dwarf with hairy fruit. The F1 plants were test-crossed with the following results: These data indicate that the genes for:", "question": "Tall, smooth fruits\nDwarf, hairy fruits\nTall, hairy fruits\nDwarf, smooth fruits", "options": {"A": "Height and fruit surface are on different chromosomes", "B": "Height and fruit surface are completely linked", "C": "Height and fruit surface are linked and 12.5 units apart", "D": "Height and fruit surface are linked and 25 units apart", "E": "Height and fruit surface are linked and 33 units apart"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1886, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A woman with blood type A, $RH^+$ gives birth to a child with type O, $Rh^-$ blood. There are five men who may be the father. The blood types of all five are determined in order to identify the father. Regrettably, only one of the men can be removed from consideration.", "question": "Of the blood types below, which man can definitely be removed?", "options": {"A": "A, $Rh^+$", "B": "O, $Rh^+$", "C": "B, $Rh^+$", "D": "B, $Rh^-$", "E": "AB, $Rh^-$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1887, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Which of the following factors are believed to influence the global latitudinal gradient of species richness? Choose all that apply.", "question": "1. Stability of tropical biomes over time\n2. Actual evapotranspiration\n3. Potential evapotranspiration", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "1, 2", "D": "1, 3", "E": "1, 2, 3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1888, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The region of the world with the greatest biodiversity of marine taxa (in total and per area) is the:", "options": {"A": "Abyssal plain of the Atlantic Ocean", "B": "Southern Ocean (the ocean surrounding Antarctica)", "C": "Seas between Southeast Asia and northern Australia", "D": "Caribbean Sea", "E": "Pelagic zone of the North Pacific"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1889, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Which of the following threaten coral reefs worldwide?", "question": "1. Pollution\n2. Destruction of mangrove and seagrass communities, which trap and filter pollution from runoff\n3. Destructive forms of fishing, such as fishing with dynamite\n4. Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration\n5. Diseases of corals", "options": {"A": "1, 2, 5", "B": "1, 3, 4", "C": "3, 4, 5", "D": "1, 2, 3, 5", "E": "1, 2, 3, 4, 5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1890, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Question refer to the following paragraph. In Argentina at $32^\\circ\\mathrm{S}$ latitude there are deserts east of the Andes Mountains. In Chile at $18^\\circ\\mathrm{S}$ latitude there are deserts west of the mountains in. Select from the following list of explanations those that best explain these two situations.", "question": "i. Easterly winds\nii. Westerly winds\niii. Descending dry air masses\niv. Ascending dry air masses\nv. Rain shadow on east side of mountain\nvi. Rain shadow on west side of mountain", "options": {"A": "i, ii, and iii only", "B": "i, iv and v only", "C": "i, iii, and vi only", "D": "iii, and v only", "E": "ii, iv and vi only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1891, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The Kingdom of Tonga is an archipelago consisting of 176 islands in the South Pacific. Only 51 of these islands are inhabited by man. A plant population that reproduces annually was found on one of the remote uninhabited islands of Tonga. Two flower-color variants were present, yellow and orange. Flower color is known to be a monogenic trait. The frequencies of the two flower colors were observed annually over a ten-year period. It was noted the proportion of plants with orange flowers steadily declined each year.", "question": "From these data, it may reasonably be concluded that:", "options": {"A": "The increased frequency of yellow-flowered plants was a result of genetic drift.", "B": "Migration of yellow-flowered plants into the population was the most likely cause of the observed change.", "C": "Mutation occurred more frequently in yellow-flowered plants than in orange-flowered plants.", "D": "Orange-flowered plants had a lower genetic fitness than the yellow-flowered plants.", "E": "Yellow-flowered plants were capable of crossing with other yellow-flowered plants or with orange-flowered plants but orange-flowered plants could only cross with other orange-flowered plants."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1892, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The region of the world with the greatest biodiversity of marine taxa (in total and per area) is:", "options": {"A": "Abyssal plain of the Atlantic Ocean", "B": "Southern Ocean (the ocean surrounding Antarctica)", "C": "Seas between Southeast Asia and northern Australia", "D": "Caribbean Sea", "E": "Pelagic zone of the North Pacific"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1893, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Some populations are characterized by the presence of balanced polymorphism. This condition may be maintained by all of the following EXCEPT:", "options": {"A": "Balancing selection", "B": "Directional selection", "C": "Disruptive selection", "D": "Frequency-dependent selection", "E": "Natural selection"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1894, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following amino acids has an R-group that can \"shuttle\" hydrogen ions?", "options": {"A": "Alanine", "B": "Leucine", "C": "Valine", "D": "Histidine", "E": "Isoleucine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1895, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Adrian's blood pH has been normal, but changed to 7.25. As a result, Adrian will:", "options": {"A": "Breathe more slowly and the serum carbonic acid concentration will rise", "B": "Breathe more slowly and the pH will rise", "C": "Breathe more slowly and the serum bicarbonate concentration will rise", "D": "Breathe more quickly and the serum bicarbonate concentration will rise", "E": "Breathe more quickly and the serum carbonic acid concentration will drop"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1896, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "You attempt to isolate two different subunits from a protein by running a denaturing protein gel electrophoresis. To your dismay, you only find one band on the gel that corresponds roughly to the total size of the protein. What did you most likely forget to add?", "options": {"A": "an oxidizing agent", "B": "a reducing agent", "C": "loading dye", "D": "polyacrylamide", "E": "SDS, a detergent"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1897, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic frequently prescribed for traveler's diarrhea and urinary tract *E. coli* infections. It acts by binding to and interfering with bacterial topoisomerases. Which of the following is the most accurate explanation of ciprofloxacin's mechanism of action?", "options": {"A": "Ciprofloxacin prevents the unwinding of double-stranded DNA and thus both DNA transcription and replication.", "B": "Ciprofloxacin prevents the relief of supercoiling caused by unwinding of double-stranded DNA and thus DNA replication.", "C": "Ciprofloxacin prevents the conversion of RNA primers to DNA and thus accurate DNA replication.", "D": "Ciprofloxacin prevents replication of the lagging strand.", "E": "Ciprofloxacin prevents the binding of DNA polymerases to DNA and thus both DNA transcription and replication."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1898, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Due to the widespread use of ciprofloxacin, many bacterial populations are now resistant to ciprofloxacin. You are studying a ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolate of *E. coli*. You have a hunch that this population does not harbor any plasmids. Given this information, which of the following best explains your isolate's resistance mechanism?", "options": {"A": "Your resistant bacteria pump ciprofloxacin out of the cell and thus minimize its effect.", "B": "Your resistant bacteria produce an enzyme that modifies the binding site of ciprofloxacin.", "C": "Your resistant bacteria have mutant topoisomerases that have less affinity for ciprofloxacin.", "D": "Your resistant bacteria produce a chemical compound that reacts with ciprofloxacin and reduces its affinity for topoisomerases.", "E": "Your resistant bacteria do not require the activity of topoisomerases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1899, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "In classical Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, the two constants $V_{max}$ and $K_m$ determine the activity of an enzyme that acts on one substrate. You are studying the effects of various chemicals on these constants for your favorite enzyme, and find one molecule that increases its $K_m$ but leaves $V_{max}$ constant. Your molecule is most likely to be:", "options": {"A": "a substrate analog", "B": "the enzyme's substrate", "C": "a coenzyme that increases catalytic efficiency", "D": "an allosteric inhibitor that decreases the enzyme's affinity for the substrate", "E": "an allosteric enhancer that increases the enzyme's affinity for the substrate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1900, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Eukaryotic transcription seems to be a wasteful process because so many proteins need to assemble on a large array of DNA sequences to initiate transcription. What might be the evolutionary advantage that allows such a complex process to be maintained throughout all eukaryotic organisms?", "options": {"A": "Since eukaryotes are larger than prokaryotes, you need a larger transcription process for initiation.", "B": "There are more genes that need to be transcribed in a eukaryote than in a prokaryote.", "C": "The use of a large number of proteins and regulatory sequences in DNA is essential for alternative splicing in eukaryotes.", "D": "The use of large numbers of proteins and regulatory sequences in DNA opens many possibilities for sophisticated gene regulation by eukaryotes.", "E": "Since transcription happens in the cytoplasm, you need so many proteins to prevent it from being broken up."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1901, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "All amino acids except lysine and leucine can be broken down into precursors for gluconeogenesis. What are the products produced by the breakdown of lysine and leucine that prevent them from functioning in that pathway?", "options": {"A": "Oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA", "B": "Pyruvate and succinate", "C": "Acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate", "D": "Succinyl-CoA and acetoacetate", "E": "Acetaldehyde and pyruvate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1902, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "When a mammal ingests a carbohydrate-rich meal after a long fast, the metabolic behavior of its hepatocytes undergoes many changes. Which of the following responses would not occur after a large influx of glucose?", "options": {"A": "Dephosphorylation and activation of PFK-2", "B": "Increased glucokinase activity", "C": "Glycogen phosphorylase R $\\rightarrow$ T transition", "D": "Decreased phosphoglucomutase activity", "E": "Rise in concentration of NADPH"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1903, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is the primary interaction accounting for the majority of proteins in aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "Salt bridges", "B": "Hydrogen bonding", "C": "Dipole-dipole", "D": "Disulfide bonds", "E": "Hydrophobic interactions"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1904, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "You are given four unlabeled samples of polysaccharides and told that each contains either amylopectin, amylose, cellulose, or glycogen, (one of each). Given the following information, which sample contains which type of polysaccharide?", "question": "Sample #1: Many 1-6 linkages of $\\alpha$ -glucose monomers\nSample #2: Composed of $\\beta$ -glucose monomers\nSample #3: Many 1-4 linkages of $\\alpha$ -glucose monomers\nSample #4: Some 1-6 linkages of $\\alpha$ -glucose monomers", "options": {"A": "#1 – amylose, #2 – cellulose, #3 – amylopectin, #4 – glycogen", "B": "#1 – cellulose, #2 – glycogen, #3 – amylose, #4 – amylopectin", "C": "#1 – amylopectin, #2 – cellulose, #3 – amylopectin, #4 – glycogen", "D": "#1 – glycogen, #2 – amylopectin, #3 – cellulose, #4 – amylase", "E": "#1 – glycogen, #2 – cellulose, #3 – amylose, #4 – amylopectin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1905, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about gravity perception is **FALSE**?", "options": {"A": "Statoliths are specialized amyloplasts.", "B": "Statoliths are found in statocytes.", "C": "Gravity is sensed from the root cap acropetally through the zone of division.", "D": "Columella cells sense gravity through statolith pressure on the endoplasmic reticulum", "E": "Auxin is the main hormone involved in gravity response."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1906, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "What characterizes a short-day plant?", "options": {"A": "They flower only after a sequence of short days followed by long days.", "B": "They flower only after a sequence of long days followed by short days.", "C": "They flower in fall or early spring.", "D": "Flowering can be induced by an interruption of a long day with a period of darkness.", "E": "They need to be vernalized in order to flower."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1907, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about flowering is true?", "options": {"A": "A long-day plant will flower when it has been stimulated to produce the correct ratio of phytochromes to cryptochromes.", "B": "A long-day plant will flower when its ratio of $P_r$ to $P_{fr}$ that is greater than 1.", "C": "A long-day plant will flower if its night is interrupted by a flash of red and then a flash of far-red light.", "D": "A long-day plant will flower when most of its phytochromes are in the $P_{fr}$ form and the days are long enough for its flowering gene to accumulate to high enough levels to induce flowering.", "E": "A long-day plant requires a short night so the flowering inhibitor protein can be removed to low-enough levels to allow flowering."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1908, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "A researcher's new houseplant exhibits photoperiodism because of the presence of phytochromes. Which of the following statements about plant phytochromes is NOT true?", "options": {"A": "Each phytochrome molecule is a dimer composed of two identical subunits. Each subunit contains a photosensitive chromophore.", "B": "The conformational change of $P_r$ to $P_{fr}$ is irreversible, so over the night the plant recycles the $P_{fr}$ that was produced during the day and synthesizes new $P_r$ phytochromes.", "C": "When exposed to red light, $P_r$ is converted to $P_{fr}$ in the plant.", "D": "Plants shaded by other plants commonly have the equilibrium of $P_r$ to $P_{fr}$ more shifted toward $P_r$ during the day.", "E": "ALL of the above are true"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1909, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is TRUE about leaves in vascular plants?", "options": {"A": "Leaves are found on all species in the kingdom Plantae", "B": "Secondary (woody) growth is found in some leaves", "C": "All plants with microphylls are extinct", "D": "Megaphylls may have evolved from sporangia on the side of the stem", "E": "Microphylls may have evolved from a series of branches lying close to each other on a stem"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1910, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is an accurate description of alternation of generations in vascular and nonvascular plants?", "options": {"A": "Nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants have a dominant gametophyte", "B": "Seedless and seed-producing vascular plants have an independent gametophyte", "C": "Nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants have dominant sporophyte", "D": "Seedless and seed-producing vascular plants have a dominant gametophyte", "E": "Seedless and seed-producing vascular plants have a reduced gametophyte"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1911, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the bulk flow of substances in the phloem.", "question": "I. Water diffuses into the sieve tube elements\nII. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis\nIII. Solutes are actively transported into sieve elements\nIV. Sugar is transported from cell to cell via the apoplast and/or symplast\nV. Sugar moves down the stem", "options": {"A": "II, I, IV, III, V", "B": "I, II, III, IV, V", "C": "II, IV, III, I, V", "D": "IV, II, I, III, V", "E": "II, IV, I, III, V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1912, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants?", "options": {"A": "Fertilization precedes pollination.", "B": "Pollination easily occurs between plants of different species.", "C": "Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other.", "D": "If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary.", "E": "Pollination brings gametophytes together such that fertilization can occur."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1913, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "You are growing plants hydroponically, measuring $CO_2$ usage. The plants initially grow robustly, but soon $CO_2$ assimilation drops. Young leaves continue to grow normally, but older leaves begin to yellow. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause for the observed changes?", "options": {"A": "The hydroponic medium lacks oxygen, causing the roots to suffocate.", "B": "The plants are preparing to flower.", "C": "The plants are mutants which overproduce gibberellins.", "D": "The hydroponic medium lacks magnesium.", "E": "The plants are not exposed to enough light."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1914, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following has the greatest total cross-sectional area in the human body?", "options": {"A": "Arteries", "B": "Arterioles", "C": "Capillaries", "D": "Venules", "E": "Veins"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1915, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a feature of muscles that have mainly oxidative metabolism?", "options": {"A": "Have low blood supply", "B": "Store more fat", "C": "Commonly identified as fast twitch", "D": "Have few mitochondria", "E": "Susceptible to fatigue"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1916, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Place the following events related to the allergic response in order of occurrence.", "question": "1. IgE antibodies bind to mast cells.\n2. Mast cells degranulate.\n3. IgE antibodies recognize and bind to allergen.\n4. Allergy symptoms appear.\n5. IgE antibodies are produced in response to exposure to an allergen.\n6. Histamine is released into the blood.", "options": {"A": "VI, V, I, II, III, IV", "B": "V, II, I, III, VI, IV", "C": "V, III, I, VI, II, IV", "D": "IV, VI, V, III, I, II", "E": "V, I, III, II, VI, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1917, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which region of the brain is LEAST related to processing of visual signals?", "options": {"A": "Occipital lobe", "B": "Cerebellum", "C": "Hypothalamus", "D": "Optic chiasm", "E": "Lateral geniculate nuclei"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1918, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "You compliment a friend on his recent weight loss. When you are playing video games at his house later, you notice he seems disinterested in the game and is frequently going to the kitchen to get snacks. After one too many sodas, you go to the bathroom, where you see his medicine cabinet stocked full of Rogaine (a hair loss medication), Imodium (a diarrhea medication), Viagra (an impotence medication) and Ritalin (a hyperactivity medication). Finally understanding his illness, you tell your friend he needs to see a doctor about his:", "options": {"A": "Hyperthyroidism", "B": "Type I diabetes", "C": "Hyperparathyroidism", "D": "Hypopituitarism", "E": "Hypogonadism"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1919, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "When comparing the mammal's respiratory system with the arthropod's tracheal system, which of the following is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "The mammal's respiratory system is limited to a certain region of its body, while the tracheal system of the arthropod is throughout its body", "B": "Both systems are adaptations for living in air", "C": "Both systems have a closed circulatory system adjacent to a gas exchange surface", "D": "Both systems possess highly branched tubes", "E": "Both systems possess invaginated surfaces"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1920, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "List the following Orthoptera appendage segments in order from most proximal to most distal.", "question": "1. Coxa\n2. Femur\n3. Tarsus\n4. Tibia\n5. Trochanter", "options": {"A": "III, II, IV, V, I", "B": "I, II, IV, III, V", "C": "II, V, IV, III, I", "D": "V, I, II, IV, III", "E": "I, V, II, IV, III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1921, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "When stimulated, which of the following will cause an accelerated heartbeat, pupil dilation, blood pressure rise, and more blood to flow to the peripheral muscles?", "options": {"A": "Parasympathetic nervous system", "B": "Parathyroid gland", "C": "Somatic nervous system", "D": "Sympathetic nervous system", "E": "Thyroid gland"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1922, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Without harming the *Lumbricus* (earthworm) specimen, a researcher carefully removed the liquid in each body segment. Which of the following descriptions of earthworm movement would you expect to observe?", "options": {"A": "Movement by the setae only", "B": "Neither extension nor contraction", "C": "Normal contraction and extension", "D": "Normal extension, but not full contraction", "E": "Normal contraction, but not full extension"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1923, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A patient meets with his doctor and presents the following symptoms: low metabolic rate, goiter, and weight gain to the point of obesity. Which of the following best describes the cause of these symptoms?", "options": {"A": "High body temperature", "B": "High levels of thyrotropic hormone (TSH) in the blood", "C": "High levels of thyroxin in the blood", "D": "Increased production of thyrotropic releasing hormone", "E": "Lack of sufficient iodine in the diet"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1924, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following are common precursors in hormone synthesis?", "options": {"A": "Carbohydrates, polypeptides, and steroids", "B": "Carbohydrates, fats, and polypeptides", "C": "Fats, polypeptides, and steroids", "D": "Amino acids, polypeptides, and steroids", "E": "Amino acids, fats, and minerals"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1925, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "In a capillary bed if the hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole ends is 32 mm Hg and at the venule ends is 14 mm Hg with an osmotic pressure of 22 mm Hg, the net flow of fluids from the capillary bed will occur with a pressure of", "options": {"A": "2 mm Hg", "B": "8 mm Hg", "C": "10 mm Hg", "D": "18 mm Hg", "E": "22 mm Hg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1926, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Upon examination of an unknown animal, you determine the following: it has an excretory system with blind-ended tubules emerging as outgrowths in the digestive system, is terrestrial, and has an open circulatory system. You also could predict that it might have which of the following?", "options": {"A": "Book gills", "B": "Lungs", "C": "Four-chambered heart", "D": "Nephridia", "E": "Tracheal system"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1927, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Which of the following pH series MOST closely matches the pH series for the following solutions?", "question": "blood, $10^{-5}$ M HCl, pure water\\*, gastric fluids, salt water\n* at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)", "options": {"A": "7.4, 5.0, 7.0, 2.5, 8.3", "B": "8.3, 10.0, 7.0, 1.2, 7.2", "C": "7.5, 10.5, 7.0, 4.0, 8.3", "D": "5.0, 7.4, 7.0, 8.3, 2.4", "E": "6.8, 5.0, 7.0, 2.4, 8.3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1928, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "While examining a small mammal's skull, you observe that there are no canines and that the premolars and molars are flat. Which of the following characteristics would this mammal likely possess?", "options": {"A": "Lacks maltase and sucrase in its intestine", "B": "Lacks amylase in its saliva", "C": "Possesses a high concentration of pepsin in its saliva", "D": "Possesses a long large intestine", "E": "Possesses a spiral valve in its intestine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1929, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is an example of an ethological study?", "options": {"A": "The ability of wood rats to run mazes", "B": "The behavior of cows held in small barns", "C": "The effect of freezing temperature on mating in Amazonian fishes", "D": "The preference of honeybees for different flower colors", "E": "Both B and D are correct"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1934, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In question, you have two true-breeding strains of pea plants with white flowers. Crossing these two strains yields an F1 generation that only has purple flowers. Self-crossing these purple flowered plants yields the following ratio of progeny with purple and white flowers: 9 purple: 7 white.", "question": "How many genes in this cross are involved in determining flower color?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "3", "E": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1935, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "You have two true-breeding squash strains with white flowers instead of the normal yellow flowers. When crossed, the F1 generation exhibits yellow flowers only. Your colleague makes the following hypothesis to explain this result: Each parental strain has a mutation in the same gene, the protein product of which forms a homodimer that catalyzes an important step in yellow pigment production. It happens by chance that the two distinct mutant subunits, each produced in a parental strain, can bind to each other and function normally, but not when bound with itself or the wild type subunit. What ratio of yellow-flowered to white-flowered progeny would you expect from a self-cross of the F1 generation if your colleague's hypothesis were correct?", "options": {"A": "1:1", "B": "9:7", "C": "7:9", "D": "3:1", "E": "1:3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1936, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Using the following information, approximate the number of nucleotide triphosphates required to translate an mRNA molecule with a coding region (including start and stop codons, excluding untranslated regions) that is X base pairs long.", "question": "1. 1 ATP is required to attach an amino acid to tRNA.\n2. 1 ATP is required to break myosin from actin.\n3. 2 GTP are required to dissociate ribosome subunits and mRNA and release a finished polypeptide.\n4. 1 GTP is hydrolyzed to bind the large subunit of the ribosome to an mRNA.\n5. 1 GTP is produced per round of the citric acid cycle.\n6. 1 GTP is required for codon recognition per each new aminoacyl-tRNA added.\n7. 1 GTP is required for translocation of peptidyl-tRNAs per each cycle of elongation.", "options": {"A": " $X + 3$ ", "B": " $3X$ ", "C": " $3X + 3$ ", "D": " $4X/3 + 3$ ", "E": " $X/3 + 3$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1937, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "With the movement to land from an aquatic environment, all of the following were problems facing plants **EXCEPT**:", "options": {"A": "UV radiation", "B": "Desiccation of the embryo and zygote", "C": "Pollen production", "D": "Temperature fluctuations", "E": "Winds"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1938, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Cyclic and noncyclic pathways for photophosphorylation are present in most plants. If you assume that the cyclic pathway is not affected, which of the following processes would cease if the noncyclic pathway were inhibited?", "options": {"A": "Chemiosmosis in mitochondria", "B": "Active transport of $Na^+$ across the cell membrane", "C": "Oxidation of $FAD_{re}$ to $FAD_{ox}$ ", "D": " $6CO_2 + 6 RuBP + 12 ATP + 12 NADPH_{re} \\rightarrow 12 \\text{ glucose phosphate} + 12 NADPH_{ox} + 12 ADP$ ", "E": "Osmosis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1939, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The difference between the action spectrum and the absorption spectrum of plants suggests that:", "options": {"A": "Chlorophyll is not involved in the dark reactions", "B": "Pigments other than chlorophyll are involved", "C": "Two photosystems are involved", "D": "Chlorophyll is green", "E": "Green light is not effective for photosynthesis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1940, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Nitrogen Cycle?", "options": {"A": "The atmospheric reservoir of nitrogen makes up only a small amount of the total amount of the element in the Nitrogen Cycle.", "B": "Most nitrogen is fixed in the root nodules in plants of the family Fabaceae.", "C": "The process of returning nitrogen to inorganic forms in the soil by decomposers is called ammonification.", "D": "Some species of nitrifying bacteria are responsible for converting $\\text{NO}_2^-$ to $\\text{NO}_3^-$ .", "E": "ALL of the above are true."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1941, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "You wish to know the population of a certain group of gorillas on your wildlife preserve. You captured and tagged 45 gorillas with a microchip and released them back into the wild. After six months, you returned and captured 64 gorillas and 8 had the tags that you have previously placed in them. Given that no births or deaths occur in the population, what is the size of the population of gorillas on your wildlife preserve?", "options": {"A": "140", "B": "150", "C": "180", "D": "270", "E": "360"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1942, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "You are working for a biotech company that produces a genetically engineered bacterium. The species that you are responsible for will grow until the population reaches a density of $1.2 \\times 10^6$ cells/ $\\text{cm}^3$ . To maximize the sustainable yield of these bacteria, you should adjust the density to:", "options": {"A": "$1.2 \\times 10^6$ cells/ $\\text{cm}^3$", "B": "Between $1.2$ and $2.4 \\times 10^6$ cells/ $\\text{cm}^3$", "C": "$0.6 \\times 10^6$ cells/ $\\text{cm}^3$", "D": "$1.2 \\times 10^3$ cells/ $\\text{cm}^3$", "E": "$0.6 \\times 10^3$ cells/ $\\text{cm}^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1943, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "An orchid growing epiphytically on a tree is an example of:", "options": {"A": "Batesian mimicry", "B": "Inquilinism", "C": "Mutualism", "D": "Phoresy", "E": "Adventitious roots"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1944, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is **NOT** a typical characteristic of a K-selected species?", "options": {"A": "Large body size", "B": "Lives in fairly stable and predictable environments", "C": "Produces few offspring", "D": "Reproduces late in life", "E": "Short life span"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1945, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following would be the most acceptable limiting factor showing a boom or bust growth curve in an *Anopheles* (mosquito) population?", "options": {"A": "Density-independent limitations", "B": "Density-dependent limitations", "C": "Intrinsic rate factors", "D": "S factors", "E": "Survivorship factors"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1946, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Both Annelids and Mollusks have", "options": {"A": "Ciliated larvae always in their life cycles", "B": "A blastopore that develops into an anus", "C": "A coelom that develops from mesodermal pouches", "D": "Indeterminate cleavage in early development", "E": "A mesoderm that arises as a solid in-growth of cells from a cell near the blastopore"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1947, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Among the following animal groups, which is least related to the others?", "options": {"A": "Annelida", "B": "Aschelminthes", "C": "Arthropoda", "D": "Echinodermata", "E": "Mollusca"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1948, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Insects typically have all of the following with the exception of:", "options": {"A": "Body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen", "B": "Compound eyes", "C": "One pair of antennae", "D": "Pincer or Fang-like chelicerae", "E": "Three pairs of legs"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1949, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "A highly mutated protein is isolated from a line of lab rats. A number of charged amino acids are shown to have been replaced by non-polar amino acids in its polypeptide sequence when compared to the wild-type protein. Which of the following changes in the protein might have occurred as a result?", "question": "I. There is a greater amount of $\\alpha$ -helix found in the mutated protein.\nII. The mutated protein does not fold at all because some of the charged amino acids that were replaced were very important to the shape of the wild-type protein.\nIII. The mutated protein has a very different quaternary structure compared to the wild-type.\nIV. When inserted into a cell membrane, a smaller portion of the mutated protein is found inside the lipid bilayer.", "options": {"A": "I only.", "B": "III only.", "C": "I and III only.", "D": "I, II, and IV only.", "E": "I, III, and IV only."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1950, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Questions 69 to 72 are linked.\n\n69. A macrophage cell notifies other cells of an immunological invader by:", "question": "I. Up-regulating expression of MHC I molecules upon activation.\nII. Up-regulating expression of MHC II molecules upon activation.\nIII. Interacting with the complement system.\nIV. Acting as an antigen presenting cell.\nV. Inactivating viruses through release of antibodies.\nVI. Decreasing enzymatic production.\nVII. Increased cytokine production.", "options": {"A": "I, III, IV, and VI", "B": "I, IV, V, and VII", "C": "II, III, IV, and VII", "D": "II, III, IV, and V", "E": "I, II, IV, and VI"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1951, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A confluent layer of macrophage cells are grown in two $25 \\text{ cm}^2$ tissue culture flasks with appropriate medium containing 10% plasma serum. For the experiment all medium is removed from the flask and the cells are washed with appropriate buffers to remove all traces of serum and media. *E. coli* bacteria, suspended in serum free media, are then added or \"fed\" to the macrophages. The process of *E. coli* death from phagocytosis was then studied. It is necessary in a phagocytosis study to remove the serum because:", "options": {"A": "The complement proteins could have independently killed the bacteria.", "B": "The B cells could have independently killed the bacteria.", "C": "The natural killer cells could have independently phagocitized the bacteria.", "D": "Serum proteins could have inhibited the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC).", "E": "Serum proteins could have inhibited the Major Histocompatibility Complex."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1952, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "After 30 minutes the cells in tissue culture Flasks 1 and 2 are washed with appropriate buffers to remove all free *E. coli*. Serum free media is added and the flasks incubated. During incubation the macrophages and microbes are at war. Which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "The macrophage digests the *E. coli* through the oxidative burst.", "B": "The *E. coli* protects itself through the oxidative burst.", "C": "The oxidative burst is characterized by an increased production of hydrogen peroxide.", "D": "The oxidative burst results in the formation of a membrane attack complex.", "E": "A and C"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1953, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "After 45 minutes, the macrophages in Flask 1 are lysed by adding ice cold water. The macrophages and water are centrifuged and the bacteria isolated from the macrophage debris. The bacteria are suspended, diluted and plated on agar. After 90 minutes, the same procedure was followed for tissue culture Flask 2 and these bacteria were plated. Bacterial Plates 1 and 2 were incubated for 24 hours. What would be your prediction of the bacterial growth on Plate 1 (45 minutes) compared to the bacterial growth on Plate 2 (90 minutes)?", "options": {"A": "Plates 1 and 2 have equal colonies", "B": "Plate 1 has no colonies", "C": "Plate 2 has no colonies", "D": "Plate 1 has more colonies than Plate 2", "E": "Plate 2 has more colonies than Plate 1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1954, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "A plant researcher suggested that in *Brassica oleracea* (Brussels sprouts), lateral bud inhibition is due to sub-optimal auxin activity. To determine if this was true, she removed the apex of a young Brussels sprout plant. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?", "question": "1. Removal of the apex induced an auxin increase in the lateral buds which then grew out.\n2. Gibberellin activity decreased immediately\n3. Gibberellin activity increased immediately\n4. Auxin application to the cut surface of decapitated plants caused lateral bud inhibition, but did not completely prevent bud growth\n5. The auxin content of the lateral buds on intact plants increased with time", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4", "E": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1955, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "In angiosperms, a spore differs from a seed in a variety of ways. Given below is a list of possible differences. Which are correct?", "question": "1. A spore is haploid, a seed has both haploid and diploid tissue\n2. A spore is diploid, a seed is haploid.\n3. A spore is the consequence of meiosis, a seed the consequence of fertilization.\n4. A spore develops into a gametophyte, a seed develops into a new sporophyte.\n5. A spore develops into a sporophyte, a seed develops into a gametophyte.\n6. A spore is unicellular, a seed is multicellular.\n7. A spore contains little or no stored food, a seed contains stored food.", "options": {"A": "II, III, V, VI, and VII only", "B": "I, III, V, VI, and VII only", "C": "I, III, V, and VI only", "D": "II, V, VI, and VII only", "E": "I, III, IV, VI, and VII only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1956, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about lenticels is true? Choose all that apply.", "options": {"A": "Lenticels are a unique feature of angiosperms.", "B": "Lenticels form when a region of cork cambium grows more actively than surrounding tissue, rupturing the phellem.", "C": "Lenticels form when a region of cork cambium grows more slowly than surrounding tissue, rupturing the phellem.", "D": "Lenticels are found only on shoots and roots.", "E": "Lenticels originate in the plant epidermis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1957, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "What are some effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? I. The distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidney nephrons are targeted. II. The osmolarity of the blood increases following ADH activity. III. Urine volume is increased. IV. The number of aquaporins in the collecting ducts is increased.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and IV only", "D": "II and III only", "E": "II, III, and IV only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1958, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "During an adult thyroidectomy the parathyroids are often removed and transplanted under the skin under the clavicle. Assume the patient takes and is responsive to all thyroid replacement medications. However, if the parathyroid transplant fails, possible physiological consequences are:", "question": "I. Erratic heart rates\nII. Decreased vitamin D metabolism\nIII. Increased rate of carbohydrate absorption\nIV. Muscle weakness and/or tetanus\nV. Goiter\nVI. Iodine deficiency", "options": {"A": "I, II, and IV", "B": "I, III, and V", "C": "II, III, and V", "D": "III, V, and VI", "E": "IV, V, and VI"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1959, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about the human menstrual cycle are correct?", "options": {"A": "The corpus luteum is named for high concentrations of carotenoid compounds.", "B": "During the follicular phase (Days 1 through 13), FSH stimulates development of a primordial follicle into a mature Graafian follicle that ruptures in ovulation.", "C": "Dosage regimen for combined oral contraceptive pills typically consists of 21 pills followed by seven placebo pills; while progesterone-only pills are taken continuously without the need for a placebo.", "D": "The end of menstruation marks Day 1 in the beginning of a new menstrual cycle.", "E": "Without fertilization leading to embryonic production of hCG, approximately 14 days after ovulation the corpus luteum will degenerate. The resulting drop in estrogen level triggers menstruation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1960, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Place the following events related to skeletal muscle contraction in order of occurrence.", "question": "I. $\\text{Ca}^{2+}$ ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) into the cytoplasm.\nII. The action potential travels across the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.\nIII. Sarcomeres shorten and the muscle contracts.\nIV. An action potential travels down the motor nerve axon.\nV. Cross-bridges are broken and reformed.\nVI. $\\text{Ca}^{2+}$ ions bind to troponin.\nVII. Ryanodine receptors between the T tubules and SR are activated.\nVIII. Tropomyosin is moved away from the myosin cross-bridge binding sites.\nIX. ACh is released at the neuromuscular junction.", "options": {"A": "IV, II, IX, VII, I, VIII, V, VI, III", "B": "IX, VII, I, VI, VIII, III, II, V, IV", "C": "IV, IX, II, VII, I, VI, VIII, V, III", "D": "III, IV, I, VII, IX, VIII, VI, V, II", "E": "IX, IV, VII, II, I, VI, V, VIII, III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1961, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The Thomson's gazelle (*Eudorcas thomsonii*) is an herbivorous mammal that lives in the African savannah. Its primary defense against predators is its speed; even very fast predators such as the cheetah have difficulty catching a healthy gazelle. When the gazelle spots a cheetah, the gazelle leaps high into the air, a behavior known as \"stotting\". Caro (1986) studied this behavior and concluded that stotting is an honest signal to the cheetah that the gazelle is fit and hard to catch. Which of the following observations would NOT be consistent with this hypothesis?", "options": {"A": "Stotting occurs when the gazelle is within sight of other gazelles", "B": "Stotting does not occur when the gazelle is not near other gazelles", "C": "Stotting gazelles are chased less often than non-stotters", "D": "Stotting is more likely to occur when the cheetah is farther away", "E": "Stotting gazelles turn their conspicuous white rump towards the cheetah"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1962, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "For Questions 98 and 99, use the information below.\n\nYou are studying a newly-discovered species, *H. theticus*, which exhibits a behavior called \"snonting.\" Your observations have revealed the following:\n\n- *H. theticus* lives in family units consisting of a monogamous pair and their offspring. New pairs almost always settle close to the male's parents.\n- Some sexually-mature individuals of *H. theticus* do not reproduce, instead remaining with their parents.\n- An isolated individual that snonts has a lower reproductive fitness than an individual that does not snont.\n\n98. Which of the following would NOT be acceptable evidence that snonting is an altruistic behavior and is maintained in the population due to kin selection?", "options": {"A": "All genetically-related individuals in a large family unit snont", "B": "The individuals who snont are all non-reproductive", "C": "Males snont more often when other males of similar age are nearby", "D": "Reproductive males engage in snonting even when they are not raising offspring", "E": "Females cease snonting when they find a mate, but begin snonting again when their offspring reach reproductive age."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1963, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are valid reasons why rRNA sequences are frequently used to draw phylogenetic trees? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "Because of the lethality or near-lethality of most ribosomal RNA mutations, the rRNA sequence changes very slowly and makes drawing phylogenetic trees over long spans of time possible.", "B": "rRNA is more resistant to mutation and thus more reliable than most genes.", "C": "rRNA sequences are highly conserved across almost all living organisms.", "D": "The stem-loop structure of rRNA results in some more conserved regions that have slower mutation rates and other regions with higher mutation rates, allowing for rarer mutations that distinguish more distant phylogenetic relationships.", "E": "The DNA that encodes rRNA is never duplicated or translocated, removing the challenge of distinguishing paralogous genes from homologous genes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1964, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Consider a hypothetical gene whose active site is encoded by the gene fragment below:\n\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18\nC T G G C A T G C T T C G G A A A T\n\nWhich of the following mutations would be most significant to the activity of the protein encoded by the gene?", "options": {"1": "Addition of a \"G\" between positions 14 and 15", "2": "Deletion of \"A\" at position 16", "3": "Deletion of \"C\" at position 5", "4": "Substitution of \"A\" for \"G\" at position 14", "5": "Deletion of \"A\" at position 15"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1965, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "The Sentinelese tribe who has brown eyes lives on the north side of Sentinel Island, a part of the Andaman Islands belonging to India. In the 60,000 years that they have lived on this island, they have rejected all contact with any other peoples. Suppose that two male adventurers from the outside world are marooned on an island with three female Sentinelese. Both explorers have brown eyes, but one explorer's mother had blue eyes. If one assumes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the eye-color alleles, about how many people would you expect to have blue eyes when the island population reaches 40,000?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "40", "C": "400", "D": "2000", "E": "4000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1966, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Field studies of the measurement of the eggs of *Anas platyrhynchos* (Mallard duck) have shown that average size eggs are more likely to produce viable offspring than smaller or larger eggs. This is an example of:", "options": {"A": "Convergence", "B": "Directional selection", "C": "Disruptive selection", "D": "Polymorphism", "E": "Stabilizing selection"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1967, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "An USDA field researcher studies a field with monoculture of plants that occur nowhere else in Maryland and no other species of the same genus are known to exist anywhere. The researcher demonstrates that the plants in this field are most likely interfertile. After 3 years, the researcher observes the field of plants and finds some look slightly different. With cross-pollination studies, he discovers that these plants can cross with each other, but not with normal plants and appear to be a second species closely related to the first. Which of the following statements is the best possible explanation?", "options": {"A": "Some of the original population of plants developed a new gene allowing it to split into two species", "B": "Speciation was caused by genetic drift", "C": "Environmental factors due to habitat differences in different areas of the field led to divergent adaptation", "D": "Speciation can be explained by the fact that the plants are polyploids", "E": "The original species first evolved polymorphism and then each formed a separate species"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1968, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "An invasive species of grasshopper from South America is destroying crops in Ohio. Which of the following would be the safest and most effective strategy to control the invasive insect population?", "options": {"A": "Import a species of bird from South America whose natural diet includes these invasive grasshoppers.", "B": "Spray all the croplands and surrounding areas with pesticide to kill all the grasshoppers.", "C": "Do not plant crops for a couple years in the area to deprive the grasshoppers of their food source and thereby eliminate them.", "D": "Use localized amounts of pesticide near the crops to kill the grasshoppers.", "E": "Release large numbers of a native species of grasshoppers into the area so that they will outcompete the invasive species."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1969, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Consider a cell bathed in a solution mimicking normal ECF. If [K+] was raised to 100 mM in the ECF, but everything else about the ECF and the cell stayed the same, we would expect that", "options": {"A": "The membrane potential would fall.", "B": "The membrane potential would stay the same.", "C": "The membrane potential would rise.", "D": "The membrane potential would oscillate slowly.", "E": "The membrane potential would oscillate rapidly."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1970, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Action potentials propagate along an axon because", "options": {"A": "Each AP alters nearby membrane shape, opening mechanically-gated Na+ channels in adjacent regions of the axon.", "B": "Each AP alters nearby membrane shape, opening mechanically-gated Ca^{2+} channels in adjacent regions of the axon.", "C": "Each AP alters nearby membrane potential, opening voltage-gated Na+ channels in adjacent regions of the axon.", "D": "Each AP alters nearby membrane potential, opening voltage-gated Ca^{2+} channels in adjacent regions of the axon.", "E": "Each AP alters nearby membrane potential, opening mechanically-gated K+ channels in adjacent regions of the axon."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1971, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "During the cross-bridge cycle involving myosin and actin, which if the following events most directly triggers the power stroke in myosin?", "options": {"A": "ATP binding to myosin.", "B": "Myosin releasing actin.", "C": "ATP hydrolyzing to form ADP and Pi", "D": "Energized myosin binding to actin.", "E": "Ca^{2+} binding to myosin."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1972, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about capillaries is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "They are the blood vessel type with the thinnest walls.", "B": "They are the vessels with the narrowest diameter.", "C": "Blood moves through the capillaries at a lower velocity than other vessels.", "D": "More blood moves through the combined capillaries each minute than through the combined arteries.", "E": "All of these are true."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1973, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following changes, by itself, would tend to make lymph form more slowly?", "options": {"A": "An increase in capillary blood pressure.", "B": "An increase in the osmotic concentration of the interstitial fluid.", "C": "An increase in the osmotic concentration of the blood plasma.", "D": "Two of the above could both make lymph form more slowly.", "E": "All of the above could make lymph form more slowly."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1974, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is TRUE?", "options": {"A": "Oxygen moves from the atmosphere into the alveoli by diffusion and from the alveoli into the blood by bulk flow.", "B": "Oxygen moves from the atmosphere into the alveoli by bulk flow and from the alveoli into the blood by diffusion.", "C": "Oxygen moves from the atmosphere into the alveoli and from the alveoli into the blood by diffusion.", "D": "Oxygen moves from the atmosphere into the alveoli and from the alveoli into the blood by bulk flow.", "E": "Oxygen does not move from the atmosphere to the blood."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1975, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following experimental results would specifically show that myoD expression is sufficient for skeletal muscle differentiation?", "options": {"A": "Staining for MyoD protein reveals it to be only expressed in skeletal muscle tissue.", "B": "Deleting the MyoD gene in mice results in normal skeletal muscles, while deleting both the MyoD and Myf-5 genes results in immobile mice that do not survive birth.", "C": "The Belgian Blue breed of cattle, which develops hyperplasia (increased cell number) of skeletal muscle fibers, was shown to carry a loss-of-function mutation in myostatin, a gene repressed by MyoD.", "D": "Mutations which disrupt the myoD DNA binding site upstream of the myoD gene results in incomplete skeletal muscle differentiation.", "E": "Introducing a plasmid expressing MyoD into fat cells or fibroblasts causes them to express skeletal muscle genes such as myosin, fuse into syncytia, and contract upon calcium ion injection."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1976, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "In a person suffering an acute respiratory acidosis (so ignore any renal responses), what blood chemistry would we expect relative to normal values?", "options": {"1": "Elevated CO2 and elevated H+.", "2": "Elevated CO2 and decreased H+.", "3": "Decreased CO2 and elevated H+.", "4": "Decreased CO2 and decreased H+.", "5": "No change in either variable."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1977, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Goiters may occur due to iodine insufficiency, but other causes are possible.", "question": "Which of the following would NOT tend to result in increased size of the thyroid gland?", "options": {"1": "High levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone.", "2": "High levels of thyroid stimulating hormone.", "3": "High levels of thyroxin and triiodothyronine.", "4": "All of the above would tend to increase the size of the thyroid gland.", "5": "None of the above would tend to increase the size of the thyroid gland."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1978, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about kidney function is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "The kidneys help to regulate overall extracellular fluid volume.", "B": "The kidneys help to regulate the overall osmotic concentration of the ECF, but not the concentration of specific solutes.", "C": "The kidneys help to eliminate waste products from the ECF.", "D": "The kidneys help to regulate the pH of the ECF.", "E": "Urine is formed in the kidneys through the process of ultrafiltration."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1979, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Consider a solute that enters the nephron at Bowman's capsule along with all the other solutes that are part of the primary urine. As the substance moves along the nephron to the collecting duct, it is not reabsorbed in any amount, nor is any additional amount secreted into the nephron. Assuming the kidney is functioning in a relatively normal way, what can we safely say about this substance?", "options": {"1": "It will have a higher concentration in the final urine than it did in the primary urine.", "2": "It will have the same concentration in the final urine as it did in the primary urine.", "3": "It will have a lower concentration in the final urine than it did in the primary urine.", "4": "It will have a concentration of zero in the final urine.", "5": "It is not possible to know which of the above will be true."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1980, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements best describes the patterns seen for glomerular filtration rate and mean arterial pressure in a healthy mammalian kidney?", "options": {"1": "GFR increases in direct proportion to MAP.", "2": "GFR decreases in direct proportion to MAP.", "3": "GFR is fairly constant over a range of MAP values, but decreases if MAP drops too far, and increases if it gets too high.", "4": "GFR is fairly constant over a range of MAP values, but increases if MAP drops too far, and decreases if it gets too high.", "5": "GFR is constant for all possible values of MAP."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1981, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "An individual who was hypersecretory ADH would", "options": {"1": "Produce large volumes of dilute urine due to the collecting ducts being too permeable to water.", "2": "Produce large volumes of dilute urine due to the collecting ducts being too impermeable to water.", "3": "Produce small volumes of concentrated urine due to the collecting ducts being too permeable to water.", "4": "Produce small volumes of concentrated urine due to the collecting ducts being too impermeable to water.", "5": "Obviously be an alcoholic."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1982, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Imagine a neuron with a relatively long axon covered in myelin but lacking any nodes of Ranvier. Which of the following best describes the action potential results?", "options": {"1": "The axon would have better cable properties than if it lacked myelin, and an action potential would be able to propagate the length of the axon.", "2": "The axon would have better cable properties than if it lacked myelin, but an action potential would not be able to propagate the length of the axon.", "3": "The axon would have worse cable properties than if it lacked myelin, but an action potential would still be able to propagate the length of the axon.", "4": "The axon would have worse cable properties than if it lacked myelin, and an action potential would not be able to propagate the length of the axon."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1983, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Place the steps of cellular respiration in the correct order assuming normal oxygen levels.\n\nI. The Krebs cycle produces energy carriers NADH, FADH2 and ATP.\nII. Pyruvate is transported in mitochondria.\nIII. Glucose is broken down to produce ATP and NADH.\nIV. An electron transport chain produces ATP from ADP.\nV. Fermentation takes place.", "options": {"A": "III, II, V, I, IV.", "B": "III, II, I, IV.", "C": "III, II, I, V.", "D": "III, IV, II, I.", "E": "III, IV, II, I, V."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1984, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Solutions A and B, separated by a membrane that is permeable to urea but not to sucrose or water. Solution A is 1.0M sucrose and solution B is 1.0M urea. At equilibrium,", "options": {"1": "Solution A is still 1.0M sucrose and Solution B is still 1.0M urea.", "2": "Solution A is 1M sucrose and has between 0.0 and 0.5M urea, and Solution B is between 0.5 and 1.0M urea.", "3": "Solution A is 1M sucrose and 0.5M urea, and Solutions B is 0.5M urea.", "4": "Solution A is 1M sucrose and has between 0.5 and 1.0M urea, and Solution B is between 0.0 and 0.5M urea.", "5": "Solution A is 1.0M sucrose and 1.0M urea, and Solution B is just water."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1985, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which form of DNA damage is least likely to be encountered on a day to day basis?", "options": {"A": "Double strand breaks.", "B": "Hydroxylation.", "C": "Deamination.", "D": "Pyrimidine dimers.", "E": "Tautomerization."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1986, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Cells, when infected by a DNA virus, can transcribe both stands of the viral DNA and process it into ~21 nt single stranded fragments that can be loaded into protein complexes which target viral protein encoding transcripts for degradation.", "question": "Which statement below correctly characterizes this process?", "options": {"A": "This siRNA silencing results in a gene knock out.", "B": "This siRNA silencing results in a gene knock down.", "C": "This miRNA silencing results in a gene knock out.", "D": "This miRNA silencing results in a gene knock down.", "E": "This miRNA silencing results in reversible gene regulation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1987, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme found in the stomach, contains an active-site aspartate residue. The \\(\\beta\\)-carboxylic acid side-chain group must be in its unprotonated, basic form for the enzyme to be catalytically active. The \\(pK_a\\) of the \\(\\beta\\)-carboxylic acid group is \\(3.5\\). At \\(\\mathrm{pH} = 4.5\\), what is the approximate activity of the enzyme?", "options": {"1": "1% of its maximum potential activity.", "2": "10% of its maximum potential activity.", "3": "50% of its maximum potential activity.", "4": "90% of its maximum potential activity.", "5": "99% of its maximum potential activity."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1988, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "In a positive feedback loop, the signal and the response", "options": {"A": "Must both be positive.", "B": "Must both be negative.", "C": "Must have the same sign (positive or negative).", "D": "Must have opposite signs.", "E": "There's no such thing as a positive feedback loop."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1989, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Enamored by G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), a researcher is studying their mechanism of action and designs a non-hydrolysable GTP analog that a G protein can bind. Unbeknown to him/her, you already know the mechanism by which GPCRs work! How will the cycle of a GPCR be affected by a non-hydrolysable GTP analog?", "options": {"1": "The GPCR's respective ligand will not bind it.", "2": "The G protein cannot associate with the GPCR.", "3": "The inactive G protein will never be reactivated.", "4": "The enzyme normally activated by the G protein will never inactivate.", "5": "The cycle of the GPCR will not be affected."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1990, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "For which of the following are all three changes in channel state excitatory?", "options": {"1": "Closing of Na+ channels, closing of K+ channels, opening of Ca^{2+} channels.", "2": "Closing of Na+ channels, opening of K+ channels, closing of Ca^{2+} channels.", "3": "Opening of Na+ channels, opening of K+ channels, closing of Ca^{2+} channels.", "4": "Opening of Na+ channels, closing of K+ channels, opening of Ca^{2+} channels.", "5": "Opening of Na+ channels, opening of K+ channels, opening of Ca^{2+} channels."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1991, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Sister chromatid is:", "options": {"1": "The same thing as homologous chromosomes.", "2": "A pair of chromosomes of the same kind.", "3": "Identical copies of the same chromosome attached at the centromere.", "4": "Always haploid.", "5": "Always diploid."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1992, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Place the following events of sexual reproduction in the correct order.\n\nI. Separation of homologous chromosomes.\nII. Separation of sister chromatids.\nIII. Zygote mitosis.\nIV. Fusion of two gametes.\nV. Oocyte activation.", "options": {"A": "II, I, V, III, IV.", "B": "II, I, V, IV, III.", "C": "I, II, V, IV, III.", "D": "I, II, IV, V, III.", "E": "V, I, II, III, IV."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1993, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Convergent evolution can be seen across a wide range of taxa. Which of the following exhibit convergent evolution?", "question": "I. Marsupial thylacine and placental canids.\nII. Dugong and Right Whale flukes.\nIII. Leaf shape between Platanus orientalis and Platanus occidentalis.\nIV. Sesamoid thumb of the Giant Panda and Primate thumbs.\nV. Flying Fox and California Condor wings.\nVI. Hermit crabs, Porcelain crabs, and Spider crabs.\nVII. American and Old World Porcupine.", "options": {"A": "I, II, IV.", "B": "II, IV, VI.", "C": "I, II, VI, V.", "D": "II, III, V.", "E": "I, III, IV."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1994, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Sharon Osburn and Angelina Jolie underwent an elective double mastectomy due to an inherited familial mutation in the gene BRCA1.", "question": "What DNA repair pathway would likely be defective due to a mutation in this gene?", "options": {"A": "Direct oxidative repair.", "B": "Nucleotide excision repair.", "C": "Base excision repair.", "D": "Recombination repair.", "E": "Nonhomologous end joining."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1995, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "If a replicating cell encounters significant DNA damage during S phase, what is the most likely result?", "options": {"A": "It will arrest in the S phase checkpoint and undergo repair.", "B": "It will immediately trigger apoptosis and die.", "C": "It will utilize bypass polymerases to complete S phase.", "D": "It will utilize telomerase to extend past the damage.", "E": "It will undergo a reductive division."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1996, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Two patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma responded differently to therapy. This suggested different lymphoma subtypes. Since the existing procedures for classifying the lymphomas could not confirm this possibility, a comparison of each mRNA expression profile was conducted.", "question": "Which of the following methods would most likely be used?", "options": {"A": "Genomic library construction.", "B": "Transcriptomics.", "C": "Southern blot analysis.", "D": "Fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish).", "E": "Western blot analysis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1997, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that one gene leads to one transcript and results in one protein product.", "question": "Which of the following processes would refute this dogma?", "options": {"A": "Ordered splicing.", "B": "RNA editing.", "C": "Telomerase activity.", "D": "Translation start site recognition.", "E": "Polyadenylation of new transcripts."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1998, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "As you walk about Palmerston Island, you observe that many of the 60 islanders have extremely large feet and share the same last name. According to island history, a man with very large feet washed up on shore.", "question": "You may be observing an example of:", "options": {"A": "Selective advantage.", "B": "New mutation.", "C": "Variable expressivity.", "D": "Founder effect.", "E": "Random mating"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1999, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Put the following relatives in the correct order in terms of degree of relationship from closest to most distant.\n\nI. Half-sister\nII. First cousin once removed\nIII. Maternal great-uncle\nIV. Brother", "options": {"A": "I, IV, II, III.", "B": "II, III, I, IV.", "C": "III, II, IV, I.", "D": "IV, I, III, II."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2000, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a correct statement regarding a physical change in DNA and a possible resulting informational change?", "options": {"A": "A deletion is most likely to result in a missense mutation.", "B": "Transversions are a common cause of frameshift mutations.", "C": "An insertion will always result in a frameshift mutation.", "D": "A transition mutation can lead to splicing errors.", "E": "Disruptions often result in silent mutations."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2001, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Louis is studying corn in Oaxaca, Mexico. He generates a novel technique which targets a Rubisco inhibitor to mesophyll cells and is puzzled by the results, when he sees that the corn plants still generate sugar.", "question": "What best accounts for this result?", "options": {"A": "Corn does not express Rubisco.", "B": "Rubisco is sequestered in the bundle sheath cells of corn.", "C": "Corn fixates carbon via CAM.", "D": "The sugar is being generated by photorespiration.", "E": "Rubisco inactivation upregulates PEP carboxylase activity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2002, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The permeability of aquaporin in plants is", "options": {"A": "Decreased by increases in both cytosolic calcium ions and cytosolic pH.", "B": "Decreased by decreases in both cytosolic calcium ions and cytosolic pH.", "C": "Decreased by increases in cytosolic calcium ions and decreases in cytosolic pH.", "D": "Decreased by decreases in cytosolic calcium ions and increases in cytosolic pH.", "E": "Not affected by cytosolic calcium ions and cytosolic pH."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2003, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "All of the following are examples of chemotropism EXCEPT:", "options": {"A": "Growth of the pollen tube towards the ovules.", "B": "Conversion of flowers into fruit.", "C": "Attraction of different rhizobia to legumes and non-legume root exudates.", "D": "Growth of roots towards useful minerals.", "E": "Addition of atmospheric nitrogen."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2004, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The mature nodule grows to many times the diameter of the root. Which cell type below forms a layer that reduces absorption of oxygen and thereby helps maintain the anaerobic environment needed for nitrogen fixation? These cells will most likely be which of the following?", "options": {"1": "Collenchyma cells.", "2": "Parenchyma cells.", "3": "Phloem cells.", "4": "Sclerenchyma cells.", "5": "Xylem cells."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2005, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is not TRUE of life cycle in a moss and fern?", "options": {"A": "The sporophyte remains nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.", "B": "For moss, spores develop into threadlike protonemata, which is haploid.", "C": "The sporophyte grows a long stalk called seta that emerges from the archegonium.", "D": "On the underside of the sporophyte's reproductive leaves are spots called sori in the fern.", "E": "For moss, the function of peristome is to generate mature spores via meiosis by reducing the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2006, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following would be a primary consumer in an Antarctic pelagic food web?", "options": {"1": "Sperm whale.", "2": "Copepod.", "3": "Penguin.", "4": "Diatom.", "5": "Squid."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2007, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT true of aquatic biomes?", "options": {"1": "An estuary is an example an ecotone.", "2": "Oxygen levels are generally high in oceanic pelagic zone.", "3": "Wetlands have a high capacity to filter dissolved nutrients and chemicals.", "4": "A high diversity and biomass of attached marine algae inhabit rocky intertidal zone.", "5": "While headwaters are generally depleted in oxygen, downstream waters are rich in oxygen for streams and rivers."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2008, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Seasonal turnover of lakes occurs during", "options": {"1": "Summer only.", "2": "Spring and autumn.", "3": "Summer and winter.", "4": "Spring, summer, and autumn.", "5": "All four seasons."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2009, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is incorrectly matched with its terms and calculations?", "options": {"A": "Effective population size = \\(\\frac{4N_fN_m}{N_f + N_m}\\).", "B": "Turnover time = \\(\\frac{\\text{standing crop }(\\text{g}/\\text{m}^2)}{\\text{production }(\\text{g}/\\text{m}^2 \\times \\text{day})}\\).", "C": "Leaf area index = one-sided green leaf area / unit ground surface area.", "D": "Production efficiency = biomass that is ingested by consumers / available biomass.", "E": "Net primary production = gross primary production - the energy used by the primary producers for their autotrophic respiration."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2010, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is not a line of evidence whereby scientists try to determine genetic factors which influence the development of behavior?", "options": {"A": "Isolation experiments.", "B": "Comparison of relatives.", "C": "Natural selection.", "D": "Hybridization..", "E": "Mutation (single gene/molecular genetic analysis)."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2011, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Ants as well as other animals have the ability to run straight home after a circuitous outward path to find food. If we define “learning” as a change in behavior as a result of experience, this is a form of learning, since the homeward path depends upon the experience during the outward path. However, this behavior doesn't fit the definition of “associative learning.”", "question": "Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe this phenomenon?", "options": {"1": "It is not trial and error learning.", "2": "The ant is not linking novel stimulus to one that is responded to reflexively.", "3": "The “learned” action has been rewarded.", "4": "The “learned” action (homeward path) was never performed before.", "5": "It is not classical conditioning."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2012, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a key way in which classical conditioning differs from operant conditioning during two events E1 and E2?", "options": {"1": "Change in behavior after experiencing association of E1 and E2.", "2": "Short latency between E1 and E2.", "3": "E1 must precede E2.", "4": "E2 must precede E1.", "5": "Many trials."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2013, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is incorrectly paired with plant-derived medicines for human use?", "options": {"1": "Caffeine – Rubiaceae.", "2": "Morphine – Magnoliaceae.", "3": "Cocaine – Arecaceae.", "4": "Menthol – Myrtaceae.", "5": "Atropine – Solanaceae."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2014, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Evidence for including us within the order primates is provided by:", "options": {"1": "Anatomy.", "2": "Biochemistry.", "3": "Ethology.", "4": "Fossils.", "5": "All of the above."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2015, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following protist taxa have been CORRECTLY paired with one of its characteristic traits?", "options": {"1": "Euglenozoa : mitochondria lack electron transport chains.", "2": "Rhodophyta : flagellated gametes produced by diploid generation.", "3": "Diplomonadida : possesses two equal-sized nuclei.", "4": "Oomyceta : cell walls contain chitin.", "5": "Foraminifera : secretes a test of silica (SiO2)."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2016, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Typical heart cells have a Na+/Ca^{2+} antiporter on their plasma membranes, exporting one Ca^{2+} ion for every three Na+ ions that are imported.", "question": "If Digitoxin, an inhibitor of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, is administered to a patient experiencing cardiac arrest, what will result?", "options": {"A": "Cytosolic [Na+] lowered, muscle contraction is sustained.", "B": "Cytosolic [Na+] raised, muscle contraction is sustained.", "C": "Cytosolic [Na+] lowered, muscles contraction ceases.", "D": "Cytosolic [Na+] raised, muscle contraction ceases.", "E": "Digitoxin will only affect the extracellular environment."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2017, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Neuron A and neuron B are the only two presynaptic neurons that affect a particular postsynaptic neuron.", "question": "If a single Action Potential (AP) arrives at A, and none at B, the postsynaptic potential increases. If A and B see APs at the same time, the postsynaptic potential increases, but by less than when just A is active. Given this information,", "options": {"A": "Neuron B must have effects that are excitatory, and the simultaneous effects of A and B are an example of spatial summation.", "B": "Neuron B must have effects that are inhibitory, and the simultaneous effects of A and B are an example of spatial summation.", "C": "Neuron B must have effects that are excitatory, and the simultaneous effects of A and B are an example of temporal summation.", "D": "Neuron B must have effects that are inhibitory, and the simultaneous effects of A and B are an example of temporal summation.", "E": "It's impossible to tell from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2018, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following associations is INCORRECT?", "options": {"A": "Proximal convoluted tubule – Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli.", "B": "Loop of Henle – Helps create the osmolarity gradient in the renal medulla.", "C": "Parietal layer of glomerular Capsule – Part of the filtration membrane.", "D": "Visceral layer of glomerular Capsule – Contains podocytes.", "E": "Glomerulus – Receives blood from the afferent arteriole."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2019, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A low sodium concentration of the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule could indicate that:", "question": "1. Blood pressure is normal and blood volume is high.\n2. Blood pressure is high.\n3. Blood volume is high.\n4. Blood pressure is high and blood volume is low.\n5. Blood volume is low.", "options": {"1": "Blood pressure is normal and blood volume is high.", "2": "Blood pressure is high.", "3": "Blood volume is high.", "4": "Blood pressure is high and blood volume is low.", "5": "Blood volume is low."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2020, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Consider the following data and calculate the rate of excretion of molecule X. Molecule X is filtered at a rate of 8ug per minute\nMolecule X is reabsorbed at a rate of 7ug per minute\nMolecule X is not secreted at all\n\n1. Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 8ug/minute.\n2. Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 7ug/minute.\n3. Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 7.5ug/minute.\n4. Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 15ug/minute.\n5. Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 1ug/minutes.", "options": {"1": "Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 8ug/minute.", "2": "Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 7ug/minute.", "3": "Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 7.5ug/minute.", "4": "Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 15ug/minute.", "5": "Molecule X is excreted at a rate of 1ug/minutes."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2021, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "You injected your patient with a chemical known as PZB and collected the following data. Based on this data, calculate the amount of PZB appearing in his urine per minute. Rate of PZB filtration → 10mg/min\\nRate of PZB reabsorption → 2mg/min\\nRate of PZB secretion → 4mg/min\\n\\n1. 16mg/min.\\n2. 4mg/min.\\n3. 12mg/min.\\n4. 8mg/min.\\n5. 0mg/min.", "options": {"1": "16mg/min.", "2": "4mg/min.", "3": "12mg/min.", "4": "8mg/min.", "5": "0mg/min."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2022, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Select the TRUE statement relating to the lymph system.", "options": {"A": "Lymphatic capillaries are involved in the absorption of digested sugars.", "B": "Lymphatic vessels typically have very few valves.", "C": "Compared to blood, lymph has a higher density of red blood cells.", "D": "The expansion and recoil of arteries assists in causing lymph flow.", "E": "Macrophages are NOT examples of lymphoid cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2023, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The lymphatic system:\n\nI. Plays no role in nutrient transport.\nII. Returns interstitial fluid to the vascular system.\nIII. Plays an active role in immune defense.", "options": {"A": "I, II, and III are TRUE.", "B": "Only I and II are TRUE.", "C": "Only II and III are TRUE.", "D": "Only I and III are TRUE.", "E": "I, II, and III are all FALSE."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2024, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Put the following items in correct sequential order.\n\nI. B cell binds and endocytoses its specific antigen.\nII. B cells differentiate into plasma and memory B cells.\nIII. Helper T cell releases cytokines that activate the B cell.\nIV. Plasma antibody levels rise.\nV. B cell presents the antigen/MHCII complex.", "options": {"A": "I, IV, V, III, II.", "B": "I, V, III, II, IV.", "C": "I, III, II, V, IV.", "D": "I, V, II, III, IV.", "E": "I, III, V, II, IV."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2025, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following reactions is more likely to occur in pulmonary capillaries than in systemic capillaries?", "options": {"A": "\\(HHb + O_2 \\rightarrow HbO_2 + H^+\\)", "B": "\\(H^+ + HbO_2 \\rightarrow HHb + O_2\\)", "C": "\\(HHb + CO_2 \\rightarrow HbCO_2 + H^+\\)", "D": "\\(HbCO_2 + H^+ \\rightarrow HHb + CO_2\\)", "E": "\\(HbCO_2 \\rightarrow HCO_3^- + H^+\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2026, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "In gnathostomes, which of the following body parts arises from neural crest cells?", "options": {"1": "Kidneys.", "2": "The mandible.", "3": "Notochord.", "4": "Spinal cord.", "5": "Thyroid gland."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2027, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is/are FALSE regarding glycolysis? (Select all that apply)", "options": {"A": "Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration.", "B": "Glycolysis can proceed under low oxygen conditions with assistance of fermentation.", "C": "Glycolysis produces less ATP than the Krebs cycle or oxidative phosphorylation.", "D": "Glycolysis produces most of the ATP required by aerobic organisms like us.", "E": "Prokaryotes such as Salmonella do not execute Glycolysis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2028, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding secondary messengers? (Select all that apply)", "options": {"A": "Phospholipase C cleavage of a membrane phospholipid produces diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate.", "B": "Diacylglycerol binds to calcium channels in order to open the channels.", "C": "Inositol triphosphate diffuses throughout the cell after being cleaved from the membrane phospholipid.", "D": "cAMP is formed by phosphodiesterase catalyzed cyclization of ATP.", "E": "GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP by the G protein, which functions as a GTPase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 5} +{"id": 2029, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding glycogen buildup and breakdown? (Select all that apply)", "options": {"A": "Glycogen phosphorylase builds up glycogen branches.", "B": "Insulin release into the bloodstream and signaling leads to glycogen buildup.", "C": "Glucagon release into the bloodstream and signaling leads to glycogen buildup.", "D": "Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase inhibits its activity.", "E": "Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase inhibits its activity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2030, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "Bacteriophages are the viruses that infect bacteria. You infect a bacterial cell with an experimentally constructed virus that has the protein coat from Type I phage and DNA from Type 2 Phage.", "question": "Select the correct option. The newly generated phages will have...", "options": {"A": "Type 1 phage proteins and Type 2 phage DNA.", "B": "Type 2 phage proteins and Type 1 phage DNA.", "C": "A mixture of DNA and protein from both phages.", "D": "Type 2 phage proteins and DNA.", "E": "Type 1 phage proteins and DNA."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2031, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following concepts are components of Darwin's theory of natural selection? Select all that apply", "options": {"A": "Variation exists within a species for characteristics.", "B": "Parents pass on some of their characteristics to offspring.", "C": "Random mutations affect hereditary information.", "D": "Because of distinct characteristics, some individuals within a particular population produce more offspring than others.", "E": "Only the fit survive."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 2032, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The gene noey2 is present on Chromosome 1, and in healthy individuals is only expressed from the chromosome of paternal origin while it is silenced on the chromosome of maternal origin.", "question": "What molecular mechanism most likely accounts for this phenomenon?", "options": {"A": "This region is deleted from the maternal chromosome by transposons.", "B": "This region has histones that are highly acetylated.", "C": "This region is highly methylated on the maternal chromosome.", "D": "Maternal Chromosome 1 is inactivated.", "E": "This gene uses an alternative sigma factor."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2033, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The gene noey2 is present on Chromosome 1, and in healthy individuals is only expressed from the chromosome of paternal origin while it is silenced on the chromosome of maternal origin.", "question": "In a healthy female of 30 weeks gestation, what would be the expected imprinting pattern of the noey2 gene?", "options": {"A": "All copies of the noey2 gene will have a female (maternal) imprint.", "B": "One copy of the noey2 gene will have a female (maternal) imprint in her somatic cells.", "C": "All copies of the noey2 gene will reset after birth to have a female (maternal) imprint.", "D": "One copy of the noey2 gene will have a male (paternal) imprint in her germ cells.", "E": "All copies of the noey2 gene with a male (paternal) imprint will be silenced."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2034, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT true of life cycle for gymnosperms? Choose all that apply.", "options": {"A": "An ovulate cone scale has two ovules, each containing a megasporangium.", "B": "The megaspore develops into a female gametophyte that contains two or three archegonia, each of which will form an egg.", "C": "Embryo is diploid while seed coat and gametophyte tissue (food reserves) are haploid after fertilization.", "D": "While the pollen tube develops, the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, which is divided into one or two megaspores. One survives as a megaspore."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2035, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "When compared to plants grown in normal soils, plants grown under soil that is partially waterlogged would have which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply)", "question": "1. Concentrations of ethanol in water surroundings of the plants are higher in waterlogged plants.\n2. Plants will have much less total root surface area.\n3. The density of roots will be higher than that of normal plants.\n4. Plants will often have higher levels of hydrogen sulfide surrounding their roots.\n5. Plant roots will often contain thicker layers of suberin.", "options": {"1": "Concentrations of ethanol in water surroundings of the plants are higher in waterlogged plants.", "2": "Plants will have much less total root surface area.", "3": "The density of roots will be higher than that of normal plants.", "4": "Plants will often have higher levels of hydrogen sulfide surrounding their roots.", "5": "Plant roots will often contain thicker layers of suberin."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1", "2", "4", "5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 2036, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Select all of the following that are similarities of both plants and charophytes? (Select all that apply)", "options": {"1": "Alternation of generations.", "2": "Rosette-shaped cellulose synthesizing enzymes.", "3": "Peroxisome enzymes.", "4": "Formation of phragmoplast.", "5": "Presence of sporopollenin."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2", "3", "4", "5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 2037, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "In contrast to animals which can move, plants must get all their minerals from the surrounding soil. As a result plants must alter their local environment including the pH of the surrounding soil.", "question": "Which of the following statements about nutrition of plants from their surrounding soil are CORRECT? (Select all that apply)", "options": {"A": "Mineral anions such as nitrates are much more available to plants than cations although they also tend to be leached easier.", "B": "By lowering the pH of the surrounding soil, plants are able to more efficiently absorb cations.", "C": "Many micronutrients of plants, such as iron, are more available at higher pH.", "D": "Low pH soil can lead to aluminum toxicity in plants.", "E": "Optimal nutrient absorption for plants is at neutral pH."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 2038, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Auxin and cytokine both induce cell division. However different treatments of auxin and cytokine have very different effects on plants.", "question": "Select all of the following statements that are correct about auxin and cytokine. (Select all that apply)", "options": {"1": "Treatment of plant cells with just auxin will lead to formation of root cells.", "2": "Treatment of plants cells with just cytokine will induce formation of many very small cells.", "3": "Treatment of plant cells with high levels of cytokine and low levels of auxin will lead to formation of stem tissue.", "4": "Treatment of strawberry fruits with auxin will lead to much larger strawberries.", "5": "Treatment of grapes with cytokines will lead to larger grapes such as seen in Thompson grapes."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 5} +{"id": 2039, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Select all of the following effects that are induced by increased ethylene levels. (Select all that apply)", "options": {"1": "The triple response (simultaneous slowdown in elongation, thickening of stem and increased curvature).", "2": "Leaf senescence.", "3": "Apoptosis.", "4": "Thickening of cell walls.", "5": "Increased cellulose synthesis."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1", "2", "3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 2040, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "For the following taxa, mark “A” for TRUE if it includes more than 1000 known parasitic species, and “B” for FALSE if it does not. An example organism (which may not be parasitic) from each group is given in parentheses. Arachnida (spider)", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2041, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "For the following taxa, mark “A” for TRUE if it includes more than 1000 known parasitic species, and “B” for FALSE if it does not. An example organism (which may not be parasitic) from each group is given in parentheses. Nematoda (Caenorhabditis elegans)", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2042, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "For the following taxa, mark “A” for TRUE if it includes more than 1000 known parasitic species, and “B” for FALSE if it does not. An example organism (which may not be parasitic) from each group is given in parentheses. Polyplacophora (chiton)", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2043, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "For the following taxa, mark “A” for TRUE if it includes more than 1000 known parasitic species, and “B” for FALSE if it does not. An example organism (which may not be parasitic) from each group is given in parentheses. Hymenoptera (bumblebee)", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2044, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "For the following taxa, mark “A” for TRUE if it includes more than 1000 known parasitic species, and “B” for FALSE if it does not. An example organism (which may not be parasitic) from each group is given in parentheses. Nemertea (ribbon worm)", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2045, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "For the following taxa, mark “A” for TRUE if it includes more than 1000 known parasitic species, and “B” for FALSE if it does not. An example organism (which may not be parasitic) from each group is given in parentheses. Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worm)", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2046, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following hypotheses are plausible explanations for the observation that most individuals within a species behave very similarly despite being exposed to many distinct environments and having different genomes? (Select all that apply)", "options": {"1": "Neural development depends more on chemical concentration than on the kind of chemical signal between cells.", "2": "Only a brief exposure to the environment during a critical period is required for \"normal\" development.", "3": "Developing embryos are sheltered from environmental differences in most animals", "4": "An organism is capable of developmental compensation (playing catch-up).", "5": "Animals learn the proper behavior by watching others of its species."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2", "4", "5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 2047, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Tiger salamanders can develop into either a normal form, which eats insects, or a cannibalistic form. All else being equal, cannibals are less likely to develop when only their siblings are present in the pond.", "question": "This is an example of... (Select all that apply)", "options": {"A": "Behavioral flexibility.", "B": "Latent learning.", "C": "Genetic differences.", "D": "Stimulus filtering.", "E": "Kin recognition."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2048, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Greylag geese retrieve eggs that roll away from the nest they are incubating. In experiments, the geese were found to continue the retrieval behavior even when the egg was taken away from them in the middle of retrieval. Moreover, geese will retrieve gigantic artificial eggs that are placed near their nests.", "question": "This example illustrates... (Select all that apply)", "options": {"A": "Behavioral inflexibility.", "B": "A fixed action pattern (FAP).", "C": "Developmental homeostasis.", "D": "Stimulus filtering.", "E": "Behavior toward a supernormal stimulus."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 2049, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "In 2090, a human population is found that is resistant to HIV. To examine what conferred such an evolutionary advantage on this population, specifically HIV entry, the clinically healthy mutations below were examined. To produce this advantage, which of the following would have to become dysfunctional?", "options": {"A": "CD8 receptor.", "B": "Chemokine co-receptor of the host cell.", "C": "MHC II molecule.", "D": "Reverse transcriptase.", "E": "Unique histone marker from HIV."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2050, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is NOT true of multiple sclerosis (MS)?", "options": {"A": "Loss of myelin is a prominent component of MS pathology.", "B": "Loss of oligodendrocytes is a prominent component of MS pathology.", "C": "MS is caused by a collection of genetic and environmental factors, but not necessarily by a single genetic defect.", "D": "Autoimmune T cells are generated within the CNS by autoantigen without crossing the blood-brain barrier.", "E": "One of the most feasible laboratory tests to diagnose MS is to examine the protein or antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2051, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following type of vaccine would most likely to be the most effective, but the least safe?", "options": {"A": "Live, attenuated vaccines.", "B": "Recombinant DNA vaccines.", "C": "Killed or inactivated vaccines.", "D": "Vaccines derived from subunits (part of virus).", "E": "Vaccines made of purely monoclonal antibodies for the antigen."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2052, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Order the following events correctly in the contraction of smooth muscle tissue.\n\n1. Calcium ions bind to calmodulin.\n2. The thick filament pulls on a thin filament in muscle contraction\n3. Phosphate groups are removed from ATP and bound to globular myosin heads\n4. Myosin light-chain kinase is activated.", "options": {"A": "I, II, III, IV.", "B": "I, III, IV, II.", "C": "I, IV, III, II.", "D": "IV, I, III, II.", "E": "III, IV, I, II."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2053, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A patient comes to your clinic and a few blood tests reveal elevated blood levels of gonadotropins. An assay of the pituitary gland does not reveal any abnormalities in his pituitary function. What else could be a plausible explanation for his heightened gonadotropin levels?", "options": {"A": "A genetic mutation in his primary spermatocytes is resulting in non-viable sperm.", "B": "Aromatase enzymes in the Sertoli cells have become hyperactive and are producing heightened levels of estradiol, which promotes gonadotropin release.", "C": "The Leydig cells have stopped responding to LH and are producing less testosterone, which helps regulate the function of the pituitary.", "D": "The hypothalamus is producing abnormally low levels of GnRH.", "E": "The Sertoli cells have become hypersensitive to FSH."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2054, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Nitroglycerin (the key ingredient in dynamite) is sometimes prescribed for heart disease patients. Within the body, the nitroglycerin is converted to nitric oxide. Why would you expect nitroglycerin to relieve chest pain in these patients based on your knowledge?", "options": {"A": "Nitric acid will stimulate the production of endorphins; thus you will perceive less pain.", "B": "Nitric acid will depolarize neurons and the neurons will no longer be able to send any signals.", "C": "Nitric acid will decrease the activity of pain receptors (mechanoreceptors) specifically near the heart; thus you will perceive less pain.", "D": "Vasodilation promoted by nitric oxide from nitroglycerin increases blood flow, providing the heart muscle with additional oxygen and thus relieving the pain.", "E": "Vasoconstriction promoted by nitric oxide from nitroglycerin decreases blood flow, providing the heart muscle with less oxygen and thus relieving the pain."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2055, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "In 1995, during a Monday morning rush hour in Tokyo, Japan, five terrorists dropped bags containing a chemical compound called *sarin*, which is classified as a weapon of mass destruction, into subway cars. Over 5,000 people were sickened. Sarin forms a covalent bond with acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that degrades ACh. Understanding the role of acetylcholinesterase in the body, which of the following would be symptoms of sarin poisoning? Select ALL that apply.", "options": {"A": "Dilation of pupils.", "B": "Drooling.", "C": "Muscles go into a tetanic seizure and cannot relax.", "D": "Nausea.", "E": "Respiration ceases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C", "D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 2056, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement below is NOT true of lymphatic systems and lymph nodes?", "options": {"A": "Naïve lymphocytes frequent lymph nodes.", "B": "New lymphocytes enter circulation via the blood.", "C": "Most lymphocytes in tissues get back into circulation via lymphatic vessels.", "D": "From circulation, lymphocytes enter secondary or tertiary lymphoid tissues via veins.", "E": "Lymph nodes provide a place for the antigens and mature lymphocytes to interact and initiate the adaptive immune response."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2057, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Studies show that prior exposure to donor MHC molecule leads to accelerated graft rejection. What can you conclude based on this outcome?", "options": {"A": "T lymphocytes can mediate graft rejection.", "B": "B lymphocytes can mediate graft rejection.", "C": "Graft rejection shows memory and specificity.", "D": "Both B and T lymphocytes mediate graft rejection.", "E": "Graft rejection is mediated by the innate immune system."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2058, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Cytotoxic antibodies that are reactive against antigens expressed on grafted tissue cause:", "options": {"A": "Activation of cytotoxic T cells, causing hyperacute rejection.", "B": "Delayed rejection of the transplant.", "C": "Direction against human leukocyte antigens (HLAs).", "D": "Hyperacute rejection.", "E": "Rejection when present in donor."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2059, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Molecule M is being processed by the nephrons. Using the data below, determine Molecule M's excretion rate.\n\n- Molecule M is filtered at a rate of $8 \\mu\\text{g}/\\text{minute}$ .\n- Molecule M is reabsorbed at a rate of $7 \\mu\\text{g}/\\text{minute}$ .\n- Molecule M is not secreted.", "options": {"A": "Molecule M is excreted at a rate of $8 \\mu\\text{g}/\\text{minute}$ .", "B": "Molecule M is excreted at a rate of $7 \\mu\\text{g}/\\text{minute}$ ", "C": "Molecule M is excreted at a rate of $7.5 \\mu\\text{g}/\\text{minute}$ .", "D": "Molecule M is excreted at a rate of $15 \\mu\\text{g}/\\text{minute}$ .", "E": "Molecule M is excreted at a rate of $1 \\mu\\text{g}/\\text{minute}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2060, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "At the cellular level, what is(are) the relevant process(es) in graft vs host disease?\n\nI. The recipient T cells encountering donor antigen-presenting cells.\nII. The recipient B cells encountering donor antigen-presenting cells.\nIII. The donor T cells encountering recipient (host) antigen-presenting cells.\nIV. The donor B cells encountering recipient (host) antigen-presenting cells.", "options": {"A": "I.", "B": "I, II.", "C": "III.", "D": "III, IV.", "E": "I, II, III, IV."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2061, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "During cell division of the organisms listed below, in which organism would the following events occur?\n\n- Chromosomes attach to the nuclear envelope, which remains intact during cell division.\n- Microtubules pass through the nucleus inside cytoplasmic tunnels, reinforcing the spatial orientation of the nucleus, which then divides in half.", "options": {"A": "Bacteria.", "B": "Diatoms.", "C": "Dinoflagellates.", "D": "Humans.", "E": "Yeasts."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2062, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Carbon dioxide produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration is transported via the blood stream in which of the following forms? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "$\\text{CO}_2$ bound to hemoglobin.", "B": "Carbonic acid.", "C": "Fatty acid chains.", "D": "Sodium bicarbonate.", "E": "Dissolved $\\text{CO}_2$ gas."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 2063, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "A 5g food sample is diluted with 0.85% saline to a total volume of 50 mL. A 1 mL sample is then diluted, again with 0.85% saline, to a total volume of 10 mL, a 0.1 mL sample from this solution is diluted to 1 mL total, and again 0.1 mL of that solution is diluted to a volume of 1 mL, 0.1 ml of that final dilution is spread onto a plate containing 25 mL of nutrient agar and incubated at $37^\\circ\\text{C}$ for 1 day. A total of 300 colonies are counted.\n\nDetermine the number of colonies colony forming units (CFU)/g of the original food sample.", "options": {"A": "$3.00 \\times 10^5$ CFU/g.", "B": "$3.00 \\times 10^6$ CFU/g.", "C": "$3.00 \\times 10^7$ CFU/g.", "D": "$3.00 \\times 10^8$ CFU/g.", "E": "$3.00 \\times 10^9$ CFU/g."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2064, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Question, use “A” for True and “B” for False.", "question": "Evolutionary genetics has shown that although under certain conditions biodiversity can be created rapidly, under the most likely conditions the processes of generating biodiversity are very slow.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2065, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Question, use “A” for True and “B” for False.", "question": "Two major evolutionary mechanisms creating biodiversity are speciation (that is the origin of new species) and divergent evolution.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2066, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "In assimilating inorganic compounds, plants are least likely to reduce which of the following compounds?", "options": {"A": "Carbon dioxide.", "B": "Nitrate.", "C": "Nitrite.", "D": "Phosphate.", "E": "Sulfate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2067, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Following pollination, indicate the sequence of tissues the pollen tube would pass through as it grows toward its rendezvous with the egg.", "options": {"A": "Micropyle → ovary → style → stigma → ovule → egg.", "B": "Ovule → ovary → micropyle → stigma → style → egg.", "C": "Style → ovary → ovule → stigma → micropyle → egg.", "D": "Style → stigma → ovary → ovule → micropyle → egg.", "E": "Stigma → style → ovary → ovule → micropyle → egg."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2068, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Beginning on the inside of a plant cell and moving towards the outside of a plant cell, which of the following is organized correctly?", "options": {"A": "Plasma membrane → primary cell wall → secondary cell wall → middle lamella → cytoplasm.", "B": "Cytoplasm → plasma membrane → middle lamella → secondary cell wall → primary cell wall.", "C": "Plasma membrane → cytoplasm → secondary cell wall → primary cell wall → middle lamella.", "D": "Middle lamella → secondary cell wall → primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm.", "E": "Cytoplasm → plasma membrane → secondary cell wall → primary cell wall → middle lamella."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2069, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Arrange the following five events in the order that explains the bulk flow of substances in the phloem:\n\nI. Sugar moves down to the sink.\nII. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis.\nIII. Sugar is transported from cell to cell via the apoplast and/or symplast.\nIV. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tube elements.\nV. Water diffuses into the sieve tube elements.", "options": {"A": "I, II, III, IV, V.", "B": "II, I, IV, III, V.", "C": "II, III, IV, V, I.", "D": "II, IV, V, III, I.", "E": "IV, II, I, III, V."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2070, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The nefarious Dr. Du has gone across the nation planting the seeds of gigantic man-eating plants outside the laboratories of all biologists who have negatively reviewed his papers. Fortunately, there is still time to rescue your colleagues as the seeds only germinate once a century – which coincidentally happens next month. Which of the following plant hormones can you inject into the seeds to prevent them from germinating, foiling Dr. Du's plot for the next hundred years?", "options": {"A": "Auxin.", "B": "Gibberellins.", "C": "Cytokinins.", "D": "Brassinosteroid.", "E": "Abscisic Acid (ABA)."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2071, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "The direction of vapor phase water movement in soil is from", "question": "Lower to higher vapor pressure.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2072, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "The direction of vapor phase water movement in soil is from", "question": "Cold soil to warm soil.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2073, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "The direction of vapor phase water movement in soil is from", "question": "Saline to nonsaline soil.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2074, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "The direction of vapor phase water movement in soil is from", "question": "Low to higher matric potential.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2075, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "When a corn field is flooded, the activity of denitrifying bacteria in the soil increases. Indicate whether each of the two predictions are TRUE (A) or FALSE (B) as they relate to the impact on soil fertility and the chemical process in the nitrogen cycle that will be affected.", "question": "Denitrification is a process that involves conversion of plant-available forms of nitrogen in the soil (nitrate) to nitrogen gas, which is not available to plants.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2076, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "When a corn field is flooded, the activity of denitrifying bacteria in the soil increases. Indicate whether each of the two predictions are TRUE (A) or FALSE (B) as they relate to the impact on soil fertility and the chemical process in the nitrogen cycle that will be affected.", "question": "Increased denitrification will remove plant-available nitrogen from the soil, meaning it will not be available to the corn plants, making the soil less fertile, as Nitrogen (N) is a key micronutrient for plants.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2077, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "If only the concentration of $K^+$ increased to 100 mM in the extra cellular fluid of a cell, the absolute value of the cell membrane potential would:", "options": {"A": "Decrease.", "B": "Increase.", "C": "Remain the same.", "D": "Would fluctuate rapidly.", "E": "Would fluctuate slowly."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2078, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Neurons A and B are the only two presynaptic neurons that affect a particular postsynaptic neuron. If a single action potential arrives at A, but not at B, the postsynaptic potential increases. If A and B experience action potentials at the same time, the postsynaptic potential increases, but by less than when just A is active. Based on this information,", "options": {"A": "Neuron B must have effects that are excitatory, and the simultaneous effects of A and B are an example of spatial summation.", "B": "Neuron B must have effects that are inhibitory, and the simultaneous effects of A and B are an example of spatial summation.", "C": "Neuron B must have effects that are excitatory, and the simultaneous effects of A and B are an example of temporal summation.", "D": "Neuron B must have effects that are inhibitory, and the simultaneous effects of A and B are an example of temporal summation.", "E": "It's impossible to tell from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2079, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "If gonadotropins (HCG, LH) from human placenta were injected into a mature male, one might expect to see", "options": {"A": "A decrease in the activity of the testes.", "B": "An increase in estrogen and progesterone.", "C": "Increased sperm production by the testes.", "D": "An increase in testosterone.", "E": "A 28-day cycling of male hormones."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2080, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A patient exhibits excessive irritability of the muscles and nerves; even minor stimuli result in tremors, cramps, and convulsions. Blood tests show an abnormally elevated concentration of phosphate and an abnormally low concentration of calcium These are symptoms of", "options": {"A": "Hyperadrenocorticalism.", "B": "Hyperparathyroidism.", "C": "Hyperthyroidism.", "D": "Hypoparathyroidism.", "E": "Hypothyroidism."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2081, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "In a 24-hour period, the kidney filters 180 L and produces 1.5 L of urine. Together the kidneys have 2 million glomeruli, how many mL of fluid are filtered by each glomerulus in 24 hours?", "options": {"A": "0.089 mL.", "B": "0.89 mL.", "C": "8.9 mL.", "D": "0.09 mL.", "E": "0.9 mL.", "F": "9.0 mL."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2082, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "A 1973 Washington Post quote about a gun shooting follows: \"The most serious wound, which at the onset many thought would cost the victim his life was just above the belt-line on the left side. It affected the pancreas, colon and portal vein, which supplies blood to the stomach. The vein was almost severed in two.\" There is a biological error in this excerpt. Select the error from the responses below:", "options": {"A": "The colon is nowhere near the indicated wound site.", "B": "The pancreas is on the left side of the body.", "C": "The portal vein does not supply blood to the stomach.", "D": "A single bullet could not have hit both the pancreas and the colon.", "E": "The listed wounds were not serious enough to endanger life."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2083, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "At the venule end of the capillary bed", "options": {"A": "The hydrostatic blood pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.", "B": "The hydrostatic blood pressure is higher than it is at the arteriole end.", "C": "The hydrostatic blood pressure and the osmotic pressure are equal.", "D": "The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic blood pressure.", "E": "Water and dissolved materials leave the capillary."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2084, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "In the responses below are hormones matched with functions. Which one is False?", "options": {"A": "Melatonin—inhibits gonadotrophin secretion.", "B": "Parathyroid hormone—regulates calcium phosphate balance.", "C": "ACTH—stimulates the adrenal cortex.", "D": "Oxytocin—stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys.", "E": "Prolactin—stimulates milk production by the mammary glands."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2085, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which statement below is true for an annelid and an arthropod?", "options": {"A": "Both exhibit indeterminate cleavage in early development.", "B": "The blastopore becomes the anus in both.", "C": "Both exhibit spiral cleavage.", "D": "The mesoderm arises as out-pocketings of the endoderm in both."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2086, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Arthropods and vertebrates may both be regarded, in a sense, as the most highly evolved representatives of their evolutionary lines. They have convergently evolved many striking similarities, presumably in response to similar section pressures. Which statement below is NOT TRUE about the similarity of the two groups?", "options": {"A": "Most members of both groups possess jointed appendages.", "B": "At least some members of both groups have evolved wings.", "C": "At least some members of both groups have a structurally distinct and highly specialized head region.", "D": "In both groups the circulatory system has become highly specialized for oxygen transport, as is necessary in such active animals.", "E": "Hinged jaws occur in both groups, though their evolutionary derivations are quite different."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2087, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The plant *Arabidopsis arenosa* has a tetraploid cytotype, with four homologous copies of each chromosome that reassort freely with one another during meiosis to form diploid gametes. You are interested in studying the gene *ASY1*, which appears to play a role in adaptation to tetraploidy. You identify one individual that carries one copy of a rare allele *a*, and three copies of the wild-type allele *A*. You want to breed this individual with your wild-type stock to generate homozygous *aaaa* individuals. Note that *A. arenosa* is an obligate outcrossing species, meaning that individuals cannot self.", "question": "If you begin with individuals *AAAA* and *AAAa* as the parental generation and perform a series of crosses, what is the earliest generation in which you can obtain homozygous *aaaa* individuals?", "options": {"A": "F1.", "B": "F2.", "C": "F3.", "D": "F4.", "E": "F5."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2088, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The plant *Arabidopsis arenosa* has a tetraploid cytotype, with four homologous copies of each chromosome that reassort freely with one another during meiosis to form diploid gametes. You are interested in studying the gene *ASY1*, which appears to play a role in adaptation to tetraploidy. You identify one individual that carries one copy of a rare allele *a*, and three copies of the wild-type allele *A*. You want to breed this individual with your wild-type stock to generate homozygous *aaaa* individuals. Note that *A. arenosa* is an obligate outcrossing species, meaning that individuals cannot self.", "question": "In the final step of your breeding experiment above, you cross two *AAaa* individuals to generate a mix of *AAAA*, *AAAa*, *AAaa*, *Aaaa*, and *aaaa* individuals. What proportion of the progeny of this cross will be *aaaa* individuals?", "options": {"A": "$1/72$.", "B": "$1/36$.", "C": "$1/18$.", "D": "$1/9$.", "E": "$1/3$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2089, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The plant *Arabidopsis arenosa* has a tetraploid cytotype, with four homologous copies of each chromosome that reassort freely with one another during meiosis to form diploid gametes. You are interested in studying the gene *ASY1*, which appears to play a role in adaptation to tetraploidy. You identify one individual that carries one copy of a rare allele *a*, and three copies of the wild-type allele *A*. You want to breed this individual with your wild-type stock to generate homozygous *aaaa* individuals. Note that *A. arenosa* is an obligate outcrossing species, meaning that individuals cannot self.", "question": "Most tetraploids are self-compatible, which means that two gametes from the same individual can form viable offspring. In a self-compatible species, beginning with a selfing *AAAa* individual as the parental generation, what is the first generation in which you can obtain an *aaaa* homozygote?", "options": {"A": "F1.", "B": "F2.", "C": "F3.", "D": "F4.", "E": "F5."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2090, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "A molecular biologist swabs the inside of the cheek of 10 pesticide applicators and 10 community members to isolate microbes from the oral microbiome. The biologist then isolates genomic DNA from the community of microbes on each swab, and uses PCR to amplify a segment of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes from the bacterial DNA in each sample. The resulting DNA is sequenced for use in identification of the bacteria in each sample, based on comparison to a 16S rRNA database. The biologist also takes cheek swabs and streaks them to nutrient agar plates for examination and identification of the resulting bacterial colonies. Select ALL the statements below that are TRUE.", "options": {"A": "The PCR amplification is likely to lead to contamination with 16S ribosomal RNA gene products from human cells.", "B": "16S ribosomal genes are translated by ribosomes in the bacterial cell into ribosomal proteins.", "C": "A greater diversity of microbes are expected to be identified from the 16S procedure as compared to the nutrient agar procedure.", "D": "Analysis of only 16S ribosomal sequences will fail to characterize the diversity of fungi in the sample.", "E": "PCR utilizes RNA polymerase to generate new strands of DNA."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2091, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "A locus with two alleles $M$ and $m$ and a locus with two alleles $N$ and $n$ are linked on a single chromosome. Individuals homozygous for $M$ and $n$ are mated with individuals homozygous for $m$ and $N$. Their offspring are test-crossed and yield the following results:\n\n$Mn/mn$ 232\n$mN/mn$ 240\n$MN/mn$ 15\n$mn/mn$ 13\n\nHow many units apart are these genes on the chromosome?", "options": {"A": "2.5", "B": "5.1", "C": "4.6", "D": "12", "E": "50"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2092, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "A botanist takes a fresh spinach leaf and uses a hole-punch to create \"leaf punches\" for further experimentation. The botanist uses a syringe to create a vacuum and remove air trapped inside a sample of leaf punches. Next, the botanist sets up two cups, each under a white light that is suitable for photosynthesis. The cups are filled half-full with water; ten leaf disk are placed in each cup and sink to the bottom. In Cup A, the botanist takes a straw and exhales her breath for 1 minute while blowing bubbles into the water. To Cup B, nothing further is added. Then, she switches on the white lights above each cup. Eight minutes later, the botanist observes that in Cup A, 7 leaf disks have floated to the top of the cup; no leaf disks have yet floated to the surface in Cup B. Small bubbles are observed on the margins of the leaf punches in Cup A. Based on what you know about plant metabolism, select all of the following statements below that are TRUE? Note: $O_2$ is less soluble in water than $CO_2$.", "options": {"A": "If the botanist switched off the lights at 8 minutes, additional leaf disks would be expected to rise in Cup A for the first few minutes, since the dark reactions can continue in the absence of light.", "B": "If the botanist switched off the lights at 8 minutes, eventually the disks in Cup A would begin to sink, due to cellular respiration in the plant cells.", "C": "When the lights are on, photosynthesis (but not cellular respiration) is occurring in Cup A. When the lights are off, cellular respiration (but not photosynthesis) is occurring in Cup A.", "D": "The bubbles observed on the edges of the leaf punches at 8 minutes were formed through the action of rubisco.", "E": "The pH of the water in Cup A would be expected to increase over the course of the experiment (between 0 and 8 minutes)."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2093, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "C4 plants are considered to be of tropical origin.", "B": "C3 plants are light saturated at lower levels of light than are C4 plants.", "C": "C3 plants use water more efficiently than do C4 plants.", "D": "C4 plants use nitrogen more efficiently than do C3 plants."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2094, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Along with the seed, the seed plants have evolved several additional adaptations to the land environment. All of the following have such an adaptation EXCEPT?", "options": {"A": "Flagellated gametes are not required for seed formation.", "B": "The female gametophyte is protected from desiccation by the surrounding tissues of the sporophyte.", "C": "The seed and/or associated structures serve as a means of dispersal.", "D": "The method of seed formation introduces a new type of genetic recombination.", "E": "The seed has its own food supply for the enclosed embryo."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2095, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The concentric arrangement of the tree tissue systems characteristic of most dicot and monocot roots from the center to the periphery is", "options": {"A": "Cortex, epidermis, vascular cylinder", "B": "Vascular cylinder, epidermis, cortex.", "C": "Epidermis, cortex vascular cylinder", "D": "Vascular cylinder, cortex, epidermis.", "E": "Cortex, vascular cylinder, epidermis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2096, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The maintenance of plants under environmental conditions that greatly differ from their natural environments has revealed that most biological rhythms are", "options": {"A": "Quite variable.", "B": "Endogenous.", "C": "Temporary in nature.", "D": "Not adaptive.", "E": "Not influenced by environment's conditions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2097, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The main distinction between nutrient and energy dynamics in rangeland ecosystems is:", "options": {"A": "Nutrients flow through ecosystem components while energy is cycled.", "B": "Nutrients cycle through ecosystem components while energy flows.", "C": "Nutrients are confined to living portions of the ecosystem while energy is not.", "D": "The main source of all nutrients is the soil while the sun supplies energy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2098, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "If large carnivores in an ecosystem are killed off, the number of primary producers in the area may also decrease dramatically. How do you explain this effect?", "options": {"A": "It is the result of a trophic inversion.", "B": "The death of the carnivores leads to increased decomposition which pollutes the primary producers.", "C": "The carnivores are most likely keeping the herbivore population in check.", "D": "Angular stratification of the grazer biome occurs when the carnivores are killed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2099, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Suppose you belong to a cult living the Southwest U.S. and as part of the cult believes you may only eat Roadrunners. These birds feed exclusively on snakes (not really, but we'll say so). The snakes are predators on Kangaroo Rats. K-rats are seed eaters. Your ration of Roadrunner in the cult headquarters compound amounts to one pound per day, which is barely enough food, but you can make it. About how many pounds of seeds per year must grow to sustain you?", "options": {"A": "30.", "B": "40.", "C": "10,000.", "D": "36,500.", "E": "Over 365,000."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2100, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Two calls are produced by Tungara frogs: a one-note *whine* and a *whine+chuck*. If the *whine+chuck* call is more attractive to females than the *whine* call, why don't males always use the *whine+chuck* call?", "options": {"A": "Behavior among the frogs changes from the necessity to attract females and to handle predation pressure.", "B": "The additional chuck component signifies a territorial aggressive call directed toward males.", "C": "The resident male will only use the whine+chuck call if he is both trying to attract females and defend his territory against intruder males.", "D": "The whine+chuck call is harder to localize. Males mix the calls to make it easier to find the females.", "E": "The whine+chuck call takes more energy so the males only use it when they have not been able to attract a female for a length of time."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2101, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is the best explanation for what appears to be a contradiction of behaviors in male lions, whereby the males will engage in infanticide, but allow cubs to eat a downed prey first? Males", "options": {"A": "Are altruistic toward cubs that may provide protection for them when those cubs become old enough to take over the pride.", "B": "Kill all cubs that are not related to them, while making sacrifices for their own cubs since the dominant male has a short tenure in the pride.", "C": "Kill cubs that are aggressive while feeding.", "D": "Kill the weaker/slower cubs and provide the most support for the remaining cubs."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2102, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Dogs often roll on dead animals. How would you describe this in terms of animal communication? Scent rolling is probably due to:", "options": {"A": "Deceit.", "B": "Mutuality.", "C": "Manipulation by receiver.", "D": "Spite.", "E": "Acquisition of information for the pack."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2103, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "In the *Plasmodium* life cycle, the sporozoites produce merozoites, which are ______ and are released from the ______ of the host.", "options": {"A": "Diploid; erythrocytes.", "B": "Diploid; hepatocytes.", "C": "Diploid; sporozoites.", "D": "Haploid; erythrocytes.", "E": "Haploid; hepatocytes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2104, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "The most effective way to tell archaea from bacteria is to examine their:", "options": {"A": "Cells; archaea are eukaryotes and bacteria are prokaryotes.", "B": "Cells; archaea are prokaryotes and bacteria are eukaryotes.", "C": "Nuclear regions; the nucleus of an archaeon contains linear DNA but that of a bacterium does not.", "D": "Chloroplasts; those of an archaeon have different pigments from those of a bacterium.", "E": "DNA by sequencing; the differences between archaea and bacteria cannot be seen with a microscope."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2105, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which hormone is directly responsible for triggering ovulation?", "options": {"A": "Estrogen", "B": "Luteinizing hormone", "C": "Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone", "D": "Bstrogen", "E": "Progesterone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2106, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is the sedimentation value for one eukaryotic ribosome?", "options": {"A": "40S", "B": "50S", "C": "60S", "D": "70S", "E": "80S"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2107, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "As a budding tumor immunologist you are interested in the mechanism of tumor rejection. You develop an injectable sarcoma cell line through use of a mutagen that disrupt different genes at random so you can probe their potential effect on tumor survival. Tumor cell line 1 is quickly killed in wild type mice, but grows well in RAG2 knock-out mice. Tumor cell line 2 is quickly killed in wild type mice and RAG2 knockout mice, but grows well in perforin knockout mice. You vaguely recall that RAG2 is a gene involved in recombination of heavy and light chain segments in the immune system.", "question": "Which cell type is likely directly mediating this tumor rejection, for each of the two cell lines?", "options": {"A": "Eosinophils; B cells", "B": "CD4 T cells; CD8 T cells", "C": "CD8 T cells; Natural killer cells", "D": "CD8 T cells; Basophils", "E": "Natural killer cells; CD8 T cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2108, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "All of the following are similarities in the functions of cells in the reproductive systems of males and females EXCEPT:", "options": {"A": "Granulosa and Sertoli cells can both secrete inhibin, which downregulates FSH secretion.", "B": "Theca and Leydig cells both increase their hormone production in response to FSH.", "C": "The Fallopian tubules and vas deferens both transport gametes from the gonad toward the site of fertilization.", "D": "Estrogen and testosterone levels contribute to negative feedback on gonadotropin releasing hormone.", "E": "All of the above are correct."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2109, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "All of the following molecular events involve endocytosis EXCEPT for which of the following?", "options": {"A": "B cell's receptor-bound antigen", "B": "Entry of granzymes to the infected cells", "C": "Selective retrieval of cell-surface proteins for recycling", "D": "Insertion of vesicles with aquaporins into lining lumen of collecting duct", "E": "Formation of the TLRs on the inner surface of vesicles formed from TLR precursors"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2110, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "A certain caterpillar has a net production efficiency of 28%, assimilation efficiency of 39%, exploitation efficiency of 50%, and a gross production efficiency of 10.92%. If there are 900 calories in the form of leaves (which this certain caterpillar loves to eat), how many calories will actually be used for production by this caterpillar?", "options": {"A": "5.405 calories", "B": "90 calories", "C": "49.14 calories", "D": "10.81 calories", "E": "19.305 calories"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2111, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following markers (I to V) can be used to help determine the species diversity of an ecosystem? I. Species richness II. Relative abundance III. Shannon index IV. Wiener index V. Species evenness", "options": {"A": "I, II, III, IV", "B": "I, II, III, V", "C": "I, III, IV", "D": "II, III, IV, V", "E": "II, III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2112, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statement is NOT true regarding human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?", "options": {"A": "Its main source is from endometrium.", "B": "Its mode of action is similar to that of pituitary LH.", "C": "It stimulates the corpus luteum to make progesterone.", "D": "It is possible to use monoclonal antibodies against hCG to make home pregnancy test kits.", "E": "It is possible that some hCG can pass from the maternal blood to the urine during first trimester."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2113, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Gastrulation in chicks similar to that in humans because", "options": {"A": "It does not generate ectoderms via gastrulation", "B": "It does not generate mesoderms via gastrulation", "C": "most of the cells that will form the embryo come from the epiblast.", "D": "most of the cells that will form the embryo come from the hypoblast.", "E": "it produces a fertilization cone in response to sperm penetration of the plasma membrane."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2114, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "In the chicken embryo, which of the following is the counterpart of the blastopore lip for the frog embryo?", "options": {"A": "Yolk sac", "B": "Epiblasts", "C": "Hypoblasts", "D": "Primitive streak", "E": "Migrating cells (mesoderms)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2115, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following correctly lists the steps required for the formation of neural tubes in vertebrates? I. Cuboidal ectodermal cells form a continuous sheet. II. Microtubules help elongate the cells of the neural plate. III. Actin filaments at the dorsal end of the cells may contract, deforming the cells into wedge cells. IV. Cells wedging in the opposite direction causes the ectoderm to form a hinge. It pinches off of the neural plate and forms the neural tube.", "options": {"A": "I \\(\\rightarrow\\) II \\(\\rightarrow\\) III \\(\\rightarrow\\) IV", "B": "I \\(\\rightarrow\\) III \\(\\rightarrow\\) II \\(\\rightarrow\\) IV", "C": "II \\(\\rightarrow\\) I \\(\\rightarrow\\) III \\(\\rightarrow\\) IV", "D": "I \\(\\rightarrow\\) II \\(\\rightarrow\\) IV \\(\\rightarrow\\) III", "E": "III \\(\\rightarrow\\) II \\(\\rightarrow\\) I \\(\\rightarrow\\) IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2116, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "During light responses in rod cells, which of the following event sequence will occur?", "options": {"A": "Rhodopsin active \\(\\rightarrow\\) sodium channels open \\(\\rightarrow\\) rod depolarized \\(\\rightarrow\\) glutamate released", "B": "Rhodopsin active \\(\\rightarrow\\) sodium channels open \\(\\rightarrow\\) rod hyperpolarized \\(\\rightarrow\\) glutamate released", "C": "Rhodopsin inactive \\(\\rightarrow\\) sodium channels closed \\(\\rightarrow\\) rod depolarized \\(\\rightarrow\\) glutamate released", "D": "Rhodopsin active \\(\\rightarrow\\) sodium channels closed \\(\\rightarrow\\) rod hyperpolarized \\(\\rightarrow\\) no glutamate released", "E": "Rhodopsin inactive \\(\\rightarrow\\) sodium channels closed \\(\\rightarrow\\) rod hyperpolarized \\(\\rightarrow\\) no glutamate released"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2117, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "These cells have cilia in their cellular structures.", "options": {"A": "Microglia", "B": "Astrocytes", "C": "Schwann cells", "D": "Ependymal cells", "E": "Oligodendrocytes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2118, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statement is NOT true regarding beta-pleated strands?", "options": {"A": "Strands can be parallel or antiparallel.", "B": "Hydrogen bonds form between strands.", "C": "Strands contain relatively few (3-10) amino acid residues.", "D": "Side chains are on alternate sides of the sheet to form a pleated sheet.", "E": "Beta sheets are not flat, which makes it more rigid, and do not have a characteristic twist."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2119, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the process of meiosis? I. Segregation of unlinked alleles occurs during meiosis. II. Kinetochores are responsible for aligning chromatids during meiosis I. III. At the end of meiosis, the amount of DNA in each daughter cell is half of the parental cell. IV. At the end of meiosis, the amount of chromosome in each daughter cell is half of the parental cell.", "options": {"A": "I, IV", "B": "II, III", "C": "I, II, III", "D": "II, III, IV", "E": "I, II, III, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2120, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The famous mathematician Dr. M decided to implement his math prowess in studying population genetics. Currently, he is studying a population of *Ariolimax californicus* on the island Iniquit, which is plagued by a recessive disease that results in a completely brown body and death before reproductive age. Currently, there is only one population of *A. californicus* on Iniquit (all of the same age), and Dr. M finds 124 brown *A. californicus* out of 567 total *A. californicus*. How many generations will it take for the recessive allele to drop below a 10% proportion of the total gene pool?", "options": {"A": "6 generations", "B": "7 generations", "C": "8 generations", "D": "9 generations", "E": "10 generations"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2121, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Dr. O, who is also known for being an expert on Japanese culture, stumbles upon a population of *Mustela putorius* that is incredibly prone to inbreeding. Nevertheless, this population is quite large, isolated from other populations, immune to DNA mutations, and has no natural selection currently acting upon it. A certain recessive allele that causes extra furriness constituents 18% of the gene pool.", "question": "Which of the following could be the proportion of *M. putorius* that are heterozygous for this allele?", "options": {"A": "0.159", "B": "0.296", "C": "0.297", "D": "0.324", "E": "0.999"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2122, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Your somatic cells die after about 40 cell divisions because your chromosomes shorten with each cell division. Your chromosomes shorten because:", "options": {"A": "Your somatic cells do not express telomerase", "B": "Your somatic cells' DNA polymerase has a catalytic activity of telomerase.", "C": "Your somatic cells do not have a telomerase gene through silencing mechanism.", "D": "Your somatic cells' DNA polymerase does not have a catalytic activity of telomerase.", "E": "DNA polymerase is very inefficient and usually copies about half of each chromosome."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2123, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Though it has been recently contested, the cisternal maturation model for movement through the Golgi has been reasonably well upheld by various experiments. Based on this model, consider the following enzymes: enzyme A adds mannose to serine, enzyme B adds mannose to N-acetylglucosamine, and enzyme C adds N-acetylglucosamine to mannose.", "question": "Which of these enzymes will move from the trans to the medial Golgi?", "options": {"A": "Enzyme A", "B": "Enzyme B", "C": "Enzyme C", "D": "Enzyme A and B", "E": "None; they all stay in their predetermined compartment."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2124, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The fungus *Neurospora crassa* is a popular model organism for geneticists. During sexual reproduction, haploid cells from two compatible strains of *N. crassa* fuse together, forminga diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores, which are conveniently bound together in a sac.", "question": "You have identified two genes, A and B, which control pigmentation in *N. crassa*. Spores with genotype AB are dark, while spores with genotype a_ or _b are light. Genes A and B are located on different chromosomes. You mate a strain with genotype AB with a strain of genotype ab. What is the expected result?", "options": {"A": "100% of sacs contain 1 dark spore and 3 light spores.", "B": "100% of sacs contain 2 dark spores and 2 light spores.", "C": "25% of sacs contain 4 dark spores; the others contain 4 light spores.", "D": "50% of sacs contain 4 dark spores; the others contain 4 light spores.", "E": "50% of sacs contain 2 dark and 2 light spores; the others contain 4 light spores."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2125, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statement is NOT a function of extracellular matrices?", "options": {"A": "They provide elasticity in tissues.", "B": "They keep cell layers separated from each other.", "C": "They promote the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide within tissues.", "D": "They enable tissues to resist compression and tension by providing strength and flexibility.", "E": "They can influence the activity of genes in the nucleus by the combination of mechanical and chemical signaling pathways (intracellular signals)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2126, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Schwann cells surround which type of cell found in most mammals?", "options": {"A": "Erythrocytes", "B": "Microglial cells", "C": "Helper T cells", "D": "Neurons", "E": "Pericytes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2127, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "If someone has a lesion in the hippocampus, what behavioral deficits will the patient have?", "options": {"A": "Lack of balance", "B": "Inability to think ahead", "C": "Memory loss", "D": "Insomnia", "E": "Speech deficits"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2128, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The following chemicals are found in the brain as molecular signaling molecules known as neurotransmitters: I. Glutamine II. Dopamine III. Serotonin IV. Norepinephrine V. Raphine VI. Lysine", "options": {"A": "I, II, V, VI", "B": "I, II, III, IV", "C": "I, II, V", "D": "II, III, IV", "E": "all of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2129, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The five lobes of the brain include these regions.", "options": {"A": "Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and cerebellum", "B": "Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, motor lobe, and cerebellum", "C": "Frontal lobe, spatiotemporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and cerebellum", "D": "Cerebral lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and cerebellum", "E": "Prefrontal lobe, spatiotemporal lobe, visual lobe, sensory lobe, motor lobe."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2130, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "For summer project, you would like to explore different experimental techniques to address different physiological questions in *E. coli*. Which of the followings statements are true? I. If you want to visualize the microbe with staining, you can use light microscope. II. If you want to visualize the microbe with staining, you can use phase microscope III. If you want to visualize the microbe with staining, you can use confocal microscope. IV. If you want to demonstrate the existence of the pili on the outside of the cell, you can use light microscope. V. If you want to demonstrate the existence of the pili on the outside of the cell, you can use confocal microscope. VI. If you want to demonstrate the existence of the pili on the outside of the cell, you can use scanning electron microscope.", "options": {"A": "I, II", "B": "V, VI", "C": "I, II, V, VI", "D": "I, II, III V, VI", "E": "I, II, IV, V, VI"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2131, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A good friend of yours, Dr. A, is breeding his favorite species of cats. For this specific experiment, he has a true breeding strand of red cats, and a true breeding strand of silver cats. When he crosses these two strands, he only gets golden cats. When he breeds these golden cats together, he gets 100 offspring: 56 golden cats, 19 silver cats, and 25 red cats.", "question": "Which of the following statements must be true?", "options": {"A": "This is an example of dominant epistasis", "B": "This is not an example of recessive epistasis.", "C": "The enzyme creating golden pigment comes before the enzyme creating silver pigment.", "D": "The enzyme creating red pigment is mutated in the true breeding strand of silver cats.", "E": "The enzyme creating red pigment is not mutated in the true breeding strand of gold cats."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2132, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The coloration of tortoiseshell and calico cats is a visible manifestation of X-inactivation. The black and orange alleles of a fur coloration gene reside on the X chromosome. For any given patch of fur, the inactivation of an X chromosome that carries one gene results in the fur color of the other, active gene.", "question": "Inactivation of one X chromosome in female mammals is an example of", "options": {"A": "Epigenetics", "B": "Sex-linked inheritance", "C": "Autosomal dominance", "D": "Autosomal dominance", "E": "Autosomal recessiveness"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2133, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of these answer choices matches the organism with the correct chromosomal system of sex determination?", "options": {"A": "Koala; Y-W", "B": "Grasshopper; Haplo-diploid", "C": "Chicken; Z-W", "D": "Salmon; X-W", "E": "Ant; X-0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2134, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "You are discussing the various facets of ecology with your good friend. Which of the following is a true statement?", "options": {"A": "Standing crop is measured over a period of time.", "B": "Effective population size is not always smaller than the actual population size.", "C": "Net primary productivity is about 3/4 of gross primary productivity.", "D": "The oceans contribute about as much production as all terrestrial biomes combined.", "E": "An inverted biomass pyramid has a high standing crop."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2135, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "During angiosperm reproduction, all of the following transitions occur EXCEPT that the:", "options": {"A": "Ovulary becomes a fruit", "B": "Megasporangium generates the central cell", "C": "Generative cell becomes sperm", "D": "Megaspore becomes the endosperm", "E": "Ovules become seeds"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2136, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT a site of meiosis?", "options": {"A": "Sporangium", "B": "Antheridia in bryophytes", "C": "Sori in pteridophytes", "D": "Ovules in angiosperms", "E": "All of the above are sites of meiosis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2137, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "In plants, ion channels are also involved in producing electrical signals analogous to the action potentials of animals.", "question": "How are the ion channels in plants different from the ones in animals?", "options": {"A": "They are 1,000 times faster than the channels used by animals.", "B": "They utilize facilitated diffusion to generate electrical gradients.", "C": "Most channels are not gated, opening, or closing in response to stimuli.", "D": "The plant channels can response to all the senses, except for mechanosensitivity.", "E": "They employ calcium-activated anion channels, rather than the sodium ion channels."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2138, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "When the megaspore divides, it produces a large cell with _______ nuclei.", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "6", "D": "8", "E": "16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2139, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following mechanism is responsible for transporting sugar between symplasts?", "options": {"A": "Passive diffusion via gap junctions", "B": "Passive diffusion via plasmodesmata", "C": "Facilitated diffusion using sucrose transport pump proteins", "D": "Active transporter using sucrose transport pump proteins", "E": "Active transport using co-transporter coupled with proton pump"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2140, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "______ are the most primitive vascular plant cells that conduct water and provide and support while ______ are cells that primarily provide rapid transport of water in angiosperms.", "options": {"A": "Tracheids; vessel members", "B": "Vessel members; tracheids", "C": "Sieve-tube members; tracheids", "D": "Tracheids; sieve-tube members", "E": "Sieve-tube members; vessel members"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2141, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A wildlife biologist has adopted a number of techniques to protect the Willow Flycatcher, a bird that often nests and feeds in willows. Some techniques reflect top-down while some reflect bottom-up control.", "question": "Which of the following approaches demonstrates her understanding of how BOTTOM-UP forces affect community dynamics?", "options": {"A": "Willow Flycatchers can lose eggs to squirrels, weasels, and other predators. The biologist attempts to protect nests by putting metal collars around the base of the willows that keep ground predators from climbing up to reach the nests.", "B": "The biologist attempts to increase food availability by reintroducing beaver. She hypothesizes that beaver will raise the water table, stimulating the growth of willow, which will result in an increase in insect abundance, giving flycatchers more food.", "C": "Both approaches rely on bottom-up forces.", "D": "Both approaches rely on top-down forces."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2142, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is true?", "options": {"A": "An ecosystem will always achieve its maximum NPP after it has reached its maturity.", "B": "Natural ecosystems always change and never show any trends.", "C": "Replacement of one biological community by another in a given area is called population dynamics.", "D": "The process of one ecosystem being replaced by another in a given area is called succession."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2143, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "What are the three principal levels of biodiversity?", "options": {"A": "genetic, species and ecosystem", "B": "individual, population and community", "C": "population, community and ecosystem", "D": "community, ecosystem and landscape"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2144, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Optimal foraging theory predicts that the shorter the travel time between patches, the ______ time the forager should stay in each patch.", "options": {"A": "more", "B": "less", "C": "more feeding", "D": "more resting"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2145, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The log-normal distribution of species indicates that ______?", "options": {"A": "most species in a community have intermediate abundance", "B": "most species in a community have very low abundance.", "C": "most species in a community have very high abundance.", "D": "most species in a community have the same abundance."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2146, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Dr. T is a famous lecturer on ethology, and his favorite topic happens to be agnostic behavior. Which of the following are examples of agnostic behavior? I. A female guppy picking a mate based on the males' external features II. Two grey kangaroos boxing with each other to decide who gets the mate III. Two male stalk-eyed flies squaring off for rights to a mate IV. Male grey catbirds fluffing their feathers when their territory is threatened by another male", "options": {"A": "I, II, IV", "B": "I, III, V", "C": "II, III", "D": "II, III, IV", "E": "III, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2159, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "A class of small, endogenous RNAs of 18–25 nucleotides (nts) in length. They play an important regulatory role in animals and plants by targeting specific mRNAs for degradation or translation repression. This group of RNA are named", "options": {"A": "mRNA", "B": "tRNA", "C": "rRNA", "D": "microRNA (miRNA)", "E": "Microsatellite"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2160, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statement is NOT true regarding retrotransposons?", "options": {"A": "Reverse transcriptase is encoded by the retrotransposon.", "B": "They always leave a copy at the original site during transposition.", "C": "They are DNA sequences that replicate via an RNA intermediate.", "D": "They represent most of transposable elements in eukaryotic genomes.", "E": "They are DNA sequences that can move from one site in the genome to another without replicating."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2161, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best explains why histone acetylation increases transcription of DNA bound to that histone?", "options": {"A": "At cellular pH, DNA is negatively charged and is repelled by the negatively charged acetyl groups.", "B": "At cellular pH, DNA is negatively charged and is attracted to the positively charged acetyl groups.", "C": "At cellular pH, DNA is positively charged and is repelled by the positively charged acetyl groups.", "D": "At cellular pH, DNA is positively charged and is attracted to the negatively charged acetyl groups.", "E": "At cellular pH, DNA is negatively charged and is attracted to the negatively charged acetyl groups."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2162, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "You are trying to determine how large a certain population of trout is. You capture 50 trout, mark them, then return them to the stream. Then, the next time you capture trout (some time later), you find that, out of the 100 you captured, only 7 are marked.", "question": "About how many trout are in the stream?", "options": {"A": "500 trout", "B": "600 trout", "C": "700 trout", "D": "800 trout", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2163, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "You want to inhibit the autophagic flux in endothelial cells in vitro and measure the expression marker of p62, which is an important indicator of autophagic flux. To do so, which of the following can act as a general chemical inhibitor of autophagy in most cell types?", "options": {"A": "MG-132, 26s proteasome inhibitor", "B": "Thioridazine, a reversible inhibitor of peroxisomes", "C": "Bafilomycin, a fusion inhibitor of lysosomes and phagosomes", "D": "Rapamycin, a chemical that triggers the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes", "E": "Sodium azide, a chemical inhibitor of cytochrome complexes in the mitochondria"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2164, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "You've discovered a mysterious new caniform species, *Doggo corgus*. In *D. corgus*, floofiness is dominant to non-floofiness and short-leggedness is dominant to long-leggedness. You believe that, in *D. corgus*, the genes for floofiness and tail length are linked. In order to study the linkage, you start with two true-breeding lineages, one floofy with short legs and one not floofy with long legs. Then, you cross a floofy short legged individual with a non-floofy long-legged individual, and obtain an F1 population of floofy, short-legged individuals. Assume that the recombination frequency is 0.3.", "question": "If you cross two F1 individuals, what fraction of the F2 population would you expect to be floofy and long-legged? Select the answer closest to the actual number.", "options": {"A": "0.10", "B": "0.125", "C": "0.15", "D": "0.25", "E": "0.35"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2165, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statement is NOT true regarding programmed cell death in plants?", "options": {"A": "Roots treated with high concentration of ethylene will likely undergo senescence.", "B": "Xylem vessel members need to undergo programmed cell death to become functional.", "C": "During apoptosis, newly formed enzymes break down chlorophylls and membrane lipids.", "D": "To provide functional barriers, root cap cells need to undergo programmed cell death to become functional", "E": "Non-productive leaves or branches can undergo programmed cell death and are eventually shed by self-pruning."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2166, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The famous physicist C. W. Jason has discovered a miraculously novel organism! It has an open circulatory system, a mesothorax, and Malphigian tubules.", "question": "Which of the following clades would this organism most likely belong to?", "options": {"A": "Crustacea", "B": "Mollusca", "C": "Insecta", "D": "Echinodermata", "E": "Chordata"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2167, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "All of the followings can be transported by the phloem EXCEPT for", "options": {"A": "Jasmonates", "B": "Abscisic acid", "C": "Methylsalicylic acid", "D": "Nitrogen export from the root, such as $NO_3^-$", "E": "Macromolecules, including RNA and proteins"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2168, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Mycorrhizal fungi are important to many plants because they can", "options": {"A": "recruit nitrogen-fixing bacteria to plants", "B": "improve the rate of photosynthesis in plants", "C": "improve delivery of phosphate ions in plants", "D": "provide organic nutrients, such as carbohydrates, to the plants", "E": "produce toxins that can kill other parasitic microbes or infectious fungi"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2169, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Convection rolls are responsible for which of the following?", "options": {"A": "Plate tectonics.", "B": "Heavy rains at low latitudes.", "C": "Polygons forming in oil heated in a skillet.", "D": "All of the above.", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2170, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is the best definition of \"fitness\"?", "options": {"A": "The health of offspring produced by parents relative to the health of those in the population.", "B": "The slope of the relationship between mean phenotype of the parent and the offspring's phenotype.", "C": "The number of offspring produced by an individual relative to the average number produced by members of the population.", "D": "All of the above.", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2171, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "What's \"p\" given the following frequencies of genotypes? A1A1 = 20, A1A2 = 50, A2A2 = 80.", "options": {"A": "0.133", "B": "0.233", "C": "0.300", "D": "0.700", "E": "0.950"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2172, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "You capture and mark 73 mice in the field. You release them and one week later capture 100 mice, of which 23 are marked.", "question": "Assuming no violations of the Lincoln-Peterson technique occur what is our estimate of the population (note these values may be rounded down)?", "options": {"A": "31.", "B": "103.", "C": "196.", "D": "317.", "E": "996."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2173, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The population of wolves in Yellowstone went from 137 to 121 in one year.", "question": "What was $r$ if the population grew according to the exponential growth during this time period? Which of the following is the closest estimate for \"r\" during this time period?", "options": {"A": "-0.12", "B": "-0.08", "C": "0.12", "D": "0.88", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2174, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "What's the Shannon diversity index ( $H'$ ) for a community that has 5 species with the following number of individuals in each of the five species: 15, 40, 25, 75, 10?", "options": {"A": "-1.2", "B": "1.0", "C": "1.28", "D": "1.38", "E": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2175, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following amino acids would you LEAST expect to find in the transmembrane region of a G Protein-Coupled Receptor?", "options": {"A": "Alanine", "B": "Leucine", "C": "Proline", "D": "Tryptophan", "E": "Valine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2176, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is not true of rubisco?", "options": {"A": "It is likely the most abundant protein on earth.", "B": "It catalyzes carbon fixation in photosynthesis.", "C": "Carbon atoms bond directly to it during photosynthesis.", "D": "It is involved in the Calvin Cycle.", "E": "It stands for ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2177, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "According to the Central Dogma, proteins are translated from messenger RNA by ribosomes, where transfer RNAs carry amino acids that correspond to a codon of nucleic acids. In most organisms, only 20 amino acids are used. However, more amino acids could be encoded.", "question": "In a genetic code with 3 nucleic acids per codon, what is the maximum number of amino acids that could be encoded?", "options": {"A": "60", "B": "61", "C": "62", "D": "63", "E": "64"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2178, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "A mutation in which of the following mitochondrial electron carriers will affect metabolism of NADH but not $\\mathrm{FADH}_2$ ? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "Cytochrome C", "B": "Cytochrome oxidase", "C": "Ubiquinone", "D": "Cytochrome reductase", "E": "NADH dehydrogenase"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2179, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In order to definitively identify the mutations in your E. coli strains, you want to sequence the lac operon from your strains. First, you need to amplify the lac operon. Below are the sequences of the ends of your desired region.\n\n5'-GTGAAACCAGTAACG ... GTTGAATCGTCAGTT-3'", "question": "Which of the following primers will amplify your sequence?", "options": {"A": "5'-GTGAAACCAGTAACG-3' and 5'-TTGACTGCTAAGTTG-3'", "B": "5'-GTGAAACCAGTAACG-3' and 5'-AACTGACGATTCAAC-3'", "C": "5'-CACTTTGGTCATTGC-3' and 5'-TTGACTGCTAAGTTG-3'", "D": "5'-CGTTACTGGTTTCAC-3' and 5'-AACTGACGATTCAAC-3'", "E": "5'-CGTTACTGGTTTCAC-3' and 5'-GTTGAATCGTCAGTT-3'"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2180, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following proteins function in bacterial motility?", "options": {"A": "Tubulin", "B": "Kinesin", "C": "Dynein", "D": "Actin", "E": "Flagellin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2181, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Histones are a type of nuclear protein that associates strongly and nonspecifically with DNA.", "question": "Which of the following amino acids would you expect to contribute significantly to the ability of histones to bind DNA?", "options": {"A": "Asp", "B": "Gln", "C": "Gly", "D": "Lys", "E": "Met"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2182, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The process of noncyclic photophosphorylation provides an ample supply of energy and hydrogen donors to reduce $\\mathbf{CO}_{2}$ to carbohydrate using light energy to synthesize:", "options": {"A": "ADP and ATP", "B": "ATP and P700", "C": "ATP and NADP+", "D": "ADP and NADPox", "E": "P700 and P680"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2183, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is FALSE concerning plant roots?", "options": {"A": "A lobed phloem core forms the center of the eudicot stele.", "B": "The steles of both monocot and eudicot roots are surrounded by pericycles.", "C": "Many monocot roots have a core of parenchyma cells.", "D": "A ring of phloem surrounds the xylem in a typical monocot root.", "E": "ALL of the above are TRUE."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2184, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The different absorption spectra of photosystems I and II:", "options": {"A": "Result from alternative splicing of the chlorophyll mRNA.", "B": "Result from different absorptive pigments.", "C": "Show a native biological example of FRET.", "D": "Show that photosystem I evolved before photosystem II.", "E": "Show that photosystem I is more efficient that photosystem II."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2185, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "From which area of the root is the cross section taken?", "options": {"A": "Apical meristem", "B": "Root cap", "C": "Zone of cell division", "D": "Zone of cell elongation", "E": "Zone of cell maturation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2186, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "What is the effect of repeated and alternating flashes of red and far-red light during the night on a short-day plant?", "options": {"A": "Causes flowering if the sum of far-red light exceeds some critical value.", "B": "Causes flowering if the sum of the red light exceeds some critical value.", "C": "Causes or inhibits flowering dependent upon the wavelength of the last flash of light.", "D": "Inhibits flowering if the sum of far-red light exceeds some critical value.", "E": "Inhibits flowering if the sum of the red light exceeds some critical value."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2187, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following neurotransmitters ONLY operates in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and is rapidly synthesized on demand instead of being stored in cytoplasmic vesicles?", "options": {"A": "Acetylcholine", "B": "Dopamine", "C": "GABA", "D": "Nitric oxide", "E": "Serotonin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2188, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The blocking of which ion combination activity in the heart would most likely affect the heart's action?", "options": {"A": "Calcium ion and potassium ion", "B": "Calcium ion and chloride ion", "C": "Chloride ion and potassium ion", "D": "Chloride ion and sodium ion", "E": "Magnesium ion and sodium ion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2189, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The bone marrow of a MHCa haplotype mouse is irradiated and the mouse is then given a transplant of MHCaab haplotype bone marrow. MHCaab T cells mature normally in the mouse's original thymus, undergoing positive selection only in the presence of cortical thymus epithelial cells (cTECs) and becoming MHC restricted.", "question": "Which of the following are TRUE about T cells that do mature?", "options": {"A": "The mature T cells will display only MHCb on their surfaces.", "B": "The mature T cells will display MHCa and MHCb on their surfaces.", "C": "The mature T cells will be restricted to MHCb only.", "D": "The mature T cells will be restricted to both MHCa and MHCb.", "E": "No T cells will mature."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2190, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Your friend has multiple sclerosis, a disease in which the myelin sheath of axons is damaged by the immune system. You have devoted your life to treating this friend's disease, and have developed a technique for culturing glial cells for transplantation.", "question": "Which of the following glial cells should you culture to treat your friend? Select all that apply (Point value: 2).", "options": {"A": "Astrocytes", "B": "Ependymal cells", "C": "Oligodendrocytes", "D": "Microglia", "E": "Schwann cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2191, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Muscle tissue generates approximately what percentage of body heat?", "options": {"A": "$15\\%$", "B": "$30\\%$", "C": "$55\\%$", "D": "$85\\%$", "E": "$98\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2192, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Place the following in the correct sequence from the initial formation of urine to its elimination from the body.I. Major calyx\nII. Minor calyx\nIII. Nephron\nIV. Urethra\nV. Ureter\nVI. Collecting duct", "options": {"A": "I, II, IV, V, III, VI", "B": "II, I, V, VI, III, IV", "C": "III, VI, II, I, V, IV", "D": "V, IV, VI, III, I, II", "E": "VI, III, I, II, V, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2193, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "JJ Jinkels, a famous country western performer, was leaving his hotel when he was shot and severely wounded by a would-be assassin. An account of the incident was reported on the web, stating that \"The most serious wound is just at the belt-line on the left side. It affected his pancreas and colon, and cut the portal vein that supplies blood to the stomach in half.\"", "question": "There was a biology error in the report. What is it?", "options": {"A": "The colon and the pancreas could not have been hit by the same bullet.", "B": "The colon would not be located near the wound site.", "C": "The pancreas is not on the left side of the body.", "D": "The portal vein does not supply blood to the stomach.", "E": "The wounds described were not life-threatening."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2194, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Curare was used by South American indigenous people to hunt. Its chemical action is to compete with acetylcholine for receptors at the motor end plate causing skeletal muscles of the prey to:", "options": {"A": "Become more excitable.", "B": "Produce uncontrolled muscle spasms.", "C": "Develop spastic paralysis.", "D": "Develop flaccid paralysis.", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2195, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The following events occur during muscle contraction.", "question": "I. Myosin cross-bridges bind to actin.\nII. The myosin head hydrolyzes ATP.\nIII. Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.\nIV. The myosin head pivots toward the Z-line.\nV. Calcium ion binds to troponin.\nVI. The myosin head binds an ATP molecule and detaches from actin.", "options": {"A": "I, III, V, IV, VI, II", "B": "V, I, IV, VI, II, III", "C": "III, V, I, II, IV, VI", "D": "III, V, I, IV, VI, II", "E": "I, IV, VI, II, III, V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2196, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Crystal lives in Melbourne, FL and is asked by her employer to work in Denver for the month of July. After a week adapting to the high altitude, one would expect a decrease in Crystal's", "options": {"A": "Alveoli $\\mathrm{pO}_2$ .", "B": "Alveolar ventilation rate.", "C": "Blood pressure.", "D": "Blood $\\mathrm{pO}_2$ .", "E": "Hematocrit."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2197, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "You develop a pulmonary embolism in your left lung. Over time, you would expect to observe", "options": {"A": "Distension of the pulmonary veins from the right lung.", "B": "Increased cardiac output from the left ventricle.", "C": "Increased cardiac output from the right ventricle.", "D": "Increased thickness of the right ventricular wall.", "E": "No appreciable changes in heart structure or function."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2198, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "While on a family vacation with her family to New York City, Kate goes to the Giano Restaurant and has parmesan creme brûlée and a glass of ice tea.", "question": "Which of the following statements is FALSE? Select all that apply (Point value: 2).", "options": {"A": "Absorption of amino acids will take place in the large intestine.", "B": "Digestion of this appetizer will begin in the mouth.", "C": "Hydrolysis of proteins will begin in the stomach.", "D": "Most hydrolysis of the fats will occur in the stomach.", "E": "Reabsorption of water will take place in the large intestine."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2199, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "If one were to compare a bird's lung to a human's, which of the following statements is/are FALSE? Select all that apply (Point value: 2).", "options": {"A": "A closed circulatory system is adjacent to the gas exchange surface in both the human and bird lung.", "B": "Both humans and birds have air sacs in their lungs.", "C": "Both human and bird lungs possess alveoli for gas exchange.", "D": "Negative pressure breathing is used to bring air into both the human and the bird lung.", "E": "The human lung is a more efficient gas exchange system than the bird's."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 2200, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of these cases best describes polygyny?", "options": {"A": "A male mating with multiple females.", "B": "A male mating with only one female.", "C": "A female mating with multiple males.", "D": "A dominant female mates with multiple males in a pack.", "E": "The female and male are different in external characteristics."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2201, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Questions 38 and 39 describe experiments or observations that can be classified as examples of one of the forms of learning listed below. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.", "question": "Prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus, give alarm calls when mammals, large birds, or snakes approach. Individual prairie dogs are easy prey for coyotes, hawks, or rattlesnakes. In their groups, they are well-defended due to their alarm calls that facilitate escape into their burrows. When prairie dog towns are located near trails used by humans on a regular basis, they do not give alarm calls.", "options": {"A": "Classical conditioning", "B": "Cultural learning", "C": "Habituation", "D": "Imprinting", "E": "Trial and error learning"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2202, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Questions 38 and 39 describe experiments or observations that can be classified as examples of one of the forms of learning listed below. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.", "question": "In May 2005, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) were found teaching their young to use tools. They showed them how to protect their snouts with sponges while foraging.", "options": {"A": "Classical conditioning", "B": "Cultural learning", "C": "Habituation", "D": "Imprinting", "E": "Trial and error learning"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2203, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Huntington's disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation. The birth of an affected child to non- affected individuals with no family history of the disease is most likely due to:", "options": {"A": "A mistake in replication", "B": "A mistake in transcription", "C": "A mistake in translation", "D": "Incomplete penetrance", "E": "Incomplete dominance"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2204, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT a condition linked to a recessive gene?", "options": {"A": "Sickle-cell anemia", "B": "Hemophilia", "C": "Cystic Fibrosis", "D": "Achondroplasia", "E": "Albinism"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2205, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A homozygous plant with red flowers is crossed with a homozygous plant of the same species with white flowers. The F1 offspring is observed and it is concluded that flower color in this species has an inheritance pattern of incomplete dominance.", "question": "Which of the following statements is TRUE about the F1 plant?", "options": {"A": "The F1 plant has both red and white flowers and is heterozygous at the flower color locus.", "B": "The F1 plant has pink flowers and is heterozygous at the flower color locus.", "C": "The F1 plant has red flowers and is heterozygous at the flower color locus.", "D": "The F1 plant has pink flowers because a crossing-over event has occurred at the flower color locus.", "E": "NONE of the statements above are true."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2206, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "A dolphin's flipper, a bat's wing, a dog's foreleg, and a human arm have what relationship to each other?", "options": {"A": "They are examples of convergent evolution.", "B": "They are examples of coevolution.", "C": "They are analogous structures.", "D": "They are homologous structures.", "E": "They are a derived characteristic of mammals."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2207, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Among members of which of the following angiosperm families would you least expect to find evidence of co-evolution with insect pollinators?", "options": {"A": "Cactaceae", "B": "Liliaceae", "C": "Orchidaceae", "D": "Poaceae", "E": "Rosaceae"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2208, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Mule-foot $(M)$ is dominant to the normal cloven-foot $(m)$ in swine. The white coat is controlled by a dominant allele of another locus $B$ , and black by its recessive allele $b$ . A black mule-footed sow is mated with a white cloven-footed boar. They have multiple litters. All 36 offspring are white, but 17 have mule feet and 19 have cloven feet.", "question": "What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?", "options": {"A": "MmBb x mmBb", "B": "Mmbb x mmBB", "C": "Mmbb x mmBb", "D": "MMbb x mmBB", "E": "MMBB x mmBb"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2209, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "A certain genetic defect is caused by a sex-linked dominant allele with $70\\%$ penetrance. If a man with this genetic defect marries a normal woman, what percent of their children would have this defect?", "options": {"A": "$25\\%$", "B": "$35\\%$", "C": "$50\\%$", "D": "$70\\%$", "E": "$90\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2210, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In a chromosome with the genes E, F, G, and H, the crossing over frequencies are as follows: E and F $11\\%$ E and G $9\\%$ E and H $3\\%$ F and H $8\\%$", "question": "What of the following are possible crossing over frequencies of genes G and H? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "$6\\%$", "B": "$8\\%$", "C": "$12\\%$", "D": "$17\\%$", "E": "$19\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2211, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which condition below is NOT a condition of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "Higher dominant allele frequency than recessive.", "B": "Small population.", "C": "No immigration or emigration.", "D": "No mutations.", "E": "No natural selection."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2212, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Question, use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False.", "question": "An example of cryptic coloration is seen in the venomous eastern coral snake and the harmless scarlet king snake. Both have brightly colored bands of red, black, and yellow rings encircling their bodies.", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2213, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Question, use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False.", "question": "Evolution may proceed to a limited extent without mutations.", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2214, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Question, use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False.", "question": "Evolution involves a change in allele frequency in the gene pool.", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2215, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "For Question, select the group below that matches the adaptation in each question with the LARGEST group such that all members of the group have the adaptation.", "question": "Formation of a phragmoplast", "options": {"A": "Viridiplantae (green algae or chlorophytes, plus Streptophyta)", "B": "Streptophyta (charophytes, plus Plantae)", "C": "Plantae", "D": "Vascular Plants", "E": "Seed Plants"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2216, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "For Question, select the group below that matches the adaptation in each question with the LARGEST group such that all members of the group have the adaptation.", "question": "Apical meristems", "options": {"A": "Viridiplantae (green algae or chlorophytes, plus Streptophyta)", "B": "Streptophyta (charophytes, plus Plantae)", "C": "Plantae", "D": "Vascular Plants", "E": "Seed Plants"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2217, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "For Question, select the group below that matches the adaptation in each question with the LARGEST group such that all members of the group have the adaptation.", "question": "Lignified water-conducting cells", "options": {"A": "Viridiplantae (green algae or chlorophytes, plus Streptophyta)", "B": "Streptophyta (charophytes, plus Plantae)", "C": "Plantae", "D": "Vascular Plants", "E": "Seed Plants"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2218, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is the correct order from SMALLEST to LARGEST for the following cellular components?\n\nI. Length of human chromosome 1 at metaphase\nII. Length of Euglena flagellum\nIII. Diameter of a human epithelial cell nucleus\nIV. Length of a phospholipid molecule\nV. Diameter of a secretory vesicle", "options": {"A": "IV, V, I, II, III", "B": "II, III, I, V, IV", "C": "IV, I, V, II, III", "D": "IV, V, III, I, II", "E": "III, I, II, V, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2219, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is the best reason why oxygen is able to bind to the heme group in myoglobin, despite the heme being deep in the protein?", "options": {"A": "Rapid flexing of the amino acid side chains produces temporary cavities for the oxygen to enter.", "B": "The side chains pass the oxygen to each other until it reaches the heme group.", "C": "The myoglobin protein contains special alpha helix domains that let the oxygen tunnel through.", "D": "The myoglobin protein moves the heme group towards its surface through rearrangement of its tertiary structure.", "E": "High partial pressure of oxygen displaces carbon dioxide attached to the heme group."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2220, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Questions 65 to 67. Many essential nutrients play an important role in energy metabolism and the breakdown of food into energy. For each of the following essential nutrients, select the metabolic process from the responses A to C that most directly depends on it.", "question": "Vitamin B1 (thiamine)", "options": {"A": "Glycolysis", "B": "Citric acid cycle", "C": "Oxidative phosphorylation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2221, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Questions 65 to 67. Many essential nutrients play an important role in energy metabolism and the breakdown of food into energy. For each of the following essential nutrients, select the metabolic process from the responses A to C that most directly depends on it.", "question": "Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)", "options": {"A": "Glycolysis", "B": "Citric acid cycle", "C": "Oxidative phosphorylation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2222, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Questions 65 to 67. Many essential nutrients play an important role in energy metabolism and the breakdown of food into energy. For each of the following essential nutrients, select the metabolic process from the responses A to C that most directly depends on it.", "question": "Fe (iron)", "options": {"A": "Glycolysis", "B": "Citric acid cycle", "C": "Oxidative phosphorylation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2223, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "You wish to cleave genomic DNA into fragments average about 2kb for cloning into a plasmid library. Which of the following restriction enzyme recognition sites would best suit this purpose? For the purposes of this problem, you may assume that the organism in question has equal amounts of all four DNA bases.", "options": {"A": "$5^\\prime - \\mathrm{GATTC} - 3^\\prime$", "B": "$5^\\prime - \\mathrm{ATGCGCAT} - 3^\\prime$", "C": "$5^\\prime - \\mathrm{TTA} - 3^\\prime$", "D": "$5^\\prime - \\mathrm{AGCCGA} - 3^\\prime$", "E": "$5^\\prime - \\mathrm{GATC} - 3^\\prime$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2224, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is found in the greatest percent by mass in a typical human cell?", "options": {"A": "mRNA", "B": "rRNA", "C": "tRNA", "D": "miRNA", "E": "All found in approximately equal quantities"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2225, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A patient is born with Kleinfelter's syndrome. Both parents are normal.", "question": "Which of the following are possible causes? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "Nondisjunction during meiosis I of oogenesis.", "B": "Nondisjunction during meiosis II of oogenesis.", "C": "Nondisjunction during meiosis I of spermatogenesis.", "D": "Nondisjunction during meiosis II of spermatogenesis.", "E": "Abberant crossing over during spermatogenesis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 2226, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Yeast might best be described as a/an:", "options": {"A": "Eukaryotic, chemoheterotrophic, unicellular organism.", "B": "Eukaryotic, phototherapeutic unicellular organism.", "C": "Prokaryotic, chemoautotrophic unicellular organism.", "D": "Prokaryotic, photoautotropic unicellular organism.", "E": "Prokaryotic, phototherapeutic multicellular organism."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2227, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Sally, an avid gardener, pinches the tip of many of her plants to increase lateral growth to make her plants bushier.", "question": "Why does this increase lateral growth? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "Apical dominance has been disrupted.", "B": "Cytokinin production in lateral shoots is stimulated.", "C": "Giberellin production is inhibited.", "D": "Growing tips use all the auxin produced, so when the tips are removed there is not enough auxin to cause lateral branch growth.", "E": "Most of the auxin which inhibits lateral growth in these plants is produced in the growing tips."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 2228, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which plant tissue is NOT matched correctly with its characteristics?", "options": {"A": "Collenchyma: uniformly thick-walled supportive tissue.", "B": "Epidermis: protective outer covering of plant cell.", "C": "Meristem: undifferentiated cells capable of cell division", "D": "Parenchyma: thin-walled, loosely packed, unspecialized cells.", "E": "Sclerenchyma: heavily lignified secondary walls."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2229, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Matthew was given a plant tissue specimen to examine under the microscope. He observed a large number of fibers compactly arranged in parallel bundles and a small amount of ground substance.", "question": "Which of the following might he also observe in the specimen?", "options": {"A": "Basement membrane.", "B": "A large amount of tissue fluid.", "C": "Matrix of inorganic material.", "D": "Few cells.", "E": "A large variety of cell types."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2230, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "In the evolution of the nervous system, which general trend is NOT true?", "options": {"A": "Centralization of nerves to major nerve cords.", "B": "Increasing development of the front end of the nerve cords to form the brains.", "C": "Interneurons increased the complexity of the CNS pathways", "D": "Neurons evolved to carry impulses in two directions, not just one.", "E": "Sense organs increased in number and complexity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2231, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The amino acid sequence met-ala-cys-cys-phe-trp-phe-pro is found in the nonlonger mythical monster Kraken (Giant Squid). Below are the amino acid sequences for five other species of squid.", "question": "Which is probably LEAST related to Kraken?", "options": {"A": "Met-ala-cys-cys-phe-trp-phe-pro", "B": "Met-ala-ser-cys-phe-trp-phe-pro", "C": "Met-ala-cys-cys-phe-arg-phe-pro", "D": "Met-ala-ser-cys-arg-trp-phe-pro", "E": "Met-ala-cys-cys-phe-trp-phe-glu"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2232, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The main factor that differentiates a grassland biome from a deciduous forest biome is:", "options": {"A": "Grassland has a higher average temperature.", "B": "Deciduous forest has a higher average rainfall.", "C": "Deciduous forest has a lower average rainfall.", "D": "Deciduous forest has more even periods of rain.", "E": "Grasslands have cold winters followed by warm summers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2233, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "An environmental contaminant, such as DDT, is typically MOST concentrated in the tropic level represented by which of the following organisms?", "options": {"A": "Algae", "B": "Fungi", "C": "Giraffe", "D": "Lion", "E": "Sheep"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2234, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "While walking along the Gulf coast in Florida, where you are vacationing after an intense two weeks at Purdue, you see a lot of a strange-looking creature you aren't familiar with. You ask a local and find that they're called horseshoe crabs—you're surprised because they look nothing like crabs. Upon closer examination, you find that they have six pairs of appendages (including five pairs of legs and one pair of pincers) and book gills. You keep one as a pet for a while, and find (to your surprise) that a leg that had gotten cut off has regrown!\n ", "question": "Which of the following phyla or subphyla do horseshoe crabs belong to?", "options": {"A": "Crustacea", "B": "Chelicerata", "C": "Hexapoda", "D": "Mollusca", "E": "Echinodermata"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2235, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following groups of planktonic organisms consists of eukaryotic autotrophs that contain chlorophylls a and c and secrete a siliceous cell wall?", "options": {"A": "Blue-green algae", "B": "Brown algae", "C": "Diatoms", "D": "Green algae", "E": "Red algae"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2236, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following are herbaceous eudicots? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "Alfalfa", "B": "Lilies", "C": "Marigolds", "D": "Rice", "E": "Tomatoes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 2237, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following sequences is most likely to be cleaved by a restriction endonuclease?", "options": {"A": "$5^{\\prime}$ -CCAAA-3'.", "B": "$5^{\\prime}$ -TAATTA-3'.", "C": "$5^{\\prime}$ -GAGAGA-3'.", "D": "$5^{\\prime}$ -GTGCTC-3'."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2238, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is true about transcription in a bacterial cell? I. A single mRNA transcript will often code for more than one proteinII. Nascent mRNA transcripts undergo numerous post transcriptional modifications before translation initiationIII. mRNA transcripts use a start codon that codes for glycineIV. Promoters for transcription usually feature a TATA rich region about 10bp upstream of the start codonV. The same RNA polymerase transcribes rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA.VI. The DNA template strand is read by the polymerase in the 3' to 5' directionVII. The transcript contains a purine rich sequence about 8bp before the start codon that is used in translation initiation", "options": {"A": "I and V only.", "B": "I, V, VI, and VII only.", "C": "II, III, VI, and VII only.", "D": "II, IV, VI, and VII only."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2239, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding mechanisms of enzyme inhibition?", "options": {"A": "Reversible inhibitors form only noncovalent bonds with the inhibited enzyme", "B": "Reversible inhibitors are often classified as poisons, whereas irreversible inhibitors are often used as medicines.", "C": "Competitive inhibitors affect the Km of the enzyme but not the Vmax.", "D": "Noncompetitive inhibitors can bind to the enzyme itself, as well as to the enzyme-substrate complex."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2240, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following constellations are visible during the summer?", "options": {"A": "Delphinus", "B": "Taurus", "C": "Monoceros", "D": "Eridanus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2241, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "Which stars make up the Winter Triangle asterism?", "options": {"A": "Regulus, Spica, Arcturus", "B": "Sirius, Procyon, Betelgeuse", "C": "Vega, Altair, Deneb", "D": "Alpheratz, Algenib, Markab"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2242, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "The moon is at its upper culmination at 8pm, mean solar time.", "question": "Estimate the phase of the moon.", "options": {"A": "Waning Gibbous", "B": "Waning Crescent", "C": "Waxing Gibbous", "D": "Waxing Crescent"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2243, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Arrange the following stages of the life cycle of a star of one solar mass in chronological order - Red-giant branch, Planetary nebula, White dwarf, Main sequence star, Helium Flash.", "options": {"A": "Main sequence star, Red-giant branch, Helium Flash, Planetary nebula, White dwarf", "B": "Main sequence star, Helium Flash, Red-giant branch, Planetary nebula, White dwarf", "C": "Main sequence star, Red-giant branch, Helium Flash, White dwarf, Planetary nebula", "D": "Main sequence star, Helium Flash, Red-giant branch, White dwarf, Planetary nebula"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2244, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "How are the rings of Saturn thought to be formed?", "options": {"A": "They coalesced during the formation of the Solar System", "B": "They were ejected from the surface of Saturn by a massive meteor impact.", "C": "They are the disintegrated remains of some of Saturn's moons and captured meteorites", "D": "They were gravitationally captured from the interstellar medium"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2245, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "The James Webb Space Telescope is to be sent to the second Lagrange point of the Earth-Sun system.", "question": "What is the significance of doing so?", "options": {"A": "The telescope would require little expenditure of energy to maintain its orbit", "B": "The Earth would shield the telescope from the intense solar radiation", "C": "The Moon would shield the telescope from the intense solar radiation", "D": "It allows for ground control to communicate easily with the telescope"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2246, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is not a possible method of detecting exoplanets?", "options": {"A": "To observe the wobbling of the parent star due to the gravitational influence of the planet", "B": "To observe the doppler shift of light emitted by the parent star due to the gravitational influence of the planet", "C": "To observe the periodic dips in the brightness of the parent star due to planetary transits", "D": "All of the above are possible methods for detecting exoplanets"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2247, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "An 8 inch Dobsonian telescope with a focal ratio of f/6 is used with a 12mm Plossel eyepiece. ( $1 \text{ inch} = 25.4 \text{ mm}$ )", "question": "Calculate the magnifying power of the telescope.", "options": {"A": "30x", "B": "50x", "C": "100x", "D": "200x"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2248, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Approximately how much higher is the limiting magnitude of a telescope than that of the human eye? Assume that the telescope has an aperture of 200mm and the diameter of the human iris is 5mm. (*A magnitude difference of 5 corresponds to a 100-fold difference in luminosity*).", "options": {"A": "6.0", "B": "7.0", "C": "8.0", "D": "9.0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2249, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "What is the advantage of an Equatorial telescope mount as compared to an Alt-az mount?", "options": {"A": "Reduced vibrations and provides a more stable viewing platform", "B": "Convenience of tracking the diurnal motion of the stars", "C": "It can be made more compact than an Alt-az mount", "D": "It is less complex than the Alt-az mount"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2250, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Alberio ( $\\beta$ Cygni) is a double star system in the constellation Cygnus. The magnitudes of the component stars Alberio A & Alberio B are given by 3.18 and 5.82 respectively.", "question": "Find the apparent magnitude of Alberio.", "options": {"A": "2.96", "B": "3.09", "C": "3.49", "D": "4.75"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2251, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following stars is circumpolar in Romania ( $44^{\\circ}25'$ N $26^{\\circ}06'$ E)? (*Circum-polar stars are stars that never set*).", "options": {"A": "\\(\\zeta\\) Herculis \\((16\\text{h}41\\text{m}/+31^\\circ36')\\)", "B": "\\(\\beta\\) Böotis \\((15\\text{h}01\\text{m}/+40^\\circ23')\\)", "C": "\\(\\theta\\) Aurigae \\((5\\text{h}59\\text{m}/+37^\\circ12')\\)", "D": "\\(\\gamma\\) Draconis \\((17\\text{h}56\\text{m}/+51^\\circ26')\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2252, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Haley's comet last appeared in the night sky in 1986. The Perihelion and Aphelion of its orbit are given by 0.586AU & 35.1AU respectively.", "question": "Predict when it will next return.", "options": {"A": "2036", "B": "2052", "C": "2061", "D": "2096"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2253, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "What would be the maximum speed of a meteor on a parabolic orbit around the sun, whose point of closest approach is 1 AU?", "options": {"A": "42.1 km/s", "B": "58.4 km/s", "C": "77.1 km/s", "D": "92.8 km/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2254, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Estimate the lifespan of the Sun. (Mass of H : 1.00794u; Mass of He : 4.002602u)", "options": {"A": "8.5 Billion Years", "B": "9.6 Billion Years", "C": "10.2 Billion Years", "D": "10.7 Billion Years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2265, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A binary star system has two components: Star A and Star B. Star A has a mass of 5 solar masses, and Star B has the same mass as our Sun. Assuming circular orbits,", "question": "how many times closer to the center of mass of the system is Star A than Star B?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "3", "C": "5", "D": "10", "E": "25"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2266, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "What is, approximately, the peak wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a star at a temperature of 5,000 K?", "options": {"A": "580 Angstroms", "B": "5,800 Angstroms", "C": "4,600 Angstroms", "D": "2,900 Angstroms", "E": "58,000 Angstroms"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2267, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Suppose that you measure the parallax angle for a particular star to be 0.25 arcsecond. The distance to this star is", "options": {"A": "2 pc", "B": "0.5 ly", "C": "2 ly", "D": "4 pc", "E": "0.5 pc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2268, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "On the main sequence, stars obtain their energy", "options": {"A": "from chemical reactions.", "B": "from gravitational contraction.", "C": "by converting hydrogen to helium.", "D": "by converting helium to carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.", "E": "from nuclear fission."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2269, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Star A has a radius that is 2 times larger than the radius of star B, and a surface temperature that is 2 times smaller than the surface temperature of star B.", "question": "Therefore, star A is", "options": {"A": "4 times more luminous than star B.", "B": "16 times less luminous than star B.", "C": "16 times more luminous than star B.", "D": "as luminous as star B.", "E": "4 times less luminous than star B."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2270, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "A and B, two main sequence stars of the same spectral class, have apparent magnitudes of 17 and 12, respectively. If star A is 1 kpc away,", "question": "what is the distance to star B?", "options": {"1": "10 pc.", "2": "100 pc.", "3": "10 kpc.", "4": "50 pc.", "5": "100 kpc."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2271, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": "Given that dark energy is vacuum energy, and that the densities of dark energy, dark matter and normal matter in the universe are currently $\\rho_{\\Lambda} = 6.7 \\times 10^{-30} \\text{ g/cm}^3$ , $\\rho_{DM} = 2.4 \\times 10^{-30} \\text{ g/cm}^3$ and $\\rho_{\\Lambda} = 0.5 \\times 10^{-30} \\text{ g/cm}^3$ ,", "question": "what is the ratio of the density of dark energy at the time of the cosmic microwave background emission, to the current density of dark energy?", "options": {"1": "0.432", "2": "2.31", "3": "1", "4": "2.5", "5": "0.5"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2272, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": "A type Ia supernova was observed in a galaxy with a redshift of 0.03. The supernova was determined to be $1.3 \\times 10^8 \\text{ pc}$ away from Earth.", "question": "Determine the Hubble time using this observation.", "options": {"1": "$1.41 \\times 10^{10} \\text{ years}$", "2": "$1.41 \\times 10^{10} \\text{ seconds}$", "3": "$1.33 \\times 10^9 \\text{ years}$", "4": "47.1 years", "5": "$1.33 \\times 10^9 \\text{ seconds}$"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2273, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "In a main sequence star, gravitational collapse is counteracted by:", "options": {"1": "Radiation pressure", "2": "Heat", "3": "Neutrinos", "4": "Electron degeneracy pressure", "5": "Neutron degeneracy pressure"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2274, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "If the hydrogen alpha line of a star, normally 656.3 nm, is observed to be 662.5 nm,", "question": "what is the star's radial velocity relative to the Earth?", "options": {"1": "$2.83 \\times 10^6 \\text{ m/s}$", "2": "$-2.83 \\times 10^6 \\text{ m/s}$", "3": "$0.00945 \\text{ m/s}$", "4": "$-0.00945 \\text{ m/s}$", "5": "$-2.83 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m/s}$"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2275, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Within M-type stars, heat transfer occurs primarily through:", "options": {"a": "radiation", "b": "conduction", "c": "convection", "d": "contraction", "e": "collapse"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2276, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "If a 1.2 solar mass star shows a radial velocity variation with a period of 9.2 days and amplitude of 32 m/s,", "question": "estimate the minimum mass of the companion:", "options": {"a": "$7.5 \\times 10^{26}$ kg", "b": "$1.2 \\times 10^{26}$ kg", "c": "$6.9 \\times 10^{27}$ kg", "d": "$5.1 \\times 10^{15}$ kg", "e": "$3.3 \\times 10^{27}$ kg"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2277, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Calculate the planetary phase angle (counterclockwise from Earth, $a = 1.0$ AU) that a probe may correctly complete a Hohmann transfer orbit to Venus ( $a = 0.7$ AU)", "options": {"a": "141 degrees", "b": "17.5 degrees", "c": "121 degrees", "d": "241 degrees", "e": "343 degrees"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["d"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2278, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Calculate the blackbody equilibrium temperature of Mars. Take Mars's albedo to be 0.25 and semimajor axis to be 1.5 AU", "options": {"a": "300 K", "b": "212 K", "c": "161 K", "d": "228 K", "e": "260 K"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2279, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Calculate the semimajor axis of a satellite orbiting the Earth with a velocity of 8.3 km/s at a distance of 300 km from the Earth's surface.", "options": {"a": "154 km", "b": "308 km", "c": "15800 km", "d": "7900 km", "e": "3950 km"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["d"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2280, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "On the night of December 23rd-24th 2015, an occultation of a bright star by the moon will be visible from Britain to Japan. Given that the moon is in full phase on December 25th,", "question": "which star does the moon occult?", "options": {"a": "Aldebaran \\((\\text{RA }4\\text{h }37\\text{m},\\ \\text{Dec }16^\\circ31')\\)", "b": "Pollux \\((\\text{RA }7\\text{h }45\\text{m},\\ \\text{Dec }28^\\circ2')\\)", "c": "Regulus \\((\\text{RA }10\\text{h }8\\text{m},\\ \\text{Dec }11^\\circ58')\\)", "d": "Spica \\((\\text{RA }13\\text{h }25\\text{m},\\ \\text{Dec }-11^\\circ14')\\)", "e": "Antares \\((\\text{RA }16\\text{h }29\\text{m},\\ \\text{Dec }-26^\\circ26')\\)"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2281, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "A synodic day on Mars is 24 hours and 40 minutes. If one Martian year is 687 earth-days,", "question": "which of the following is closest to a sidereal day on Mars?", "options": {"a": "23h 56m", "b": "24h 15m", "c": "24h 37m", "d": "24h 40m", "e": "24h 42m"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2282, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Suppose at the equator, a star passes through the zenith at local noon on the summer solstice.", "question": "What is the right ascension and declination of the star?", "options": {"a": "0h $0^{\\circ}$", "b": "0h $90^{\\circ}$", "c": "6h $0^{\\circ}$", "d": "12h $0^{\\circ}$", "e": "12h $90^{\\circ}$"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2283, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "40 light years away, an exoplanet orbits a star of 5 solar masses every 14 years. Assuming this system has an inclination of $90^{\\circ}$ as viewed from Earth,", "question": "what is the projected diameter of the exoplanet's orbit as viewed from Earth?", "options": {"a": "$0.3''$", "b": "$0.8''$", "c": "$1.6''$", "d": "$2.5''$", "e": "$1.2''$"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2284, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "A planet orbits a star with a projected semimajor axis of $0.24''$ .", "question": "What is the necessary aperture size of a telescope that can resolve this orbit using 1000 nm light?", "options": {"a": "0.13 m", "b": "0.52 m", "c": "1.05 m", "d": "3.10 m", "e": "2.04 m"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2285, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "All RR Lyrae variables have an absolute magnitude $M$ of approximately 0.75.", "question": "If an RR Lyrae star is observed with an apparent magnitude of 16.0, what is the distance to the star in kpc?", "options": {"A": "11.2 kpc", "B": "17.6 kpc", "C": "27.3 kpc", "D": "36.5 kpc", "E": "47.7 kpc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2286, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "If the closest distance from a planet to its host star is 1.50 AU and its farthest distance from its host star is 4.50 AU,", "question": "what is the area that this planet sweeps out over the course of a full orbit (in $\\text{AU}^2$)?", "options": {"A": "$6.00\\pi$", "B": "$3.50\\pi$", "C": "$1.50\\pi$", "D": "$6.75\\pi$", "E": "$4.50\\pi$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2287, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "A star exhibits periodic variations in brightness suggestive of a transiting companion.", "question": "If the minimum stellar flux is 98.2% of the uneclipsed flux, what is the radius of the companion, in stellar radii, assuming the companion is not emitting?", "options": {"A": "0.018 stellar radii", "B": "0.134 stellar radii", "C": "0.268 stellar radii", "D": "0.974 stellar radii", "E": "0.982 stellar radii"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2288, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Suppose you are on the surface of the Moon, and you want to launch an object into an elliptic orbit with a perilune of 1 lunar radius and apolune of 7 lunar radii. Given that the moon has a mass of $7.44 \\times 10^{22}$ kg and a radius of $1.74 \\times 10^3$ km,", "question": "with what speed will you have to launch the object?", "options": {"A": "1.69 km/s", "B": "2.06 km/s", "C": "2.23 km/s", "D": "3.38 km/s", "E": "4.67 km/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2289, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "Estimate the minimum mass of a galaxy with a radius of 40,000 ly if stars at the edge of the galaxy orbit with a velocity of 50 km/s. Assume there is no dark matter in the galaxy. Answers are given in solar masses, with 1 solar mass = $1.99 \\times 10^{30}$ kg.", "question": "What is the minimum mass of the galaxy?", "options": {"A": "$6.87 \\times 10^8$", "B": "$3.57 \\times 10^9$", "C": "$4.21 \\times 10^{11}$", "D": "$9.69 \\times 10^{12}$", "E": "$4.37 \\times 10^{13}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2290, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "Estimate the mass of an old globular cluster if the escape velocity at the edge of the cluster is 8.5 km/s. The cluster is made up of red stars that are all around $\\frac{1}{2}$ of the mass of the sun. The cluster has a radius of 100 pc. Answers are given in solar masses.", "question": "What is the mass of the cluster?", "options": {"A": "$1.2 \\times 10^4$", "B": "$6.8 \\times 10^4$", "C": "$3.1 \\times 10^5$", "D": "$5.6 \\times 10^5$", "E": "$8.4 \\times 10^5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2291, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "What $\\Delta V$ must an earth orbiting spacecraft apply to transfer from a 200 km parking orbit to a transfer orbit with an apogee 35,786 km above the earth's surface? (The earth has a mass of $5.972 \\times 10^{24}$ and a radius of 6371 km)", "question": "What is the required $\\Delta V$?", "options": {"A": "2331 m/s", "B": "2441 m/s", "C": "2543 m/s", "D": "2778 m/s", "E": "2846 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2292, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Suppose a probe has a velocity of 20 km/s when it's 100 AU away from the Sun. The Sun has a mass of $1.99 \\times 10^{30}$ kg.", "question": "What type of orbit is the probe on?", "options": {"A": "Hyperbolic", "B": "Parabolic", "C": "Elliptic", "D": "All of the above", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2293, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Phobos orbits around 9,376 km away from the center of its host planet, Mars, and has an orbital period of 8 hours. The mass of Mars is $6.39 \\times 10^{23}$ kg.", "question": "What is the centripetal acceleration of Phobos due to Mars' gravitational pull?", "options": {"A": "$0.011 \\text{ m/s}^2$", "B": "$0.256 \\text{ m/s}^2$", "C": "$0.446 \\text{ m/s}^2$", "D": "$0.657 m/s^2$", "E": "$0.781 m/s^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2294, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Mercury's orbit around the Sun has a semimajor axis of 0.387 AU. Knowing that the mass of the Sun is $1.99 \\times 10^{30}$ kg and assuming the mass of Mercury is negligible,", "question": "what is Mercury's orbital speed when it's 0.34 AU away from the Sun in its orbit?", "options": {"A": "18 km/s", "B": "37 km/s", "C": "54 km/s", "D": "63 km/s", "E": "71 km/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2295, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Mercury's orbit has a semimajor axis of 0.387 AU. Venus's orbit has a semimajor axis of 0.719 AU. Assume both Mercury and Venus have perfectly circular orbits.", "question": "What would be the maximum angular separation between Mercury and the Sun as seen from Venus?", "options": {"A": "\\(15.5^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(28.2^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(32.6^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(42.9^\\circ\\)", "E": "\\(57.4^\\circ\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2296, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "A geostationary satellite orbits Earth so that it appears at all times to be at the Zenith as viewed from a fixed point somewhere on Earth's equator.", "question": "Which of the following correctly describes the satellite's position on the celestial sphere?", "options": {"A": "The satellite moves to the East along the celestial equator, traversing it once every sidereal day.", "B": "The satellite remains stationary at a point on the celestial equator.", "C": "The satellite moves to the West along the celestial equator, traversing it once every sidereal day.", "D": "The satellite remains stationary at one of the celestial poles."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2297, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "What would be the angular size of the sun as seen from Mars in arcminutes? Assume Mars orbits at a distance of 1.5 AU. (1 AU = $1.496 \\times 10^8$ km, and the radius of the sun is 695,700 km)", "question": "What is the angular size of the sun as seen from Mars?", "options": {"A": "$0.178'$", "B": "$10.7'$", "C": "$16.0'$", "D": "$21.3'$", "E": "$32.0'$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2298, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "Only some stars rise (cross the horizon from below) due East (at Azimuth $90^\\circ$ ). For an observer at Latitude $37^\\circ$ , Longitude $23^\\circ$ , these stars would be:", "options": {"A": "1. Stars at Declination $37^\\circ$", "B": "2. Stars at Declination $23^\\circ$", "C": "3. The answer will change throughout the year", "D": "4. Stars at Declination $0^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2299, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "On March 3, 2012, Mars experienced retrograde motion. The configuration of the Sun, Mars, and Earth that led to retrograde motion repeats periodically. Given that Mars orbits the Sun once every 1.88 years,", "question": "on which of these dates would you expect Mars to exhibit retrograde motion again?", "options": {"A": "November 27, 2013", "B": "August 20, 2012", "C": "April 22, 2014", "D": "June 13, 2015"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2300, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Suppose there are two main-sequence stars, A and B. Star A has a temperature of 10,000 K, while Star B has a temperature of 5,700 K. The ratio of the radii of Star A to Star B is 3 to 2.", "question": "What is the difference in absolute magnitudes between the two stars (absolute magnitude of Star B minus the absolute magnitude of Star A)?", "options": {"A": "2.89", "B": "3.32", "C": "3.67", "D": "4.32", "E": "4.75"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2301, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": "An active galactic nucleus is observed to produce a hydrogen emission line at 687.2 nm. The rest wavelength of this hydrogen emission line is 121.6 nm.", "question": "What is its recessional velocity relative to us, in km/s?", "options": {"A": "$1.40 \\times 10^5$ km/s", "B": "$2.14 \\times 10^5$ km/s", "C": "$2.57 \\times 10^5$ km/s", "D": "$2.82 \\times 10^5$ km/s", "E": "$3.00 \\times 10^5$ km/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2302, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Suppose the absolute magnitude of a star is 3.25. 1 AU = $1.496 \\times 10^{11}$ m, and 1 pc = $3.0856 \\times 10^{16}$ m.", "question": "What would its apparent magnitude be as seen from a planet orbiting the star at a distance of 0.670 AU?", "options": {"A": "-29.2", "B": "-28.6", "C": "-28.3", "D": "-27.5", "E": "-26.9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2303, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": null, "question": "Which of these is the correct sequence of events in the Universe, from earliest to latest? I. Dark energy dominated era II. Inflation III. Nucleosynthesis IV. Recombination", "options": {"A": "Dark energy dominated era, Inflation, Nucleosynthesis, Recombination", "B": "Nucleosynthesis, Recombination, Dark energy dominated era, Inflation", "C": "Inflation, Dark energy dominated era, Recombination, Nucleosynthesis", "D": "Inflation, Nucleosynthesis, Recombination, Dark energy dominated era", "E": "Recombination, Dark energy dominated era, Inflation, Nucleosynthesis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2304, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Suppose a star has an absolute bolometric magnitude of -0.77 and a bolometric correction of -1.02. If it has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.32,", "question": "then what is its distance from Earth in parsecs?", "options": {"A": "65.2 pc", "B": "82.0 pc", "C": "131 pc", "D": "159 pc", "E": "167 pc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2305, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "A planet orbits a star with a temperature of 6500K and a radius of 1.2 solar radii at a distance of 1.5 A.U. The planet has an albedo of 0.10.", "question": "What is the planet's temperature, assuming it's a perfect blackbody?", "options": {"A": "250 K", "B": "273 K", "C": "308 K", "D": "329 K", "E": "346 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2306, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Which constellation is not on the Zodiac? I. Cancer II. Taurus III. Cygnus IV. Aries V. Gemini", "options": {"A": "Cancer", "B": "Taurus", "C": "Cygnus", "D": "Aries", "E": "Gemini"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2307, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "One of the constellations that will be visible in Bhubaneshwar, India ( $20^{\\circ} 16' 20.67''$ N, $85^{\\circ} 50' 1.85''$ E) in December 2016 will be Piscis Australis.", "question": "What is the brightest star in that constellation?", "options": {"A": "Fomalhaut", "B": "Rasalhague", "C": "Alphekka", "D": "Scheat", "E": "Mirphak"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2309, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "What is M57?", "options": {"A": "a globular star cluster", "B": "a spiral galaxy", "C": "a planetary nebula", "D": "an open star cluster", "E": "a stellar nursery"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2310, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following famous Messier objects is in the constellation Orion?", "options": {"A": "M1", "B": "M8", "C": "M13", "D": "M27", "E": "M42"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2311, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "What is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus? I. Aldebaran II. Algol III. Altair IV. Hamal V. Mirach", "options": {"A": "Aldebaran", "B": "Algol", "C": "Altair", "D": "Hamal", "E": "Mirach"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2312, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "What is the brightest star in the constellation Perseus? I. Algol II. Capella III. Hamal IV. Mirphak V. Scheat", "options": {"A": "Algol", "B": "Capella", "C": "Hamal", "D": "Mirphak", "E": "Scheat"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2313, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Which of these Messier objects is NOT in the constellation Auriga? I. M35 II. M36 III. M37 IV. M38", "options": {"A": "M35", "B": "M36", "C": "M37", "D": "M38"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2314, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "To which constellation does Messier object M35 belong?", "options": {"A": "Taurus", "B": "Gemini", "C": "Cancer", "D": "Orion", "E": "Monoceros"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2315, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "What type of object is M44?", "options": {"A": "Open cluster", "B": "Globular cluster", "C": "Planetary nebula", "D": "Elliptical galaxy", "E": "Stellar nursery"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2316, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "To which constellation does M44 belong?", "options": {"A": "Gemini", "B": "Cancer", "C": "Leo", "D": "Monoceros", "E": "Lynx"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2324, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Star A has a surface temperature of 10,000 K while Star B has a surface temperature of 4,000 K. Star B is 10 times larger than Star A and its distance from Earth is half that of Star A.", "question": "What is the magnitude difference between Stars A and B?", "options": {"A": "-10.48", "B": "-7.47", "C": "-0.48", "D": "2.53", "E": "7.47"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2325, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "What property of the interiors of stars changes at the Kraft break, around 1.6 Solar masses?", "options": {"A": "The dominant spin state flips", "B": "The dominant energy transport mechanism in the interior changes", "C": "The flaring activity increases", "D": "The core becomes iron-rich", "E": "Hydrogen burning ends in the core"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2326, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following stages will our Sun not evolve through?", "options": {"A": "Red giant", "B": "White dwarf", "C": "Cepheid variable", "D": "Planetary nebula", "E": "Main sequence"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2327, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following are not high mass stars (relative to the others)?", "options": {"A": "Wolf-Rayet stars", "B": "Type-II supernova progenitors", "C": "Cepheid variable", "D": "Red dwarfs", "E": "Red supergiants"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2328, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find stars that are cool and dim?", "options": {"A": "Upper right", "B": "Lower right", "C": "Upper left", "D": "Lower left", "E": "Middle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2329, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "What do the cores of low-mass and high-mass main-sequence stars have in common?", "options": {"A": "Both have a uniform composition", "B": "Both are burning hydrogen", "C": "Both are convective", "D": "Both are radiative", "E": "Both are contracting"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2330, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "The thermal pressure of a gas depends on", "options": {"A": "Density only", "B": "Temperature only", "C": "Both density and temperature", "D": "Composition", "E": "Gravity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2331, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "What happens to the core of a star after a planetary nebula occurs?", "options": {"A": "It contracts from a protostar to a main-sequence star", "B": "It breaks apart in a violent explosion", "C": "It becomes a white dwarf.", "D": "It becomes a neutron star", "E": "none of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2332, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Find the visual magnitude of the binary star $\\alpha$ Pisces, given that the visual magnitudes of each component in the binary system are 4.3 and 5.2.", "question": "Pick the choice whose range encompasses the right answer.", "options": {"A": "0-1", "B": "1-2", "C": "2-3", "D": "3-4", "E": "4-5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2333, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is not a method used to detect exoplanets?", "options": {"A": "Radial Velocity", "B": "Transits", "C": "Microlensing", "D": "Gravitational Waves", "E": "Direct Imaging"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2334, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following type of planet was the first to be discovered around a Solar-type star?", "options": {"A": "Earth-like", "B": "Super-Earth", "C": "Mini-Neptune", "D": "Super-Neptune", "E": "Hot Jupiter"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2335, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "A star of radius 0.72 solar radii experiences a periodic dip in brightness once every 13.8 days, thought to be a result of an orbiting exoplanet. The normalized flux during one of these dips in brightness is 0.98.", "question": "What is the radius of the exoplanet?", "options": {"A": "0.014 solar radii", "B": "0.102 solar radii", "C": "0.144 solar radii", "D": "0.706 solar radii", "E": "0.713 solar radii"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2336, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": null, "question": "The center of the Milky Way is a part of which zodiac constellation?", "options": {"A": "Gemini", "B": "Sagittarius", "C": "Scorpio", "D": "Cancer", "E": "Virgo"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2337, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": null, "question": "The youngest stars in the Milky Way are found predominantly in which part of the galaxy?", "options": {"A": "In the halo", "B": "In globular clusters", "C": "In the thinner part of the disc closer to the galactic plane", "D": "In the thicker part of the disc farther from the galactic plane", "E": "In the central bulge"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2338, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": null, "question": "In the 1920s Harlow Shapely estimated the size of the Milky Way galaxy using which of the following?", "options": {"A": "RR Lyrae stars", "B": "Pulsating asymptotic giant branch stars", "C": "Type Ia supernovae", "D": "Type II supernovae", "E": "white dwarf stars"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2339, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "What is the theoretical diffraction limited angular resolution in visible light (5,500 A) of a typical \\(20 - cm\\) (8 in) amateur telescope? ", "options": {"A": "0.35 arcsec", "B": "0.69 arcsec", "C": "0.017 arcsec", "D": "1.7 arcsec", "E": "6.9 arcsec"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2355, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "As a consequence of the virial theorem, how does the stellar temperature (T) change if we add more arbitrary energy (E) to the star?", "question": "How does the stellar temperature (T) change if we add more arbitrary energy (E) to the star?", "options": {"A": "Increases", "B": "Decreases", "C": "Stays the same"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2356, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "How do we increase the reaction time for hydrogen fusion at the stellar core leaving other factors unchanged?", "options": {"A": "Increase the mass of the star, not by adding hydrogen atoms", "B": "Increase the temperature of the stellar core", "C": "Increase the amount of hydrogen atoms", "D": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2357, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "Recently, the exoplanet Proxima Centauri b was discovered using the radial velocity method. The orbital period of Proxima Centauri b is 11.19 days, and it orbits the star Proxima Centauri, (which has a mass of 0.122 Solar masses, a radius of 0.154 Solar radii, and an effective temperature of 3042 Kelvin).", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the semi-major axis of Proxima Centauri b?", "options": {"A": "0.01 AU", "B": "0.05 AU", "C": "0.1 AU", "D": "0.5 AU", "E": "1 AU"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2358, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "Assume that the surface has an albedo of 0.3, and that the incident radiation is perfectly redistributed around the planet.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the temperature at the surface of Proxima Centauri b?", "options": {"A": "200 K", "B": "235 K", "C": "275 K", "D": "335 K", "E": "600 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2359, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "A star cluster with a main-sequence turn-off at around 6000 K effective temperature is about:", "question": "A star cluster with a main-sequence turn-off at around 6000 K effective temperature is about:", "options": {"A": "10 million years old", "B": "100 million years old", "C": "1 billion years old", "D": "10 billion years old", "E": "100 billion years old"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2360, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": null, "question": "The 21 cm absorption line is a tracer for what kind of gas?", "options": {"A": "Cold neutral atomic hydrogen", "B": "Cold molecular hydrogen", "C": "Warm neutral hydrogen", "D": "Warm ionized hydrogen", "E": "HII regions"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2361, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "From the shortest distances to the longest, what is the correct order of distance determination techniques?", "options": {"A": "Parallax, type Ia supernovae, cepheids", "B": "Parallax, cepheids, type Ia supernovae", "C": "Type Ia supernovae, cepheids, parallax", "D": "Cepheids, parallax, type Ia supernovae", "E": "Cepheids, type Ia supernovae, parallax"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2362, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": null, "question": "The H\\(\\alpha\\) line \\((\\lambda_0 = 656.28\\ \\mathrm{nm})\\) of a galaxy is observed to be redshifted to a value \\(\\lambda = 814.35\\ \\mathrm{nm}\\). Assuming only cosmological redshift, find the approximate distance to the galaxy in \\(\\mathrm{Mpc}\\).", "options": {"A": "124 Mpc", "B": "356 Mpc", "C": "524 Mpc", "D": "910 Mpc", "E": "1030 Mpc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2363, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": "At what redshift would the (average) temperature in the universe have been hot enough to emit 1 nm photons? The current CMB temperature of the universe is 2.73 K.", "question": "At what redshift would the (average) temperature in the universe have been hot enough to emit 1 nm photons?", "options": {"A": "\\(10^9\\)", "B": "\\(10^8\\)", "C": "\\(10^6\\)", "D": "\\(10^4\\)", "E": "\\(10^2\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2364, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "In April, the Event Horizon Telescope released the first image of the supermassive black hole of M87. The black hole has a diameter of approximately 270 AU and is located at a distance of 16.4 Mpc. At the observed wavelength of 1.3mm, what is the approximate minimum baseline, or effective diameter, required to image the black hole?", "question": "What is the approximate minimum baseline, or effective diameter, required to image the black hole?", "options": {"A": "\\(2 \\times 10^3\\text{ km}\\)", "B": "\\(2 \\times 10^4\\text{ km}\\)", "C": "\\(2 \\times 10^5\\text{ km}\\)", "D": "\\(2 \\times 10^6\\text{ km}\\)", "E": "\\(2 \\times 10^7\\text{ km}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2365, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "At optical wavelengths, star formation is strongly obscured by dust. Studies of protoplanetary disks therefore usually observe at infrared or sub-milimeter wavelengths.", "question": "Why are these observations less strongly affected by interstellar dust?", "options": {"A": "Higher angular resolution from interferometers averages out dust effects", "B": "The thermal emission of interstellar dust is comparatively less at longer wavelengths", "C": "Dust grains scatter shorter wavelengths more efficiently than longer wavelengths", "D": "The optical obscuration is a result of atomic transitions not present at longer wavelengths", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2366, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "A very curious astronomer decided to cover the left half of the objective lens of a telescope with an opaque material. If he points this telescope to a region of the night sky, how will the image generated by this telescope be different from the original image generated by uncovered lenses?", "question": "How will the image generated by this telescope be different from the original image generated by uncovered lenses?", "options": {"A": "The astronomer will only see the right half of the original image.", "B": "The astronomer will only see the left half of the original image.", "C": "The astronomer will see a blurred image.", "D": "The astronomer will see almost the same image, but the stars will look fainter", "E": "The image will be completely unchanged."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2367, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "An astronomer decided to use his 15x70 binoculars to observe the vehicles in a highway. If the distance between the headlights of a truck is equal to 2.10 meters, what is the minimum distance between the truck and the astronomer that would allow him to observe both headlights as a single point? Consider that visible light is centered at a wavelength of 550 nm.", "question": "What is the minimum distance between the truck and the astronomer that would allow him to observe both headlights as a single point?", "options": {"A": "\\(3.4 \\times 10^3\\text{ m}\\)", "B": "\\(1.6 \\times 10^4\\text{ m}\\)", "C": "\\(4.9 \\times 10^4\\text{ m}\\)", "D": "\\(1.1 \\times 10^6\\text{ m}\\)", "E": "\\(2.2 \\times 10^6\\text{ m}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2368, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A comet's orbit has the following characteristics: eccentricity $e = 0.995$ ; aphelion distance $r_a = 5 \\cdot 10^4 \\text{ AU}$ . Assume we know the mass of the Sun $M_S = 1.98 \\cdot 10^{30} \\text{ kg}$ , and gravitational constant $G = 6.67 \\cdot 10^{-11} \\text{ Nm}^2/\\text{kg}^2$ .", "question": "Determine the velocity of the comet at its aphelion.", "options": {"A": "34.76 m/s", "B": "20.57 m/s", "C": "187.91 m/s", "D": "63.38 m/s", "E": "9.19 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2369, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "What is the shortest distance (along the surface of the Earth) between two points on the Equator separated by $30^\\circ$ of longitude? What is the shortest distance (along the surface of the Earth) between them if both the two points lie on the $60^\\circ$ latitude while still separated by $30^\\circ$ of longitude? (For simplicity, assume that the Earth is a sphere)", "options": {"A": "3336 km, 1668 km", "B": "3336 km, 1654 km", "C": "6672 km, 3336 km", "D": "3298 km, 1649 km", "E": "3298 km, 1668 km"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2370, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Two (spherical) asteroids, Ek and Do, are orbiting in free space around their stationary center of mass. Ek has mass $7M_\\text{C}$ and Do has mass $1.4M_\\text{C}$ , where $M_\\text{C}$ is the mass of moon.", "question": "What is the ratio of the angular momentum of the whole system to the angular momentum of Do about the center of mass of the system?", "options": {"A": "26", "B": "6", "C": "1.2", "D": "1.04", "E": "0.1667"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2371, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Consider an \\(f/9\\) telescope with focal length \\(f = 1.0\\ \\mathrm{m}\\) that operates at visible wavelength \\(\\lambda = 5000\\ \\text{\\AA}\\).", "question": "What is the farthest distance at which an open cluster of radius $R_C = 4.1$ pc can be resolved by this telescope?", "options": {"A": "$1.2 \\times 10^6$ pc", "B": "$1.5 \\times 10^6$ pc", "C": "$3.0 \\times 10^6$ pc", "D": "$4.2 \\times 10^6$ pc", "E": "$5.8 \\times 10^6$ pc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2372, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "Imagine that you observe transits of earth across the sun from a far away exoplanet. Assuming earth's orbit has 0 eccentricity and it transits directly across the sun's diameter (the impact parameter is 0),", "question": "what is the duration of earth's transit?", "options": {"A": "3.24 hrs", "B": "25.93 hrs", "C": "6.48 hrs", "D": "1.62 hrs", "E": "12.97 hrs"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2373, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "An exoplanet was observed during its transit across the surface of a bright star. Estimate the variation of the apparent magnitude ( $\\Delta m$ ) of the star caused by exoplanet's transit. During the transit, assume an Earth-based astronomer observes that the area covered by the exoplanet on the projected surface of the star represents $\\eta = 2\\%$ of the star's projected surface.", "options": {"A": "-4.247", "B": "0.003", "C": "0.022", "D": "0.679", "E": "-0.003"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2374, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": null, "question": "Estimate the mass of a globular cluster with a radial velocity dispersion $\\sigma_r = 16.2$ km/s. The cluster has an angular diameter of $\\theta = 3.56'$ and is a distance $d = 9630$ pc away from us.", "options": {"A": "$6.05 \\times 10^{35}$ kg", "B": "$9.71 \\times 10^{35}$ kg", "C": "$1.01 \\times 10^{36}$ kg", "D": "$3.03 \\times 10^{36}$ kg", "E": "$5.96 \\times 10^{36}$ kg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2375, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "Jupiter's deep atmosphere is very warm due to convection leading to an adiabatic temperature profile that increases with increasing pressure. Assuming (for simplicity) that this outer layer of Jupiter has a temperature of 500 K, perform a back-of-the-envelope estimate of the characteristic thickness (or e-folding scale) of the envelope of Jupiter (you may find that this is independent of pressure level). You may further use that the specific gas constant in Jupiter's atmosphere is $3600\\text{ J kg}^{-1}\\text{ K}^{-1}$ .", "options": {"A": "20 km", "B": "73 km", "C": "568 km", "D": "3,120 km", "E": "10,233 km"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2376, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": " Order the following phases of the Sun's evolution from first to last chronologically. 1. Helium flash\n2. White dwarf\n3. Red giant branch\n4. Asymptotic giant branch\n5. End of hydrogen fusion in the core", "options": {"A": "5, 4, 1, 3, 2", "B": "5, 3, 1, 4, 2", "C": "1, 5, 3, 4, 2", "D": "5, 2, 4, 1, 3", "E": "3, 5, 1, 4, 2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2377, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "The orbit of some planet to its star has an eccentricity of 0.086.", "question": "What is the ratio of the planet's closest distance to its star to the farthest on its orbit?", "options": {"A": "0.842", "B": "0.188", "C": "1.188", "D": "0.158", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2378, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "A star with mass $M$ goes through an energy generating nuclear reaction $4 {}^1H \\to {}^4He + Energy$ . Here, the burning efficiency of the p-p(proton-proton) chain is 0.007, meaning that each mass $m$ yields $0.007mc^2$ of energy. Assuming that the has a total available hydrogen mass for nuclear reaction amounts to half of its original mass, and the luminosity( $L$ ) stays constant throughout the burning phase, get an expression of the hydrogen burning lifetime of the star.", "options": {"A": "$1.625 \\times 10^{18} s (\\frac{M}{M_\\odot})^{-2}$ ", "B": "$3.15 \\times 10^{14} s (\\frac{M}{M_\\odot})^{-2}$ ", "C": "$1.625 \\times 10^{18} s (\\frac{M}{M_\\odot})^2$ ", "D": "$3.15 \\times 10^{14} s (\\frac{M}{M_\\odot})^2$ ", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2379, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "In 2025, the Parker Solar Probe will pass just $6.9 \\times 10^6$ km from the Sun, becoming the closest man-made object to the Sun in history. It will make five orbits, passing close to the Sun once every 89 days, before the planned end of the mission in 2026.", "question": "How fast will the Parker Solar Probe be traveling at its closest approach to the Sun?", "options": {"A": "38 km/s", "B": "48 km/s", "C": "139 km/s", "D": "190 km/s", "E": "196 km/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2380, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Assume that the smaller star in the above binary star system is brighter than the larger star. An eclipsing binary star system has a primary eclipse that is 1.5 magnitudes dimmer than its normal brightness and a secondary eclipse that is 0.2 magnitudes dimmer. The smaller star is brighter than the larger star.", "question": "What is the ratio of the radius of the smaller star to the radius of the larger star?", "options": {"A": "0.21", "B": "0.76", "C": "0.82", "D": "0.95", "E": "0.98"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2381, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "The resolution of a space telescope is theoretically limited by diffraction from its primary mirror. In this problem, we will compare the diffraction limit of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) (primary mirror diameter $d = 2.4$ m) and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ( $d = 6.5$ m). The operating wavelengths for the two telescopes are 500 nm and 10 $\\mu$ m respectively.", "question": "Calculate the ratio of the diffraction limited angular resolution $\\frac{\\theta_{\\text{HST}}}{\\theta_{\\text{JWST}}}$ . Which telescope can resolve smaller angular features if limited only by diffraction?", "options": {"A": "0.014, JWST", "B": "0.14, HST", "C": "1.4, JWST", "D": "14, HST", "E": "140, JWST"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2382, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "The eccentricity of Pluto's orbit is 0.25. Estimate the maximum change in magnitude of Pluto as seen from Earth in one orbit of Pluto. You may assume that the semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit is much greater than 1 A.U.", "options": {"A": "0.2", "B": "1.2", "C": "2.2", "D": "3.2", "E": "4.2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2383, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A satellite is in a circular, equatorial orbit, and can fire its engines to accelerate in any of the following directions:\n\n1. In the direction of motion\n2. Against the direction of motion\n3. Towards Earth, perpendicular to direction of motion (against radial vector)\n4. Away from Earth, perpendicular to direction of motion (along radial vector)\n5. Towards the North Celestial Pole (perpendicular to both direction of motion and radial vector)\n\nConsider a small change of velocity in each of these directions.", "question": "For how many of these maneuvers will the perigee of the orbit decrease?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4", "E": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2399, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "Consider Galaxies A and B, both of which have radius $R$ . At a distance $R$ from its center, Galaxy A's rotational velocity is equal to $v$ . Meanwhile, Galaxy B's radial velocity dispersion is also equal to $v$ . However, galaxy A is spiral while galaxy B is spherical elliptical and composed of uniform, evenly-spaced stars.", "question": "Calculate the masses of both galaxies. (Answer choices are listed as $m_A$ ; $m_B$ ).", "options": {"A": "$v^2 R/G$ ; $v^2 R/G$", "B": "$v^2 R/G$ ; $5/6 v^2 R/G$", "C": "$v^2 R/G$ ; $5/4 v^2 R/G$", "D": "$v^2 R/G$ ; $5 v^2 R/G$", "E": "$5/2 v^2 R/G$ ; $v^2 R/G$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2400, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Consider a satellite that has a circular orbit with a radius of $6.0 \\times 10^8$ m around Venus. Due to a failure in its ignition system, the satellite's orbital velocity was suddenly decreased to zero during a maneuver.", "question": "How long does the satellite take to hit the surface of the planet? Consider that the mass of Venus is $4.67 \\times 10^{24}$ kg and neglect any gravitational effects on the satellite other than that from Venus.", "options": {"A": "15 hours.", "B": "3 days.", "C": "11 days.", "D": "25 days.", "E": "37 days."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2401, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Consider a main-sequence star with mass $M = 9.1 \\times 10^{29}$ kg, which is sustained through the proton-proton chain reaction, which operates with $\\epsilon = 0.7\\%$ efficiency. The hydrogen and helium fractions of this star are $f_H = 0.71$ and $f_{He} = 0.22$ at the beginning of its lifetime. Assume this star has solar luminosity and that all hydrogen can be used for fusion.", "question": "Calculate the lifetime of this star.", "options": {"A": "$3.3 \\times 10^{17}$ s", "B": "$1.1 \\times 10^{18}$ s", "C": "$1.5 \\times 10^{18}$ s", "D": "$1.5 \\times 10^{20}$ s", "E": "$2.2 \\times 10^{22}$ s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2402, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A planet is in an elliptical orbit around a star. Let $r_{\\min}$ be the minimum distance between the planet and star, and let $r_{\\max}$ be the maximum distance between the planet and star. Suppose that $r_{\\max} = 4r_{\\min}$ .", "question": "During what percentage of the time period of each orbit is the planet at least $\\frac{5}{2}r_{\\min}$ away from the star?", "options": {"A": "23%", "B": "50%", "C": "57%", "D": "69%", "E": "77%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2403, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "The apparent magnitude of a star of radius $0.41R_\\odot$ as observed from Earth appears to fluctuate by 0.037. That is, the difference between the maximum and minimum apparent magnitudes is 0.037. This fluctuation is caused by an exoplanet that orbits the star.", "question": "Determine the radius of the exoplanet.", "options": {"A": "$0.075R_\\odot$", "B": "$0.079R_\\odot$", "C": "$0.085R_\\odot$", "D": "$0.098R_\\odot$", "E": "$0.12R_\\odot$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2415, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": null, "question": "How far from the Solar System would a galaxy with a redshift of 0.035 be?", "options": {"A": "150 Mpc", "B": "200 Mpc", "C": "250 Mpc", "D": "300 Mpc", "E": "350 Mpc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2416, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Two planets A and B orbit a star with coplanar orbital paths that don't intersect. The major axes of the orbits are perfectly aligned, but the major axis of A is larger than that of B. A and B are observed to have eccentricities 0.5 and 0.75, respectively.", "question": "What is the minimal possible ratio of semi-major axes of A to B?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "$\\frac{7}{6}$", "C": "$\\frac{8}{3}$", "D": "$\\frac{7}{2}$", "E": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2417, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "After a day spent showing a visiting friend around Boston, Leo is walking back along the bridge (see diagram in previous problem) to return to Next House. The time is such that the Sun now aligns with perfectly upriver, so it is in the opposite direction compared to the morning.", "question": "How high in the sky is the Sun relative to the morning?", "options": {"A": "Above the horizon, and higher than in the morning", "B": "Above the horizon, at the same altitude as in the morning", "C": "Above the horizon, but lower than in the morning", "D": "On the horizon", "E": "Below the horizon"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2418, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "David is walking down MIT's Infinite Corridor \\((\\text{latitude }42^\\circ21'33'')\\) when he suddenly sees the Sun aligning with the window at the end of the corridor. Being the observational master he is, David immediately pulls out his compass and measures the Sun to be at an azimuth of \\(245.81^\\circ\\). Forgetting to bring his jacket, he is painfully reminded as he walks outside that it has been less than \\(6\\) months since the previous winter solstice.", "question": "Which of the following choices is closest to the current date? Assume the corridor is parallel to the surface of the Earth.", "options": {"A": "January 15", "B": "January 30", "C": "February 15", "D": "March 20", "E": "April 1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2419, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Abhay looks at the light curves for two main sequence stars A and B, which you can assume are blackbodies. A has its peak at a frequency two times as high as that of B. By looking at the depth of spectral lines, Abhay can also determine that A has higher metallicity than B.", "question": "Abhay makes the following statements:\n\nP: A has higher absolute magnitude than B.\n\nQ: A is older than B.\n\nWhich of the following is true?", "options": {"A": "P and Q are true.", "B": "P and Q are false.", "C": "P is true and Q is false.", "D": "P is false and Q is true.", "E": "We don't have sufficient information for one or more of these statements."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2420, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "Aliens in a nearby star system (located in a random direction from Earth) are looking for nearby planets using the transit method.", "question": "What is the probability that they can see the Earth transit across the Sun? (Assume they observe our Sun over multiple years and their instruments are sensitive enough to detect any transit that occurs.)", "options": {"A": "100%", "B": "5.8%", "C": "0.93%", "D": "0.47%", "E": "0.15%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2421, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "A supernova is triggered largely by neutrinos. In fact, 99% of the energy coming from the supernova is released in form of neutrinos. Over a time span of about three months, the supernova outputs visible light with power equivalent to 10 billion Suns.", "question": "Assuming supernova neutrinos have mean energy of around 10 MeV, that all the power of the supernova is released during the time it is visible, and that all of the power released is released in the form of either visible light or neutrinos, estimate the number of neutrinos released.", "options": {"A": "10^{54}", "B": "10^{55}", "C": "10^{50}", "D": "10^{57}", "E": "10^{60}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2422, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Arjun launches a \\(50\\ \\mathrm{kg}\\) rocket with speed \\(10{,}405\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\) from the surface of the Earth and redirects it into a stable elliptical orbit. Upon analysis, he finds the area of the orbit to be \\(1.438 \\times 10^{15}\\ \\mathrm{m}^2\\).", "question": "What is the approximate distance between the periapsis of the orbit and the center of the Earth? Assume no energy was lost in the redirection of the rocket into its new orbit.", "options": {"A": "10000 km", "B": "5000 km", "C": "2000 km", "D": "39000 km", "E": "15000 km"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2423, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "The mass density of the Milky Way galaxy determines the orbital velocity of planets, stars, and other objects orbiting around its center. Assuming a constant surface mass density $\\sigma$ for the Milky Way and modeling it as a perfect circular disk.", "question": "Identify the dependence of the circular orbital velocity v(r) of a point mass at radius r from the galaxy's center.", "options": {"A": "1/\\sqrt{r}", "B": "1/r", "C": "\\sqrt{r}", "D": "r", "E": "r^{3/2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2424, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Let's assume that on an expedition mission to Mars, we take a telescope with 0.01 arcsecond angular resolution from earth.", "question": "What is the ratio of the number of the stars we can measure the parallax distance to using this telescope on Mars compared to earth? The semimajor axis of Mars is 1.524 AU.", "options": {"A": "0.25", "B": "0.5", "C": "1", "D": "4", "E": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2425, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Ben Chen is an alien living on a system identical to Earth, except his planet's obliquity is \\(0^\\circ\\). Located at latitude \\(42.20^\\circ\\), he wants to observe \\(M52\\). Due to the open cluster being so dim, Ben needs perfect conditions to observe \\(M52\\). Due to atmospheric effects, \\(M52\\) can only be observed above an altitude of \\(30^\\circ\\). Additionally, it must be during astronomical twilight, when the Sun is more than \\(18^\\circ\\) below the horizon.", "question": "Of the following dates, which is the earliest after the vernal equinox that Ben can observe the cluster? The coordinates of \\(M52\\) are approximately \\(\\alpha = 0\\text{h}\\) and \\(\\delta = 60^\\circ\\).", "options": {"A": "April 21st", "B": "June 21st", "C": "August 21st", "D": "October 21st", "E": "December 21st"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2426, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Joe lives at the bottom of a vertical cylindrical hole with a radius of 10 m at a depth of 10 km below the surface. He sees the Sun directly through the opening of the hole for a couple days twice a year, around November 2nd and February 9th.", "question": "Which of the following is Joe's latitude?", "options": {"A": "\\(42^\\circ22'\\text{N}\\)", "B": "\\(19^\\circ27'\\text{N}\\)", "C": "\\(4^\\circ43'\\text{N}\\)", "D": "\\(14^\\circ38'\\text{S}\\)", "E": "\\(34^\\circ36'\\text{S}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2427, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Joe lives at the bottom of a vertical cylindrical hole with a radius of 10 m at a depth of 10 km below the surface. He sees the Sun directly through the opening of the hole for a couple days twice a year, around November 2nd and February 9th. ", "question": "What is the longest possible time interval that direct sunlight reaches anywhere in the bottom of the hole in a single day?", "options": {"A": "28 sec", "B": "2 min 8 sec", "C": "2 min 26 sec", "D": "2 min 35 sec", "E": "2 min 41 sec"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2428, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "The surface of the Sun exhibits differential rotation, with different rotational periods at different latitudes. We can measure this rotation speed using Doppler spectroscopy or by tracking the motion of sunspots.", "question": "If the rotation speed of the Sun's surface at the equator is \\(2021\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\), and at \\(60^\\circ\\) South is \\(809\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\), how long would it take for a sunspot at the equator to do a full extra lap around the Sun compared to a sunspot at \\(60^\\circ\\) South?", "options": {"A": "6.2 days", "B": "25.0 days", "C": "31.2 days", "D": "41.7 days", "E": "126 days"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2429, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Two protons A and B lie in the solar interior. In the rest frame of proton A, the proton B approaches it radially from a large distance with speed 0.9c.", "question": "In the rest frame of proton \\(A\\), identify the radius of the “classically forbidden” region for proton \\(B\\), i.e., the region in which proton \\(B\\) cannot enter.", "options": {"A": "\\(6.6 \\times 10^{-12}\\text{ m}\\)", "B": "\\(4.1 \\times 10^{-15}\\text{ m}\\)", "C": "\\(2.3 \\times 10^{-15}\\text{ m}\\)", "D": "\\(3.8 \\times 10^{-18}\\text{ m}\\)", "E": "\\(1.2 \\times 10^{-18}\\text{ m}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2430, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Consider a sun-planet-moon system. The rotation period of the planet is 2 days. The period of revolution of the moon around the planet is 42 days while that of the planet around the sun is 420 days.", "question": "What is the length of the lunar cycle as seen from the planet? You can assume the direction of planetary rotation, planetary revolution and lunar revolution is the same.", "options": {"A": "42.1 days", "B": "44.3 days", "C": "46.7 days", "D": "50.5 days", "E": "53.1 days"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2431, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) is an optical telescope under construction in Chile. The primary mirror has been planned to have a diameter of 39.3 m making it largest optical telescope ever built. One of the goals for this telescope is the direct imaging of exoplanets.", "question": "Consider an exoplanet at a distance of 1 A.U. from a star. What is the maximum distance from Earth of such a star-exoplanet system in which the ELT can resolve the exoplanet separately from the star? Ignore atmospheric seeing and assume optical wavelength to be 500 nm.", "options": {"A": "112 pc", "B": "212 pc", "C": "312 pc", "D": "412 pc", "E": "512 pc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2432, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "At \\(6\\text{ a.m.}\\) on March \\(20\\), as the Sun is rising, Leo, who is at \\((40^\\circ\\text{N}, 75^\\circ\\text{W})\\), plants a stick vertically on the ground. At that moment, he marks out a finite line on the ground in the direction of the shadow of the stick, labeling it with the current time. Every hour afterward, on the hour, he marks out a new line in the current direction of the shadow, until the Sun sets at \\(6\\text{ p.m.}\\).\n\nThree months later, Leo returns to the same spot, where the vertical stick and lines remain. Again, every hour on the hour, he marks out a line in the current direction of the shadow, until the Sun sets.", "question": "Let \\(\\alpha_{12}\\) and \\(\\alpha_6\\) be the azimuths of the lines drawn in the spring at \\(12\\text{ p.m.}\\) and \\(6\\text{ p.m.}\\), and let \\(\\beta_{12}\\) and \\(\\beta_6\\) be the azimuths of the lines drawn in the summer at \\(12\\text{ p.m.}\\) and \\(6\\text{ p.m.}\\). Which of the following statements is true? Ignore atmospheric effects and the equation of time.", "options": {"A": "\\(\\alpha_{12} = \\beta_{12},\\ \\alpha_6 = \\beta_6\\)", "B": "\\(\\alpha_{12} > \\beta_{12},\\ \\alpha_6 = \\beta_6\\)", "C": "\\(\\alpha_{12} < \\beta_{12},\\ \\alpha_6 = \\beta_6\\)", "D": "\\(\\alpha_{12} = \\beta_{12},\\ \\alpha_6 > \\beta_6\\)", "E": "\\(\\alpha_{12} = \\beta_{12},\\ \\alpha_6 < \\beta_6\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2433, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "At 6am on March 20th, as the Sun is rising, Leo, who is at ( $40^\\circ\\text{N}$ , $75^\\circ\\text{W}$ ), plants a stick vertically on the ground. At that moment, he marks out a (finite) line on the ground in the direction of the shadow of the stick at that moment, labeling it with the current time. Every hour afterwards, on the hour, he marks out a new line in the current direction of the shadow, until the sun sets at 6pm. Three months later, Leo returns to the same spot, where the vertical stick and lines remain. Again, every hour on the hour, he marks out a line in the current direction of the shadow, until the sun sets. Let $\\alpha_{12}$ and $\\alpha_6$ be the azimuths of the lines drawn in the spring at 12pm and 6pm, and $\\beta_{12}$ and $\\beta_6$ be the azimuths of the lines drawn in the summer at 12pm and 6pm. Leo then realizes that, in order for a single set of hour markings to accurately describe the time over the course of an entire year, the stick may need to be tilted away from the vertical position. More specifically, consider straight lines drawn on the ground from the base of the stick; the shadow at a certain fixed time of day, on different days of the year, should always lie on the same line.", "question": "Measured as an angle from the vertical, how much does the stick need to be tilted, and in which direction?", "options": {"A": "\\(0^\\circ\\) (no tilt needed)", "B": "\\(40^\\circ\\) towards the North", "C": "\\(50^\\circ\\) towards the North", "D": "\\(40^\\circ\\) towards the South", "E": "\\(50^\\circ\\) towards the South"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2434, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Imagine a very long cylindrical planet that has a satellite orbiting around it. Considering that the average density of the planet is ρ and the radius is R.", "question": "Find the expression that relates the period P of the satellite with its distance d to the center of the planet.", "options": {"A": "\\frac{2d}{R}\\sqrt{\\frac{2\\pi}{G\\rho}}", "B": "\\frac{d}{R}\\sqrt{\\frac{2\\pi}{G\\rho}}", "C": "\\frac{d}{2R}\\sqrt{\\frac{4\\pi}{G\\rho}}", "D": "\\frac{d}{R}\\sqrt{\\frac{4\\pi}{G\\rho}}", "E": "\\frac{d}{R}\\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{G\\rho}}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2435, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": " The problem of magnetic monopoles — that is, the apparent absence of magnetic monopoles in the universe — arises from the fact that some modern physical theories (such as string theory) predict that the number density of magnetic monopoles at the time of their creation was n_M(t_{GUT}) ≈ 10^{82} m^{-3}. The inflation theory provides a possible solution to this problem, as the exponential expansion of the primordial universe would “dilute” the monopoles.", "question": "Calculate, approximately, how much the universe expanded during the inflationary period so that today the probability of a single magnetic monopole existing in the observational universe is 1%. Consider that the beginning of inflation coincides with the time of the creation of magnetic monopoles, and that the universe is flat (Euclidean geometry can be used on large scales). You can use that the diameter of the observational universe is 28.5 Gpc, and that between the end of inflation and today, the universe has linearly expanded by a factor of 5 × 10^{26}.\n ", "options": {"A": "e^{40}", "B": "e^{50}", "C": "e^{55}", "D": "e^{65}", "E": "e^{85}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2436, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Tara is investigating a new interesting type of stars she decides to call the X stars. She observes that in an X star of mass M and radius R, the gas pressure in the center of the star is proportional to M^3/R^5.", "question": "What is the temperature at the center of the star proportional to?", "options": {"A": "MR", "B": "\\frac{M}{R}", "C": "M^2 R^2", "D": "\\frac{M^2}{R^2}", "E": "const"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2437, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "Tara has become obsessed with \\(X\\) stars and decides to look for them in other galaxies. She observes one on the edge of a galaxy with radius \\(r = 15 \\times 10^3\\ \\mathrm{pc}\\). She estimates that the star is moving at a speed of \\(v = 270\\ \\mathrm{km/s}\\).", "question": "What is a good estimate for the mass of the galaxy in unit mass of the sun?", "options": {"A": "\\(1 \\times 10^6\\)", "B": "\\(1 \\times 10^{11}\\)", "C": "\\(1 \\times 10^{18}\\)", "D": "\\(1 \\times 10^{28}\\)", "E": "\\(1 \\times 10^{41}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2438, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "There is a galaxy at redshift 0.5 for which we have a measurement for apparent bolometric magnitude to be 22. With a standard candle in that galaxy, we have found its luminosity distance to Earth to be 2.8 Gpc.", "question": "Estimate the luminosity of this galaxy.", "options": {"A": "10^{10} L_{\\odot}", "B": "10^{12} L_{\\odot}", "C": "10^{11} L_{\\odot}", "D": "10^{13} L_{\\odot}", "E": "10^{15} L_{\\odot}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2439, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "An astronomer wants to design a telescope so that the full Moon fills the entire field of view \\((\\mathrm{FOV})\\) of the telescope. She uses an eyepiece with a field of view of \\(60^\\circ\\). If the focal length of the eyepiece is \\(25\\ \\mathrm{mm}\\),", "question": "What will the focal length of the chosen telescope be? Note that the angular diameter of the Moon is \\(0.5^\\circ\\). Never look at the Moon through a telescope without proper precautions!", "options": {"A": "2000mm", "B": "1500mm", "C": "6000mm", "D": "3000mm", "E": "1000mm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2440, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": "The Cosmic Microwave Background is made of light that was replied when the Universe first became transparent. It is a blackbody spectrum with temperature equal to the current temperature of the Universe. We observe the peak wavelength of the CMB to be at 1.063 millimeters. When the CMB was released, we can theoretically predict the temperature of the universe to be 3000 Kelvins.", "question": "How much larger was the density of matter when the CMB was released than now? Select the closest answer.", "options": {"A": "10^3", "B": "10^6", "C": "10^9", "D": "10^{12}", "E": "10^{15}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2441, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Moving into MIT for the start of the spring semester, Austin is flying from Lubbock, Texas \\((33.58^\\circ\\text{N}, 101.84^\\circ\\text{W})\\), to Boston, Massachusetts \\((42.36^\\circ\\text{N}, 71.06^\\circ\\text{W})\\). However, when he lands, he finds that he is not in Boston. The pilots entered the latitude coordinate incorrectly! But Austin remembers that the plane left Lubbock at a bearing of \\(63^\\circ\\). Assume that the flight still took the shortest path to the current destination.", "question": "Where is Austin now?", "options": {"A": "\\((51.46^\\circ\\text{N},\\ 71.06^\\circ\\text{W})\\)", "B": "\\((48.46^\\circ\\text{N},\\ 71.06^\\circ\\text{W})\\)", "C": "\\((45.46^\\circ\\text{N},\\ 71.06^\\circ\\text{W})\\)", "D": "\\((41.46^\\circ\\text{N},\\ 71.06^\\circ\\text{W})\\)", "E": "\\((39.46^\\circ\\text{N},\\ 71.06^\\circ\\text{W})\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2442, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "Moving into MIT for the start of the spring semester, Austin is flying from Lubbock, Texas \\((33.58^\\circ\\text{N}, 101.84^\\circ\\text{W})\\), to Boston, Massachusetts \\((42.36^\\circ\\text{N}, 71.06^\\circ\\text{W})\\). However, when he lands, he finds that he is not in Boston. The pilots entered the latitude coordinate incorrectly! But Austin remembers that the plane left Lubbock at a bearing of \\(63^\\circ\\). Assume that the flight still took the shortest path to the current destination.\n\nAfter that slight headache, Austin is back at MIT in Boston! For his astronomy research, he is observing the LARES satellite, which is a ball of diameter \\(36.4\\ \\mathrm{cm}\\) made out of THA-18N, a tungsten alloy. It orbits at a distance of \\(1450\\ \\mathrm{km}\\) from the surface of the Earth and at an inclination of \\(69.49^\\circ\\) relative to the equatorial plane.", "question": "What is the highest altitude Austin can point his telescope if he wants to observe LARES at its highest latitude?", "options": {"A": "\\(9.4^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(14.4^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(18.4^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(23.4^\\circ\\)", "E": "\\(33.4^\\circ\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2443, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Imagine you are on Deimos right now and you want to escape Mars because you are bored. If Deimos is currently at 23,460 km away from the center of Mars and its speed is currently around 1.35 km/s, how much more speed do you and Deimos need to escape Mars? The mass of Mars is $6.39 \\times 10^{23}$ kg.", "question": "How much more speed do you and Deimos need to escape Mars?", "options": {"A": "557 m/s", "B": "427 m/s", "C": "377 m/s", "D": "207 m/s", "E": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2444, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Suppose a spherical gas giant has radius $R$ , temperature $T$ , uniform density and composition, and fixed volumetric heat capacity. Assuming heat leaves solely through blackbody radiation, calculate how the planet's cooling rate $-dT/dt$ depends on $R$ , $T$ .", "question": "Calculate how the planet's cooling rate $-dT/dt$ depends on $R$ , $T$ .", "options": {"A": "$T^2/R$", "B": "$T^4/R$", "C": "$T^4/R^3$", "D": "$T^2 R$", "E": "$T^4 R^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2445, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Suppose a spherical gas giant has radius $R$ , temperature $T$ , uniform density and composition, and fixed volumetric heat capacity. Assuming heat leaves solely through blackbody radiation, calculate how the planet's cooling rate $-dT/dt$ depends on $R$ , $T$ . Let $T(t)$ be the temperature of the planet after time $t$ and let $T_0$ be the temperature at time $t = 0$ . Calculate the dependence of $T/T_0$ on $t$ assuming $T_{\\text{env}} = 0$ is the temperature of the planet's environment. Below, $\\alpha$ is a constant.", "question": "Calculate the dependence of $T/T_0$ on $t$ assuming $T_{\\text{env}} = 0$ is the temperature of the planet's environment.", "options": {"A": "$(1 + \\alpha t)^{-1/3}$", "B": "$(1 + \\alpha t)^{-1/2}$", "C": "$1 - \\alpha t$", "D": "$(1 - \\alpha t)^2$", "E": "$1 - e^{-\\alpha t}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2446, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Suppose a rocket around a star of mass $M$ wishes to execute an orbital transfer from a circular orbit with radius $R$ to a larger one with that of radius $8R$ . One common way to do this is known as a *Hohmann transfer*, which has an intermediate elliptical orbit. This process requires two burns, with total delta-v $\\Delta v = k\\sqrt{\\frac{GM}{R}}$ for some $k$ . ", "question": "Assuming instantaneous burns, compute $k$ .", "options": {"A": "$1 - \\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{2}}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{2} - \\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{2}}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{6} + \\frac{1}{2\\sqrt{2}}$", "D": "$\\frac{3}{\\sqrt{10}} - \\frac{1}{2}$", "E": "$\\frac{3}{\\sqrt{10}} - \\frac{1}{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2447, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Galileo the Tyrant has conquered the Earth. In his madness, he launched many bright satellites into space because he thought that the celestial equator should be visible from Earth, and not just an imaginary line. These satellites all orbit around Earth at a distance \\(3R_E\\) from the surface, where \\(R_E\\) is the radius of Earth.\n\nHowever, there was a major mistake made in the plan: the satellites now orbit in a circle on Earth's orbital plane instead of directly above the equator. Nevertheless, Galileo still forces all astronomers to use these satellites as the new celestial equator. They must calculate the declination for any star by finding the angle to the satellite at the same right ascension.", "question": "What is the maximum absolute difference between the new declination and the old declination of bodies throughout the sky experienced by astronomers around the Earth?", "options": {"A": "$38^\\circ$", "B": "$0^\\circ$", "C": "$23.5^\\circ$", "D": "$47^\\circ$", "E": "$14.5^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2457, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Connor is stranded on an island and wishes to determine his latitude, but he only wakes up at sunrise and sunset. He constructs a vertical stick in the ground. On some day, he measures the angle between the shadows made at sunrise and sunset as $105^\\circ$ . Which of the following intervals of latitudes could Connor be in?", "question": "Which of the following intervals of latitudes could Connor be in?", "options": {"A": "( $0^\\circ$ N, $10^\\circ$ N)", "B": "( $10^\\circ$ N, $20^\\circ$ N)", "C": "( $20^\\circ$ N, $30^\\circ$ N)", "D": "( $30^\\circ$ N, $40^\\circ$ N)", "E": "( $40^\\circ$ N, $50^\\circ$ N)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2458, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements CANNOT be inferred from Kepler's laws of motion?\n\n I: A planet moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun.\n II: The eccentricities of the orbits of all solar system planets are small.\n III: A solar system planet has its highest tangential velocity when it is closest to the Sun.\n IV: All planets move in elliptical orbits in roughly the same plane around the Sun.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "IV only", "C": "II, III, and IV", "D": "II and IV", "E": "II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2459, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Just before dawn of the summer solstice, Christopher the sailor begins sailing due West from $50^\\circ N$ , $5^\\circ W$ . His watch is set to UTC. On seeing his 91st sunrise at sea, his watch reads 3:00am. What is his longitude? (The equation of time, in the convention solar time minus mean time, is -3 minutes on the summer solstice and 8 minutes on the autumnal equinox)", "question": "What is his longitude?", "options": {"A": "$43^\\circ W$", "B": "$45^\\circ W$", "C": "$48^\\circ 15' W$", "D": "$50^\\circ W$", "E": "$53^\\circ 15' W$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2460, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "What is the largest range of latitudes $\\phi$ for which, at some time during the day, the line between Rigel ( $\\alpha_R = 5^h 14^m 32^s$ , $\\delta_R = -8^\\circ 12' 5.9''$ ) and Betelgeuse ( $\\alpha_P = 5^h 56^m 33^s$ , $\\delta_B = 7^\\circ 24' 40.3''$ ) appears vertical? Answer to within 5 degree accuracy.", "options": {"A": "$-15^\\circ < \\phi < 15^\\circ$", "B": "$-25^\\circ < \\phi < 25^\\circ$", "C": "$-35^\\circ < \\phi < 35^\\circ$", "D": "$-45^\\circ < \\phi < 45^\\circ$", "E": "$-55^\\circ < \\phi < 55^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2461, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Observed from the equator, what is the maximum duration over which Venus can be observed (continuously) after sunset? Assume that the orbits of Venus and Earth are circular of radius 0.723 AU and 1 AU and lie on the ecliptic plane.", "options": {"A": "$2^h 50^m$", "B": "$3^h 5^m$", "C": "$3^h 20^m$", "D": "$3^h 40^m$", "E": "$12^h$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2464, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Evan uses a telescope of focal distance $f = 1000$ mm to observe a star known to have a parallax $p = 50$ mas. Observing the CCD of the telescope, Evan notices that the star has a diameter $D = 0.1 \\mu m$ . Furthermore, he measures its apparent magnitude to be $m = 1.", "question": "What is the approximate temperature of this star?Please, neglect the atmospheric seeing in your calculations", "options": {"A": "3000 K", "B": "3500 K", "C": "4000 K", "D": "4500 K", "E": "5000 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2465, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Two exoplanets, A and B, have circular orbits around the same central star. Suppose that the ascending nodes of the orbits are located at the same ecliptic longitude, defined analogously as the one for the solar system, and that both planets are at that point in the beginning. How long will it take for the planets to have an equal, common ecliptic longitude again, knowing that the inclinations of their orbits are $i_1 = 30^\\circ$ and $i_2 = 70^\\circ$ , and that their periods are $T_1 = 2$ yr and $T_2 = 1$ yr?", "question": "How long will it take for the planets to have an equal, common ecliptic longitude again?", "options": {"A": "42 days", "B": "44 days", "C": "46 days", "D": "48 days", "E": "50 days"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2466, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": "Cosmologists consider three possible universes: universes dominated by baryonic matter (i.e. ordinary matter), universes dominated by radiation, and universes dominated by dark energy (realistically, we consider some mix of the above). An equation written by Alexander Friedmann implies that for a matter-dominated universe, the Hubble parameter is proportional to the square root of that universe's matter density. In a matter-dominated universe, how does the size of the universe evolve with time $t$ ?", "question": "In a matter-dominated universe, how does the size of the universe evolve with time $t$ ?", "options": {"A": "constant", "B": "$\\sqrt{t}$", "C": "$t^{2/3}$", "D": "$t$", "E": "$e^t$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2467, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Suppose leap days were removed from the calendar, so that each calendar year has exactly 365 days. In the first year of this calendar change, summer solstice is on June 21st. After 100 years of this calendar, what is the date of summer solstice?", "question": "After 100 years of this calendar, what is the date of summer solstice?", "options": {"A": "May 28th", "B": "June 13th", "C": "June 21st", "D": "June 29th", "E": "July 15th"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2468, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "It is observed that a planet orbiting a star increases the observed magnitude of the system by 0.005 when it transits across the star. Assuming that the system is viewed edge on and is orthogonal to the line of sight, determine the radius of the planet $R_p$ in terms of the radius of the star $R$ .", "question": "Determine the radius of the planet $R_p$ in terms of the radius of the star $R$ .", "options": {"A": "$0.056R$", "B": "$0.067R$", "C": "$0.089R$", "D": "$0.12R$", "E": "$0.15R$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2469, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "What is the focal ratio of a telescope with 1.2 m in focal length and 12 cm in aperture?", "options": {"A": "f/1000", "B": "f/100", "C": "f/10", "D": "f/1", "E": "f/0.1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2470, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A planet moves in a circular orbit in a fixed plane with angular velocity $\\omega$ , and let $\\hat{n}$ be a unit vector perpendicular to the orbital plane. Let the planet's velocity vector as a function of time be given by\n\n$$\\vec{v}(t) = v_0 (\\cos(\\omega t) \\hat{i} + \\sin(\\omega t) \\hat{j})$$\n\nDefine $\\vec{a}(t) = \\frac{d\\vec{v}}{dt}$ .", "question": "Which of the following statements is **correct**? (Here, $\\hat{i}$ and $\\hat{j}$ are orthogonal unit vectors in the orbital plane.)", "options": {"A": "1. $\\vec{a}$ is always parallel to $\\vec{v}$", "B": "2. $\\vec{a}$ has a magnitude $v_0\\omega$ and is perpendicular to $\\vec{v}$", "C": "3. $\\vec{a}$ is zero since the magnitude of $\\vec{v}$ is constant", "D": "4. $\\vec{v} \\cdot \\vec{a} = v_0^2\\omega$", "E": "5. $\\vec{a}$ is parallel to $\\hat{n}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2471, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A planet of mass $m$ orbits a star of mass $M$ in an elliptical orbit with semi-major axis $a$ and eccentricity $e$ where $M \\gg m$ .", "question": "Which of the following statements is **true**? ", "options": {"A": "1. The orbital speed is maximized at aphelion due to conservation of energy", "B": "2. The planet moves in a perfect circle around the star regardless of eccentricity", "C": "3. The orbital period depends on eccentricity through Kepler's Third Law", "D": "4. The Roche limit increases if the planet's density decreases", "E": "5. All five Lagrange points correspond to stable equilibria"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2486, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": "Suppose the Honeyhive galaxy and the Gold Leaf galaxy are diametrically opposite when viewed from the Earth, and the following sequence of events happens:\n\n(a) A type Ia supernova happens in the Honeyhive galaxy.\n(b) Astronomers on Earth measure the redshift of (the spectral lines) in the Honeyhive supernova to be $z = 0.5$ . At the same time, another supernova happens in the Milky Way galaxy.\n(c) Aliens in the Gold Leaf galaxy measure the redshifts of the supernovae in the Honeyhive and Milky Way galaxies.\n\nIf the alien astronomers measure the redshift of the Milky Way supernova to be $z = 0.8$ , what redshift would they measure for the Honeyhive supernova?", "question": "You may assume that the local velocities of the galaxies are negligible, that the universe is simple homogeneous, and isotropically expanding, and that redshift depends only on the scale factor and is the same function of distance for all observers.", "options": {"A": "(a) 0.2", "B": "(b) 0.4", "C": "(c) 1.3", "D": "(d) 1.7", "E": "(e) 2.7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2487, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "The Balmer- $\\alpha$ , H-I, and Lyman- $\\alpha$ lines are important spectral lines in astronomy, all from hydrogen.\n\n- The Balmer- $\\alpha$ line occurs when an electron in a hydrogen atom goes from the $n = 3$ state to $n = 2$ .\n- The H-I line occurs from an electron in the 1s shell of a hydrogen atom undergoing a spin-flip transition between two hyperfine levels.\n- The Lyman- $\\alpha$ line is the emission line that occurs when an electron in a hydrogen atom goes from $n = 2$ to $n = 1$ .", "question": "Order these lines from the *shortest* to *longest* wavelength.", "options": {"A": "(a) Balmer- $\\alpha$ , H-I, Lyman- $\\alpha$", "B": "(b) H-I, Balmer- $\\alpha$ , Lyman- $\\alpha$", "C": "(c) Lyman- $\\alpha$ , H-I, Balmer- $\\alpha$", "D": "(d) Lyman- $\\alpha$ , Balmer- $\\alpha$ , H-I", "E": "(e) Balmer- $\\alpha$ , Lyman- $\\alpha$ , H-I"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2488, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Star X and star Y form an eclipsing binary system, where star X is larger, and fully blocks star Y during an eclipse. During the primary eclipse, the apparent magnitude of the binary system increases by 0.200, and during the secondary eclipse, the apparent magnitude only increases by 0.100. If $T_X$ is the surface temperature of star X and $T_Y$ is the surface temperature of star Y, which of the following is a possible value of $T_X/T_Y$ ? Ignore limb darkening.", "options": {"A": "(a) 0.679", "B": "(b) 1.000", "C": "(c) 1.176", "D": "(d) 1.414", "E": "(e) 2.000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2489, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is closest to the ratio of the number of photons from the Sun that strike the Earth each second to the number of photons from the Cosmic Microwave Background that strike the Earth each second? (Assume the Cosmic Microwave Background to be a uniform and isotropic blackbody signal at $T_c \\approx 2.725 \\text{K}$ . As a hint, you may approximate all photons from a given source as being at the peak emission energy.)", "options": {"A": "(a) $5 \\times 10^4$", "B": "(b) $2 \\times 10^5$", "C": "(c) $3 \\times 10^7$", "D": "(d) $1 \\times 10^8$", "E": "(e) $4 \\times 10^8$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2490, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "Consider two galaxies:\n\n- Galaxy S is a spiral galaxy with blue spiral arms.\n- Galaxy E is an elliptical galaxy with no blue stars, only red stars.", "question": "Which of the following statements are likely TRUE?\n\n(I) We can find planetary nebulae in both galaxies.\n(II) Galaxy S is likely to have ongoing star formation.\n(III) Galaxy E is likely to have ongoing star formation.\n(IV) Type II supernovae are more likely to be found in Galaxy S\n(V) Type Ia supernovae are likely to be found only in Galaxy E", "options": {"A": "(a) (I), (II), (III)", "B": "(b) (I), (II), (IV)", "C": "(c) (I), (III), (IV)", "D": "(d) (I), (IV), (V)", "E": "(e) (II), (IV), (V)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2491, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following relates the intrinsic luminosity of a spiral galaxy with its asymptotic rotation velocity?", "options": {"A": "The Fundamental Plane", "B": "The Tully-Fisher Relation", "C": "The Press-Schechter Formalism", "D": "The Faber-Jackson Relation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2492, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following correctly gives the location of Population I vs. Population II stars in the Milky Way?", "options": {"A": "Population I - Thin Disk, Spiral Arms; Population II - Halo, Bulge", "B": "Population I - Thin Disk, Bulge; Population II - Spiral Arms, Halo", "C": "Population I - Halo, Bulge; Population II - Thin Disk, Spiral Arms", "D": "Population I - Halo, Thin Disk; Population II - Bulge, Spiral Arms"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2493, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "A quasar with a bolometric flux of approximately $10^{-12} \\mathrm{erg} \\mathrm{s}^{-1} \\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ is observed at a redshift of 1.5, i.e. its comoving radial distance is about 4.4 Gpc.", "question": "What is the bolometric luminosity of the quasar?", "options": {"A": "$6.0\\cdot 10^{11}\\mathrm{L}_{\\odot}$", "B": "$3.8\\cdot 10^{12}\\mathrm{L}_{\\odot}$", "C": "$2.4\\cdot 10^{13}\\mathrm{L}_{\\odot}$", "D": "$6.3\\cdot 10^{14}\\mathrm{L}_{\\odot}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2494, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "A quasar with a bolometric flux of approximately $10^{-12}$ erg s $^{-1}$ cm $^{-2}$ is observed at a redshift of 1.5, i.e. its comoving radial distance is about 4.4 Gpc. Now, let's assume that the quasar is observed to have a companion galaxy which is 5 arcseconds apart.", "question": "What is the projected linear separation of the companion galaxy from the quasar?", "options": {"A": "107 kpc", "B": "29 kpc", "C": "74 kpc", "D": "43 kpc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2495, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "An observer is standing atop the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building on earth (height $= 830\\mathrm{m}$, latitude $= 25.2\\mathrm{N}$, longitude $= 55.3\\mathrm{E}$).", "question": "Which of the following options is the closest to the shortest and longest shadow on the ground at the local noon time due to the building in a given year?", "options": {"A": "10m, 1050m", "B": "25m, 950m", "C": "35m, 850m", "D": "45m, 750m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2496, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is closest to the ratio of the farthest distance to the horizon that can be seen by an observer standing top of the Mount Everest on Earth (height $= 8.8 \\mathrm{km}$) and Olympus Mons on Mars (height $= 25 \\mathrm{km}$)?", "options": {"A": "0.1", "B": "1", "C": "5", "D": "10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2497, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "An observer measures the black-body spectrum for a variety of bodies as a function of temperature and wavelength in the long wavelength limit ( $\\frac{h c}{k} \\ll k_{B}T$ ) and finds that his data approximately fits the relationship $\\log (I) = a + b \\log (T) + c \\log (\\lambda)$ . Here, $I$ is the spectral intensity in terms of wavelength, $T$ is the temperature of the body and $\\lambda$ is the wavelength.", "question": "Which of the following are the expected values of b and c?", "options": {"A": "1,-4", "B": "1,4", "C": "4,1", "D": "-4,1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2498, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Suppose a spacecraft were orbiting in a low Earth orbit at an altitude of 400 km. The spacecraft makes a single orbital maneuver to place it into a Mars transfer orbit. Delta-v $(\\Delta v)$ refers to the change in velocity during an orbital maneuver. The semimajor axes of the orbits of Earth and Mars are $1.496 \\times 10^{8}$ km and $2.279 \\times 10^{8}$ km, respectively.", "question": "What is the $\\Delta v$ required for this trans-Mars injection?", "options": {"A": "$2.94\\mathrm{km / s}$", "B": "$3.57\\mathrm{km / s}$", "C": "$6.12\\mathrm{km / s}$", "D": "$10.85\\mathrm{km / s}$", "E": "$11.24\\mathrm{km / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2499, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "After entering Mars orbit, the spacecraft finds that over the course of the martian year, the position of Star A varies by 613.7 milliarcseconds (mas) due to the movement of the spacecraft around the sun.", "question": "Determine the distance to Star A.", "options": {"A": "1.629 pc", "B": "$2.482\\mathrm{pc}$", "C": "$3.259\\mathrm{pc}$", "D": "$4.965\\mathrm{pc}$", "E": "$6.518\\mathrm{pc}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2500, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Star A, of mass $3.5\\mathrm{M}_{\\odot}$, shows radial velocity variations $24.2\\mathrm{m / s}$ in amplitude and 23.22 years in period, suggesting the presence of an orbiting exoplanet. Assume the exoplanet's orbit is circular and has inclination $90^\\circ$. The mass of Jupiter is $1.898 \\times 10^{27}\\mathrm{kg}$. Assume the mass of the planet is much smaller than that of Star A.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the mass of the exoplanet in terms of Jupiter's masses $(\\mathrm{M}_{J})$?", "options": {"A": "$0.7M_{J}$", "B": "$2.1M_{J}$", "C": "$5.6M_{J}$", "D": "$9.9M_{J}$", "E": "$13.2M_{J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2501, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Whether or not a diffraction-limited optical system is able to resolve two points as distinct can be determined by the Rayleigh criterion. $\\beta$ Pictoris b is one of the first exoplanets discovered using direct imaging. The star system is located $19.44\\mathrm{pc}$ away, and $\\beta$ Pictoris b", "question": "is located 9.2 AU from the host star. When viewing in infrared ( $\\lambda = 1650 \\mathrm{nm}$ ), what is the minimum telescope diameter that is able to resolve $\\beta$ Pictoris and its exoplanet under the Rayleigh criterion?", "options": {"A": "0.719 m", "B": "0.877 m", "C": "1.142 m", "D": "1.438 m", "E": "1.755 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2502, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "The celestial coordinates of the Orion Nebula are RA $05^{\\mathrm{h}}35^{\\mathrm{m}}$, dec $-05^\\circ23^\\prime$. The date of the vernal equinox of 2019 is March 20th.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the time (local solar time) when the Orion Nebula would cross the meridian on the night of February 1st 2019?", "options": {"A": "08:40 PM", "B": "10:22 PM", "C": "12:00 AM", "D": "01:38 AM", "E": "03:20 AM"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2503, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "A yellow hypergiant located 1.04 kpc away has an apparent visual magnitude of 1.49 and a $B - V$ color excess of 0.29. Assuming $R_{V}$, the ratio of $V$-band extinction to $B - V$ color excess, is 3.1,", "question": "determine the absolute visual magnitude of the star.", "options": {"A": "-9.5", "B": "-8.9", "C": "-8.6", "D": "-8.3", "E": "-7.7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2504, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "The pp chain is a primary energy generation mechanism in the Sun. Each run of the process $2H + e \\rightarrow D + \\nu$ releases 26.73 MeV of energy. Calculate the neutrino flux on the surface of Mars (in neutrinos per $\\mathrm{m}^{2}$), assuming that the pp chain is responsible for $100\\%$ of the Sun's energy generation. (Mars is at a distance of 1.52 AU)", "options": {"A": "$2.54 \\times 10^{13}$", "B": "$3.17 \\times 10^{16}$", "C": "$1.37 \\times 10^{14}$", "D": "$5.94 \\times 10^{12}$", "E": "$4.45 \\times 10^{15}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2505, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "A relation between which of the following pairs of properties of Cepheids variables makes Cepheids variables, specifically, useful objects for determining stellar distances?", "options": {"A": "Mass and Temperature", "B": "Period and Luminosity", "C": "Temperature and Period"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2506, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Assuming that the Chandrasekhar Limit is 1.4 Solar masses,", "question": "estimate the maximum average density (in $\\mathrm{kg} / \\mathrm{m}^{3}$) of a Chandrashekhar mass black hole.", "options": {"A": "$1.5\\times 10^{22}$", "B": "$4.7\\times 10^{14}$", "C": "$8.2\\times 10^{10}$", "D": "$9.4\\times 10^{18}$", "E": "$7.1\\times 10^{26}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2507, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "The Sun's differential rotation can be estimated with the equation $\\omega = X + Y \\sin^{2}(\\phi) + Z \\sin^{4}(\\phi)$, where $\\omega$ is the angular velocity in degrees per day, $\\phi$ is solar latitude, and $X$, $Y$, and $Z$ are constants (equal to 15, -2.5, and -2 degrees per day respectively). Two sunspots are spotted along the same solar meridian, one at $0^\\circ$ and the other at $40^\\circ$. Assuming that the sunspots do not disappear or change latitude and move with the same velocity as the surface of the sun,", "question": "after how many days will the sunspots be aligned once again? Round your answer to the nearest day.", "options": {"A": "142", "B": "202", "C": "262", "D": "312", "E": "372"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2508, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "An observer generates a light curve of a binary system, and notices two different minima that repeat periodically (in an alternating fashion). The time between when the light curve reaches the first minima and the second minima is 285.7 days. In solar masses, estimate the total mass of the binary system if the two stellar bodies are separated by a mean distance of 4.1 AU.", "options": {"A": "0.0002", "B": "0.0008", "C": "28", "D": "56", "E": "112"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2509, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Eltanin, the brightest star in Draco, has the approximate coordinates RA: 17h 56m, Dec: $+51.5^\\circ$. Given that at the observer's location, the latitude is $+50^\\circ$ and the local sidereal time is 14:00,", "question": "how far above the horizon will Eltanin appear? Round your answer to the nearest degree.", "options": {"A": "26", "B": "54", "C": "59", "D": "89"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2510, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Stellar bodies located in the top left of a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram necessarily have which properties?", "options": {"A": "Low absolute magnitude, Low effective temperature", "B": "Low absolute magnitude, High effective temperature", "C": "High absolute magnitude, High effective temperature", "D": "High absolute magnitude, Low effective temperature", "E": "Intermediate absolute magnitude, Intermediate effective temperature"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2511, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following correctly orders the following distance indicators from the smallest to largest scale?", "options": {"A": "Stellar parallax, spectroscopic parallax, RR Lyrae variables, Hubble constant", "B": "Spectroscopic parallax, stellar parallax, RR Lyrae variables, Hubble constant", "C": "Stellar parallax, RR Lyrae variables, spectroscopic parallax, Hubble constant", "D": "Stellar parallax, spectroscopic parallax, Hubble constant, RR Lyrae variables", "E": "Spectroscopic parallax, stellar parallax, Hubble constant, RR Lyrae variables"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2512, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "As seen from Mars, what phase will Earth appear to be in when Mars is at quadrature from Earth?", "options": {"A": "New", "B": "Crescent", "C": "Quarter", "D": "Gibbous", "E": "Full"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2513, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following stars is almost always never visible to observers in the Northern hemisphere?", "options": {"A": "Alpha Aurigae", "B": "Gamma Cygni", "C": "Alpha Lyrae", "D": "Sigma Octantis", "E": "Beta Orionis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2514, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Two amateur astronomers A and B living in Ecuador are standing on the Equator at the Galapagos Islands (height $0\\mathrm{m}$, longitude $91^\\circ\\mathrm{W}$) and Volcan Cayambe (height $5790\\mathrm{m}$, longitude $78^\\circ\\mathrm{W}$) respectively. What are the differences (in degrees) of the altitudes from the horizon and zenith distances of the Sun measured by these two astronomers on March 20, 2019 when it is local noon for observer B? Neglect refraction and give your answer to the nearest degree.", "options": {"A": "Difference in altitudes: 15, Difference in zenith distances: 13.", "B": "Difference in altitudes: 13, Difference in zenith distances: 13.", "C": "Difference in altitudes: 13, Difference in zenith distances: 15."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2515, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "The spectra of two stars A and B peak at wavelengths 500 nm and 250 nm respectively. What is the ratio of their luminosities if they form black holes with Schwarzschild radii in the ratio 8:1? Assume that their densities were uniform and identical before they collapsed to form a black holes and that they did not lose any mass while forming the black holes.", "options": {"A": "2:1", "B": "4:1", "C": "1:4", "D": "1:2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2516, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "Two stationary observers at a distance 100 AU from the sun observe transits of Mercury across the diameter of the Sun's disk when Mercury is at perihelion and aphelion respectively. You are given that the semi-major axis and eccentricity of Mercury's orbit are 0.387 AU and 0.21 respectively.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the ratio of the aphelion transit time to the perihelion transit time?", "options": {"A": "1:1", "B": "2:1", "C": "4:1", "D": "8:1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2517, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Find the total sum of the binary system of the star Capella, if semi-major axis between them is 0.85 AU, and period of 0.285 years.", "options": {"A": "5.5 solar masses", "B": "6.5 solar masses", "C": "7.6 solar masses", "D": "8.5 solar masses", "E": "9.5 solar masses"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2518, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "The New Horizons spacecraft completed a flyby of 2014 MU69 on New Year's day of this year. 2014 MU69 is a Kuiper Belt Object with a semi-major axis of 44.58 AU.", "question": "Estimate the maximum temperature at the surface of 2014 MU69, in Kelvin, assuming the object has zero albedo.", "options": {"A": "41.7 Kelvin", "B": "58.9 Kelvin", "C": "83.3 Kelvin", "D": "117.9 Kelvin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2519, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "HD 209458b is an extrasolar gas giant planet with a radius of 1.38 Jupiter radii and a mass of 0.69 Jupiter masses (1 Jupiter radius $= 6.99 \\cdot 10^{7}$ m, 1 Jupiter mass $= 1.90 \\cdot 10^{27}$ kg).", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the pressure at the very center of HD 209458b, in bars?", "options": {"A": "$10^{9}$ bars", "B": "$10^{6}$ bars", "C": "$10^{5}$ bars"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2520, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Imagine that our Sun was suddenly replaced by an M-dwarf with a mass half that of the Sun. If our Earth kept the same semi-major axis during this change,", "question": "what would Earth's new orbital period be around the M-dwarf?", "options": {"A": "0.707 years", "B": "1 year", "C": "1.414 years", "D": "2 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2521, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "On December 21, 2020, Jupiter was at $(\\alpha ,\\delta) = (20^{h}10^{m}, - 20^{\\circ}34^{\\'}$.", "question": "Which constellation was Saturn in?", "options": {"A": "Capricornus", "B": "Aquarius", "C": "Pisces", "D": "Aquila"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2522, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "What is the spectral type of a star with a luminosity of $5.86*10^{26}$ W and radius of $8.51*10^{8}$ m?", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "F", "C": "G", "D": "K", "E": "M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2523, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "The exoplanet HD 209458b has a mass of 0.71 Jupiter masses and orbits HD 209458 with an orbital period of 3.53 days. HD 209458 has a mass of 1.15 Solar masses.", "question": "Assuming that the orbit of HD 209458b is circular (which is a good approximation here) and that its orbit lies perfectly in our line of sight, what is the radial velocity semi-amplitude of HD 209458 due to the orbital motion of HD 209458b, in m/s?", "options": {"A": "$69.6\\mathrm{m / s}$", "B": "$85.9\\mathrm{m / s}$", "C": "$94.2\\mathrm{m / s}$", "D": "$120.8\\mathrm{m / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2524, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "The photon number density of a blackbody depends on temperature as $n_{d} = a\\left(\\frac{k_{B}T}{h}\\right)^{n}$ where $k_{B}$ is the Boltzman constant, $h$ is the reduced Planck's constant, $c$ is the speed of light and $T$ is the blackbody temperature. Here, $a$ is a dimensionless numerical constant.", "question": "What is the value of $n$?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2525, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "HD 209458b has a radius of 1.35 Jupiter radii, while the radius of HD 209458 is 1.20 Solar radii.", "question": "What is the transit depth of HD 209458b, in percent?", "options": {"A": "$0.013\\%$", "B": "$0.13\\%$", "C": "$1.3\\%$", "D": "$13\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2526, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a problem of the conventional Big Bang theory that is resolved by the theory of inflation?", "options": {"A": "Under the conventional Big Bang theory, it is extremely unlikely for our universe to be flat or nearly flat today, contrary to observation.", "B": "Under the conventional Big Bang theory, it is impossible for the Cosmic Microwave Background to have come into thermal equilibrium by the time of recombination, despite its observed uniform temperature.", "C": "The conventional Big Bang theory predicts a huge abundance of magnetic monopoles, while no magnetic monopoles have ever been discovered.", "D": "All of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2527, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) last reached perihelion on July 3, 2020. Comet NEOWISE has an orbital period of $\\approx 4400$ years and its eccentricity is 0.99921.", "question": "What is the perihelion distance of Comet NEOWISE, in AU?", "options": {"A": "0.0123 AU", "B": "0.212 AU", "C": "2.69 AU", "D": "26.8 AU"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2528, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "An astronomer detected a galaxy and decided to analyze its different parts and physical aspects. The frequency generated by a \"spin-flip\" transition of atomic hydrogen is $\\nu_{0} = 1420.406MHz$ , however it was detected on the galaxy as $\\nu = 1422.73$ . He finds that:", "question": "1. Population I stars are (1) and are metal-(2). 2. The galaxy is (3) from us with a speed of (4) $km * s^{-1}$ . Choose the alternative that correctly completes sentences above.", "options": {"A": "(1) young; (2) poor; (3) distancing; (4) 245", "B": "(1) old; (2) rich; (3) approaching; (4) 490", "C": "(1)old; (2) poor; (3) distancing; (4) 490", "D": "(1) young; (2) rich; (3) approaching; (4) 490", "E": "(1) young; (2) rich; (3) approaching; (4) 245"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2529, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "A stable open cluster of about $N = 1000$ sun-like stars has an angular diameter of $\\theta = 30$ arc minutes and distance of $d = 500$ pc. Assuming the cluster can be approximated by a sphere of uniform density, estimate the average velocities of stars in the cluster.", "question": "The gravitational potential energy of a sphere of uniform density and radius $r$ is $U_{sphere} = -\\frac{3}{5}\\frac{GM_{sphere}^{2}}{r}$", "options": {"A": "507 m/s", "B": "643 m/s", "C": "894 m/s", "D": "1021 m/s", "E": "771 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2530, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "What would happen to the analemma of the Sun if the obliquity of the Earth's orbit suddenly went to zero degrees and its eccentricity remained unchanged?", "options": {"A": "The anallema would be perfectly symmetric in both axes and would have the shape of an \"8\".", "B": "The analemma would look like a dot.", "C": "The analemma would be the arc of a great circle.", "D": "The analemma would look like a circle.", "E": "The analemma would be a spherical triangle."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2531, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Let $T_{\\odot ,C}$ and $T_{\\odot ,S}$ be the temperatures at the core and the surface of the sun, respectively. Similarly, let $T_{A,C}$ and $T_{A,S}$ be the temperatures at the core and surface of the red giant Arcturus, and let $T_{S,C}$ and $T_{S,S}$ be the temperatures at the core and surface of the white dwarf Sirius B.", "question": "Which of the following inequalities is true? ", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{T_{\\odot,C}}{T_{\\odot,S}} < \\frac{T_{A,C}}{T_{A,S}} < \\frac{T_{S,C}}{T_{S,S}}$", "B": "$\\frac{T_{\\odot,C}}{T_{\\odot,S}} < \\frac{T_{S,C}}{T_{S,S}} < \\frac{T_{A,C}}{T_{A,S}}$", "C": "$\\frac{T_{A,C}}{T_{A,S}} < \\frac{T_{\\odot,C}}{T_{\\odot,S}} < \\frac{T_{S,C}}{T_{S,S}}$", "D": "$\\frac{T_{S,C}}{T_{S,S}} < \\frac{T_{\\odot,C}}{T_{\\odot,S}} < \\frac{T_{A,C}}{T_{A,S}}$", "E": "$\\frac{T_{S,C}}{T_{S,S}} < \\frac{T_{A,C}}{T_{A,S}} < \\frac{T_{\\odot,C}}{T_{\\odot,S}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2532, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "The spectral line $H_{\\alpha}$ in the spectrum of a star is recorded as having displacement of $\\Delta \\lambda = 0.043 \\times 10^{-10} ~m$ . At rest, the spectral line has a wavelength of $\\lambda_{0} = 6.563 \\times 10^{-7} ~m$ . Calculate the period of rotation for this star, if it is observed from its equatorial plane. We also know: $R_{star} = 8 \\times 10^{5} ~km$ .", "options": {"A": "29.59 days", "B": "14.63 days", "C": "21.15 days", "D": "34.39 days"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2533, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "The reflector telescope built by Sir Issac Newton was a $f / 5$ telescope and had a primary mirror of diameter $30 ~mm$ . He used an eyepiece with a focal length of $5 ~mm$ .", "question": "What is the focal length and magnification obtained by this telescope?", "options": {"A": "$150 ~mm$ , $30 \\times$", "B": "$300 ~mm$ , $15 \\times$", "C": "$300 ~mm$ , $30 \\times$", "D": "$150 ~mm$ , $15 \\times$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2534, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "An interesting phenomena that happens in the Solar System is the capture of comets in the interstellar medium. Assume that a comet with a mass of $7.15 * 10^{16}$ kg is captured by the solar system. The perihelion of this comet's orbit after it is captured is equal to 4.64 AU, and its velocity with respect to the Sun before being captured by the Solar System was very small.", "question": "Calculate the velocity of the comet at the perihelion.", "options": {"A": "$87.1 \\mathrm{km / s}$", "B": "$45.9 \\mathrm{km / s}$", "C": "$5.67 \\mathrm{km / s}$", "D": "$105.4 \\mathrm{km / s}$", "E": "$19.6 \\mathrm{km / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2535, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "In a certain day, when it is 0h UT, the sidereal time of Prime Meridian is 5h 56min 9.4s. For this day, with start and end based on UT, find the civil time of Chicago, whose longitude and time zone are respectively, $87.65004722^{\\circ} W$ and UT-6, when the sidereal time there is 20h. The difference between solar time and sidereal time SHOULD be accounted for.", "options": {"A": "14h 1min 32s", "B": "13h 26min 17s", "C": "14h 36min 47s", "D": "14h 0min 43s", "E": "13h 51min 11s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2536, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Consider the following horrifying scenario. The Sun has become a Red Giant, and its radius is doubling every 100 years.", "question": "Rank the following of humanity's concerns in order of immediate importance. I: Orbital decay due to direct contact between the Earth and Sun II: As the distance between the Earth and Sun shrinks, the Earth will enter the Sun's Roche limit and start to be ripped apart III: Orbital decay due to tidal effects on the Sun's outer atmosphere, the same way the Moon loses energy when forming the Earth's tides IV: Runaway greenhouse effect due to extreme temperatures, leading to the Earth becoming a hot, Venus- like planet with no habitability", "options": {"A": "III, IV, II, I", "B": "IV, III, II, I", "C": "IV, II, III, I", "D": "IV, III, I, II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2537, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "TESS Object of Interest (TOI) 402.01 has an orbital period of $4.756 \\pm 0.000023$ (days) and was last observed to transit on $2139.1 \\pm 0.0027008$ (in TESS Julian days, i.e. BJD - 2457000). For follow-up observation, we would like to predict the next transit - this would be the 23rd transit since the last observation.", "question": "In TESS Julian days, when will the next transit occur?", "options": {"A": "$2243.732 \\pm 0.0027238$ TESS JD", "B": "$2248.488 \\pm 0.000529$ TESS JD", "C": "$2248.488 \\pm 0.0027238$ TESS JD", "D": "$2248.488 \\pm 0.0032298$ TESS JD"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2538, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Jupiter has a mass of $1.90 \\times 10^{27}$ kg and a radius of $7.15 \\times 10^{7}$ m.", "question": "To the closest order of magnitude, estimate the pressure at the center of Jupiter, in Megabars.", "options": {"A": "0.1", "B": "1", "C": "10", "D": "100"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2539, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is wrong?", "options": {"A": "It is believed that elements with atomic number greater than that of iron are formed mostly by the explosion of supernovas.", "B": "What holds a star together is the hydrostatic equilibrium between pressure and gravity.", "C": "The granulations of the Sun happen on its corona.", "D": "Protostars are actually not stars because their main source of heat is not fusion.", "E": "The earlier type the main-sequence star, the more massive it is."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2562, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "When the substances Si, KCl, $\\text{CH}_3\\text{OH}$ , and $\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_6$ are arranged in order of increasing melting point, what is the correct order?", "options": {"A": "Si, KCl, $\\text{CH}_3\\text{OH}$ , $\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_6$", "B": "$\\text{CH}_3\\text{OH}$ , $\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_6$ , Si, KCl", "C": "KCl, Si, $\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_6$ , $\\text{CH}_3\\text{OH}$", "D": "$\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_6$ , $\\text{CH}_3\\text{OH}$ , KCl, Si"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2563, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "[Triple point $-7.3^\\circ\\text{C}$ , 44 mm Hg\nLiquid density $3.1 \\text{ g}\\cdot\\text{cm}^{-3}$ , Solid density $3.4 \\text{ g}\\cdot\\text{cm}^{-3}$ ]", "question": "According to the following information, in what physical state(s) does bromine exist at $-7.4^\\circ\\text{C}$ and 400 mm Hg?", "options": {"A": "solid only", "B": "liquid only", "C": "liquid and solid only", "D": "gas, liquid, and solid"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2564, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A gas mixture at $27^\\circ\\text{C}$ and 1 atm contains equal masses of He, $\\text{H}_2$ , $\\text{CO}_2$ , and $\\text{CH}_4$ . How do their molecular velocities compare?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{He} = \\text{H}_2 = \\text{CO}_2 = \\text{CH}_4$", "B": "$\\text{He} < \\text{H}_2 < \\text{CO}_2 < \\text{CH}_4$", "C": "$\\text{H}_2 < \\text{He} < \\text{CH}_4 < \\text{CO}_2$", "D": "$\\text{CO}_2 < \\text{CH}_4 < \\text{He} < \\text{H}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2565, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "The energies of the bonds broken in a certain reaction are greater than the energies of the bonds formed. Which one of the following statements about this reaction must be true?", "options": {"A": "The reaction is endothermic.", "B": "The reaction is exothermic.", "C": "The reaction is spontaneous.", "D": "The reaction is non-spontaneous."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2566, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "At the triple point of water how do the entropies of solid, liquid, and gas compare?", "options": {"A": "$S^\\circ_{\\text{solid}} < S^\\circ_{\\text{liquid}} < S^\\circ_{\\text{gas}}$", "B": "$S^\\circ_{\\text{solid}} = S^\\circ_{\\text{liquid}} < S^\\circ_{\\text{gas}}$", "C": "$S^\\circ_{\\text{gas}} < S^\\circ_{\\text{solid}} < S^\\circ_{\\text{liquid}}$", "D": "$S^\\circ_{\\text{solid}} = S^\\circ_{\\text{liquid}} = S^\\circ_{\\text{gas}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2567, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "\"A perfect crystalline substance has an entropy of zero at absolute zero\" is a statement of", "options": {"A": "Hess's Law.", "B": "The First Law of Thermodynamics.", "C": "The Second Law of Thermodynamics.", "D": "The Third Law of Thermodynamics."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2568, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following sets of conditions would result in a reaction that is spontaneous at high temperatures but non-spontaneous at low temperatures?", "options": {"A": "$\\Delta H > 0$ , $\\Delta S > 0$", "B": "$\\Delta H > 0$ , $\\Delta S < 0$", "C": "$\\Delta H < 0$ , $\\Delta S < 0$", "D": "$\\Delta H < 0$ , $\\Delta S > 0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2569, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Changes in which factors affect both the rate and the rate constant of a first order reaction? \nI temperature \nII concentration", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2570, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement is true about a reactant that appears in the balanced equation for a reaction but does not appear in the rate equation?", "options": {"A": "It is an inhibitor.", "B": "It is not part of the reaction.", "C": "Its concentration is too low to be important.", "D": "It takes part in the reaction after the rate-determining step."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2571, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Introduction of two drops of concentrated sulfuric acid, $H_2SO_4$ , speeds up an esterification reaction. Introduction of a piece of platinum metal, Pt, speeds up the reaction of $H_2$ and $O_2$ gas. Which of the following statements is true?", "options": {"A": "Pt is a homogeneous catalyst; $H_2SO_4$ is a heterogeneous catalyst.", "B": "Pt is a heterogeneous catalyst; $H_2SO_4$ is a homogeneous catalyst.", "C": "Pt and $H_2SO_4$ are both heterogeneous catalysts.", "D": "Pt and $H_2SO_4$ are both homogeneous catalysts."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2572, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which change will decrease the rate of the reaction between $I_2(s)$ and $H_2(g)$ ?", "options": {"A": "Increasing the partial pressure of $H_2(g)$", "B": "Adding the $I_2(s)$ as one piece rather than as several small ones", "C": "Heating the reaction mixture", "D": "Adding a catalyst for the reaction"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2573, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "When 0.10 M solutions of HF, HCl, KF, and KCl are arranged in order of increasing pH which order is correct?", "options": {"A": "HF, HCl, KF, KCl", "B": "HCl, HF, KF, KCl", "C": "HCl, HF, KCl, KF", "D": "HF, HCl, KCl, KF"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2574, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following mixtures creates a buffer solution?", "options": {"A": "10.0 mL 0.10 M NaOH, 10.0 mL 0.10 M HF", "B": "20.0 mL 0.10 M NaOH, 15.0 mL 0.10 M HF", "C": "15.0 mL 0.10 M NaOH, 20.0 mL 0.10 M HF", "D": "10.0 mL 0.10 M NaOH, 5.0 mL 0.20 M HF"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2575, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "The solubility of $\\text{AgBrO}_3$ in aqueous solution depends on the presence of other substances in solution. Relative to its solubility in $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ the solubility of $\\text{AgBrO}_3$ is higher in 0.10 M \\_\\_\\_\\_ and lower in 0.10 M \\_\\_\\_\\_ .", "options": {"A": "$\\text{NH}_3$ , $\\text{KBrO}_3$", "B": "$\\text{KBrO}_3$ , $\\text{NH}_3$", "C": "$\\text{HNO}_3$ , $\\text{NH}_3$", "D": "$\\text{NH}_3$ , $\\text{HNO}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2576, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "All of the reactions below represent oxidation-reduction processes EXCEPT the", "options": {"A": "combustion of tin in chlorine gas.", "B": "decomposition of potassium chlorate.", "C": "neutralization of sodium hydroxide.", "D": "reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2577, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "When potassium permanganate, $\\text{KMnO}_4$ , is added to an acidified solution of oxalic acid, $\\text{H}_2\\text{C}_2\\text{O}_4$ , the products are $\\text{CO}_2$ gas and $\\text{Mn}^{2+}$ ions. What is the reducing agent in this reaction?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{KMnO}_4$", "B": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{C}_2\\text{O}_4$", "C": "$\\text{H}_3\\text{O}^+$", "D": "$\\text{CO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2578, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which term represents the charge on one mole of electrons?", "options": {"A": "one Ampere", "B": "one Coulomb", "C": "one Faraday", "D": "one Volt"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2579, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which element has atoms with exactly four valence electrons in its ground state?", "options": {"A": "Ca", "B": "Cr", "C": "Si", "D": "S"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2580, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Gas-phase atoms of which element have an occupied 5d orbital in their ground state?", "options": {"A": "Ag ( $Z = 47$ )", "B": "Ba ( $Z = 56$ )", "C": "Eu ( $Z = 63$ )", "D": "Ir ( $Z = 77$ )"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2581, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which gas-phase atom in its ground state could have an electron with the quantum numbers: $n = 3$ , $l = 2$ , $m_l = 0$ , $m_s = -1/2$ ?", "options": {"A": "Na", "B": "Mg", "C": "P", "D": "Ti"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2582, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Properties of the alkaline earth metals that increase from Be to Ba include which of the following?\n\nI Atomic radius \nII Ionization energy \nIII Nuclear charge", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2583, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "In which list are the ions arranged in order of decreasing size?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{S}^{2-}$ , $\\text{Br}^-$ , $\\text{K}^+$ , $\\text{Ca}^{2+}$", "B": "$\\text{Br}^-$ , $\\text{S}^{2-}$ , $\\text{K}^+$ , $\\text{Ca}^{2+}$", "C": "$\\text{K}^+$ , $\\text{Ca}^{2+}$ , $\\text{S}^{2-}$ , $\\text{Br}^-$", "D": "$\\text{Ca}^{2+}$ , $\\text{K}^+$ , $\\text{S}^{2-}$ , $\\text{Br}^-$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2584, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What is the oxidation number of rhenium in $Ca(ReO_4)_2$ ?", "options": {"A": "+1", "B": "+3", "C": "+6", "D": "+7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2585, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species has the largest bond angle?", "options": {"A": "$NO_2^+$", "B": "$NO_2$", "C": "$NO_2^-$", "D": "$NO_3^-$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2586, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species is planar?", "options": {"A": "$CO_3^{2-}$", "B": "$SO_3^{2-}$", "C": "$ClO_3^-$", "D": "$BF_4^-$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2587, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which bonds are formed by a carbon atom with $sp^2$ hybridization?", "options": {"A": "4 $\\pi$ bonds", "B": "2 $\\pi$ bonds and 2 $\\sigma$ bonds", "C": "1 $\\pi$ bond and 3 $\\sigma$ bonds", "D": "4 $\\sigma$ bonds"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2588, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many resonance forms can be written for the nitrate ion, $NO_3^-$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2589, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The boiling points of $CH_3COCH_3$ , $CH_3COC_2H_5$ , and $CH_3COC_3H_7$ are 56 °C, 80 °C, and 102 °C, respectively. This increase is best attributed to an increase in which of the following?\nI dipole-dipole interactions \nII dispersion forces \nIII hydrogen bonding", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "III only", "D": "II and III only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2590, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many isomeric compounds have the formula $C_3H_8O$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2591, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many sigma bonds does propyne, $C_3H_4$ , have?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2592, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the compounds below will react readily with chlorine by addition?\n\nI $C_2H_2$ (ethyne)\n\nII $C_2H_4$ (ethene)\n\nIII $C_6H_6$ (benzene)", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "I and II only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2593, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "The smell of rancid butter is due to the presence of butyric (butanoic) acid. What is the formula for this compound?", "options": {"A": "$C_4H_8O_2$", "B": "$C_4H_{10}O$", "C": "$C_5H_{10}O_2$", "D": "$C_5H_{12}O$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2594, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "In a double helix of DNA, adenine is paired with", "options": {"A": "adenine.", "B": "cytosine.", "C": "guanine.", "D": "thymine."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2595, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "How many atoms are in $4.0 \\times 10^{-5}$ grams of Al?", "options": {"A": "$8.9 \\times 10^{17}$", "B": "$2.4 \\times 10^{19}$", "C": "$6.5 \\times 10^{20}$", "D": "$2.0 \\times 10^{22}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2596, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "How many moles of sulfate ions are in 100 mL of a solution of 0.0020 M $Fe_2(SO_4)_3$ ?", "options": {"A": "$2.0 \\times 10^{-4}$", "B": "$6.0 \\times 10^{-4}$", "C": "$2.0 \\times 10^{-1}$", "D": "$6.0 \\times 10^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2597, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "The value of which concentration unit for a solution changes with temperature?", "options": {"A": "molarity", "B": "molality", "C": "mole fraction", "D": "mass percentage"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2598, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "How many moles of water are produced by the complete combustion of 14.4 g of $C_5H_{12}$ ?\n\n$$C_5H_{12} + 8O_2 \\rightarrow 5CO_2 + 6H_2O$$", "options": {"A": "0.200", "B": "0.600", "C": "1.20", "D": "2.40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2599, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "A solution of $Ba(OH)_2$ is standardized with potassium acid phthalate (abbreviated KHP), $KHC_8H_8O_4$ ( $M = 204$ ). If 1.530 g of KHP is titrated with 34.50 mL of the $Ba(OH)_2$ solution, what is the molarity of $Ba(OH)_2$ ?", "options": {"A": "0.0217 M", "B": "0.0435 M", "C": "0.109 M", "D": "0.217 M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2600, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "30.0 mL of 0.10 M $Ca(NO_3)_2$ and 15.0 mL of 0.20 M $Na_3PO_4$ solutions are mixed. After the reaction is complete, which of these ions has the lowest concentration in the final solution?", "options": {"A": "$Na^+$", "B": "$NO_3^-$", "C": "$Ca^{2+}$", "D": "$PO_4^{3-}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2601, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "A dilute solution of which acid is most likely to produce a reduction product other than $H_2$ when it reacts with a metal?", "options": {"A": "HF", "B": "HCl", "C": "$HNO_3$", "D": "$H_2SO_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2602, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which two substances react spontaneously?", "options": {"A": "Ag and Cu", "B": "$Ag^+$ and Cu", "C": "Ag and $Cu^{2+}$", "D": "$Ag^+$ and $Cu^{2+}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2603, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which transformation demonstrates that the bonds between water molecules are weaker than the bonds within a water molecule?", "options": {"A": "freezing water", "B": "electrolysis of water", "C": "boiling water", "D": "reaction of water with $Na(s)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2604, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "The molar mass of an unknown organic liquid ( $M \\sim 100$ ) is determined by placing 5 mL of the liquid in a weighed 125-mL conical flask fitted with a piece of Al foil with a pin hole in it. The flask is heated in a boiling water bath until the liquid evaporates to expel the air and fill the flask with the unknown vapor at atmospheric pressure. After cooling to room temperature the flask and its contents are reweighed. The uncertainty in which piece of apparatus causes the largest percentage error in the molar mass?", "options": {"A": "balance (\\(\\pm 0.01\\ \\mathrm{g}\\))", "B": "barometer (\\(\\pm 0.2\\ \\mathrm{mm\\ Hg}\\))", "C": "flask (\\(\\pm 1.0\\ \\mathrm{mL}\\))", "D": "thermometer (\\(\\pm 0.2^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\))"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2605, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "At the molecular level, the factor that determines whether a substance will be a solid, liquid, or gas is the balance between the", "options": {"A": "kinetic energies of the molecules and their intermolecular forces.", "B": "potential energies of the molecules and their intermolecular forces.", "C": "kinetic energies of the molecules and their intramolecular forces.", "D": "potential energies of the molecules and their intramolecular forces."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2606, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A gas sample in a flexible container is maintained at constant pressure while its temperature is increased from 25 °C to 75 °C. If the initial volume of the gas is 4.2 L, what is the change in volume due to the temperature increase?", "options": {"A": "0.7 L", "B": "4.9 L", "C": "8.4 L", "D": "12.6 L"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2615, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "The rate of a stoichiometric reaction between a solid and a gas in a container may be increased by increasing all of the following factors EXCEPT the", "options": {"A": "pressure of the gas.", "B": "temperature of the gas.", "C": "volume of the container.", "D": "surface area of the solid."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2616, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The gas phase decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide is represented by this equation.\n\n$$2\\text{N}_2\\text{O}_5(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 4\\text{NO}_2(\\text{g}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g})$$\n\nWhat is the rate of formation of oxygen gas (in $\\text{mol}\\cdot\\text{L}^{-1}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}$ ) in an experiment where 0.080 mol of $\\text{N}_2\\text{O}_5$ is consumed in a 4.0 L container every 0.20 seconds?", "options": {"A": "0.020", "B": "0.050", "C": "0.10", "D": "0.20"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2617, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which accounts for the increase in the rate of a reaction when a catalyst is added to a chemical system?", "options": {"A": "a decrease in the enthalpy change between the reactants and products", "B": "an increase in the potential energy of the reactants", "C": "a decrease in the potential energy of the activated complex", "D": "a decrease in the entropy of the activated complex"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2618, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement(s) characterize(s) a chemical system at equilibrium?\n\nI The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.\n\nII The concentrations of the reactants and products are equal.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2619, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What is the solubility in pure water of $\\text{Ba}(\\text{IO}_3)_2$ in moles per liter at $25^\\circ\\text{C}$ ? $[\\text{K}_{\\text{sp}}(25^\\circ\\text{C}) = 6.0 \\times 10^{-10}]$", "options": {"A": "$1.2 \\times 10^{-5}$", "B": "$1.7 \\times 10^{-5}$", "C": "$5.3 \\times 10^{-4}$", "D": "$8.4 \\times 10^{-4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2620, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "$\\text{C}(\\text{s}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g}) \\rightleftharpoons \\text{CO}(\\text{g}) + \\text{H}_2(\\text{g}) \\quad \\Delta\\text{H} > 0$ For the system above at equilibrium, which changes will increase the amount of $\\text{H}_2(\\text{g})$ ?\n\nI Adding $\\text{C}(\\text{s})$ \n\nII Increasing the volume of the container\n\nIII Increasing the temperature", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2621, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Determine the volume of 0.125 M NaOH required to titrate to the equivalence point 25.0 mL of a 0.175 M solution of a monoprotic weak acid that is 20% ionized.", "options": {"A": "7.00 mL", "B": "17.9 mL", "C": "28.0 mL", "D": "35.0 mL"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2622, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "A 75 mL solution that is 0.10 M in $\\text{HC}_2\\text{H}_3\\text{O}_2$ and 0.10 M in $\\text{NaC}_2\\text{H}_3\\text{O}_2$ has a pH of 4.74. Which of the following actions will change the pH of this solution?\n\nI Adding 15 mL of 0.10 M HCl\n\nII Adding 0.010 mol of $\\text{NaC}_2\\text{H}_3\\text{O}_2$ \n\nIII Diluting the solution from 75 mL to 125 mL", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2623, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which species has an atom with an oxidation number of +3?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{ClO}_2^-$", "B": "$\\text{PO}_4^{3-}$", "C": "$\\text{S}_2\\text{O}_3^{2-}$", "D": "$\\text{NO}_2^+$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2624, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "How many $\\text{H}^+$ ions are required when the equation below is balanced with the smallest whole number coefficients? $\\text{Cu}(\\text{s}) + \\text{NO}_3^-(\\text{aq}) + \\text{H}^+(\\text{aq}) \\rightarrow \\text{Cu}^{2+}(\\text{aq}) + \\text{NO}(\\text{g}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{l})$", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2625, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "$\\text{Ag}^+ + \\text{e}^- \\rightarrow \\text{Ag}$ $E^\\circ = 0.80$ V $\\text{Co}^{2+} + 2\\text{e}^- \\rightarrow \\text{Co}$ $E^\\circ = -0.28$ V What is the $E^\\circ$ value for the voltaic cell using the half-reactions above at standard conditions?", "options": {"A": "0.52 V", "B": "1.08 V", "C": "1.32 V", "D": "1.88 V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2626, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "$\\text{Sn}(\\text{s}) | \\text{Sn}^{2+}(\\text{aq}) || \\text{Cu}^{2+}(\\text{aq}) | \\text{Cu}(\\text{s})$ For the voltaic cell represented above, which change will increase the voltage?", "options": {"A": "increasing the size of the Sn electrode", "B": "increasing the size of the Cu electrode", "C": "increasing the $[\\text{Sn}^{2+}]$", "D": "increasing the $[\\text{Cu}^{2+}]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2627, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "For how many seconds must a current of 5.00 A flow in order to deposit 1.30 g of nickel from a solution of nickel(II) nitrate? (Coulombs = Amperes $\\times$ seconds)", "options": {"A": "$2.14 \\times 10^2$", "B": "$4.28 \\times 10^2$", "C": "$8.55 \\times 10^2$", "D": "$4.28 \\times 10^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2628, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "The isotope $^{14}\\text{C}$ undergoes radioactive decay slowly. Which mode of decay is most likely?", "options": {"A": "alpha emission", "B": "beta emission", "C": "positron emission", "D": "electron capture"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2629, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "The quantum numbers, $n = 4$ , $l = 1$ , $m_l = 0$ could represent a valence electron in which atom in its ground state?", "options": {"A": "Fe", "B": "In", "C": "Pd", "D": "Se"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2630, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "A gas phase atom with the electron configuration $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^6$ loses three electrons. What is the electron configuration of the resulting gas phase ion?", "options": {"A": "$1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^5$", "B": "$1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^1 3d^4$", "C": "$1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^3$", "D": "$1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^5 4s^1 3d^5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2631, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which existing element would the chemistry of element 119 most resemble?", "options": {"A": "Rn ( $Z = 86$ )", "B": "Fr ( $Z = 87$ )", "C": "Ra ( $Z = 88$ )", "D": "Ac ( $Z = 89$ )"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2632, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which atom has the largest atomic radius?", "options": {"A": "S", "B": "Cl", "C": "Se", "D": "Br"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2633, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Of the elements listed, which has the highest first ionization energy?", "options": {"A": "Li", "B": "Be", "C": "Na", "D": "Mg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2634, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species contains only covalent bonds?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{AlF}_3$", "B": "$\\text{NH}_4\\text{NO}_3$", "C": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{SO}_4$", "D": "$\\text{K}_2\\text{Cr}_2\\text{O}_7$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2635, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "In which species can we describe the central atom as having $sp^2$ hybridization?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{BeF}_2$", "B": "$\\text{CO}_2$", "C": "$\\text{KrF}_2$", "D": "$\\text{SO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2636, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "In which species does sulfur have the lowest oxidation state?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{SCl}_2$", "B": "$\\text{OSF}_2$", "C": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{SO}_3$", "D": "$\\text{SF}_6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2637, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "A triple bond is found in which of the following species?\n\nI $\\text{CO}$ II $\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_2$ III $\\text{CN}^-$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2638, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following compounds has a non-zero dipole moment?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{CO}_2$", "B": "$\\text{AsH}_3$", "C": "$\\text{CCl}_4$", "D": "$\\text{PF}_5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2639, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule contains the fewest hydrogen atoms?", "options": {"A": "cyclopropane", "B": "propane", "C": "propene", "D": "propyne"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2640, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the difference between 2-chloropentane and 3-chloropentane?", "options": {"A": "the number of carbon atoms in the molecule", "B": "the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule", "C": "the position of the chlorine atom in the molecule", "D": "the geometry of the carbon chain"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2641, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Alanine is a(n)", "options": {"A": "amino acid.", "B": "ester.", "C": "nucleic acid.", "D": "sugar."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2642, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which substance yields the most energy per gram of sample upon metabolism?", "options": {"A": "carbohydrate", "B": "fat", "C": "protein", "D": "vitamin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2643, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "When this equation is balanced using the smallest possible integers, what is the sum of the coefficients?\n\n$$\\text{___}(\\text{NH}_4)_3\\text{PO}_4(\\text{aq}) + \\text{___}\\text{CaCl}_2(\\text{aq}) \\rightarrow \\text{___}\\text{Ca}_3(\\text{PO}_4)_2(\\text{s}) + \\text{___}\\text{NH}_4\\text{Cl}(\\text{aq})$$", "options": {"A": "8", "B": "9", "C": "11", "D": "12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2644, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions", "context": "A solution of $\\text{KNO}_3$ in water is prepared for which the following data have been obtained:\n\n- masses of solute and solvent\n- molar masses of solute and solvent", "question": "Which of these quantitative descriptions of the solution can be determined?\n\nI. molarity II. molality III. density of solution", "options": {"A": "I. only", "B": "II. only", "C": "I. and II. only", "D": "I., II. and III."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2645, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "What mass of the compound $\\text{CrO}_3$ ( $M = 100.0$ ) contains $4.5 \\times 10^{23}$ oxygen atoms?", "options": {"A": "2.25 g", "B": "12.0 g", "C": "25.0 g", "D": "75.0 g"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2646, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "An 18.5 g sample of tin ( $M = 118.7$ ) combines with 10.0 g of sulfur ( $M = 32.07$ ) to form a compound.", "question": "What is the empirical formula of this compound?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{SnS}$", "B": "$\\text{SnS}_2$", "C": "$\\text{Sn}_2\\text{S}$", "D": "$\\text{Sn}_2\\text{S}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2647, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions", "context": "A mixture is prepared by adding 50.0 mL of 0.200 M $\\text{NaOH}$ to 75.0 mL of 0.100 M $\\text{NaOH}$.", "question": "What is the $[\\text{OH}^-]$ in the mixture?", "options": {"A": "0.0600 M", "B": "0.0800 M", "C": "0.140 M", "D": "0.233 M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2648, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What mass of $\\text{NaHCO}_3$ ( $M = 84.0$ ) is required to completely neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.125 M $\\text{H}_2\\text{SO}_4$?", "options": {"A": "0.131 g", "B": "0.262 g", "C": "0.525 g", "D": "1.05 g"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2649, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "A solid can be separated from a liquid by all the following means EXCEPT", "options": {"A": "decantation", "B": "distillation", "C": "filtration", "D": "hydration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2650, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "A student determined the density of a solid to be 2.90, 2.91 and $2.93 \\text{ g}\\cdot\\text{cm}^{-3}$. If the actual density of this solid is $2.70 \\text{ g}\\cdot\\text{cm}^{-3}$,", "question": "how should the student's results be described?", "options": {"A": "high accuracy and high precision", "B": "low accuracy and high precision", "C": "high accuracy and low precision", "D": "low accuracy and low precision"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2651, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Which cation forms an insoluble chloride and an insoluble sulfide?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{Ba}^{2+}$", "B": "$\\text{Cu}^{2+}$", "C": "$\\text{Mn}^{2+}$", "D": "$\\text{Pb}^{2+}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2652, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which 0.10 M aqueous solution exhibits the lowest electrical conductivity?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{HC}_2\\text{H}_3\\text{O}_2(\\text{aq})$", "B": "$\\text{HNO}_3(\\text{aq})$", "C": "$\\text{NH}_4\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_3\\text{O}_2(\\text{aq})$", "D": "$\\text{Ca}(\\text{NO}_3)_2(\\text{aq})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2653, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry", "context": "$\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_5\\text{OH}(\\text{l}) + 3 \\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2 \\text{CO}_2(\\text{g}) + 3 \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g})$ \n\nDuring an experiment 10.00 g of ethanol is completely burned in air to release $\\text{CO}_2(\\text{g})$ and $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g})$ as shown in the equation above. During the combustion, 296.6 kJ of heat energy is released.", "question": "What is the molar enthalpy of combustion, $\\Delta H^\\circ_{\\text{comb}}$?", "options": {"A": "$-2966 \\text{ kJ} \\cdot \\text{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-1366 \\text{ kJ} \\cdot \\text{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$-64.36 \\text{ kJ} \\cdot \\text{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$-29.66 \\text{ kJ} \\cdot \\text{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2654, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which reaction has the greatest positive change in entropy, $\\Delta S$?", "options": {"A": "$2 \\text{ Mg}(\\text{s}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2 \\text{ MgO}(\\text{s})$", "B": "$2 \\text{ C}_2\\text{H}_2(\\text{g}) + 5 \\text{ O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 4 \\text{ CO}_2(\\text{g}) + 2 \\text{ H}_2\\text{O}(\\ell)$", "C": "$2 \\text{ KClO}_3(\\text{s}) \\rightarrow 2 \\text{ KCl}(\\text{s}) + 3 \\text{ O}_2(\\text{g})$", "D": "$2 \\text{ SO}_2(\\text{g}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2 \\text{ SO}_3(\\text{g})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2655, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "For the reaction represented below:\n\n$$2 \\text{ NOCl}(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2 \\text{ NO}(\\text{g}) + \\text{Cl}_2(\\text{g}) \\quad \\Delta H^\\circ_{\\text{rxn}} > 0$$\n\nThis reaction is", "options": {"A": "spontaneous at all temperatures.", "B": "spontaneous only at high temperatures.", "C": "spontaneous only at low temperatures.", "D": "not spontaneous at any temperature."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2656, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "For the reaction: $2 \\text{ A} + 3 \\text{ B} \\rightarrow \\text{C}$, $[\\text{A}]$ is found to decrease at a rate of $2.0 \\text{ M}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}$. If the rate law is $\\text{rate} = k[\\text{A}]$", "question": "how fast does $[\\text{B}]$ decrease under the same conditions?", "options": {"A": "$0.66 \\text{ M}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}$", "B": "$1.3 \\text{ M}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}$", "C": "$2.0 \\text{ M}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}$", "D": "$3.0 \\text{ M}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2657, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "What are the units for the rate constant of a second-order reaction?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{s}^{-1}$", "B": "$\\text{M}^{-1}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}$", "C": "$\\text{M}^{-2}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}$", "D": "$\\text{M}^2\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2658, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "A sample containing a radioactive isotope produces 2000 counts per minute in a Geiger counter. After 120 hours, the sample produces 250 counts per minute.", "question": "What is the half-life of the isotope?", "options": {"A": "15 h", "B": "30 h", "C": "40 h", "D": "60 h"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2659, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "In the rate-limiting approximation for a two-step reaction,", "question": "the overall rate of the reaction is always equal to the rate of the ________ step in the reaction mechanism.", "options": {"A": "first", "B": "second", "C": "fastest", "D": "slowest"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2660, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following examples demonstrate homogeneous catalysis?\n\nI. Pt(s) catalyzing the reaction of $\\text{O}_2(\\text{g})$ with $\\text{CO}(\\text{g})$ \n\nII. Cl(g) catalyzing the decomposition of $\\text{O}_3(\\text{g})$\n\nIII. $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}_2(\\text{aq})$ decomposition catalyzed by $\\text{Br}^- (\\text{aq})$", "options": {"A": "I. only", "B": "II. only", "C": "I. and III. only", "D": "II. and III. only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2661, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What is the equilibrium expression for this reaction?\n\n$$2 \\text{ HgO}(\\text{s}) \\rightleftharpoons 2 \\text{ Hg}(\\ell) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g})$$", "options": {"A": "$K = [\\text{Hg}][\\text{O}_2]/[\\text{HgO}]$", "B": "$K = [\\text{Hg}]^2[\\text{O}_2]/[\\text{HgO}]^2$", "C": "$K = [\\text{Hg}]^2[\\text{O}_2]$", "D": "$K = [\\text{O}_2]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2662, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "For the exothermic reaction\n $4 \\text{ NH}_3(\\text{g}) + 7 \\text{ O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightleftharpoons 4 \\text{ NO}_2(\\text{g}) + 6 \\text{ H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g})$", "question": "which change will increase the quantity of $\\text{NO}_2$ in the mixture?", "options": {"A": "increasing temperature", "B": "decreasing container volume", "C": "adding $\\text{Ne}(\\text{g})$", "D": "adding $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2663, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Weak acids include which of the following?\n\nI. $\\text{HF}(\\text{aq})$ II. $\\text{HI}(\\text{aq})$ III. $\\text{HNO}_2(\\text{aq})$", "options": {"A": "I. only", "B": "II. only", "C": "III. only", "D": "I. and III. only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2664, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{CO}_3(\\text{aq}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\ell) \\rightleftharpoons \\text{HCO}_3^-(\\text{aq}) + \\text{H}_3\\text{O}^+(\\text{aq})$ \n\n$\\text{HCO}_3^-(\\text{aq}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\ell) \\rightleftharpoons \\text{CO}_3^{2-}(\\text{aq}) + \\text{H}_3\\text{O}^+(\\text{aq})$", "question": "According to the equations above, what is the conjugate base of $\\text{HCO}_3^-$?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{CO}_3(\\text{aq})$", "B": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\ell)$", "C": "$\\text{H}_3\\text{O}^+(\\text{aq})$", "D": "$\\text{CO}_3^{2-}(\\text{aq})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2665, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "A saturated solution of which salt will have the highest $[\\text{Ag}^+]$?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{AgCl}$ ( $K_{sp} = 1.8 \\times 10^{-10}$ )", "B": "$\\text{Ag}_2\\text{CrO}_4$ ( $K_{sp} = 1.1 \\times 10^{-12}$ )", "C": "$\\text{Ag}_3\\text{PO}_4$ ( $K_{sp} = 1.8 \\times 10^{-18}$ )", "D": "$\\text{Ag}_2\\text{S}$ ( $K_{sp} = 6.0 \\times 10^{-51}$ )"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2666, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A saturated solution of manganese(II) carbonate ( $M = 114.95$ ) contains $5.44 \\times 10^{-5}$ g of $\\text{MnCO}_3$ per 100 mL at 25 $^\\circ\\text{C}$.", "question": "What is its $K_{sp}$ at this temperature?", "options": {"A": "$4.7 \\times 10^{-6}$", "B": "$3.0 \\times 10^{-9}$", "C": "$2.2 \\times 10^{-11}$", "D": "$2.2 \\times 10^{-13}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2667, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Three metals, A, B and C, with solutions of their respective cations are tested in a voltaic cell with the following results;\n\nA and B: A is the cathode\n\nB and C: C is the cathode\n\nA and C: A is the anode", "question": "What is the order of the reduction potentials from highest to lowest for the cations of these metals?", "options": {"A": "$A > B > C$", "B": "$B > C > A$", "C": "$C > A > B$", "D": "$B > A > C$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2668, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "In which pair of substances do the nitrogen atoms have the same oxidation state?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{HNO}_3$ and $\\text{N}_2\\text{O}_5$", "B": "$\\text{NO}$ and $\\text{HNO}_2$", "C": "$\\text{N}_2$ and $\\text{N}_2\\text{O}$", "D": "$\\text{HNO}_2$ and $\\text{HNO}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2669, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "In the equation below,", "question": "which species acts as the oxidizing agent? $\\text{Pb}(s) + \\text{PbO}_2(s) + 2 \\text{H}^+(\\text{aq}) + 2 \\text{HSO}_4^-(\\text{aq}) \\rightarrow 2 \\text{PbSO}_4(s) + 2 \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(l)$", "options": {"A": "$\\text{Pb}(s)$", "B": "$\\text{PbO}_2(s)$", "C": "$\\text{H}^+(\\text{aq})$", "D": "$\\text{HSO}_4^-(\\text{aq})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2670, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A standard voltaic cell is constructed using Cu metal in 1.0 M $\\text{Cu}(\\text{NO}_3)_2(\\text{aq})$ and an unknown metal in a 1.0 M solution of its nitrate salt. The cell voltage is 0.47 V when the Cu half-cell is the cathode. [ $E^\\circ_{\\text{Cu}} = 0.34 \\text{ V}$ ]", "question": "What is the standard reduction potential of the unknown metal?", "options": {"A": "$-0.81 \\text{ V}$", "B": "$-0.13 \\text{ V}$", "C": "$0.13 \\text{ V}$", "D": "$0.81 \\text{ V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2671, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A voltaic cell is constructed with the overall reaction: $\\text{Sn}^{2+}(\\text{aq}) + 2 \\text{Ag}^+(\\text{aq}) \\rightleftharpoons \\text{Sn}^{4+}(\\text{aq}) + 2 \\text{Ag}(s)$", "question": "Which change will increase the voltage of the cell?", "options": {"A": "increasing $[\\text{Sn}^{2+}]$", "B": "increasing $[\\text{Sn}^{4+}]$", "C": "decreasing $[\\text{Ag}^+]$", "D": "reducing the size of the Ag electrode"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2672, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "To whom is the discovery of the nuclear atom attributed?", "options": {"A": "Neils Bohr", "B": "Louis deBroglie", "C": "Robert Millikan", "D": "Ernest Rutherford"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2673, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Each of the following atomic orbitals is possible except", "options": {"A": "$1s$", "B": "$2p$", "C": "$3f$", "D": "$4d$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2674, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the characteristic color of the flame test for potassium?", "options": {"A": "yellow", "B": "red", "C": "green", "D": "violet"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2675, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which atom has the highest electronegativity?", "options": {"A": "Na", "B": "P", "C": "Cl", "D": "Br"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2676, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "In which set are both elements metalloids?", "options": {"A": "Cr and Mo", "B": "Ge and As", "C": "Sn and Pb", "D": "Se and Br"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2677, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "The silicon-oxygen bonds in $\\text{SiO}_2$ are best described as", "options": {"A": "coordinate covalent.", "B": "ionic.", "C": "nonpolar covalent.", "D": "polar covalent."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2678, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which bond is strongest?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{C}=\\text{C}$", "B": "$\\text{C}=\\text{N}$", "C": "$\\text{C}=\\text{O}$", "D": "$\\text{C}=\\text{S}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2679, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "If A represents the central atom, in which molecule is the F-A-F angle the smallest?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{BF}_3$", "B": "$\\text{CF}_4$", "C": "$\\text{NF}_3$", "D": "$\\text{OF}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2680, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "On the basis of VSEPR theory,", "question": "what geometry is predicted for the central sulfur atom in $\\text{SOCl}_2$?", "options": {"A": "bent", "B": "T-shaped", "C": "trigonal planar", "D": "trigonal pyramidal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2681, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many sigma ( $\\sigma$ ) and pi ( $\\pi$ ) bonds are in a molecule of ethyne (acetylene), $\\text{HCCH}$?", "options": {"A": "1 $\\sigma$ and 1 $\\pi$", "B": "2 $\\sigma$ and 1 $\\pi$", "C": "2 $\\sigma$ and 3 $\\pi$", "D": "3 $\\sigma$ and 2 $\\pi$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2682, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the number of structural isomers with the molecular formula $\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{14}$?", "options": {"A": "three", "B": "four", "C": "five", "D": "six"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2683, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "All of the following are condensation polymers except", "options": {"A": "nylon", "B": "polyethylene", "C": "protein", "D": "starch"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2684, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": "Methanol can be gently oxidized with hot copper metal.", "question": "What is(are) the product(s) of this oxidation?", "options": {"A": "acetic acid", "B": "carbon dioxide + water", "C": "ethanol", "D": "methanal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2685, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement does not describe benzene, $\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_6$?", "options": {"A": "It is an aromatic hydrocarbon.", "B": "It exists in two isomeric forms.", "C": "It undergoes substitution reactions.", "D": "It can react to form three different products with the formula $\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_4\\text{Cl}_2$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2686, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "All of the following atoms comprise part of a peptide functional group except", "options": {"A": "hydrogen.", "B": "nitrogen.", "C": "oxygen.", "D": "phosphorus."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2687, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which vitamin is the most soluble in water?", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "K", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2688, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Benzene, $\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_6$, reacts with oxygen, $\\text{O}_2$, to form $\\text{CO}_2$ and $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$. How much $\\text{O}_2$ is required for the complete combustion of 1.0 mol $\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_6$?", "options": {"A": "6.0 mol", "B": "7.5 mol", "C": "9.0 mol", "D": "12 mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2689, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "A 10.00 g sample of a soluble barium salt is treated with an excess of sodium sulfate to precipitate 11.21 g $\\text{BaSO}_4$ ($M = 233.4$). Which barium salt is it?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{BaCl}_2$ ($M = 208.2$)", "B": "$\\text{Ba}(\\text{O}_2\\text{CH})_2$ ($M = 227.3$)", "C": "$\\text{Ba}(\\text{NO}_3)_2$ ($M = 261.3$)", "D": "$\\text{BaBr}_2$ ($M = 297.1$)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2690, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the concentration of nitrate ion in a 425 mL solution containing 32.0 g of $\\text{Mg}(\\text{NO}_3)_2$ ($M = 148.3$)?", "options": {"A": "0.216 M", "B": "0.432 M", "C": "0.508 M", "D": "1.02 M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2691, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "The formula for terbium phosphate is $\\text{TbPO}_4$. The formula for terbium sulfate is", "options": {"A": "$\\text{Tb}_2\\text{SO}_4$", "B": "$\\text{TbSO}_4$", "C": "$\\text{Tb}_2(\\text{SO}_4)_3$", "D": "$\\text{Tb}(\\text{SO}_4)_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2692, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "A 25.0 mL sample of 0.15 M silver nitrate, $\\text{AgNO}_3$, is reacted with a 3.58 g sample of calcium chloride, $\\text{CaCl}_2$ ($M = 111.0$). Which of the following statements is true?", "options": {"A": "Silver nitrate is the limiting reactant and calcium nitrate precipitates.", "B": "Silver nitrate is the limiting reactant and silver chloride precipitates.", "C": "Calcium chloride is the limiting reactant and calcium nitrate precipitates.", "D": "Calcium chloride is the limiting reactant and silver chloride precipitates."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2693, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Given the two standard reduction potentials below, what is the $K_{sp}$ of $Ag_2CrO_4$ at $25^\\circ C$? $Ag_2CrO_4(s) + 2 e^- \\rightarrow 2 Ag(s) + CrO_4^{2-}(aq)$ $E^\\circ = +0.446$ V $Ag^+(aq) + e^- \\rightarrow Ag(s)$ $E^\\circ = +0.799$ V", "options": {"A": "$8.64 \\times 10^{11}$", "B": "$1.08 \\times 10^{-6}$", "C": "$1.16 \\times 10^{-12}$", "D": "$1.11 \\times 10^{-39}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2694, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the value of the quantum number $l$ for a $5p$ orbital?", "options": {"A": "$1$", "B": "$2$", "C": "$3$", "D": "$4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2695, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which element has chemical properties most similar to those of P?", "options": {"A": "N", "B": "Al", "C": "S", "D": "As"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2696, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which metal has the lowest melting point?", "options": {"A": "Li", "B": "Na", "C": "K", "D": "Rb"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2697, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which gas-phase atom has no unpaired electrons in its ground state?", "options": {"A": "Li", "B": "Be", "C": "B", "D": "C"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2698, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which halogen atom has the greatest electron affinity?", "options": {"A": "F", "B": "Cl", "C": "Br", "D": "I"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2699, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which electronic transition in atomic hydrogen corresponds to the emission of visible light?", "options": {"A": "$n=5 \\rightarrow n=2$", "B": "$n=1 \\rightarrow n=2$", "C": "$n=3 \\rightarrow n=4$", "D": "$n=3 \\rightarrow n=1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2700, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species are linear? I. $NO_2^+$ II. $I_3^-$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2701, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "The peroxymonosulfate anion, $HSO_5^-$, has", "options": {"A": "five sulfur-oxygen bonds and no oxygen-oxygen bonds.", "B": "four sulfur-oxygen bonds and one oxygen-oxygen bond.", "C": "three sulfur-oxygen bonds and two oxygen-oxygen bonds.", "D": "one sulfur-oxygen bond and four oxygen-oxygen bonds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2702, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about bonding is correct?", "options": {"A": "A $\\sigma$ bond has cylindrical symmetry about the bonding axis.", "B": "A $\\pi$ bond is twice as strong as a $\\sigma$ bond.", "C": "A double bond consists of two $\\pi$ bonds.", "D": "A $\\pi$ bond results from the sideways overlap of hybridized orbitals."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2703, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the geometry of the chlorate ion, $\\text{ClO}_3^-$?", "options": {"A": "trigonal planar", "B": "trigonal pyramidal", "C": "T-shaped", "D": "zigzag"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2704, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the bond order in NO?", "options": {"A": "1.0", "B": "1.5", "C": "2.0", "D": "2.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2705, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "In the Lewis structure of ozone, $\\text{O}_3$, what is the formal charge on the central oxygen?", "options": {"A": "$2-$", "B": "$1-$", "C": "0", "D": "$1+$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2706, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Hydrogenation of an alkene converts it to an", "options": {"A": "alkane.", "B": "alkyne.", "C": "alcohol.", "D": "aldehyde."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2707, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the relationship between the two compounds below? $$\\text{CH}_3\\text{CH}_2\\text{CH}(\\text{CH}_3)\\text{CH}_2\\text{CH}_3 \\quad \\text{CH}_3\\text{CH}_2\\text{CH}_2\\text{CH}(\\text{CH}_3)\\text{CH}_3$$", "options": {"A": "Identical", "B": "Stereoisomers", "C": "Geometric isomers", "D": "Structural isomers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2708, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which class of organic compounds does NOT contain oxygen?", "options": {"A": "Alcohol", "B": "Amide", "C": "Amine", "D": "Ketone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2709, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Compared to ionic compounds of similar molar mass, hydrocarbons typically have I. Higher water solubility II. Higher melting points", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2710, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following compounds could contain exactly one triple bond?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{C}_5\\text{H}_{10}$", "B": "$\\text{C}_5\\text{H}_{12}$", "C": "$\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{10}$", "D": "$\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2711, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT classified as a biopolymer?", "options": {"A": "Collagen", "B": "Glucose", "C": "Cellulose", "D": "Chitin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2712, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A 20.0 g sample of mercury(II) oxide ( $\\text{HgO}$ , $M = 216.6$ ) is heated strongly, causing it to decompose to metallic $\\text{Hg}$ and $\\text{O}_2$ gas.", "question": "What volume of $\\text{O}_2$ gas is produced (measured at STP)?", "options": {"A": "1.03 L", "B": "2.07 L", "C": "4.14 L", "D": "14.0 L"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2713, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "When 30.0 mL of 0.10 M $\\text{AgNO}_3$ is added to 30.0 mL of 0.10 M $\\text{NaCl}$ , aqueous $\\text{NaNO}_3$ and solid $\\text{AgCl}$ are formed.", "question": "How much solid $\\text{AgCl}$ is produced?", "options": {"A": "0.0030 mol", "B": "0.0060 mol", "C": "0.030 mol", "D": "0.060 mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2714, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "How much $\\text{Sr}(\\text{OH})_2 \\cdot 8 \\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ ( $M = 265.76$ ) is needed to prepare 250.0 mL of solution in which $[\\text{OH}^-] = 0.100 \\text{ M}$ ?", "options": {"A": "3.32 g", "B": "6.64 g", "C": "9.97 g", "D": "13.3 g"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2715, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": "A 10.00 g sample of a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen forms 23.98 g $\\text{CO}_2$ and 4.91 g $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ upon complete combustion.", "question": "What is the empirical formula of the compound?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{C}_2\\text{HO}$", "B": "$\\text{C}_3\\text{H}_3\\text{O}$", "C": "$\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_3\\text{O}_2$", "D": "$\\text{C}_6\\text{H}_6\\text{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2716, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a nonelectrolyte in aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{SO}_4$", "B": "$\\text{NaC}_2\\text{H}_3\\text{O}_2$", "C": "$\\text{K}_2\\text{CO}_3$", "D": "$\\text{CH}_2\\text{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2717, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "An aqueous solution of potassium sulfate ( $\\text{K}_2\\text{SO}_4$ ) has a freezing point of $-2.24^\\circ\\text{C}$ .", "question": "What is its molality? ( $K_f = 1.86 ^\\circ\\text{C}\\cdot\\text{m}^{-1}$ )", "options": {"A": "0.401 m", "B": "0.602 m", "C": "1.20 m", "D": "4.17 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2718, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Dissolution of which salt in water results in a decrease in the temperature of the solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{KHSO}_4$", "B": "$\\text{NaOH}$", "C": "$\\text{AlCl}_3$", "D": "$\\text{NH}_4\\text{NO}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2719, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is observed when equal volumes of 0.1 M aqueous $\\text{HCl}$ and 0.01 M aqueous $\\text{Na}_2\\text{SO}_3$ are mixed?", "options": {"A": "Colorless solution and a white precipitate", "B": "Colored solution and a white precipitate", "C": "Colorless solution and a colored precipitate", "D": "Colorless solution, no precipitate, and gas evolution"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2720, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which combination of dilute aqueous reagents will not produce a precipitate?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{AgNO}_3 + \\text{HCl}$", "B": "$\\text{NaOH} + \\text{HClO}_4$", "C": "$\\text{BaBr}_2 + \\text{Na}_2\\text{SO}_4$", "D": "$\\text{ZnI}_2 + \\text{KOH}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2721, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A solution of a salt of which metal produces a bright red color in a flame test?", "options": {"A": "Lithium", "B": "Sodium", "C": "Potassium", "D": "Copper"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2722, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which cation forms a colorless aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{Co}^{2+}$", "B": "$\\text{Ni}^{2+}$", "C": "$\\text{Cu}^{2+}$", "D": "$\\text{Zn}^{2+}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2723, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A sample of $\\text{O}_2$ gas at a given temperature and pressure has a density of $1.30 \\text{ g L}^{-1}$ .", "question": "What is the density of gaseous propane ( $\\text{C}_3\\text{H}_8$ ) under the same conditions?", "options": {"A": "$1.30 \\text{ g L}^{-1}$", "B": "$1.79 \\text{ g L}^{-1}$", "C": "$1.96 \\text{ g L}^{-1}$", "D": "$2.60 \\text{ g L}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2724, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which statements about the behavior of gaseous $\\text{H}_2$ molecules in a container at 1 atm and 298 K are correct? I. All $\\text{H}_2$ molecules are moving at the same speed. II. The $\\text{H}_2$ molecules are colliding more frequently with the walls of the container than they would in the same container at 398 K.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2725, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which species has a normal boiling point closest to the normal boiling point of argon, Ar?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{H}_2$", "B": "$\\text{N}_2$", "C": "$\\text{F}_2$", "D": "$\\text{Cl}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2726, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many nearest neighbors does each silicon atom have in solid Si?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "6", "C": "8", "D": "12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2727, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Which sample contains the smallest number of atoms?", "options": {"A": "1.0 L of Ar at STP", "B": "1.0 L of $\\text{H}_2$ at STP", "C": "1.0 L of Ar at $25^\\circ\\text{C}$ and 760 mm Hg", "D": "1.0 L of $\\text{H}_2$ at $0^\\circ\\text{C}$ and 900 mm Hg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2728, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "The standard enthalpy of formation, $\\Delta H^\\circ_f$ , for $\\text{HCOOH}(l)$ is equal to the standard enthalpy change for which reaction?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{C}(g) + 2 \\text{H}(g) + 2 \\text{O}(g) \\rightarrow \\text{HCOOH}(l)$", "B": "$\\text{C}(s) + \\text{H}_2(g) + \\text{O}_2(g) \\rightarrow \\text{HCOOH}(l)$", "C": "$\\text{C}(g) + \\text{H}_2(g) + \\text{O}_2(g) \\rightarrow \\text{HCOOH}(l)$", "D": "$\\text{CO}_2(g) + \\text{H}_2(g) \\rightarrow \\text{HCOOH}(l)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2729, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "In a well-insulated vessel, 50.0 g ice at $0.0^\\circ\\text{C}$ is added to 350. g water at $32.0^\\circ\\text{C}$ .", "question": "What is the final temperature when the mixture reaches equilibrium? (The heat of fusion of ice is $334 \\text{ J g}^{-1}$ .)", "options": {"A": "$18.0^\\circ\\text{C}$", "B": "$20.6^\\circ\\text{C}$", "C": "$22.0^\\circ\\text{C}$", "D": "$28.0^\\circ\\text{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2730, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which is the best explanation for the negative sign of $\\Delta S^\\circ$ in the following reaction? $$\\text{CaSO}_4(s) \\rightarrow \\text{Ca}^{2+}(aq) + \\text{SO}_4^{2-}(aq)$$\n$$\\Delta S^\\circ = -143 \\text{ J mol}^{-1} \\text{ K}^{-1}$$", "options": {"A": "There are more ways of arranging the $\\text{Ca}^{2+}$ and $\\text{SO}_4^{2-}$ ions in aqueous solution than in the crystal lattice.", "B": "Solid $\\text{CaSO}_4$ is a network covalent solid, whereas it separates into ions in aqueous solution.", "C": "Aqueous $\\text{Ca}^{2+}$ and $\\text{SO}_4^{2-}$ ions are tightly solvated, decreasing the number of ways of arranging water molecules when the solid dissolves.", "D": "Calcium sulfate dissolves exothermically, leading to a net loss of entropy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2731, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The bond dissociation enthalpies of the H-H bond and the H-Cl bond are $435 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$ and $431 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$ , respectively. The $\\Delta H^\\circ_f$ of $HCl(g)$ is $-92 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$ .", "question": "What is the bond dissociation enthalpy of the Cl-Cl bond?", "options": {"A": "$88 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$96 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$188 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$243 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2732, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about chemical reaction mechanisms is correct?", "options": {"A": "The overall rate law can be determined from any step in the mechanism.", "B": "The rate of a reaction is the rate of the fastest elementary step of its mechanism.", "C": "The chemical equation for the sum of all the elementary steps is the chemical equation of the overall reaction.", "D": "Species that are produced and subsequently consumed in the mechanism serve as catalysts for the reaction."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2733, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "At 280°C, nitrogen dioxide decomposes to nitric oxide and oxygen:", "question": "$$2 NO_2(g) \\rightarrow 2 NO(g) + O_2(g)$$\nIn one experiment, the concentration of $NO_2$ decreased from $0.0100 \\text{ M}$ to $0.0050 \\text{ M}$ over the course of $100 \\text{ s}$ . What was the average rate of disappearance of $NO_2(g)$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1.0 \\times 10^{-2} \\text{ M s}^{-1}$", "B": "$1.0 \\times 10^{-4} \\text{ M s}^{-1}$", "C": "$5.0 \\times 10^{-5} \\text{ M s}^{-1}$", "D": "$2.5 \\times 10^{-5} \\text{ M s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2734, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "What are the units of $k$ if the rate law of a reaction is rate = $k[X]^0[Y]^0$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{M s}^{-1}$", "B": "$\\text{s}^{-1}$", "C": "$\\text{M}^{-1} \\text{ s}^{-1}$", "D": "$k$ is dimensionless"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2735, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "Hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2(aq)$ , decomposes into water and oxygen. Adding a small amount of $FeCl_3(aq)$ increases the rate of gas evolution in this reaction.", "question": "What is the best description of the role of $FeCl_3$ ?", "options": {"A": "Transition state", "B": "Reaction intermediate", "C": "Heterogeneous catalyst", "D": "Homogeneous catalyst"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2736, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "A substance decomposes in a first-order reaction with a rate constant of $6.70 \\times 10^{-4} \\text{ s}^{-1}$ . If the initial concentration of the substance is $1.50 \\text{ M}$ ,", "question": "what is its concentration after $500 \\text{ s}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1.07 \\text{ M}$", "B": "$0.503 \\text{ M}$", "C": "$0.335 \\text{ M}$", "D": "$0.128 \\text{ M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2737, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A $60.0 \\text{ g}$ sample of $CaCO_3$ is heated to $950 \\text{ K}$ in a $1.00 \\text{ L}$ evacuated container, where it reacts according to the following equation:", "question": "$$CaCO_3(s) \\rightleftharpoons CaO(s) + CO_2(g)$$\nAfter equilibrium is attained, the pressure of $CO_2(g)$ is $30.0 \\text{ mm Hg}$ . When the experiment is repeated using $120.0 \\text{ g}$ $CaCO_3$ , what is the equilibrium pressure $P$ ?", "options": {"A": "$15.0 \\text{ mm Hg} \\le P < 30.0 \\text{ mm Hg}$", "B": "$P = 30.0 \\text{ mm Hg}$", "C": "$30.0 \\text{ mm Hg} < P < 60.0 \\text{ mm Hg}$", "D": "$P = 60.0 \\text{ mm Hg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2738, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "Nitrous acid, $HNO_2$ , has $K_a = 4.5 \\times 10^{-4}$ .", "question": "What is the best description of the species present in a $0.1 \\text{ M}$ solution of nitrous acid?", "options": {"A": "$HNO_2(aq)$ is the predominant species; much smaller amounts of $H^+(aq)$ and $NO_2^-(aq)$ exist.", "B": "$H^+(aq)$ and $NO_2^-(aq)$ are the predominant species; much smaller amounts of $HNO_2(aq)$ exist.", "C": "Only $H^+(aq)$ and $NO_2^-(aq)$ are present in measurable amounts.", "D": "$HNO_2(aq)$ , $H^+(aq)$ , and $NO_2^-(aq)$ are all present in comparable amounts."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2739, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Silver sulfate, $\\text{Ag}_2\\text{SO}_4$ ( $M = 311.87$ ), has $K_{sp} = 6.0 \\times 10^{-5}$ .", "question": "What mass of $\\text{Ag}_2\\text{SO}_4$ will dissolve per liter of water?", "options": {"A": "0.019 g", "B": "1.7 g", "C": "2.4 g", "D": "7.7 g"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2740, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "$\\text{IBr}(g)$ is in equilibrium with $\\text{I}_2(g)$ and $\\text{Br}_2(g)$ at $150^\\circ\\text{C}$ :", "question": "$$2 \\text{IBr}(g) \\rightleftharpoons \\text{I}_2(g) + \\text{Br}_2(g) \\quad K = 8.50 \\times 10^{-3}$$\nInitially, a closed vessel at $150^\\circ\\text{C}$ has a partial pressure of $\\text{IBr}$ of 0.350 atm and partial pressures of $\\text{I}_2$ and $\\text{Br}_2$ each of 0.750 atm. What is the partial pressure of $\\text{IBr}$ once the system reaches equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "1.01 atm", "B": "1.09 atm", "C": "1.56 atm", "D": "1.82 atm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2741, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "20 mL of an approximately 10% aqueous solution of ethylamine, $\\text{CH}_3\\text{CH}_2\\text{NH}_2$ , is titrated with 0.3000 M aqueous HCl.", "question": "Which indicator would be most suitable for this titration? The $\\text{p}K_a$ of $\\text{CH}_3\\text{CH}_2\\text{NH}_3^+$ is 10.75.", "options": {"A": "Thymol blue, color change from $\\text{pH} = 1.2$ to 2.8", "B": "Bromocresol green, color change from $\\text{pH} = 4.0$ to 5.6", "C": "Phenolphthalein, color change from $\\text{pH} = 8.0$ to 10.0", "D": "Alizarin yellow R, color change from $\\text{pH} = 10.0$ to 12.0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2742, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The tetramminecopper(II) ion, $\\text{Cu}(\\text{NH}_3)_4^{2+}$ , has a formation constant $K_f = 1.1 \\times 10^{13}$ .", "question": "What is the minimum concentration of free ammonia in solution required to ensure that at least 99.9% of the dissolved copper(II) ion is found in the form of its ammonia complex?", "options": {"A": "$9 \\times 10^{-14}$ M", "B": "$9 \\times 10^{-11}$ M", "C": "$8 \\times 10^{-4}$ M", "D": "$3 \\times 10^{-3}$ M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2743, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "When the equation", "question": "$$\\text{ClO}_2(aq) + \\text{OH}^-(aq) \\rightarrow \\text{ClO}_2^-(aq) + \\text{ClO}_3^-(aq) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(l)$$\nis balanced, what is the ratio of the coefficient of $\\text{ClO}_2$ to that of $\\text{ClO}_3^-$ ?", "options": {"A": "1 : 1", "B": "2 : 1", "C": "3 : 1", "D": "3 : 2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2744, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "When an aqueous solution of KI is electrolyzed,", "question": "what forms at the anode?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{O}_2$", "B": "$\\text{I}_2$", "C": "K", "D": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2745, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A current of 0.15 A is passed through an aqueous solution of $\\text{K}_2\\text{PtCl}_4$ .", "question": "How long will it take to deposit 1.00 g $\\text{Pt}(s)$ ( $M = 195.1$ )?", "options": {"A": "1600 s", "B": "3300 s", "C": "6600 s", "D": "13000 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2746, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "In the galvanic cell", "question": "$$\\text{Sn}(s) | \\text{Sn}^{2+}(aq) || \\text{Cu}^{2+}(aq) | \\text{Cu}(s)$$\nthe standard potential is 0.48 V. Starting with standard concentrations, what are the concentrations of $\\text{Sn}^{2+}$ and $\\text{Cu}^{2+}$ when the cell has discharged to a potential of 0.45 V?", "options": {"A": "$[\\text{Sn}^{2+}] = 0.47$ M, $[\\text{Cu}^{2+}] = 1.53$ M", "B": "$[\\text{Sn}^{2+}] = [\\text{Cu}^{2+}] = 1.00$ M", "C": "$[\\text{Sn}^{2+}] = 1.53$ M, $[\\text{Cu}^{2+}] = 0.47$ M", "D": "$[\\text{Sn}^{2+}] = 1.82$ M, $[\\text{Cu}^{2+}] = 0.18$ M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2747, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is best supported by the data from Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles with a thin metal foil?", "options": {"A": "The mass and positive charge of an atom are concentrated in its center.", "B": "Electrons in atoms occupy only certain specific energy levels.", "C": "Moving particles can also be described as waves.", "D": "Atoms of a given element do not all have identical masses."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2748, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the formula of the most stable oxide of francium?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{Fr}_2\\text{O}$", "B": "$\\text{FrO}$", "C": "$\\text{Fr}_2\\text{O}_3$", "D": "$\\text{FrO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2749, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "As atomic number increases from 11 to 15, the atomic radii of the elements", "options": {"A": "increase", "B": "decrease", "C": "increase, then decrease", "D": "decrease, then increase"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2750, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Nitrogen has a greater first ionization energy than oxygen.", "question": "What is the best explanation for this observation?", "options": {"A": "Nitrogen is more electronegative than oxygen.", "B": "A nitrogen atom is smaller than an oxygen atom.", "C": "The electron ionized from nitrogen experiences less electron-electron repulsion than the electron ionized from oxygen.", "D": "The electron ionized from nitrogen is a $2s$ electron, while the electron ionized from oxygen is a $2p$ electron."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2751, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which set of quantum numbers $n, l, m_l, m_s$ is invalid?", "options": {"A": "1, 1, 0, $-1/2$", "B": "2, 0, 0, $+1/2$", "C": "3, 1, 0, $+1/2$", "D": "4, 3, 2, $-1/2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2752, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the product of alpha emission from the isotope uranium-238?", "options": {"A": "$^{232}_{90}$ Th", "B": "$^{234}_{90}$ Th", "C": "$^{237}_{93}$ Np", "D": "$^{231}_{91}$ Pa"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2753, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule is nonpolar, yet contains polar covalent bonds?", "options": {"A": "$CO_2$", "B": "HCN", "C": "$NH_3$", "D": "$P_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2754, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "The nitrite ion, $NO_2^-$ , can be represented as a resonance hybrid of two significant Lewis structures.", "question": "Which statements about this are correct? I. The two resonance structures contribute equally to the structure. II. The formal charge of nitrogen is zero in both resonance structures.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2755, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which is not a stable molecule?", "options": {"A": "$NF_3$", "B": "$NF_5$", "C": "$PF_3$", "D": "$PF_5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2756, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the molecular geometry of $IF_3$ ?", "options": {"A": "Trigonal planar", "B": "Trigonal pyramidal", "C": "T-shaped", "D": "Tetrahedral"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2757, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "$N_2$ is a stable molecule and the $N_4$ molecule is unknown. $P_4$ is much more stable than molecular $P_2$ .", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this difference?", "options": {"A": "$N_2$ has valence electrons only in bonding and nonbonding orbitals, while $P_2$ has some valence electrons in antibonding orbitals.", "B": "The greater electronegativity of N compared to P stabilizes compounds with lower molar masses.", "C": "The greater size of P compared to N results in decreased overlap in pi bonds.", "D": "The preference of P to adopt smaller bond angles than N favors formation of tetrahedral $P_4$ molecules."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2758, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which contains $sp^3$ -hybridized carbon atoms?", "options": {"A": "Benzene, $C_6H_6$", "B": "Ethane, $C_2H_6$", "C": "Ethene, $C_2H_4$", "D": "Ethyne, $C_2H_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2759, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which alcohol will undergo acid-catalyzed dehydration under the mildest conditions?", "options": {"A": "$CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2OH$", "B": "$CH_3CH_2CH(OH)CH_3$", "C": "$(CH_3)_2CHCH_2OH$", "D": "$(CH_3)_3COH$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2760, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "A 1.0 M aqueous solution of which compound has the lowest pH?", "options": {"A": "$CH_3CH_2OH$", "B": "$CH_3COOH$", "C": "$CH_3CHO$", "D": "$Cl_3CCHO$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2761, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": "A six-carbon organic compound containing oxygen is suspected of being either a secondary alcohol or a ketone.", "question": "Which chemical or physical test would best distinguish between these two possibilities?", "options": {"A": "Water solubility", "B": "Melting point", "C": "Treatment with sodium bicarbonate", "D": "Treatment with acidic dichromate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2762, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which two bases are found as a hydrogen-bonded base pair in DNA?", "options": {"A": "A and T", "B": "C and T", "C": "C and U", "D": "G and U"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2763, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the nature of the peptide bonds in a protein?", "options": {"A": "Hydrogen bonds", "B": "Amide bonds", "C": "Disulfide bonds", "D": "Ionic bonds"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2764, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "Vanillin, $\\mathrm{C_9H_8O_3}$ ( $M = 152 \\mathrm{g / mol}$ ), is the molecule responsible for the vanilla flavor in food.", "question": "How many oxygen atoms are present in a $45.0 \\mathrm{mg}$ sample of vanillin?", "options": {"A": "$1.78 \\times 10^{20}$", "B": "$5.35 \\times 10^{20}$", "C": "$1.78 \\times 10^{23}$", "D": "$5.35 \\times 10^{23}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2765, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the molarity of sodium ions in a solution prepared by diluting $250. \\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.550 \\mathrm{M} \\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{SO}_{4}$ to $1.25 \\mathrm{L}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$0.110 \\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$0.138 \\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$0.220 \\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$0.275 \\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2766, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The solubility of $\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}$ in water is $125 \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{L}$ at $20^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$. A solution is prepared at $20^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$ that contains $6.0 \\mathrm{~grams}$ of $\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{7}$ in $50. \\mathrm{~mL}$ of water.", "question": "This solution is", "options": {"A": "dilute.", "B": "saturated.", "C": "supersaturated.", "D": "unsaturated."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2767, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a weak electrolyte in aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "HF", "B": "NaF", "C": "HCl", "D": "KCl"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2768, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which list gives nonmetals that are found in their elemental forms in nature?", "options": {"A": "neon, phosphorus, fluorine", "B": "helium, hydrogen, iodine", "C": "nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur", "D": "oxygen, chlorine, phosphorus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2769, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following cannot act as an oxidizing agent?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{S}^{2 - }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{SO}_{3}^{2 - }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2 - }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{8}^{2 - }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2770, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which substance is the primary component in stalactites and stalagmites in caves?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CaO}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ca(OH)}_{2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CaSO}_{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2771, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "Five successive determinations of the density of an alloy gave the following results: $10.29 \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{mL}$, $9.95 \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{mL}$, $10.06 \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{mL}$, $9.89 \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{mL}$, $10.18 \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{mL}$", "question": "What value should be reported for the density of this alloy?", "options": {"A": "$10.074 \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{mL}$", "B": "$10.07 \\pm 0.16 \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{mL}$", "C": "$10.1 \\pm 0.2 \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{mL}$", "D": "$1.0 \\times 10^{1} \\mathrm{~g} / \\mathrm{mL}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2772, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "A student is asked to analyze a water sample from a stream for total solids (TS), dissolved solids (DS), and suspended solids (SS). She carries out the experiments below.\n\n1. A $25\\mathrm{-mL}$ portion of the water sample is evaporated to dryness in a pre-weighed evaporating dish to give mass 1.\n\n2. A separate $25\\mathrm{-mL}$ portion is filtered into a second preweighed evaporating dish and evaporated to dryness to give mass 2.", "question": "How are values for TS, SS and DS (per $25 \\mathrm{~mL}$ water) determined?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{TS} = \\mathrm{mass} 1$, $\\mathrm{SS} = \\mathrm{mass} 1 - \\mathrm{mass} 2$, $\\mathrm{DS} = \\mathrm{mass} 2$", "B": "$\\mathrm{TS} = \\mathrm{mass} 1$, $\\mathrm{SS} = \\mathrm{mass} 2$, $\\mathrm{DS} = \\mathrm{mass} 1 - \\mathrm{mass} 2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{TS} = \\mathrm{mass} 1 + \\mathrm{mass} 2$, $\\mathrm{SS} = \\mathrm{mass} 1$, $\\mathrm{DS} = \\mathrm{mass} 2$", "D": "$\\mathrm{TS} = \\mathrm{mass} 1 + \\mathrm{mass} 2$, $\\mathrm{SS} = \\mathrm{mass} 2$, $\\mathrm{DS} = \\mathrm{mass} 1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2773, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which method(s) can be used to determine the concentration of $\\mathrm{HNO}_3$ in an aqueous solution of nitric acid? I titration with a standard base II titration with a standard oxidizing agent III precipitation with $\\mathrm{Ag}^+$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and II only", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2774, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "The kinetic theory of gases assumes all of the following EXCEPT:", "options": {"A": "Gases are composed of particles in random, ceaseless motion.", "B": "The sizes of gas particles are negligible compared to the size of the container.", "C": "Gas particles do not attract or repel each other.", "D": "When gas particles collide, kinetic energy is lost."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2775, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A sample of He gas in a flexible container at room temperature exhibits a certain pressure.", "question": "What will be the new pressure when the absolute temperature and volume of the container are both halved? The pressure of the He will be", "options": {"A": "the same.", "B": "doubled.", "C": "halved.", "D": "quadrupled."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2776, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The molecules in a sample of pure liquid dichloromethane, $\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ , experience which of the following intermolecular forces? I dispersion forces II dipole-dipole forces III hydrogen bonding", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II only", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2777, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which property best distinguishes metals from other types of solids?", "options": {"A": "Metals exhibit three-dimensional order.", "B": "Metals melt at low temperatures.", "C": "Metals have a shiny, silvery-white appearance.", "D": "Metals exhibit three-dimensional electrical conductivity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2778, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What type of solid is silicon carbide, SiC?", "options": {"A": "ionic", "B": "metallic", "C": "molecular", "D": "network covalent"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2779, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "The normal boiling point and vapor pressure at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ are measured for liquids in two flasks. Flask A contains pure water and flask B contains a $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous NaCl solution.", "question": "Which flask contains the liquid with the higher boiling point? Which flask contains the liquid with the higher vapor pressure?", "options": {"A": "Flask A Flask A", "B": "Flask A Flask B", "C": "Flask B Flask A", "D": "Flask B Flask B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2780, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "Given chemical equations for these reactions\n\n$\\mathrm{S(s) + O_2(g)\\rightarrow SO_2(g)}$ $\\Delta H^\\prime - 296.8\\mathrm{kJ}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$\n\n$\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{y}_2\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l})$ $\\Delta H^\\prime - 285.8\\mathrm{kJ}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$\n\n$\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{S(s)}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{S}(\\mathrm{g})$ $\\Delta H^\\prime - 20.6\\mathrm{kJ}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "question": "What is the value of $\\Delta H$ for the reaction below?\n\n$$2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{S}(\\mathrm{g}) + 3\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l}) + 2\\mathrm{SO}_2(\\mathrm{g})$$", "options": {"A": "$-603.2\\mathrm{kJ}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-562.0\\mathrm{kJ}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$-1206.4\\mathrm{kJ}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$-1124.0\\mathrm{kJ}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2781, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Calculate the energy released by the reaction\n\n$4\\mathrm{Fe(s)} + 3\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{Fe}_2\\mathrm{O}_3(\\mathrm{s})$\n\nwhen a $55.8\\mathrm{g}$ sample of iron reacts completely with 1.00 mole of oxygen. The enthalpy of formation $(\\Delta H_1^\\prime)$ of $\\mathrm{Fe}_2\\mathrm{O}_3(\\mathrm{s})$ is $- 826\\mathrm{kJ}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{- 1}$", "options": {"A": "$206\\mathrm{kJ}$", "B": "$413\\mathrm{kJ}$", "C": "$826\\mathrm{kJ}$", "D": "$1650\\mathrm{kJ}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2782, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "The enthalpy of formation, $\\Delta H_1^\\prime$ , equals zero at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ for which of the following in their standard states?", "options": {"A": "elements", "B": "compounds", "C": "gases", "D": "solids"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2783, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "$\\mathrm{C(s) + CO_2(g)\\rightarrow 2CO(g)}$ $\\Delta H = 172\\mathrm{kJ}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ In a suitable reaction vessel, pieces of graphite are mixed with carbon dioxide gas at $1.00\\mathrm{atm}$ and $1000\\mathrm{K}$ .", "question": "Which of the following changes will result in an increase in reaction rate?", "options": {"A": "decrease size of the graphite pieces", "B": "decrease temperature", "C": "decrease partial pressure of $\\mathrm{CO(g)}$", "D": "decrease partial pressure of $\\mathrm{CO_2(g)}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2784, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "The reaction $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{NC}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CN}$ is first order.", "question": "Which reaction characteristic changes as the reaction proceeds?", "options": {"A": "the half life", "B": "the rate constant", "C": "the rate law", "D": "the reaction rate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2785, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "A first-order reaction is carried out at several different temperatures. The data are plotted as $\\ln k$ vs $1 / T$ .", "question": "How is the slope of the graph related to $E_a$ ?", "options": {"A": "$E_{\\mathrm{a}} = \\mathrm{slope}\\times 8.314\\mathrm{J}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\\bullet \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$", "B": "$E_{\\mathrm{a}} = -\\mathrm{slope}\\times 8.314\\mathrm{J}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\\bullet \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$", "C": "$1 / E_{\\mathrm{a}} = \\mathrm{slope}\\times 8.314\\mathrm{J}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\\bullet \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$", "D": "$1 / E_{\\mathrm{a}} = -\\mathrm{slope}\\times 8.314\\mathrm{J}\\bullet \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\\bullet \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2786, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about the behavior of a catalyst is correct?", "options": {"A": "A catalyst reacts with the product and shifts the equilibrium to the right speeding up the reaction.", "B": "A catalyst lowers the activation energy of the original reaction pathway.", "C": "A catalyst provides additional energy to a reactant so it can achieve the necessary activation energy.", "D": "A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2787, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "$$2\\mathrm{C(s)} + \\mathrm{O_2(g)}\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{CO(g)}\\qquad \\Delta H< 0$$", "question": "What is the equilibrium expression for the reaction represented by the equation above?", "options": {"A": "$K = \\frac{2[\\mathrm{CO}]}{2[\\mathrm{C}] + [\\mathrm{O}_2]}$", "B": "$K = \\frac{2[\\mathrm{CO}]}{[\\mathrm{O}_2]}$", "C": "$K = \\frac{[\\mathrm{CO}]^2}{[\\mathrm{C}]^2[\\mathrm{O}_2]}$", "D": "$K = \\frac{[\\mathrm{CO}]^2}{[\\mathrm{O}_2]}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2788, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "$$2\\mathrm{C(s)} + \\mathrm{O_2(g)}\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{CO(g)}\\qquad \\Delta H< 0$$", "question": "If the reaction is at equilibrium with excess $\\mathrm{C(s)}$ remaining, what change will increase the quantity of $\\mathrm{CO(g)}$ for the reaction at equilibrium? I Adding $\\mathrm{C(s)}$ II Increasing the temperature III Increasing the pressure", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I, II, and III", "D": "None of these"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2789, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "An endothermic reaction has a positive value for $\\Delta S$ .", "question": "Which of the following is true about the equilibrium constant for this reaction?", "options": {"A": "It may be greater than 1 only at low temperatures.", "B": "It may be greater than 1 only at high temperatures.", "C": "It is greater than 1 at all temperatures.", "D": "It is less than 1 at all temperatures."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2790, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "Phosphoric acid, $\\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{PO}_4$ , establishes the following equilibria in aqueous solution.\n\n$\\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{PO}_4(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l}) \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{O}^+(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{PO}_4^-(\\mathrm{aq})$ $\\mathrm{K}_1$\n\n$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{PO}_4^-(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l}) \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{O}^+(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{HPO}_4^{2-}(\\mathrm{aq})$ $\\mathrm{K}_2$\n\n$\\mathrm{HPO}_4^{2-}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l}) \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{O}^+(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{PO}_4^{3-}(\\mathrm{aq})$ $\\mathrm{K}_3$", "question": "What is the relationship among the K values?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{K}_1 = \\mathrm{K}_2 = \\mathrm{K}_3$", "B": "$\\mathrm{K}_1 > \\mathrm{K}_2 = \\mathrm{K}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{K}_1 > \\mathrm{K}_2 > \\mathrm{K}_3$", "D": "$\\mathrm{K}_1 < \\mathrm{K}_2 < \\mathrm{K}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2791, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which pair of solutes could be used to prepare an aqueous buffer solution with a $\\mathrm{pH}< 7$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{HCl} - \\mathrm{NH}_4\\mathrm{Cl}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{HF} - \\mathrm{NaF}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NH}_3 - \\mathrm{NH}_4\\mathrm{Cl}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NaOH} - \\mathrm{NaCl}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2792, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What will be the result when $15.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.040\\mathrm{M}$ lead(II) nitrate is mixed with $15.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.040\\mathrm{M}$ sodium chloride? $\\mathrm{PbCl}_2(\\mathrm{s}) \\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq}) + 2\\mathrm{Cl}^- (\\mathrm{aq}) \\quad [\\mathrm{K}_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 1.7 \\times 10^{-5}]$", "options": {"A": "A clear solution with no precipitate will result.", "B": "Solid $\\mathrm{PbCl}_2$ will precipitate and excess $\\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}$ ions will remain in solution.", "C": "Solid $\\mathrm{PbCl}_2$ will precipitate and excess $\\mathrm{Cl}^-$ ions will remain in solution.", "D": "Solid $\\mathrm{PbCl}_2$ will precipitate and no excess ions will remain in solution."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2793, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What is the oxidation number of As in the compound $\\mathrm{K}(\\mathrm{NH}_4)_2\\mathrm{AsO}_4\\cdot 6\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-3$", "B": "$+1$", "C": "$+3$", "D": "$+5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2794, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "When the equation $\\mathrm{MnO}_4^- + \\mathrm{SO}_3^{2-} + \\mathrm{H}^+ \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mn}^{2+} + \\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-} + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ is balanced correctly with the smallest whole number coefficients,", "question": "what is the coefficient for $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ ?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "8", "D": "10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2795, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "The cell potential for the voltaic cell depicted below is $0.109\\mathrm{V}$ under standard conditions, $1\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Ni}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq})$ and $1\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq})$ .", "question": "Which change will increase the voltage?", "options": {"A": "The $1\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Ni}^{2+}$ solution is diluted with $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ .", "B": "A larger Ni electrode is used.", "C": "$50\\mathrm{mL}$ of $1\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{NaCl}$ solution is added to precipitate $\\mathrm{PbCl}_2$ .", "D": "More $1\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}$ solution is added to that half-cell."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2796, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Aluminum is produced commercially by the electrolysis of $\\mathrm{Al}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$ .", "question": "How many hours would be required to produce $250\\mathrm{g}$ of Al using a $5.00\\mathrm{A}$ ampere current?", "options": {"A": "49.7", "B": "149", "C": "745", "D": "4020"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2797, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "A sulfur atom in its ground state has the electron configuration $\\mathrm{1s}^2 2\\mathrm{s}^2 2\\mathrm{p}^6 3\\mathrm{s}^2 3\\mathrm{p}^4$", "question": "How many orbitals are occupied by at least one electron?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "8", "D": "9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2798, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "For which of the following transitions would a hydrogen atom absorb a photon with longest wavelength?", "options": {"A": "$n = 1$ to $n = 2$", "B": "$n = 3$ to $n = 2$", "C": "$n = 5$ to $n = 6$", "D": "$n = 7$ to $n = 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2799, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which set of quantum numbers is not possible?", "options": {"A": "$n = 2, l = 1, m_{l} = +1, m_{s} = -1 / 2$", "B": "$n = 3, l = 2, m_{l} = +1, m_{s} = +1 / 2$", "C": "$n = 4, l = 4, m_{l} = -1, m_{s} = +1 / 2$", "D": "$n = 5, l = 2, m_{l} = 2, m_{s} = -1 / 2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2800, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What property of the oxygen atom is represented by the equation $\\mathrm{O(g) + e^{-} \\rightarrow O(g) ?}$", "options": {"A": "electronegativity", "B": "first electron affinity", "C": "first ionization energy", "D": "lattice energy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2801, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following isoelectronic species has the largest radius?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{K}^{+}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Ca}^{2 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{P}^{3 - }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{S}^{2 - }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2802, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which group best illustrates the transition from nonmetallic to metallic behavior with increasing atomic number?", "options": {"A": "Be, Mg, Ca, Sr", "B": "N, P, As, Sb", "C": "F, Cl, Br, I", "D": "Fe, Ru, Os, Hs"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2803, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which atom is least likely to violate the octet rule in its compounds?", "options": {"A": "B", "B": "Cl", "C": "F", "D": "H"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2804, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "In the Lewis structure for formic acid, HCOOH, how many bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons are present?", "options": {"A": "4 bonding, 2 lone", "B": "4 bonding, 5 lone", "C": "5 bonding, 0 lone", "D": "5 bonding, 4 lone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2805, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which ionic compound has the largest lattice energy?", "options": {"A": "LiF", "B": "BeO", "C": "KBr", "D": "CaS"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2806, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species has a different number of pi bonds than the others?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{C}_{3}\\mathrm{H}_{2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{N}_{2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{O}_{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2807, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule is correctly matched with its shape as predicted by VSEPR theory?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{PCl}_{3}$ trigonal pyramidal", "B": "$\\mathrm{OF}_{2}$ linear", "C": "$\\mathrm{ClF}_{3}$ trigonal planar", "D": "$\\mathrm{SF}_{6}$ hexagonal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2808, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements regarding structural isomers is correct? They have", "options": {"A": "the same molecular formula but the atoms are bonded in different ways.", "B": "the same molar mass but different atoms in their composition.", "C": "the same physical properties but different chemical properties.", "D": "different isotopes in their structures."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2809, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the IUPAC name for the compound $\\mathrm{CH}_{3}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CHO}$ ?", "options": {"A": "pentanal", "B": "pentanoic acid", "C": "1-pentanol", "D": "1-pentanone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2810, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound will react rapidly with $\\mathrm{Br}_{2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "benzene", "B": "hexane", "C": "1-hexene", "D": "1-hexanol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2811, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which element is not found in common amino acids?", "options": {"A": "hydrogen", "B": "nitrogen", "C": "oxygen", "D": "phosphorus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2812, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is not classified as a carbohydrate?", "options": {"A": "glucose", "B": "glycine", "C": "lactose", "D": "starch"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2813, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "How many hydroxide ions are in $2.5\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{Mg}(\\mathrm{OH})_2?$", "options": {"A": "$3.0\\times 10^{23}$", "B": "$6.0\\times 10^{23}$", "C": "$1.5\\times 10^{24}$", "D": "$3.0\\times 10^{24}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2814, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "In a sample consisting of $1.00\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{NaBr}$ and $0.300\\mathrm{mol}$ KI, what is the mass percent of iodine?", "options": {"A": "$24.9\\%$", "B": "$32.6\\%$", "C": "$47.2\\%$", "D": "$83.1\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2815, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the concentration of chloride ions in a solution formed by mixing $150. \\mathrm{mL}$ of a $1.50\\mathrm{M}$ NaCl solution with $250. \\mathrm{mL}$ of a $0.750\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{MgCl}_2$ solution?", "options": {"A": "$0.563\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$1.03\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$1.50\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$2.25\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2816, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "Barium chloride reacts with sodium sulfate according to the following equation:\n\n$$\\mathrm{BaCl}_2(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4(\\mathrm{aq})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{BaSO}_4(s) + 2\\mathrm{NaCl}(\\mathrm{aq})$$", "question": "A student mixes a solution containing $10.0\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{BaCl}_2$ $(M = 208.2)$ with a solution containing $10.0\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$ $(M = 142.1)$ and obtains $12.0\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{BaSO}_4(M = 233.2)$ What is the percent yield of this reaction?", "options": {"A": "$60.0\\%$", "B": "$73.1\\%$", "C": "$93.3\\%$", "D": "The isolated barium sulfate is most likely wet, since the yield would otherwise be greater than $100\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2817, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Which aqueous solution has the highest boiling point?", "options": {"A": "$1.0\\mathrm{m}$ acetic acid, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{COOH}$", "B": "$1.0\\mathrm{m}$ sulfuric acid, $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$", "C": "$1.0\\mathrm{m}$ phosphoric acid, $\\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{PO}_4$", "D": "$1.0\\mathrm{m}$ glucose, $\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{H}_{12}\\mathrm{O}_6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2818, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A white ionic solid is dissolved in water. Addition of a solution of sodium chloride to this solution results in a white precipitate. What was the cation in the original ionic solid?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Na}^+$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Fe}^{3 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ag}^+$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Sr}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2819, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "An element is a solid at room temperature but soft enough to be cut with an ordinary knife. When placed in water, the element reacts violently. What element is it?", "options": {"A": "Na", "B": "Mg", "C": "Cu", "D": "Hg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2820, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A $0.1\\mathrm{M}$ solution of which salt is the most basic?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NaNO}_3$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NaClO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NaHSO}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NaHCO}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2821, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Addition of small amounts of which solids to $4\\mathrm{MHCl}$ will result in gas evolution?\n\nI. Zn II. $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_3$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2822, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A student determines the acetic acid concentration of a sample of distilled vinegar by titration of $25.00\\mathrm{mL}$ of the vinegar with standardized sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator.", "question": "Which error will give an acetic acid content for the vinegar that is too low?", "options": {"A": "Some of the vinegar is spilled when being transferred from the volumetric flask to the titration flask.", "B": "The $\\mathrm{NaOH}$ solution is allowed to stand for a prolonged period after standardization and absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.", "C": "The endpoint is recorded when the solution turns dark red instead of faint pink.", "D": "The vinegar is diluted with distilled water in the titration flask before the $\\mathrm{NaOH}$ solution is added."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2823, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which piece of equipment would give the most precise delivery of $25.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of a solution?", "options": {"A": "$25\\mathrm{mL}$ graduated cylinder", "B": "$25\\mathrm{mL}$ syringe", "C": "$25\\mathrm{mL}$ beaker", "D": "$25\\mathrm{mL}$ volumetric pipet"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2824, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A sample of neon gas is held at $25.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and $1.0\\mathrm{atm}$ in a cylinder with a movable piston. Under these conditions the gas occupies $5.0\\mathrm{L}$ . What volume does the gas occupy at $12.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and $1.0\\mathrm{atm}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$2.5\\mathrm{L}$", "B": "$4.8\\mathrm{L}$", "C": "$5.2\\mathrm{L}$", "D": "$10\\mathrm{L}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2825, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The normal boiling points of molecular fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine increase in that order. Which of the following statements accounts for this increase?", "options": {"A": "The chemical reactivity decreases in that order.", "B": "The London dispersion forces increase in that order.", "C": "The dipole-dipole forces increase in that order.", "D": "The hydrogen bonding increases in that order."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2826, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Quartz, $\\mathrm{SiO}_2$ , is the most common mineral found on the surface of the earth. What is the best explanation for the fact that quartz is hard and has a high melting point?", "options": {"A": "Quartz crystals are extended structures in which each atom forms strong covalent bonds with all of its neighboring atoms.", "B": "Quartz crystals consist of positive and negative ions that are attracted to one another.", "C": "Quartz crystals are formed under extremes of temperature and pressure.", "D": "Silicon and oxygen atoms are especially hard because of their electronic structure."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2827, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The critical point of carbon dioxide is $304\\mathrm{K}$ and $73\\mathrm{atm}$ . Under which conditions is carbon dioxide a liquid? I. $303\\mathrm{K}$ and $73\\mathrm{atm}$ II. $305\\mathrm{K}$ and $74\\mathrm{atm}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2828, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "The lattice energy (energy required to separate the ions in an ionic solid) of $\\mathrm{MgO}$ is much larger than that of LiF. What contributes the most to this difference?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Mg}^{2 + }$ is a smaller ion than $\\mathrm{Li}^+$ , and $\\mathrm{O}^{2 - }$ is a smaller ion than $\\mathrm{F}^-$ .", "B": "$\\mathrm{F}^-$ is more electronegative than O, and Li is more electropositive than $\\mathrm{Mg}$ .", "C": "$\\mathrm{MgO}$ contains doubly charged ions, while LiF contains singly charged ions.", "D": "$\\mathrm{MgO}$ contains more electrons than LiF."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2829, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which best describes the bonding in $\\mathrm{Cu(s)}$ ?", "options": {"A": "The copper atoms are positively charged in a sea of delocalized electrons.", "B": "The copper atoms are alternately positively and negatively charged.", "C": "The copper atoms form covalent bonds to adjacent copper atoms.", "D": "The copper atoms form hydrogen bonds to adjacent copper atoms."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2830, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "A sample of $54.0\\mathrm{g}$ of methanol is heated from $25.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ to $35.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . How much heat is required? The specific heat capacity of methanol is $2.48\\mathrm{J}\\mathrm{g}^{-1}\\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ .", "options": {"A": "$0.00459\\mathrm{J}$", "B": "$0.0747\\mathrm{J}$", "C": "$1340\\mathrm{J}$", "D": "$4690\\mathrm{J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2831, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "Given the standard enthalpy changes for the reactions:\n\n$$\\mathrm{P}_4(s) + 3\\mathrm{O}_2(g)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{P}_4\\mathrm{O}_6(s)\\qquad \\Delta H^\\circ = -1640\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$$ $$\\mathrm{P}_4(s) + 5\\mathrm{O}_2(g)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{P}_4\\mathrm{O}_{10}(s)\\qquad \\Delta H^\\circ = -2940\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$$", "question": "Calculate the standard enthalpy change $\\Delta H^\\circ$ for the following reaction:\n\n$$\\mathrm{P}_4\\mathrm{O}_6(s) + 2\\mathrm{O}_2(g)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{P}_4\\mathrm{O}_{10}(s)$$", "options": {"A": "$-4.58\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-1.30\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$1.79\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$4.82\\times 10^{6}\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2832, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following are true for a spontaneous process in a system at constant temperature and pressure?\n\n$$\\mathrm{I.}\\Delta S_{\\mathrm{sys}} + \\Delta S_{\\mathrm{surr}} > 0\\qquad \\mathrm{II.}\\Delta G_{\\mathrm{sys}}< 0$$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2833, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "If elemental bromine is being formed according to the equation below at a rate of $0.056\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ , at what rate is bromide ion being consumed?\n\n$$5\\mathrm{Br}(aq) + \\mathrm{BrO}_3^-(aq) + 6\\mathrm{H}^+(aq)\\rightarrow$$\n\n$$3\\mathrm{Br}_2(aq) + 3\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l)$$", "options": {"A": "$0.019\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "B": "$0.034\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "C": "$0.056\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "D": "$0.093\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2834, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Thallium-201, a radioactive isotope used to image the heart, has a half-life of $3.05\\mathrm{d}$ . How long would it take for a sample of thallium-201 to decay to $18\\%$ of its original activity?", "options": {"A": "$4.4\\mathrm{d}$", "B": "$6.1\\mathrm{d}$", "C": "$7.5\\mathrm{d}$", "D": "$17\\mathrm{d}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2835, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "In which of the following ways may a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?\n\nI. It may alter the rate law.\nII. It may decrease the overall activation energy.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2836, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "For an exothermic reaction, which of the following best describes the effect of increasing the temperature on the forward and reverse reactions?", "options": {"A": "Both the forward and reverse rates increase, but the forward rate increases more than the reverse rate.", "B": "Both the forward and reverse rates increase, but the reverse rate increases more than the forward rate.", "C": "The forward rate increases while the reverse rate decreases.", "D": "The reverse rate increases while the forward rate decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2837, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "The reaction of tert-butyl bromide with azide ion in aqueous solution is proposed to proceed by the following mechanism:\n\n$$\\mathrm{(CH_3)_3CBr(aq)}\\xrightarrow[\\mathrm{k_{-1}}]{\\mathrm{k_1}}\\mathrm{(CH_3)_3C^+ (aq) + Br(aq)}$$ $$\\mathrm{(CH_3)_3C^+ (aq) + N_3^-(aq)}\\xrightarrow[\\mathrm{k_2}]{\\mathrm{k_2}}\\mathrm{(CH_3)_3CN_3(aq)}$$\n\nAssuming that $(\\mathrm{CH}_3)_3\\mathrm{C}^+ (aq)$ achieves a steady- state concentration, but making no further assumptions about the relative magnitudes of the three rate constants, what is the rate law for this reaction?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k_1[(CH_3)_3CBr]$", "B": "Rate $= k_2[(CH_3)_3CBr][N_3^- ]$", "C": "Rate $= \\frac{k_1k_2[(CH_3)_3CBr][N_3^- ]}{k_{-1}[Br^- ]}$", "D": "Rate $= \\frac{k_1k_2[(CH_3)_3CBr][N_3^- ]}{k_{-1}[Br^- ] + k_2[N_3^- ]}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2838, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which solution has the greatest percent ionization?", "options": {"A": "$0.010\\mathrm{M}$ formic acid $(K_{\\mathrm{a}} = 1.8\\times 10^{-4})$", "B": "$0.10\\mathrm{M}$ formic acid $(K_{\\mathrm{a}} = 1.8\\times 10^{-4})$", "C": "$0.010\\mathrm{M}$ acetic acid $(K_{\\mathrm{a}} = 1.8\\times 10^{-5})$", "D": "$0.10\\mathrm{M}$ acetic acid $(K_{\\mathrm{a}} = 1.8\\times 10^{-5})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2839, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Calcium oxalate, $\\mathrm{CaC_2O_4}$ ( $M = 128.1$ ), dissolves to the extent of $0.67\\mathrm{mg}\\mathrm{L}^{-1}$ . What is its $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$6.7\\times 10^{-4}$", "B": "$4.5\\times 10^{-7}$", "C": "$2.7\\times 10^{-11}$", "D": "$5.7\\times 10^{-16}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2840, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What is the concentration of a solution of $\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3$ that has $\\mathrm{pH} = 11.90?$ (For $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3$ , $K_{\\mathrm{a1}} = 4.2\\times 10^{-7}$ , $K_{\\mathrm{a2}} = 4.8\\times 10^{-11}$ )", "options": {"A": "$3.0\\times 10^{-1}\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$2.6\\times 10^{-2}\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$7.9\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$1.3\\times 10^{-12}\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2841, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Sulfuryl chloride is in equilibrium with sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas:\n\n$$\\mathrm{SO}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{SO}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{Cl}_2(\\mathrm{g})$$\n\nA system with a volume of 1.00 L is in equilibrium at a certain temperature with $p(\\mathrm{SO}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2) = 1.00$ bar and $p(\\mathrm{SO}_2) = p(\\mathrm{Cl}_2) = 0.10$ bar.", "question": "By how much will the number of moles of $\\mathrm{SO}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ at equilibrium change if the volume is reduced to $0.50\\mathrm{L}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Increase $1 - 10\\%$", "B": "Increase $11 - 50\\%$", "C": "Decrease $1 - 10\\%$", "D": "Decrease $11 - 50\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2842, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following will increase [CI] in a saturated solution of AgCl in contact with excess solid silver chloride?\n\nI. Addition of AgCl(s) II. Addition of $\\mathrm{NH_3(aq)}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2843, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which is formed at the cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous AgF?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Ag(s)}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})$", "C": "$\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})$", "D": "$\\mathrm{F}_2(\\mathrm{g})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2844, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "In which of the following substances is chlorine in the lowest oxidation state?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Cl}_2$", "B": "KCl", "C": "KClO", "D": "KClO4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2845, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "When the following reaction is balanced, what is the ratio of coefficients of $\\mathrm{H}^+ (\\mathrm{aq})$ to $\\mathrm{NO}_3(\\mathrm{g})$ ?\n\n$$\\mathrm{Cu(s) + H^+ (aq) + NO_3^- (aq)\\rightarrow NO(g) + H_2O(l) + Cu^{2 + }(aq)}$$", "options": {"A": "$1:1$", "B": "$2:1$", "C": "$3:1$", "D": "$4:1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2846, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Electrolysis of 1.00 g of a copper(II) salt required passage of 0.100 A of current for 123 min for complete deposition of all the copper metal.", "question": "What is the copper salt?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CuCl}_2$ $M = 134.5$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CuBr}_2$ $M = 223.4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Cu(NO_3)_2}$ $M = 187.6$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Cu(ClO_4)_2}$ $M = 262.5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2847, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many total orbitals are there with principal quantum number $n = 4$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "4", "C": "9", "D": "16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2848, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Addition of an electron to a gas-phase Si atom results in the release of more energy than addition of an electron to a gas-phase P atom. What is the best explanation for their relative electron affinities?", "options": {"A": "The electron added to Si experiences less electron-electron repulsion than the electron added to P.", "B": "The electron added to Si enters a lower-energy subshell than the electron added to P.", "C": "Si is more electronegative than P.", "D": "Si is smaller than P."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2849, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "The wavelength of one of the spectral lines of helium is 492 nm. What is the energy of a photon with this wavelength?", "options": {"A": "$3.26\\times 10^{-40}\\mathrm{J}$", "B": "$3.26\\times 10^{-31}\\mathrm{J}$", "C": "$4.04\\times 10^{-28}\\mathrm{J}$", "D": "$4.04\\times 10^{-19}\\mathrm{J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2850, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following gas-phase ions has the largest number of unpaired electrons in its ground state?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Cr}^{3 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Co}^{3 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ni}^{2 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2851, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "$^{52}\\mathrm{Mn}$ undergoes radioactive decay to give $^{52}\\mathrm{Cr}$ by what decay mode?", "options": {"A": "Alpha emission", "B": "Beta emission", "C": "Positron emission", "D": "Gamma emission"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2852, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has a dipole moment of zero?", "options": {"A": "CO", "B": "$\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CH}_{3}\\mathrm{OH}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2853, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the geometry of $\\mathrm{SF}_{4}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Tetrahedral", "B": "Square planar", "C": "See-saw", "D": "Trigonal monopyramidal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2854, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many $\\sigma$ and $\\pi$ bonds are in 1,3-butadiene, $\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{C} = \\mathrm{CH} - \\mathrm{CH} = \\mathrm{CH}_{2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "7 $\\sigma$ and 2 $\\pi$ bonds", "B": "2 $\\sigma$ and 7 $\\pi$ bonds", "C": "9 $\\sigma$ and 2 $\\pi$ bonds", "D": "2 $\\sigma$ and 9 $\\pi$ bonds"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2855, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the formal charge on the central nitrogen in the Lewis structure of $\\mathrm{N}_{2}\\mathrm{O}$ ?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "$+1$", "C": "$-1$", "D": "0 in some resonance structures, $-1$ in other resonance structures"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2856, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many unpaired electrons are in the superoxide ion, $\\mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Zero", "B": "One", "C": "Two", "D": "Three"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2857, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the role of hydroxide ion in the reaction below?\n\n$\\mathrm{CH}_{3}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{Br} + \\mathrm{OH}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_{3}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{OH} + \\mathrm{Br}^{-}$", "options": {"A": "Oxidizing agent", "B": "Lewis acid", "C": "Catalyst", "D": "Nucleophile"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2858, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "The sequence of amino acids in a protein is known as its", "options": {"A": "primary structure.", "B": "secondary structure.", "C": "tertiary structure.", "D": "quaternary structure."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2859, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Molecules from which class of biopolymers can react with water, in the presence of suitable enzymes, to form smaller examples of that class of biopolymers?\n\nI. Proteins II. Polysaccharides", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2860, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "How many oxygen atoms are in $225 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{O}_2$ ?", "options": {"A": "$4.23 \\times 10^{24}$", "B": "$6.84 \\times 10^{24}$", "C": "$8.47 \\times 10^{24}$", "D": "$1.69 \\times 10^{25}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2861, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A $0.300 \\mathrm{M}$ solution of HCl is prepared by adding some $1.50 \\mathrm{M}$ HCl to a $500 \\mathrm{mL}$ volumetric flask and diluting to the mark with deionized water. What volume of $1.50 \\mathrm{M}$ HCl must be added?", "options": {"A": "100. mL", "B": "150. mL", "C": "225. mL", "D": "250. mL"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2862, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Copper(I) oxide, $\\mathrm{Cu}_2\\mathrm{O}$ , is reduced to metallic copper by heating in a stream of hydrogen gas. What mass of water is produced when $10.00 \\mathrm{g}$ copper is formed?", "options": {"A": "$1.259 \\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$1.417 \\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$2.835 \\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$5.670 \\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2863, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "A $5.0 \\mathrm{g}$ sample of calcium nitrate $(\\mathrm{Ca(NO)}_3)_2$ , $M = 164$ ) contaminated with silica $(\\mathrm{SiO}_2$ , $M = 60.1$ ) is found to contain $1.0 \\mathrm{g}$ calcium. What is the mass percent purity of calcium nitrate in the sample?", "options": {"A": "$20\\%$", "B": "$24\\%$", "C": "$73\\%$", "D": "$82\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2864, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A solution of $20.0 \\mathrm{g}$ of which hydrated salt dissolved in $200 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ will have the lowest freezing point?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CuSO}_4 \\cdot 5 \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ ( $M = 250$ )", "B": "$\\mathrm{NiSO}_4 \\cdot 6 \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ ( $M = 263$ )", "C": "$\\mathrm{MgSO}_4 \\cdot 7 \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ ( $M = 246$ )", "D": "$\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4 \\cdot 10 \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ ( $M = 286$ )"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2865, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Addition of $6 \\mathrm{M} \\mathrm{HCl}$ to which substance will NOT result in gas evolution?", "options": {"A": "Al", "B": "Zn", "C": "$\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NaNO}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2866, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A divalent metal ion dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid forms a precipitate when $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{S}$ is bubbled through the solution. Which ion is it?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Ca}^{2 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Mn}^{2 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Zn}^{2 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Cd}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2867, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which compound will form the most intensely colored $0.01 \\mathrm{M}$ aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{KMnO}_4$", "B": "$\\mathrm{KClO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{KAl(SO}_4)_2$", "D": "KI"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2868, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A solution contains $0.1 \\mathrm{M} \\mathrm{Sr}^{2 + }$ ions and $0.1 \\mathrm{M} \\mathrm{Ag}^+$ ions. Addition of an equal volume of a $0.5 \\mathrm{M}$ solution of which reagent will cause precipitation of a strontium salt but not a silver salt?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NaNO}_3$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NaF}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NaOH}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NaCl}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2869, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which would be most suitable for measuring $2.7 \\mathrm{mL}$ of ethanol for addition to a reaction with acidified dichromate?", "options": {"A": "$10 \\mathrm{mL}$ graduated cylinder", "B": "$10 \\mathrm{mL}$ volumetric flask", "C": "$10 \\mathrm{mL}$ volumetric pipet", "D": "$10 \\mathrm{mL}$ beaker"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2870, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The normal boiling point of 2-propanol, $(\\mathrm{CH}_3)_2\\mathrm{CHOH}$ , is $83^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ , while that of acetone, $(\\mathrm{CH}_3)_2\\mathrm{C} = \\mathrm{O}$ , is $56^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . What is the principal reason for the greater boiling point of 2-propanol?", "options": {"A": "The O-H bond in 2-propanol is stronger than the C-H bonds in acetone.", "B": "2-Propanol experiences greater London dispersion forces than acetone.", "C": "2-Propanol experiences stronger dipole-dipole interactions than acetone.", "D": "2-Propanol experiences stronger hydrogen bonding than acetone."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2871, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Consider the four gases $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2$ , $\\mathrm{CCl}_4$ , and He. Which is the correct order of increasing average molecular speed at $100^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{He} < \\mathrm{N}_2 < \\mathrm{CO}_2 < \\mathrm{CCl}_4$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CCl}_4 < \\mathrm{CO}_2 < \\mathrm{N}_2 < \\mathrm{He}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{He} < \\mathrm{CO}_2 < \\mathrm{N}_2 < \\mathrm{CCl}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CCl}_4 < \\mathrm{N}_2 < \\mathrm{CO}_2 < \\mathrm{He}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2872, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "A solid has a melting point of $1710^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ , is soluble in water, and does not conduct electricity in the solid state. What is the most likely nature of the bonding in this solid?", "options": {"A": "Molecular covalent", "B": "Network covalent", "C": "Ionic", "D": "Metallic"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2873, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Toluene, $\\mathrm{C}_7\\mathrm{H}_8$ , has both a higher vapor pressure than water at $25^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and a higher normal boiling point. Which statement best explains these observations?", "options": {"A": "Liquids with higher vapor pressures typically have higher boiling points.", "B": "Toluene has a higher molar mass than water.", "C": "Toluene has a lower heat of vaporization than water.", "D": "The density of toluene vapor is greater than that of water vapor."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2874, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "To $100.0 \\mathrm{g}$ water at $25.00^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ in a well-insulated container is added a block of aluminum initially at $100.0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . The temperature of the water once the system reaches thermal equilibrium is $28.00^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . What is the mass of the aluminum block? (The specific heat capacity of Al is $0.900 \\mathrm{J} \\mathrm{g}^{-1} \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ .)", "options": {"A": "$4.17 \\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$18.6 \\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$19.4 \\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$130. \\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2875, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "The standard enthalpy of formation, $\\Delta H_{\\mathrm{f}}^{\\circ}$ , of the compound $\\mathrm{MgO}(s)$ is equal to the standard enthalpy change for which reaction?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Mg}(s) + \\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g}) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{MgO}(s)$", "B": "$2 \\mathrm{Mg}(s) + \\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g}) \\rightarrow 2 \\mathrm{MgO}(s)$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Mg}(g) + \\mathrm{O}(g) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{MgO}(s)$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Mg}^{2 + }(aq) + \\mathrm{O}^{2 + }(aq) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{MgO}(s)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2876, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "The enthalpy of formation of $\\mathrm{XeF}_2(g)$ is $-108 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ and the bond dissociation enthalpy of the F-F bond is $155 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ . What is the average bond dissociation enthalpy of a Xe-F bond?", "options": {"A": "$47 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$54 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$132 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$263 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2877, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following reactions takes place with an increase in entropy under standard conditions?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NH_4^+ (aq) + CH_3COO^-(aq)\\rightarrow NH_3(aq) + }$ $\\mathrm{CH_3COOH(aq)}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CaO(s) + CO_2(g)\\rightarrow CaCO_3(s)}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NH_3(g) + HCl(g)\\rightarrow NH_4^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq)}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C_2H_4(g) + Br_2(l)\\rightarrow C_2H_4Br_2(l)}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2878, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Carbon tetrachloride is produced from methyl chloride and chlorine according to the following equation: \n\n$$\\mathrm{CH_3Cl(g) + 3Cl_2(g)\\rightarrow CCl_4(g) + 3HCl(g)}$$\n\nIf the rate of formation of $\\mathrm{CCl_4}$ is measured to be 0.063 M min $^{- 1}$ , what is the rate of disappearance of $\\mathrm{Cl_2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$0.021\\mathrm{Mmin}^{-1}$", "B": "$0.063\\mathrm{Mmin}^{-1}$", "C": "$0.13\\mathrm{Mmin}^{-1}$", "D": "$0.19\\mathrm{Mmin}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2879, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Iodine-131 decays with a half-life of 8.02 d. In a sample initially containing $5.00\\mathrm{mg}$ of $^{131}\\mathrm{I}$ , what mass remains after 6.01 d?", "options": {"A": "1.13 mg", "B": "1.87 mg", "C": "2.97 mg", "D": "3.13 mg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2880, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "For an irreversible reaction A $\\rightarrow$ products, the graph of $1 / [A]$ as a function of time is linear. What is the reaction order in A?", "options": {"A": "Zeroth-order", "B": "First-order", "C": "Second-order", "D": "The order in A cannot be determined based on the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2881, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "In comparing two reactions, the reaction with the greater activation energy always has", "options": {"A": "the slower rate.", "B": "the faster rate.", "C": "the rate that varies less with temperature.", "D": "the rate that varies more with temperature."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2882, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The formation of NOBr, \n\n$$2\\mathrm{NO(g)} + \\mathrm{Br_2(g)}\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{NOBr(g)},$$\n\nis studied, and the following mechanism is proposed: \n\n$$\\mathrm{NO(g)} + \\mathrm{Br_2(g)}\\xrightarrow{\\mathrm{NOBr_2(g)}}\\mathrm{fast, equilibrium}$$\n\n$$\\mathrm{NO(g)} + \\mathrm{NOBr_2(g)}\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{NOBr(g)}\\mathrm{slow}$$", "question": "What rate law is predicted by this mechanism?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}][\\mathrm{Br}_2]$", "B": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}]^2 [\\mathrm{Br}_2]$", "C": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}][\\mathrm{Br}_2]^2$", "D": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}]^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2883, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The formation of NOBr, \n\n$$2\\mathrm{NO(g)} + \\mathrm{Br_2(g)}\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{NOBr(g)},$$\n\nis studied, and the following mechanism is proposed: \n\n$$\\mathrm{NO(g)} + \\mathrm{Br_2(g)}\\xrightarrow{\\mathrm{NOBr_2(g)}}\\mathrm{fast, equilibrium}$$\n\n$$\\mathrm{NO(g)} + \\mathrm{NOBr_2(g)}\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{NOBr(g)}\\mathrm{slow}$$", "question": "In this reaction, $\\mathrm{NOBr_2(g)}$ is best described as", "options": {"A": "an intermediate.", "B": "a product.", "C": "a homogeneous catalyst.", "D": "a heterogeneous catalyst."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2884, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What mass of silver chloride ( $M = 143.4$ ) will dissolve in $1.00\\mathrm{L}$ of water? The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{AgCl}$ is $1.8\\times 10^{-10}$", "options": {"A": "$1.4\\mathrm{mg}$", "B": "$1.9\\mathrm{mg}$", "C": "$2.9\\mathrm{mg}$", "D": "$3.8\\mathrm{mg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2885, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What is the pH of a $0.20\\mathrm{M}$ solution of sodium benzoate, $\\mathrm{Na(C_6H_5COO)}^-$ ? The $K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of benzoic acid, $\\mathrm{C_6H_5COOH}$ , is $6.5\\times 10^{-5}$", "options": {"A": "5.26", "B": "8.74", "C": "9.09", "D": "11.56"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2886, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Sulfur trioxide is formed from the reaction of sulfur dioxide and oxygen: \n\n$$\\mathrm{SO_2(g) + \\frac{1}{2}O_2(g)\\xrightarrow{\\Delta}SO_3(g)}$$\n\nAt $1000\\mathrm{K}$ , an equilibrium mixture has partial pressures of $0.562\\mathrm{bar}$ $\\mathrm{SO_2}$ , 0.101 bar $\\mathrm{O_2}$ , and 0.332 bar $\\mathrm{SO_3}$ . What is the equilibrium constant $K_{\\mathrm{p}}$ for the reaction at this temperature?", "options": {"A": "1.86", "B": "3.46", "C": "5.85", "D": "16.8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2887, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "The following endothermic reaction is at equilibrium in a sealed container. \n\n$$\\mathrm{PCl_3(g) + Cl_2(g)\\xrightarrow{\\Delta}PCl_5(g)}$$\n\nWhich of the following changes would result in an increase in the number of moles of $\\mathrm{PCl_5(g)}$ present at equilibrium? 1. Increasing the temperature II. Increasing the volume ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2888, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "A 0.12 M solution of a monoprotic acid is $2.3\\%$ ionized. What is the $K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of this acid?", "options": {"A": "$2.8\\times 10^{-3}$", "B": "$3.3\\times 10^{-4}$", "C": "$6.5\\times 10^{-5}$", "D": "$7.6\\times 10^{-6}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2889, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Calcium fluoride, $\\mathrm{CaF}_2$ , has a molar solubility of $2.1 \\times 10^{-4} \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{L}^{-1}$ at $\\mathrm{pH} = 7.00$ . By what factor does its molar solubility increase in a solution with $\\mathrm{pH} = 3.00$ ? The $\\mathrm{p}K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of HF is 3.17.", "options": {"A": "1.48", "B": "1.83", "C": "2.48", "D": "4.96"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2890, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "The mineral cricodolite has the formula $\\mathrm{Na_2Fe_5(Si_4O_{11})_2(OH)_2}$ . How many of the iron ions per formula unit are in the $+2$ oxidation state and how many are in the $+3$ oxidation state?", "options": {"A": "All five are $+2$", "B": "Three are $+2$ , two are $+3$", "C": "Two are $+2$ , three are $+3$", "D": "One is $+2$ , four are $+3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2891, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What products are formed in the electrolysis of $1.0 \\mathrm{M}$ aqueous $\\mathrm{HBr}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}_2$ at the cathode, $\\mathrm{Br}_2$ at the anode", "B": "$\\mathrm{O}_2$ at the cathode, $\\mathrm{H}_2$ at the anode", "C": "$\\mathrm{OH}^-$ at the cathode, $\\mathrm{HOBr}$ at the anode", "D": "$\\mathrm{Br}_3^-$ at the cathode, $\\mathrm{HBrO}_4$ at the anode"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2892, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A $1.00 \\mathrm{~g}$ sample of a hydrogen peroxide $\\left(\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2\\right)$ solution is placed in an Erlenmeyer flask and diluted with $20 \\mathrm{~mL}$ of $1 \\mathrm{M}$ aqueous sulfuric acid. To this solution is added $0.0200 \\mathrm{M} \\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ solution via a buret, until a pale purple color persists. This requires $22.50 \\mathrm{~mL}$ of $\\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ solution. What is the percent by mass of hydrogen peroxide in the original solution?", "options": {"A": "$0.613\\%$", "B": "$1.53\\%$", "C": "$3.83\\%$", "D": "$7.65\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2893, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Copper electrodes are placed into two aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate at $25^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}$ . One compartment contains a $1.0 \\mathrm{M}$ solution while the other compartment contains a $0.10 \\mathrm{M}$ solution. The two compartments are connected with a salt bridge and the electrodes are connected by a wire passing through a voltmeter. In what direction do the electrons flow through the wire, and what is the cell potential read on the voltmeter?", "options": {"A": "From the electrode in the $1.0 \\mathrm{M}$ solution to the electrode in the $0.10 \\mathrm{M}$ solution", "B": "From the electrode in the $1.0 \\mathrm{M}$ solution to the electrode in $0.10 \\mathrm{M}$ solution", "C": "From the electrode in the $0.10 \\mathrm{M}$ solution to the electrode in the $1.0 \\mathrm{M}$ solution", "D": "From the electrode in the $0.10 \\mathrm{M}$ solution to the electrode in $0.10 \\mathrm{M}$ solution"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2894, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "A $1.00 \\mathrm{~g}$ sample of a silver-containing ore is dissolved in dilute nitric acid. The solution is neutralized and then selectively electrolyzed to deposit the silver metal, requiring $670 \\mathrm{~s}$ of $0.10 \\mathrm{A}$ current. What is the mass percentage of silver in the ore?", "options": {"A": "$2.5\\%$", "B": "$3.0\\%$", "C": "$3.7\\%$", "D": "$7.5\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2895, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the electron configuration of the $\\mathrm{Al}^{3+}$ ion?", "options": {"A": "$1\\mathrm{s}^{2}2\\mathrm{s}^{2}2\\mathrm{p}^{6}$", "B": "$1\\mathrm{s}^{2}2\\mathrm{s}^{2}2\\mathrm{p}^{6}3\\mathrm{s}^{2}3\\mathrm{p}^{1}$", "C": "$1\\mathrm{s}^{2}2\\mathrm{s}^{2}2\\mathrm{p}^{6}3\\mathrm{s}^{2}3\\mathrm{p}^{4}$", "D": "$1\\mathrm{s}^{2}2\\mathrm{s}^{2}2\\mathrm{p}^{6}3\\mathrm{s}^{2}3\\mathrm{p}^{6}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2896, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which metal has the highest melting point?", "options": {"A": "K", "B": "Ca", "C": "Fe", "D": "Zn"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2897, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "The wavelength of one line in the emission spectrum of C is $538 \\mathrm{~nm}$ . What is the energy of one photon with this wavelength?", "options": {"A": "$3.69 \\times 10^{-19} \\mathrm{~J}$", "B": "$3.69 \\times 10^{-26} \\mathrm{~J}$", "C": "$3.56 \\times 10^{-40} \\mathrm{~J}$", "D": "$1.19 \\times 10^{-48} \\mathrm{~J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2898, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "An orbital in a ground-state gas-phase As atom has $n = 3$ , $l = 1$ . How many electrons are in this orbital?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2899, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Atoms of which element have the smallest ionization energy?", "options": {"A": "Na", "B": "F", "C": "K", "D": "Cl"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2900, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "The acidity of the group 16 hydrides increase going down the group $\\mathrm{H_2O< < H_3S< H_2Se< H_2Te)}$ . Which is the best explanation for this trend?", "options": {"A": "The electronegativity of the group 16 elements increases going down the group.", "B": "The polarizability of the group 16 elements increases going down the group.", "C": "The polarity of the X-H bond increases going down the group.", "D": "The H-X-H bond angle increases going down the group."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2901, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{PF_3}$", "B": "KF", "C": "$\\mathrm{CH_3COOH}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{MgSO_4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2902, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which gas-phase molecule is NOT linear?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CS_2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{SO_2}$", "C": "HCH", "D": "BrCN"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2903, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "In the Lewis structure of the chlorate ion, $\\mathrm{ClO_3}^-$ , how many lone pairs of electrons does the chlorine atom have?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2904, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A coordination complex $\\mathrm{M(NH_3)_2Cl_2}$ can be separated into a pair of geometric isomers. Is this observation consistent with a tetrahedral or a square planar geometry at the metal center?", "options": {"A": "It is consistent only with a tetrahedral geometry.", "B": "It is consistent only with a square planar geometry.", "C": "It is consistent with either a square planar or a tetrahedral geometry.", "D": "It is consistent with neither a square planar nor a tetrahedral geometry."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2905, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "The bond in gas-phase $\\mathrm{O_2}$ (121 pm) is significantly longer than the bond in gas-phase $\\mathrm{O_2}^+$ (112 pm). What is the best explanation for this difference?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{O_2}$ has one more antibonding electron than $\\mathrm{O_2}^+$ .", "B": "$\\mathrm{O_2}$ has two unpaired electrons while $\\mathrm{O_2}^+$ has one.", "C": "The bond in $\\mathrm{O_2}$ has less ionic character than the bond in $\\mathrm{O_2}^+$ .", "D": "It requires more energy to remove an electron from $\\mathrm{O_2}$ to form $\\mathrm{O_2}^+$ than it does to remove an electron from $\\mathrm{O}$ to form $\\mathrm{O}^+$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2906, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "In the guanidinium ion, $[\\mathrm{C(NH_2)_3}]^+$ , what is the best description of the hybridizations of the nitrogen atoms?", "options": {"A": "All three $sp^3$", "B": "Two $sp^3$ , one $sp^2$", "C": "One $sp^3$ , two $sp^2$", "D": "All three $sp^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2907, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many $\\pi$ bonds are in a molecule of propyne, $\\mathrm{C_3H_4}$ ?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2908, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many isomers have the formula $\\mathrm{C_2H_4Br_2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2909, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "A compound with the formula $\\mathrm{C_6H_{12}}$ does not decolorize bromine in $\\mathrm{CHCl_3}$ solution. Which compound could this be?", "options": {"A": "Cyclohexane", "B": "1-Hexene", "C": "Trans-3-hexene", "D": "Cis-3-hexene"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2910, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "The net chemical reaction of photosynthesis is best described as", "options": {"A": "an endothermic reaction that forms sugars.", "B": "an exothermic reaction that forms sugars.", "C": "an endothermic reaction that breaks down sugars.", "D": "an exothermic reaction that breaks down sugars."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2911, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Lithium hydrogen carbonate, $\\mathrm{LiHCO_3}$ , decomposes when heated to form $\\mathrm{Li_2O}$ , $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ , and $\\mathrm{H_2O}$ .", "question": "How many moles of $\\mathrm{H_2O}$ are formed when $0.50\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{LiHCO_3}$ decomposes?", "options": {"A": "0.25 mol", "B": "0.50 mol", "C": "0.75 mol", "D": "1.0 mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2912, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A vessel contains $66\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{CO}_2$ and $16\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{O}_2$ at a pressure of $10.0\\mathrm{atm}$ .", "question": "What is the partial pressure of $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$5.0\\mathrm{atm}$", "B": "$6.0\\mathrm{atm}$", "C": "$7.5\\mathrm{atm}$", "D": "$8.0\\mathrm{atm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2913, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following combinations will produce a $0.4\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{NaCl}$ solution?", "options": {"A": "Mixing $500\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.4\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{NaOH}$ with $500\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.4\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{HCl}$", "B": "Mixing $300\\mathrm{mL}$ of $1.2\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{NaOH}$ with $600\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.6\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{HCl}$", "C": "Mixing $500\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.4\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{NaCl}$ solution with $500\\mathrm{mL}$ water", "D": "Diluting $400\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.6\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{NaCl}$ with water to a final volume of $1.0\\mathrm{L}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2914, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which solute, when dissolved in $1\\mathrm{kg}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ , will give the solution with the highest boiling point?", "options": {"A": "$50\\mathrm{g}$ ethylene glycol, $\\mathrm{HOCH_2CH_2OH}$", "B": "$50\\mathrm{g}$ hydroxyacetic acid, $\\mathrm{HOCH_2COOH}$", "C": "$50\\mathrm{g}$ glycerol, $\\mathrm{HOCH_2CHOHCH_2OH}$", "D": "$50\\mathrm{g}$ glyoxal, $\\mathrm{HCOCHO}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2915, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A solution of which compound gives a violet flame test?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{LiBr}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NaCl}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{KNO_3}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{B(OH)_3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2916, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Addition of $1\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{HBr}$ to $0.1\\mathrm{M}$ solutions of which compound results in evolution of a colorless gas?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NaHSO_3}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NaHSO_4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ce(NH_4)_2(NO_3)_6}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{KBrO_3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2917, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which solid is least soluble in water at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CaF_2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{AgF}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ba(OH)_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CoSO_4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2918, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which methods would be suitable for determining the concentration of an aqueous solution of $\\mathrm{KMnO_4}$ ? I. Visible spectrophotometry (colorimetry) II. Redox titration ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2919, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "The concentration of sulfate ion in a solution is measured by precipitating the sulfate as $\\mathrm{BaSO_4}$ , filtering the precipitate on ashless filter paper, and heating the filter paper and precipitate in a tared crucible with a Bunsen burner.", "question": "Which error will result in a sulfate concentration that is higher than the actual concentration?", "options": {"A": "The empty crucible contains a few drops of water when it is tared.", "B": "A glass fiber filter is used instead of ashless filter paper.", "C": "Some fine precipitate is not captured by the filter.", "D": "Some of the sulfate-containing solution spills before the $\\mathrm{BaCl_2}$ solution is added."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2920, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which is the best way to dispense liquids using a volumetric pipet?", "options": {"A": "The pipet is immersed in the liquid to be dispensed, then lifted with a gloved finger on the top and the liquid allowed to drain to the mark. The remaining contents are then allowed to drain into the desired container.", "B": "The pipet is immersed in the liquid to be dispensed, then lifted with a gloved finger on the top and the liquid allowed to drain to the mark. The remaining contents are then allowed to drain into the desired container, with a pipet bulb used to gently blow out any residual droplets.", "C": "The tip of the pipet is submerged below the surface of the liquid and suction is applied using a pipet bulb until the liquid rises above the level of the mark. A gloved finger is then applied to the top of the pipet and the liquid allowed to drain to the mark. The remaining contents are then allowed to drain into the desired container.", "D": "The tip of the pipet is submerged below the surface of the liquid and suction is applied by mouth until the liquid rises to the level of the mark. The contents are then allowed to drain into the desired container."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2921, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which gas at $600\\mathrm{K}$ has the same effusion rate as methane $\\mathrm{(CH_4)}$ at $150\\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "He", "B": "$\\mathrm{O_2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SO_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{N_2O_4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2922, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "Ammonia $\\mathrm{(NH_3)}$ has a higher normal boiling point $(-33^\\circ\\mathrm{C})$ than its heavier congeners $\\mathrm{PH_3}$ (bp $-88^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ) or $\\mathrm{AsH_3}$ (bp $-63^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ).", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this difference?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NH_3}$ is trigonal pyramidal and polar while $\\mathrm{PH_3}$ and $\\mathrm{AsH_3}$ are trigonal planar and nonpolar.", "B": "$\\mathrm{NH_3}$ is much more acidic than $\\mathrm{PH_3}$ or $\\mathrm{AsH_3}$ .", "C": "$\\mathrm{NH_3(l)}$ experiences stronger London dispersion forces than $\\mathrm{PH_3(l)}$ or $\\mathrm{AsH_3(l)}$ .", "D": "$\\mathrm{NH_3(l)}$ has extensive hydrogen bonding while $\\mathrm{PH_3(l)}$ and $\\mathrm{AsH_3(l)}$ do not."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2923, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "In which are the ionic solids ranked in order of increasing melting point?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{KBr< NaCl< NaF< MgO}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NaF< NaCl< MgO< KBr}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{KBr< NaCl< MgO< NaF}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{MgO< NaF< KBr< NaCl}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2924, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The specific heat capacity of iron is $0.461\\mathrm{Jg^{-1}K^{-1}}$ and that of titanium is $0.544\\mathrm{Jg^{-1}K^{-1}}$ . A sample consisting of a mixture of $10.0\\mathrm{g}$ Fe and $10.0\\mathrm{g}$ Ti at $100.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ loses 200. J of heat to the environment.", "question": "What is the final temperature of the sample?", "options": {"A": "$89.9^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$80.1^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$60.2^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$39.8^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2925, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which sample has the greatest entropy at a given temperature?", "options": {"A": "$2\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{HBr}(s)$", "B": "$2\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{HBr}(l)$", "C": "$2\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{HBr}(g)$", "D": "$1\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{H}_2(g) + 1\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{Br}_2(l)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2926, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "For an endothermic reaction to be spontaneous under standard conditions at constant pressure at some temperature $T$ ,", "question": "which must be true?", "options": {"A": "The entropy change $\\Delta S^\\circ$ must be positive and greater than $\\Delta H^\\circ / T$ .", "B": "The entropy change $\\Delta S^\\circ$ must be positive and less than $\\Delta H^\\circ / T$ .", "C": "The entropy change $\\Delta S^\\circ$ must be negative and greater than $- \\Delta H^\\circ / T$ .", "D": "The entropy change $\\Delta S^\\circ$ must be negative and less than $- \\Delta H^\\circ / T$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2927, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "For a constant-pressure process,", "question": "what is the difference between the internal energy change $(\\Delta U)$ and the enthalpy change $(\\Delta H)$ ?", "options": {"A": "Heat", "B": "Work", "C": "Entropy", "D": "Gibbs free energy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2928, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The rate of a reaction is 2.3 times faster at $60^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ than it is at $50^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "question": "By what factor will the rate increase on going from $60^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ to $70^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "By less than a factor of 2.3", "B": "By a factor of 2.3", "C": "By more than a factor of 2.3", "D": "The rate increase cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2929, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What is the pH of a $0.10 \\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\\mathrm{NaCN}$ ? The $K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of $\\mathrm{HCN}$ is $4.9 \\times 10^{-10}$ .", "options": {"A": "2.85", "B": "5.15", "C": "8.85", "D": "11.15"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2930, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "For which of the following reactions would the yield of products at equilibrium NOT increase at a higher pressure?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{N}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{NO}(\\mathrm{g})$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Ti(s)} + 2\\mathrm{Cl}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{TiCl}_4(\\mathrm{g})$", "C": "$2\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_4(\\mathrm{g}) + 2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_6(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})$", "D": "$4\\mathrm{HCl}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l) + 2\\mathrm{Cl}_2(\\mathrm{g})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2931, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "Chromium(III) hydroxide has $K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 1.6 \\times 10^{-30}$ .", "question": "What is the molar solubility of $\\mathrm{Cr(OH)}_3$ in a solution whose pH is maintained at 6.00?", "options": {"A": "$1.6 \\times 10^{-12} \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{L}^{-1}$", "B": "$1.6 \\times 10^{-8} \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{L}^{-1}$", "C": "$3.6 \\times 10^{-8} \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{L}^{-1}$", "D": "$1.6 \\times 10^{-6} \\mathrm{~mol} \\mathrm{L}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2932, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "When the chemical equation is balanced, \\[\\mathrm{\\underline{\\underline{\\mathrm{Ag(s)}} + \\underline{\\underline{\\mathrm{NO_3^{-}}}(aq) + \\underline{\\underline{\\mathrm{H^{+}}}(aq)\\rightarrow}}}}\\] \\[\\mathrm{\\underline{\\underline{\\mathrm{Ag^{+}(aq) + \\underline{\\underline{\\mathrm{NO(g)}} + \\underline{\\underline{\\mathrm{H_2O(l)}}}}}}}}\\] ", "question": "what is the ratio of the coefficient of $\\mathrm{Ag(s)}$ to the coefficient of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l)$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1:1$", "B": "$2:1$", "C": "$3:1$", "D": "$3:2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2933, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A current of $0.44\\mathrm{A}$ is passed through a solution of a ruthenium nitrate salt, causing reduction of the metal ion to the metal.", "question": "After 25.0 minutes, \\(0.345\\mathrm{g}\\) of \\(\\mathrm{Ru(s)}\\) has been deposited. What is the oxidation state of ruthenium in the nitrate salt?", "options": {"A": "$+2$", "B": "$+3$", "C": "$+4$", "D": "$+6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2934, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which statement regarding the relative energies of monochromatic light with $\\lambda = 800\\mathrm{nm}$ and monochromatic light with $\\lambda = 400\\mathrm{nm}$ is correct?", "options": {"A": "$800\\mathrm{nm}$ light has half as much energy per mole of photons as $400\\mathrm{nm}$ light.", "B": "$800\\mathrm{nm}$ light has the same energy per mole of photons as $400\\mathrm{nm}$ light.", "C": "$800\\mathrm{nm}$ light has twice as much energy per mole of photons as $400\\mathrm{nm}$ light.", "D": "No conclusion may be drawn regarding the relative energy per mole of photons without knowing the intensity of the light."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2935, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many electrons in a ground-state As atom in the gas phase have quantum numbers $n = 3$ and $l = 1$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2936, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "In which list are the elements in order of increasing first ionization energy?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Ca}< \\mathrm{Si}< \\mathrm{P}< \\mathrm{N}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{N}< \\mathrm{P}< \\mathrm{Si}< \\mathrm{Ca}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ca}< \\mathrm{N}< \\mathrm{P}< \\mathrm{Si}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{N}< \\mathrm{Si}< \\mathrm{P}< \\mathrm{Ca}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2937, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What mode of radioactive decay does $^{66}\\mathrm{Cu}$ undergo?", "options": {"A": "Alpha decay", "B": "Beta decay", "C": "Electron capture", "D": "Positron emission"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2938, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which gas-phase atoms in their ground states are diamagnetic? I. Fe II. Zn", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2939, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "The boiling points of the alkali metals decrease from lithium to cesium.", "question": "Which trend is most closely related to the decreasing boiling points?", "options": {"A": "Increasing atomic radius down the group", "B": "Increasing atomic mass down the group", "C": "Decreasing electronegativity down the group", "D": "Decreasing electron affinity down the group"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2940, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has a trigonal pyramidal geometry?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{PCl_3}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{BCl_3}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{IF_3}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{SO_3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2941, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The bond in $\\mathrm{F_2}$ has a smaller bond dissociation enthalpy than the bond in $\\mathrm{Cl_2}$ .", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this difference?", "options": {"A": "Fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine.", "B": "Lone pair-lone pair repulsions are stronger in $\\mathrm{F_2}$ than in $\\mathrm{Cl_2}$ .", "C": "The F-F bond is longer than the Cl-Cl bond.", "D": "Chlorine has energetically accessible $d$ orbitals while fluorine does not."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2942, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many $\\sigma$ bonds and how many $\\pi$ bonds are present in allene, $\\mathrm{H_2CCCCH_2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "One $\\sigma$ , one $\\pi$", "B": "Five $\\sigma$ , one $\\pi$", "C": "Six $\\sigma$ , two $\\pi$", "D": "Seven $\\sigma$ , two $\\pi$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2943, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which aspect of metallic bonding best accounts for the characteristic malleability of metals?", "options": {"A": "Metals have few valence electrons.", "B": "Metals contain a lattice of positive ions.", "C": "Metals contain delocalized electrons.", "D": "Metals have low electronegativity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2944, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound can exhibit geometric isomerism?", "options": {"A": "1-butene", "B": "2-butene", "C": "1-butyne", "D": "2-butyne"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2945, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What reaction conditions most effectively convert a carboxylic acid to a methyl ester?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CH_3OH}$ , HCl", "B": "$\\mathrm{CH_3I}$ , HCl", "C": "$\\mathrm{CH_3OH}$ , NaOH", "D": "$\\mathrm{CH_3I}$ , $\\mathrm{SOCl_2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2946, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "To what elements are the phosphorus atoms in DNA bonded? I. C II. H ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2947, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A 2.50 L sample of butane gas $(\\mathrm{C}_{4}\\mathrm{H}_{10})$ , measured at 22.0 $^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$ and 1.20 atm pressure, is combusted completely and the carbon dioxide gas collected at the same pressure and temperature. What volume of $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ is produced?", "options": {"A": "2.50 L", "B": "9.00 L", "C": "10.0 L", "D": "22.5 L"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2948, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "How many hydrogen atoms are in 2.50 g of pharmacolite, $\\mathrm{CaHAsO_4\\cdot 2H_2O}$ $(M = 216.0)?$", "options": {"A": "$6.97\\times 10^{21}$", "B": "$2.09\\times 10^{22}$", "C": "$2.79\\times 10^{22}$", "D": "$3.48\\times 10^{22}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2949, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What volume of $18.0\\mathrm{M}$ sulfuric acid must be diluted to $250.0\\mathrm{mL}$ to afford a $0.55\\mathrm{M}$ solution of sulfuric acid?", "options": {"A": "3.1 mL", "B": "4.5 mL", "C": "7.6 mL", "D": "31 mL"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2950, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the concentration of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$ in a solution that is $30.0\\%$ by mass hydrogen peroxide and has a density of $1.11\\mathrm{gcm}^{-3}$", "options": {"A": "9.79 M", "B": "12.6 M", "C": "18.5 M", "D": "32.6 M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2951, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "A $5.00\\mathrm{g}$ mixture of potassium sulfide and potassium chloride contains $2.80\\mathrm{g}$ potassium. What percentage by mass of the mixture is potassium sulfide?", "options": {"A": "$13.8\\%$", "B": "$19.2\\%$", "C": "$44.0\\%$", "D": "$96.1\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2952, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which salt dissolves in water to give a pink solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Co(CH_3COO)_2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CuSO_4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Fe(NO_3)_3}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{ZnCl_2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2953, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "A strip of metallic zinc is placed in a beaker containing dilute aqueous copper(II) nitrate. Which statement correctly describes what takes place?", "options": {"A": "No reaction takes place.", "B": "The mass of the metal strip decreases as the zinc is oxidized.", "C": "A white precipitate of $\\mathrm{CuNO_3}$ is formed.", "D": "Bubbles of $\\mathrm{NO(g)}$ form as the nitrate ion is reduced."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2954, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which element does NOT have multiple allotropes?", "options": {"A": "Carbon", "B": "Oxygen", "C": "Fluorine", "D": "Phosphorus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2955, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which reaction is not exothermic?", "options": {"A": "Dilution of concentrated hydrochloric acid in water.", "B": "Dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid in water.", "C": "Dissolution of solid sodium hydroxide in water.", "D": "Dissolution of solid sodium bicarbonate in water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2956, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "The molar mass of a volatile organic liquid is measured by weighing the mass of an empty flask of known volume, adding some of the liquid, heating the flask in a water bath until the liquid has just vaporized completely, then sealing the flask, letting it cool, and remeasuring the mass of the flask with the remaining organic compound. Which error will lead to a calculated value of the molar mass that is lower than the theoretical value?", "options": {"A": "The flask is not sealed promptly after the last of the compound vaporizes.", "B": "The organic compound dimerizes to an appreciable extent in the gas phase.", "C": "The barometric pressure was assumed to be 1 atm but in fact was greater than 1 atm.", "D": "The volume of the flask used in the calculation is smaller than the true volume."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2957, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which gas has an effusion rate closest to half that of oxygen gas at a given temperature?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}_{2}$", "B": "He", "C": "$\\mathrm{SO}_{2}$", "D": "Xe"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2958, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which compound has the highest normal boiling point?", "options": {"A": "1-butanol, $\\mathrm{CH}_{3}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{OH}$", "B": "2-butanol, $\\mathrm{CH}_{3}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}(\\mathrm{CH}_{3})\\mathrm{OH}$", "C": "2-methyl-1-propanol, $(\\mathrm{CH}_{3})_{2}\\mathrm{CHCH}_{2}\\mathrm{OH}$", "D": "2-methyl-2-propanol, $(\\mathrm{CH}_{3})_{3}\\mathrm{COH}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2959, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "In which are the ionic compounds listed in order of increasing magnitude of their lattice energy?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CaO} < \\mathrm{RbI} < \\mathrm{LiF} < \\mathrm{LiI}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{RbI} < \\mathrm{CaO} < \\mathrm{LiI} < \\mathrm{LiF}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{LiI} < \\mathrm{LiF} < \\mathrm{CaO} < \\mathrm{RbI}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{RbI} < \\mathrm{LiI} < \\mathrm{LiF} < \\mathrm{CaO}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2960, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Sodium halides crystallize in the rock salt structure, which has a cubic unit cell with four formula units per unit cell. A sodium halide has a density of $2.83 \\mathrm{~g} \\mathrm{~cm}^{-3}$ and a unit cell edge length of $462 \\mathrm{~pm}$. Which compound is it?", "options": {"A": "NaF", "B": "NaCl", "C": "NaBr", "D": "NaI"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2961, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "A $2.00 \\mathrm{~g}$ sample of ice at $0.0^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$ is placed in $50.0 \\mathrm{~g}$ of water initially at $25.0^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$ in an insulated container. What is the final temperature after the system has achieved equilibrium? (For ice, $\\Delta H_{\\mathrm{fusion}}^\\circ = 6.01 \\mathrm{~kJ} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1} .$ )", "options": {"A": "$21.0^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$21.8^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$22.5^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$24.0^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2962, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Ethanol has a normal boiling point of $78.3^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$ and a standard heat of vaporization $(\\Delta H_{\\mathrm{vap}}^\\circ)$ of $38.6 \\mathrm{~kJ} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$ . What is the vapor pressure of ethanol at $45.0^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$0.25 \\mathrm{~atm}$", "B": "$0.57 \\mathrm{~atm}$", "C": "$0.87 \\mathrm{~atm}$", "D": "$0.91 \\mathrm{~atm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2963, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "A reaction has $K_{\\mathrm{eq}} = 20$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ , and $K_{\\mathrm{eq}}$ increases with increasing temperature between $298\\mathrm{K}$ and $350\\mathrm{K}$ . What may be concluded from these observations?\n\nI. $\\Delta G^\\circ_{\\mathrm{rxn}}< 0$ at $330\\mathrm{K}$\nII. $\\Delta S^\\circ_{\\mathrm{rxn}} > 0$ at $330\\mathrm{K}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2964, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A sample of water in a movable piston is maintained at $100.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ with an external pressure $p$ . Which statement best describes the transformation of some of the liquid water into water vapor?", "options": {"A": "It is spontaneous if $p\\geq 1$ atm.", "B": "It is reversible if $p = 1$ atm and spontaneous if $p > 1$ atm.", "C": "It is nonspontaneous if $p\\geq 1$ atm.", "D": "It is reversible if $p = 1$ atm and nonspontaneous if $p > 1$ atm."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2965, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "In a study of the reaction below, the concentration of $\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})$ is found to be decreasing by $0.042\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$ . At what rate is the concentration of nitrogen dioxide gas changing?\n\n$$2\\mathrm{NO}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{NO}_2(\\mathrm{g})$$", "options": {"A": "Increasing by $0.021\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$", "B": "Increasing by $0.042\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$", "C": "Increasing by $0.084\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$", "D": "It cannot be determined without knowing the rate law for the reaction."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2966, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "The rate constant for an elementary chemical reaction can be affected by which of the following?\n\nI. Reactant concentrations\nII. Product concentrations", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2967, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Sulfuryl chloride $\\mathrm{(SO_2Cl_2)}$ decomposes via first-order kinetics. The half-life is 4.1 minutes at a certain temperature. How long does it take for $30\\%$ of the $\\mathrm{SO_2Cl_2}$ in a sample to decompose at this temperature?", "options": {"A": "0.6 min", "B": "2.1 min", "C": "2.5 min", "D": "7.1 min"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2968, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "The rate constant of a chemical reaction increases $26\\%$ when the temperature is raised from $50^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ to $55^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . What is the activation energy of this reaction?", "options": {"A": "$1.1\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$18\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$41\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$220\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2969, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "The endothermic reaction shown below is at equilibrium in a sealed flask, with significant amounts of both $\\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2(s)}$ and $\\mathrm{CaO(s)}$ present. Which action will increase the amount of $\\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2(s)}$ at equilibrium?\n\n$$\\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2(s)}\\xrightarrow{\\mathrm{CaO(s) + H_2O(g)}}\\Delta H^\\circ > 0$$", "options": {"A": "Crushing the $\\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2(s)}$ into smaller pieces", "B": "Decreasing the temperature of the flask", "C": "Adding more $\\mathrm{CaO(s)}$ to the flask", "D": "Adding $\\mathrm{N}_2(\\mathrm{g})$ to the flask"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2970, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "A solution of ammonia, $\\mathrm{NH_3}$ , has $\\mathrm{pH} = 11.50$ . What is the ammonia concentration? (The $\\mathrm{p}K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of $\\mathrm{NH_4}^+$ is 9.24.)", "options": {"A": "$1.7\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$3.2\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$5.5\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$0.58\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2971, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "At equilibrium, a solution contains 0.50 mol each of $\\mathrm{Cd}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq})$ , $\\mathrm{SCN}^-$ (aq), and $\\mathrm{Cd(SCN)_4^{2 - }(aq)}$ . What is the solution's volume?\n\n$$\\mathrm{Cd}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq}) + 4\\mathrm{SCN}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})\\xrightarrow{\\mathrm{Cd(SCN)_4^{2 - }(aq)}}K_{\\mathrm{f}} = 1.0\\times 10^{3}$$", "options": {"A": "2.0 L", "B": "2.2 L", "C": "2.8 L", "D": "8.0 L"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2972, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Barium fluoride has $K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 1.8\\times 10^{-7}$ . What is the maximum fluoride ion concentration possible in a solution with $[\\mathrm{Ba}^{2 + }] = 5.0\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{M}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$3.6\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$3.6\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$9.5\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$1.9\\times 10^{-2}\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2973, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "A solution containing $\\mathrm{Co(H_2O)_6^{2 + }(aq)}$ , $\\mathrm{CoCl_4^{2 - }(aq)}$ , and $\\mathrm{Cl}^-$ (aq) at equilibrium at room temperature is initially pink. When heated, the solution turns blue. Then, when $\\mathrm{Ag}^+$ (aq) is added, the solution turns back to pink. Which statements are correct?\n\nI. $\\mathrm{Co(H_2O)_6^{2 + }(aq)}$ is pink.\n\nII. Formation of $\\mathrm{CoCl_4^{2 - }(aq)}$ from $\\mathrm{Co(H_2O)_6^{2 + }(aq)}$ and $\\mathrm{Cl}^-$ (aq) is exothermic.", "options": {"A": "1 only", "B": "11 only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2974, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What is the average oxidation state of tungsten in sodium phosphotungstate, $\\mathrm{Na_3PW_{12}O_{40}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$+6.00$", "B": "$+6.17$", "C": "$+6.42$", "D": "$+6.67$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2975, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Bromate ion and bromide ion react to form bromine in acidic solution. When the reaction is balanced, which statement about $\\mathrm{H}^{+}(\\mathrm{aq})$ is correct?\n\n$$\\mathrm{H}^{+}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{BrO}_{3}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{Br}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Br}_{2}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l})$$", "options": {"A": "Its coefficient is twice the coefficient of $\\mathrm{Br}^-$ (aq).", "B": "Its coefficient is twice the coefficient of $\\mathrm{Br}_2(\\mathrm{aq})$", "C": "Its coefficient is twice the coefficient of $\\mathrm{BrO}_3^-$ (aq).", "D": "Its coefficient is the sum of the coefficients of $\\mathrm{BrO}_3^-$ (aq) and $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2976, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "An electrolytic cell consists of two copper electrodes immersed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate. What is the result of passing 0.35 A of current through this cell for 1300 s?", "options": {"A": "The mass of the anode increases by $0.15\\mathrm{g}$ .", "B": "The mass of the anode increases by $0.30\\mathrm{g}$ .", "C": "The mass of the anode decreases by $0.15\\mathrm{g}$ .", "D": "The mass of the anode decreases by $0.30\\mathrm{g}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2977, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "For which element is the $+2$ oxidation state LEAST common?", "options": {"A": "Al", "B": "V", "C": "Fe", "D": "Sm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2978, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many completely filled $p$ orbitals are present in a ground state Cl atom?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "4", "D": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2979, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which atom has the highest first ionization energy?", "options": {"A": "N", "B": "O", "C": "P", "D": "S"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2980, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "The electronegativity of gallium (1.8) is greater than that of aluminum (1.6). Which is the best explanation for this difference?", "options": {"A": "Ga is larger than Al, so its valence electrons experience less electron-electron repulsion.", "B": "Ga has more protons than Al, so its valence electrons are more attracted to the nucleus.", "C": "Ga has a filled $3d$ subshell, whose electrons incompletely screen the nucleus.", "D": "Ga experiences significant relativistic effects, which contract the valence orbitals."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2981, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which set of quantum numbers could NOT correspond to an electron in a ground-state gas phase Pd atom?", "options": {"A": "$n = 2, l = 1, m_{l} = -1, m_{s} = \\frac{1}{2}$", "B": "$n = 3, l = 3, m_{l} = -1, m_{s} = -\\frac{1}{2}$", "C": "$n = 4, l = 0, m_{l} = 0, m_{s} = -\\frac{1}{2}$", "D": "$n = 4, l = 2, m_{l} = 2, m_{s} = \\frac{1}{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2982, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "A certain nuclide undergoes beta decay to form $^{70}\\mathrm{Ge}$ . If the same nuclide undergoes electron capture instead, what daughter nuclide forms?", "options": {"A": "$^{70}\\mathrm{Zn}$", "B": "$^{70}\\mathrm{Ga}$", "C": "$^{70}\\mathrm{Ge}$", "D": "$^{70}\\mathrm{As}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2983, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule is planar?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CF_4}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{COF_2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SF_4}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{SOF_2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2984, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has no unpaired electrons?", "options": {"A": "NO", "B": "$\\mathrm{O_2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SO_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{ClO_2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2985, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "The bond distance in CO is $112.8\\mathrm{pm}$ , while the bond distance in NO is $115\\mathrm{pm}$ . Which is the best explanation for the shorter bond in CO?", "options": {"A": "Carbon has one fewer valence electron than nitrogen.", "B": "Carbon is less electronegative than nitrogen.", "C": "Carbon has a smaller atomic radius than nitrogen.", "D": "Carbon can form up to four bonds, while nitrogen can form only three."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2986, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many stereoisomers does the square planar complex $\\mathrm{Pt(NH_2)_2(Br)(Cl)}$ have?", "options": {"A": "One", "B": "Two", "C": "Three", "D": "Four"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2987, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many distinct compounds have the formula $\\mathrm{C_5H_{12}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "One", "B": "Two", "C": "Three", "D": "Four"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2988, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about unsaturated fats is NOT correct?", "options": {"A": "Unsaturated fats contain carbon-carbon double bonds.", "B": "Unsaturated fats generally have higher melting points than saturated fats with the same number of carbon atoms.", "C": "Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by treatment with $\\mathrm{H_2}$ in the presence of a metal catalyst.", "D": "Unsaturated fats must contain oxygen."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2989, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "At $120^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure, $1.00\\mathrm{L}$ of methane, $\\mathrm{CH}_4$ reacts completely with excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.", "question": "What volumes of the two products are produced at this pressure and temperature?", "options": {"A": "$1.00\\mathrm{LCO}_2$ and $2.00\\mathrm{LH}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "B": "$1.00\\mathrm{LCO}_2$ and $4.00\\mathrm{LH}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "C": "$2.00\\mathrm{LCO}_2$ and $2.00\\mathrm{LH}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$2.00\\mathrm{LCO}_2$ and $4.00\\mathrm{LH}_2\\mathrm{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2990, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "An organic compound contains only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. It is $61.71\\%$ C, $4.03\\%$ H, and $16.00\\%$ N by mass.", "question": "What is its empirical formula?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{C}_5\\mathrm{H}_4\\mathrm{NO}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C}_5\\mathrm{H}_7\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C}_{10}\\mathrm{H}_8\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C}_{11}\\mathrm{H}_8\\mathrm{NO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2991, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "$100.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.500\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{CaBr}_2$ and $50.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $1.00\\mathrm{M}$ NaBr are mixed.", "question": "What is the concentration of bromide ion in the resulting solution?", "options": {"A": "$0.500\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$0.667\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$0.750\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$1.00\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2992, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "$1.00\\mathrm{g}$ of hydrated potassium carbonate, $\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3\\cdot n\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ is heated to $250^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ to give $0.836\\mathrm{g}$ anhydrous $\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3$.", "question": "What is the value of $n$?", "options": {"A": "0.16", "B": "1.0", "C": "1.5", "D": "2.0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2993, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The concentration of an aqueous solution of a nonvolatile, monoprotic acid is measured first by freezing point depression and then by boiling point elevation. The solution is found to be $0.93\\mathrm{m}$ by freezing point depression and to be $0.82\\mathrm{m}$ by boiling point elevation.", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this discrepancy?", "options": {"A": "Ionization of the acid is markedly exothermic.", "B": "The solute associates partially into dimers at lower temperatures.", "C": "The volume of the solution is greater at higher temperatures.", "D": "The boiling point elevation constant for water is smaller than its freezing point depression constant."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2994, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "When substances are separated by fractional distillation,", "question": "Which property is least typical of the substance that distills first?", "options": {"A": "Highest molar mass", "B": "Weakest intermolecular forces", "C": "Greatest vapor pressure", "D": "Lowest boiling point"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2995, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which element is most abundant (by mass) in the Earth's crust?", "options": {"A": "Carbon", "B": "Oxygen", "C": "Magnesium", "D": "Silicon"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2996, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Which gas has the highest molar solubility in water at $25^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CO}_2$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NH}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{O}_2$", "D": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{S}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2997, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which compound is colorless?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NaMnO}_4$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CrAsO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{RbIO}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{BaCrO}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2998, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "Chlorine gas is bubbled into a colorless aqueous solution of sodium iodide.", "question": "Which is the best description of what takes place?", "options": {"A": "A precipitate of white NaCl forms.", "B": "A precipitate of metallic Na forms.", "C": "The solution turns pale green as the chlorine dissolves.", "D": "The solution turns yellow-brown as iodide reacts with the chlorine."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2999, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A student determines the number of moles of water in a hydrated metal oxide by weighing a clean, dry crucible and lid while the crucible is empty, then reweighing the crucible and lid with a sample of the hydrate, heating the crucible and lid with a Bunsen burner and then reweighing the crucible and lid with the sample after cooling to room temperature.", "question": "Which error will result in too high a value for the amount of water of hydration?", "options": {"A": "The heating is conducted only once instead of the three times recommended by the procedure.", "B": "The lid is left off the crucible when it is weighed with the hydrated oxide.", "C": "The metal oxide reacts partially with oxygen in the air, forming a compound in a higher oxidation state.", "D": "Some of the heated oxide is spilled from the crucible before it can be weighed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3000, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The vapor density of which fluorocarbon is $6.17\\mathrm{gL}^{-1}$ at $23^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and $1.00\\mathrm{atm}$?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{C_3F_6}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C_3F_8}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C_4F_6}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C_4F_8}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3001, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the principal intermolecular force that must be overcome when $n$-hexane $\\mathrm{(C_6H_{14}}$ , bp $= 69^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ ) is vaporized?", "options": {"A": "Hydrogen bonding", "B": "Covalent bonding between carbon atoms", "C": "Dipole-dipole forces", "D": "London dispersion forces"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3002, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The melting point of water decreases with increasing pressure.", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this observation?", "options": {"A": "Liquid water is denser than solid water at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$.", "B": "Melting of ice is endothermic at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$.", "C": "The vapor pressure of liquid water is lower than the vapor pressure of solid water at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$.", "D": "Solid and liquid water cannot coexist at equilibrium at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ at pressures different from 1 atm."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3003, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A cylinder containing a mixture of CO and $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ has a pressure of $2.00\\mathrm{atm}$ at $93^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ (366 K). The cylinder is then cooled to $-90^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ (183 K), where CO is still a gas but $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ is a solid with a vapor pressure of $0.25\\mathrm{atm}$. The pressure in the cylinder at this temperature is $0.90\\mathrm{atm}$.", "question": "What is the mole fraction of $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ in the cylinder?", "options": {"A": "0.10", "B": "0.28", "C": "0.35", "D": "It cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3004, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Burning $48.0\\mathrm{g}$ of graphite in excess oxygen under standard conditions releases $1574.0\\mathrm{kJ}$ of heat.", "question": "What is $\\Delta H_{f}^{\\circ}$ of $\\mathrm{CO_2(g)}$?", "options": {"A": "$1574\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-1574\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$-394\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$32.8\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3005, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "Two metal samples, labeled A and B, absorb the same amount of heat. Sample A has a mass of $10.0 \\mathrm{g}$, and its temperature increases by $38^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}$. Sample B has a mass of $20.0 \\mathrm{g}$, and its temperature increases by $23^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}$.", "question": "Which sample has the greater specific heat capacity?", "options": {"A": "Sample A", "B": "Sample B", "C": "Both samples have the same specific heat capacity.", "D": "It is impossible to determine from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3006, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "A reaction has $\\Delta S^{\\circ} > 0$ and $\\Delta H^{\\circ} > 0$.", "question": "Which statement about this reaction must be correct?", "options": {"A": "If carried out in a well-insulated flask, the temperature of the reaction mixture will decrease.", "B": "It will occur spontaneously at $298\\mathrm{K}$ and 1 atm pressure.", "C": "As the temperature is raised, $K_{\\mathrm{eq}}$ for this reaction decreases.", "D": "The reaction has more moles of products than it has moles of reactants."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3007, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "What is the boiling point of water in a pressure cooker with a pressure of $2.00 \\mathrm{atm}$? (The enthalpy of vaporization of water is $40.7 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$.)", "options": {"A": "$101^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$121^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$141^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$200^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3008, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "Titanium has a normal melting point of $1668^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}$ and a molar enthalpy of fusion of $14.15 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$. The standard molar entropy of liquid titanium is $97.53 \\mathrm{J} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1} \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ at $1668^{\\circ} \\mathrm{C}$.", "question": "What is the standard molar entropy of solid titanium at this temperature?", "options": {"A": "$89.05 \\mathrm{J} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1} \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$", "B": "$90.24 \\mathrm{J} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1} \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$", "C": "$97.52 \\mathrm{J} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1} \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$", "D": "$104.82 \\mathrm{J} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1} \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3009, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "When the rate of the reversible reaction $\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B} \\xrightarrow{\\mathrm{C}} \\mathrm{C}$ is studied under a certain set of conditions, it is found that the rate of the forward reaction is $k_0[A]$.", "question": "What can be concluded about the rate law for the reverse reaction under these conditions?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k_0[C]$", "B": "Rate $= k_0\\frac{[C]}{[B]}$", "C": "The rate law of the reverse reaction cannot be determined from the information given.", "D": "An error must have been made, since if the reaction is reversible, the forward rate law must be Rate $= k_0[A][B]$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3010, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "A substance A decomposes irreversibly to form B. A plot of $\\ln ([A])$ as a function of time from the beginning of the reaction until A is $97\\%$ consumed is a straight line with a negative slope.", "question": "What is the reaction order in A?", "options": {"A": "Zero order", "B": "First order", "C": "Second order", "D": "Third order"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3011, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about catalysis is correct?", "options": {"A": "If a catalyst increases the forward rate of a reaction by a factor of two, it must increase the rate of the reverse reaction by a factor of two.", "B": "If a catalyst increases the rate of formation of a product by a factor of two, it must increase the rate of formation of the mirror image of the product by a factor of two.", "C": "A catalyst must be in the same phase as the reactants and products of the reaction.", "D": "A catalyzed reaction must proceed by the same mechanism as the uncatalyzed reaction, but with a lower activation energy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3012, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "The isotope $^{226}\\mathrm{Ra}$ has a half-life for radioactive decay of $1600 \\mathrm{y}$.", "question": "How long will it take the amount of $^{226}\\mathrm{Ra}$ in a sample of $^{226}\\mathrm{RaCl}_2$ to decrease by $25\\%$?", "options": {"A": "$660 \\mathrm{y}$", "B": "$800 \\mathrm{y}$", "C": "$1200 \\mathrm{y}$", "D": "$1600 \\mathrm{y}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3013, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "The oxidation of sulfite ion by triiodide ion is proposed to take place by the following mechanism:\n\n$$\n\\begin{array}{r l} \n& {\\mathrm{I}_{3}^{-}\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{I}_{2} + \\mathrm{I}^{-}\\qquad \\mathrm{fast,unfavorable}}\\\\ \n& {\\mathrm{SO}_{3}^{2 - } + \\mathrm{I}_{2}\\longrightarrow \\mathrm{ISO}_{3}^{-} + \\mathrm{I}^{-}\\qquad \\mathrm{slow}}\\\\ \n& {\\mathrm{ISO}_{3}^{-} + \\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}\\longrightarrow \\mathrm{HSO}_{4}^{-} + \\mathrm{I}^{-} + \\mathrm{H}^{+}\\qquad \\mathrm{fast}} \n\\end{array} \n\\quad (35)\n$$", "question": "What rate law is predicted by this mechanism?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{I}_{3}^{-}]$", "B": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{I}_{3}^{-}][\\mathrm{SO}_{3}^{2 - }]$", "C": "Rate $= \\frac{k[\\mathrm{I}_{2}][\\mathrm{SO}_{3}^{2 - }]}{[\\mathrm{I}^{-}]}$", "D": "Rate $= \\frac{k[\\mathrm{I}_{2}][\\mathrm{SO}_{3}^{2 - }]}{[\\mathrm{H}^{+}]}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3014, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has a nonzero dipole moment?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{O_2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{O_3}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{S_8}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{SO_3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3015, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the structure and bonding in nitromethane, $\\mathrm{H_3C - NO_2}$?", "options": {"A": "Each of the three bonds to nitrogen is a different length.", "B": "The molecule is Lewis acidic because the nitrogen does not obey the octet rule.", "C": "The molecule is Lewis basic because the nitrogen has a lone pair.", "D": "The nitrogen atom has a trigonal planar geometry."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3016, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many isomers are there of the octahedral coordination complex $\\mathrm{Co(NH_3)_3Cl_3}$?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3017, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "An amine with the formula $\\mathrm{C_4H_{11}N}$ will have which of these properties?", "options": {"A": "Unpleasant odor", "B": "Boiling point greater than $100^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "C": "Absorption of light with $\\lambda >450 \\mathrm{nm}$", "D": "Water solubility less than $10 \\mathrm{g / L}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3018, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which combination of reactants and catalyst will produce methyl propanoate, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{COOCH}_3$ , upon heating?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{OH}$ and $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{COOH}$ with catalytic $\\mathrm{NaOH}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{OH}$ and $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{COOH}$ with catalytic $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{OH}$ and $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{COOH}$ with catalytic $\\mathrm{NaOH}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{OH}$ and $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{COOH}$ with catalytic $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3019, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which element is NOT present in DNA?", "options": {"A": "H", "B": "N", "C": "P", "D": "S"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3020, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Which potassium salt is $28.9\\%$ chlorine by mass?", "options": {"A": "KCl", "B": "KClO", "C": "KClO2", "D": "KClO3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3021, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the concentration of nitrate ions in $40.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of a $0.25\\mathrm{M}$ solution of copper(II) nitrate?", "options": {"A": "$0.010\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$0.020\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$0.050\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$0.50\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3022, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "$1.000\\mathrm{g}$ of a transition metal carbonate, $\\mathrm{MCO}_3$ , is heated to produce the metal oxide and $0.383\\mathrm{g}$ of carbon dioxide $(M = 44.01)$ .", "question": "What is the identity of the metal M?", "options": {"A": "Mn", "B": "Ni", "C": "Cu", "D": "Zn"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3023, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "$14.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.53\\mathrm{M}$ barium nitrate solution and $16.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.44\\mathrm{M}$ sodium sulfate solution are mixed.", "question": "Which ion is LEAST abundant in solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Ba}^{2 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NO}_3^-$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Na}^+$", "D": "$\\mathrm{SO}_4^{2 - }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3024, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which salt gives a colorless aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NaClO_4}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{CrO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ni(NO_3)_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CuSO_4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3025, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "$100\\mathrm{mL}$ of a $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ solution of hydrochloric acid is gradually added to a stirred mixture containing $0.01\\mathrm{mol}$ calcium hydroxide, $100\\mathrm{mL}$ water, and a small amount of phenolphthalein.", "question": "What changes are observed?\n\nI. The mixture changes from colorless to pink. II. The mixture changes from cloudy to clear.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3026, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Titration with aqueous triiodide solution to a starch endpoint would be LEAST suitable for which determination?", "options": {"A": "Analysis of nickel content in a $\\mathrm{Ni / Co}$ alloy", "B": "Determination of ascorbic acid in a vitamin C tablet", "C": "Measurement of sulfite concentration in a white wine", "D": "Determination of waters of hydration in a sodium thiosulfate sample"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3027, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which liquid will NOT react with metallic sodium?", "options": {"A": "Water", "B": "Mineral oil", "C": "Ethanol", "D": "Carbon tetrachloride"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3028, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The molar enthalpy of solution of a salt that dissolves endothermically in water is measured in a coffee-cup calorimeter by weighing a known amount of distilled water into the cup and measuring its temperature, then adding a known mass of the salt to the water and measuring the temperature after the salt dissolves.", "question": "If some water is initially present in the cup before the weighed amount of water is added, what is the effect on the experiment?", "options": {"A": "Calculated $\\Delta H^{\\circ}{}_{\\mathrm{soln}} > \\mathrm{True} \\Delta H^{\\circ}{}_{\\mathrm{soln}}$", "B": "Calculated $\\Delta H^{\\circ}{}_{\\mathrm{soln}} = \\mathrm{True} \\Delta H^{\\circ}{}_{\\mathrm{soln}}$", "C": "Calculated $\\Delta H^{\\circ}{}_{\\mathrm{soln}} < \\mathrm{True} \\Delta H^{\\circ}{}_{\\mathrm{soln}}$", "D": "The reaction will be calculated to be exothermic even though it is actually endothermic."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3029, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "When liquid water converts to solid ice at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure, which of the following changes takes place?", "options": {"A": "Heat flows out of the system.", "B": "The volume of the system decreases.", "C": "The vapor pressure of water increases.", "D": "The hydrogen bonds become weaker."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3030, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which compound has the lowest normal boiling point?", "options": {"A": "HF", "B": "HCl", "C": "HBr", "D": "HI"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3031, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A sealed container contains a gaseous sample at $300.0\\mathrm{K}$ consisting of either pure ethane $(\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_6)$ , pure neon (Ne), or a mixture of the two. The pressure inside the container at this temperature is $1.00\\mathrm{atm}$ . When the container is cooled to $150.0\\mathrm{K}$ , the pressure is $0.37\\mathrm{atm}$ .", "question": "What is the composition of the sample? (The vapor pressure of $\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_6$ at $150\\mathrm{K}$ is $0.10\\mathrm{atm}$ ; the critical temperature of Ne is $44\\mathrm{K}$ .)", "options": {"A": "Pure ethane", "B": "Pure neon", "C": "A mixture of ethane and neon.", "D": "It cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3032, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Aluminum crystallizes in a face-centered cubic unit cell with an edge length of $405\\mathrm{pm}$ .", "question": "What is its density?", "options": {"A": "$0.674\\mathrm{gcm}^{-3}$", "B": "$1.35\\mathrm{gcm}^{-3}$", "C": "$2.70\\mathrm{gcm}^{-3}$", "D": "$5.40\\mathrm{gcm}^{-3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3033, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "A container with $100.0\\mathrm{g}$ of ice at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ is placed in a humid room whose temperature is $40^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . The ice melts as water vapor condenses into the container. Assuming that all the heat transferred to the container comes from condensation,", "question": "how much water will have condensed in the container once all the ice is melted and has reached $40^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ ? The heat of fusion of ice is $334\\mathrm{Jg}^{-1}$ and the heat of vaporization of water is $2260\\mathrm{Jg}^{-1}$ .", "options": {"A": "$13.8\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$14.8\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$22.2\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$677\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3034, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following equations correctly describe the change in internal energy, $\\Delta E$ , of a reaction taking place in a bomb calorimeter?\n\nI. $\\Delta E = q$ II. $\\Delta E = \\Delta H - V\\Delta P$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3035, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "Two reactions have similar $\\Delta H_{r\\mathrm{ran}}$ values $(\\Delta H_{r\\mathrm{ran}}(1)\\approx$ $\\Delta H_{r\\mathrm{ran}}(2))$ , but reaction (1) has a much smaller standard entropy change than reaction (2) $(\\Delta S_{r\\mathrm{ran}}(1)< \\Delta S_{r\\mathrm{ran}}(2))$ At $298\\mathrm{K}$ ,", "question": "which statements about these two reactions must be correct?\n\nI. Reaction (1) must have a larger equilibrium constant $(K_{\\mathrm{eq}}(1) > K_{\\mathrm{eq}}(2))$ II. Reaction (1) must have a larger Arrhenius prefactor $(A_{(1)} > A_{(2)})$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3036, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Dichromate ion is reduced by chloride ion according to the equation below. If $[\\mathrm{Cl}]$ is decreasing at a rate of 0.37 mol $\\mathrm{L}^{-1}\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$ ,", "question": "how is the concentration of $\\mathrm{Cr}^{3 + }(aq)$ changing?\n\n$$14\\mathrm{H}^{+}(aq) + \\mathrm{Cr}_{2}\\mathrm{O}_{7}^{2 - }(aq) + 6\\mathrm{Cl}^{-}(aq)\\rightarrow$$ $$2\\mathrm{Cr}^{3 + }(aq) + 3\\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(aq) + 7\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}(l)$$", "options": {"A": "Increasing by $0.12\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{L}^{-1}\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$", "B": "Increasing by $1.11\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{L}^{-1}\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$", "C": "Decreasing by $0.12\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{L}^{-1}\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$", "D": "Decreasing by $1.11\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{L}^{-1}\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3037, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "The isotope cobalt-57 has a half-life of 272 d.", "question": "How long will it take a sample of $^{57}\\mathrm{Co}$ to decay to $38\\%$ of its original activity?", "options": {"A": "$103\\mathrm{d}$", "B": "$337\\mathrm{d}$", "C": "188 d", "D": "380 d"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3038, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the variation of the rate constant of a reaction with temperature?", "options": {"A": "The rate constant does not change with temperature because it is an unvarying characteristic of the specific reaction.", "B": "The rate constant typically decreases with increasing temperature because fewer molecules are able to adopt the required orientation at higher temperature.", "C": "The rate constant typically increases with increasing temperature because increasing the temperature increases the fraction of collisions that result in reaction.", "D": "The rate constant typically increases with increasing temperature because most reactions become more favorable as the temperature increases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3039, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "An irreversible reaction $\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C}$ is carried out under various conditions, but always with $[\\mathrm{B}]_0\\gg [\\mathrm{A}]_0$ . Plots of $1 / [\\mathrm{A}]$ as a function of time for each reaction are linear, and the slopes of these plots do not depend on the initial concentration of B.", "question": "What is the rate law for the reaction under these conditions?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{A}]$", "B": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{A}][\\mathrm{B}]$", "C": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{A}]^2$", "D": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{A}]^2[\\mathrm{B}]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3040, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The reaction of $\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})$ with $\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_4(\\mathrm{g})$ to form $\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_6(\\mathrm{g})$ is catalyzed by metallic platinum.", "question": "Which statement most accurately describes the impact of changing the catalyst in this reaction?", "options": {"A": "The rate of the reaction would not change if a greater mass of catalyst were used because the platinum is a solid so its concentration is a fixed number.", "B": "The rate of the reaction would increase if more finely divided platinum were used because the reaction depends on the surface area of the catalyst.", "C": "$\\Delta H^{\\circ}$ for the reaction would become more negative if a greater mass of catalyst were used because the catalyst adsorbs the reactants exothermically.", "D": "$\\Delta S^{\\circ}$ for the reaction would become more negative if more finely divided platinum were used because the catalyst absorbs gas-phase reactants to form ordered surface species."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3041, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Lead(II) iodide has a solubility product constant of $1.4\\times 10^{-8}$ .", "question": "What is the concentration of $\\mathrm{I}^{-}$ in a saturated solution of $\\mathrm{PbI}_2$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1.2\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$2.4\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$1.5\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$3.0\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3042, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Sodium bicarbonate decomposes at high temperatures according to the following equation:\n\n$$2\\mathrm{NaHCO}_3(\\mathrm{s})\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3(\\mathrm{s}) + \\mathrm{CO}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g})$$\n\nAt a certain temperature, $50.0\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{NaHCO}_3$ is allowed to react in a $3.0\\mathrm{L}$ evacuated vessel. At equilibrium, the total pressure is $6.25\\mathrm{atm}$ , with some of both solids still present.", "question": "If $100.0\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{NaHCO}_3$ is allowed to react in the same vessel at the same temperature, what will the pressure be at equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "6.25 atm", "B": "8.84 atm", "C": "12.5 atm", "D": "25.0 atm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3043, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "In a solution prepared by dissolving $0.1\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{NaNO}_2$ in $1.0\\mathrm{L}$ pure water,", "question": "which species has the lowest concentration?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Na}^+$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NO}_2^-$", "C": "$\\mathrm{HNO}_2$", "D": "$\\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{O}^+$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3044, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "A saturated solution of which silver salt has the highest concentration of $\\mathrm{Ag}^+$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{AgCl}$ , $K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 1.8\\times 10^{-10}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Ag}_2\\mathrm{CrO}_4$ , $K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 1.1\\times 10^{-12}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{AgBr}$ , $K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 5.0\\times 10^{-13}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Ag}_2\\mathrm{SO}_3$ , $K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 1.5\\times 10^{-14}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3045, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What is the $\\mathrm{pH}$ of a $0.10\\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\\mathrm{NH}_4\\mathrm{F}$ ? The $K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of $\\mathrm{NH}_4^+$ is $5.6\\times 10^{-10}$ and the $K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of HF is $6.8\\times 10^{-4}$ .", "options": {"A": "2.08", "B": "5.12", "C": "6.21", "D": "8.08"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3046, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Romanèchite has the formula $\\\\mathrm{Ba}_2\\\\mathrm{Mn}_5\\\\mathrm{O}_{10}\\\\cdot 2\\\\mathrm{H}_2\\\\mathrm{O}$ .", "question": "What is the average oxidation state of manganese in romanèchite?", "options": {"A": "$+2.0$", "B": "$+3.2$", "C": "$+3.6$", "D": "$+4.0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3047, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Molten sodium chloride is electrolyzed for $10.0\\mathrm{minutes}$ with a constant current of $10.0\\mathrm{A}$ .", "question": "What mass of sodium metal is produced?", "options": {"A": "$1.43\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$2.20\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$3.63\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$4.41\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3048, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "The standard cell potential of a galvanic cell based on the reaction below is $1.10\\mathrm{V}$ .", "question": "Which concentrations would result in the largest measured voltage?\n\n$$\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{Zn}(\\mathrm{s})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Zn}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{Cu}(\\mathrm{s})$$", "options": {"A": "$[\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }] = 1.0\\mathrm{M}$ and $[\\mathrm{Zn}^{2 + }] = 1.0\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$[\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }] = 3.0\\mathrm{M}$ and $[\\mathrm{Zn}^{2 + }] = 1.0\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$[\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }] = 1.0\\mathrm{M}$ and $[\\mathrm{Zn}^{2 + }] = 3.0\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$[\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }] = 3.0\\mathrm{M}$ and $[\\mathrm{Zn}^{2 + }] = 3.0\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3049, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "The standard eduction potential of oxygen under acidic conditions at $298\\mathrm{K}$ is $+1.23\\mathrm{V}$ .", "question": "What is the standard reduction potential for the four-electron reduction of $\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})$ under basic conditions?", "options": {"A": "$1.23\\mathrm{V}$", "B": "$1.02\\mathrm{V}$", "C": "$0.83\\mathrm{V}$", "D": "$0.40\\mathrm{V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3050, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Photons of what wavelength of light have an energy of $1.00\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$2.00\\times 10^{31}\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$1.20\\times 10^{-7}\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$1.20\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$8.36\\times 10^{6}\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3051, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "In which set are all three species isoelectronic?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}^+$ , $\\mathrm{Li}^+$ , $\\mathrm{Na}^-$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C}$ , $\\mathrm{N}^-$ , $\\mathrm{O}^{2 - }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Se}^{2 - }$ , $\\mathrm{Br}^-$ , $\\mathrm{Rb}^+$", "D": "$\\mathrm{I}$ , $\\mathrm{Xe}$ , $\\mathrm{Cs}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3052, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which change in principal quantum number $n$ involves the greatest change in energy?", "options": {"A": "$n = 1\\rightarrow n = 2$ in H", "B": "$n = 2\\rightarrow n = 3$ in $\\mathrm{He}^+$", "C": "$n = 3\\rightarrow n = 4$ in $\\mathrm{Li}^{2 + }$", "D": "$n = 4\\rightarrow n = 5$ in $\\mathrm{Be}^{3 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3053, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which gas-phase ion has the greatest number of unpaired electrons in its ground state?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Fe}^{3 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Co}^{3 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ni}^{3 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Cu}^{3 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3054, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which principle restricts the occupancy of an atomic orbital to no more than two electrons?", "options": {"A": "The principle of conservation of energy", "B": "The principle of conservation of angular momentum", "C": "The Pauli exclusion principle", "D": "The Heisenberg uncertainty principle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3055, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "When copper-64 decays by positron emission, what daughter nuclide is formed?", "options": {"A": "$^{64}\\mathrm{Ni}$", "B": "$^{65}\\mathrm{Ni}$", "C": "$^{64}\\mathrm{Zn}$", "D": "$^{65}\\mathrm{Zn}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3056, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has a nonzero dipole moment?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CF}_4$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{F}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SF}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{SF}_6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3057, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many $\\pi$ bonds are in cyanogen, NCCN?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "6", "D": "7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3058, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the bond order of $\\mathrm{O}_2^{2 - }$ ?", "options": {"A": "1.0", "B": "1.5", "C": "2.0", "D": "2.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3059, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which is the best explanation for phosphorus favoring formation of $\\mathrm{P_4}$ over $\\mathrm{P_2}$ molecules, while nitrogen forms only $\\mathrm{N}_2$ molecules?", "options": {"A": "Phosphorus-phosphorus $\\pi$ bonds are weaker than nitrogen-nitrogen $\\pi$ bonds.", "B": "Phosphorus can have an expanded octet while nitrogen cannot.", "C": "The nonbonding electrons on phosphorus occupy an unhybridized $s$ orbital while the nonbonding electrons on nitrogen occupy hybrid orbitals.", "D": "The larger size of phosphorus allows the bonding electrons to be closer together."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3060, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "In the octahedral complex $\\mathrm{Co(NH_2CH_2CO_2)_3}$ , each glycinate ion $\\mathrm{NH_2CH_2CO_2^-}$ binds to cobalt through its nitrogen atom and one of its oxygen atoms.", "question": "How many stereoisomers of $\\mathrm{Co(NH_2CH_2CO_2)_3}$ are possible?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3061, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": "A molecule has the formula $\\mathrm{C_5H_{10}O}$ .", "question": "Which functional groups might it contain?\n\nI. Alcohol II. Ketone", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Either I or II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3062, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many distinct branched alkanes are there with the formula $\\mathrm{C_6H_{14}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3063, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which cycloalkane in its most stable conformation has average internal C-C-C bond angles most different from the value given?", "options": {"A": "Cyclopropane, $60^{\\circ}$", "B": "Cyclobutane, $90^{\\circ}$", "C": "Cyclopentane, $108^{\\circ}$", "D": "Cyclohexane, $120^{\\circ}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3064, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which gas is most reactive toward 1-hexene?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{N}_2$", "B": "$\\mathrm{O}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NH}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3065, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which biomolecule does NOT contain $\\mathrm{C} = \\mathrm{O}$ double bonds?", "options": {"A": "Sucrose (a carbohydrate)", "B": "Glyceryl trioleate (a lipid)", "C": "Phenylalanine tRNA (a nucleic acid)", "D": "Trypsin (a protein)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3066, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "A 1.00-g sample of which compound will produce the greatest amount of carbon dioxide after complete combustion with excess oxygen?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CH_4}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C_3H_6}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C_6H_{14}}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C_8H_{18}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3067, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Rhenium (Re) consists of two stable isotopes, $^{185}\\mathrm{Re}$ and $^{187}\\mathrm{Re}$ . The average atomic mass of Re is $186.2 \\mathrm{amu}$ . What is the mole percent of $^{185}\\mathrm{Re}$ in rhenium?", "options": {"A": "$40\\%$", "B": "$50\\%$", "C": "$60\\%$", "D": "$62\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3068, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "A $10.00 \\mathrm{g}$ sample of a soluble barium salt is treated with an excess of sodium sulfate to precipitate $8.93 \\mathrm{g}$ $\\mathrm{BaSO_4}$ $(M = 233.4)$ . Which barium salt is it?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{BaCl_2}$ $(M = 208.2)$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Ba(O_2CH_2)}$ $(M = 227.3)$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ba(NO_3)_2}$ $(M = 261.3)$", "D": "$\\mathrm{BaBr_2}$ $(M = 297.1)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3069, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "How much $\\mathrm{Sr(OH)_2 \\cdot 8H_2O}$ $(M = 265.76)$ is needed to prepare $150.0 \\mathrm{mL}$ of solution in which $[\\mathrm{OH}^- ] = 0.100 \\mathrm{M}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1.99 \\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$3.98 \\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$5.98 \\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$7.98 \\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3070, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which procedure produces a $0.2 \\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\\mathrm{Na_2SO_4}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Mixing $500 \\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.4 \\mathrm{M NaOH}$ with $500 \\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.2 \\mathrm{M Na_2SO_4}$", "B": "Mixing $300 \\mathrm{mL}$ of $1.2 \\mathrm{M NaOH}$ with $600 \\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.3 \\mathrm{M H_2SO_4}$", "C": "Dissolving $0.2 \\mathrm{mol}$ solid $\\mathrm{Na_2SO_4}$ in $500 \\mathrm{mL}$ water", "D": "Diluting $400 \\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.3 \\mathrm{M Na_2SO_4}$ to a final volume of $1.0 \\mathrm{L}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3071, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "$10.0 \\mathrm{g}$ of an alkali metal chloride salt is dissolved in $90.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{H_2O}$ . This solution has a vapor pressure that is $3.2\\%$ lower than that of pure water at the same temperature. What is the salt?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{LiCl}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NaCl}$", "C": "KCl", "D": "$\\mathrm{RbCl}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3072, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "What is the mobile phase in thin layer chromatography?", "options": {"A": "A liquid solvent such as isopropanol", "B": "A smooth solid surface such as a glass plate", "C": "A coating on a solid surface such as silica gel", "D": "A chamber such as a glass jar"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3073, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which is the strongest acid?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{HBrO}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{HBrO_2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{HBrO_3}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{HBrO_4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3074, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which compound, when dissolved in water, will increase the electrical conductivity of water the least?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{SO_3}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{H_2O_2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{MgCl_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NH_4Br}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3075, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which metal reacts most vigorously with water?", "options": {"A": "Aluminum (Al)", "B": "Zinc (Zn)", "C": "Cesium (Cs)", "D": "Mercury (Hg)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3076, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "A student determines the acetic acid concentration of a sample of distilled vinegar by measuring $25.00 \\mathrm{mL}$ of the vinegar with a volumetric pipet, then titrating the sample with standardized sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Which error will give an acetic acid content for the vinegar that is too high?", "options": {"A": "The titration flask has some distilled water in it when the acetic acid sample is added to it.", "B": "The volumetric pipet has some distilled water in it when the acetic acid sample is measured with it.", "C": "Some of the vinegar remains in the volumetric pipet rather than being dispensed into the titration flask.", "D": "The endpoint is recorded when the solution turns dark red instead of faint pink."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3077, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the partial pressure of Ar in a gaseous mixture of $3.25\\mathrm{g}$ Ar and $2.28\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{Kr}$ in a $5.00\\mathrm{L}$ container at $15.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "0.0572 bar", "B": "0.390 bar", "C": "0.412 bar", "D": "0.447 bar"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3078, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which statements about the behavior of gaseous $\\mathrm{H}_{2}$ molecules in a container at 1 atm and $298\\mathrm{K}$ are correct?\n\nI. All $\\mathrm{H}_{2}$ molecules are moving at the same speed.\nII. The $\\mathrm{H}_{2}$ molecules are colliding more frequently with the walls of the container than they would in the same container at $398\\mathrm{K}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3079, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many nearest neighbors does each silicon atom have in a crystal of Si?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "6", "C": "8", "D": "12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3080, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "The amount of energy released by a chemical process is always equal to that absorbed by the system and surroundings. This is a consequence of which law?", "options": {"A": "The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics", "B": "The First Law of Thermodynamics", "C": "The Second Law of Thermodynamics", "D": "The Third Law of Thermodynamics"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3081, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which statements about entropy, enthalpy, and energy are correct for the reaction below?\n\n$\\mathrm{C}_3\\mathrm{H}_{12}(\\mathrm{g}) + 8\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 5\\mathrm{CO}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + 6\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g})$\n\n$\\mathrm{I.} \\Delta S^\\circ > 0 \\qquad \\mathrm{II.} \\Delta H^\\circ > \\Delta E^\\circ$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3082, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{Al(OH)_3}$ is $2.0\\times 10^{- 31}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ . What is $\\Delta G^\\circ$ (at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ) for the precipitation of $\\mathrm{Al(OH)_3}$ according to the equation below?\n\n$\\mathrm{Al}^{3 + }(\\mathrm{aq}) + 3\\mathrm{OH}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Al(OH)}_{3}(\\mathrm{s})$", "options": {"A": "-175 kJ mol-1", "B": "14.7 kJ mol-1", "C": "70.6 kJ mol-1", "D": "175 kJ mol-1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3083, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Tert-butyl chloride reacts with hydroxide ion in a process that is first order in both tert-butyl chloride and hydroxide. If both reactants are doubled in concentration, how does the reaction rate change?", "options": {"A": "The rate does not change.", "B": "The rate doubles.", "C": "The rate quadruples.", "D": "The effect on the rate cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3084, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Under certain conditions, the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is first order in $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$ . It is observed that the concentration of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$ decreases by $1.00\\%$ in $300.0\\mathrm{s}$ . What is the rate constant for the reaction?", "options": {"A": "$3.35\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "B": "$2.31\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "C": "$3.33\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "D": "$300\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3085, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "The pain reliever naproxen has a half-life of $12\\mathrm{h}$ in the human body. A patient takes a $400\\mathrm{mg}$ tablet of naproxen at $8\\mathrm{AM}$ and a second $400\\mathrm{mg}$ tablet at $8\\mathrm{PM}$ (12 h after the first dose). How much naproxen remains in the patient's body at $8\\mathrm{AM}$ the following day (12 h after the second dose)?", "options": {"A": "$50\\mathrm{mg}$", "B": "$100\\mathrm{mg}$", "C": "$200\\mathrm{mg}$", "D": "$300\\mathrm{mg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3086, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "In which ways may a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?\n\nI. It may alter the rate law of the reaction.\nII. It may make the overall reaction more exothermic.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3087, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "The rate constant of a chemical reaction increases by $63\\%$ when the temperature is raised from $40^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ to $45^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . What is the activation energy of this reaction?", "options": {"A": "$1.5\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$9.7\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$76.5\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$80.9\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3088, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What mass of lead(II) fluoride $(K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 4.0\\times 10^{-5})$ will dissolve in $1.00\\mathrm{L}$ of water?", "options": {"A": "$0.025\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$0.049\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$0.087\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$0.53\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3089, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "The $K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of the pyridinium ion, $\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_5\\mathrm{NH}^+$ , is $5.9\\times 10^{-6}$ . What is the pH of a $0.170\\mathrm{M}$ solution of pyridine, $\\mathrm{C}_5\\mathrm{H}_5\\mathrm{N}^?$", "options": {"A": "3.00", "B": "4.77", "C": "8.77", "D": "9.23"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3090, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Excess solid silver chloride is added to water and the mixture stirred until equilibrium is achieved. Addition of which substance will increase the concentration of chloride ion in this solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{AgNO_3}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{AgCl}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NH_3}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3091, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Problems 34 and 35 are about the exothermic reaction of iodine with iodide ion shown below.\n\n$\\mathrm{I}_2(aq) + \\mathrm{I}^-(aq) \\xleftarrow{\\mathrm{I}_3(aq)} K_{\\mathrm{eq}} = 750 \\mathrm{(at 25~^\\circ C)}$", "question": "$1.0\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{I}_2$ and $4.0\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{KI}$ are dissolved in water at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ to give $100.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of solution. What is the equilibrium concentration of $\\mathrm{I}_2$ in this solution?", "options": {"A": "$1.3\\times 10^{-6}\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$3.4\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$5.0\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$5.3\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3092, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Problems 34 and 35 are about the exothermic reaction of iodine with iodide ion shown below.\n\n$\\mathrm{I}_2(aq) + \\mathrm{I}^-(aq) \\xleftarrow{\\mathrm{I}_3(aq)} K_{\\mathrm{eq}} = 750 \\mathrm{(at 25~^\\circ C)}$", "question": "Which changes will result in an increase in the number of moles of $\\mathrm{I}_2(aq)$ present at equilibrium?\n\nI. Increasing the temperature\nII. Replacing the KI with an equal mass of NaI", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3093, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "An electrolytic cell is operated for $3000\\mathrm{s}$ using a current of $1.50\\mathrm{A}$ . From which $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ solution will the smallest mass of metal be deposited?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CdCl}_2$", "B": "$\\mathrm{InBr}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{TINO}_3$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Pb(NO_3)_2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3094, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "When manganese metal is placed in a solution containing silver(I) ion in acidic solution, metallic silver deposits on the manganese. Which half-reactions are taking place?\n\nI. $\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}(aq) + e^{-}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Ag}(s)$\nII. $\\mathrm{Mn}(s) + 4\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{MnO}_4^{-}(aq) + 8\\mathrm{H}^{+}(aq) + 7e^{-}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3095, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "The reduction of $\\mathrm{O}_2$ to $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ in acidic solution has a standard reduction potential of $+1.23\\mathrm{V}$ . What is the effect on the half-cell potential at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ when the pH of the solution is decreased by one unit?\n\n$\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + 4\\mathrm{H}^+(aq) + 4e^- \\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l)$", "options": {"A": "The half-cell potential decreases by $236\\mathrm{mV}$", "B": "The half-cell potential increases by $236\\mathrm{mV}$", "C": "The half-cell potential decreases by $59\\mathrm{mV}$", "D": "The half-cell potential increases by $59\\mathrm{mV}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3096, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the amount of energy released by gas-phase oxygen and sulfur atoms upon accepting an electron (electron affinities)?", "options": {"A": "O releases less energy than S because the smaller size of O causes greater electron-electron repulsion.", "B": "O releases less energy than S because O has a lower mass than S.", "C": "O releases more energy than S because the electron enters a $2p$ orbital in O but a $3p$ orbital in S.", "D": "O releases more energy than S because O has a larger effective nuclear charge $Z_{\\mathrm{eff}}$ than S."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3097, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which element has chemical properties most similar to those of S?", "options": {"A": "O", "B": "P", "C": "Cl", "D": "Se"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3098, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the largest number of electrons that can have both a principal quantum number $n = 4$ and an orbital angular momentum quantum number $l = 2$ in a given atom?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "3", "C": "5", "D": "10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3099, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the wavelength of a photon whose energy is 334 kJ mol-1?", "options": {"A": "222 nm", "B": "358 nm", "C": "590 nm", "D": "2994 nm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3100, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has the strongest bond?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm {H}_{2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm {N}_{2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm {O}_{2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm {F}_{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3101, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the geometry of the iodate ion, $\\mathrm {IO}_{3}^{-}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Trigonal pyramidal", "B": "Trigonal planar", "C": "T-shaped", "D": "Zigzag"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3102, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule is best described as having a lone pair on nitrogen in an $sp^{2}$ -hybridized orbital?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm {NH}_{3}$", "B": "HCN", "C": "$\\mathrm {H}_{2}\\mathrm {CNH}$", "D": "$\\mathrm {H}_{2}\\mathrm {CNH}_{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3103, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Nitric oxide, NO, has a smaller first ionization energy than either N atoms or O atoms. Which is the best explanation for this observation?", "options": {"A": "The electron that is ionized in NO occupies an antibonding orbital.", "B": "NO forms a strong bond, which lowers the ionization energy.", "C": "NO has a large dipole moment, which increases electron-electron repulsion.", "D": "N atoms have a half-filled $2p$ subshell, while O is very electronegative. Both of these factors give the isolated atoms unusually high ionization energies."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3104, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many stereoisomers does the octahedral complex $\\mathrm {Co}\\left(\\mathrm {NH}_{3}\\right)_{4}\\left(\\mathrm {CN}\\right)_{3}$ have?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3105, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many stable isomers have the formula $\\mathrm {C}_{2}\\mathrm {H}_{2}\\mathrm {ClBr}$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3106, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "In the reaction of sodium cyanide with 1-bromobutane in methanol solution, what is the principal role of the cyanide ion?", "options": {"A": "A Bronsted base", "B": "A nucleophile", "C": "An oxidant", "D": "A solvent"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3107, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "What monosaccharide units are found in both starch and cellulose?", "options": {"A": "Arabinose", "B": "Fructose", "C": "Glucose", "D": "Ribose"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3108, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "How many moles of ions are in $75.0 \\mathrm{mL}$ of a $1.20 \\mathrm{M}$ aqueous solution of sodium sulfate?", "options": {"A": "0.090 mol", "B": "0.120 mol", "C": "0.180 mol", "D": "0.270 mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3109, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "When $3.00 \\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{NH}_3(\\mathrm{g})$ ( $M = 17.03$ ) reacts with $18.0 \\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{HCl}(\\mathrm{g})$ ( $M = 36.46$ ), what is the theoretical yield of $\\mathrm{NH}_4\\mathrm{Cl}(\\mathrm{s})$ ?", "options": {"A": "$6.42 \\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$8.41 \\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$9.42 \\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$21.0 \\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3110, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "$1.22 \\mathrm{g}$ of benzoic acid $(\\mathrm{C}_7\\mathrm{H}_5\\mathrm{O}_2$ , $M = 122.12)$ is dissolved in water to a total volume of $150.0 \\mathrm{mL}$ . A $10.0 \\mathrm{mL}$ sample of this solution is then withdrawn and diluted to $500.0 \\mathrm{mL}$ . What is the concentration of benzoic acid in the final solution?", "options": {"A": "$0.00133 \\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$0.00266 \\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$0.0200 \\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$0.122 \\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3111, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A $0.75 \\mathrm{m}$ aqueous solution of which substance has the lowest freezing point?", "options": {"A": "HF", "B": "HI", "C": "$\\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{PO}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{COOH}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3112, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Which apparatus would be most suitable for collecting a sample of solid barium sulfate produced through the reaction of aqueous solutions of barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid?", "options": {"A": "Barometer", "B": "Beaker", "C": "Büchner funnel", "D": "Buret"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3113, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "A solution is prepared by dissolving $10.00 \\mathrm{g}$ of a salt in $90.00 \\mathrm{g}$ of water. What additional information is needed to calculate the molarity of this solution? I. The molar mass of the salt II. The density of the solution", "options": {"A": "I alone would allow one to calculate the molarity.", "B": "II alone would allow one to calculate the molarity.", "C": "I and II together would allow one to calculate the molarity.", "D": "The molarity cannot be calculated even if both I and II are known."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3114, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which substance dissolves to give a colorless solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{KClO}_4$", "B": "$\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{CrO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{KMnO}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{K}_3\\mathrm{Fe(CN)}_6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3115, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which substance does not give off heat when added to water?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NaOH}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{KNO}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CaO}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3116, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A solution of a nitrate salt does not form a precipitate when treated with dilute sulfuric acid. Which cation is not present in this solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NH}_4^+$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Al}^{3 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Fe}^{2 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Pb}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3117, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which measurement would be least able to distinguish between a sample of elemental bromine prepared using exclusively the $^{79}\\mathrm {Br}$ isotope ( $^{79}\\mathrm {Br}_{2}$ ) and one prepared using exclusively the $^{81}\\mathrm {Br}$ isotope ( $^{81}\\mathrm {Br}_{2}$ )?", "options": {"A": "Infrared spectroscopy", "B": "Liquid density", "C": "Mass spectrometry", "D": "Vapor density"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3118, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A white crystalline solid melts at $400^{\\circ }\\mathrm {C}$ and dissolves in water to give an electrically conducting solution. Which is it?", "options": {"A": "LiOH", "B": "$\\mathrm {C}_{12}\\mathrm {H}_{22}\\mathrm {O}_{11}$", "C": "$\\mathrm {SiO}_{2}$", "D": "Cu"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3119, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A 10.0 L vessel containing $5.0\\mathrm {atm}$ of He and a $3.0\\mathrm {L}$ vessel containing $10.0\\mathrm {atm}$ of Ar are connected by a valve. The valve is opened and the gases are allowed to mix at constant temperature. What is the final pressure in the vessels?", "options": {"A": "$2.3\\mathrm {atm}$", "B": "$3.8\\mathrm {atm}$", "C": "$6.2\\mathrm {atm}$", "D": "$7.5\\mathrm {atm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3120, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes a sample of ammonia at equilibrium at its triple point (195.4 K, 0.0606 bar)?", "options": {"A": "Gaseous ammonia must be present, and solid or liquid ammonia may be present.", "B": "Liquid ammonia must be present, and solid or gaseous ammonia may be present.", "C": "Solid ammonia must be present, and liquid or gaseous ammonia may be present.", "D": "Gaseous, liquid, and solid ammonia must all be present."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3121, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which compound's lattice energy is largest in magnitude?", "options": {"A": "LiF", "B": "NaCl", "C": "MgO", "D": "CaS"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3122, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Tantalum crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. How many nearest neighbors does each tantalum atom have?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "6", "C": "8", "D": "12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3123, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about phase transitions is correct?", "options": {"A": "Melting is endothermic and freezing is exothermic.", "B": "Vaporization is exothermic and condensation is endothermic.", "C": "The enthalpy change for a spontaneous phase transition is always positive.", "D": "The entropy change for a spontaneous phase transition is always positive."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3124, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Benzene, $\\mathrm {C}_{6}\\mathrm {H}_{6}$ has $\\Delta F_{\\mathrm {vap}}^{\\$ at this temperature?", "options": {"A": "$10.5\\mathrm {\\sim J}\\mathrm {\\sim mol}^{-1}\\mathrm {\\sim K}^{-1}$", "B": "$86.9\\mathrm {\\sim J}\\mathrm {\\sim mol}^{-1}\\mathrm {\\sim K}^{-1}$", "C": "$255\\mathrm {\\sim J}\\mathrm {\\sim mol}^{-1}\\mathrm {\\sim K}^{-1}$", "D": "$383\\mathrm {\\sim J}\\mathrm {\\sim mol}^{-1}\\mathrm {\\sim K}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3125, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Ethanol $\\mathrm{(C_2H_5OH)}$ is oxidized to acetaldehyde $\\mathrm{(CH_3CHO)}$ by dichromate ions in acidic solution according to the following equation: $3\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_5\\mathrm{OH}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{Cr}_2\\mathrm{O}_7^{2 - }(\\mathrm{aq}) + 8\\mathrm{H}^+ (\\mathrm{aq})\\rightarrow 3\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_5\\mathrm{CHO}(\\mathrm{aq}) + 2\\mathrm{Cr}^{3 + }(\\mathrm{aq}) + 7\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}()$ If the concentration of $\\mathrm{Cr}^{3 + }(\\mathrm{aq})$ is increasing at a rate of $0.18\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{- 1}$ , at what rate is the concentration of $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CHO}(\\mathrm{aq})$ changing?", "options": {"A": "Increasing at $0.12\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "B": "Increasing at $0.27\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "C": "Decreasing at $0.12\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "D": "Decreasing at $0.27\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3126, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "An irreversible reaction occurs as follows: $2\\mathrm{A}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{B}(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{D}(\\mathrm{g})$ What is the rate law for this reaction?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k[A][B]$", "B": "Rate $= k[A]^2[B]$", "C": "Rate $= k[2A][B]$", "D": "It cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3127, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Two atoms of the same element, A and B, are in identical excited states. Atom A emits a photon of red light, while atom B emits a photon of blue light. Which statement best describes the energies of the two atoms after the emission of light?", "options": {"A": "Atom A is in a lower-energy state than atom B.", "B": "Atom A is in a higher-energy state than atom B.", "C": "Atom A and atom B have the same energy.", "D": "The relative energies of A and B cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3128, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which is a pair of gas-phase species with the same ground state electron configuration?", "options": {"A": "V and $\\mathrm{Cr}^{+}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Mn}^{+}$ and $\\mathrm{Fe}^{-}$", "C": "Ni and Pd", "D": "Zn and $\\mathrm{Ga}^{+}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3129, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species has the shortest bond to nitrogen?", "options": {"A": "HCN", "B": "$\\mathrm{N}_{2}\\mathrm{O}_{4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NO}_{2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3130, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many lone pairs are there in a valid Lewis structure of ozone, $\\mathrm{O}_{3}$ ?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "7", "C": "8", "D": "9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3131, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Anionic $\\mathrm{NO}^{-}$ has a longer bond than neutral NO. Which is the best explanation for this difference?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NO}^{-}$ has two unpaired electrons while NO has only one.", "B": "$\\mathrm{NO}^{-}$ has a double bond while NO has a triple bond.", "C": "$\\mathrm{NO}^{-}$ has one more $\\sigma$ antibonding electron than NO.", "D": "$\\mathrm{NO}^{-}$ has one more $\\pi$ antibonding electron than NO."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3132, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many stereoisomers are possible for the square planar complex $\\mathrm{Pt(NH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{CH}_{2}\\mathrm{NH}_{2})(\\mathrm{C}_{2}\\mathrm{O}_{4})$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3133, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the redox properties of alcohols?", "options": {"A": "Primary alcohols are oxidized to ketones by acidic dichromate.", "B": "Ketones are reduced to primary alcohols by sodium borohydride.", "C": "Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones by acidic dichromate.", "D": "Tertiary alcohols are oxidized to esters by acidic dichromate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3134, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Acetic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst to form ethyl acetate (the Fischer esterification reaction). What is the role of the acid catalyst?", "options": {"A": "It makes the carboxylic acid more electrophilic by protonating the carbonyl oxygen.", "B": "It makes the ethanol more nucleophilic by protonating the hydroxyl oxygen.", "C": "It converts the hydroxyl group of ethanol to a better leaving group.", "D": "It shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the ester product."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3135, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "How many nitrogen atoms are present in $486\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1.35\\times 10^{24}$", "B": "$2.71\\times 10^{24}$", "C": "$5.42\\times 10^{24}$", "D": "$1.90\\times 10^{25}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3136, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the empirical formula of a compound that is $50\\%$ S and $50\\%$ O by mass?", "options": {"A": "SO", "B": "$\\mathrm{S}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SO}_2$", "D": "$\\mathrm{S}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3137, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "How much chlorine is required to completely consume $13.5\\mathrm{g}$ of aluminum to form aluminum chloride?", "options": {"A": "$13.5\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$26.6\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$40.5\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$53.2\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3138, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A solution of $0.500\\mathrm{L}$ of $0.150\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{KI}$ is mixed with $0.250\\mathrm{L}$ of $0.200\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{CaI}_2$ . What is the concentration of iodide in the final solution?", "options": {"A": "$0.167\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$0.175\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$0.233\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$0.275\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3139, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "The only source of copper in an ore sample is the mineral malachite, $\\mathrm{Cu}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3(\\mathrm{OH})_2$ ( $M = 221.1$ ). A $1.00\\mathrm{kg}$ sample of this ore is smelted to obtain $47.0\\mathrm{g}$ of metallic copper. Assuming a complete recovery of the copper, what percentage by mass of the ore is malachite?", "options": {"A": "$4.70\\%$", "B": "$8.18\\%$", "C": "$16.4\\%$", "D": "$32.8\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3140, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which aqueous solution has the highest boiling point when $10.00\\mathrm{g}$ of the substance is dissolved in $100.0\\mathrm{g}$ of water?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Li}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{MgSO}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3141, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which compound could be used to remove $\\mathrm{Ca}^{2 + }$ from hard water?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{LiCl}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{KNO}_3$", "D": "$\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3142, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Addition of silver nitrate solution to $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ solutions of which compounds will result in a yellow precipitate? I. NaCl II. KI", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3143, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "In which solvent does solid iodine dissolve to give a purple solution?", "options": {"A": "Water", "B": "Ethanol", "C": "Carbon tetrachloride", "D": "$0.1\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous KI"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3144, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which glassware would be most suitable for preparing a $0.1500\\mathrm{M}$ solution of silver nitrate?", "options": {"A": "$50\\mathrm{mL}$ volumetric flask", "B": "$50\\mathrm{mL}$ round-bottom flask", "C": "$50\\mathrm{mL}$ Erlenmeyer flask", "D": "$50\\mathrm{mL}$ graduated cylinder"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3145, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "$1.53\\mathrm{g}$ of a gas occupies a volume of $264\\mathrm{mL}$ at $722\\mathrm{mm}$ Hg and $22^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . What is the molecular formula of the gas?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{F}_6$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C}_3\\mathrm{HF}_5$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C}_3\\mathrm{HF}_5\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C}_3\\mathrm{F}_6\\mathrm{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3146, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A mole of which gas will have a volume closest to $22.4\\mathrm{L}$ at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and $1\\mathrm{atm}$ pressure?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}_2$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CO}_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SF}_6$", "D": "Xe"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3147, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Two identical steel cylinders at the same temperature contain equal masses of $\\mathrm{CO}(\\mathrm{g})$ and $\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})$ . Which quantities will be greater for the cylinder containing $\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_2$ ? I. Pressure II. Average molecular velocity", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3148, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "The critical point of carbon dioxide is $31.0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and $72.8$ atm. Which best describes the composition of a sample of pure $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ at $29.0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and $75\\mathrm{atm}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Only gaseous $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ is present.", "B": "Only liquid $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ is present.", "C": "A mixture of gaseous $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ and liquid $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ is present.", "D": "Only supercritical $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ is present."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3149, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The normal boiling point of ethane $(\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_6)$ is $-88.5^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ , while the normal boiling point of fluoromethane $(\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{F})$ is $-78.4^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . A difference in which type of intermolecular forces is most responsible for the higher boiling point of fluoromethane?", "options": {"A": "London dispersion forces", "B": "Dipole-dipole interactions", "C": "Ion-dipole interactions", "D": "Hydrogen bonding"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3150, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Cadmium metal crystallizes in a hexagonal closest packed structure. How many nearest neighbors does a cadmium atom have in this structure?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "6", "C": "8", "D": "12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3151, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "The standard enthalpy of fusion of $1.4$ -dichlorobenzene is $18.2\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ and its standard entropy of fusion is $55.3\\mathrm{J}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ . What is the melting point of $1.4$ -dichlorobenzene?", "options": {"A": "$37.1^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$56.0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$101^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$329^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3152, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Solid gallium melts at $29.8^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ with an enthalpy of fusion of $5.59\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ . The heat capacity of solid gallium is $26.1\\mathrm{J}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ and the heat capacity of liquid gallium is $28.5\\mathrm{J}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ . If equal masses of solid gallium at $20.0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and liquid gallium at $60.0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ are mixed in a well-insulated container, what is the temperature after the mixture has attained equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "$29.8^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$40.0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$40.4^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$40.9^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3153, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "For the irreversible reaction between $\\mathrm{CO(g)}$ and $\\mathrm{Cl_2(g)}$ to form $\\mathrm{COCl_2(g)}$ , the rate law is Rate $= k[\\mathrm{CO}][\\mathrm{Cl}_2]$ . In an experiment where equimolar quantities of $\\mathrm{CO(g)}$ and $\\mathrm{Cl_2(g)}$ are reacted, which of the following would change linearly with reaction time?", "options": {"A": "$\\ln (\\mathrm{[CO]})$", "B": "$\\ln (\\mathrm{[COCl_2]})$", "C": "$1 / [\\mathrm{CO}]$", "D": "$1 / [\\mathrm{COCl_2}]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3154, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "A sample containing radium-226 was measured in 1925 to have an activity of $3.74\\times 10^{6}$ disintegrations per second. The same sample, re-measured in 2025, has an activity of $3.58\\times 10^{6}$ disintegrations per second. What is the half-life of $^{226}\\mathrm{Ra}$ ?", "options": {"A": "620 years", "B": "1200 years", "C": "1600 years", "D": "2300 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3155, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Which statements must be correct at equilibrium? I. The rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions are equal. II. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3156, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Phosphoric acid has $pK_{\\mathrm{a1}} = 2.15$ , $pK_{\\mathrm{a2}} = 7.20$ , and $pK_{\\mathrm{a3}} = 12.35$ . Which species is most abundant at $\\mathrm{pH} = 11.5$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H_3PO_4}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{H_2PO_4^-}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{HPO_4^{2 - }}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{PO_4^{3 - }}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3157, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "A buffer is made by mixing 0.900 mol Na[CHCO2] and 0.500 mol HCl in enough water to make 2.50 L of solution. What is the pH of this solution? The pKa of CH3COOH is 4.75.", "options": {"A": "4.49", "B": "4.65", "C": "4.85", "D": "5.01"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3158, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "A solution is $0.05\\mathrm{M}$ in each of the anions fluoride $(\\mathrm{F}^{-})$ carbonate $(\\mathrm{CO}_3^{2 - })$ , and phosphate $(\\mathrm{PO}_4^{3 - })$ . As calcium ion is added slowly to this solution, in what order will the solids precipitate? The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ values are: $\\mathrm{CaF}_2$ , $3.9\\times 10^{-11}$ $\\mathrm{CaCO}_3$ , $3.8\\times 10^{-9}$ $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$ , $1.0\\times 10^{-25}$", "options": {"A": "First $\\mathrm{CaF}_2$ , then $\\mathrm{CaCO}_3$ , then $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$", "B": "First $\\mathrm{CaF}_2$ , then $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$ , then $\\mathrm{CaCO}_3$", "C": "First $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$ , then $\\mathrm{CaF}_2$ , then $\\mathrm{CaCO}_3$", "D": "First $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$ , then $\\mathrm{CaCO}_3$ , then $\\mathrm{CaF}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3159, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What is the average oxidation state of iron in halotritcite, $\\mathrm{FeAl}_2(\\mathrm{SO}_4)_4 + 22\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ ?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "$+2$", "C": "$+2.5$", "D": "$+3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3160, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which half-reaction takes place at the anode during electrolysis of aqueous sodium iodide?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Na}^{+}(aq) + e^{-}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Na}(s)$", "B": "$2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l) + 2e^{-}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{H}_2(g) + 2\\mathrm{OH}^{-}(aq)$", "C": "$2\\mathrm{I}^{-}(aq)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{I}_2(s) + 2e^{-}$", "D": "$2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{O}_2(g) + 4\\mathrm{H}^{+}(aq) + 4e^{-}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3161, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "180 mL of a solution that is $0.024\\mathrm{M}$ in both $\\mathrm{AgNO}_3$ and $\\mathrm{Cu(NO_3)_2}$ is electrolyzed with a current of 0.70 A for 350 s. What deposits on the cathode?", "options": {"A": "Ag only", "B": "Cu only", "C": "$2.5\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{mol}$ Ag and some Cu", "D": "$2.5\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{mol}$ Cu and some Ag"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3162, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "The half-cell potential at 298 K for the reduction of an oxoanion becomes more negative by 0.118 V for each increase of 1 pH unit. How many protons and electrons are involved in this half-reaction?", "options": {"A": "1 proton, 1 electron", "B": "1 proton, 2 electrons", "C": "2 protons, 1 electron", "D": "3 protons, 2 electrons"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3163, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which atom has the smallest first ionization energy?", "options": {"A": "Mg", "B": "Al", "C": "Si", "D": "P"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3164, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many electrons in a ground-state atom of uranium (U) have the principal quantum number $n = 4$ ?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "16", "C": "18", "D": "32"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3165, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which property of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency?", "options": {"A": "Energy", "B": "Momentum", "C": "Velocity", "D": "Wavelength"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3166, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Photoelectron spectroscopy of Ar provides information about which properties of Ar? I. Ionization energy II. Electronic subshell structure ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3167, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which statements about fluorine are correct? I. It has the highest electronegativity of any element. II. Its electron affinity is the largest in magnitude of any element.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3168, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Thorium-232 decays by emission first of an alpha particle, then of a beta particle, then of a second beta particle, and then of a second alpha particle. What is the daughter nucleus after the fourth disintegration?", "options": {"A": "$^{228}\\mathrm{Th}$", "B": "$^{228}\\mathrm{Ac}$", "C": "$^{224}\\mathrm{Ra}$", "D": "$^{224}\\mathrm{Rn}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3169, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule is trigonal planar?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NH}_3$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NF}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SO}_3$", "D": "$\\mathrm{ClF}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3170, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has the shortest N-O bond?", "options": {"A": "NO", "B": "$\\mathrm{NO}_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3171, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many lone pairs are there in the Lewis structure of nitromethane, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{NO}_2$ ?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "5", "D": "7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3172, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which is the strongest acid in aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NH}_4^+$", "B": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{PH}_4^+$", "D": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{S}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3173, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which ion is diamagnetic?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Fe(CN)_6^{4 - }}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CoCl_4^{2 - }}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ni(H_2O)_6^{2 + }}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Cu(NH_3)_4^{2 + }}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3174, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement most accurately describes the most stable conformation of cyclohexane?", "options": {"A": "All six carbon atoms are in the same plane.", "B": "All bond angles are $109.5^{\\circ}$ .", "C": "All hydrogens are eclipsed relative to the hydrogen atoms on adjoining carbons.", "D": "The carbon-carbon bonds alternate between short and long distances."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3175, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "The tertiary alcohol 2-methyl-2-propanol reacts with concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ to form 2-chloro-2-methylpropane. How is the mechanism of this reaction best described?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{S_N1}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{S_N2}$", "C": "E1", "D": "E2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3176, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement most accurately describes the properties of ketones and esters?", "options": {"A": "Ketones are weak acids; esters are strong acids.", "B": "Ketones react by nucleophilic addition; esters react by nucleophilic substitution.", "C": "Ketones are readily reduced; esters are readily oxidized.", "D": "The carbonyl group of a ketone is resonance stabilized; the carbonyl group of an ester is not resonance stabilized."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3177, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which is not found in a typical nucleic acid?", "options": {"A": "Carboxylic acid", "B": "Dialkyl phosphate", "C": "Heterocyclic base", "D": "Five-carbon sugar"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3178, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which solid does not react with a small amount of 3 M $\\mathrm{HNO_3}$ ?", "options": {"A": "calcium carbonate", "B": "manganese(II) sulfide", "C": "potassium sulfite", "D": "silver chloride"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3179, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A metal dissolves in dilute HCl in the absence of air to form a pale green solution that turns yellow upon exposure to air. The metal could be", "options": {"A": "iron.", "B": "manganese.", "C": "nickel.", "D": "vanadium."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3180, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Compounds of uranium-235 and uranium-238 can be separated from one another by", "options": {"A": "distillation.", "B": "effusion.", "C": "fractional crystallization.", "D": "paper chromatography."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3181, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides what type(s) of information about a chemical? I First aid measures II Handling and storage tips", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3182, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "When a 25.00 mL volumetric flask weighing 20.340 g is filled partially with metal shot the mass is 119.691 g. The flask is then filled to the 25.00 mL mark with methanol $\\mathrm{(d = 0.791~gcm^{-3})}$ and has a total mass of 130.410 g. What is the density of the metal?", "options": {"A": "$6.96\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$", "B": "$8.68\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$", "C": "$9.27\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$", "D": "$11.7\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3183, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "An aqueous solution contains the ions $\\mathrm{Ag}^+$ $\\mathrm{Ba}^{2 + }$ , and $\\mathrm{Ni}^{2 + }$ . Dilute aqueous solutions of $\\mathrm{NaCl}$ , $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{S}$ , and $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$ are available. In what order should these solutions be added if the goal is to precipitate each of the three cations separately?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{S}$ , $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$ , $\\mathrm{NaCl}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{S}$ , $\\mathrm{NaCl}$ , $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$ , $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{S}$ , $\\mathrm{NaCl}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NaCl}$ , $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$ , $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{S}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3184, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "A 10.00 g sample of a compound containing C, H, and O is burned completely to produce 14.67 g of $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ and 6.000 g of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ . What is the empirical formula of this compound?", "options": {"A": "CHO", "B": "$\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_4\\mathrm{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3185, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the molality of a solution made by dissolving $36.0\\mathrm{g}$ of glucose $\\mathrm{(C_6H_{12}O_6}$ , $M = 180.2)$ in $64.0\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ ?", "options": {"A": "0.0533", "B": "0.200", "C": "0.360", "D": "3.12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3186, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which aqueous solution freezes at the lowest temperature?", "options": {"A": "$0.30\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_5\\mathrm{OH}$", "B": "$0.25\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{KNO}_3$", "C": "$0.20\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{CaBr}_2$", "D": "$0.10\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{FeCl}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3187, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Element E reacts with oxygen to produce $\\mathrm{EO}_2$ . Identify element E if $16.5\\mathrm{g}$ of it react with excess oxygen to form $26.1\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{EO}_2$ .", "options": {"A": "manganese", "B": "nickel", "C": "sulfur", "D": "titanium"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3188, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Ethanol $\\mathrm{(C_2H_5OH}$ , $M = 46)$ and methanol $\\mathrm{(CH_3OH}$ , $M = 32)$ form an ideal solution when mixed. What is the vapor pressure of a solution prepared by mixing equal masses of ethanol and methanol? (The vapor pressures of ethanol and methanol are $44.5\\mathrm{mmHg}$ and $88.7\\mathrm{mmHg}$ , respectively.)", "options": {"A": "$133\\mathrm{mmHg}$", "B": "$70.6\\mathrm{mmHg}$", "C": "$66.6\\mathrm{mmHg}$", "D": "$44.5\\mathrm{mmHg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3189, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A $5.00\\mathrm{L}$ evacuated cylinder is charged with $25.5\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{NH}_3$ and $36.5\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{HCl}$ . Calculate the final pressure at $85.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ after the two compounds have reacted completely. $\\mathrm{NH}_3(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{HCl}(\\mathrm{g}) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{NH}_4\\mathrm{Cl}(\\mathrm{s})$", "options": {"A": "$2.94\\mathrm{atm}$", "B": "$5.88\\mathrm{atm}$", "C": "$8.82\\mathrm{atm}$", "D": "$14.7\\mathrm{atm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3207, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which gas-phase atom in its ground state has exactly three unpaired electrons?", "options": {"A": "Sc", "B": "Fe", "C": "Co", "D": "Se"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3208, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "The first ionization energy of Na is $495.9\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ . What is the longest wavelength of light that could remove an electron from a Na atom?", "options": {"A": "$2.41\\times 10^{-7}\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$2.41\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$4.14\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$4.14\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3209, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which set of quantum numbers could represent an electron in a $5\\mathrm{f}$ orbital?", "options": {"A": "$l = 4,m_{l} = 2$", "B": "$l = 2,m_{l} = -3$", "C": "$l = 3,m_{l} = 4$", "D": "$l = 3,m_{l} = 0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3210, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which orbital possesses one angular node and one radial node?", "options": {"A": "2s", "B": "2p", "C": "3p", "D": "3d"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3211, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The radius of which ion is closest to that of the Li+ ion?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Na^{+}}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Be}^{2 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Mg}^{2 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Al}^{3 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3212, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Of the atoms listed, which has the largest third ionization energy?", "options": {"A": "Ca", "B": "Mg", "C": "Al", "D": "Si"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3213, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "When the molecules $\\mathrm{N}_2$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$ , and $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4$ are arranged in order of decreasing $\\mathrm{N} - \\mathrm{N}$ bond length, which order is correct?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2$", "B": "$\\mathrm{N}_2$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{N}_2$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3214, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the geometry of the $\\mathrm{IBr}_2^-$ ion?", "options": {"A": "linear", "B": "bent with a bond angle of about $90^\\circ$", "C": "bent with a bond angle of about $109^\\circ$", "D": "bent with a bond angle of about $120^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3215, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many isomers exist for the $\\mathrm{[Co(NH_3)_4Cl_2]^+}$ and $\\mathrm{[Co(en)_2Cl_2]^+}$ ions, respectively? $[\\mathrm{en} = \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{NC}_2\\mathrm{H}_4\\mathrm{NH}_2]$", "options": {"A": "2 and 2", "B": "2 and 3", "C": "3 and 2", "D": "3 and 3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3216, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the structure of the allene molecule, $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{C} = \\mathrm{C} = \\mathrm{CH}_2$ ?", "options": {"A": "The C atoms form an angle of $120^\\circ$ and the H atoms lie in the same plane as the C atoms.", "B": "The C atoms form an angle of $120^\\circ$ and the H atoms lie in a plane perpendicular to that of the C atoms.", "C": "The C atoms form an angle of $180^\\circ$ and the four H atoms lie in the same plane.", "D": "The C atoms form an angle of $180^\\circ$ and the two $\\mathrm{CH}_2$ groups are perpendicular to one another."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3217, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Oxidation of a secondary alcohol with $\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{Cr}_2\\mathrm{O}_7$ in sulfuric acid gives a product with which functional group?", "options": {"A": "aldehyde", "B": "carboxylic acid", "C": "ester", "D": "ketone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3218, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the major product when nitrobenzene is treated with a mixture of $\\mathrm{HNO}_3$ and $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$ ?", "options": {"A": "1,1-dinitrobenzene", "B": "1,2-dinitrobenzene", "C": "1,3-dinitrobenzene", "D": "1,4-dinitrobenzene"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3219, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Polysaccharides are biochemical molecules that consist of polymers of monosaccharide molecules (simple sugars). All of the following are classified as polysaccharides EXCEPT", "options": {"A": "cellulose.", "B": "fructose.", "C": "glycogen.", "D": "starch."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3220, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which metal is found in vitamin $\\mathrm{B}_{12}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Co", "B": "Cu", "C": "Fe", "D": "Mn"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3221, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "Fe2O3 reacts with excess CO at a high temperature according to the equation below. Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2", "question": "If 6.50g of Fe2O3 yields 3.85g of Fe, what is the percentage yield of the reaction?", "options": {"A": "59.2%", "B": "69.9%", "C": "76.3%", "D": "84.7%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3222, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the final [Na+] in a solution prepared by mixing 70.0mL of 3.00M Na2SO4 with 30.0mL of 1.00M NaCl?", "options": {"A": "2.00M", "B": "2.40M", "C": "4.00M", "D": "4.50M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3223, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A 12.0M acid solution that contains 75.0% acid by mass has a density of 1.57g/mL.", "question": "What is the identity of the acid?", "options": {"A": "HCl (M = 36.5)", "B": "CH3CO2H (M = 60.0)", "C": "HBr (M = 80.9)", "D": "H3PO4 (M = 98.0)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3224, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which solid is much more soluble in 1M HCl than in H2O?", "options": {"A": "CaHPO4", "B": "CaCl2", "C": "BaBr2", "D": "BaSO4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3225, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which experimental procedure is best suited to determine the H2O2 concentration in an aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "precipitation with standard MgCl2 solution", "B": "reaction with excess Zn to form H2", "C": "titration with standard H2SO4", "D": "titration with standard KMnO4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3226, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "When equal volumes of 0.2M solutions of the following compounds are mixed, which combination forms a red precipitate?", "options": {"A": "AgNO3 + Na2S", "B": "AgNO3 + K2CrO4", "C": "NiCl2 + NaOH", "D": "CuSO4 + NH3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3227, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which combination represents an n-type semiconductor?", "options": {"A": "Si doped with Ge", "B": "Si doped with As", "C": "Si doped with Ga", "D": "As doped with Ga"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3228, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "An acidic solution of methyl red has an absorbance of 0.451 at 530nm in a 5.00mm cell.", "question": "Calculate the molarity of methyl red in this solution. The molar absorptivity is \\(1.06 \\times 10^5\\ \\mathrm{L\\,mol^{-1}\\,cm^{-1}}\\) at \\(530\\ \\mathrm{nm}\\).", "options": {"A": "\\(2.13 \\times 10^{-6}\\ \\mathrm{M}\\)", "B": "\\(4.26 \\times 10^{-6}\\ \\mathrm{M}\\)", "C": "\\(8.51 \\times 10^{-6}\\ \\mathrm{M}\\)", "D": "\\(1.05 \\times 10^{-5}\\ \\mathrm{M}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3229, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A sample of \\(\\mathrm{H_2}\\) collected over \\(\\mathrm{H_2O}\\) at \\(23^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) and a pressure of \\(732\\ \\mathrm{mmHg}\\) has a volume of \\(245\\ \\mathrm{mL}\\).", "question": "What volume would the dry \\(\\mathrm{H_2}\\) occupy at \\(0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) and \\(1\\ \\mathrm{atm}\\) pressure? The vapor pressure of \\(\\mathrm{H_2O}\\) at \\(23^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) is \\(21\\ \\mathrm{mmHg}\\).", "options": {"A": "211mL", "B": "218mL", "C": "224mL", "D": "249mL"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3230, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "Two samples of gas, one of argon and one of helium, have the same pressure, temperature and volume.", "question": "Which statement is true assuming both gases behave ideally?", "options": {"A": "The helium sample contains more atoms than the argon sample and the helium atoms have a higher average speed.", "B": "The two samples have the same number of atoms but the helium atoms have a higher average speed.", "C": "The two samples have the same number of atoms and both types of atoms have the same average speed.", "D": "The two samples have the same number of atoms but the argon atoms have a higher average speed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3231, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "For a sample of liquid in a closed container, which aspect(s) of vaporization depend on the surface area of the liquid?", "question": "I rate of vaporization II vapor pressure", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3232, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about the triple point of a substance is correct?", "options": {"A": "The triple point for a substance varies with the pressure.", "B": "The three phases (solid, liquid, gas) have the same density.", "C": "The three phases (solid, liquid, gas) are in equilibrium.", "D": "The three phases (solid, liquid, gas) are indistinguishable in appearance."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3233, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Diethyl ether has a normal boiling point of \\(34.6^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) and a boiling point of \\(-1.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) at \\(100\\ \\mathrm{mmHg}\\).", "question": "What is the value of \\(\\Delta H^\\circ_{\\mathrm{vap}}\\) in \\(\\mathrm{kJ/mol}\\)?", "options": {"A": "33.4", "B": "39.1", "C": "64.2", "D": "72.7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3234, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "An ice cube at an unknown temperature is added to \\(25.0\\ \\mathrm{g}\\) of liquid \\(\\mathrm{H_2O}\\) at \\(40.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\). The final temperature of the \\(29.3\\ \\mathrm{g}\\) equilibrated mixture is \\(21.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\).", "question": "What was the original temperature of the ice cube? The relevant constants are\n\\[\nC_p(\\text{water}) = 4.184\\ \\mathrm{J\\,g^{-1}\\,^\\circ C^{-1}}, \\qquad\nC_p(\\text{ice}) = 2.06\\ \\mathrm{J\\,g^{-1}\\,^\\circ C^{-1}},\n\\]\nand\n\\[\n\\Delta H_f^\\circ(\\text{fusion}) = 333\\ \\mathrm{J\\,g^{-1}}.\n\\]", "options": {"A": "\\(-6.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)", "B": "\\(-13.1^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)", "C": "\\(-35.3^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)", "D": "\\(-56.8^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3235, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "For the reaction\n\\[\n2\\mathrm{H}(g) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{H_2}(g),\n\\]\nwhat are the signs of \\(\\Delta H^\\circ\\) and \\(\\Delta S^\\circ\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\Delta H^\\circ < 0,\\ \\Delta S^\\circ < 0\\)", "B": "\\(\\Delta H^\\circ < 0,\\ \\Delta S^\\circ > 0\\)", "C": "\\(\\Delta H^\\circ > 0,\\ \\Delta S^\\circ > 0\\)", "D": "\\(\\Delta H^\\circ > 0,\\ \\Delta S^\\circ < 0\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3236, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which substance has the greatest molar entropy at 298K?", "options": {"A": "NO2(g)", "B": "N2O4(l)", "C": "N2O4(g)", "D": "N2O5(s)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3237, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "For the process, \\(\\mathrm{CH_3OH}(l) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{CH_3OH}(g)\\), \\(\\Delta G^\\circ = 4.30\\ \\mathrm{kJ/mol}\\) at \\(25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\).", "question": "What is the vapor pressure of \\(\\mathrm{CH_3OH}(l)\\) at \\(25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) in \\(\\mathrm{mmHg}\\)?", "options": {"A": "0.176mmHg", "B": "14.0mmHg", "C": "134mmHg", "D": "759mmHg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3238, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "Which elementary reaction characteristic(s) change(s) significantly for a \\(10^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) temperature increase for a reaction carried out near room temperature? \\(\\mathbf{I}\\): fraction of molecules with the required \\(E_a\\); \\(\\mathbf{II}\\): fraction of molecules with the correct orientation.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3239, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "What is the first-order rate constant for a reaction that is 36.5% complete in 0.0200 seconds?", "options": {"A": "$50.4\\ \\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "B": "$27.7\\ \\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "C": "$22.7\\ \\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "D": "$9.86\\ \\mathrm{s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3240, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Automobile catalytic converters are designed to", "options": {"A": "oxidize both CO and NOx", "B": "reduce both CO and NOx", "C": "oxidize CO and reduce NOx", "D": "reduce CO and oxidize NOx"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3241, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "A 1 M aqueous solution of which molecule has the lowest pH?", "options": {"A": "HOCl", "B": "H2SO3", "C": "H3PO4", "D": "H2SO4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3242, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "If the initial pH values are the same for titrations of separate 25mL samples of weak and strong monoprotic acids, which other value(s) is(are) also the same? I the pH at the equivalence point II the volume of base needed to reach the eq. point", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3243, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "The addition of 0.01mol of which of the following to 100mL of H2O will give the most alkaline aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "NH3", "B": "HONH2", "C": "CH3NH2", "D": "H2NNH2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3244, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What is the pH of a \\(1.00\\ \\mathrm{L}\\) sample of a buffer solution containing \\(0.10\\ \\mathrm{mol}\\) of benzoic acid and \\(0.10\\ \\mathrm{mol}\\) of sodium benzoate to which \\(0.010\\ \\mathrm{mol}\\) of \\(\\mathrm{NaOH}\\) has been added? \\(\\left[K_a(\\text{benzoic acid}) = 6.5 \\times 10^{-5}\\right]\\)", "options": {"A": "4.27", "B": "4.23", "C": "4.15", "D": "4.10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3245, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What is the average oxidation state of copper in the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7?", "options": {"A": "+2", "B": "+2.33", "C": "+2.67", "D": "+3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3246, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "\\(\\mathrm{Sn^{4+}}(aq) + 2e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Sn^{2+}}(aq)\\), \\(E^\\circ = 0.15\\ \\mathrm{V}\\); \\(\\mathrm{Cr^{3+}}(aq) + e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cr^{2+}}(aq)\\), \\(E^\\circ = -0.41\\ \\mathrm{V}\\)", "question": "According to the standard reduction potentials above, what is the value of \\(E^\\circ\\) for the reaction below? \\(2\\mathrm{Cr^{3+}}(aq) + \\mathrm{Sn^{2+}}(aq) \\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{Cr^{2+}}(aq) + \\mathrm{Sn^{4+}}(aq)\\)", "options": {"A": "-0.97V", "B": "-0.56V", "C": "+0.56V", "D": "+0.97V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3247, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "\\(\\mathrm{Ag^+}(aq) + e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Ag}(s)\\), \\(E^\\circ = 0.80\\ \\mathrm{V}\\); \\(\\mathrm{Mg^{2+}}(aq) + 2e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mg}(s)\\), \\(E^\\circ = -2.73\\ \\mathrm{V}\\)", "question": "Use the equations above to calculate the value of \\(\\Delta G^\\circ\\) in \\(\\mathrm{kJ/mol}\\) for the reaction: \\(\\mathrm{Mg}(s) + 2\\mathrm{Ag^+}(aq) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mg^{2+}}(aq) + 2\\mathrm{Ag}(s)\\).", "options": {"A": "681", "B": "341", "C": "-341", "D": "-681"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3248, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What is the \\([\\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}]\\) in a cell at \\(25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) for which \\(E = -0.458\\ \\mathrm{V}\\) versus a standard hydrogen electrode? \\(\\mathrm{Fe^{2+}}(aq) + 2e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}(s)\\), \\(E^\\circ = -0.440\\ \\mathrm{V}\\)", "options": {"A": "0.246 M", "B": "0.496 M", "C": "2.01 M", "D": "4.06 M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3249, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Rechargeable batteries include which of those below? I dry cell II lead-acid storage battery III nickel-cadmium battery", "options": {"A": "II only", "B": "I and II only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3250, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "How many liters of chlorine gas, \\(\\mathrm{Cl_2}\\), measured at \\(0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) and \\(1\\ \\mathrm{atm}\\) \\((\\mathrm{STP})\\), are released by the passage of \\(6.25\\ \\mathrm{A}\\) for \\(1.85\\ \\mathrm{h}\\) through molten magnesium chloride?", "options": {"A": "0.0805 L", "B": "0.161 L", "C": "4.83 L", "D": "9.67 L"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3251, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many radial nodes does a 3d orbital possess?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3252, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Albert Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect confirmed which of the following concepts?", "options": {"A": "Electrons can absorb energy and change levels in atoms.", "B": "Light energy can be converted into the mass of electrons.", "C": "Electrons have both particle and wave properties.", "D": "Light has both particle and wave properties."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3253, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which gas phase ion in its ground state has the greatest number of unpaired electrons?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\mathrm{Cr^{3+}}\\)", "B": "\\(\\mathrm{Mn^{3+}}\\)", "C": "\\(\\mathrm{Fe^{3+}}\\)", "D": "\\(\\mathrm{Co^{3+}}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3254, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "For the element with the electron configuration \\(1s^2\\,2s^2\\,2p^6\\,3s^2\\), one of the \\(3s\\) electrons will be shielded from the nuclear charge most effectively by a", "options": {"A": "1s electron", "B": "2s electron", "C": "2p electron", "D": "3s electron"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3255, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "In which list are atoms of the elements Be, B, Mg and Al arranged from smallest to largest atomic radius?", "options": {"A": "Be < B < Mg < Al", "B": "Mg < Be < Al < B", "C": "B < Be < Al < Mg", "D": "Al < Mg < B < Be"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3256, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which ionic compound has the smallest lattice energy?", "options": {"A": "Li", "B": "NaF", "C": "MgCl2", "D": "MgO"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3257, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the geometry of BrF3?", "options": {"A": "seesaw", "B": "T-shaped", "C": "trigonal planar", "D": "trigonal pyramidal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3258, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Three monosulfur fluorides are known: SF2, SF4 and SF6. Of these, polar species include", "options": {"A": "SF2 only.", "B": "SF4 only.", "C": "SF2 and SF4 only.", "D": "SF2, SF4 and SF6."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3259, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which reaction forms a product with a trigonal planar geometry?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\mathrm{N_2} + 3\\mathrm{H_2} \\rightarrow\\)", "B": "\\(2\\mathrm{CO} + \\mathrm{O_2} \\rightarrow\\)", "C": "\\(\\mathrm{PCl_3} + \\mathrm{Cl_2} \\rightarrow\\)", "D": "\\(2\\mathrm{SO_2} + \\mathrm{O_2} \\rightarrow\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3260, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the best description of the hybridization of each of the carbon atoms (from left to right) in the compound NCC H2CO2H?", "options": {"A": "\\(sp,\\ sp^3,\\ sp^2\\)", "B": "\\(sp,\\ sp^2,\\ sp^3\\)", "C": "\\(sp^2,\\ sp^3,\\ sp^2\\)", "D": "\\(sp^2,\\ sp^3,\\ sp\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3261, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many isomers exist for the square planar species Pt(H2O)(NH3)ClBr?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3262, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which polymer is manufactured by condensation?", "options": {"A": "Polyethylene terephthalate", "B": "Polypropylene", "C": "Polystyrene", "D": "Polyvinylchloride"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3263, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many non-cyclic compounds have the formula C4H8?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3264, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which is a Grignard reagent?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\mathrm{Ag(NH_3)_2^+}\\)", "B": "\\(\\mathrm{C_2H_5MgBr}\\)", "C": "\\(\\mathrm{FeBr_3} + \\mathrm{Br_2}\\)", "D": "\\(\\mathrm{LiAlH_4}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3265, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "A racemic mixture consists of equal quantities of", "options": {"A": "cis-trans isomers.", "B": "diastereomers.", "C": "enantiomers.", "D": "structural isomers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3266, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": "Recently scientists reported a bacterium that they believe incorporates arsenic into its DNA by substituting it for another element.", "question": "Which element in DNA is arsenic most likely to replace?", "options": {"A": "carbon", "B": "nitrogen", "C": "oxygen", "D": "phosphorus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3267, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A reaction mixture is prepared containing 0.60 mol of aluminum and 1.20 mol of manganese dioxide. The mixture is heated until one of the reactants has been completely consumed according to the equation: $2\\mathrm{Al} + 3\\mathrm{MnO}_2 \\rightarrow 3\\mathrm{Mn} + \\mathrm{Al}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$", "question": "What quantity of which reactant remains uncombined?", "options": {"A": "0.20 mol Al", "B": "0.40 mol Al", "C": "0.30 mol $\\mathrm{MnO}_2$", "D": "0.60 mol $\\mathrm{MnO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3268, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "A solution with a mass of $1.263\\mathrm{g}$ containing an unknown amount of potassium ions was treated with excess sodium tetraphenylborate to precipitate $1.003\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{KB(C_6H_5)_4}$ $(M = 358.33)$ .", "question": "What is the mass percentage of potassium in the original solution?", "options": {"A": "$8.67\\%$", "B": "$9.16\\%$", "C": "$10.9\\%$", "D": "$13.8\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3269, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A typical polyethylene grocery bag weighs $12.4\\mathrm{g}$ .", "question": "How many metric tons of $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ would be released into the atmosphere if the 102 billion bags used in one year in the United States were burned? [1 metric ton = 1000 kg]", "options": {"A": "$4.52\\times 10^{4}$", "B": "$1.99\\times 10^{6}$", "C": "$3.98\\times 10^{6}$", "D": "$3.98\\times 10^{5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3270, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which mixture of water and $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$ represents a solution with a concentration that is closest to $30\\%$ by mass $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4?$", "options": {"A": "$30\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4 + 100\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "B": "1 mol $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4 + 200\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "C": "$30\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4 + 0.70\\mathrm{kg}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$0.30\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4 + 0.70\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3271, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "How would the freezing point depression of a $0.05\\mathrm{m}$ $\\mathrm{CaCl}_2$ solution compare with that of a $\\mathrm{NaCl}$ solution? It would be", "options": {"A": "less than that for a $0.10\\mathrm{m}$ NaCl solution.", "B": "between that for a $0.10\\mathrm{m}$ NaCl solution and a $0.20\\mathrm{m}$ NaCl solution.", "C": "between that for a $0.20\\mathrm{m}$ NaCl solution and a $0.30\\mathrm{m}$ NaCl solution.", "D": "greater than that for a $0.30\\mathrm{m}$ NaCl solution."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3272, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the mole fraction of $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{OH}$ in an aqueous solution that is $12.0\\mathrm{m}$ in $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{OH}$ ?", "options": {"A": "0.178", "B": "0.216", "C": "0.400", "D": "0.667"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3273, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "Three different oxides of nitrogen each contain $7.00\\mathrm{g}$ of nitrogen and weigh $15.0\\mathrm{g}$ , $23.0\\mathrm{g}$ and $19.0\\mathrm{g}$ , respectively.", "question": "What are their empirical formulas?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NO}$ , $\\mathrm{NO}_2$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NO}$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_5$", "C": "$\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$ , $\\mathrm{NO}_2$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_5$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NO}_2$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$ , $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3274, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which substance is used in self-contained breathing equipment because it absorbs exhaled $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ and $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ and releases $\\mathrm{O}_2$ gas?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{KO}_2$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NaOH}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Li}_2\\mathrm{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3275, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "A sample of a white solid is known to be $\\mathrm{NaHCO}_3$ , $\\mathrm{AgNO}_3$ , $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{S}$ , or $\\mathrm{CaBr}_2$ .", "question": "Which $0.1\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous solution can be used to confirm the identity of the solid?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NH}_3(\\mathrm{aq})$", "B": "$\\mathrm{HCl}(\\mathrm{aq})$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NaOH}(\\mathrm{aq})$", "D": "$\\mathrm{KCl}(\\mathrm{aq})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3276, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "The infrared frequency of the CX vibration for $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{X}$ depends on which of the following?", "question": "I. mass of X \nII. strength of the CX bond \nIII. type of CX vibration (stretch or bend)", "options": {"A": "I. only", "B": "II. only", "C": "II. and III. only", "D": "I., II. and III."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3277, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "In an experiment to verify the value of absolute zero, a student is instructed to measure the volume of He in a $10\\mathrm{-mL}$ syringe at $10^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ intervals between $0^\\circ$ and $100^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . She is told to plot the volume versus temperature and to extrapolate this graph to zero volume and read the resulting temperature.", "question": "Which modification of the experimental procedure will give the best value for absolute zero?", "options": {"A": "Correcting each measured volume to one atmosphere pressure before plotting.", "B": "Doubling the number of temperature-volume values between $0^\\circ$ and $100^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "C": "Using a thermometer that can measure temperature to $\\pm 0.10^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ between $0^\\circ$ and $100^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "D": "Measuring the volume of He in the syringe at $-40^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and $-80^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3278, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The Henry's law constant for oxygen gas in water at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C} k_{O_2}$ is $1.3\\times 10^{-3}M\\cdot \\mathrm{atm}^{-1}$ .", "question": "What is the partial pressure of $\\mathrm{O}_2$ above a solution at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ with an $\\mathrm{O}_2$ concentration of $2.3\\times 10^{-4}M$ at equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "5.7 atm", "B": "0.18 atm", "C": "$1.3\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{atm}$", "D": "$3.0\\times 10^{-7}$ atm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3279, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "A sample of gas measured at $20^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and $4.0\\mathrm{atm}$ is heated to $40^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ at constant volume.", "question": "Which statement(s) is (are) true of the gas after heating relative to its initial state? I. The average molecular kinetic energy is increased. II. The average molecular speed is unchanged. III. The pressure of the gas is increased to 8.0 atm. IV. The number of molecular collisions per second is unchanged. ", "options": {"A": "I. only", "B": "I. and IV. only", "C": "II. and III. only", "D": "II. and IV. only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3280, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Under what conditions does the behavior of real gases deviate most from that predicted by the ideal gas law?", "options": {"A": "low P, low T", "B": "high P, low T", "C": "low P, high T", "D": "high P, high T"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3281, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "When 0.25 L of liquid nitrogen ( $\\mathrm{d} = 0.807 \\mathrm{g / mL}$ ) is vaporized, what volume does the resulting gas occupy at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and $5.00\\mathrm{atm}$ ?", "options": {"A": "71 L", "B": "54 L", "C": "35 L", "D": "32 L"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3411, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which salt is diamagnetic?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{K_2[NO(SO_3)_2]}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{K_4[Fe(CN)_6]}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ce_2(SO_4)_3}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Hg[Co(SCN)_4]}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3412, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which titration would NOT require the addition of an indicator?", "options": {"A": "Determination of oxalate ion by titration with permanganate ion in acidic solution", "B": "Determination of chloride ion by titration with silver ion", "C": "Determination of acetic acid by titration with sodium hydroxide", "D": "Determination of ammonia by titration with hydrochloric acid"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3413, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "For benzene, $\\mathrm{C_6H_6}$ , the heat of fusion is $9.9\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ at its melting point of $5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , its heat of vaporization is $30.8\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ at its normal boiling point of $80^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , and the molar heat capacity of the liquid is $135\\mathrm{J}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ . To a system consisting of $1.00\\mathrm{mol}$ pure solid $\\mathrm{C_6H_6}$ at $5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ is added $20.0\\mathrm{kJ}$ of heat while maintaining the pressure at 1 atm.", "question": "In what phases is the benzene found?", "options": {"A": "Mixture of solid and liquid", "B": "Liquid only", "C": "Mixture of liquid and gas", "D": "Gas only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3414, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "The molar heat capacity of ice is $37\\mathrm{Jmol^{-1}}$ $\\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ and the molar heat capacity of liquid water is $76\\mathrm{Jmol^{-1}}\\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ .", "question": "What can be concluded about the relative magnitudes of the heat of fusion of ice at $263\\mathrm{K}$ $(\\Delta H_{263})$ compared to the heat of fusion of ice at 273 $\\mathrm{K}(\\Delta H_{273})$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\Delta H_{263}< \\Delta H_{273}$", "B": "$\\Delta H_{263} = \\Delta H_{273}$", "C": "$\\Delta H_{263} > \\Delta H_{273}$", "D": "No conclusion about the relative magnitudes of the heats of fusion can be drawn based on the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3415, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The rate constant $k$ for the reaction shown is $1.63\\times 10^{-6}$ $\\mathrm{M}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ .", "question": "What is the overall order of the reaction? $2\\mathrm{ICl(g)} + \\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{HCl(g)} + \\mathrm{I}_2(\\mathrm{g})$", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3416, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "Polonium-210 undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of 138 d, forming the stable isotope lead-206.", "question": "How much time would it take for the activity of a $^{210}\\mathrm{P}$ o sample to decrease to $15.0\\%$ of its initial value?", "options": {"A": "138 d", "B": "182 d", "C": "276 d", "D": "377 d"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3417, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "An irreversible reaction $\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow$ products is studied under conditions where the initial concentrations of A and B are equal. Under these circumstances, a graph of $\\ln ([A])$ as a function of time is linear.", "question": "What is the order in A?", "options": {"A": "Zeroth order", "B": "First order", "C": "Second order", "D": "The order in A cannot be determined based on the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3418, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "Nitric oxide reacts with hydrogen according to the following equation: $2\\mathrm{NO(g)} + 2\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{N}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + 2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O(g)}$ A possible mechanism for this reaction is $2\\mathrm{NO(g)}\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})$ fast, unfavorable $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g})\\mathrm{slow}$ $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{N}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g})\\mathrm{fast}$", "question": "What rate law is implied by this mechanism?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}][\\mathrm{H}_2]$", "B": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}]^2[\\mathrm{H}_2]$", "C": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}][\\mathrm{H}_2]^2$", "D": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}]^2[\\mathrm{H}_2]^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3419, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What is the pH of a saturated solution of $\\mathrm{Co(OH)}_2$ ? The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{Co(OH)}_2$ is $5.9\\times 10^{-15}$", "options": {"A": "7.19", "B": "9.06", "C": "9.36", "D": "9.56"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3420, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following solutions is capable of dissolving the most $\\mathrm{CaC}_2\\mathrm{O}_4(\\mathrm{s})$ ?", "options": {"A": "Pure $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "B": "$0.10\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{CaCl}_2$", "C": "$0.10\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{O}_4$", "D": "$0.10\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{HCl}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3421, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Silver ion forms a complex ion with thiosulfate ion, $\\mathrm{Ag(S_2O_3)_2^{3 - }}$ , with $K_{\\mathrm{f}} = 2.8\\times 10^{13}$ .", "question": "How much $\\mathrm{AgBr}(K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 5.4\\times 10^{-13})$ will dissolve in $1.00\\mathrm{L}$ of $0.200\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{S}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$ solution?", "options": {"A": "0.089 mol", "B": "0.10 mol", "C": "0.16 mol", "D": "0.78 mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3422, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "100.0 mL 0.15 M aqueous HF $(K_{\\mathrm{a}} = 6.8 \\times 10^{-4})$ is mixed with 125.0 mL 0.23 M NaF.", "question": "What is the pH of the resulting solution?", "options": {"A": "2.17", "B": "3.17", "C": "3.35", "D": "3.45"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3423, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Iodide ion is oxidized to hypoiodite ion by permanganate ion in basic solution according to the following unbalanced equation: $\\mathrm{I}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{IO}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{MnO}_{2}(\\mathrm{s})$", "question": "What is the ratio of hydroxide ions to iodide ions in the balanced equation?", "options": {"A": "3:1", "B": "2:1", "C": "1:1", "D": "2:3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3424, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "In the carbon monoxide complex $\\mathrm{Na}[\\mathrm{VO}(\\mathrm{CO})_{6}]$ ,", "question": "what is the oxidation number of vanadium?", "options": {"A": "-1", "B": "+3", "C": "+5", "D": "+6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3425, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A 0.100-g sample of an alloy of copper and silver is dissolved in nitric acid to give a solution containing $\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }$ and $\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}$ ions. This mixture is electrolyzed exhaustively to redeposit all the metal ions as the elemental metals, requiring a current of 0.150 A for 1429 s.", "question": "What is the mass percent of copper in the alloy?", "options": {"A": "$20.0\\%$", "B": "$58.3\\%$", "C": "$70.6\\%$", "D": "$77.2\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3426, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "In which gas-phase atom are the 2s electrons closest on average to the nucleus?", "options": {"A": "N", "B": "O", "C": "Al", "D": "Si"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3427, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which electron configuration corresponds to a gas-phase oxygen atom in an excited state?", "options": {"A": "$1s^2 1p^2 2s^2 2p^2$", "B": "$1s^2 2p^6$", "C": "$1s^2 2s^2 2p^3$", "D": "$1s^2 2s^2 2p^4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3428, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Alkali metals (Group 1) differ from alkaline earth metals (Group 2) of the same period in which way?", "options": {"A": "Alkali metals have larger ionic radii.", "B": "Alkali metals have higher melting points.", "C": "Alkali metals have greater first ionization energies.", "D": "Alkali metals have greater densities."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3429, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Atoms of which element release the most energy when an electron is added to them in the gas phase?", "options": {"A": "C", "B": "O", "C": "Si", "D": "S"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3430, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "How many unpaired electrons does a ground-state gas- phase $\\mathrm{Cr}^{2 + }$ ion have?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "2", "C": "4", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3522, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species has the largest $\\mathrm{O - N - O}$ bond angle?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NO_2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{N_2O_4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NO_2}^-$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NO_3}^-$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3523, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which best describes the isomer of the ion with the formula [CNO]- that is the most stable?", "options": {"A": "Linear, with a central C", "B": "Linear, with a central N", "C": "Linear, with a central O", "D": "Cyclic"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3524, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which is the least important consideration in determining the strength of interaction between atomic orbitals on two atoms as they combine to form molecular orbitals?", "options": {"A": "How close the atoms are to one another", "B": "How close in energy the orbitals are", "C": "What the orbitals' relative orientation is", "D": "Whether the orbitals have the same principal quantum number"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3525, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about FNNF is NOT correct?", "options": {"A": "It exists as two distinct geometric isomers.", "B": "It is planar.", "C": "Its nitrogen-nitrogen bond is longer than that in $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{F}_4$ .", "D": "It is more stable than its structural isomer with both fluorine atoms bonded to the same nitrogen."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3526, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "A four-coordinate transition metal complex $\\mathrm{M(CO)_2(Br)(Cl)}$ can be isolated as two geometric isomers.", "question": "With which geometries at the metal center is this observation consistent?\n\nI. Square planar II. Tetrahedral", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Either I or II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3527, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": "A sample of pure Si is doped with 1.0 part per million of As to form material A. Material A is then doped with 0.5 ppm of B to form material B.", "question": "What is the correct order when the three materials are arranged in order of increasing electrical conductivity?", "options": {"A": "Pure Si $\\mathrm{A< B}$", "B": "$\\mathbf{B< A< Pure Si}$", "C": "$\\mathbf{B< Pure Si< A}$", "D": "Pure Si $\\mathrm{B< A}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3528, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which of these could have the formula $\\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O}$ ?\n\nI. An acyclic ester II. A cyclic ether", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Either I or II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3529, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which is the best explanation for the higher reactivity of conjugated dienes relative to non-conjugated alkenes in electrophilic addition reactions?", "options": {"A": "Conjugated dienes can form allylic cations on reaction with electrophiles while non-conjugated alkenes cannot.", "B": "Conjugated dienes have more potentially reactive sites than do non-conjugated alkenes.", "C": "The $\\pi$ bonding in conjugated dienes is weaker than the $\\pi$ bonding in non-conjugated alkenes.", "D": "Conjugated dienes are nonplanar while non-conjugated alkenes are planar."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3530, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many possible dipeptides can be formed using the twenty commonly occurring amino acids?", "options": {"A": "40", "B": "200", "C": "210", "D": "400"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3531, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "0.125 g of strontium metal reacts with excess liquid ammonia to form strontium amide and hydrogen gas.", "question": "How many moles of hydrogen are produced?", "options": {"A": "$7.13\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{mol}$", "B": "$1.43\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{mol}$", "C": "$2.14\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{mol}$", "D": "$2.85\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{mol}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3532, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "A diamagnetic compound is $71.4\\%$ arsenic by mass.", "question": "What is its molecular formula?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{AsN}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_6\\mathrm{As}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_6\\mathrm{As}_2\\mathrm{N}_2$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C}_4\\mathrm{H}_{12}\\mathrm{As}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3533, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A copper ore consists of a mixture of $\\mathrm{Cu}_2\\mathrm{S}$ and $\\mathrm{CuS}$ . An $89.0\\mathrm{g}$ sample of this ore is smelted to produce $67.5\\mathrm{g}$ of elemental copper.", "question": "What is the mass of $\\mathrm{CuS}$ in the ore sample?", "options": {"A": "$13.3\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$26.6\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$37.5\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$64.1\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3541, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "An unknown metal M reacts with aqueous sulfuric acid to form hydrogen gas and the divalent metal ion $\\mathrm{M}^{2 + }(aq)$ . A student collects the hydrogen over water and calculates the molar mass of M based on the volume of hydrogen collected.", "question": "Which error will result in a value of the calculated molar mass that is higher than the true molar mass?", "options": {"A": "The concentration of sulfuric acid is $2.0\\mathrm{M}$ rather than $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ as recommended by the procedure.", "B": "Some of the metal sample has oxidized to the metal oxide.", "C": "The barometric pressure is assumed to be $760\\mathrm{torr}$ when in fact it is $740\\mathrm{torr}$ .", "D": "The vapor pressure of water is not included in the calculation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3542, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A 1.0-L container with 1.00 atm Ar gas is connected by a stopcock to a 2.0-L container containing 0.5 atm Kr gas.", "question": "Which statement accurately describes the system after the stopcock is opened and the system is allowed to reach equilibrium? The temperature is $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ throughout the experiment.", "options": {"A": "The total pressure is 1.00 atm.", "B": "The number of moles of Ar in the 2.0-L container is equal to the number of moles of Kr in the 1.0-L container.", "C": "The average speed of the Ar atoms is equal to the average speed of the Kr atoms.", "D": "The partial pressure of Ar is equal to the partial pressure of Kr."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3543, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "The normal boiling point of $\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{Br}_2$ is $97^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ while the normal boiling point of $\\mathrm{CHBr}_3$ is $149^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "question": "Differences in which interactions are most responsible for this difference in boiling points?", "options": {"A": "London dispersion forces", "B": "Dipole-dipole interactions", "C": "Hydrogen bonding", "D": "Carbon-bromine covalent bonding"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3544, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "The volume of a sample of gaseous $\\mathrm{SF}_6$ would increase by more than a factor of two under which of these conditions?", "question": "I. It is heated from $300.0\\mathrm{K}$ to $600.0\\mathrm{K}$ at a pressure of $1.00\\mathrm{atm}$ .\n\nII. The pressure is decreased from $2.00\\mathrm{atm}$ to $1.00\\mathrm{atm}$ at $300\\mathrm{K}$ .", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3545, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "A pure sample of benzene $\\left(\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{H}_6\\right)$ melts sharply at $5.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , while a pure sample of hexafluorobenzene $\\left(\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{F}_6\\right)$ melts sharply at $5.2^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . However, an equimolar mixture of $\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{H}_6$ and $\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{F}_6$ melts sharply at $23.7^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this observation?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{H}_6$ and $\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{F}_6$ are immiscible in the liquid phase.", "B": "$\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{H}_6$ and $\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{F}_6$ form a crystal containing equal amounts of the two substances.", "C": "Fluorocarbons characteristically show negative freezing point depression constants.", "D": "The enthalpy of mixing of $\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{H}_6$ and $\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{F}_6$ is negative."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3546, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "When a helium-filled balloon is immersed in liquid nitrogen, which statements accurately describe the changes as the balloon deflates?", "question": "I. The nitrogen does work on the balloon.\n\nII. The entropy of the nitrogen increases.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3547, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The triple point of bromine is $265.9 \\mathrm{K}$ and $0.058 \\mathrm{bar}$ , and the standard entropy of vaporization of bromine is $89.0 \\mathrm{J} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1} \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ .", "question": "What is the standard enthalpy of vaporization of bromine?", "options": {"A": "$17.4 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$23.7 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$26.5 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$30.0 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3548, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "The isotope actinium-226 undergoes both beta decay, with a half-life of $35.4\\mathrm{d}$ , and electron capture, with a half-life of $173\\mathrm{d}$ .", "question": "What is the overall half-life for the radioactive decay of $^{226}\\mathrm{Ac}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$29.4\\mathrm{d}$", "B": "$78.3\\mathrm{d}$", "C": "$104\\mathrm{d}$", "D": "$208\\mathrm{d}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3549, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the properties of the activation energy of a reaction?", "options": {"A": "It increases in the presence of a catalyst.", "B": "It decreases with increasing temperature.", "C": "It must be larger than the energy change for forming any intermediates in the reaction.", "D": "It must be positive for endothermic reactions and negative for exothermic reactions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3550, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The kinetics of the reaction of crystal violet with excess sodium hydroxide to form colorless products is monitored using a spectrophotometer. A plot of the natural logarithm of the absorbance of green light by the system as a function of time is linear with a negative slope.", "question": "Which conclusions may be drawn from the data? I. The reaction is first-order in crystal violet. II. The reaction is first-order in hydroxide ion. ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3551, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "Carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to give methanol:\n\n$\\mathrm{CO(g) + 2H_2(g)\\rightleftharpoons CH_3OH(g)}$", "question": "A metal container at $400\\mathrm{K}$ is charged with 2.00 bar of an equimolar mixture of CO and $\\mathrm{H}_2$ . A catalyst for the reaction is introduced and the pressure falls to $1.29\\mathrm{bar}$ once equilibrium is achieved. What is $K_{\\mathrm{p}}$ for this reaction at $400\\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "1.32", "B": "6.54", "C": "8.44", "D": "29.1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3552, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A $0.10\\mathrm{M}$ solution of glycolic acid is $3.8\\%$ ionized.", "question": "What is the percent ionization of a $0.50\\mathrm{M}$ solution of glycolic acid?", "options": {"A": "$1.7\\%$", "B": "$3.8\\%$", "C": "$8.5\\%$", "D": "$19.0\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3553, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{BaCrO_4}$ is $1.2\\times 10^{-10}$ .", "question": "What is the minimum volume of $1.5\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{CrO}_4$ that would need to be added to $1.0\\mathrm{L}$ of $1.5\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Ba(NO_3)_2}$ solution to induce precipitation of $\\mathrm{BaCrO_4}$ ?", "options": {"A": "0.53 L", "B": "0.73 L", "C": "1.0 L", "D": "No amount of this $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{CrO}_4$ solution will cause precipitation of $\\mathrm{BaCrO_4}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3554, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "Silver ion forms the complex $\\mathrm{Ag(CN)_2^- }$ with $K_{\\mathrm{f}} = 9.8\\times 10^{21}$ .", "question": "What is the minimum amount of HCN that would need to be added to $1.00\\mathrm{L}$ of a suspension of $0.010\\mathrm{mol}$ $\\mathrm{AgCl}$ in order to dissolve all the solid? The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{AgCl}$ is $1.8\\times 10^{-10}$ and the $K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of HCN is $6.2\\times 10^{-10}$ .", "options": {"A": "0.020 mol", "B": "0.079 mol", "C": "0.26 mol", "D": "1.7 mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3555, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "In which species does the underlined element have the highest oxidation state?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{HPO_4^{2 - }}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{MnO_4^{2 - }}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{HSO_3^-}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NO_3^-}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3557, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which diatomic molecule has the greatest bond dissociation enthalpy?", "options": {"A": "F-F", "B": "Cl-Cl", "C": "Br-Br", "D": "I-I"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3558, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best describes the trend in the amount of energy released on addition of an electron to the gas-phase atoms (electron affinity) of the group 1 and group 2 elements in the same period?", "options": {"A": "More energy is released by the group 1 elements because there is less electron-electron repulsion in the ions.", "B": "More energy is released by the group 1 elements because the added electron enters an $s$ orbital rather than a $p$ orbital.", "C": "More energy is released by the group 2 elements because they have more protons in the nucleus.", "D": "More energy is released by the group 2 elements because addition of an electron to a group 1 element disrupts an unusually stable half-filled $s$ subshell."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3559, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Two atomic orbitals have the same shape and orientation but have a different number of nodes.", "question": "Which statement about the quantum numbers of these orbitals is correct?", "options": {"A": "They have the same value of $l$ but different values of $n$ .", "B": "They have the same value of $l$ but different values of $m_{l}$ .", "C": "They have the same value of $m_{l}$ but different values of $l$ .", "D": "They have the same value of $m_{l}$ but different values of $m_{l}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3560, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "A gas-phase hydrogen atom absorbs a photon of visible light and then emits a photon of ultraviolet light.", "question": "What may be concluded about its initial and its final values of the principal quantum number $n$ ?", "options": {"A": "Initially $n = 1$ and finally $n = 2$", "B": "Initially $n = 2$ and finally $n = 1$", "C": "Initially $n = 2$ and finally $n = 4$", "D": "This scenario is impossible because ultraviolet light is more energetic than visible light."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3561, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has the shortest carbon-nitrogen bond length?", "options": {"A": "HCNO", "B": "HNCO", "C": "$\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{CNO}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{H}_{3}\\mathrm{CNO}_{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3562, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "Which statements about the structure of $\\mathrm{ClF}_{3}$ are correct?", "question": "I. All F-Cl-F angles are equal.\n\nII. All Cl-F bond lengths are equal.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3563, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "How many unpaired electrons are there in a ground-state NF molecule in the gas phase?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3564, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "The ionization energy of a ground-state nitrogen atom is $14.5 \\mathrm{eV}$ , while the ionization energy of a ground-state fluorine atom is $17.4 \\mathrm{eV}$ .", "question": "What is the ionization energy of a ground-state NF molecule?", "options": {"A": "$13.1 \\mathrm{eV}$", "B": "$15.1 \\mathrm{eV}$", "C": "$16.8 \\mathrm{eV}$", "D": "$18.8 \\mathrm{eV}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3565, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Which complex ion absorbs visible light of the longest wavelength?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Co(NH}_{3})_{6}^{3 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Co(CN)_{6}^{3 - }}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CoF}_{6}^{3 - }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Co(NO}_{2})_{6}^{3 - }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3566, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many isomers have the formula $\\mathrm{C_3H_6Cl_2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "5", "C": "6", "D": "7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3567, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound produces a nitrile when treated with sodium cyanide in DMSO?", "options": {"A": "2-Methylbutane", "B": "3-Methyl-1-butanol", "C": "3-Methyl-1-butene", "D": "1-Bromo-3-methylbutane"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3568, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": "The peptide hormone insulin becomes biologically inactive after being treated with a mild reducing agent.", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this observation?", "options": {"A": "The reducing agent cleaves disulfide bonds, which alters the structure of the hormone.", "B": "The reducing agent cleaves peptide (amide) bonds, breaking the hormone into smaller polypeptides.", "C": "The reducing agent modifies the alcohol-containing side chains of some of the amino acids, decreasing the affinity of the hormone for its cellular receptor.", "D": "The reducing agent decreases the overall charge on the hormone, causing it to bind unselectively to cell membranes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3569, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "Potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) trihydrate is prepared by precipitation from aqueous solution according to the following equation:\n\n$$3\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{O}_4(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{FeCl}_3(\\mathrm{aq}) + 3\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l})\\rightarrow\\n\\mathrm{K}_3\\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{O}_4)_3\\cdot 3\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{s}) + 3\\mathrm{KCl}(\\mathrm{aq})$$\n\nA student mixes $10.00\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{O}_4(M = 166.2)$ and $5.00\\mathrm{g}$ $\\mathrm{FeCl}_3(M = 162.2)$ in $20.0\\mathrm{mL}$ water and isolates $5.74\\mathrm{g}$ $\\mathrm{K}_3\\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{O}_4)_3\\cdot 3\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ by filtration.", "question": "What is the percent yield of this reaction?", "options": {"A": "$19.4\\%$", "B": "$37.9\\%$", "C": "$58.3\\%$", "D": "$65.5\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3570, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "Carbon tetrachloride $(\\mathrm{CCl}_4,M = 153.8$ density $= 1.59\\mathrm{g}$ $\\mathrm{mL}^{-1}$ ) and heptane $(\\mathrm{C_7H_{16}},M = 100.2$ density $= 0.68\\mathrm{g}$ $\\mathrm{mL}^{-1}$ ) are miscible liquids.", "question": "Which solution has the highest concentration of $\\mathrm{CCl}_4$ ?", "options": {"A": "$5\\%$ v/v $\\mathrm{CCl}_4$ in heptane", "B": "$5\\%$ w/w $\\mathrm{CCl}_4$ in heptane", "C": "$5\\mathrm{mol}\\% \\mathrm{CCl}_4$ in heptane", "D": "All three solutions have the same concentration of $\\mathrm{CCl}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3571, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A solution of $5.00\\mathrm{g}$ of which substance dissolved in $100.0\\mathrm{g}$ water has the highest boiling point?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{PO}_4$", "B": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{AsO}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SeO}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3572, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A weighed sample of iron ore is dissolved in $10\\mathrm{mL}$ of $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ hydrochloric acid and then titrated with $0.100\\mathrm{M}$ $\\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ to determine the percent iron by mass in the sample.", "question": "Which glassware is the best choice for measuring the hydrochloric acid?", "options": {"A": "$50\\mathrm{mL}$ buret", "B": "$10\\mathrm{mL}$ volumetric pipet", "C": "$10\\mathrm{mL}$ graduated pipet", "D": "$10\\mathrm{mL}$ graduated cylinder"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3573, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A $0.1\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous solution containing which metal ion is least intensely colored?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Cr}^{2 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Mn}^{2 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Co}^{2 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Ni}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3574, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "When equal volumes of a $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ ammonium sulfate solution and a saturated solution of barium hydroxide are mixed, what is observed?", "question": "I. Gas is evolved\nII. A white precipitate forms.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3575, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "A weighed sample of a copper-nickel alloy is dissolved in a known volume of nitric acid.", "question": "Which method is most suitable for determining the mass percent of copper in the alloy?", "options": {"A": "Treatment of an aliquot of the solution with excess iodide, followed by titration of the iodine produced with sodium thiosulfate.", "B": "Measurement of the absorbance of the solution at a wavelength of light at which both $\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }$ and $\\mathrm{Ni}^{2 + }$ absorb, and comparison with the absorbances of known standards of the two ions.", "C": "Addition of excess sodium hydroxide to the solution, isolation of the metal hydroxides by filtration, and measurement of the mass of the precipitate.", "D": "Bubbling hydrogen gas through the solution and measuring the mass of the metal that precipitates from the solution."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3576, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which metal ion forms the least soluble perchlorate salt?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Li}^{+}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Mg}^{2 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{K}^{+}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Ca}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3577, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "A sample of malachite, $\\mathrm{Cu}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3(\\mathrm{OH})_2$ , is heated over a Bunsen burner to form $\\mathrm{CuO}$ . The mass percent copper in the sample is calculated based on the mass before and after heating.", "question": "Which could explain the experimentally determined percent copper being lower than that expected for malachite?", "options": {"A": "The sample is not heated as strongly as recommended in the procedure (not long or hot enough).", "B": "The sample is heated more strongly than recommended in the procedure (too long or too hot).", "C": "Azurite $\\mathrm{(Cu_3(CO_3)_2(OH)_2)}$ is present in the sample.", "D": "Goethite $\\mathrm{(FeO(OH))}$ is present in the sample."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3578, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A bicycle tire is filled with air to a pressure of $72\\mathrm{psi}$ at a temperature of $25.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . If the air temperature inside the tire increases to $55.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , and the volume of the tire increases by $5.0\\%$ ,", "question": "what is the pressure inside the tire?", "options": {"A": "69 psi", "B": "75 psi", "C": "83 psi", "D": "166 psi"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3579, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "Two substances Q and R have the same normal boiling point. Substance Q has a larger enthalpy of vaporization than substance R.", "question": "Which is true about the relative boiling points of the substances at 2.0 atm pressure?", "options": {"A": "The boiling point of Q is lower than the boiling point of R at 2.0 atm.", "B": "The boiling points of Q and R are the same at 2.0 atm.", "C": "The boiling point of Q is higher than the boiling point of R at 2.0 atm.", "D": "The relative boiling points cannot be predicted from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3580, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Nickel crystallizes in a face-centered cubic structure. The edge of a unit cell has a length of $352\\mathrm{pm}$ .", "question": "What is the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent nickel atoms in this lattice?", "options": {"A": "117 pm", "B": "176 pm", "C": "249 pm", "D": "305 pm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3581, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The phase change\n\n$$\\mathrm{X}(s)\\to \\mathrm{X}(l)$$\n\nhas $\\Delta G^\\circ > 0$ at $300\\mathrm{K}$ .", "question": "Which statement about this reaction must be correct?", "options": {"A": "$K_{\\mathrm{eq}}< 1$ at $300\\mathrm{K}$", "B": "$\\Delta S^\\circ< 0$ at $300\\mathrm{K}$", "C": "Liquid X cannot exist at $300\\mathrm{K}$", "D": "The melting point of X is greater than $300\\mathrm{K}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3582, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "For which reaction is $\\Delta H_{r\\mathrm{in}}^\\circ$ closest to $\\Delta G_{r\\mathrm{in}}^\\circ$", "options": {"A": "$2\\mathrm{CO}_{2}(\\mathrm{g})\\to 2\\mathrm{CO}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{O}_{2}(\\mathrm{g})$", "B": "$2\\mathrm{HCl}(\\mathrm{g})\\to \\mathrm{H}_{2}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(\\mathrm{g})$", "C": "$2\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}(l)\\to 2\\mathrm{H}_{2}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{O}_{2}(\\mathrm{g})$", "D": "$2\\mathrm{NaCl}(s)\\to 2\\mathrm{Na}(s) + \\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(\\mathrm{g})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3583, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Silver ion reacts with ammonia to form a complex ion:\n\n$$\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}(aq) + 2\\mathrm{NH}_{3}(aq)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Ag(NH}_{3})_{2}^{+}(aq)$$\n\nIn a certain solution at equilibrium at $298\\mathrm{K}$ , $[\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}] = [\\mathrm{NH}_{3}] = [\\mathrm{Ag(NH}_{3})_{2}^{+}] = C$ .", "question": "What is $\\Delta G_{\\mathrm{rxn}}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ if $[\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}] = [\\mathrm{NH}_{3}] = [\\mathrm{Ag(NH}_{3})_{2}^{+}] = 0.1\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-5.7\\mathrm{kJmol}^{-1}$", "B": "$0\\mathrm{kJmol}^{-1}$", "C": "$5.7\\mathrm{kJmol}^{-1}$", "D": "$11.4\\mathrm{kJmol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3584, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "Hydroxide ion reacts with methyl iodide to give methanol in an irreversible second-order reaction with a rate constant $k = 6.5\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{L}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$\n\n$$\\mathrm{OH}^{-}(aq) + \\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{I}(aq)\\rightarrow \\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{OH}(aq) + \\mathrm{I}^{-}(aq)$$\n$$\\mathrm{Rate} = k[\\mathrm{OH}^{-}][\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{I}]$$", "question": "How long will it take the concentration of $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{I}$ to decrease from $0.010\\mathrm{M}$ to $0.0020\\mathrm{M}$ in a $1.00\\mathrm{M}$ solution of sodium hydroxide?", "options": {"A": "$120\\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$2.5\\times 10^{4}\\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$4.1\\times 10^{6}\\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$6.2\\times 10^{6}\\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3585, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Pure $\\mathrm{PCl}_5$ is placed in a rigid flask so that its pressure at $250^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ is 2.000 bar. The gas slowly decomposes to $\\mathrm{PCl}_3$ and $\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ at this temperature, and the partial pressure of $\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ is eventually 0.814 bar.", "question": "What is the value of $K_{\\mathrm{p}}$ for the reaction?\n\n$$\\mathrm{PCl}_5(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{PCl}_3(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{Cl}_2(\\mathrm{g}) K_{\\mathrm{p}} = ???$$", "options": {"A": "0.559", "B": "0.686", "C": "0.814", "D": "1.78"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3586, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What is the maximum concentration of lead(II) ions at equilibrium in a solution with $\\mathrm{pH} = 10.50$ ? The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{Pb(OH)}_2$ is $1.4 \\times 10^{-15}$ .", "options": {"A": "$7.1 \\times 10^{-6}\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$1.4 \\times 10^{-8}\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$3.5 \\times 10^{-9}\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$4.4 \\times 10^{-12}\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3587, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "The $\\mathrm{p}K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of methylammonium ion, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{NH}_3^+$ , is 10.64.", "question": "What is the percent ionization of a 0.20 M solution of methylamine, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{NH}_2$ ?", "options": {"A": "0.0011%", "B": "0.071%", "C": "1.1%", "D": "4.7%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3588, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the differences between a $0.1\\mathrm{M}$ solution of ammonium bicarbonate, $\\mathrm{NH}_4(\\mathrm{HCO}_3)$ , and a $0.1\\mathrm{M}$ solution of ammonium carbonate, $(\\mathrm{NH}_4)_2\\mathrm{CO}_3$ ?", "options": {"A": "The $\\mathrm{pH}$ of the ammonium bicarbonate solution is lower because bicarbonate is a weaker base than carbonate.", "B": "The $\\mathrm{pH}$ of the ammonium bicarbonate solution is lower because both ammonium ion and bicarbonate ion can act as Bronsted acids.", "C": "The $\\mathrm{pH}$ of the ammonium bicarbonate solution is higher because it has only half the ammonium ion concentration of the ammonium carbonate solution.", "D": "The $\\mathrm{pH}$ of the ammonium bicarbonate solution is higher because it contains only two-thirds as many total ions as the ammonium carbonate solution."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3589, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A mixture of $\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4(\\mathrm{g})$ and $\\mathrm{NO}_2(\\mathrm{g})$ is contained in a vessel whose total volume can change but where the total pressure is maintained at 1.00 atm. The initial temperature is $298\\mathrm{K}$ , and the two gases are in equilibrium.", "question": "Which changes will result in an increase in the number of moles of $\\mathrm{NO}_2$ present at equilibrium?\n\n$$\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{NO}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\qquad \\Delta H^\\circ = 57.6\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$$\n\nI. Adding $\\mathrm{Ne}(\\mathrm{g})$ II. Increasing the temperature to $310\\mathrm{K}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3590, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which species has the largest coefficient when the chemical equation for the disproportionation of white phosphorus in basic solution is balanced?\n\n$$\\frac{\\mathrm{P}_4(\\mathrm{s}) + \\mathrm{OH}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l})}{\\mathrm{PH}_3(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{PO}_4^{3 - }(\\mathrm{aq})}$$", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{P_4(s)}$", "B": "OH (aq)", "C": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l})$", "D": "$\\mathrm{PH}_3(\\mathrm{g})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3591, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which reagent would spontaneously reduce $\\mathrm{Fe}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq})$ to $\\mathrm{Fe(s)}$ under standard conditions?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Ni(s)}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Sn}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq})$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Zn(s)}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3592, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "In a test of the selectivity of an electrocatalyst for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol, electrolysis is carried out with a constant current of 0.370 A for 155 minutes. Afterwards, the cathodic compartment of the cell is analyzed and is found to contain $5.30 \\times 10^{-3}$ mol $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{OH}$ .", "question": "What is the faradaic yield (the percent yield based on the current passed through the cell)?", "options": {"A": "$14.8\\%$", "B": "$29.7\\%$", "C": "$59.4\\%$", "D": "$89.2\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3593, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "One electron in a ground-state gas-phase Ge atom has quantum numbers $(n, l, m_l, m_s)$ of $(4, 1, 1, -1 / 2)$ .", "question": "Which of the following cannot be a valid set of quantum numbers for another electron in this atom?", "options": {"A": "$(3, 2, 1, 1 / 2)$", "B": "$(4, 0, 0, -1 / 2)$", "C": "$(4, 1, 0, 1 / 2)$", "D": "$(4, 1, -1, -1 / 2)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3594, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many nodes does the radial wave function of a 3s orbital have?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3595, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which transition in a gas-phase hydrogen atom would absorb the most energy?", "options": {"A": "$n = 1 \\rightarrow n = 3$", "B": "$n = 2 \\rightarrow n = 4$", "C": "$n = 3 \\rightarrow n = 1$", "D": "$n = 4 \\rightarrow n = 2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3596, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which element has a gas-phase electron affinity closest to that of sulfur (S)?", "options": {"A": "O", "B": "P", "C": "Cl", "D": "Se"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3597, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "The first ionization energy of gallium (Ga, $578.8 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ ) is greater than that of aluminum (Al, $577.5 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ ). Which is the best explanation for this?", "options": {"A": "The $3d$ electrons in gallium imperfectly screen the nuclear charge from the outermost electrons.", "B": "The $4p$ orbitals in gallium have an additional radial node compared to the $3p$ orbitals in aluminum and thus have more electron density very close to the nucleus.", "C": "Gallium has a half-filled subshell, which is unusually stable.", "D": "Because electron energy is proportional to $1 / n^2$ , electrons with higher principal quantum numbers have lower energies and hence are more difficult to ionize."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3598, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "By what mode does the isotope $^{31}\\mathrm{S}$ undergo radioactive decay?", "options": {"A": "Alpha decay", "B": "Beta decay", "C": "Gamma decay", "D": "Positron emission"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3599, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species has the longest carbon-oxygen bond?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{HCO}_2^-$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CO}_3^{2 - }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CO}_2$", "D": "COS"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3600, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has a dipole moment of zero?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{BCI}_3$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NI}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{AsH}_3$", "D": "$\\mathrm{BrF}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3601, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Which is the best description of the structure of the substance whose empirical formula is $\\mathrm{NPF}_{10}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{F}_3\\mathrm{N}-\\mathrm{P}\\mathrm{F}_5$", "B": "$\\mathrm{F}_3\\mathrm{N}-\\mathrm{P}\\mathrm{F}_7$", "C": "$[\\mathrm{NF}_4][\\mathrm{PF}_6]$", "D": "$[\\mathrm{PF}_4][\\mathrm{NF}_6]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3602, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which reagent reacts readily with butanal $\\mathrm{(CH_3CH_2CH_2CHO)}$ , but not with 2-pentanone $\\mathrm{(CH_3CH_2CH_2COCH_3)}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{K_2Cr_2O_7}$ in aqueous $\\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{I}_2$ in aqueous $\\mathrm{NaOH}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CH_3MgBr}$ in $\\mathrm{Et_2O}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NaBH_4}$ in $\\mathrm{CH_3OH}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3603, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the mole fraction of acetic acid $(\\mathrm{CH}_{3}\\mathrm{COOH},M =$ 60.05) in an aqueous solution that is $11.7\\%$ by mass acetic acid?", "options": {"A": "0.00195", "B": "0.0382", "C": "0.0398", "D": "0.195"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3604, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Hydrogen peroxide $(M = 34.02)$ decomposes to give water and oxygen gas. How much $3.00\\%$ by mass aqueous $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$ must decompose to afford $4.00\\mathrm{L}$ of dry $\\mathrm{O}_2$ at STP?", "options": {"A": "$6.08\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$101\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$203\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$405\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3605, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "A diamagnetic compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen is $19.99\\%$ C, $3.35\\%$ H, and $23.31\\%$ N by mass. Which is its molecular formula?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{NO}_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{NO}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_4\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3606, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the chloride ion concentration in a solution prepared by mixing $35.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.35\\mathrm{M}$ sodium chloride and $65.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.65\\mathrm{M}$ calcium chloride?", "options": {"A": "$0.50\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$0.54\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$0.85\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$0.97\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3607, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "$17.0\\mathrm{gBa(NO_3)_2(M = 261.32)}$ is mixed with $11.5\\mathrm{g}$ of an alkali metal sulfate and the precipitated $\\mathrm{BaSO_4}(M =$ 233.37) is collected by filtration, placed in a tared crucible, and the crucible heated to drive off water. The mass of $\\mathrm{BaSO_4}$ obtained is $15.4\\mathrm{g}$ . Which conclusion is best supported by the data?", "options": {"A": "The sulfate salt used was $\\mathrm{Na_2SO_4}(M = 142.05)$", "B": "The sulfate salt used was $\\mathrm{K_2SO_4}(M = 174.27)$", "C": "The $\\mathrm{BaSO_4}$ was not heated long enough to drive off all the water.", "D": "Some of the $\\mathrm{BaSO_4}$ was spilled before it was transferred to the crucible."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3608, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "$10.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.50\\mathrm{M}$ potassium sulfate and $10.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.50\\mathrm{M}$ silver nitrate solutions are mixed and the mixture is allowed to attain equilibrium. Which ordering of the concentrations of the ions in solution is correct?", "options": {"A": "$[\\mathrm{K}^{+}] = [\\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{- }] > [\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}] > [\\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2 - }]$", "B": "$[\\mathrm{K}^{+}] = [\\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{- }] > [\\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2 - }] > [\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}]$", "C": "$[\\mathrm{K}^{+}] > [\\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{- }] > [\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}] > [\\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2 - }]$", "D": "$[\\mathrm{K}^{+}] > [\\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{- }] > [\\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2 - }] > [\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3609, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which substance may be treated with bleach (sodium hypochlorite) to render it less hazardous?", "options": {"A": "Sodium cyanide", "B": "Ammonia", "C": "Hydrochloric acid", "D": "Ozone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3610, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which indicator would be most suitable for a titration to determine the concentration of ammonia in a window cleaning solution using aqueous HCl?", "options": {"A": "Eriochrome Black T", "B": "Ferroin", "C": "Methyl orange", "D": "Phenolphthalein"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3611, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Ethane, $\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{H}_6$ , and diborane, $\\mathrm{B}_2\\mathrm{H}_6$ , do not adopt analogous molecular structures. Which experimental technique would be least useful in establishing this fact?", "options": {"A": "Infrared spectroscopy", "B": "Mass spectrometry", "C": "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", "D": "X-ray crystallography"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3612, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The concentration of a solution of potassium permanganate is determined by titrating it into an Erlenmeyer flask with solid ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate $\\mathrm{(Fe(NH_4)_2(SO_4)_2\\cdot 6H_2O)}$ dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid. Which error would result in a measured concentration of $\\mathrm{KMnO_4}$ that is lower than the actual concentration?", "options": {"A": "The titration was begun before the ferrous ammonium sulfate had fully dissolved in the sulfuric acid.", "B": "The sides of the Erlenmeyer flask were periodically rinsed down with deionized water during the titration.", "C": "Some of the $\\mathrm{Fe(II)}$ ions in the solid ferrous ammonium sulfate had been oxidized to $\\mathrm{Fe(III)}$ on storage.", "D": "The buret was rinsed with distilled water and then filled with $\\mathrm{KMnO_4}$ solution while still wet."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3613, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "A sample of pentane $(\\mathrm{bp} = 36^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C})$ is in a rigid closed container at $50^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm. Which best describes what happens when the container is heated?", "options": {"A": "Liquid pentane vaporizes.", "B": "The intermolecular forces between pentane molecules become stronger.", "C": "The average kinetic energy of the pentane molecules increases.", "D": "The density of the sample decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3614, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A mole of which gas has the smallest volume at $0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure?", "options": {"A": "He", "B": "$\\mathrm{CO_2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SO_2}$", "D": "Xe"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3615, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Cesium chloride $(M = 168.4)$ crystallizes in a primitive cubic unit cell with each cesium ion surrounded by eight chloride ions arranged in a cube. The density of solid $\\mathrm{CsCl}$ is $3.988 \\mathrm{g cm}^{-3}$ . What is the Cs-Cl distance?", "options": {"A": "$206.2\\mathrm{pm}$", "B": "$291.6\\mathrm{pm}$", "C": "$357.1\\mathrm{pm}$", "D": "$412.4\\mathrm{pm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3616, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Steam turbines convert heat energy into mechanical work. Which statement best describes the efficiency of this process?", "options": {"A": "$100\\%$ , because energy is conserved", "B": "Less than $100\\%$ , because the steam decreases in temperature", "C": "Greater than $100\\%$ , because the turbine increases in kinetic energy", "D": "Can be greater than, less than, or equal to $100\\%$ depending on the design of the turbine."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3617, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "In a well-insulated container, $10.0 \\mathrm{g}$ solid octane at its freezing point $(-56.9^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C})$ is added to $300.0 \\mathrm{mL}$ liquid octane at $0.0^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ (density $= 0.71 \\mathrm{g mL}^{-1}$ ). After equilibrium is achieved, the temperature is $-6.3^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . When the experiment is repeated under the same conditions except with $100.0 \\mathrm{g}$ solid octane, what is the final temperature?", "options": {"A": "$-39.7^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$-44.9^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$-51.7^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$-56.9^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3618, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "A reversible reaction occurs as follows: $2\\mathrm{A(g)} + \\mathrm{B(g)}\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{C(g)} + \\mathrm{D(g)}$ Under a certain set of conditions, the rate law for the forward reaction is determined to be Rate $= k_{\\mathrm{f}}[\\mathrm{A}][\\mathrm{B}]$ . Under these conditions, what is the rate law for the reverse reaction?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k_{\\mathrm{f}}[\\mathrm{C}][\\mathrm{D}]$", "B": "Rate $= \\frac{k_{\\mathrm{f}}[\\mathrm{C}][\\mathrm{D}]}{[\\mathrm{A}]}$", "C": "Rate $= \\frac{k_{\\mathrm{f}}[\\mathrm{C}][\\mathrm{D}]}{[\\mathrm{A}]^2[\\mathrm{B}]}$", "D": "It cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3619, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "A compound A reacts by two independent irreversible pathways to give two products, B and C. At $300\\mathrm{K}$ , $35\\%$ of the product is B, while at $320\\mathrm{K}$ , $70\\%$ of the product is B. What may be concluded about the activation energy of the pathway to form B compared to the activation energy of the pathway to form C?", "options": {"A": "The $E_{\\mathrm{a}}$ for the pathway to form B is higher by $28\\mathrm{kJ}$ $\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ .", "B": "The $E_{\\mathrm{a}}$ for the pathway to form B is higher by $59\\mathrm{kJ}$ $\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ .", "C": "The $E_{\\mathrm{a}}$ for the pathway to form B is lower by $28\\mathrm{kJ}$ $\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ .", "D": "The $E_{\\mathrm{a}}$ for the pathway to form B is lower by $59\\mathrm{kJ}$ $\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3620, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "A sample of $0.320\\mathrm{mol}$ of a weak monoprotic acid in 1.00 L of solution is $10.2\\%$ ionized. What is $K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ for this acid?", "options": {"A": "$3.3\\times 10^{-3}$", "B": "$3.7\\times 10^{-3}$", "C": "$3.2\\times 10^{-2}$", "D": "$1.1\\times 10^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3621, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Typically, the molar solubility $x$ of an ionic compound in pure water and its $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ are related by a simple formula. Which formula is not expected for $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ for an ionic compound?", "options": {"A": "$K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 4x^{3}$", "B": "$K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 4x^{4}$", "C": "$K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 27x^{4}$", "D": "$K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 81x^{5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3622, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Equal volumes of $0.1\\mathrm{M}$ solutions of $\\mathrm{NaH_2PO_4}$ and $\\mathrm{Na_3PO_4}$ are mixed. What is the $\\mathrm{pH}$ of the resulting solution? For $\\mathrm{H_3PO_4}$ , $\\mathrm{pK_{a1}} = 2.12$ , $\\mathrm{pK_{a2}} = 7.21$ , $\\mathrm{pK_{a3}} = 12.32$ .", "options": {"A": "4.66", "B": "6.66", "C": "7.21", "D": "9.76"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3623, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "5.00 g of nitrogen dioxide is introduced into an evacuated, rigid 1.00 L container. It is allowed to equilibrate according to the reaction below at $310\\mathrm{K}$ , and the total pressure in the vessel is 1.71 bar. What is $K_{\\mathrm{p}}$ for the reaction at $310\\mathrm{K}$ ? $\\mathrm{N_2O_4(g)}\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{NO_2(g)}$", "options": {"A": "0.35", "B": "0.57", "C": "2.28", "D": "2.92"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3624, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "A mixture containing $\\mathrm{CO(g)}$ , $\\mathrm{H_2O(g)}$ , $\\mathrm{CO_2(g)}$ , and $\\mathrm{H_2(g)}$ is allowed to reach equilibrium at $120^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ in a container that maintains a constant total pressure of 1.0 bar. $\\mathrm{CO(g)} + \\mathrm{H_2O(g)}\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{CO_2(g)} + \\mathrm{H_2(g)}$ 5.0 g of $\\mathrm{H_2O}$ is added to this container, which is allowed to reattain equilibrium (still at $120^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and 1 bar total pressure). How does the partial pressure of $\\mathrm{H_2(g)}$ change as a result of the addition of $\\mathrm{H_2O}$ ?", "options": {"A": "The partial pressure of $\\mathrm{H_2(g)}$ increases.", "B": "The partial pressure of $\\mathrm{H_2(g)}$ decreases.", "C": "The partial pressure of $\\mathrm{H_2(g)}$ does not change.", "D": "The effect on the partial pressure of $\\mathrm{H_2(g)}$ cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3625, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "0.01 mol of $\\mathrm{AgNO_3}$ is dissolved in 1.00 L of 1.00 M aqueous $\\mathrm{NH_3}$ . What is the minimum amount of HCl that would need to be added to this solution to induce precipitation of $\\mathrm{AgCl}$ ? The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{AgCl}$ is $1.8\\times 10^{-10}$ ; the $K_{\\mathrm{f}}$ of $\\mathrm{Ag(NH_3)_2^+}$ is $1.6\\times 10^{-7}$ ; and the $K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of $\\mathrm{NH_4^+}$ is $5.6\\times 10^{-10}$ .", "options": {"A": "$1.8\\times 10^{-8}\\mathrm{mol}$", "B": "$1.3\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{mol}$", "C": "0.18 mol", "D": "0.28 mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3626, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "In which compound does the oxidation number of oxygen differ from $-2$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NaBO_3}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NaNO_3}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{K_3PO_4}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{K_2Cr_2O_7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3627, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "Copper metal reacts with nitric acid to form $\\mathrm{NO(g)}$ as shown in the unbalanced reaction shown below. When the reaction is balanced using lowest whole number coefficients, what is the coefficient of $\\mathrm{H}^+$ (aq)? $\\frac{\\mathrm{Cu(s)} + \\mathrm{H}^+(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{NO_3^-(\\mathrm{aq})}\\rightarrow}{\\mathrm{Cu^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{NO(g)} + \\mathrm{H_2O(l)}}}$", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3628, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "In the Hall-Héroult process for producing aluminum, aluminum is electrolytically reduced from \\(\\mathrm{Al_2O_3}\\) dissolved in molten cryolite, \\(\\mathrm{Na_3AlF_6}\\), while a graphite anode is oxidized to \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\). What is the ratio of the mass of \\(\\mathrm{Al}\\) deposited on the cathode to the mass of \\(\\mathrm{C}\\) lost from the anode?", "options": {"A": "1.50:1", "B": "2.25:1", "C": "3.00:1", "D": "3.36:1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3629, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "A molecule absorbs a photon of light to form an excited state. How do the redox properties of the excited state compare to those of the ground state?", "options": {"A": "The excited state is both a stronger oxidizing agent and a stronger reducing agent than the ground state.", "B": "The excited state is both a weaker oxidizing agent and a weaker reducing agent than the ground state.", "C": "The excited state is a stronger oxidizing agent but a weaker reducing agent than the ground state.", "D": "The excited state is a weaker oxidizing agent but a stronger reducing agent than the ground state."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3630, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "For which gas-phase atoms is addition of an electron endothermic? I. Li II. N", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3631, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which atom has the lowest first ionization energy?", "options": {"A": "Be", "B": "B", "C": "Mg", "D": "Al"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3632, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many electrons in a ground-state gas-phase atom of arsenic (As) have a quantum number $m_{l} = 1$ ?", "options": {"A": "5", "B": "7", "C": "15", "D": "18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3633, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which orbital has the same number of radial nodes as a $3s$ orbital?", "options": {"A": "$3p$", "B": "$4s$", "C": "$4f$", "D": "$5d$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3634, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which lanthanide has a common oxidation number different from $+3$ ?", "options": {"A": "Ce", "B": "Gd", "C": "Er", "D": "Lu"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3635, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which radioisotope decays by beta $(\\beta^{-})$ emission?", "options": {"A": "$^{20}\\mathrm{Na}$", "B": "$^{55}\\mathrm{V}$", "C": "$^{54}\\mathrm{Co}$", "D": "$^{62}\\mathrm{Cu}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3636, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which statements about carbon-oxygen bond lengths are correct? I. The carbon-oxygen bond in carbon dioxide, $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ is shorter than the carbon-oxygen bond in carbonyl sulfide, COS. II. The carbon-oxygen bond in phosgene, $\\mathrm{COCl_2}$ is shorter than the carbon-oxygen bond in urea, $\\mathrm{CO(NH_2)_2}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3637, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes the relative Lewis acidity of $\\mathrm{BF_3}$ and $\\mathrm{BCl_3}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{BF_3}$ is a weaker Lewis acid than $\\mathrm{BCl_3}$ because F is more electronegative than Cl.", "B": "$\\mathrm{BF_3}$ is a weaker Lewis acid than $\\mathrm{BCl_3}$ because F is a better $\\pi$ donor than Cl.", "C": "$\\mathrm{BF_3}$ is a stronger Lewis acid than $\\mathrm{BCl_3}$ because F is more electronegative than Cl.", "D": "$\\mathrm{BF_3}$ is a stronger Lewis acid than $\\mathrm{BCl_3}$ because F is a better $\\pi$ donor than Cl."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3638, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which comparisons of bond angles are correct? I. The bond angle in $\\mathrm{NH}_3$ is greater than the bond angle in $\\mathrm{NF}_3$ II. The bond angle in $\\mathrm{NH}_3$ is greater than the bond angle in PH3.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3639, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The gas-phase molecules $\\mathrm{B}_2$ and $\\mathrm{O}_2$ are both paramagnetic. Which statement about the relative energies of their molecular orbitals explains these observations? I. The $\\sigma_{2p}$ MO is higher in energy than the $\\pi_{2p}$ MO's. II. The $\\sigma^*_{2p}$ MO is higher in energy than the $\\pi^*_{2p}$ MO's.", "options": {"A": "I for $\\mathrm{B}_2$ , II for $\\mathrm{O}_2$", "B": "I for $\\mathrm{O}_2$ , II for $\\mathrm{B}_2$", "C": "I for both $\\mathrm{B}_2$ and $\\mathrm{O}_2$", "D": "II for both $\\mathrm{B}_2$ and $\\mathrm{O}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3640, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many stereoisomers are there of the octahedral coordination complex $\\mathrm{Co(NH_2CH_2CO_2)_2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3641, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "How many tertiary alcohols have the formula $\\mathrm{C}_5\\mathrm{H}_{13}\\mathrm{O}$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3642, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Which best describes the outcome of extracting a dilute solution of benzoic acid in diethyl ether with $5\\%$ aqueous $\\mathrm{NaHCO_3}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Benzoic acid is present in the bottom layer.", "B": "Benzoate ion is present in the bottom layer.", "C": "Benzoic acid is present in the top layer.", "D": "Benzoate ion is present in the top layer."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3643, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Which statements describe significant differences between RNA and DNA? I. The bases used in RNA include three purines and one pyrimidine, while those in DNA include two purines and two pyrimidines. II. Hydrolysis of RNA frequently involves cyclic phosphate intermediates, while hydrolysis of DNA never does.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3644, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Adipic acid, $\\mathrm{C_6H_{10}O_4}$ ( $M = 146.15$ ), is prepared by the partial oxidation of cyclohexane, $\\mathrm{C_6H_{12}}$ ( $M = 84.16$ ), according to the following balanced reaction: $2\\mathrm{C_6H_{12}(l)} + 5\\mathrm{O_2(g)}\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{C_6H_{10}O_4(s)} + 2\\mathrm{H_2O(l)}$", "question": "A sample of $25.0\\mathrm{g}$ cyclohexane reacts with excess oxygen to give $33.5\\mathrm{g}$ of adipic acid. What is the yield of the reaction?", "options": {"A": "$38.6\\%$", "B": "$39.9\\%$", "C": "$48.9\\%$", "D": "$77.2\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3645, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "When a $1.000\\mathrm{g}$ sample of $\\mathrm{CoCO_3}$ is heated under vacuum, it forms $0.630\\mathrm{g}$ of an oxide of cobalt. When this sample is exposed to air, it forms a second oxide of cobalt, and attains a mass of $0.675\\mathrm{g}$ .", "question": "What are the formulas of the first and second oxide of cobalt, respectively?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CoO,Co_2O_3}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CoO,Co_3O_4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Co_2O_3,Co_3O_4}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Co_3O_4,Co_2O_3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3646, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "A white, crystalline solid contains only the elements C, H, N, and O.", "question": "Complete combustion of a $1.000\\mathrm{g}$ sample gives $1.831\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{CO}_2$ ( $M = 44.01$ ) and $0.750\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ ( $M = 18.02$ ). What is its molecular formula?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{C_3H_6NO}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C_4H_{10}N_2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C_6H_{12}N_2O_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C_8H_8N_2O_4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3647, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "$10.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.100\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{CaCl}_2$ is mixed with $10.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.050\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{AgNO}_3$ . What is the concentration of chloride ion in the final solution?", "options": {"A": "$0.025\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$0.075\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$0.100\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$0.200\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3648, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "A metal sulfate decahydrate contains $31.48\\%$ water by mass.", "question": "What is the metal?", "options": {"A": "Na", "B": "Cr", "C": "Rh", "D": "Au"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3649, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A white solid is either sodium carbonate or sodium sulfate.", "question": "Which procedure will best distinguish between the two?", "options": {"A": "Adding $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ hydrochloric acid to the two solids", "B": "Adding $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ barium nitrate to solutions made from the two solids", "C": "Adding $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ potassium bromide to solutions made from the two solids", "D": "Measuring the conductivity of solutions made from the two solids"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3650, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A colorimeter contains four LEDs.", "question": "Which one would give the best results in determining the concentration of a substance that forms a blue solution?", "options": {"A": "Violet $(430\\mathrm{nm})$", "B": "Blue $(470\\mathrm{nm})$", "C": "Green $(565\\mathrm{nm})$", "D": "Red $(635\\mathrm{nm})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3651, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A student wishes to determine the number of colored dyes present in the ink of a black felt-tip marker.", "question": "Which technique would be most suitable?", "options": {"A": "Paper chromatography", "B": "Gas chromatography", "C": "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", "D": "Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3652, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A solution of a metal chloride gives a red flame test.", "question": "Which metal is it?", "options": {"A": "Na", "B": "K", "C": "Cu", "D": "Sr"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3653, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Exposure of an aqueous solution of which ion to oxygen gas will cause a color change?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Cr}^{2 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Cr}_2\\mathrm{O}_7^{2 - }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Fe(C_2O_4)_3}^{3 - }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Fe(CN)_6}^{3 - }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3654, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "A student determines the rate constant for the reaction of iodide with hydrogen peroxide in strongly acidic solution (Rate $= k[\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2][\\mathrm{H}^+ ]$ ) by mixing $1.00\\mathrm{mL}$ aliquots of solutions of known concentrations of potassium iodide, ascorbic acid, and hydrochloric acid with four drops of starch solution, then adding $1.00\\mathrm{mL}$ of hydrogen peroxide solution and recording the time required for the solution to turn blue. A student uses half the stipulated amount of one of the solutions but does not realize it.", "question": "Undersoding of which solutions will cause the value of the rate constant to be too high? I. Hydrochloric acid II. Ascorbic acid ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3655, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "$8.82\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{Br}_2$ is placed in an evacuated $1.00\\mathrm{L}$ flask and heated to $58.8^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , the normal boiling point of bromine.", "question": "How much liquid bromine remains at equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "$0.00\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$2.95\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$3.63\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$5.87\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3656, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "The normal boiling point of dichloromethane $(\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2)$ is $40^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , while the normal boiling point of chloroform $(\\mathrm{CHCl}_3)$ is $61^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "question": "An increase in which type of intermolecular forces is most responsible for this increase in boiling point?", "options": {"A": "London dispersion forces", "B": "Dipole-dipole interactions", "C": "Ion-dipole interactions", "D": "Hydrogen bonding"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3657, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which has the highest melting point?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CaO}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Cu}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{GeO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3658, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which quantities are independent of the path taken, given the same initial and final state? 1. The work done by the reaction of a mole of gaseous propane with excess gaseous oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor at a constant pressure of 1.0 atm II. The heat absorbed by the expansion of a mole of carbon dioxide from a pressure of 4.0 atm to a pressure of 1.0 atm ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3659, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "A sample of $10.0 \\mathrm{g}$ ammonium nitrate $(M = 80.1)$ is added to $100.0 \\mathrm{g}$ water in a well-insulated container. The solid and liquid are both initially at $22.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , and the temperature of the solution after the ammonium nitrate has dissolved is $15.1^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "question": "What is the enthalpy of solution of ammonium nitrate? You may assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as that of pure water, $4.184 \\mathrm{J} \\mathrm{g}^{-1} \\mathrm{K}^{-1}$ . $\\mathrm{NH}_4\\mathrm{NO}_3(s) \\rightarrow \\mathrm{NH}_4^+ (aq) + \\mathrm{NO}_3^- (aq) \\quad \\Delta H_{\\mathrm{soln}}^\\circ = ???$", "options": {"A": "$-3.2 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$3.2 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$5.5 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$25 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3660, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "A solution of allylamine, $\\mathrm {C}_{2}\\mathrm {H}_{5}\\mathrm {NH}_{2}$ , is $3.61\\%$ ionized and has a $\\mathrm {pH}=11.12$ .", "question": "What is the $\\mathrm {p}K_{\\mathrm {b}}$ of the allylammonium ion, $\\mathrm {C}_{2}\\mathrm {H}_{5}\\mathrm {NH}_{3}^{+}$ ?", "options": {"A": "3.77", "B": "9.69", "C": "10.23", "D": "12.56"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3661, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "At a certain temperature, the reaction below has $K_{\\mathrm{p}} =$ 3.75. Initially, all four gases are in a rigid container, each with a partial pressure of 0.60 bar.", "question": "What will the partial pressure of $\\mathrm{SO_2(g)}$ be once the system achieves equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "0.19 bar", "B": "0.25 bar", "C": "0.35 bar", "D": "0.41 bar"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3662, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Cadmium iodate, $\\mathrm{Cd(IO_3)_2}$ , has $K_{\\mathrm{sp}} = 2.5 \\times 10^{-8}$ . Iodide ion forms a complex ion $\\mathrm{CdI_4^{2 - }}$ with $K_{\\mathrm{f}} = 1.3 \\times 10^{6}$ .", "question": "What is the minimum amount of iodide ion that would need to be added to dissolve $0.100\\mathrm{molCd(IO_3)_2}$ in $1.00\\mathrm{L}$ of solution?", "options": {"A": "0.40 mol", "B": "0.59 mol", "C": "0.62 mol", "D": "0.99 mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3663, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What is the average oxidation state of molybdenum in the phosphomolybdate ion $\\mathrm{PMo_{12}O_{40}}^{3 - }$ ?", "options": {"A": "$+6.00$", "B": "$+6.17$", "C": "$+6.42$", "D": "$+6.50$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3664, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A $1.000\\mathrm{g}$ sample of a gold compound is electrolyzed exhaustively to deposit all the gold present on the cathode. This requires $4700\\mathrm{s}$ of electrolysis with a constant current of $0.130\\mathrm{A}$ .", "question": "What is the compound?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{LiAuCl_2}(M = 274.8)$", "B": "$\\mathrm{LiAuCl_4}(M = 345.7)$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CsAuCl_2}(M = 400.8)$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CsAuCl_4}(M = 471.7)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3665, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which factors contribute to inefficiencies in silicon-based photovoltaic devices in harvesting the energy of light from the sun? I. Photons with energies less than the band gap of silicon are not absorbed by the device. II. Energy is lost as heat when photons with energies greater than the band gap of silicon are absorbed by the device.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3666, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "In a ground-state gas-phase Sb atom,", "question": "how many electrons have the quantum numbers $n = 5$ , $l = 1$ , and $m_l = 0$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3667, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Two atomic orbitals have the same number of radial nodes and the same magnetic quantum number $m_l$ .", "question": "Which other quantum numbers must these orbitals have in common?I. The principal quantum number \\(n\\) II. The angular momentum quantum number \\(l\\) ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3668, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "The $p$ block elements in the third row of the periodic table (Al-Cl) release more energy when an electron is added to the gas phase atoms than do their lighter congeners (B-F).", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this phenomenon?", "options": {"A": "The heavier elements have more protons in their nuclei and have a greater electrostatic attraction to the electrons.", "B": "The heavier elements have more neutrons in their nuclei and have a greater gravitational attraction to the electrons.", "C": "The $3p$ orbitals are larger and have less electron-electron repulsion.", "D": "The $3p$ orbitals have more nodes and accept electrons at lower energy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3669, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which elements are closest in electronegativity?", "options": {"A": "C and Al", "B": "O and Cl", "C": "N and P", "D": "P and As"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3670, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "By what mode does $^{212}\\mathrm{Po}$ undergo radioactive decay?", "options": {"A": "$\\alpha$ decay", "B": "$\\beta^{-}$ decay", "C": "Positron emission", "D": "Spontaneous fission"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3671, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species has a square planar geometry?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{BH_4}^-$", "B": "$\\mathrm{SF_4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{ZnCl_4}^{2 - }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{AuCl_4}^-$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3672, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which isomer of $\\mathrm{CNO}^-$ is most stable?", "options": {"A": "Linear $\\mathrm{CNO}^-$", "B": "Linear $\\mathrm{NCO}^-$", "C": "Linear $\\mathrm{CON}^-$", "D": "Cyclic $\\mathrm{CNO}^-$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3673, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many stereoisomers of octahedral $\\mathrm{Co(en)_2Cl_2}^+$ are possible (en = ethylenediamine, $\\mathrm{H_2NCH_2CH_2NH_2}$ )?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3674, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement most accurately describes the bonding in the acetyl cation, $\\mathrm{CH_3CO^+}?$", "options": {"A": "The species has five $\\sigma$ bonds and two $\\pi$ bonds.", "B": "The carbon-oxygen bond has a bond order of 2.", "C": "The carbon bonded to oxygen has a bent geometry.", "D": "The most significant resonance structure has a formal positive charge on carbon."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3675, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Which statements about the gas-phase molecule NF are correct?", "question": "I. It has two unpaired electrons in its lowest-energy state. II. It has a smaller ionization energy than atomic N.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3676, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many stable isomers of $\\mathrm{C_4H_8}$ are there?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "5", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3677, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "An unknown alcohol is thought to be either 2-pentanol or 3-pentanol.", "question": "Which instrumental method would most effectively distinguish between these two possibilities?", "options": {"A": "Mass spectrometry", "B": "Infrared spectroscopy", "C": "Ultraviolet spectroscopy", "D": "$^{13}\\mathrm{C}$ NMR spectroscopy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3678, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The line graph shows the percent of cars for sale (Y-axis, 0% to 15%) versus Model year (X-axis, 2010 to 2019). The percent of cars for sale is approximately 12% for 2010-2011, drops to 10% in 2012, drops to 8% in 2013, drops to 4% in 2014, rises to 9% in 2015, remains around 10% for 2016-2017, and rises to 11% in 2018 and 2019.", "question": "For what model year is the percent of cars for sale the smallest?", "options": {"A": "2012", "B": "2013", "C": "2014", "D": "2015"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3679, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The total cost, in dollars, to rent a surfboard consists of a \\$25 service fee and a \\$10 per hour rental fee. A person rents a surfboard for $t$ hours and intends to spend a maximum of \\$75 to rent the surfboard.", "question": "Which inequality represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "$10t \\le 75$", "B": "$10 + 25t \\le 75$", "C": "$25t \\le 75$", "D": "$25 + 10t \\le 75$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3680, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$s = 40 + 3t$", "question": "The equation gives the speed $s$, in miles per hour, of a certain car $t$ seconds after it began to accelerate. What is the speed, in miles per hour, of the car 5 seconds after it began to accelerate?", "options": {"A": "40", "B": "43", "C": "45", "D": "55"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3687, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $h$ is defined by $h(x) = 4x + 28$. The graph of $y = h(x)$ in the $xy$-plane has an $x$-intercept at $(a, 0)$ and a $y$-intercept at $(0, b)$, where $a$ and $b$ are constants.", "question": "What is the value of $a + b$?", "options": {"A": "21", "B": "28", "C": "32", "D": "35"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3688, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The floor of a ballroom has an area of 600 square meters. An architect creates a scale model of the floor of the ballroom, where the length of each side of the model is $\\frac{1}{10}$ times the length of the corresponding side of the actual floor of the ballroom.", "question": "What is the area, in square meters, of the scale model?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "10", "C": "60", "D": "150"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3699, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Each side of equilateral triangle S is multiplied by a scale factor of $k$ to create equilateral triangle T. The length of each side of triangle T is greater than the length of each side of triangle S.", "question": "Which of the following could be the value of $k$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{29}{28}$", "B": "$1$", "C": "$\\frac{28}{29}$", "D": "$0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3700, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$66x = 66x$", "question": "How many solutions does the given equation have?", "options": {"A": "Exactly one", "B": "Exactly two", "C": "Infinitely many", "D": "Zero"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3701, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "In right triangle $RST$, the sum of the measures of angle $R$ and angle $S$ is 90 degrees. The value of $\\sin(R)$ is $\\frac{\\sqrt{15}}{4}$.", "question": "What is the value of $\\cos(S)$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{15}}{15}$", "B": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{15}}{4}$", "C": "$\\frac{4\\sqrt{15}}{15}$", "D": "$\\sqrt{15}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3702, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to\n$$\\frac{8x(x-7) - 3(x-7)}{2x-14}, \\text{ where } x > 7?$$", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{x-7}{5}$", "B": "$\\frac{8x-3}{2}$", "C": "$\\frac{8x^2 - 3x - 14}{2x - 14}$", "D": "$\\frac{8x^2 - 3x - 77}{2x - 14}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3703, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f$ is defined by $f(x) = (-8)(2)^x + 22$.", "question": "What is the $y$-intercept of the graph of $y = f(x)$ in the $xy$-plane?", "options": {"A": "$(0, 14)$", "B": "$(0, 2)$", "C": "$(0, 22)$", "D": "$(0, -8)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3704, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Keenan made 32 cups of vegetable broth. Keenan then filled $x$ small jars and $y$ large jars with all the vegetable broth he made. The equation $3x + 5y = 32$ represents this situation.", "question": "Which is the best interpretation of $5y$ in this context?", "options": {"A": "The number of large jars Keenan filled", "B": "The number of small jars Keenan filled", "C": "The total number of cups of vegetable broth in the large jars", "D": "The total number of cups of vegetable broth in the small jars"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3705, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$|-5x + 13| = 73$", "question": "What is the sum of the solutions to the given equation?", "options": {"A": "$-\\frac{146}{5}$", "B": "$-12$", "C": "$0$", "D": "$\\frac{26}{5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3706, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For the exponential function $f$, the value of $f(1)$ is $k$, where $k$ is a constant.", "question": "Which of the following equivalent forms of the function $f$ shows the value of $k$ as the coefficient or the base?", "options": {"A": "$f(x) = 50(1.6)^{x+1}$", "B": "$f(x) = 80(1.6)^x$", "C": "$f(x) = 128(1.6)^{x-1}$", "D": "$f(x) = 204.8(1.6)^{x-2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3707, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$-9x^2 + 30x + c = 0$", "question": "In the given equation, $c$ is a constant. The equation has exactly one solution. What is the value of $c$?", "options": {"A": "$3$", "B": "$0$", "C": "$-25$", "D": "$-53$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3708, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions has a factor of $x + 2b$, where $b$ is a positive integer constant?", "options": {"A": "$3x^2 + 7x + 14b$", "B": "$3x^2 + 28x + 14b$", "C": "$3x^2 + 42x + 14b$", "D": "$3x^2 + 49x + 14b$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3709, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The equation 4x + 1 = 33 is given.", "question": "Which equation has the same solution as the given equation?", "options": {"A": "4x = 32", "B": "4x = 5", "C": "4x = 1", "D": "4x = -32"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3710, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For the linear function f, the graph of y = f(x) in the xy-plane has a slope of 7 and passes through the point (0, 5).", "question": "Which equation defines f?", "options": {"A": "f(x) = 5x", "B": "f(x) = 35x", "C": "f(x) = 7x + 5", "D": "f(x) = 12x + 5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3711, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The equation 8x^2 - 40 = 32 is given.", "question": "What is the positive solution to the given equation?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "9", "D": "725"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3712, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "In a chess tournament, each participant earns 1 point for each game the participant plays that ends in a draw and 3 points for each game the participant wins. A certain participant in this tournament has earned 41 points.", "question": "Which equation represents this situation, where d represents the number of games this participant has played that ended in a draw and w represents the number of games this participant has won?", "options": {"A": "d + 3w = 41", "B": "3d + w = 41", "C": "d + Frac{w}{3} = 41", "D": "Frac{d}{3} + w = 41"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3713, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function g is defined by g(x) = sqrt(x) + 300.", "question": "What is the value of g(x) when x = 81?", "options": {"A": "9", "B": "300", "C": "309", "D": "381"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3714, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A cable provider wanted to know how many of its 30,000 customers would be interested in a new service plan. The provider selected 300 customers at random and asked each customer whether the customer would be interested in the new plan. Of those surveyed, 8 said they would be interested.", "question": "Which of the following is the best estimate of the total number of customers who would be interested in the new service plan?", "options": {"A": "8", "B": "80", "C": "800", "D": "8,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3715, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The expression 64t^2s^3 - 56t^3s is given.", "question": "Which expression is equivalent to the given expression?", "options": {"A": "4ts(16s^2 - 14ts)", "B": "4ts(16t^2s^2 - 14t)", "C": "4t^2s(16ts - 14s)", "D": "4t^2s(16s^2 - 14t)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3716, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The system of equations x + 5 = 14 and y = 4x^2 + 4 is given.", "question": "At what point (x, y) do the graphs of the equations in the given system intersect?", "options": {"A": "(9, 324)", "B": "(9, 328)", "C": "(14, 4)", "D": "(14, 788)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3717, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which quadratic equation has exactly one distinct real solution?", "options": {"A": "(x + 15)^2 = 0", "B": "(x + 15)^2 = -45", "C": "(x + 15)^2 = 45", "D": "(x + 15)^2 = 135"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3718, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The cost to rent a bus from Company X is $950 for the first 3 hours and an additional $50 per hour for each hour after the first 3 hours. If the total cost to rent the bus from Company X for t hours, where t > 3, is $1,150,", "question": "which equation represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "950(t - 3) + 50t = 1,150", "B": "950(3t) + 50t = 1,150", "C": "950 + 50(t - 3) = 1,150", "D": "950 + 50(3t) = 1,150"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3719, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to 6x + 5x + 4y?", "options": {"A": "15x", "B": "15y", "C": "11x + 4y", "D": "30x + 4y"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3720, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What percentage of 300 is 75?", "options": {"A": "25%", "B": "50%", "C": "75%", "D": "225%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3721, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$frac{x^2}{25} = 36$$", "question": "What is a solution to the given equation?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "30", "C": "450", "D": "900"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3722, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "3 more than 8 times a number $x$ is equal to 83.", "question": "Which equation represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "(3)(8)x = 83", "B": "8x = 83 + 3", "C": "3x + 8 = 83", "D": "8x + 3 = 83"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3723, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$2.5b + 5r = 80$$ The given equation describes the relationship between the number of birds, b, and the number of reptiles, r, that can be cared for at a pet care business on a given day.", "question": "If the business cares for 16 reptiles on a given day, how many birds can it care for on this day?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "5", "C": "40", "D": "80"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3724, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Line t in the xy-plane has a slope of -1/3 and passes through the point (9, 10).", "question": "Which equation defines line t?", "options": {"A": "y = 13x - 1/3", "B": "y = 9x + 10", "C": "y = -x/3 + 10", "D": "y = -x/3 + 13"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3725, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function f(x) = 206(1.034)^x models the value, in dollars, of a certain bank account by the end of each year from 1957 through 1972, where x is the number of years after 1957.", "question": "Which of the following is the best interpretation of “\\(f(5)\\) is approximately equal to \\(243\\)” in this context?", "options": {"A": "The value of the bank account is estimated to be approximately 5 dollars greater in 1962 than in 1957.", "B": "The value of the bank account is estimated to be approximately 243 dollars in 1962.", "C": "The value, in dollars, of the bank account is estimated to be approximately 5 times greater in 1962 than in 1957.", "D": "The value of the bank account is estimated to increase by approximately 243 dollars every 5 years between 1957 and 1972."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3726, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For a certain rectangular region, the ratio of its length to its width is 35 to 10. If the width of the rectangular region increases by 7 units, how must the length change to maintain this ratio?", "question": "How must the length change to maintain this ratio?", "options": {"A": "It must decrease by 24.5 units.", "B": "It must increase by 24.5 units.", "C": "It must decrease by 7 units.", "D": "It must increase by 7 units."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3727, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Square P has a side length of x inches. Square Q has a perimeter that is 176 inches greater than the perimeter of square P. The function f gives the area of square Q, in square inches.", "question": "Which of the following defines f?", "options": {"A": "f(x) = (x + 44)^2", "B": "f(x) = (x + 176)^2", "C": "f(x) = (176x + 44)^2", "D": "f(x) = (176x + 176)^2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3728, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$\\frac{14x}{7y} = 2\\sqrt{w+19}$$ The given equation relates the distinct positive real numbers $w$ , $x$ , and $y$ .", "question": "Which equation correctly expresses w in terms of x and y?", "options": {"A": "w = sqrt(x/y) - 19", "B": "w = sqrt(28x/14y) - 19", "C": "w = (x/y)^2 - 19", "D": "w = (28x/14y)^2 - 19"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3729, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A right triangle has sides of length \\(2\\sqrt{2}\\), \\(6\\sqrt{2}\\), and \\(\\sqrt{80}\\) units.", "question": "What is the area of the triangle, in square units?", "options": {"A": "\\(8\\sqrt{2} + \\sqrt{80}\\)", "B": "\\(12\\)", "C": "\\(24\\sqrt{80}\\)", "D": "\\(24\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3730, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The expression 4x^2 + bx - 45, where b is a constant, can be rewritten as (hx + k)(x + j), where h, k, and j are integer constants.", "question": "Which of the following must be an integer?", "options": {"A": "b/h", "B": "b/k", "C": "45/h", "D": "45/k"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3731, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "An isosceles right triangle has a hypotenuse of length 58 inches.", "question": "What is the perimeter, in inches, of this triangle?", "options": {"A": "\\(29\\sqrt{2}\\)", "B": "\\(58\\sqrt{2}\\)", "C": "\\(58 + 58\\sqrt{2}\\)", "D": "\\(58 + 116\\sqrt{2}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3732, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "In the xy-plane, a parabola has vertex (9, -14) and intersects the x-axis at two points.", "question": "Which of the following could be the value of a + b + c?", "options": {"A": "-23", "B": "-19", "C": "-14", "D": "-12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3733, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A fish swam a distance of 5,104 yards. How far did the fish swim, in miles? (1 mile = 1,760 yards)", "options": {"A": "0.3", "B": "2.9", "C": "3,344", "D": "6,864"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3734, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to 12x^3 - 5x^3?", "options": {"A": "7x^6", "B": "17x^3", "C": "7x^3", "D": "17x^6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3735, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$x + y = 18$$ $$5y = x$$", "question": "What is the solution (x, y) to the given system of equations?", "options": {"A": "(15, 3)", "B": "(16, 2)", "C": "(17, 1)", "D": "(18, 0)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3736, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The point (8, 2) in the xy-plane is a solution to which of the following systems of inequalities?", "options": {"A": "x > 0\ny > 0", "B": "x > 0\ny < 0", "C": "x < 0\ny > 0", "D": "x < 0\ny < 0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3737, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function f is defined by f(x) = 270(0.1)^x.", "question": "What is the value of f(0)?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "27", "D": "270"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3738, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A moving truck can tow a trailer if the combined weight of the trailer and the boxes it contains is no more than 4,600 pounds.", "question": "What is the maximum number of boxes this truck can tow in a trailer with a weight of 500 pounds if each box weighs 120 pounds?", "options": {"A": "34", "B": "35", "C": "38", "D": "39"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3739, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$-4x^2 - 7x = -36$$", "question": "What is the positive solution to the given equation?", "options": {"A": "7/4", "B": "9/4", "C": "4", "D": "7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3740, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A proposal for a new library was included on an election ballot. A radio show stated that 3 times as many people voted in favor of the proposal as people who voted against it. A social media post reported that 15,000 more people voted in favor of the proposal than voted against it.", "question": "Based on these data, how many people voted against the proposal?", "options": {"A": "7,500", "B": "15,000", "C": "22,500", "D": "45,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3741, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$-3x + 21px = 84$$", "question": "In the given equation, p is a constant. The equation has no solution. What is the value of p?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1/7", "C": "4/3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3742, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function \\(f(x) = \\frac{1}{9}(x - 7)^2 + 3\\) gives a metal ball's height above the ground, \\(f(x)\\), in inches, \\(x\\) seconds after it started moving on a track, where \\(0 \\le x \\le 10\\).", "question": "Which of the following is the best interpretation of the vertex of the graph of y = f(x) in the xy-plane?", "options": {"A": "The metal ball's minimum height was 3 inches above the ground.", "B": "The metal ball's minimum height was 7 inches above the ground.", "C": "The metal ball's height was 3 inches above the ground when it started moving.", "D": "The metal ball's height was 7 inches above the ground when it started moving."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3743, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The equation x^2 + (y - 1)^2 = 49 represents circle A. Circle B is obtained by shifting circle A down 2 units in the xy-plane.", "question": "Which of the following equations represents circle B?", "options": {"A": "(x - 2)^2 + (y - 1)^2 = 49", "B": "x^2 + (y - 3)^2 = 49", "C": "(x + 2)^2 + (y - 1)^2 = 49", "D": "x^2 + (y + 1)^2 = 49"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3744, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Two identical rectangular prisms each have a height of 90 centimeters (cm). The base of each prism is a square, and the surface area of each prism is $K$ $\\text{cm}^2$ .If the prisms are glued together along a square base, the resulting prism has a surface area of $\\frac{92}{47}K$ $\\text{cm}^2$ .", "question": "What is the side length, in cm, of each square base?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "8", "C": "9", "D": "16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3760, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The function $f$ is defined by $f(x) = 8x$. For what value of $x$ does $f(x) = 72$?", "options": {"A": "8", "B": "9", "C": "64", "D": "80"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3761, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "On a street with 7 houses, 2 houses are blue.", "question": "If a house from this street is selected at random, what is the probability of selecting a house that is blue?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{7}$", "B": "$\\frac{2}{7}$", "C": "$\\frac{5}{7}$", "D": "$\\frac{7}{7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3762, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $5x^5 - 6x^4 + 8x^3$?", "options": {"A": "$x^4(5x - 6)$", "B": "$x^3(5x^2 - 6x + 8)$", "C": "$8x^3(5x^2 - 6x + 1)$", "D": "$6x^5(-6x^4 + 8x^3 + 1)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3763, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The ratio of the length of line segment $XY$ to the length of line segment $ZV$ is 6 to 1. The length of line segment $XY$ is 102 inches.", "question": "What is the length, in inches, of line segment $ZV$?", "options": {"A": "17", "B": "96", "C": "102", "D": "612"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3764, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$7(2x - 3) = 63$", "question": "Which equation has the same solution as the given equation?", "options": {"A": "$2x - 3 = 9$", "B": "$2x - 3 = 56$", "C": "$2x - 21 = 63$", "D": "$2x - 21 = 70$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3765, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f$ defined by $f(t) = 14t + 9$ gives the estimated length, in inches, of a vine plant $t$ months after Tavon purchased it.", "question": "Which of the following is the best interpretation of 9 in this context?", "options": {"A": "Tavon will keep the vine plant for 9 months.", "B": "The vine plant is expected to grow 9 inches each month.", "C": "The vine plant is expected to grow to a maximum length of 9 inches.", "D": "The estimated length of the vine plant was 9 inches when Tavon purchased it."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3766, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$(x + 2)(x - 5)(x + 9) = 0$$", "question": "What is a positive solution to the given equation?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "5", "D": "18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3767, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "4, 10, 18, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5", "question": "What is the median of the data set shown?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "5", "C": "7", "D": "14"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3768, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A right circular cylinder has a volume of 432 cubic centimeters. The area of the base of the cylinder is 24 square centimeters.", "question": "What is the height, in centimeters, of the cylinder?", "options": {"A": "18", "B": "24", "C": "216", "D": "10,368"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3769, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$x^2 = -841$", "question": "How many distinct real solutions does the given equation have?", "options": {"A": "Exactly one", "B": "Exactly two", "C": "Infinitely many", "D": "Zero"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3770, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Line $k$ is defined by $y = 7x + \\frac{1}{8}$. Line $j$ is perpendicular to line $k$ in the $xy$-plane.", "question": "What is the slope of line $j$?", "options": {"A": "$-8$", "B": "$-\\frac{1}{7}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{8}$", "D": "$7$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3771, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In triangle $ABC$, angle $B$ is a right angle. The length of side $AB$ is $10\\sqrt{37}$ and the length of side $BC$ is $24\\sqrt{37}$.", "question": "What is the length of side $AC$?", "options": {"A": "$14\\sqrt{37}$", "B": "$26\\sqrt{37}$", "C": "$34\\sqrt{37}$", "D": "$\\sqrt{34 \\cdot 37}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3772, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$f(x) = (1.84)^{\\frac{x}{4}}$$", "question": "The function $f$ is defined by the given equation. The equation can be rewritten as $f(x) = \\left(1 + \\frac{p}{100}\\right)^x$, where $p$ is a constant. Which of the following is closest to the value of $p$?", "options": {"A": "16", "B": "21", "C": "46", "D": "96"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3773, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f$ is defined by $f(x) = a\\sqrt{x+b}$, where $a$ and $b$ are constants. In the $xy$-plane, the graph of $y = f(x)$ passes through the point $(-24, 0)$, and $f(24) < 0$.", "question": "Which of the following must be true?", "options": {"A": "$f(0) = 24$", "B": "$f(0) = -24$", "C": "$a > b$", "D": "$a < b$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3774, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In the $xy$-plane, a circle has center $C$ with coordinates $(h, k)$. Points $A$ and $B$ lie on the circle. Point $A$ has coordinates $(h + 1, k + \\sqrt{102})$, and $\\angle ACB$ is a right angle.", "question": "What is the length of $\\overline{AB}$?", "options": {"A": "$\\sqrt{206}$", "B": "$2\\sqrt{102}$", "C": "$103\\sqrt{2}$", "D": "$103\\sqrt{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3775, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A bus is traveling at a constant speed along a straight portion of road. The equation $d = 30t$ gives the distance $d$ , in feet from a road marker, that the bus will be $t$ seconds after passing the marker.", "question": "How many feet from the marker will the bus be 2 seconds after passing the marker?", "options": {"A": "30", "B": "32", "C": "60", "D": "90"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3776, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "For a particular machine that produces beads, 29 out of every 100 beads it produces have a defect.", "question": "A bead produced by the machine will be selected at random. What is the probability of selecting a bead that has a defect?", "options": {"A": "1/2,900", "B": "1/29", "C": "29/100", "D": "29/10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3777, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(2x^2 + x - 9) + (x^2 + 6x + 1)$ ?", "options": {"A": "2x^2 + 7x + 10", "B": "2x^2 + 6x - 8", "C": "3x^2 + 7x - 10", "D": "3x^2 + 7x - 8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3778, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "An analyst collected data on the price of a carton of grape tomatoes at 30 locations selected at random in Utah. The mean price of a carton of grape tomatoes in Utah was estimated to be \\$4.23, with an associated margin of error of \\$0.08.", "question": "Which of the following is a plausible statement about the mean price of a carton of grape tomatoes for all locations that sell this product in Utah?", "options": {"A": "It is between \\$4.15 and \\$4.31.", "B": "It is either less than \\$4.15 or greater than \\$4.31.", "C": "It is less than \\$4.15.", "D": "It is greater than \\$4.31."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3779, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$f(x) = 4x + b$$\nFor the linear function $f$ , $b$ is a constant and $f(7) = 28$ .", "question": "What is the value of $b$ ?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "4", "D": "7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3780, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Right triangles $LMN$ and $PQR$ are similar, where $L$ and $M$ correspond to $P$ and $Q$ , respectively. Angle $M$ has a measure of $53^\\circ$ .", "question": "What is the measure of angle $Q$ ?", "options": {"A": "\\(37^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(53^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(127^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(143^\\circ\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3781, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the equation of the line that passes through the point $(0, 5)$ and is parallel to the graph of $y = 7x + 4$ in the $xy$ -plane?", "options": {"A": "y = 5x", "B": "y = 7x + 5", "C": "y = 7x", "D": "y = 5x + 7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3782, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A model predicts that the population of Bergen was 15,000 in 2005. The model also predicts that each year for the next 5 years, the population $p$ increased by 4% of the previous year's population.", "question": "Which equation best represents this model, where $x$ is the number of years after 2005, for $x \\le 5$ ?", "options": {"A": "p = 0.96(15,000)^x", "B": "p = 1.04(15,000)^x", "C": "p = 15,000(0.96)^x", "D": "p = 15,000(1.04)^x"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3783, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The area $A$ , in square centimeters, of a rectangular cutting board can be represented by the expression $w(w + 9)$ , where $w$ is the width, in centimeters, of the cutting board.", "question": "Which expression represents the length, in centimeters, of the cutting board?", "options": {"A": "w(w + 9)", "B": "w", "C": "9", "D": "(w + 9)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3784, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$p = frac{k}{4j + 9}$$\n\nThe given equation relates the distinct positive numbers $p$ , $k$ , and $j$ .", "question": "Which equation correctly expresses $4j + 9$ in terms of $p$ and $k$ ?", "options": {"A": "4j + 9 = k/p", "B": "4j + 9 = kp", "C": "4j + 9 = k - p", "D": "4j + 9 = p/k"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3785, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Circle A has a radius of $3n$ and circle B has a radius of $129n$ , where $n$ is a positive constant.", "question": "The area of circle B is how many times the area of circle A?", "options": {"A": "43", "B": "86", "C": "129", "D": "1,849"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3786, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "The measure of angle $R$ is $\ffrac{2\\pi}{3}$ radians. The measure of angle $T$ is $\ffrac{5\\pi}{12}$ radians greater than the measure of angle $R$ .", "question": "What is the measure of angle $T$ , in degrees?", "options": {"A": "75", "B": "120", "C": "195", "D": "390"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3787, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$y \\le x + 7$$\n$$y \\ge -2x - 1$$", "question": "Which point $(x, y)$ is a solution to the given system of inequalities in the $xy$ -plane?", "options": {"A": "(-14, 0)", "B": "(0, -14)", "C": "(0, 14)", "D": "(14, 0)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3788, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$x - 29 = (x - a)(x - 29)$$\n\nWhich of the following are solutions to the given equation, where $a$ is a constant and $a > 30$ ?", "question": "I. $a$ \nII. $a + 1$ \n\nIII. 29", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3789, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "In the $xy$ -plane, the graph of the equation\n\n$y = -x^2 + 9x - 100$ intersects the line $y = c$ at exactly one point.", "question": "What is the value of $c$ ?", "options": {"A": "-481/4", "B": "-100", "C": "-319/4", "D": "-9/2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3790, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The functions $f$ and $g$ are defined by the given equations, where $x \\ge 0$ . $$\\text{I. } f(x) = 18(1.25)^x + 41$$ $$\\text{II. } g(x) = 9(0.73)^x$$", "question": "Which of the following equations displays, as a constant or coefficient, the maximum value of the function it defines, where $x \\ge 0$ ?", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3791, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Sean rents a tent at a cost of \\$11 per day plus a onetime insurance fee of \\$10.", "question": "Which equation represents the total cost $c$ , in dollars, to rent the tent with insurance for $d$ days?", "options": {"A": "c = 11(d + 10)", "B": "c = 10(d + 11)", "C": "c = 11d + 10", "D": "c = 10d + 11"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3792, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f$ is defined by $f(x) = \ffrac{1}{10}x - 2$ .", "question": "What is the $y$ -intercept of the graph of $y = f(x)$ in the $xy$ -plane?", "options": {"A": "(-2, 0)", "B": "(0, -2)", "C": "(0, 1/10)", "D": "(1/10, 0)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3793, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A producer is creating a video with a length of 70 minutes. The video will consist of segments that are 1 minute long and segments that are 3 minutes long.", "question": "Which equation represents this situation, where $x$ represents the number of 1-minute segments and $y$ represents the number of 3-minute segments?", "options": {"A": "4xy = 70", "B": "4(x + y) = 70", "C": "3x + y = 70", "D": "x + 3y = 70"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3794, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f$ is defined by $f(x) = 7x^3$ . In the $xy$ -plane, the graph of $y = g(x)$ is the result of shifting the graph of $y = f(x)$ down 2 units.", "question": "Which equation defines function $g$ ?", "options": {"A": "g(x) = 7/2x^3", "B": "g(x) = 7x^(3/2)", "C": "g(x) = 7x^3 + 2", "D": "g(x) = 7x^3 - 2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3795, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$\\begin{aligned}y &= -3x \\\\4x + y &= 15\\end{aligned}$$", "question": "The solution to the given system of equations is $(x, y)$ . What is the value of $x$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "5", "C": "15", "D": "45"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3796, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A bowl contains 20 ounces of water. When the bowl is uncovered, the amount of water in the bowl decreases by 1 ounce every 4 days.", "question": "If 9 ounces of water remain in this bowl, for how many days has it been uncovered?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "7", "C": "36", "D": "44"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3797, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$9(4 - 3x) + 2 = 8(4 - 3x) + 18$$", "question": "What is the value of $4 - 3x$ ?", "options": {"A": "-16", "B": "-4", "C": "4", "D": "16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3798, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A certain township consists of a 5-hectare industrial park and a 24-hectare neighborhood. The total number of trees in the township is 4,529. The equation $5x + 24y = 4,529$ represents this situation.", "question": "Which of the following is the best interpretation of $x$ in this context?", "options": {"A": "The average number of trees per hectare in the industrial park", "B": "The average number of trees per hectare in the neighborhood", "C": "The total number of trees in the industrial park", "D": "The total number of trees in the neighborhood"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3799, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $a^{\\frac{11}{12}}$ ,where $a > 0$ ?", "options": {"A": "sqrt[12]{a^{132}}", "B": "sqrt[14]{a^{132}}", "C": "sqrt[12]{a^{132}}", "D": "sqrt[14]{a^{132}}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3800, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A cube has an edge length of 68 inches. A solid sphere with a radius of 34 inches is inside the cube, such that the sphere touches the center of each face of the cube.", "question": "To the nearest cubic inch, what is the volume of the space in the cube not taken up by the sphere?", "options": {"A": "149,796", "B": "164,500", "C": "190,955", "D": "310,800"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3801, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$y = 6x + 18$ \n\nOne of the equations in a system of two linear equations is given. The system has no solution.", "question": "Which equation could be the second equation in the system?", "options": {"A": "-6x + y = 18", "B": "-6x + y = 22", "C": "-12x + y = 36", "D": "-12x + y = 18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3802, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Triangles *PQR* and *LMN* are graphed in the $xy$ -plane. Triangle *PQR* has vertices *P*, *Q*, and *R* at $(4, 5)$ , $(4, 7)$ , and $(6, 5)$ , respectively. Triangle *LMN* has vertices *L*, *M*, and *N* at $(4, 5)$ , $(4, 7 + k)$ , and $(6 + k, 5)$ , respectively, where $k$ is a positive constant. If the measure of $\\angle Q$ is $t^\\circ$ ,", "question": "What is the measure of $\\angle N$ ?", "options": {"A": "\\((90 - (t - k))^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\((90 - (t + k))^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\((90 - t)^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\((90 + k)^\\circ\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3803, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$2x + 3y = 7$ $10x + 15y = 35$ \n\nFor each real number $r$ ,", "question": "Which of the following points lies on the graph of each equation in the $xy$ -plane for the given system?", "options": {"A": "(r/5 + 7, -r/5 + 35)", "B": "(-3r/2 + 7/2, r)", "C": "(r, 2r/3 + 7/3)", "D": "(r, -3r/2 + 7/2)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3804, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$\\frac{x^2}{\\sqrt{x^2 - c^2}} = \\frac{c^2}{\\sqrt{x^2 - c^2}} + 39$$\n\nIn the given equation, $c$ is a positive constant.", "question": "Which of the following is one of the solutions to the given equation?", "options": {"A": "-c", "B": "-c^2 - 39^2", "C": "-sqrt(39^2 - c^2)", "D": "-sqrt(c^2 + 39^2)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3805, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 4 centimeters and 6 centimeters. If the perimeter of the triangle is 18 centimeters, what is the length, in centimeters, of the third side of this triangle?", "question": "What is the length, in centimeters, of the third side of this triangle?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "8", "C": "10", "D": "24"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3806, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$16x + 30 = 190$$\n\nWhich equation has the same solution as the given equation?", "question": "Which equation has the same solution as the given equation?", "options": {"A": "$16x = 30$", "B": "$16x = 130$", "C": "$16x = 160$", "D": "$16x = 190$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3807, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Ty set a goal to walk at least 24 kilometers every day to prepare for a multiday hike. On a certain day, Ty plans to walk at an average speed of 4 kilometers per hour. What is the minimum number of hours Ty must walk on that day to fulfill the daily goal?", "question": "What is the minimum number of hours Ty must walk on that day to fulfill the daily goal?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "6", "C": "20", "D": "24"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3808, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $g$ is defined by $g(x) = x^2 + 9$. For which value of $x$ is $g(x) = 25$?", "question": "For which value of $x$ is $g(x) = 25$?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "5", "C": "9", "D": "13"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3809, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which expression is equivalent to $9x^2 + 5x$?", "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $9x^2 + 5x$?", "options": {"A": "$x(9x + 5)$", "B": "$5x(9x + 1)$", "C": "$9x(x + 5)$", "D": "$x^2(9x + 5)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3810, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Jay walks at a speed of 3 miles per hour and runs at a speed of 5 miles per hour. He walks for $w$ hours and runs for $r$ hours for a combined total of 14 miles. Which equation represents this situation?", "question": "Which equation represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "$3w + 5r = 14$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{3}w + \\frac{1}{5}r = 14$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{3}w + \\frac{1}{5}r = 112$", "D": "$3w + 5r = 112$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3811, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "John paid a total of \\$165 for a microscope by making a down payment of \\$37 plus $p$ monthly payments of \\$16 each. Which of the following equations represents this situation?", "question": "Which of the following equations represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "$16p - 37 = 165$", "B": "$37p - 16 = 165$", "C": "$16p + 37 = 165$", "D": "$37p + 16 = 165$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3812, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$y - 57 = px$$\n\nThe given equation relates the positive numbers $p$, $x$, and $y$. Which equation correctly expresses $y$ in terms of $p$ and $x$?", "question": "Which equation correctly expresses $y$ in terms of $p$ and $x$?", "options": {"A": "$y = 57x + p$", "B": "$y = px + 57$", "C": "$y = 57px$", "D": "$y = \\frac{px}{57}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3813, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A company opens an account with an initial balance of \\$36,100.00. The account earns interest, and no additional deposits or withdrawals are made. The account balance is given by an exponential function $A$, where $A(t)$ is the account balance, in dollars, $t$ years after the account is opened. The account balance after 13 years is \\$68,071.93. Which equation could define $A$?", "question": "Which equation could define $A$?", "options": {"A": "$A(t) = 36,100.00(1.05)^t$", "B": "$A(t) = 31,971.93(1.05)^t$", "C": "$A(t) = 31,971.93(0.05)^t$", "D": "$A(t) = 36,100.00(0.05)^t$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3814, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "One leg of a right triangle has a length of 43.2 millimeters. The hypotenuse of the triangle has a length of 196.8 millimeters. What is the length of the other leg of the triangle, in millimeters?", "question": "What is the length of the other leg of the triangle, in millimeters?", "options": {"A": "43.2", "B": "120", "C": "192", "D": "201.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3815, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A wire with a length of 106 inches is cut into two parts. One part has a length of $x$ inches, and the other part has a length of $y$ inches. The value of $x$ is 6 more than 4 times the value of $y$. What is the value of $x$?", "question": "What is the value of $x$?", "options": {"A": "25", "B": "28", "C": "56", "D": "86"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3816, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A landscaper uses a hose that puts $88x$ ounces of water in a bucket in $5y$ minutes. Which expression represents the number of ounces of water the hose puts in the bucket in $9y$ minutes at this rate?", "question": "Which expression represents the number of ounces of water the hose puts in the bucket in $9y$ minutes at this rate?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{9x}{440}$", "B": "$\\frac{440x}{9}$", "C": "$\\frac{5x}{792}$", "D": "$\\frac{792x}{5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3817, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$4x - 9y = 9y + 5$$\n$$hy = 2 + 4x$$\n\nIn the given system of equations, $h$ is a constant. If the system has no solution, what is the value of $h$?", "question": "If the system has no solution, what is the value of $h$?", "options": {"A": "-9", "B": "0", "C": "9", "D": "18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3818, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Function $f$ is defined by\n\n$f(x) = (x + 6)(x + 5)(x + 1)$. Function $g$ is defined by $g(x) = f(x - 1)$. The graph of $y = g(x)$ in the $xy$-plane has $x$-intercepts at $(a, 0)$, $(b, 0)$, and $(c, 0)$, where $a$, $b$, and $c$ are distinct constants. What is the value of $a + b + c$?", "question": "What is the value of $a + b + c$?", "options": {"A": "-15", "B": "-9", "C": "11", "D": "15"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3819, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For $x > 0$, the function $f$ is defined as follows:\n\n$f(x)$ equals 201% of $x$\n\nWhich of the following could describe this function?", "question": "Which of the following could describe this function?", "options": {"A": "Decreasing exponential", "B": "Decreasing linear", "C": "Increasing exponential", "D": "Increasing linear"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3820, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$f(x) = 4x^2 + 64x + 262$$\n\nThe function $g$ is defined by $g(x) = f(x + 5)$. For what value of $x$ does $g(x)$ reach its minimum?", "question": "For what value of $x$ does $g(x)$ reach its minimum?", "options": {"A": "-13", "B": "-8", "C": "-5", "D": "-3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3821, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "One gallon of stain will cover 170 square feet of a surface. A yard has a total fence area of $w$ square feet. Which equation represents the total amount of stain $S$, in gallons, needed to stain the fence in this yard twice?", "question": "Which equation represents the total amount of stain $S$, in gallons, needed to stain the fence in this yard twice?", "options": {"A": "$S = \\frac{w}{170}$", "B": "$S = 170w$", "C": "$S = 340w$", "D": "$S = \\frac{w}{85}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3822, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$w + 7 = 357$ \n\nWhat value of $w$ is the solution to the given equation?", "question": "What value of $w$ is the solution to the given equation?", "options": {"A": "51", "B": "350", "C": "364", "D": "3,577"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3823, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which expression is equivalent to $16(x + 15)$ ?", "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $16(x + 15)$ ?", "options": {"A": "$16x + 31$", "B": "$16x + 240$", "C": "$16x + 1$", "D": "$16x + 15$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3824, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$3x = 12$ $-3x + y = -6$ \n\nThe solution to the given system of equations is $(x, y)$. What is the value of $y$?", "question": "What is the value of $y$?", "options": {"A": "-3", "B": "6", "C": "18", "D": "30"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3825, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A line in the $xy$-plane has a slope of $\\frac{1}{9}$ and passes through the point $(0, 14)$. Which equation represents this line?", "question": "Which equation represents this line?", "options": {"A": "$y = -\\frac{1}{9}x - 14$", "B": "$y = -\\frac{1}{9}x + 14$", "C": "$y = \\frac{1}{9}x - 14$", "D": "$y = \\frac{1}{9}x + 14$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3826, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$x + 7 = 10$$\n$$(x + 7)^2 = y$$\n\nWhich ordered pair $(x, y)$ is a solution to the given system of equations?", "question": "Which ordered pair $(x, y)$ is a solution to the given system of equations?", "options": {"A": "(3, 100)", "B": "(3, 3)", "C": "(3, 10)", "D": "(3, 70)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3827, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f$ is defined by $f(x) = 7x - 84$. What is the $x$-intercept of the graph of $y = f(x)$ in the $xy$-plane?", "question": "What is the $x$-intercept of the graph of $y = f(x)$ in the $xy$-plane?", "options": {"A": "$(-12, 0)$", "B": "$(-7, 0)$", "C": "$(7, 0)$", "D": "$(12, 0)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3828, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$w(t) = 300 - 4t$$\n\nThe function $w$ models the volume of liquid, in milliliters, in a container $t$ seconds after it begins draining from a hole at the bottom. According to the model, what is the predicted volume, in milliliters, draining from the container each second?", "question": "According to the model, what is the predicted volume, in milliliters, draining from the container each second?", "options": {"A": "300", "B": "296", "C": "75", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3829, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "Triangle $FGH$ is similar to triangle $JKL$, where angle $F$ corresponds to angle $J$ and angles $G$ and $K$ are right angles. If $\\sin(F) = \\frac{308}{317}$, what is the value of\n\n$\\sin(J)$?", "question": "What is the value of $\\sin(J)$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{75}{317}$", "B": "$\\frac{308}{317}$", "C": "$\\frac{317}{308}$", "D": "$\\frac{317}{75}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3830, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The population of Greenville increased by 7% from 2015 to 2016. If the 2016 population is $k$ times the 2015 population, what is the value of $k$?", "question": "What is the value of $k$?", "options": {"A": "0.07", "B": "0.7", "C": "1.07", "D": "1.7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3831, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "\\[m(t) = -0.0274\\left(\\frac{t}{7}\\right)^2 + 7.3873\\left(\\frac{t}{7}\\right) + 75.032\\]\n\nThe function \\(m\\) gives the predicted body mass \\(m(t)\\), in kilograms \\((\\mathrm{kg})\\), of a certain animal \\(t\\) days after it was born in a wildlife reserve, where \\(t \\le 390\\). Which of the following is the best interpretation of the statement “\\(m(330)\\) is approximately equal to \\(362\\)” in this context?", "question": "Which of the following is the best interpretation of the statement “\\(m(330)\\) is approximately equal to \\(362\\)” in this context?", "options": {"A": "The predicted body mass of the animal was approximately 330 kg 362 days after it was born.", "B": "The predicted body mass of the animal was approximately 362 kg 330 days after it was born.", "C": "The predicted body mass of the animal was approximately 362 kg $\\frac{330}{7}$ days after it was born.", "D": "The predicted body mass of the animal was approximately $\\frac{330}{7}$ kg 362 days after it was born."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3832, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Triangle $XYZ$ is similar to triangle $RST$ such that $X$, $Y$, and $Z$ correspond to $R$, $S$, and $T$, respectively.\n\nThe measure of $\\angle Z$ is $20^\\circ$ and $2XY = RS$. What is the measure of $\\angle T$?", "question": "What is the measure of $\\angle T$?", "options": {"A": "$2^\\circ$", "B": "$10^\\circ$", "C": "$20^\\circ$", "D": "$40^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3833, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A certain town has an area of 4.36 square miles. What is the area, in square yards, of this town? (1 mile = 1,760 yards)", "question": "What is the area, in square yards, of this town?", "options": {"A": "404", "B": "7,674", "C": "710,459", "D": "13,505,536"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3834, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A square is inscribed in a circle. The radius of the circle is $\\frac{20\\sqrt{2}}{2}$ inches. What is the side length, in inches, of the square?", "question": "What is the side length, in inches, of the square?", "options": {"A": "20", "B": "$\\frac{20\\sqrt{2}}{2}$", "C": "$20\\sqrt{2}$", "D": "40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3835, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which expression is equivalent\n\nto $\\frac{y+12}{x-8} + \\frac{y(x-8)}{x^2y-8xy}$ ?", "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\frac{y+12}{x-8} + \\frac{y(x-8)}{x^2y-8xy}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{xy+y+4}{x^3y-16x^2y+64xy}$", "B": "$\\frac{xy+9y+12}{x^2y-8xy+x-8}$", "C": "$\\frac{xy^2+13xy-8y}{x^2y-8xy}$", "D": "$\\frac{xy^2+13xy-8y}{x^3y-16x^2y+64xy}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3836, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": " (3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon)\n\n", "question": "How many teaspoons are equivalent to 44 tablespoons?", "options": {"A": "47", "B": "88", "C": "132", "D": "176"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3837, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "2\n\nThe function $f$ is defined by $f(x) = \\frac{1}{6x}$ . ", "question": "What is the value of $f(x)$ when $x = 3$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{3}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{6}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{9}$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{18}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3840, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "5\n\nWhich expression is equivalent to $50x^2 + 5x^2$ ?\n\n", "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $50x^2 + 5x^2$ ?", "options": {"A": "$250x^2$", "B": "$10x^2$", "C": "$45x^2$", "D": "$55x^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3841, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "8\n\nFor the function $f$ , the graph of $y = f(x)$ in the $xy$ -plane has a slope of 3 and passes through the point $(0, -8)$ . Which equation defines $f$ ?\n\n", "question": "Which equation defines $f$ ?", "options": {"A": "$f(x) = 3x$", "B": "$f(x) = 3x - 8$", "C": "$f(x) = 3x + 5$", "D": "$f(x) = 3x + 11$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3842, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "10\n\nThe function $h$ is defined by $h(x) = 3x - 7$ . What is the value of $h(-2)$ ?\n\n", "question": "What is the value of $h(-2)$ ?", "options": {"A": "-13", "B": "-10", "C": "10", "D": "13"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3843, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "16\n\nBased on a random sample from a population, a researcher estimated that the mean value of a certain variable for the population is 20.5, with an associated margin of error of 1. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?\n\n", "question": "Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?", "options": {"A": "It is plausible that the actual mean value of the variable for the population is between 19.5 and 21.5.", "B": "It is not possible that the mean value of the variable for the population is less than 19.5 or greater than 21.5.", "C": "Every value of the variable in the population is between 19.5 and 21.5.", "D": "The mean value of the variable for the population is 20.5."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3844, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "17\n\n$$7m = 5(n + p)$$\n\nThe given equation relates the positive numbers $m$ , $n$ , and $p$ . Which equation correctly gives $n$ in terms of $m$ and $p$ ?\n\n", "question": "Which equation correctly gives $n$ in terms of $m$ and $p$ ?", "options": {"A": "$n = \\frac{5p}{7m}$", "B": "$n = \\frac{7m}{5} - p$", "C": "$n = 5(7m) + p$", "D": "$n = 7m - 5 - p$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3845, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "18\n\nA rectangle has a length that is 15 times its width. The function $y = (15w)(w)$ represents this situation, where $y$ is the area, in square feet, of the rectangle and $y > 0$ . Which of the following is the best interpretation of $15w$ in this context?\n\n", "question": "Which of the following is the best interpretation of $15w$ in this context?", "options": {"A": "The length of the rectangle, in feet", "B": "The area of the rectangle, in square feet", "C": "The difference between the length and the width of the rectangle, in feet", "D": "The width of the rectangle, in feet"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3846, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "19\n\n$$x + 2y = 6$$\n$$x - 2y = 4$$\n\nThe solution to the given system of equations is $(x, y)$ . What is the value of $x$ ?\n\n", "question": "What is the value of $x$ ?", "options": {"A": "2.5", "B": "5", "C": "6", "D": "10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3847, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "22\n\n$$5x^2 - 37x - 24 = 0$$\n\nWhat is the positive solution to the given equation?\n\n", "question": "What is the positive solution to the given equation?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{3}{5}$", "B": "3", "C": "8", "D": "37"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3848, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "24\n\n$$f(x) = \\frac{a - 19}{x} + 5$$\n\nIn the given function $f$ , $a$ is a constant. The graph of function $f$ in the $xy$ -plane, where $y = f(x)$ , is translated 3 units down and 4 units to the right to produce the graph of $y = g(x)$ . Which equation defines function $g$ ?\n\n", "question": "Which equation defines function $g$ ?", "options": {"A": "$g(x) = \\frac{a - 19}{x + 4} + 2$", "B": "$g(x) = \\frac{a - 19}{x - 4} + 2$", "C": "$g(x) = \\frac{a - 22}{x + 4} + 5$", "D": "$g(x) = \\frac{a - 22}{x - 4} + 5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3849, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "25\n\nA machine launches a softball from ground level. The softball reaches a maximum height of 51.84 meters above the ground at 1.8 seconds and hits the ground at 3.6 seconds. Which equation represents the height above ground $h$ , in meters, of the softball $t$ seconds after it is launched?\n\n", "question": "Which equation represents the height above ground $h$ , in meters, of the softball $t$ seconds after it is launched?", "options": {"A": "$h = -t^2 + 3.6$", "B": "$h = -t^2 + 51.84$", "C": "$h = -16(t - 1.8)^2 - 3.6$", "D": "$h = -16(t - 1.8)^2 + 51.84$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3850, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "26\n\nIn triangle $ABC$ , the measure of angle $B$ is $90^\\circ$ and $\\overline{BD}$ is an altitude of the triangle. The length of $\\overline{AB}$ is 15 and the length of $\\overline{AC}$ is 23 greater than the length of $\\overline{AB}$ . What is the value of $\\frac{BC}{BD}$ ?\n\n", "question": "What is the value of $\\frac{BC}{BD}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{15}{38}$", "B": "$\\frac{15}{23}$", "C": "$\\frac{23}{15}$", "D": "$\\frac{38}{15}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3857, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "15\n\nA cleaning service that cleans both offices and homes can clean at most 14 places per day. Which inequality represents this situation, where $f$ is the number of offices and $h$ is the number of homes?\n\n", "question": "Which inequality represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "$f + h \\le 14$", "B": "$f + h \\ge 14$", "C": "$f - h \\le 14$", "D": "$f - h \\ge 14$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3858, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "16\n\nWhich expression is a factor of $2x^2 + 38x + 10$ ?\n\n", "question": "Which expression is a factor of $2x^2 + 38x + 10$ ?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "$5x$", "C": "$38x$", "D": "$2x^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3859, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "17\n\nThe equation $40x + 20y = 160$ represents the number of sweaters, $x$ , and number of shirts, $y$ , that Yesenia purchased for \\$160. If Yesenia purchased 2 sweaters, how many shirts did she purchase?\n\n", "question": "How many shirts did she purchase?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "8", "D": "40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3860, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "18\n\n$$y = 0.25x^2 - 7.5x + 90.25$$\n\nThe equation gives the estimated stock price $y$ , in dollars, for a certain company $x$ days after a new product launched, where $0 \\le x \\le 20$ . Which statement is the best interpretation of $(x, y) = (1, 83)$ in this context?\n\n", "question": "Which statement is the best interpretation of $(x, y) = (1, 83)$ in this context?", "options": {"A": "The company's estimated stock price increased \\$83 every day after the new product launched.", "B": "The company's estimated stock price increased \\$1 every 83 days after the new product launched.", "C": "1 day after the new product launched, the company's estimated stock price is \\$83.", "D": "83 days after the new product launched, the company's estimated stock price is \\$1."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3861, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "22\n\n$$-15x + 25y = 65$$\n\nOne of the two equations in a system of linear equations is given. The system has infinitely many solutions. Which of the following could be the second equation in the system?\n\n", "question": "Which of the following could be the second equation in the system?", "options": {"A": "$12x + 20y = 52$", "B": "$12x + 20y = -52$", "C": "$-12x + 20y = 52$", "D": "$-12x + 20y = -52$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3865, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "26\n\nThe functions $f$ and $g$ are defined by the given equations, where $x \\ge 0$ . Which of the following equations displays, as a constant or coefficient, the maximum value of the function it defines, where $x \\ge 0$ ?\n\nI. $f(x) = 33(0.4)^{x+3}$\n\nII. $g(x) = 33(0.16)(0.4)^{x-2}$\n\n", "question": "Which of the following equations displays, as a constant or coefficient, the maximum value of the function it defines?", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3866, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "|x + 45| = 48\n\nWhat is the positive solution to the given equation?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "48", "C": "93", "D": "96"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3867, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "x = 4\ny = 5 - x\n\nThe solution to the given system of equations is (x,y). What is the value of y?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "4", "C": "5", "D": "9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3868, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A mixture consisting of only vitamin D and calcium has a total mass of 150 grams. The mass of vitamin D in the mixture is 50 grams. What is the mass, in grams, of calcium in the mixture?", "options": {"A": "200", "B": "150", "C": "100", "D": "50"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3869, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A contract for a certain service requires a onetime activation cost of $35 and a monthly cost of $23. Which equation represents this situation, where c is the total cost, in dollars, of this service contract for t months?", "options": {"A": "c = t/23 +35", "B": "c = t/35 +23", "C": "c = 23t + 35", "D": "c = 35t + 23"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3870, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The function f is defined by f(x) = 3x - 8. What is the value of f(7)?", "options": {"A": "29", "B": "13", "C": "-5", "D": "-29"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3871, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A geologist needs to collect at least 67 samples of lava from a volcano. If the geologist has already collected 63 samples from the volcano, what is the minimum number of additional samples the geologist needs to collect?", "options": {"A": "130", "B": "63", "C": "4", "D": "0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3872, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "In triangle ABC, AB = 4,680 millimeters (mm) and BC = 4,680 mm. Which statement is sufficient to prove that triangle ABC is equilateral?", "options": {"A": "AC = 4,680mm", "B": "AC = 468mm", "C": "AC = 46.8mm", "D": "AC = 4.68mm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3873, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "P(t) = 24.8(1.036)^t\n\nThe function P gives the predicted population, in millions, of a certain country for the period from 1984 to 2018, where t is the number of years after 1984. According to the model, what is the best interpretation of the statement \"P(8) is approximately equal to 32.91\"?", "options": {"A": "In 1984, the predicted population of this country was approximately 8 million.", "B": "In 1984, the predicted population of this country was approximately 32.91 million.", "C": "8 years after 1984, the predicted population of this country was approximately 32.91 million.", "D": "32.91 years after 1984, the predicted population of this country was approximately 8 million."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3874, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "x = 3\ny = (15 - x)^2\n\nA solution to the given system of equations is (x, y). What is the value of xy?", "options": {"A": "432", "B": "54", "C": "45", "D": "18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3875, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "A circle has a radius of 43 meters. What is the area, in square meters, of the circle?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\frac{43\\pi}{2}\\)", "B": "\\(43\\pi\\)", "C": "\\(86\\pi\\)", "D": "\\(1849\\pi\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3876, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "An object has a mass of 168 grams and a volume of 24 cubic centimeters. What is the density, in grams per cubic centimeter, of the object?", "options": {"A": "7", "B": "144", "C": "192", "D": "4,032"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3877, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A company has a newsletter. In January \\(2018\\), there were \\(1{,}300\\) customers subscribed to the newsletter. For the next \\(24\\) months after January \\(2018\\), the total number of customers subscribed to the newsletter each month was \\(7\\%\\) greater than the total number subscribed the previous month. Which equation gives the total number of customers, \\(c\\), subscribed to the company's newsletter \\(m\\) months after January \\(2018\\), where \\(m \\le 24\\)?", "options": {"A": "c = 1,300(0.07)^m", "B": "c = 1,300(1.07)^m", "C": "c = 1,300(1.7)^m", "D": "c = 1,300(7)^m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3878, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "- 12x + 14y = 36\n- 6x + 7y = - 18\n\nHow many solutions does the given system of equations have?", "options": {"A": "Exactly one", "B": "Exactly two", "C": "Infinitely many", "D": "Zero"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3879, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The expression 0.35x represents the result of decreasing a positive quantity x by what percent?", "options": {"A": "3.5%", "B": "35%", "C": "6.5%", "D": "65%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3880, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Objects R and S each travel at a constant speed. The speed of object R is half the speed of object S. Object R travels a distance of 4x inches in y seconds. Which expression represents the time, in seconds, it takes object S to travel a distance of 24x inches?", "options": {"A": "12y", "B": "3y", "C": "16y", "D": "6y"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3881, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A sample of a certain alloy has a total mass of 50.0 grams and is 50.0% silicon by mass. The sample was created by combining two pieces of different alloys. The first piece was 30.0% silicon by mass and the second piece was 80.0% silicon by mass. What was the mass, in grams, of the silicon in the second piece?", "options": {"A": "9.0", "B": "16.0", "C": "20.0", "D": "30.0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3882, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to 19(x^2 - 7)?", "options": {"A": "19x^2 - 133", "B": "19x^2 - 26", "C": "19x^2 - 7", "D": "19x^2 + 12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3883, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "\\(d = 16 - \\frac{x}{30}\\). The equation shown gives the estimated amount of diesel \\(d\\), in gallons, that remains in the gas tank of a truck after being driven \\(x\\) miles, where \\(0 \\le x \\le 480\\). What is the estimated amount of diesel, in gallons, that remains in the gas tank of the truck when \\(x = 300\\)?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "6", "C": "14", "D": "16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3884, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The function f is defined by f(x) = 4x^{- 1}. What is the value of f(21)?", "options": {"A": "-84", "B": "1/84", "C": "4/21", "D": "21/4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3885, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "x^2 - 12x + 27 = 0\n\nHow many distinct real solutions does the given equation have?", "options": {"A": "Exactly two", "B": "Exactly one", "C": "Zero", "D": "Infinitely many"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3886, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "For the linear function g, the graph of y = g(x) in the xy - plane has a slope of 2 and passes through the point (1, 14). Which equation defines g?", "options": {"A": "g(x) = 2x", "B": "g(x) = 2x + 2", "C": "g(x) = 2x + 12", "D": "g(x) = 2x + 14"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3887, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "In March, the price of a collectible card was $15.50. In April, the price of the collectible card was $17.36. The price of the collectible card in April was p% of the price of the collectible card in March. What is the value of p?", "options": {"A": "12", "B": "88", "C": "112", "D": "188"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3888, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "x = 8a(b + 9)\n\nThe given equation relates the positive numbers a, b, and x. Which equation correctly expresses a in terms of b and x?", "options": {"A": "a = x/8 - (b + 9)", "B": "a = x/(8(b + 9))", "C": "a = 8(b + 9)/x", "D": "a = 8x(b + 9)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3889, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "p(x) + 57 = x^2\n\nThe given equation relates the value of x and its corresponding value of p(x) for the function p. What is the minimum value of the function p?", "options": {"A": "-3,249", "B": "-57", "C": "57", "D": "3,249"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3890, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "y = 576^{(2x + 2)}\n\nThe graph of the given equation in the xy - plane has a y - intercept of (r, s). Which of the following equivalent equations displays the value of s as a constant, a coefficient, or the base?", "options": {"A": "y = 331,776^{(x + 1)}", "B": "y = 24^{(4x + 4)}", "C": "y = 1/24 (24)^{(4x + 5)}", "D": "y = 1/576 (576)^{(2x + 3)}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3891, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If k - x is a factor of the expression -x^2 + (1/29)nk^2 where n and k are constants and k > 0, what is the value of n?", "options": {"A": "-29", "B": "-1/29", "C": "1/29", "D": "29"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3892, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A cyclist travels at a constant speed of 22.0 km/hr except for a 20 minute stop. The cyclist's average speed was 17.5 km/hr.", "question": "How far did the cyclist travel?", "options": {"A": "28.5 km", "B": "30.3 km", "C": "31.2 km", "D": "36.5 km", "E": "38.9 km"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3893, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A crude approximation is that the Earth travels in a circular orbit about the Sun at constant speed, at a distance of 150,000,000 km from the Sun.", "question": "Which of the following is the closest for the acceleration of the Earth in this orbit?", "options": {"A": "exactly \\(0\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)", "B": "\\(0.006\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)", "C": "\\(0.6\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)", "D": "\\(6\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)", "E": "\\(10\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3914, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass hangs from the ceiling of a box by an ideal spring. With the box held fixed, the mass is given an initial velocity and oscillates with purely vertical motion. When the mass reaches the lowest point of its motion, the box is released and allowed to fall.", "question": "To an observer inside the box, which of the following quantities does not change when the box is released? Ignore air resistance.", "options": {"A": "The amplitude of the oscillation", "B": "The period of the oscillation", "C": "The maximum speed reached by the mass", "D": "The height at which the mass reaches its maximum speed", "E": "The maximum height reached by the mass"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3915, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 1,500 Watt motor is used to pump water a vertical height of 2.0 meters out of a flooded basement through a cylindrical pipe. The water is ejected through the end of the pipe at a speed of 2.5 m/s. Ignoring friction and assuming that all of the energy of the motor goes to the water,", "question": "Which of the following is the closest to the radius of the pipe? The density of water is $\\rho = 1000 \\text{ kg/m}^3$.", "options": {"A": "1/3 cm", "B": "1 cm", "C": "3 cm", "D": "10 cm", "E": "30 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3916, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following sets of equipment cannot be used to measure the local value of the acceleration due to gravity ($g$)?", "options": {"A": "A spring scale (which reads in force units) and a known mass.", "B": "A rod of known length, an unknown mass, and a stopwatch.", "C": "An inclined plane of known inclination, several carts of different known masses, and a stopwatch.", "D": "A launcher which launches projectiles at a known speed, a projectile of known mass, and a meter stick.", "E": "A motor with a known output power, a known mass, a piece of string of unknown length, and a stopwatch."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3917, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Three point masses $m$ are attached together by identical springs. When placed at rest on a horizontal surface the masses form a triangle with side length $l$. When the assembly is rotated about its center at angular velocity $\\omega$, the masses form a triangle with side length $2l$.", "question": "What is the spring constant $k$ of the springs?", "options": {"A": "$2m\\omega^2$", "B": "$\\frac{2}{\\sqrt{3}}m\\omega^2$", "C": "$\\frac{2}{3}m\\omega^2$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{3}}m\\omega^2$", "E": "$\\frac{1}{3}m\\omega^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3918, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car travels directly north on a straight highway at a constant speed of $80 \\text{ km/hr}$ for a distance of $25 \\text{ km}$ . The car then continues directly north at a constant speed of $50 \\text{ km/hr}$ for a distance of $75 \\text{ more kilometers}$ .", "question": "The average speed of the car for the entire journey is closest to", "options": {"A": " $55.2 \\text{ km/hr}$ ", "B": " $57.5 \\text{ km/hr}$ ", "C": " $65 \\text{ km/hr}$ ", "D": " $69.6 \\text{ km/hr}$ ", "E": " $72.5 \\text{ km/hr}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3919, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The force of friction on an airplane in level flight is given by $F_f = kv^2$ , where $k$ is some constant, and $v$ is the speed of the airplane. When the power output from the engines is $P_0$ , the plane is able to fly at a speed $v_0$ .", "question": "If the power output of the engines is increased by 100% to $2P_0$ , the airplane will be able to fly at a new speed given by", "options": {"A": " $1.12v_0$ ", "B": " $1.26v_0$ ", "C": " $1.41v_0$ ", "D": " $2.82v_0$ ", "E": " $8v_0$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3920, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Carts A, B, and C are on a long horizontal frictionless track. The masses of the carts are $m$ , $3m$ , and $9m$ . Originally cart B is at rest at the 1.0 meter mark and cart C is at rest on the 2.0 meter mark. Cart A is originally at the zero meter mark moving toward the cart B at a speed of $v_0$ .", "question": "Assuming that all collisions are completely *elastic*, what is the final speed of cart C?", "options": {"A": " $v_0/8$ ", "B": " $v_0/4$ ", "C": " $v_0/2$ ", "D": " $v_0$ ", "E": " $2v_0$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3921, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 0.650 kg ball moving at 5.00 m/s collides with a 0.750 kg ball that is originally at rest. After the collision, the 0.750 kg ball moves off with a speed of 4.00 m/s, and the 0.650 kg ball moves off at a right angle to the final direction of motion of the 0.750 kg ball.", "question": "What is the final speed of the 0.650 kg ball?", "options": {"A": "1.92 m/s", "B": "2.32 m/s", "C": "3.00 m/s", "D": "4.64 m/s", "E": "5.77 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3922, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 0.650 kg ball moving at 5.00 m/s collides with a 0.750 kg ball that is originally at rest. After the collision, the 0.750 kg ball moves off with a speed of 4.00 m/s, and the 0.650 kg ball moves off at a right angle to the final direction of motion of the 0.750 kg ball.", "question": "Let the change in total kinetic energy in this collision be defined by $\\Delta K = K_f - K_i$ , where $K_f$ is the total final kinetic energy, and $K_i$ is the total initial kinetic energy. Which of the following is true?", "options": {"A": " $\\Delta K = (K_i + K_f)/2$ ", "B": " $K_f < \\Delta K < K_i$ ", "C": " $0 < \\Delta K < K_f$ ", "D": " $\\Delta K = 0$ ", "E": " $-K_i < \\Delta K < 0$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3923, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A sphere floats in water with 2/3 of the volume of the sphere submerged. The sphere is removed and placed in oil that has 3/4 the density of water.", "question": "If it floats in the oil, what fraction of the sphere would be submerged in the oil?", "options": {"A": "1/12", "B": "1/2", "C": "8/9", "D": "17/12", "E": "The sphere will not float, it will sink in the oil."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3924, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "The speed of a transverse wave on a long cylindrical steel string is given by", "question": " $v = \\sqrt{\\frac{T}{M/L}},$ where $T$ is the tension in the string, $M$ is the mass, and $L$ is the length of the string. Ignore any string stiffness, and assume that it does not stretch when tightened. Consider two steel strings of the same length, the first with radius $r_1$ and a second thicker string with radius $r_2 = 4r_1$ . Each string is tightened to the maximum possible tension without breaking. What is the ratio $f_1/f_2$ of the fundamental frequencies of vibration on the two strings?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": " $\\sqrt{2}$ ", "C": "2", "D": " $2\\sqrt{2}$ ", "E": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3925, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car drives anticlockwise (counterclockwise) around a flat, circular curve at constant speed, so that the left, front wheel traces out a circular path of radius $R = 9.60$ m. If the width of the car is 1.74 m, what is the ratio of the angular velocity about its axle of the left, front wheel to that of the right, front wheel, of the car as it moves through the curve? Assume the wheels roll without slipping.", "question": "What is the ratio of the angular velocity about its axle of the left, front wheel to that of the right, front wheel, of the car as it moves through the curve?", "options": {"A": "0.331", "B": "0.630", "C": "0.708", "D": "0.815", "E": "0.847"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3926, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An introductory physics student, elated by a first semester grade, celebrates by dropping a textbook from a balcony into a deep layer of soft snow which is 3.00 m below. Upon hitting the snow the book sinks a further 1.00 m into it before coming to a stop. The mass of the book is 5.0 kg.", "question": "Assuming a constant retarding force, what is the force from the snow on the book?", "options": {"A": "85 N", "B": "100 N", "C": "120 N", "D": "150 N", "E": "200 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3927, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass on a frictionless table is attached to the midpoint of an originally unstretched spring fixed at the ends.", "question": "If the mass is displaced a distance $A$ parallel to the table surface but perpendicular to the spring, it exhibits oscillations. The period $T$ of the oscillations", "options": {"A": "does not depend on $A$ .", "B": "increases as $A$ increases, approaching a fixed value.", "C": "decreases as $A$ increases, approaching a fixed value.", "D": "is approximately constant for small values of $A$ , then increases without bound.", "E": "is approximately constant for small values of $A$ , then decreases without bound."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3928, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Kepler's Laws state that", "question": "I. the orbits of planets are elliptical with one focus at the sun, II. a line connecting the sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and III. the square the period of a planet's orbit is proportional to the cube of its semimajor axis. Which of these laws would remain true if the force of gravity were proportional to $1/r^3$ rather than $1/r^2$ ?", "options": {"A": "Only I.", "B": "Only II.", "C": "Only III.", "D": "Both II and III.", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3929, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The power output from a certain experimental car design to be shaped like a cube is proportional to the mass $m$ of the car. The force of air friction on the car is proportional to $A v^2$ , where $v$ is the speed of the car and $A$ the cross sectional area. On a level surface the car has a maximum speed $v_{\\max}$ . Assuming that all versions of this design have the same density, then which of the following is true?", "question": "Which of the following is true?", "options": {"A": "$v_{\\max} \\propto m^{1/9}$", "B": "$v_{\\max} \\propto m^{1/7}$", "C": "$v_{\\max} \\propto m^{1/3}$", "D": "$v_{\\max} \\propto m^{2/3}$", "E": "$v_{\\max} \\propto m^{3/4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3930, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block floats partially submerged in a container of liquid.", "question": "When the entire container is accelerated upward, which of the following happens? Assume that both the liquid and the block are incompressible.", "options": {"A": "The block descends down lower into the liquid.", "B": "The block ascends up higher in the liquid.", "C": "The block does not ascend nor descend in the liquid.", "D": "The answer depends on the direction of motion of the container.", "E": "The answer depends on the rate of change of the acceleration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3931, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object of mass $m_1$ initially moving at speed $v_0$ collides with an originally stationary object of mass $m_2 = \\alpha m_1$ , where $\\alpha < 1$ . The collision could be completely elastic, completely inelastic, or partially inelastic. After the collision the two objects move at speeds $v_1$ and $v_2$ . Assume that the collision is one dimensional, and that object one cannot pass through object two.", "question": "After the collision, the speed ratio $r_2 = v_2/v_0$ of object 2 is bounded by", "options": {"A": "$(1 - \\alpha)/(1 + \\alpha) \\le r_2 \\le 1$", "B": "$(1 - \\alpha)/(1 + \\alpha) \\le r_2 \\le 1/(1 + \\alpha)$", "C": "$\\alpha/(1 + \\alpha) \\le r_2 \\le 1$", "D": "$0 \\le r_2 \\le 2\\alpha/(1 + \\alpha)$", "E": "$1/(1 + \\alpha) \\le r_2 \\le 2/(1 + \\alpha)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3945, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "To test the speed of a model car, you time the car with a stopwatch as it travels a distance of 100 m. You record a time of 5.0 s, and your measurement has an uncertainty of 0.2 s.", "question": "What is the uncertainty in your estimate of the car's speed? Assume that the car travels at a constant speed and the distance of 100 m is known very precisely.", "options": {"A": " $v = 20 \\pm 0.16$ m/s", "B": " $v = 20 \\pm 0.8$ m/s", "C": " $v = 20 \\pm 1.0$ m/s", "D": " $v = 20 \\pm 1.25$ m/s", "E": " $v = 20 \\pm 4.0$ m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3946, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A juggler juggles $N$ identical balls, catching and tossing one ball at a time. Assuming that the juggler requires a minimum time $T$ between ball tosses,", "question": "the minimum possible power required for the juggler to continue juggling is proportional to", "options": {"A": " $N^0$ ", "B": " $N^1$ ", "C": " $N^2$ ", "D": " $N^3$ ", "E": " $N^4$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3947, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A man standing at $30^\\circ$ latitude fires a bullet northward at a speed of 200 m/s. The radius of the Earth is 6371 km.", "question": "What is the sideways deflection of the bullet after traveling 100 m?", "options": {"A": "3.1 mm west", "B": "1.8 mm west", "C": "0 mm", "D": "1.8 mm east", "E": "3.1 mm east"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3948, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An upright rod of length $\\ell$ is launched into the air with vertical velocity $v_y$ . It is given enough angular momentum so that the rod rotates by an angle of $2\\pi$ before landing.", "question": "Find the initial horizontal velocity of the bottom of the rod.", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{2\\ell g}{v_y^2}$ ", "B": " $\\frac{\\pi\\ell g}{2v_y}$ ", "C": " $\\sqrt{\\ell g}$ ", "D": " $\\frac{2v_y}{\\ell g}$ ", "E": " $\\frac{2v_y^2}{\\pi\\sqrt{\\ell g}}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3949, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "The depth of a well, $d$ , is measured by dropping a stone into it and measuring the time $t$ until the splash is heard at the bottom. What is the smallest value of $d$ for which ignoring the time for the sound to travel gives less than a 5% error in the depth measurement? The speed of sound in air is 330 m/s.", "options": {"A": "3.5 m", "B": "7 m", "C": "14 m", "D": "54 m", "E": "330 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3954, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform block of mass 10 kg is released at rest from the top of an incline of length 10 m and inclination $30^\\circ$ . The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the incline and the block are $\\mu_s = 0.15$ and $\\mu_k = 0.1$ . The end of the incline is connected to a frictionless horizontal surface.", "question": "After a long time, how much energy is dissipated due to friction?", "options": {"A": "75 J", "B": "87 J", "C": "130 J", "D": "147 J", "E": "500 J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3955, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Three cubical blocks of the same volume are made out of wood, styrofoam, and plastic. When the plastic block is placed in water, half of its volume is submerged. If the wooden block is placed in water with the plastic block on top, the wooden block is just fully submerged. Similarly, if the styrofoam block is placed in oil with the plastic block on top, the styrofoam block is just fully submerged. The density of oil is 0.7 times that of the water.", "question": "What is the ratio of the density of wood to the density of styrofoam, $\\rho_{\\text{wood}}/\\rho_{\\text{styrofoam}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "2.5", "B": "0.5", "C": "0.7", "D": "1.4", "E": "1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3956, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Consider two identical masses that interact only by gravitational attraction to each other. If one mass is fixed in place and the other is released from rest, then the two masses collide in time $T$ .", "question": "If both masses are released from rest, they collide in time", "options": {"A": "$T/4$", "B": "$T/(2\\sqrt{2})$", "C": "$T/2$", "D": "$T/\\sqrt{2}$", "E": "$T$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3957, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A very long cylinder of dust is spinning about its axis with angular velocity $\\omega$ at steady state. Let $r$ be the distance from the axis. If the dust is only held together by gravity,", "question": "the density of the dust is proportional to:", "options": {"A": "$r^{-2}$", "B": "$r^{-1}$", "C": "the density does not depend on $r$ .", "D": "$r$", "E": "$r^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3958, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A scale is calibrated so that it gives a correct reading when sitting on the ground. A person holds the scale and presses it on both sides with their hands, pushing up on the bottom with the left hand and pushing down on the top with the right. The scale has a mass of 5 kg, and their left hand exerts a force of 200 N.", "question": "The reading on the scale is:", "options": {"A": "15 kg", "B": "20 kg", "C": "35 kg", "D": "40 kg", "E": "45 kg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3959, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Consider a flat uniform square of mass $M$ and side length $L$ . Cut a circle out of the square that has a diameter equal to the length of the side of the square, with the same center as the square.", "question": "Determine the moment of inertia of the remaining shape about an axis through the center and perpendicular to the plane of the square.", "options": {"A": "$\\left(\\frac{1}{6} - \\frac{\\pi}{32}\\right)ML^2$", "B": "$\\left(\\frac{1}{12} - \\frac{\\pi}{64}\\right)ML^2$", "C": "$\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{24} - \\frac{1}{3\\pi}\\right)ML^2$", "D": "$\\left(\\frac{1}{2\\pi} - \\frac{1}{16}\\right)ML^2$", "E": "$\\left(\\frac{1}{2\\pi} - \\frac{1}{8}\\right)ML^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3960, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two planets A and B have masses $m_A = 2m_B$ . They orbit a star in circular orbits of radius $r_A = 3r_B$ . Let $E_i$ and $L_i$ be the kinetic energy and the magnitude of the angular momentum of planet $i$ , respectively.", "question": "Which of the following is true?", "options": {"A": "$E_A > E_B$ and $L_A > L_B$", "B": "$E_A > E_B$ and $L_A < L_B$", "C": "$E_A < E_B$ and $L_A > L_B$", "D": "$E_A < E_B$ and $L_A < L_B$", "E": "$E_A = E_B$ and $L_A > L_B$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3961, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball is launched at speed $v$ at angle $\\theta$ above the horizontal toward a vertical wall a distance $L$ away. It bounces elastically off the wall and falls back to its launch point.", "question": "What was its initial speed?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{Lg}}{\\tan \\theta}$", "B": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{Lg}}{\\sqrt{\\tan \\theta}}$", "C": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{Lg}}{\\sin \\theta}$", "D": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{Lg}}{\\sqrt{\\sin \\theta}}$", "E": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{2Lg}}{\\sqrt{\\sin 2\\theta}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3962, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A hoop of radius $r$ is launched to the right at initial speed $v_0$ at ground-level. As it is launched, it is also spun counterclockwise at angular velocity $3v_0/r$ . The coefficient of kinetic friction between the ground and the hoop is $\\mu_k$ .", "question": "How long does it take the hoop to return to its starting position?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{v_0}{2\\mu_k g}$", "B": "$\\frac{2v_0}{\\mu_k g}$", "C": "$\\frac{\\mu_k v_0}{2g}$", "D": "$\\frac{\\mu_k v_0}{g}$", "E": "$\\frac{2\\mu_k v_0}{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3963, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A hoop of radius $r$ is launched to the right at initial speed $v_0$ at ground-level. As it is launched, it is also spun counterclockwise at angular velocity $3v_0/r$ . The coefficient of kinetic friction between the ground and the hoop is $\\mu_k$ .", "question": "Would the answer to the previous question, namely the amount of time to return to the starting position, be the same for a uniform disk with the same coefficient of friction launched with the same initial conditions?", "options": {"A": "Yes.", "B": "No, because the torque due to friction is larger for the hoop.", "C": "No, because the disk never returns to its starting position.", "D": "No, because the disk stops slipping too soon.", "E": "There is not enough information to decide."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3964, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "You are predicting the time for a car to complete a race. The car begins with an initial speed $v_0$ and maintains a constant acceleration $a$ throughout the race. Both $v_0$ and $a$ have independent uncertainties of 10%.", "question": "Which contributes greater uncertainty to your estimate of the time for the car to complete the race?", "options": {"A": "The uncertainty in $v_0$ for sufficiently short races and the uncertainty in $a$ for sufficiently long races.", "B": "The uncertainty in $v_0$ for sufficiently long races and the uncertainty in $a$ for sufficiently short races.", "C": "The uncertainty in $v_0$ .", "D": "The uncertainty in $a$ .", "E": "They contribute equally in the uncertainty."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3965, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An empty freight car on a level railroad track has a mass $M$ . A chute above the freight car opens and grain falls down into the car at a rate of $r$ , measured in kilograms per second. The grain falls a vertical distance $h$ before hitting the bed of the freight car without bouncing up.", "question": "How much normal force is exerted on the freight car from the rails at a time $t$ after the grain begins to hit the bed of the car? Assume the grain starts from rest.", "options": {"A": "$Mg + rtg$", "B": "$Mg + r\\sqrt{gh}$", "C": "$Mg + r\\sqrt{2gh}$", "D": "$Mg + r\\sqrt{gh} + rtg$", "E": "$Mg + r\\sqrt{2gh} + rtg$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3966, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The bruise threshold for a fruit is the largest height it can be dropped from rest without bruising. The bruise threshold of a 0.2 kg apple on steel is 10 cm. Suppose that it always takes 0.1 seconds after impact for the apple to fully stop and that 4 cm $^2$ of the apple comes into contact with the surface during the impact.", "question": "What minimum average pressure is required to cause the apple to bruise?", "options": {"A": "67 Pa", "B": "210 Pa", "C": "7100 Pa", "D": "23 000 Pa", "E": "67 000 Pa"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3967, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform rope of length $L$ and mass $M$ passes over a frictionless pulley, and hangs with both ends at equal heights. If one end is pulled down a distance $x$ and the rope is released,", "question": "the acceleration of that end at this instant will be:", "options": {"A": "$xg/4L$", "B": "$xg/3L$", "C": "$xg/2L$", "D": "$xg/L$", "E": "$2xg/L$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3968, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A student makes an estimate of the acceleration due to gravity, $g$ , by dropping a rock from a known height $h$ and measuring the time, $t$ , it takes to hit the ground. Neglecting air resistance,", "question": "which one of the following situations will lead to the smallest value of the relative uncertainty, $(\\Delta g)/g$ , in the estimate?", "options": {"A": "There is no uncertainty in $t$ , and $h$ has a 10% uncertainty.", "B": "There is no uncertainty in $h$ , and $t$ has a 10% uncertainty.", "C": "Both $t$ and $h$ have a 5% uncertainty.", "D": "(A) and (B) yield the same uncertainty, which is smaller than in (C).", "E": "(A), (B), and (C) all yield the same uncertainty."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3969, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball is launched straight toward the ground from height $h$. When it bounces off the ground, it loses half of its kinetic energy. It reaches a maximum height of $2h$ before falling back to the ground again.", "question": "What was the initial speed of the ball?", "options": {"A": "$\\sqrt{gh}$", "B": "$\\sqrt{2gh}$", "C": "$\\sqrt{3gh}$", "D": "$\\sqrt{4gh}$", "E": "$\\sqrt{6gh}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3970, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "When an axe is swung with kinetic energy $E$ directly at a piece of wood, the edge of the axe is buried a depth $L$ into the wood. If the axe is swung with kinetic energy $2E$,", "question": "how deep will it be buried into the wood? Assume that the axe is wedge-shaped with a constant angle and that the force per unit contact area between the axe and the wood during the impact is proportional to the depth.", "options": {"A": "$2^{1/4}L$", "B": "$2^{1/3}L$", "C": "$\\sqrt{2}L$", "D": "$2L$", "E": "$4L$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3971, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A pendulum of length $L$ oscillates inside a box. A person picks up the box and gently shakes it horizontally with frequency $\\omega$ and a fixed amplitude for a fixed time.", "question": "The final amplitude can be maximized if $\\omega$ satisfies", "options": {"A": "$\\omega = \\sqrt{g/L}$", "B": "$\\omega = 2\\sqrt{g/L}$", "C": "$\\omega = (1/2)\\sqrt{g/L}$", "D": "There will be no effect on the amplitude for any value of $\\omega$.", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3972, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A planet is orbiting a star in a circular orbit of radius $r_0$. Over a very long period of time, much greater than the period of the orbit, the star slowly and steadily loses 1% of its mass. Throughout the process, the planet's orbit remains approximately circular.", "question": "The final orbit radius is closest to", "options": {"A": "$1.02r_0$", "B": "$1.01r_0$", "C": "$r_0$", "D": "$0.99r_0$", "E": "$0.98r_0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3973, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An astronaut standing on the exterior of the international space station wants to dispose of three pieces of trash. They face the station's direction of travel with the Earth to their left. From the astronaut's perspective, the three pieces are thrown (I) left, (II) right, and (III) up.", "question": "To the astronaut's frustration, some of the pieces of trash return to the space station after several hours. They are", "options": {"A": "II only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and II", "D": "II and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3974, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block of mass $m$ is attached to a massless string. The string is passed over a massless pulley and the end of the string is fixed in place. The horizontal part of the string has length $L$. Now a small mass $m$ is hung from the horizontal part of the string, and the system comes to equilibrium.", "question": "During this process, the block has been raised by approximately a height", "options": {"A": "$0.15L$", "B": "$0.23L$", "C": "$0.31L$", "D": "$0.37L$", "E": "$0.40L$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3975, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The maximal tension per area a material can sustain without failure is called its *tensile strength*. Plain steel has a tensile strength of 415 MPa.", "question": "What is the maximal mass one can hang on a vertical steel rod of negligible mass and a diameter of 2 cm?", "options": {"A": "1300 kg", "B": "5200 kg", "C": "13 000 kg", "D": "52 000 kg", "E": "The answer depends on the length of the steel rod."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3976, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A point mass $m$ is glued inside a massless hollow rod of length $L$ at an unknown location. When the rod is pivoted at one end, the period of small oscillations is $T$. When the rod is pivoted at the other end, the period of small oscillations is $2T$.", "question": "How far is the mass from the center?", "options": {"A": "$L/8$", "B": "$L/6$", "C": "$L/4$", "D": "$3L/10$", "E": "$2L/5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3977, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ballerina with moment of inertia $I$ is quickly twirling with angular velocity $\\omega$. In her hand she has a pen of mass $m$ at a radius $R$ from her axis of rotation. The ballerina releases the pen.", "question": "Afterward, what happens to the vertical component of the angular momentum of the system consisting of the ballerina and the pen? You may ignore all friction, but not gravity or normal forces.", "options": {"A": "It decreases until the pen hits the floor.", "B": "It increases until the pen hits the floor.", "C": "It always stays the same.", "D": "It initially stays the same, but decreases when the pen hits the floor.", "E": "It initially stays the same, but increases when the pen hits the floor."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3978, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "Liquid droplets store a given amount of potential energy per unit surface area, due to their surface tension. When two identical, nearly spherical liquid droplets coalesce on a certain type of surface, part of this energy can be converted into upward kinetic energy, causing the coalesced droplet to jump. Assuming the conversion is 100% efficient,", "question": "how does the maximum height $h$ depend on the radius $r$ of the initial droplets?", "options": {"A": "$h \\propto r$", "B": "$h \\propto r^{1/2}$", "C": "$h \\propto r^{-1/2}$", "D": "$h \\propto r^{-1}$", "E": "$h \\propto r^{-2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3979, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "Steve determines the spring constant $k$ of a spring by applying a force $F$ to it and measuring the change in length $\\Delta x$. The tools he uses to measure $F$ and $\\Delta x$ both have a constant absolute uncertainty, leading to an uncertainty in $k$ of $\\delta k_S$. If Tiffany measures the same spring constant with the same tools but by using a force that is five times larger,", "question": "what will her uncertainty in $k$ be in terms of $\\delta k_S$?", "options": {"A": "$\\delta k_T = 0.04 \\delta k_S$", "B": "$\\delta k_T = 0.08 \\delta k_S$", "C": "$\\delta k_T = 0.2 \\delta k_S$", "D": "$\\delta k_T = 0.4 \\delta k_S$", "E": "$\\delta k_T = 0.5 \\delta k_S$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3980, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball is bouncing vertically between a floor and ceiling, which are both horizontal and separated by 4 m. All collisions are perfectly elastic, and when the ball hits the floor, it has a speed of 12 m/s.", "question": "How long does a complete up-down cycle take?", "options": {"A": "0.3 s", "B": "0.4 s", "C": "0.6 s", "D": "0.8 s", "E": "2.4 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3981, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform rod of mass $m$ and length $\\ell$ has moment of inertia $m\\ell^2/12$ about an axis that is perpendicular to the rod and passes through its center.", "question": "What is the moment of inertia of a uniform square plate with mass $M$ and side length $L$ about the axis along its diagonal?", "options": {"A": "$ML^2/12$", "B": "$\\sqrt{2}ML^2/12$", "C": "$ML^2/6$", "D": "$ML^2/4$", "E": "$ML^2/3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3982, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two satellites are initially in identical circular orbits around the Sun, with orbital speed $v = 1 \\times 10^4$ m/s. The first satellite fires its thrusters toward the Sun, and quickly obtains a radial velocity of $\\Delta v_r = 1$ m/s. The second satellite instead fires its thrusters behind it, and quickly increases its tangential velocity by $\\Delta v_t$ .", "question": "If the two satellites subsequently perform orbits with the same period, approximately what was $\\Delta v_t$ ?", "options": {"A": "$0.00005$ m/s", "B": "$0.005$ m/s", "C": "$0.5$ m/s", "D": "$1$ m/s", "E": "50 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3983, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A conveyor belt is moving with velocity $v$ to the east. A block with velocity $v$ to the south slides from the ground onto the conveyor belt. The coefficient of friction between the block and the belt is $\\mu$ .", "question": "The block stops slipping after a time", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{v}{\\sqrt{2}\\mu g}$", "B": "$\\frac{v}{\\mu g}$", "C": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{2}v}{\\mu g}$", "D": "$\\frac{2v}{\\mu g}$", "E": "The block never stops slipping."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3984, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The two masses are both displaced downward by a small vertical distance $x$ and simultaneously released from rest.", "question": "What is the period of oscillation?", "options": {"A": "$2\\pi\\sqrt{l/g}$", "B": "$\\pi\\sqrt{2m/k}$", "C": "$2\\pi\\sqrt{m/k}$", "D": "$2\\pi\\sqrt{m/k + l/g}$", "E": "There is not enough information to decide."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3985, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An escalator can carry passengers up a vertical distance of 10 m in 30 s. A mischievous person of mass 50 kg walks down the up-escalator so that they stay in place with respect to the building.", "question": "If the child does this for 30 s, the total work the child performs on the escalator, in the frame of the building, is", "options": {"A": "$-10^4$ J", "B": "$-5 \\times 10^3$ J", "C": "0 J", "D": "$5 \\times 10^3$ J", "E": "$10^4$ J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3986, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A platform juts out horizontally from the edge of a building. If the platform is modeled as a uniform metal rod,", "question": "Which one of the following statements about the tensile and compressive stress is correct?", "options": {"A": "There is a horizontal compression throughout the rod.", "B": "There is a horizontal tension throughout the rod.", "C": "There is horizontal tension in the top of the rod and a compression in the bottom.", "D": "There is a horizontal tension near the middle of the rod and a compression near the end.", "E": "There is a horizontal compression near the middle of the rod and a tension near the end."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3987, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A large block of mass 5 kg is moving to the right at a velocity of 10 m/s. Spaced out every meter are smaller, initially stationary blocks of mass 1 kg. All collisions are perfectly inelastic.", "question": "Neglecting friction, how far will the large block travel before its velocity has decreased to below 3 m/s?", "options": {"A": "5 m", "B": "8 m", "C": "12 m", "D": "17 m", "E": "50 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3988, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass $M$ sits on top of a vertical spring of spring constant $k$ , in equilibrium. A mass $m$ is held a height $h$ above it. The mass $M$ is then pushed downward by a distance $\\Delta x$ , and both masses are released from rest simultaneously.", "question": "For what value of $h$ will the two masses first collide when $M$ first returns to its equilibrium position?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{\\pi M^2 g^2}{4k^2 \\Delta x}$", "B": "$\\frac{8Mg}{\\pi^2 k}$", "C": "$\\frac{Mg}{k}$", "D": "$\\frac{\\pi^2 Mg}{8k}$", "E": "$\\frac{\\pi k \\Delta x^2}{4Mg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3989, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Assume that $h$ takes the value found in the previous question, and that the collision between the two masses is perfectly elastic.", "question": "For what value of $\\Delta x$ will $m$ rebound to a maximum height that is exactly equal to its original height?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{\\pi g}{2k} \\sqrt{\\frac{m^3}{M}}$", "B": "$\\frac{\\pi g}{k} \\sqrt{\\frac{m^3}{2M}}$", "C": "$\\frac{2g}{\\pi k} \\sqrt{\\frac{2m^3}{M}}$", "D": "$\\frac{4mg}{\\pi k}$", "E": "$\\frac{\\pi mg}{2k}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3990, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Consider an axially symmetric object that experiences no external forces and initially rotates about its symmetry axis. The object then changes its shape while remaining axially symmetric. Afterward, it is found that its moment of inertia about the symmetry axis has increased.", "question": "How have its kinetic energy $T$ and angular velocity $\\omega$ changed?", "options": {"A": "$T$ has decreased, and $\\omega$ has decreased.", "B": "$T$ has decreased, and $\\omega$ stays the same.", "C": "$T$ stays the same, and $\\omega$ has decreased.", "D": "$T$ has increased, and $\\omega$ has increased.", "E": "$T$ has increased, and $\\omega$ stays the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3991, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A well-calibrated scale reads zero when nothing is placed on it. When a deflated balloon is placed on the scale, it reads $mg$ . When a non-airtight box is placed on the scale, it reads $Mg$ , where $M > m$ . The balloon is inflated with helium, so that it floats upward in air. The balloon is placed in the box, and the box is placed on the scale.", "question": "If the scale reads $W$ , which of the following is true?", "options": {"A": "$W \\le (M - m)g$", "B": "$(M - m)g < W < (M + m)g$", "C": "$W = (M + m)g$", "D": "$W > (M + m)g$", "E": "None of the above are necessarily true."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3992, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A person stands on the seat of a swing and squats down, so that the distance between their center of mass (CM) and the swing's pivot is $\\ell$ . As the swing gets to the lowest point, the speed of their CM is $v$ . At this moment, they quickly stand up, and thus decrease the distance from their CM to the swing's pivot to $\\ell'$ .", "question": "Immediately after they finish standing up, their CM speed is $v'$ . Which of the following statements is correct? You may neglect friction, the change in moment of inertia of the person about their CM, and the time taken to stand up.", "options": {"A": "$v/\\ell = v'/\\ell'$", "B": "$v = v'$", "C": "$v\\ell = v'\\ell'$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{2}v^2 = \\frac{1}{2}v'^2 + g(\\ell - \\ell')$", "E": "Multiple statements are correct."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3993, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A point mass $m$ sits on a long block, also of mass $m$ , which rests on the floor. The coefficient of static and kinetic friction between the mass and the block is $\\mu$ , and the coefficient of static and kinetic friction between the block and the floor is $\\mu/3$ . An impulse gives a horizontal momentum $p$ to the point mass.", "question": "After a long time, how far has the point mass moved relative to the block? Assume the mass does not fall off the block.", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{3p^2}{8m^2\\mu g}$", "B": "$\\frac{15p^2}{32m^2\\mu g}$", "C": "$\\frac{9p^2}{16m^2\\mu g}$", "D": "$\\frac{3p^2}{10m^2\\mu g}$", "E": "$\\frac{3p^2}{4m^2\\mu g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3994, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Assume that the drag force for a fish in water depends only on the typical length scale of the fish $R$ , its velocity $v$ , and the density of water $\\rho$ . A pufferfish is about 10 cm in length and swims at about 5 m/s.", "question": "How fast does a clown fish, about 1 cm in length, need to swim such that it experiences the same drag force as the pufferfish?", "options": {"A": "5 m/s", "B": "16 m/s", "C": "50 m/s", "D": "500 m/s", "E": "2500 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3995, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "If a certain radioactive decay process happens $n$ times per hour on average, then in any given hour, one expects to observe $n$ decays with an uncertainty of $\\sqrt{n}$ . Each hour can be assumed independent of the previous one, and $n$ can be assumed constant over time.", "question": "How many hours do you need to conduct the observation so that you can determine $n$ within an uncertainty of 1%?", "options": {"A": "$n/10^2$", "B": "$n/10^4$", "C": "$10^2/n$", "D": "$10^4/n$", "E": "$10^8/n^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3996, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball at the end of a rope of length 0.5 m is swung in a horizontal circle, with a speed of 15 m/s. The other end of the rope is fixed in place.", "question": "What is the height difference between the ends of the rope?", "options": {"A": "1.1 cm", "B": "2.2 cm", "C": "3.8 cm", "D": "4.9 cm", "E": "7.5 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3997, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two stars \\(\\alpha\\) and \\(\\beta\\), with masses satisfying \\(\\frac{m_\\alpha}{m_\\beta} = 10\\), are in circular orbits around each other.", "question": "In the rest frame of this system, find the ratio of the speeds \\(\\frac{v_\\alpha}{v_\\beta}\\).", "options": {"A": "\\frac{1}{11}", "B": "\\frac{1}{10}", "C": "\\frac{1}{9}", "D": "9", "E": "10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3998, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A helium balloon is released from the floor in a room at rest, then slowly rises and comes to rest touching the ceiling. During this process, the gravitational potential energy of the balloon has increased.", "question": "Since energy is conserved, the energy of something else must have decreased during this process. Which of the following is the main contribution to this decrease?", "options": {"A": "The kinetic energy of the balloon decreased.", "B": "The elastic potential energy of the balloon decreased.", "C": "The thermal energy of the air in the balloon decreased.", "D": "The thermal energy of the air in the room decreased.", "E": "The gravitational potential energy of the air in the room decreased."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3999, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An archer takes aim at a target that is 100 m away. Assuming she holds the bow at the same height as the center of the target and shoots an arrow with velocity v = 100 m/s.", "question": "At what angle above the horizontal should she aim the bow so that the arrow hits the center of the target?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{\\arccos(1/5)}{2}", "B": "\\frac{\\arcsin(1/5)}{2}", "C": "\\frac{\\arccos(1/10)}{2}", "D": "\\frac{\\arcsin(1/10)}{2}", "E": "\\frac{\\arctan(2/5)}{2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4000, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A projectile is thrown from a horizontal surface, and reaches a maximum height h and also lands a distance h from the launch point. Neglecting air resistance.", "question": "What is the maximum height for a projectile thrown directly upward with the same initial speed?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{17h}{16}", "B": "\\frac{13h}{12}", "C": "\\frac{9h}{8}", "D": "\\frac{5h}{4}", "E": "2h"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4001, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fluids", "context": "Alice, Bob, and Carol are each given identical airtight bags containing identical rocks, and a large tub of water with a scale sitting on the bottom. Each of them measures the weight of their bag and rock by putting the bag on the scale, using three slightly different procedures. - Alice closes the bag carefully, so that there is no air inside.- Bob fills the rest of the bag with water before closing it. - Carol closes the bag loosely, so that it contains some air.", "question": "What is the correct ranking of their measured weights W_A, W_B, and W_C?", "options": {"A": "W_C < W_A < W_B", "B": "W_A < W_C < W_B", "C": "W_A < W_C = W_B", "D": "W_A = W_C < W_B", "E": "W_C < W_A = W_B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4002, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A student sets up a simple pendulum, measures its length to be \\((0.50 \\pm 0.01)\\ \\mathrm{m}\\), and observes a period of oscillation of \\((1.4 \\pm 0.1)\\ \\mathrm{s}\\). Using this data, the student computes \\(g = 10.1\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\).", "question": "What is the uncertainty of this measurement?", "options": {"A": "\\(0.7\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)", "B": "\\(1.2\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)", "C": "\\(1.4\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)", "D": "\\(1.9\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)", "E": "\\(2.7\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4003, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A very heavy plate continuously moves up and down with a small speed v, switching directions after each time t. At a random time, a ball is dropped from rest far above the plate, then bounces elastically off of it.", "question": "How does the ball's speed change during this collision?", "options": {"A": "The ball always slows down.", "B": "The ball is more likely to slow down than to speed up.", "C": "The ball is equally likely to slow down or speed up.", "D": "The ball is more likely to speed up than to slow down.", "E": "The ball always speeds up."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4004, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An archer fires an arrow from the ground so that it passes through two hoops, which are both a height $ h $ above the ground.", "question": "The arrow passes through the first hoop one second after the arrow is launched, and through the second hoop another second later. What is the value of $ h $?", "options": {"A": "5 m", "B": "10 m", "C": "12 m", "D": "15 m", "E": "There is not enough information to decide."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4005, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An amusement park ride consists of a circular, horizontal room. A rider leans against its frictionless outer walls, which are angled back at $ 30^\\circ $ with respect to the vertical, so that the rider's center of mass is 5.0 m from the center of the room.", "question": "When the room begins to spin about its center, at what angular velocity will the rider's feet first lift off the floor?", "options": {"A": "1.9 rad/s", "B": "2.3 rad/s", "C": "3.5 rad/s", "D": "4.0 rad/s", "E": "5.6 rad/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4006, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "When a car's brakes are fully engaged, it takes 100 m to stop on a dry road, which has coefficient of kinetic friction $ \\mu_k = 0.8 $ with the tires. Now suppose only the first 50 m of the road is dry, and the rest is covered with ice, with $ \\mu_k = 0.2 $.", "question": "What total distance does the car need to stop?", "options": {"A": "150 m", "B": "200 m", "C": "250 m", "D": "400 m", "E": "850 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4007, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two hemispherical shells can be pressed together to form an airtight sphere of radius 40 cm. Suppose the shells are pressed together at a high altitude, where the air pressure is half its value at sea level. The sphere is then returned to sea level, where the air pressure is $ 10^5 $ Pa.", "question": "What force $ F $, applied directly outward to each hemisphere, is required to pull them apart?", "options": {"A": "25,000 N", "B": "50,000 N", "C": "100,000 N", "D": "200,000 N", "E": "400,000 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4008, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The viscous force between two plates of area $ A $, with relative speed $ v $ and separation $ d $, is $ F = \\eta Av/d $, where $ \\eta $ is the viscosity. In fluid mechanics, the Ohnesorge number is a dimensionless number proportional to $ \\eta $ which characterizes the importance of viscous forces, in a drop of fluid of density $ \\rho $, surface tension $ \\gamma $, and length scale $ \\ell $.", "question": "Which of the following could be the definition of the Ohnesorge number?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{\\eta\\ell}{\\sqrt{\\rho\\gamma}}$", "B": "$\\eta\\ell\\sqrt{\\frac{\\rho}{\\gamma}}$", "C": "$\\eta\\sqrt{\\frac{\\rho}{\\gamma\\ell}}$", "D": "$\\eta\\sqrt{\\frac{\\rho\\ell}{\\gamma}}$", "E": "$\\frac{\\eta}{\\sqrt{\\rho\\gamma\\ell}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4009, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A syringe is filled with water of density $ \\rho $ and negligible viscosity. Its body is a cylinder of cross-sectional area $ A_1 $, which gradually tapers into a needle with cross-sectional area $ A_2 \\ll A_1 $. The syringe is held in place and its end is slowly pushed inward by a force $ F $, so that it moves with constant speed $ v $. Water shoots straight out of the needle's tip.", "question": "What is the approximate value of $ F $?", "options": {"A": "$\\rho v^2 A_1$", "B": "$\\frac{\\rho v^2 A_1^2}{2A_2}$", "C": "$\\frac{\\rho v^2 A_1^2}{A_2}$", "D": "$\\frac{\\rho v^2 A_1^3}{2A_2^2}$", "E": "$\\frac{\\rho v^2 A_1^3}{A_2^2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4010, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A spherical shell is made from a thin sheet of material with a mass per area of $ \\sigma $. Consider two points, $ P_1 $ and $ P_2 $, which are close to each other, but just inside and outside the sphere, respectively.", "question": "If the accelerations due to gravity at these points are $ \\mathbf{g}_1 $ and $ \\mathbf{g}_2 $, respectively, what is the value of $ |\\mathbf{g}_1 - \\mathbf{g}_2| $?", "options": {"A": "$\\pi G\\sigma$", "B": "$4\\pi G\\sigma/3$", "C": "$2\\pi G\\sigma$", "D": "$4\\pi G\\sigma$", "E": "$8\\pi G\\sigma$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4011, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Collisions between ping pong balls and paddles are not perfectly elastic. Suppose that if a player holds a paddle still and drops a ball on top of it from any height $ h $, it will bounce back up to height $ h/2 $. To keep the ball bouncing steadily, the player moves the paddle up and down, so that it is moving upward with speed 1.0 m/s whenever the ball hits it.", "question": "What is the height to which the ball is bouncing?", "options": {"A": "0.21 m", "B": "0.45 m", "C": "1.0 m", "D": "1.7 m", "E": "There is not enough information to determine the height."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4012, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "When a projectile falls through a fluid, it experiences a drag force proportional to the product of its cross-sectional area, the fluid density $ \\rho_f $, and the square of its speed. Suppose a sphere of density $ \\rho_s \\gg \\rho_f $ of radius $ R $ is dropped in the fluid from rest.", "question": "When the projectile has reached half of its terminal velocity, which of the following is its displacement proportional to?", "options": {"A": "$R\\sqrt{\\rho_s/\\rho_f}$", "B": "$R\\rho_s/\\rho_f$", "C": "$R(\\rho_s/\\rho_f)^{3/2}$", "D": "$R(\\rho_s/\\rho_f)^2$", "E": "$R(\\rho_s/\\rho_f)^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4013, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An observer stands on the side of the front of a stationary train.", "question": "When the train starts moving with constant acceleration, it takes 5 seconds for the first car to pass the observer. How long will it take for the 10th car to pass?", "options": {"A": "1.07s", "B": "0.98s", "C": "0.91s", "D": "0.86s", "E": "0.81s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4014, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Jordi stands \\(20\\ \\mathrm{m}\\) from a wall, and Diego stands \\(10\\ \\mathrm{m}\\) from the same wall. Jordi throws a ball at an angle of \\(30^\\circ\\) above the horizontal, and it collides elastically with the wall.", "question": "How fast does Jordi need to throw the ball so that Diego will catch it? Consider Jordi and Diego to be the same height, and both are on the same perpendicular line from the wall.", "options": {"A": "11m / s", "B": "15m / s", "C": "19m / s", "D": "30m / s", "E": "35m / s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4015, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A light car and a heavy truck have the same momentum. The truck weighs ten times as much as the car. How do their kinetic energies compare?", "options": {"A": "The truck's kinetic energy is larger by a factor of 100", "B": "They truck's kinetic energy is larger by a factor of 10", "C": "They have the same kinetic energy", "D": "The car's kinetic energy is larger by a factor of 10", "E": "The car's kinetic energy is larger by a factor of 100"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4016, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A truck is initially moving at velocity v. The driver presses the brake in order to slow the truck to a stop. The brake applies a constant force F to the truck. The truck rolls a distance x before coming to a stop, and the time it takes to stop is t.", "question": "Which of the following expressions is equal the initial kinetic energy of the truck (i.e. the kinetic energy before the driver starts braking)?", "options": {"A": "F x", "B": "F v t", "C": "F x t", "D": "F t", "E": "Both (a) and (b) are correct"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4017, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A truck is initially moving at velocity v. The driver presses the brake in order to slow the truck to a stop. The brake applies a constant force F to the truck. The truck rolls a distance x before coming to a stop, and the time it takes to stop is t.", "question": "Which of the following expressions is equal the initial momentum of the truck (i.e. the momentum before the driver starts braking)?", "options": {"A": "F x", "B": "F t / 2", "C": "F x t", "D": "2F t", "E": "2F x / v"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4018, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following can be used to distinguish a solid ball from a hollow sphere of the same radius and mass?", "options": {"A": "Measurements of the orbit of a test mass around the object.", "B": "Measurements of the time it takes the object to roll down an inclined plane.", "C": "Measurements of the tidal forces applied by the object to a liquid body.", "D": "Measurements of the behavior of the object as it floats in water.", "E": "Measurements of the force applied to the object by a uniform gravitational field."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4019, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A spherical shell of mass \\(M\\) and radius \\(R\\) is completely filled with a frictionless fluid, also of mass \\(M\\). It is released from rest, and then it rolls without slipping down an incline that makes an angle \\(\\theta\\) with the horizontal.", "question": "What will be the acceleration of the shell down the incline just after it is released? Assume the acceleration due to free fall is \\(g\\). The moment of inertia of a thin shell of radius \\(r\\) and mass \\(m\\) about the center of mass is \\(I = \\frac{2}{3}mr^2\\); the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of radius \\(r\\) and mass \\(m\\) about the center of mass is \\(I = \\frac{2}{5}mr^2\\).", "options": {"A": "\\(a = g\\sin\\theta\\)", "B": "\\(a = \\frac{3}{4}g\\sin\\theta\\)", "C": "\\(a = \\frac{1}{2}g\\sin\\theta\\)", "D": "\\(a = \\frac{3}{8}g\\sin\\theta\\)", "E": "\\(a = \\frac{3}{5}g\\sin\\theta\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4020, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "There is a ring outside of Saturn. In order to distinguish if the ring is actually a part of Saturn or is instead part of the satellites of Saturn, we need to know the relation between the velocity v of each layer in the ring and the distance R of the layer to the center of Saturn.", "question": "Which of the following statements is correct?", "options": {"A": "If \\(v \\propto R\\), then the layer is part of Saturn.", "B": "If \\(v^2 \\propto R\\), then the layer is part of the satellites of Saturn.", "C": "If \\(v \\propto \\frac{1}{R}\\), then the layer is part of Saturn.", "D": "If \\(v^2 \\propto \\frac{1}{R}\\), then the layer is part of Saturn.", "E": "If \\(v \\propto R^2\\), then the layer is part of the satellites of Saturn."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4021, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A cart of mass m moving at 12m / s to the right collides elastically with a cart of mass 4.0kg that is originally at rest. After the collision, the cart of mass m moves to the left with a velocity of 6.0m / s.", "question": "Assuming an elastic collision in one dimension only, what is the velocity of the center of mass (v_cm) of the two carts before the collision?", "options": {"A": "v_cm = 2.0m / s", "B": "v_cm = 3.0m / s", "C": "v_cm = 6.0m / s", "D": "v_cm = 9.0m / s", "E": "v_cm = 18m / s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4022, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A simple pendulum experiment is constructed from a point mass \\(m\\) attached to a pivot by a massless rod of length \\(L\\) in a constant gravitational field. The rod is released from an angle \\(\\theta_0 < \\frac{\\pi}{2}\\) at rest, and the period of motion is found to be \\(T_0\\). Ignore air resistance and friction.", "question": "At what angle \\(\\theta_g\\) during the swing is the tension in the rod the greatest?", "options": {"A": "The tension is greatest at the point \\(\\theta_g = \\theta_0\\).", "B": "The tension is greatest at the point \\(\\theta_g = 0\\).", "C": "The tension is greatest at an angle \\(\\theta_g\\) with \\(0 < \\theta_g < \\theta_0\\).", "D": "The tension is constant.", "E": "None of the above is true for all values of \\(\\theta_0\\) with \\(0 < \\theta_0 < \\frac{\\pi}{2}\\)."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4023, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A simple pendulum experiment is constructed from a point mass \\(m\\) attached to a pivot by a massless rod of length \\(L\\) in a constant gravitational field. The rod is released from an angle \\(\\theta_0 < \\frac{\\pi}{2}\\) at rest, and the period of motion is found to be \\(T_0\\). Ignore air resistance and friction.", "question": "What is the maximum value of the tension in the rod?", "options": {"A": "\\(mg\\)", "B": "\\(2mg\\)", "C": "\\(\\frac{mL\\theta_0}{T_0^2}\\)", "D": "\\(mg\\sin\\theta_0\\)", "E": "\\(mg(3 - 2\\cos\\theta_0)\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4024, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A man with mass \\(m\\) jumps off a high bridge with a bungee cord attached to his ankles. The man falls through a maximum distance \\(H\\), at which point the bungee cord brings him to a momentary rest before he bounces back up. The bungee cord is perfectly elastic, obeying Hooke's force law with spring constant \\(k\\), and stretches from an original length \\(L_0\\) to a final length \\(L = L_0 + h\\). The maximum tension in the bungee cord is four times the weight of the man.", "question": "Find the maximum extension of the bungee cord h.", "options": {"A": "h = 1/2 H", "B": "h = 1/4 H", "C": "h = 1/5 H", "D": "h = 2/5 H", "E": "h = 1/8 H"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4025, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A box with weight \\(W\\) will slide down a \\(30^\\circ\\) incline at constant speed under the influence of gravity and friction alone. If instead a horizontal force \\(P\\) is applied to the box, the box can be made to move up the ramp at constant speed.", "question": "What is the magnitude of P?", "options": {"A": "\\(P = \\frac{W}{2}\\)", "B": "\\(P = \\frac{2W}{\\sqrt{3}}\\)", "C": "\\(P = W\\)", "D": "\\(P = \\sqrt{3}W\\)", "E": "\\(P = 2W\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4026, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car turning to the right is traveling at constant speed in a circle.", "question": "From the driver's perspective, the angular momentum vector about the center of the circle points $X$ and the acceleration vector of the car points $Y$ where", "options": {"A": "X is left, Y is left.", "B": "X is forward, Y is right.", "C": "X is down, Y is forward.", "D": "X is left, Y is right.", "E": "X is down, Y is right."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4027, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object of uniform density floats partially submerged so that $20\\%$ of the object is above the water. A 3 N force presses down on the top of the object so that the object becomes fully submerged.", "question": "What is the volume of the object? The density of water is $\\rho_{\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}} = 1000 \\mathrm{kg} / \\mathrm{m}^{3}$ .", "options": {"A": "$V_{object} = 0.3 \\mathrm{L}$", "B": "$V_{object} = 0.67 \\mathrm{L}$", "C": "$V_{object} = 1.2 \\mathrm{L}$", "D": "$V_{object} = 1.5 \\mathrm{L}$", "E": "$V_{object} = 3.0 \\mathrm{L}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4028, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "What are the correct values of the numbers in the following statements? Assume there are no external forces, and take $N = 1$ to mean that the statement cannot be made for any meaningful number of particles.", "question": "- If a particle at rest explodes into $N_{1}$ or fewer particles with known masses, and the total kinetic energy of the new particles is known, the kinetic energy of each of the new particles is completely determined.\n- If a particle at rest explodes into $N_{2}$ or fewer particles, the velocities of the new particles must lie in a line.\n- If a particle at rest explodes into $N_{3}$ or fewer particles, the velocities of the new particles must lie in a plane.", "options": {"A": "$N_{1} = 2$ $N_{2} = 1$ $N_{3} = 1$", "B": "$N_{1} = 1$ $N_{2} = 2$ $N_{3} = 3$", "C": "$N_{1} = 2$ $N_{2} = 2$ $N_{3} = 3$", "D": "$N_{1} = 3$ $N_{2} = 2$ $N_{3} = 3$", "E": "$N_{1} = 2$ $N_{2} = 3$ $N_{3} = 4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4029, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A unicyclist goes around a circular track of radius $30\\mathrm{m}$ at a (amazingly fast!) constant speed of $10\\mathrm{m / s}$ .", "question": "At what angle to the left (or right) of vertical must the unicyclist lean to avoid falling? Assume that the height of the unicyclist is much smaller than the radius of the track.", "options": {"A": "$9.46^{\\circ}$", "B": "$9.59^{\\circ}$", "C": "$18.4^{\\circ}$", "D": "$19.5^{\\circ}$", "E": "$70.5^{\\circ}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4030, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A $1.00\\mathrm{m}$ long stick with uniform density is allowed to rotate about a point $30.0\\mathrm{cm}$ from its end. The stick is perfectly balanced when a $50.0\\mathrm{g}$ mass is placed on the stick $20.0\\mathrm{cm}$ from the same end.", "question": "What is the mass of the stick?", "options": {"A": "$35.7\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$33.3\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$25.0\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$17.5\\mathrm{g}$", "E": "$14.3\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4031, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object of mass $M$ is hung on a vertical spring of spring constant $k$ and is set into vertical oscillations. The period of this oscillation is $T_{0}$ . The spring is then cut in half and the same mass is attached and the system is set up to oscillate on a frictionless inclined plane making an angle $\\theta$ to the horizontal.", "question": "Determine the period of the oscillations on the inclined plane in terms of $T_{0}$ .", "options": {"A": "$T_{0}$", "B": "$T_{0} / 2$", "C": "$2T_{0}\\sin \\theta$", "D": "$T_{0} / \\sqrt{2}$", "E": "$T_{0}\\sin \\theta /\\sqrt{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4032, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A radio-controlled car is attached to a stake in the ground by a \\(3.00\\ \\mathrm{m}\\) long piece of string and is forced to move in a circular path. The car has an initial angular velocity of \\(1.00\\ \\mathrm{rad/s}\\) and smoothly accelerates at a rate of \\(4.00\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\). The string will break if the centripetal acceleration exceeds \\(2.43 \\times 10^2\\ \\mathrm{m/s^2}\\).", "question": "How long can the car accelerate at this rate before the string breaks?", "options": {"A": "$0.25 \\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$0.50 \\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$1.00 \\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$1.50 \\mathrm{s}$", "E": "$2.00 \\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4033, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A paper helicopter with rotor radius $r$ and weight $W$ is dropped from a height $h$ in air with a density of $\\rho$ . Assuming that the helicopter quickly reaches terminal velocity, a function for the time of flight $T$ can be found in the form $T = k h^{\\alpha}r^{\\beta}\\rho^{\\delta}W^{\\omega}.$ where $k$ is an unknown dimensionless constant (actually, 1.164). $\\alpha$ , $\\beta$ , $\\delta$ , and $\\omega$ are constant exponents to be determined.", "question": "Determine $\\alpha$ .", "options": {"A": "$\\alpha = -1$", "B": "$\\alpha = -1 / 2$", "C": "$\\alpha = 0$", "D": "$\\alpha = 1 / 2$", "E": "$\\alpha = 1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4034, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A paper helicopter with rotor radius $r$ and weight $W$ is dropped from a height $h$ in air with a density of $\\rho$ . Assuming that the helicopter quickly reaches terminal velocity, a function for the time of flight $T$ can be found in the form $T = k h^{\\alpha}r^{\\beta}\\rho^{\\delta}W^{\\omega}.$ where $k$ is an unknown dimensionless constant (actually, 1.164). $\\alpha$ , $\\beta$ , $\\delta$ , and $\\omega$ are constant exponents to be determined.", "question": "Determine $\\beta$ .", "options": {"A": "$\\beta = 1 / 3$", "B": "$\\beta = 1 / 2$", "C": "$\\beta = 2 / 3$", "D": "$\\beta = 1$", "E": "$\\beta$ can not be uniquely determined without more information."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4035, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The maximum torque output from the engine of a new experimental car of mass $m$ is $\\tau$ . The maximum rotational speed of the engine is $\\omega$ . The engine is designed to provide a constant power output $P$ . The engine is connected to the wheels via a perfect transmission that can smoothly trade torque for speed with no power loss. The wheels have a radius $R$ , and the coefficient of static friction between the wheels and the road is $\\mu$ .", "question": "What is the maximum sustained speed $v$ the car can drive up a 30 degree incline? Assume no frictional losses and assume $\\mu$ is large enough so that the tires do not slip.", "options": {"A": "$v = 2P / (mg)$", "B": "$v = 2P / (\\sqrt{3} mg)$", "C": "$v = 2P / (\\mu mg)$", "D": "$v = \\tau \\omega / (mg)$", "E": "$v = \\tau \\omega / (\\mu mg)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4036, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A spherical cloud of dust in space has a uniform density $\\rho_{0}$ and a radius $R_{0}$ . The gravitational acceleration of free fall at the surface of the cloud due to the mass of the cloud is $g_{0}$ . A process occurs (heat expansion) that causes the cloud to suddenly grow to a radius $2R_{0}$ , while maintaining a uniform (but not constant) density.", "question": "The gravitational acceleration of free fall at a point $R_{0}$ away from the center of the cloud due to the mass of the cloud is now", "options": {"A": "$g_{0} / 32$", "B": "$g_{0} / 16$", "C": "$g_{0} / 8$", "D": "$g_{0} / 4$", "E": "$g_{0} / 2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4037, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A crew of scientists has built a new space station. The space station is shaped like a wheel of radius $R$ , with essentially all its mass $M$ at the rim. When the crew arrives, the station will be set rotating at a rate that causes an object at the rim to have radial acceleration $g$ , thereby simulating Earth's surface gravity. This is accomplished by two small rockets, each with thrust $T$ newtons, mounted on the station's rim.", "question": "How long a time $t$ does one need to fire the rockets to achieve the desired condition?", "options": {"A": "$t = \\sqrt{g R^{3}} M / (2T)$", "B": "$t = \\sqrt{g R} M / (2T)$", "C": "$t = \\sqrt{g R} M / T$", "D": "$t = \\sqrt{g R / \\pi} M / T$", "E": "$t = \\sqrt{g R} M / (\\pi T)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4038, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A body of mass $M$ and a body of mass $m\\ll M$ are in circular orbits about their center of mass under the influence of their mutual gravitational attraction to each other. The distance between the bodies is $R$ , which is much larger than the size of either body. A small amount of matter $\\delta m\\ll m$ is removed from the body of mass $m$ and transferred to the body of mass $M$ . The transfer is done in such a way so that the orbits of the two bodies remain circular, and remain separated by a distance $R$ .", "question": "Which of the following statements is correct?", "options": {"A": "The gravitational force between the two bodies increases.", "B": "The gravitational force between the two bodies remains constant.", "C": "The total angular momentum of the system increases.", "D": "The total angular momentum of the system remains constant.", "E": "The period of the orbit of two bodies remains constant."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4039, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block with mass $m$ is released from rest at the top of a frictionless ramp. The block starts at a height $h_{1}$ above the base of the ramp, slides down the ramp, and then up a second ramp. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the second ramp is $\\mu_{k}$ . If both ramps make an angle of $\\theta$ with the horizontal,", "question": "to what height $h_{2}$ above the base of the second ramp will the block rise?", "options": {"A": "$h_{2} = (h_{1}\\sin \\theta) / (\\mu_{k}\\cos \\theta +\\sin \\theta)$", "B": "$h_{2} = (h_{1}\\sin \\theta) / (\\mu_{k} + \\sin \\theta)$", "C": "$h_{2} = (h_{1}\\sin \\theta) / (\\mu_k\\cos^2\\theta +\\sin \\theta)$", "D": "$h_{2} = (h_{1}\\sin \\theta) / (\\mu_{k}\\cos^2\\theta +\\sin^2\\theta)$", "E": "$h_{2} = (h_{1}\\cos \\theta) / (\\mu_{k}\\sin \\theta +\\cos \\theta)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4040, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A 3.0 kg mass moving at $30\\mathrm{m / s}$ to the right collides elastically with a 2.0 kg mass traveling at $20\\mathrm{m / s}$ to the left. After the collision, the center of mass of the system is moving at a speed of", "options": {"A": "$5\\mathrm{m / s}$", "B": "$10\\mathrm{m / s}$", "C": "$20\\mathrm{m / s}$", "D": "$24\\mathrm{m / s}$", "E": "$26\\mathrm{m / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4041, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Ball 1 traveling in the positive $x$ direction strikes an equal mass ball 2 that is originally at rest. All of the following must be true after the collision, except", "options": {"A": "The total final momentum in the $x$ direction equals the initial momentum of ball 1.", "B": "The total kinetic energy after the collision equals the initial kinetic energy of ball 1.", "C": "The final momentum of the two balls in the $y$ direction adds to zero.", "D": "The final speed of the center of mass of the two balls is equal to half the initial speed of ball 1.", "E": "The balls can't both be at rest after the collision."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4042, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A packing crate with mass $m = 115\\mathrm{kg}$ is slid up a $5.00\\mathrm{m}$ long ramp which makes an angle of $20.0^\\circ$ with respect to the horizontal by an applied force of $F = 1.00\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{N}$ directed parallel to the ramp's incline. A frictional force of magnitude $f = 4.00\\times 10^{2}\\mathrm{N}$ resists the motion. If the crate starts from rest, what is its speed at the top of the ramp?", "options": {"A": "$4.24\\mathrm{m / s}$", "B": "$5.11\\mathrm{m / s}$", "C": "$7.22\\mathrm{m / s}$", "D": "$8.26\\mathrm{m / s}$", "E": "$9.33\\mathrm{m / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4043, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A car has a maximum acceleration of $a_{0}$ and a minimum acceleration of $-a_{0}$. The shortest possible time for the car to begin at rest, then arrive at rest at a point a distance $d$ away is", "options": {"A": "$\\sqrt{d / 2a_{0}}$", "B": "$\\sqrt{d / a_{0}}$", "C": "$\\sqrt{2d / a_{0}}$", "D": "$\\sqrt{3d / a_{0}}$", "E": "$2\\sqrt{d / a_{0}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4044, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "A group of students wish to measure the acceleration of gravity with a simple pendulum. They take one length measurement of the pendulum to be $L = 1.00\\pm 0.05\\mathrm{m}$. They then measure the period of a single swing to be $T = 2.00\\pm 0.10\\mathrm{s}$. Assume that all uncertainties are Gaussian. The computed acceleration of gravity from this experiment illustrating the range of possible values should be recorded as", "options": {"A": "$9.87\\pm 0.10\\mathrm{m / s}^{2}$", "B": "$9.87\\pm 0.15\\mathrm{m / s}^{2}$", "C": "$9.9\\pm 0.25\\mathrm{m / s}^{2}$", "D": "$9.9\\pm 1.1\\mathrm{m / s}^{2}$", "E": "$9.9\\pm 1.5\\mathrm{m / s}^{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4045, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A satellite is in a circular orbit about the Earth. Over a long period of time, the effects of air resistance decrease the satellite's total energy by 1 J. The kinetic energy of the satellite", "options": {"A": "increases by 1 J.", "B": "remains unchanged.", "C": "decreases by $\\frac{1}{2}\\mathrm{J}$", "D": "decreases by 1 J.", "E": "decreases by 2 J."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4046, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A mass $m$ is attached to a thin rod of length $\\ell$ so that it can freely spin in a vertical circle with period $T$. The difference in the tensions in the rod when the mass is at the top and the bottom of the circle is", "options": {"A": "$6m g^{2}T^{2} / \\ell$", "B": "$4\\pi m g^{2}T^{2} / \\ell$", "C": "$6m g $", "D": "$\\pi^{2}m\\ell /T^{2}$", "E": "$4\\pi m\\ell /T^{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4047, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Raindrops with a number density of $n$ drops per cubic meter and radius $r_{0}$ hit the ground with a speed $v_{0}$. The resulting pressure on the ground from the rain is $P_{0}$. If the number density is doubled, the drop radius is halved, and the speed is halved, the new pressure will be", "options": {"A": "$P_{0}$", "B": "$P_{0} / 2$", "C": "$P_{0} / 4$", "D": "$P_{0} / 8$", "E": "$P_{0} / 16 $"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4048, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A spring stretched to double its unstretched length has a potential energy $U_{0}$. If the spring is cut in half, and each half spring is stretched to double its unstretched length, then the total potential energy stored in the two half springs will be", "options": {"A": "$4U_{0}$", "B": "$2U_{0}$", "C": "$U_{0}$", "D": "$U_{0} / 2$", "E": "$U_{0} / 4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4049, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A mass is attached to one end of a rigid rod, while the other end of the rod is attached to a fixed horizontal axle. Initially the mass hangs at the end of the rod and the rod is vertical. The mass is given an initial kinetic energy $K$. If $K$ is very small, the mass behaves like a pendulum, performing small-angle oscillations with period $T_{0}$. As $K$ is increased, the period of the motion for the mass", "options": {"A": "remains the same.", "B": "increases, approaching a finite constant.", "C": "decreases, approaching a finite non-zero constant.", "D": "decreases, approaching zero.", "E": "initially increases, then decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4050, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "Alice and Bob are working on a lab report. Alice measures the period of a pendulum to be $1.013\\pm 0.008\\mathrm{~s}$, while Bob independently measures the period to be $0.997\\pm 0.016\\mathrm{~s}$. Alice and Bob can combine their measurements in several ways.", "question": "1: Keep Alice's result and ignore Bob's\n2: Average Alice's and Bob's results\n3: Perform a weighted average of Alice's and Bob's results, with Alice's result weighted 4 times more than Bob's\nHow are the uncertainties of these results related?", "options": {"A": "Method 1 has the lowest uncertainty, and method 2 has the highest", "B": "Method 3 has the lowest uncertainty, and method 2 has the highest", "C": "Method 2 has the lowest uncertainty, and method 1 has the highest", "D": "Method 3 has the lowest uncertainty, and method 1 has the highest", "E": "Method 1 has the lowest uncertainty, and method 3 has the highest"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4051, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Alice and Bethany stand side by side on the Earth's equator. If Alice jumps directly upward, in her frame of reference, to a small height $h$ much less than the radius of the Earth, she will land a distance $D$ to the west of Bethany.", "question": "If Alice had instead jumped to a height $2h$, how far to the west of Bethany would she land? Neglect air resistance.", "options": {"A": "$D / \\sqrt{2}$", "B": "$D$", "C": "$\\sqrt{2} D$", "D": "$2D$", "E": "$2^{3 / 2}D$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4052, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A train starts from city $A$ and stops in city $B$. The distance between the cities is $s$. The train's maximal acceleration is $a_{1}$ and its maximal deceleration is $a_{2}$ (in absolute value).", "question": "What is the shortest time in which the train can travel between $A$ and $B$?", "options": {"A": "$2 \\sqrt{\\frac{s}{a_{1} + a_{2}}}$", "B": "$2 \\sqrt{\\frac{s}{\\sqrt{a_{1}a_{2}}}}$", "C": "$\\sqrt{2 \\frac{s(a_{1} + a_{2})}{a_{1}a_{2}}}$", "D": "$\\sqrt{\\frac{2sa_{2}}{a_{1}(a_{1} + a_{2})}}$", "E": "$\\sqrt{\\frac{s\\sqrt{a_{1}a_{2}}}{(a_{1} + a_{2})^{2}}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4053, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A point mass slides with speed $v$ on a frictionless horizontal surface between two fixed parallel walls, initially a distance $L$ apart. It bounces between the walls perfectly elastically.", "question": "You move one of the walls towards the other by a distance $0.01L$, with speed $0.0001v$. What is the final speed of the point mass?", "options": {"A": "$1.001v$", "B": "$1.002v$", "C": "$1.005v$", "D": "$1.01v$", "E": "$1.02v$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4054, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A mint produces 100,000 coins. Upon weighing some of them with a precise scale, officials find that the coins vary slightly in weight, with an independent uncertainty of $1\\%$.", "question": "About how many coins must be randomly sampled and weighed in order to determine the total weight of the coins to within $0.1\\%$ uncertainty? Assume there are no sources of systematic uncertainty.", "options": {"A": "Almost all of the coins must be weighed.", "B": "10,000", "C": "1,000", "D": "100", "E": "10"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4055, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "NASA trains astronauts to experience weightlessness with an airplane which flies in a parabolic arc with constant acceleration $g$ toward the ground. The plane can remain on this trajectory for at most 25 seconds, due to the large change in altitude required.", "question": "If instead of simulating weightlessness, NASA wanted to fly a trajectory that would simulate the gravitational acceleration of Mars $3.7 \\mathrm{m / s^{2}}$, for what length of time can the plane simulate Mars gravity? Assume that the maximum change in altitude is the same for both trajectories.", "options": {"A": "$25 \\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$31 \\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$41 \\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$68 \\mathrm{s}$", "E": "$183 \\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4056, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform solid circular disk of mass $m$ is on a flat, frictionless horizontal table. The center of mass of the disk is at rest and the disk is spinning with angular frequency $\\omega_{0}$. A stone, modeled as a point object also of mass $m$, is placed on the edge of the disk, with zero initial velocity relative to the table. A rim built into the disk constrains the stone to slide, with friction, along the disk's edge.", "question": "After the stone stops sliding with respect to the disk, what is the angular frequency of rotation of the disk and stone together?", "options": {"A": "$\\omega_{0}$", "B": "$2\\omega_{0} / 3$", "C": "$\\omega_{0} / 2$", "D": "$\\omega_{0} / 3$", "E": "$\\omega_{0} / 4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4057, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A bacterium cell swims by rotating its bundle of flagella to counter a viscous drag force in the medium. The drag force $F(R, v, \\eta)$ only depends on the typical length scale of the cell $R$, its speed $v$, and the viscosity of the fluid $\\eta$, which has units of $\\mathrm{kg} / (\\mathrm{m} \\cdot \\mathrm{s})$. It is observed under a microscope that a cell of length $1 \\mu \\mathrm{m}$ swims at about $20 \\mu \\mathrm{m} / \\mathrm{s}$.", "question": "Estimate the speed of a cell of length $0.5 \\mu \\mathrm{m}$, assuming cells of all sizes generate the same amount of force from their flagella.", "options": {"A": "$5 \\mu \\mathrm{m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$10 \\mu \\mathrm{m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$40 \\mu \\mathrm{m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$80 \\mu \\mathrm{m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "E": "There is not enough information to decide."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4058, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The line between day and night on a planet or moon is called the terminator.", "question": "How fast does the terminator of Earth's moon move across its surface at the equator? The radius of the moon is $1.74 \\times 10^{6} \\mathrm{~m}$.", "options": {"A": "$0 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$4.5 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$83\\mathrm{m / s}$", "D": "$465\\mathrm{m / s}$", "E": "$2201\\mathrm{m / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4059, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A solid sphere sits at the top of a ramp of height $h$ inclined at angle $\\theta$ to the horizontal. Both the static and kinetic coefficients of friction between the sphere and incline are $\\mu_{k} = \\mu_{s} = 0.2$. The sphere is released from rest at the top of the incline.", "question": "For which of the following values of $\\theta$ is the total translational plus rotational kinetic energy of the sphere greatest when it reaches the bottom of the incline?", "options": {"A": "$10^{\\circ}$", "B": "$45^{\\circ}$", "C": "$60^{\\circ}$", "D": "$80^{\\circ}$", "E": "The mechanical energy is the same for all choices."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4060, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two satellites are in circular orbits around a star with equal radius $r$, speed $v$, and period $T$. The satellites are initially diametrically opposite each other.", "question": "In order to meet the second satellite in time $T / 2$, the first satellite should decrease its speed to approximately", "options": {"A": "$0.50v$", "B": "$0.64v$", "C": "$0.71v$", "D": "$0.76v$", "E": "$0.82v$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4061, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A symmetric spinning top, rotating clockwise at an angular frequency $\\omega$, is placed upright in the center of a frictionless circular plate. The plate then begins to rotate counterclockwise at a constant angular velocity $\\omega$. Assume the top's axis remains perfectly vertical and stable without any precession.", "question": "From the perspective of an observer rotating with the plate, how does the top appear to rotate?", "options": {"A": "The top appears stationary without any rotation.", "B": "The top appears to rotate in the clockwise direction at an angular frequency $\\omega$.", "C": "The top appears to rotate in the clockwise direction at an angular frequency $2\\omega$.", "D": "The top appears to rotate in the counterclockwise direction at an angular frequency $\\omega$.", "E": "The top appears to rotate in the counterclockwise direction at an angular frequency $2\\omega$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4062, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "When two objects of very different masses collide, it is difficult to transfer a substantial fraction of the energy of one to the other. Consider two objects, of mass $m$ and $M\\gg m$.", "question": "If the lighter object is initially at rest, and the heavier object collides elastically with it, what is the approximate maximum fraction of the heavier object's kinetic energy that could be transferred to the lighter object?", "options": {"A": "$m / M$", "B": "$2m / M$", "C": "$4m / M$", "D": "$m^{2} / M^{2}$", "E": "$2m^{2} / M^{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4063, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "When two objects of very different masses collide, it is difficult to transfer a substantial fraction of the energy of one to the other. Consider two objects, of mass $m$ and $M\\gg m$.", "question": "Now suppose that instead, the heavier object is initially at rest, and the lighter object collides elastically with it. What is the approximate maximum fraction of the lighter object's kinetic energy that could be transferred to the heavier object?", "options": {"A": "$m / M$", "B": "$2m / M$", "C": "$4m / M$", "D": "$m^{2} / M^{2}$", "E": "$2m^{2} / M^{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4064, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 50 g piece of clay is thrown horizontally with a velocity of $20\\mathrm{m / s}$ striking the bob of a stationary pendulum with length $l = 1\\mathrm{m}$ and a bob mass of $200\\mathrm{g}$. Upon impact, the clay sticks to the pendulum weight and the pendulum starts to swing.", "question": "What is the maximum change in angle of the pendulum?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{arccos}(1 / 5)$", "B": "$\\mathrm{arcsin}(7 / 10)$", "C": "$\\mathrm{arccos}(2 / 3)$", "D": "$\\mathrm{arcsin}(3 / 10)$", "E": "$\\mathrm{arctan}(4 / 5)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4065, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "Two soap bubbles of radii $R_{1} = 1\\mathrm{cm}$ and $R_{2} = 2\\mathrm{cm}$ conjoin together in the air, such that a narrow bridge forms between them. Assuming the system starts in equilibrium, the bubbles are extremely thin, and that air can flow freely between the bubbles through the bridge,", "question": "describe the evolution and final state of the bubbles.", "options": {"A": "The smaller bubble will shrink and the larger bubble will grow.", "B": "The larger bubble will shrink and the smaller bubble will grow.", "C": "The bubbles will maintain their sizes.", "D": "Air will oscillate between the two bubbles.", "E": "Both bubbles will simultaneously shrink."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4066, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle of mass $m$ moves in the $x y$ plane with potential energy $U(x,y) = -k\\frac{x^{2} + y^{2}}{2}$. The closest point to the origin ($x = 0$, $y = 0$) during its motion was at a distance $d$, and the particle's speed at that point was $v \\neq 0$.", "question": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the path of the particle after a long time $t$ ($t \\gg d / v$)?", "options": {"A": "The particle's trajectory will be circular.", "B": "The particle's trajectory will be asymptotic to a straight line pointing away from the origin.", "C": "The particle will spiral outwards away from the origin.", "D": "The particle will travel on a parabolic trajectory.", "E": "The particle will spiral inwards towards the origin."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4071, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A series of dominoes are stood upright in a line. The dominoes have mass density $\\rho$ , height $h$ , and spacing $d$ between them. When the first domino is knocked over, a wave of falling dominoes propagates down the line with speed $v$ . Now, a second set of dominoes is set up identically, but with all dimensions ( $h$ and $d$ ) scaled by $\\lambda$ . The mass density is the same. Let $v'$ denote the wave speed of the scaled system.", "question": "Which of the following best describes how $v'$ depends on $\\lambda$ ?", "options": {"A": "$v' \\sim \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\lambda}}$", "B": "$v' \\sim \\lambda$", "C": "$v' \\sim \\frac{1}{\\lambda}$", "D": "$v' \\sim \\sqrt{\\lambda}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4072, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two small balls are launched simultaneously from the same point at some height above horizontal ground. One ball is launched vertically upward with speed $3\\mathrm{m / s}$ , while the other is launched horizontally with speed $4\\mathrm{m / s}$ and lands on the ground at a horizontal distance of $20\\mathrm{m}$ from the launch point. Neglect air resistance.", "question": "At the moment the second ball lands, how far is it from the first ball?", "options": {"A": "25 m", "B": "36 m", "C": "60 m", "D": "80 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4073, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A vertical cylindrical pipe with a sealed bottom contains no air and is tall enough that its top is open to outer space (no atmosphere). A heavy plate is mounted at the bottom of the cylinder and vibrates vertically. A small ball inside the pipe undergoes elastic collisions with the plate. The plate vibrates in such a way that, during each collision, it is moving upward with a constant speed equal to $\\frac{v}{1000}$ , where $v$ is the orbital speed at zero altitude above the Earth. The plate moves downward sufficiently fast that the ball collides with the plate only while the plate is moving upward. The ball is initially dropped from rest from a height equal to the Earth's radius above the plate.", "question": "After how many collisions with the plate will the ball escape the Earth's gravitational field?", "options": {"A": "207", "B": "208", "C": "414", "D": "415"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4074, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Consider the following three solid objects, each of mass $M$ and uniform density: (i) a half-ball of radius $a$ . (ii) a cylinder of radius $a$ and height $a$ . (iii) a cylinder of radius $a$ and height $2a$ . For each object, consider the gravitational acceleration at the center of its flat circular face. Let $g_{\\mathrm{ball}}$ , $g_{a}$ , and $g_{2a}$ denote these accelerations for the half-ball, the cylinder of height $a$ , and the cylinder of height $2a$ , respectively.", "question": "Which of the following is correct?", "options": {"A": "$g_{a} > g_{\\mathrm{ball}} > g_{2a}$", "B": "$g_{\\mathrm{ball}} > g_{2a} > g_{a}$", "C": "$g_{\\mathrm{ball}} > g_{a} > g_{2a}$", "D": "$g_{2a} > g_{\\mathrm{ball}} > g_{a}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4075, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A wake surfer of total mass $M$ (surfer plus board) is being towed at a constant horizontal velocity $v$ across a flat lake. The wakeboard has a specific geometry such that, at this speed, it is partially submerged and provides a static buoyant force $F_{B}$ (where $F_{B}< Mg$ ). To support the remainder of the weight, the board moves with an angle of attack $\\theta$ relative to the horizontal water surface. Assume that the water exerts a reaction force strictly normal to the bottom surface of the board.", "question": "Which of the following expressions represents the horizontal tension $T$ in the tow rope required to maintain this constant velocity?", "options": {"A": "$T = M g\\tan \\theta$", "B": "$T = (M g - F_{B})\\tan \\theta$", "C": "$T = (M g - F_{B})\\sin \\theta$", "D": "$T = M g\\sin \\theta$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4076, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball launcher fires balls along the floor at some initial speed, applying no rotation to them. The balls initially slip along the floor, then start rolling without slipping. Ignore the potential deformation of the ball and flooring during this process, as well as air resistance.", "question": "How does the final speed of the rolling ball depend on the coefficient of friction $\\mu$ between the ball and the floor?", "options": {"A": "The final speed is larger when $\\mu$ is large", "B": "The final speed is the same regardless of $\\mu$", "C": "The final speed is larger when $\\mu$ is small", "D": "The final speed is larger when $\\mu$ is small for high launch speeds, and when $\\mu$ is large for low launch speeds"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4077, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. The ladder is a uniform rod of mass $M$ and length $L$ , and both the wall and the ground are frictionless. The ladder is released from rest from an almost-vertical position and begins to slide.", "question": "What is the speed of the point of the ladder that is in contact with the floor when it is a horizontal distance $\\frac{\\sqrt{3}L}{2}$ away from the wall?", "options": {"A": "$0.46\\sqrt{gL}$", "B": "$0.51\\sqrt{gL}$", "C": "$0.56\\sqrt{gL}$", "D": "$0.61\\sqrt{gL}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4078, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A tricycle of mass $m = 100\\mathrm{kg}$ is traveling north on a horizontal surface. The geometry of the tricycle is defined as follows: - Wheelbase (distance from front axle to rear axle): $L = 1.0\\mathrm{m}$ - Rear track width (distance between rear wheels): $d = 1.0\\mathrm{m}$ - Center of mass (CM) location: on the longitudinal symmetry axis, a distance $b = 0.4\\mathrm{m}$ forward of the rear axle - Radius of gyration about the CM: $k = 0.5\\mathrm{m}$ (The radius of gyration $k$ is defined by $I_{\\mathrm{CM}} = mk^{2}$ , where $I_{\\mathrm{CM}}$ is the moment of inertia of the tricycle about a vertical axis through its center of mass.) Seeing a patch of ice on their right side ahead, the rider panics and slams on the brakes. The front wheel and the left rear wheel slide on dry pavement with a coefficient of kinetic friction $\\mu_{k} = 0.5$ , while the right rear wheel slides on frictionless ice ( $\\mu = 0$ ). This asymmetry in friction forces produces a net torque about the center of mass, causing the tricycle to begin rotating.", "question": "Calculate the initial angular acceleration $\\alpha$ of the tricycle.", "options": {"A": "\\(3.0\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\), Counter-Clockwise", "B": "\\(3.0\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\), Clockwise", "C": "\\(3.3\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\), Counter-Clockwise", "D": "\\(6.0\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\), Counter-Clockwise", "E": "\\(3.3\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\), Clockwise"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4079, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the average mass of an adult human male?", "options": {"A": " $1.0 \\times 10^{-2} \\text{ kg}$ ", "B": " $1.0 \\times 10^{-1} \\text{ kg}$ ", "C": " $1.0 \\times 10^{1} \\text{ kg}$ ", "D": " $1.0 \\times 10^{2} \\text{ kg}$ ", "E": " $1.0 \\times 10^{3} \\text{ kg}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4080, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Albert Einstein's most famous equation is $E = mc^2$ . The unit for the quantity represented by $E$ can be written as which one of the following options?", "options": {"A": " seconds", "B": " newtons", "C": " kilograms", "D": " meters", "E": " joules"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4081, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "The distance of one thousand meters can be written as one kilometer. Which one of the following choices best represents a distance of one million meters?", "options": {"A": " one gigameter", "B": " one megameter", "C": " one micrometer", "D": " one nanometer", "E": " one terameter"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4082, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "The following two measurements of length are recorded from an experiment: $L_1 = 4.57 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}$ and $L_2 = 2.130 \\times 10^2 \\text{ m}$ . Using the rules of significant digits, what is the sum ( $L_1 + L_2$ ) of these measurements?", "options": {"A": " $5 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}$ ", "B": " $4.8 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}$ ", "C": " $4.78 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}$ ", "D": " $4.783 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}$ ", "E": " $6.70 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4083, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball of mass $m = 0.100 \\text{ kg}$ is launched straight upward so that it rises to a maximum height of $12.0 \\text{ m}$ above the launch point. Ignore air resistance.", "question": "When the ball reaches its maximum height, which one of the following choices best represents the magnitude of the net force acting on the ball?", "options": {"A": " $0 \\text{ N}$ ", "B": " $0.100 \\text{ N}$ ", "C": " $1.00 \\text{ N}$ ", "D": " $10.0 \\text{ N}$ ", "E": " $12.0 \\text{ N}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4084, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball of mass $m = 0.100 \\text{ kg}$ is launched straight upward so that it rises to a maximum height of $12.0 \\text{ m}$ above the launch point. Ignore air resistance.", "question": "Approximately how much time does it take the ball to reach the maximum height from its launch?", "options": {"A": " $0.65 \\text{ s}$ ", "B": " $1.10 \\text{ s}$ ", "C": " $1.20 \\text{ s}$ ", "D": " $1.55 \\text{ s}$ ", "E": " $2.40 \\text{ s}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4085, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An object moves along a horizontal line with increasing speed. Which one of the following choices could represent the signs of the velocity and of the acceleration for the object to achieve this motion?", "options": {"A": "Velocity: Zero | Acceleration: Zero", "B": "Velocity: Positive | Acceleration: Zero", "C": "Velocity: Positive | Acceleration: Negative", "D": "Velocity: Negative | Acceleration: Positive", "E": "Velocity: Negative | Acceleration: Negative"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4166, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Approximately how many hydrogen atoms are there in the liquid water of Earth's oceans?", "options": {"A": "$10^{62}$", "B": "$10^{57}$", "C": "$10^{52}$", "D": "$10^{47}$", "E": "$10^{42}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4168, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "Two spherical speakers separated by $30.0 \\text{ m}$ each emit a constant frequency signal of $57.0 \\text{ Hz}$ in phase with each other. The speed of sound is $342 \\text{ m/s}$.", "question": "How many locations of complete destructive interference of the incoming signals are there on the line between the speakers?", "options": {"A": "12", "B": "11", "C": "10", "D": "9", "E": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4169, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Rain falls vertically at $12.0 \\text{ m/s}$ with respect to a stationary observer. A car is moving at an angle of $40^\\circ$ below the horizontal with respect to the observer. A passenger sitting in the car notes that the rain makes an angle of $29.0^\\circ$ with the vertical.", "question": "What is the car's speed with respect to the observer?", "options": {"A": "2.29 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "B": "5.93 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "C": "9.03 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "D": "11.8 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "E": "16.2 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4170, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices represents the base SI units of inductance?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{\\text{kg m}^2}{\\text{A}^2 \\text{ s}^2}$", "B": "$\\frac{\\text{kg m}^2}{\\text{A s}}$", "C": "$\\frac{\\text{kg m}}{\\text{A}^2 \\text{ s}^2}$", "D": "$\\frac{\\text{kg m}^2}{\\text{A}^2 \\text{ s}^3}$", "E": "$\\frac{\\text{kg m}}{\\text{A}^2 \\text{ s}^3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4171, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices is most associated with the following statement: \"When the pressure of a gas is held constant, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature.\"?", "options": {"A": "Newton's Law", "B": "Boyle's Law", "C": "Avogadro's Law", "D": "Graham's Law", "E": "Charles's Law"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4172, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "One mole of a diatomic ideal gas undergoes a reversible adiabatic process. The pressure and volume initially are given as $P = 2.0 \\text{ atm}$ and $V = 30 L$. If the volume is halved during the adiabatic process, how much work was done on the gas sample by the surroundings?", "question": "How much work was done on the gas sample by the surroundings?", "options": {"A": "6790 J", "B": "5530 J", "C": "4850 J", "D": "4200 J", "E": "3040 J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4173, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "The kinetic energy associated with an electron is twice its rest energy. At what speed is the electron traveling?", "options": {"A": "$2.83 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$", "B": "$2.67 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$", "C": "$2.60 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$", "D": "$2.25 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$", "E": "$2.12 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4174, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "A scientist computes a speed as $\\frac{12 \\text{ mm}}{3 \\mu\\text{s}}$ . Which one of the following choices represents this same speed?", "options": {"A": " $4 \\frac{\\text{km}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "B": " $4 \\frac{\\text{nm}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "C": " $4 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "D": " $4 \\frac{\\text{Gm}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "E": " $4 \\frac{\\text{pm}}{\\text{s}}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4175, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small object is released from rest and falls freely for 4.00 s until reaching the ground.", "question": "What was the height above the ground from which the object was released?", "options": {"A": "10.0 m", "B": "20.0 m", "C": "40.0 m", "D": "80.0 m", "E": "160.0 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4189, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": "An object appears green when ideal cyan light shines on it.", "question": "If ideal yellow light were to shine on the object, which one of the following choices identifies the color(s) that the object could appear?", "options": {"A": "only red", "B": "only yellow", "C": "only green or black", "D": "only yellow or green", "E": "only yellow, green, or red"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4190, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "The change in linear momentum of an object is always in the same direction as the", "options": {"A": "velocity of the object.", "B": "displacement of the object.", "C": "average speed of the object.", "D": "average velocity of the object.", "E": "average acceleration of the object."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4191, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A large swimming pool is filled with a liquid having a density of $5.00 \\times 10^2 \\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$ . A person wants to see what happens if she jumps into the deep end of the pool (3.0 meters deep).", "question": "Which one of the following choices correctly identifies what will happen to the person? Assume that the person does not try to move their arms or legs until discovering what happens after equilibrium is established.", "options": {"A": "The person will float with much more than 50% of their body's volume above the liquid's surface.", "B": "The person will float with approximately 50% of their body's volume above the liquid's surface.", "C": "The person will float with much less than 50% of their body's volume above the liquid's surface.", "D": "The person will sink but remain off the bottom of the pool.", "E": "The person will sink to the pool's bottom."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4192, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 1500 ???? car and a 6000 ???? truck have a perfectly inelastic collision on a street.", "question": "Which one of the following choices correctly identifies the object(s) that lose kinetic energy from the impact?", "options": {"A": "Neither object loses kinetic energy.", "B": "Only the car loses kinetic energy.", "C": "Only the truck loses kinetic energy.", "D": "Both the car and truck lose kinetic energy.", "E": "The answer cannot be determined without more information."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4193, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "What condition must be met for the angular momentum of a system to be constant?", "options": {"A": "The mechanical energy is constant.", "B": "There is no net external force acting on the system.", "C": "The system is in static equilibrium.", "D": "There is no net external torque acting on the system.", "E": "Only the gravitational force is acting on the system."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4194, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "A shipment of parts is labeled in units of \"ohm-second.\"", "question": "Which one of the following choices represents an equivalent unit?", "options": {"A": "henry", "B": "farad", "C": "joule", "D": "volt", "E": "weber"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4195, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "Two lightbulbs ( $X$ and $Y$ ) are connected in series to a battery. Bulb $X$ is brighter than bulb $Y$ . Assume all circuit elements are ideal.", "question": "If bulbs $X$ and $Y$ are connected in parallel with each other to the same battery, which one of the following choices best represents what is observed?", "options": {"A": "Bulb X remains brighter than bulb Y", "B": "Bulb X remains brighter than bulb Y", "C": "Bulb X remains brighter than bulb Y", "D": "Bulb Y now is brighter than bulb X", "E": "Bulb Y now is brighter than bulb X"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4196, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A projectile is launched at an angle of $40^\\circ$ above the horizontal with a speed of $30 \\frac{m}{s}$ .", "question": "How much time passes before the position of the projectile makes an angle of $20^\\circ$ above the horizontal from the original launch point?", "options": {"A": "3.02 s", "B": "2.38 s", "C": "2.18 s", "D": "1.93 s", "E": "1.64 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4197, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A scientist performs an experiment in which she determines the shortest length of a gas column needed to create resonance for a vibrating tuning fork over a tube closed at one end. She plots the gas column length against the inverse of the frequency for a set of tuning forks and finds that she has a straight line fit through the data. Representing the slope of the line as $m$ ,", "question": "which one of the following choices correctly identifies the speed of waves through the gas in the experiment?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{4}m$ ", "B": " $m$ ", "C": " $2m$ ", "D": " $\\frac{4}{3}m$ ", "E": " $4m$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4198, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices best approximates the magnitude of the Earth's angular momentum (expressed in base MKS units) associated with its orbit around the Sun?", "options": {"A": " $10^{36}$ ", "B": " $10^{40}$ ", "C": " $10^{44}$ ", "D": " $10^{48}$ ", "E": " $10^{52}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4199, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A point wave source travels along the $x$ -axis at constant speed $v_s$ . Stationary observers on the $x$ -axis measure the wavelength of the waves that they receive. The ratio of the wavelength measured at a location behind the source to the wavelength measured at a location in front of the source is $1.50$ .", "question": "If the wave speed is $v$ , what is the source speed $v_s$ ?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{5}v$ ", "B": " $\\frac{1}{4}v$ ", "C": " $\\frac{1}{3}v$ ", "D": " $\\frac{1}{2}v$ ", "E": " $\\frac{2}{3}v$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4200, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "Pure red light shines through a diffraction grating of $1200 \\frac{\\text{lines}}{\\text{cm}}$ and produces an interference pattern on a screen a distance 5.0 m away.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the distance between the first and third principal bright spots on the screen?", "options": {"A": "0.02 m", "B": "0.10 m", "C": "1.0 m", "D": "2.0 m", "E": "4.0 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4201, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball is launched vertically upward. The vertical position of the ball 0.70 s after release is the same as its vertical position 4.10 s after its release.", "question": "At what time is the object first at a vertical position that is one-half of the maximum height it obtains during its flight?", "options": {"A": "0.35 s", "B": "0.70 s", "C": "0.85 s", "D": "1.20 s", "E": "1.70 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4202, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following magnifications cannot be produced using a single converging lens?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{2}$ ", "B": "2", "C": " $-\\frac{1}{2}$ ", "D": "-1", "E": "-2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4203, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "Two copper spheres, X and Y, with different radii ( $R_X > R_Y$ ) and equal excess charge $+Q$ , are placed apart from each other. A scientist using insulating gloves connects the spheres with a copper wire.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best describes what happens after the connection is made?", "options": {"A": "There is a net movement of electrons from sphere Y to sphere X until the electric field just outside the surface of each sphere has the same magnitude.", "B": "There is a net movement of electrons from sphere Y to sphere X until the electric potential just outside the surface of each sphere has the same magnitude.", "C": "There is a net movement of electrons from sphere X to sphere Y until the electric field just outside the surface of each sphere has the same magnitude.", "D": "There is a net movement of electrons from sphere X to sphere Y until the electric potential just outside the surface of each sphere has the same magnitude.", "E": "There is no net movement of electrons from one sphere to the other because the spheres already have equal charge."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4204, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "Two identical particles travel to the right. The particle traveling at $2.40 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$ collides with and sticks to the other particle traveling at $1.80 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$ .", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the speed of the resulting object after collision?", "options": {"A": " $2.20 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$ ", "B": " $2.14 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$ ", "C": " $2.10 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$ ", "D": " $2.06 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$ ", "E": " $2.00 \\times 10^8 \\frac{m}{s}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4205, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A quick Google search reveals that your phone operates at a frequency of \\(850 \\times 10^6\\ \\mathrm{Hz}\\).", "question": "Which of the following choices best represents this frequency using metric prefixes?", "options": {"A": "\\(850\\ \\mu\\mathrm{Hz}\\)", "B": "\\(850\\ \\mathrm{mHz}\\)", "C": "\\(850\\ \\mathrm{kHz}\\)", "D": "\\(850\\ \\mathrm{MHz}\\)", "E": "\\(850\\ \\mathrm{GHz}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4206, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "A standard metal electroscope is positively charged. A person that is grounded (neutral charge) then touches the top portion of the electroscope with their finger.", "question": "Which one of the following choices most correctly explains what happens when the finger touches the electroscope?", "options": {"A": "The leaves of the electroscope come back together because excess protons conduct to the finger from the electroscope.", "B": "The leaves of the electroscope come back together because electrons conduct to the electroscope from the finger.", "C": "The leaves remain where they are as nothing occurs.", "D": "The leaves of the electroscope move apart as electrons conduct from the electroscope to the finger.", "E": "The leaves of the electroscope move apart as protons conduct from the finger to the electroscope."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4217, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Three identical wood blocks are raced across three different flat surfaces, with the faces of the blocks on the surfaces. Each block is pulled horizontally with the same force F from one edge by a light string attached to the block.", "question": "If each block starts from rest and is pulled until traveling the same fixed horizontal distance, which of the following choices correctly ranks the times \\((t_1, t_2, t_3)\\) it takes for each block to traverse the distance?", "options": {"A": "\\(t_1 < t_2 < t_3\\)", "B": "\\(t_1 = t_2 = t_3\\)", "C": "\\(t_1 < t_2 = t_3\\)", "D": "\\(t_3 < t_2 < t_1\\)", "E": "\\(t_2 < t_3 < t_1\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4218, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A sample of ideal gas is in a container at a temperature of $100^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and a pressure of 2.5 atm.", "question": "If the volume of the container is \\(0.025\\ \\mathrm{m^3}\\), approximately how many molecules of gas are in the container?", "options": {"A": "\\(4.58 \\times 10^{24}\\)", "B": "\\(1.23 \\times 10^{24}\\)", "C": "\\(6.25 \\times 10^{23}\\)", "D": "\\(4.53 \\times 10^{22}\\)", "E": "\\(1.21 \\times 10^{22}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4219, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Determining the area under an object's acceleration vs. time graph for a fixed time interval will calculate", "options": {"A": "the object's average velocity during the time interval", "B": "the object's velocity at the end of the time interval", "C": "the object's average speed during the time interval", "D": "the object's change in velocity during the time interval", "E": "the object's velocity at the time midway through the time interval"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4220, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A thick-walled metal pipe of length 20.0 cm has an inside diameter of 2.00 cm and an outside diameter of 2.40 cm.", "question": "What is the total surface area of the pipe, including the inside, outside, and ends, in \\(\\mathrm{cm^2}\\)?", "options": {"A": "276", "B": "277", "C": "278", "D": "279", "E": "282"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4221, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following could produce an enlarged but inverted image of a real object?", "options": {"A": "A converging lens placed at a distance greater than its focal length from the object.", "B": "A converging lens placed at a distance less than its focal length from the object.", "C": "A diverging lens placed at a distance less than the magnitude of its focal length from the object.", "D": "A diverging lens placed at a distance greater than the magnitude of its focal length from the object.", "E": "It is not possible to create the type of image desired."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4222, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A frictionless, solid disk pulley has a mass of 7.07 kg, a radius of 66.0 cm, and is free to rotate vertically about an axle. A rope is wrapped around the disk, a 1.53 kg mass is attached to the end of the rope, and the mass is allowed to fall vertically.", "question": "What is the angular acceleration of the pulley?", "options": {"A": "\\(4.58\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\)", "B": "\\(7.98\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\)", "C": "\\(9.87\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\)", "D": "\\(2.25\\ \\mathrm{rad/s^2}\\)", "E": "zero"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4223, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small object is released from rest and reaches the ground in a time of 2.50 s. Neglect air resistance.", "question": "With what speed does the object reach the ground?", "options": {"A": "31.3 m/s", "B": "25.0 m/s", "C": "12.5 m/s", "D": "10.0 m/s", "E": "2.50 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4224, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small object is released from rest and reaches the ground in a time of 2.50 s. Neglect air resistance.", "question": "From what height above the ground was the object released?", "options": {"A": "6.25 m", "B": "12.5 m", "C": "25.0 m", "D": "31.3 m", "E": "62.5 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4225, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "Induced electric currents due to changing magnetic flux can be explained using which one of the following laws?", "options": {"A": "Gauss's Law", "B": "Faraday's Law", "C": "Ohm's Law", "D": "Ampere's Law", "E": "Volta's Law"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4226, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small ball is thrown at an angle of \\(30.0^\\circ\\) above the horizontal ground with a speed of \\(20.0\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\).", "question": "What is the maximum height above the launch point to which the ball rises? Ignore air resistance.", "options": {"A": "2.5 m", "B": "5.0 m", "C": "10.0 m", "D": "15.0 m", "E": "20.0 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4227, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "In a circuit, the flow of electrons in a horizontal wire produces a constant current of 3.20 A for a time of 3.0 hours.", "question": "Which of the following choices best represents the number of electrons that pass through a vertical cross-section of wire during this time?", "options": {"A": "\\(9.6\\)", "B": "\\(6.00 \\times 10^{19}\\)", "C": "\\(7.20 \\times 10^{22}\\)", "D": "\\(2.16 \\times 10^{23}\\)", "E": "\\(6.02 \\times 10^{23}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4228, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A simple pendulum consists of a mass M attached to a string of length L of negligible mass. For this system, when undergoing small oscillations I. the frequency is proportional to the amplitude.\nII. the period is proportional to the amplitude.\nIII. the frequency is independent of the mass M.\nIV. the frequency is independent of the length L.\nV. the frequency is inversely proportional to the length L.", "options": {"A": "I and II", "B": "II and III", "C": "III", "D": "IV", "E": "V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4229, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "At the top of a high cliff, a small rock is dropped from rest. A ball is launched straight downward with an initial speed of 36.0 m/s at a time of 2.10 s after the rock was dropped from the same cliff.", "question": "When the ball has fallen 28.0 m further than the initially dropped rock, what is the speed of the ball relative to the rock?", "options": {"A": "15.0 m/s", "B": "16.0 m/s", "C": "20.0 m/s", "D": "21.0 m/s", "E": "36.0 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4230, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": "An object that is 8.60 cm tall is placed in front of a convex mirror. The resulting image is 7.60 cm tall, and 14.2 cm from the mirror.", "question": "What is the focal length of the mirror?", "options": {"A": "-122 cm", "B": "-105 cm", "C": "14.0 cm", "D": "-16.9 cm", "E": "-4.2 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4231, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A radian per second is a unit of:", "options": {"A": "angular displacement", "B": "angular velocity", "C": "angular acceleration", "D": "angular momentum", "E": "rotational kinetic energy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4232, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A standing transverse wave is formed on a tightly stretched string.", "question": "The distance between a node and an adjacent antinode is:", "options": {"A": "1/8 wavelength", "B": "1/4 wavelength", "C": "1/2 wavelength", "D": "1 wavelength", "E": "unable to be determined without more information."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4233, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "For a negative point charge, the electric field vectors:", "options": {"A": "circle the charge", "B": "point radially in toward the charge", "C": "point radially away from the charge", "D": "pass directly through the charge", "E": "cross at infinity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4234, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A torque of 150 Newton-meters causes the driveshaft of a car to rotate at 450 radians per second.", "question": "How much power is produced by this torque?", "options": {"A": "53,300 W", "B": "67,500 W", "C": "70,000 W", "D": "72,500 W", "E": "75,000 W"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4235, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "For the hydrogen atom, which series describes electron transitions to the N=1 orbit, the lowest energy electron orbit?", "options": {"A": "Lyman series", "B": "Balmer series", "C": "Paschen series", "D": "Curie series", "E": "Bohr series"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4236, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "200 turns of wire are wrapped on a square frame with sides 18 cm. A uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the coil.", "question": "If the field changes uniformly from 0.50 T to 0 in 8.0 s, find the average value of the induced emf.", "options": {"A": "2.05 V", "B": "4.05 V", "C": "0.205 V", "D": "0.405 V", "E": "0.605 V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4237, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 0.30 kg mass is suspended on a vertical spring. In equilibrium the mass stretches the spring 2.0 cm downward. The mass is then pulled an additional distance of 1.0 cm down and released from rest.", "question": "What is the period of oscillation?", "options": {"A": "0.14 s", "B": "0.28 s", "C": "0.024 s", "D": "0.046 s", "E": "0.064 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4238, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "An electron is traveling due north and has a speed of \\(4.0 \\times 10^5\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\). It enters a region where the Earth's magnetic field has magnitude \\(5.0 \\times 10^{-5}\\ \\mathrm{T}\\) to the north and is directed downward at \\(45^\\circ\\) below the horizontal.", "question": "What is the magnitude of the force acting on the electron?", "options": {"A": "\\(2.3 \\times 10^{-18}\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)", "B": "\\(3.2 \\times 10^{-18}\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)", "C": "\\(4.2 \\times 10^{-18}\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)", "D": "\\(2.5 \\times 10^{-19}\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)", "E": "\\(3.23 \\times 10^{-19}\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4239, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Why does the sky appear to be more blue when looking directly overhead than it does when looking toward the horizon?", "options": {"A": "The atmosphere is denser at higher altitude than it is at the Earth's surface.", "B": "The temperature of the upper atmosphere is higher than it is at the Earth's surface.", "C": "There are fewer clouds directly overhead than near the horizon.", "D": "The sunlight travels over a longer path at the horizon, resulting in more scattering.", "E": "The sunlight entering the atmosphere from directly above undergoes greater refraction and dispersion."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4240, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass that is in simple harmonic motion obeys the following position-versus-time equation: \\(y = (0.50\\ \\mathrm{m})\\sin\\left(\\frac{\\pi}{2}t\\right)\\), where \\(t\\) is in seconds.", "question": "What is the period of vibration of this mass?", "options": {"A": "1.0 s", "B": "2.0 s", "C": "3.0 s", "D": "4.0 s", "E": "5.0 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4241, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following wavelengths (in nm) of electromagnetic radiation will produce photoelectrons of the least kinetic energy if the radiation is incident on a material with a work function of 4.80 eV?", "options": {"A": "992", "B": "496", "C": "248", "D": "124", "E": "62"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4242, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "An object of mass \\(m\\) is initially at rest. After this object is accelerated to a speed of \\(2.40 \\times 10^8\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\), it collides with and sticks to a second object of mass \\(m\\) that is at rest.", "question": "Immediately after the collision, what is the common speed of the two masses?", "options": {"A": "\\(2.25 \\times 10^8\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\)", "B": "\\(1.80 \\times 10^8\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\)", "C": "\\(1.66 \\times 10^8\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\)", "D": "\\(1.50 \\times 10^8\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\)", "E": "\\(1.20 \\times 10^8\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4243, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "Two moles of an ideal gas absorb \\(2100\\ \\mathrm{J}\\) of heat during an isobaric process. If the gas changes temperature by \\(36^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) during the process, which one of the following choices could identify the gas?", "options": {"A": "Carbon monoxide", "B": "Water vapor", "C": "Ammonia", "D": "Helium", "E": "Hydrogen sulfide"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4244, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "In August of 2017, the gravitational waves from the collision and merger of two neutron stars were detected. After their collision, several forms of electromagnetic radiation were subsequently detected.", "question": "What was the first type of electromagnetic radiation detected after the gravitational waves were detected?", "options": {"A": "Gamma rays", "B": "Visible light", "C": "Radio waves", "D": "X-rays", "E": "Microwaves"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4245, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following terms/quantities is most closely associated with 'the measure of resistance of an object to length change under lengthwise tension or compression'?", "options": {"A": "Bulk modulus", "B": "Plastic deformation", "C": "Shear modulus", "D": "Elastic limit", "E": "Young's modulus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4246, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "According to Lenz's law, the direction of an induced current in a conductor will be that which tends to produce which of the following effects?", "options": {"A": "Enhance the effect which produces it.", "B": "Produce a greater heating effect.", "C": "Oppose the greatest voltage.", "D": "Oppose the effect which produces it.", "E": "Enhance the greatest voltage."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4247, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "When an ideal gas is taken through an isochoric process,", "options": {"A": "\\(\\Delta U = 0\\)", "B": "\\(W = 0\\)", "C": "\\(Q = 0\\)", "D": "\\(\\Delta U = W\\)", "E": "none of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4248, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "The existence of the neutrino was proposed to explain", "options": {"A": "alpha decay", "B": "gamma emission", "C": "beta decay", "D": "fission", "E": "fusion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4249, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "A series \\(RC\\) circuit has a resistance of \\(2.00\\ \\Omega\\) and a capacitance of \\(0.010\\ \\mathrm{F}\\). A student plots the natural log of the current in the circuit as a function of time while the capacitor is charging.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the numerical value associated with the slope of the resulting line?", "options": {"A": "0.02", "B": "-0.02", "C": "50", "D": "-50", "E": "0.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4250, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "A particle has a total energy of 500 MeV and a linear momentum of 300 MeV/c.", "question": "What is the mass of the particle?", "options": {"A": "\\(800\\ \\mathrm{MeV}/c^2\\)", "B": "\\(583\\ \\mathrm{MeV}/c^2\\)", "C": "\\(400\\ \\mathrm{MeV}/c^2\\)", "D": "\\(267\\ \\mathrm{MeV}/c^2\\)", "E": "\\(200\\ \\mathrm{MeV}/c^2\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4251, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "Two spheres are heated to the same temperature and allowed to radiate energy to identical surroundings. The spheres have the same emissivity, but one sphere has twice the diameter of the other.", "question": "If the smaller sphere radiates energy at a rate P, at what rate will the larger sphere radiate energy?", "options": {"A": "P", "B": "2P", "C": "4P", "D": "8P", "E": "16P"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4252, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Related to the historical development of understanding gravity,", "question": "which is the proper chronological order for the work of these three scientists, from earliest to latest?", "options": {"A": "Cavendish, Galileo, Newton", "B": "Galileo, Cavendish, Newton", "C": "Galileo, Newton, Cavendish", "D": "Newton, Galileo, Cavendish", "E": "Newton, Cavendish, Galileo"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4253, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "An isolated solid metal sphere with a radius $R$ is given a positive charge $Q$ . The electric potential at the surface of the sphere is $V$ .", "question": "What is the electric potential at a distance of $0.5R$ from the center of the sphere?", "options": {"A": "zero", "B": " $0.5V$", "C": " $V$", "D": " $2V$", "E": " $4V$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4254, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Consider a situation where the acceleration of an object is always directed perpendicular to its velocity.", "question": "This means that", "options": {"A": "the object is increasing speed.", "B": "the object is decreasing speed.", "C": "the object is not moving.", "D": "the object is turning.", "E": "this situation would not be physically possible."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4255, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is less than the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth.", "question": "Which of the following is true about the mass and weight of an astronaut on the Moon's surface, compared to Earth?", "options": {"A": "Mass is less, weight is the same.", "B": "Mass is the same, weight is less.", "C": "Both mass and weight are less.", "D": "Both mass and weight are the same.", "E": "Mass is more, weight is less"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4256, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "(1.00 mi = 1.61 km = 5280 ft, 1.00 yd = 3.00 ft = 12.0 in.)", "question": "Which one of the following is not equivalent to 2.50 miles?", "options": {"A": " $1.32 \\times 10^4$ ft", "B": " $1.58 \\times 10^5$ in", "C": " $4.02 \\times 10^3$ km", "D": " $4.40 \\times 10^3$ yd", "E": " $4.02 \\times 10^5$ cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4257, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 100 kg person travels from sea level to an altitude of 5000 m.", "question": "By how many Newtons does their weight change?", "options": {"A": "0.8 N", "B": "1.2 N", "C": "1.6 N", "D": "2.0 N", "E": "2.4 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4258, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": "A candle, a converging lens and a white screen are placed in a line with the lens between the candle and the screen. A distance of 72 cm separates the candle and screen. As the lens is moved to all points between the candle and the screen, only one focused image of the candle can be made on the screen.", "question": "What is the focal length of the converging lens?", "options": {"A": "12 cm", "B": "18 cm", "C": "24 cm", "D": "36 cm", "E": "It cannot be determined without knowing the location of the lens when the focused image is produced."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4259, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "Standby power (sometimes called vampire power) is the power used by a device that is off but plugged in and in a standby mode. Regulations typically limit this power to 1 Watt. If electricity costs \\$0.10 per kilowatt hour,", "question": "then to the nearest order of magnitude, and assuming 1 Watt, how much does it cost to leave a device in standby mode for one year?", "options": {"A": "\\$0.01", "B": "\\$0.10", "C": "\\$1.00", "D": "\\$10.00", "E": "\\$100.00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4260, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A student generates a transverse periodic wave on a string. The wave travels away from the student at a constant speed $v$ .", "question": "Which of the following changes by itself will increase the speed at which the wave travels away from the student?", "options": {"A": "The student could use the same string but increase the frequency at which they generate the wave.", "B": "The student could use the same string but increase the wavelength of the waves they generate.", "C": "The student could use the same string but increase the amplitude of the waves they generate.", "D": "The student could use a string with the same length and tension, but greater linear density", "E": "The student could use the same string, but placed under greater tension."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4261, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "You throw a ball at angle $\\theta$ , and measure its horizontal range, $R$ . You now throw the same ball again at the same angle, but with twice the original speed.", "question": "Its horizontal range, compared to your first throw (in both cases, the ball lands at the same height from which it was thrown) would be", "options": {"A": " $1.4R$", "B": " $0.5R$", "C": " $2R$", "D": " $4R$", "E": "the same"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4262, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "You measure that 4000 kcal of heat conducts through a window in your house in one hour when the house is kept at $20^\\circ\\text{C}$ . The window is a $4.0 \\text{ m}^2$ pane of $0.30 \\text{ cm}$ thick glass ( $k = 2.0 \\times 10^{-4} \\text{ kcal/s}\\cdot\\text{m}\\cdot\\text{C}^\\circ$ ).", "question": "What is the outside temperature?", "options": {"A": " $4^\\circ\\text{C}$", "B": " $8^\\circ\\text{C}$", "C": " $13^\\circ\\text{C}$", "D": " $16^\\circ\\text{C}$", "E": " $18^\\circ\\text{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4263, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "The red glow in the neon tube of an advertising sign is a result of", "options": {"A": "fluorescence", "B": "incandescence", "C": "iridescence", "D": "coherence", "E": "de-excitation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4264, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following people was a recipient of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics?", "options": {"A": "Frances Arnold", "B": "Donna Strickland", "C": "Tasuku Honjo", "D": "Kip Thorne", "E": "Joachim Frank"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4265, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Water flows out of a horizontal drainpipe at the rate of 120 kg per minute. Its initial vertical velocity is zero and it falls 3.20 m to the ground.", "question": "What is the average force it exerts when it hits the ground?", "options": {"A": "6.0 N", "B": "10.0 N", "C": "12.0 N", "D": "16.0 N", "E": "20.0 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4266, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A sphere has a radius of $1.96 \\pm 0.01$ m.", "question": "What is the approximate uncertainty in its volume?", "options": {"A": " $31.5 \\pm 0.2$ $\\text{m}^3$", "B": " $31.5 \\pm 0.3$ $\\text{m}^3$", "C": " $31.5 \\pm 0.4$ $\\text{m}^3$", "D": " $31.5 \\pm 0.5$ $\\text{m}^3$", "E": " $31.5 \\pm 0.6$ $\\text{m}^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4267, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A string, fixed at both ends, vibrates at a frequency of 12 Hz with a standing transverse wave pattern containing 3 loops (antinodes).", "question": "What frequency is needed if the standing wave pattern is to contain 4 loops (antinodes)?", "options": {"A": "12 Hz", "B": "16 Hz", "C": "36 Hz", "D": "48 Hz", "E": "60 Hz"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4268, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": "Let $M$ represent the magnification of an image.", "question": "For which of the following arrangements of an object and an optical device would $-1 < M < 0$ ?", "options": {"A": "The object is placed less than one focal length in front of a converging mirror.", "B": "The object is placed between one focal length and two focal lengths in front of a diverging mirror.", "C": "The object is placed less than one focal length in front of a diverging lens.", "D": "The object is placed more than two focal lengths in front of a converging lens.", "E": "The object is placed between one focal length and two focal lengths in front of a plane mirror."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4269, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 30.0-N block falls straight down from a height of 10.0 m, and strikes the ground with a velocity of 7.00 m/s.", "question": "What average force of air friction acts on it as it falls?", "options": {"A": "22.65-N", "B": "45.45-N", "C": "75.0-N", "D": "206.5-N", "E": "293-N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4270, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A 15.0-mW laser emits a beam that is 2.00 mm in diameter.", "question": "What is the intensity of this beam?", "options": {"A": " $1.19 \\times 10^3 \\text{ W/m}^2$", "B": " $1.19 \\times 10^4 \\text{ W/m}^2$", "C": " $3.59 \\times 10^4 \\text{ W/m}^2$", "D": " $4.77 \\times 10^4 \\text{ W/m}^2$", "E": " $2.98 \\times 10^5 \\text{ W/m}^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4271, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "The unit that is used to measure magnetic flux is:", "options": {"A": "Coulomb (C)", "B": "Farad (F)", "C": "Tesla (T)", "D": "Weber (Wb)", "E": "Henry (H)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4272, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A curve on a racetrack has a radius of 80 m and is banked at $45^\\circ$ . Suppose that the road surface on the curve somehow became frictionless (perhaps caused by an ice storm or an oil spill) and a car needs to navigate this curve.", "question": "What is the safe speed with which to take the curve without either sliding up or down the bank of the curve?", "options": {"A": "9 m/s", "B": "14 m/s", "C": "21 m/s", "D": "28 m/s", "E": "33 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4273, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": "A convex lens has a focal length of 50 mm.", "question": "How far from the lens must an object be placed if it is to form a virtual image magnified in size by a factor of three?", "options": {"A": "33 mm", "B": "38 mm", "C": "43 mm", "D": "48 mm", "E": "53 mm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4274, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "The intensity level is measured to be 60 dB at a distance of 15 m from a speaker.", "question": "What is the intensity level at a point 2.0 m from the speaker? Assume that the speaker radiates equally in all directions", "options": {"A": "55.7 dB", "B": "57.5 dB", "C": "67.0 dB", "D": "75.5 dB", "E": "77.5 dB"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4275, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fluids", "context": "A pine wood block is floating in a small pool. There is a second pine wood block that sits on top of the first and does not touch the water.", "question": "If the top block is taken off and placed in the water, how does the new water level in the pool compare to the original water level?", "options": {"A": "Rises", "B": "Lowers", "C": "Does not change", "D": "It depends upon the size of the blocks", "E": "It depends upon the amount of water in the pool."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4276, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "In a mixture of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen gases at room temperature,", "question": "the molecules having the greatest average speed are those of", "options": {"A": "Hydrogen", "B": "Oxygen", "C": "Nitrogen", "D": "All have the same speed", "E": "It depends upon the composition of the mixture"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4277, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "The bulb of a mercury thermometer has a volume of $0.100 \\text{ cm}^3$ at $10^\\circ\\text{C}$ and contains $0.100 \\text{ cm}^3$ of mercury. The capillary tube above the bulb has a cross-sectional area of $0.012 \\text{ mm}^2$ . The volume thermal expansion coefficient of mercury is $1.8 \\times 10^{-4} (\\text{C}^\\circ)^{-1}$ .", "question": "How much will the mercury rise when the temperature rises by $30^\\circ\\text{C}$ (the expansion of the glass is negligible)?", "options": {"A": "0.045 mm", "B": "0.45 mm", "C": "4.5 mm", "D": "45 mm", "E": "45 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4278, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "To monitor the breathing of a hospital patient, a thin belt is wrapped around a patient's chest and back. The belt is a 200 turn coil of conducting wire. When the patient inhales, the area of the coil increases by $39.0 \\text{ cm}^2$ . The magnitude of the Earth's magnetic field is $50.0 \\mu\\text{T}$ and makes an angle of $28.0^\\circ$ to the plane of the coil. Assuming the patient takes $1.80 \\text{ s}$ to inhale,", "question": "how much $emf$ is induced in the coil?", "options": {"A": " $1.91 \\times 10^{-5} \\text{ V}$", "B": " $9.57 \\times 10^{-8} \\text{ V}$", "C": " $9.57 \\times 10^{-4} \\text{ V}$", "D": " $1.02 \\times 10^{-5} \\text{ V}$", "E": " $3.44 \\times 10^{-5} \\text{ V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4279, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "Three identical samples of a monatomic ideal gas are taken from a temperature $T$ to a temperature $2T$ . Sample A undergoes an adiabatic process. Sample B undergoes an isobaric process and Sample C undergoes an isochoric process.", "question": "Which of the following correctly ranks the heats added to the samples during the three processes?", "options": {"A": " $Q_A < Q_B < Q_C$", "B": " $Q_A < Q_C < Q_B$", "C": " $Q_B < Q_A < Q_C$", "D": " $Q_C < Q_A < Q_B$", "E": " $Q_C < Q_B < Q_A$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4280, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "Consider a traveling wave on a string of length $L$ , mass $M$ , and tension $T$ . A standing wave is set up.", "question": "Which of the following is true?", "options": {"A": "The wave velocity depends on $M$ , $L$ , $T$ .", "B": "The wavelength of the wave is proportional to the frequency.", "C": "The velocity of a given particle in the string is equal to the wave velocity.", "D": "The wavelength is proportional to $T$ .", "E": "The frequency depends upon $L$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4281, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A heat engine is operating between $40^\\circ\\text{C}$ and $380^\\circ\\text{C}$ and has an efficiency that is 60% of a Carnot engine that is operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW,", "question": "at what rate does it exhaust heat?", "options": {"A": "36 kW", "B": "41 kW", "C": "48 kW", "D": "57 kW", "E": "60 kW"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4282, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "In physics experiments located deep underground,", "question": "the two types of cosmic rays that most commonly reach the experimental apparatus are:", "options": {"A": "alpha particles and neutrons", "B": "protons and electrons", "C": "iron nuclei and carbon nuclei", "D": "muons and neutrinos", "E": "positrons and electrons"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4283, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "When two identical resistors are connected in series to an ideal voltage source, the current supplied by the source is 2.0 Amperes. When these two resistors are connected in parallel to the same ideal voltage source,", "question": "what is the current supplied by the source?", "options": {"A": "0.5 Ampere", "B": "1.0 Ampere", "C": "2.8 Amperes", "D": "4.0 Amperes", "E": "8.0 Amperes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4284, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "It is observed that a charged particle moves through a region of space and experiences no magnetic force.", "question": "From this we can conclude that", "options": {"A": "no magnetic field exists in that region of space.", "B": "the particle is moving parallel to the magnetic field.", "C": "the particle is moving perpendicular to the magnetic field.", "D": "either no magnetic field exists or the particle is moving parallel to the magnetic field.", "E": "either no magnetic field exists or the particle is moving perpendicular to the magnetic field."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4285, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "A lump of clay whose rest mass is 4.0 kg is traveling at three-fifths of the speed of light when it collides head-on with an identical lump going in the opposite direction at the same speed. If the two lumps stick together and no energy is radiated away,", "question": "what is the mass of the composite lump?", "options": {"A": "4.0 kg", "B": "6.4 kg", "C": "8.0 kg", "D": "10.0 kg", "E": "13.3 kg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4286, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "One mole of ideal gas initially at temperature $T_0$ and volume $V_0$ undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion to $V_f$ . If the ratio of specific heats is $c_p/c_v = \\gamma$ and if $R$ is the gas constant,", "question": "the work done by the gas is:", "options": {"A": "Zero", "B": " $RT_0(V_f/V_0)^\\gamma$", "C": " $RT_0(V_f/V_0 - 1)$", "D": " $C_vT_0[1 - (V_0/V_f)^{\\gamma-1}]$", "E": " $RT_0 \\ln(V_f/V_0)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4287, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 20,000 kg truck is traveling at 25 km/hr.", "question": "At what speed does a 1000 kg car need to travel to have the same kinetic energy as the truck?", "options": {"A": "112 km/hr", "B": "132 km/hr", "C": "102 km/hr", "D": "79.0 km/hr", "E": "89.0 km/hr"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4288, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "astronomy_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Who was the *last* person to walk on the Moon?", "options": {"A": "Buzz Aldrin", "B": "Eugene Cernan", "C": "Neil Armstrong", "D": "Sally Ride", "E": "Gus Grissom"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4289, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two bodies of equal mass are moving in circular paths at equal speed.", "question": "The first body moves in a circle whose radius is twice that of the second. The ratio of the radial acceleration of the first body to that of the second is:", "options": {"A": "1 to 4", "B": "1 to 3", "C": "1 to 2", "D": "1 to 1", "E": "1 to 0.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4290, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A bullet with a mass of 5.0 g is fired horizontally into a 2.0 kg wooden block which is resting on a horizontal table.", "question": "The bullet stops in the block and the block and bullet combination move 2.0 m. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and surface of the table is 0.2. Find the initial speed of the bullet.", "options": {"A": "1123 m/s", "B": "1134 m/s", "C": "1132 m/s", "D": "113.2 m/s", "E": "113.4 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4291, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car is moving along a straight horizontal road at a speed of 20 m/s. The brakes are applied and a constant force of 5000 N brings the car to a stop in 10 s.", "question": "What is the mass of the car?", "options": {"A": "1250 kg", "B": "2500 kg", "C": "5000 kg", "D": "7500 kg", "E": "10,000 kg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4292, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two forces have magnitudes of 11.0 N and 5.0 N.", "question": "The magnitude of their sum could NOT be equal to which of the following values?", "options": {"A": "16.0 N", "B": "9.0 N", "C": "7.0 N", "D": "5.0 N", "E": "6.0 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4293, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following colors of visible light has the longest wavelength?", "options": {"A": "Violet", "B": "Yellow", "C": "Blue", "D": "Green", "E": "Red"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4294, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "An increase in the translational motion of the molecules of a gas confined in a steel tank will be observed in one of the following ways.", "question": "It will produce an increase in:", "options": {"A": "the temperature of the gas only.", "B": "the pressure of the gas only.", "C": "both the temperature and pressure of the gas.", "D": "the temperature of the gas and a decrease in its pressure.", "E": "the volume of the gas."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4295, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "When descending mountain roads, large trucks pulling a heavy load can burn up the brakes. Once the brakes are no longer useful, the driver may need to guide the truck up a \"runaway truck lane\" on the side of the road. The runaway truck lane is directed uphill and often has a thick layer or sand or gravel or both on the surface.", "question": "Which of the following is one of the reasons the truck will stop?", "options": {"A": "An increase in kinetic energy", "B": "A decrease in potential energy", "C": "A decrease in fuel", "D": "A transfer of energy to the gravel on the track of the runaway truck lane", "E": "The change in temperature of the engine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4296, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A 4.0 kg mass at the end of a spring moves with simple harmonic motion on a horizontal frictionless table with a period of 2.0 s and an amplitude of 2.0 m.", "question": "Determine the maximum force exerted on the spring.", "options": {"A": "25.1 N", "B": "158 N", "C": "39.5 N", "D": "63.0 N", "E": "79.0 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4297, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "astronomy_space_science", "context": "The James Webb Space Telescope was launched on December 25, 2021 and arrived at its destination, LaGrange Point 2, on January 24, 2022. This point is approximately 1,500,000 km from the Earth and it is where the telescope will orbit the sun.", "question": "What was James Webb's former occupation?", "options": {"A": "Astronomer", "B": "Telescope designer/engineer", "C": "Silicon valley entrepreneur and financier of the telescope project", "D": "Space shuttle astronaut/pilot", "E": "NASA Administrator"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4298, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The James Webb Space Telescope was launched on December 25, 2021 and arrived at its destination, LaGrange Point 2, on January 24, 2022. This point is approximately 1,500,000 km from the Earth and it is where the telescope will orbit the sun.", "question": "How long will it take the radio signal sent by the James Webb Space Telescope to reach the Earth?", "options": {"A": "0.005 s", "B": "0.05 s", "C": "5 s", "D": "50 s", "E": "5000 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4299, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car engine moves a piston with a circular cross-section of 7.500 cm in diameter a distance of 3.250 cm to compress the gas in the cylinder.", "question": "By what amount is the gas decreased in volume?", "options": {"A": "\\(143.6\\ \\mathrm{cm^3}\\)", "B": "\\(153.6\\ \\mathrm{cm^3}\\)", "C": "\\(662.7\\ \\mathrm{cm^3}\\)", "D": "\\(682.7\\ \\mathrm{cm^3}\\)", "E": "\\(88.36\\ \\mathrm{cm^3}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4300, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A fisherman watches a dolphin leap out of the water at an angle of \\(35^\\circ\\) above the horizontal. The horizontal component of the dolphin's velocity is \\(7.7\\ \\mathrm{m/s}\\).", "question": "Find the magnitude of the vertical component of the velocity.", "options": {"A": "4.4 m/s", "B": "6.3 m/s", "C": "11 m/s", "D": "5.4 m/s", "E": "3.2 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4301, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two simple pendula are 60 cm and 63 cm in length. They hang vertically, one in front of the other.", "question": "If they are set in motion simultaneously, find the time taken for one to gain a complete cycle of oscillation on the other.", "options": {"A": "15.4 s", "B": "15.7 s", "C": "31.5 s", "D": "62.4 s", "E": "79.7 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4302, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "If a copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1% longer, what is the percentage change in its resistance?", "options": {"A": "0.01%", "B": "0.1%", "C": "0.2%", "D": "0.4%", "E": "0.5%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4303, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A block of wood initially at rest slides down an inclined plane. Neglecting friction, the kinetic energy of the block at the bottom of the plane is:", "options": {"A": "all converted into heat.", "B": "less than its kinetic energy at the top of the plane.", "C": "dependent on the materials of which the block is made.", "D": "dependent on the materials of which the inclined plane is made.", "E": "equal to its potential energy (with respect to the bottom of the plane) when it was at the top of the plane."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4304, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "In the last one second of a free fall, an apple traveled three-fourths of its total path.", "question": "From what height did the apple fall?", "options": {"A": "10 m", "B": "15 m", "C": "20 m", "D": "25 m", "E": "30 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4305, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A helicopter with a mass of 700 kg will hover when its rotating blades move through an area of 50 $\\text{m}^2$ .", "question": "Find the average speed imparted to the air (density of air = 1.3 $\\text{kg}/\\text{m}^3$ )", "options": {"A": "7.66 m/s", "B": "10.4 m/s", "C": "16.5 m/s", "D": "38.0 m/s", "E": "44.1 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4306, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A refrigerator has a mass of 150 kg and rests in the open back end of a delivery truck. If the truck accelerates from rest at 1.5 $\\text{m}/\\text{s}^2$ , what is the minimum coefficient of static friction between the refrigerator and the bed of the truck that is required to prevent the refrigerator from sliding off the back of the truck?", "options": {"A": "0.08", "B": "0.10", "C": "0.12", "D": "0.15", "E": "0.18"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4307, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object starting from rest moves on a circular path with a radius 40 cm and a constant tangential acceleration of 10 $\\text{cm}/\\text{s}^2$ .", "question": "How much time is needed after the motion begins for the centripetal acceleration of the object to be equal to the tangential acceleration?", "options": {"A": "0.2 s", "B": "1.0 s", "C": "1.2 s", "D": "1.8 s", "E": "2.0 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4308, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "The distance between the electron and the proton in the hydrogen atom is about $0.53 \\times 10^{-10}$ m.", "question": "By what factor is the electrical force between the electron and proton stronger than the gravitational force between them?", "options": {"A": "$1.3 \\times 10^{39}$", "B": "$2.3 \\times 10^{39}$", "C": "$3.3 \\times 10^{39}$", "D": "$4.3 \\times 10^{39}$", "E": "$5.3 \\times 10^{39}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4309, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 3.00 kg bucket of water is raised with an upward acceleration of 2.20 $\\text{m}/\\text{s}^2$ from a well by means of an attached rope.", "question": "What is the tension in the rope?", "options": {"A": "30.2 N", "B": "33.3 N", "C": "36.6 N", "D": "39.0 N", "E": "43.2 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4310, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Two light waves, initially emitted in phase, will interfere constructively with maximum amplitude if the path-length difference between them is:", "options": {"A": "1.5 wavelengths", "B": "one wavelength", "C": "one-half wavelength", "D": "one-quarter wavelength", "E": "one-eighth wavelength"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4311, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "For an object moving in uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is given by \\(a_c = \\frac{v^2}{r}\\), where \\(v\\) is the speed of the object and \\(r\\) is the radius of the circle. The “jerk” is the rate of change of acceleration.", "question": "For uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the jerk is given by:", "options": {"A": "zero", "B": "$v^2/r$", "C": "$v^2r$", "D": "$v^3/r$", "E": "$v^3/r^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4312, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A machine gun fires 100 g bullets at a speed of 1000 m/s. The person holding the machine gun in their hands can exert an average force of 150 N against the gun.", "question": "If the gun is to remain stationary, what is the maximum number of bullets that can be fired per minute?", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "15", "C": "30", "D": "60", "E": "90"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4313, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A cyclist, using a power meter while on a training ride, checks and sees that she is doing work at the rate of 500 W.", "question": "How much average force does her foot exert on the pedals when she is traveling at 8.0 m/s?", "options": {"A": "31 N", "B": "63 N", "C": "80 N", "D": "320 N", "E": "710 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4314, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Water drips from the nozzle of a shower onto the floor 2.45 m below. The drops fall at regular intervals of time, the first drop striking the floor at the instant the third drop begins to fall.", "question": "Measured from the shower head, what is the location of the second drop when the first drop strikes the floor.", "options": {"A": "0.313 m", "B": "0.613 m", "C": "0.938 m", "D": "1.25 m", "E": "1.563 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4315, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A star initially has a radius of $6 \\times 10^8 \\text{ m}$ and a period of rotation about its axis of 30 days. Eventually, it collapses to form a neutron star with a radius of only $1 \\times 10^4 \\text{ m}$ and a period of 0.1 s.", "question": "Assuming that the mass has not changed, find the ratio of initial and final angular momentum of the star.", "options": {"A": "15.92", "B": "214.6", "C": "103.1", "D": "442.1", "E": "138.9"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4316, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "For ordinary conversation, a sound level meter reads 60 dB.", "question": "What is the intensity of this sound wave?", "options": {"A": "$6.0 \\times 10^{-6} \\text{ W/m}^2$", "B": "$1.0 \\times 10^{-4} \\text{ W/m}^2$", "C": "$6.0 \\times 10^{-4} \\text{ W/m}^2$", "D": "$1.0 \\times 10^{-6} \\text{ W/m}^2$", "E": "$1.0 \\times 10^{-8} \\text{ W/m}^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4317, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "A tiny ball with a mass of 0.6 g carries a charge of magnitude $8 \\mu \\text{C}$ . It is suspended by a thread in a downward directed electric field of intensity $300 \\text{ N/C}$ .", "question": "What is the tension in the thread if the charge on the ball is positive?", "options": {"A": "$2.40 \\times 10^{-3} \\text{ N}$", "B": "$6.00 \\times 10^{-3} \\text{ N}$", "C": "$8.40 \\times 10^{-3} \\text{ N}$", "D": "$6.00 \\times 10^{-2} \\text{ N}$", "E": "$6.24 \\times 10^{-3} \\text{ N}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4318, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": "A thick glass plate has parallel sides. A beam of white light is incident on one side at an angle between $0^\\circ$ and $90^\\circ$ with the normal.", "question": "Which color emerges from the other side first?", "options": {"A": "All of them", "B": "red", "C": "green", "D": "violet", "E": "None of them"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4319, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car and a truck are both traveling with a constant speed of 20 m/s. The car is 10 m behind the truck. The truck driver suddenly applies his brakes, causing the truck to slow to a stop at the constant rate of $2 \\text{ m/s}^2$ . Two seconds later, the driver of the car applies their brakes and just manages to avoid a rear-end collision.", "question": "Determine the constant rate at which the car slowed.", "options": {"A": "$3.33 \\text{ m/s}^2$", "B": "$4.33 \\text{ m/s}^2$", "C": "$1.33 \\text{ m/s}^2$", "D": "$3.03 \\text{ m/s}^2$", "E": "$3.93 \\text{ m/s}^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4320, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A radioactive carbon-14 nucleus decays into a beta particle, an antineutrino, and a nitrogen-14 nucleus. In a particular decay, the beta particle has momentum, $p$ , and the nitrogen nucleus has momentum of magnitude $4p/3$ at an angle of $90^\\circ$ to $p$ .", "question": "At what angle (with respect to the beta particle) do you expect the antineutrino to be emitted?", "options": {"A": "$53^\\circ$", "B": "$37^\\circ$", "C": "$90^\\circ$", "D": "$127^\\circ$", "E": "$33^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4321, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An Olympic ice skater in Beijing spins at $4\\pi \\text{ rad/s}$ with her arms extended. If her moment of inertia with arms folded is 80% of that with arms extended, what is her angular velocity when she folds her arms?", "options": {"A": "$\\pi \\text{ rad/s}$", "B": "$2\\pi \\text{ rad/s}$", "C": "$3\\pi \\text{ rad/s}$", "D": "$5\\pi \\text{ rad/s}$", "E": "$6\\pi \\text{ rad/s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4322, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A weather balloon is loosely filled with $2.0 \\text{ m}^3$ of helium at $1.0 \\text{ atm}$ and $27 ^\\circ\\text{C}$ . The balloon is then released. When it has reached an elevation of $7000 \\text{ m}$ , the pressure has dropped to $0.41 \\text{ atm}$ and the balloon has expanded.", "question": "If the temperature at this elevation is $-31 ^\\circ\\text{C}$ , what is the new volume of the balloon?", "options": {"A": "$2.7 \\text{ m}^3$", "B": "$3.2 \\text{ m}^3$", "C": "$3.9 \\text{ m}^3$", "D": "$4.6 \\text{ m}^3$", "E": "$5.1 \\text{ m}^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4323, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "Three resistors of $4 \\Omega$ , $6 \\Omega$ , and $12 \\Omega$ are connected in parallel. This parallel arrangement is then connected in series with a $1\\Omega$ and a $2\\Omega$ resistor. A potential difference of $120 \\text{ V}$ is applied across the ends of the circuit.", "question": "What will be the potential drop across the part of the circuit connected in parallel?", "options": {"A": "$12 \\text{ V}$", "B": "$48 \\text{ V}$", "C": "$24 \\text{ V}$", "D": "$36 \\text{ V}$", "E": "$72 \\text{ V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4324, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "How long would it take $4.0 \\times 10^{20}$ nuclei to decay to $1.0 \\times 10^{19}$ atoms if their half-life was $14.7$ years?", "options": {"A": "$29.4$ years", "B": "$58.8$ years", "C": "$78.2$ years", "D": "$147$ years", "E": "$161$ years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4325, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "An electric field of $1500 \\text{ V/m}$ and a magnetic field act on an electron moving with a speed of $3000 \\text{ m/s}$ .", "question": "If the resultant force is to be zero, what should be the strength of the magnetic field?", "options": {"A": "$0.35 \\text{ T}$", "B": "$0.50 \\text{ T}$", "C": "$0.72 \\text{ T}$", "D": "$0.81 \\text{ T}$", "E": "$0.96 \\text{ T}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4326, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A shipping box in a warehouse has a mass of 2.00 kg and slides down an inclined plane that makes an angle of $30^\\circ$ with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the plane surface is 0.866.", "question": "How much force (parallel to the incline) should be applied to the box so that it moves down the plane at constant speed?", "options": {"A": "5.00 N", "B": "6.50 N", "C": "3.80 N", "D": "4.60 N", "E": "11.0 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4327, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "If the Earth suddenly stopped in its orbit, and the orbit is assumed to be circular, how much time would elapse before it falls into the Sun?", "options": {"A": "147 minutes", "B": "1.22 days", "C": "64.5 days", "D": "228 days", "E": "2.34 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4328, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "An ideal gas system, with an initial volume of \\(1.0\\ \\mathrm{m^3}\\) at standard temperature and pressure, undergoes the following three-stage cycle: Stage 1 -- an isothermal expansion to twice its original volume. Stage 2 -- a process by which its volume remains constant, its pressure returns to its original value, and \\(104\\ \\mathrm{J}\\) of heat is added to the system. Stage 3 -- an isobaric compression to its original volume, with \\(3 \\times 10^4\\ \\mathrm{J}\\) of heat being removed from the system.", "question": "Calculate the work done on the system during Stage 3.", "options": {"A": "$-7.005 \\times 10^4 \\text{ J}$", "B": "$-1.013 \\times 10^4 \\text{ J}$", "C": "$-1.013 \\times 10^5 \\text{ J}$", "D": "$-7.050 \\times 10^5 \\text{ J}$", "E": "$-2.030 \\times 10^5 \\text{ J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4329, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A door is hinged on one side, and a force of 15 N is applied perpendicular to the door at a distance of 0.8 m from the hinge. How much torque is applied by this force to the door?", "options": {"A": "12 Nm", "B": "15 Nm", "C": "18 Nm", "D": "20 Nm", "E": "24 Nm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4330, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "I. The total mechanical energy of the rock increases.\nII. The total mechanical energy of the rock remains constant.\nIII. The kinetic energy of the rock decreases, but the potential energy remains constant.\nIV. The potential energy of the rock decreases, but the kinetic energy remains constant.\nV. The kinetic energy of the rock increases, but the potential energy remains constant.", "question": "A rock is dropped from a cliff in a canyon. Neglecting air resistance, as it falls, which of the following statements about its energy is true, according to the law of conservation of energy?", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "III only", "D": "IV only", "E": "V only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4331, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two people on ice skates are initially at rest while facing one another. One person has a mass of 60 kg and the other 40 kg. They push off each other and move in opposite directions.", "question": "If the 60-kg skater moves with a speed of 2.0 m/s, what is the speed of the 40-kg skater, assuming no external forces are acting?", "options": {"A": "$1.0 \\frac{m}{s}$", "B": "$2.0 \\frac{m}{s}$", "C": "$3.0 \\frac{m}{s}$", "D": "$4.0 \\frac{m}{s}$", "E": "$5.0 \\frac{m}{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4332, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "What is the conversion factor between $\\text{km/hr}^2$ and $\\text{m/s}^2$?", "options": {"A": "$7.72 \\times 10^{-6}$", "B": "$7.72 \\times 10^{-5}$", "C": "0.278", "D": "$2.78 \\times 10^{-2}$", "E": "$2.78 \\times 10^{-4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4333, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "The radius of the Earth is 3963 miles. What is the surface area of the Earth in square meters?", "options": {"A": "$4.9 \\times 10^7 \\text{ m}^2$", "B": "$2.6 \\times 10^7 \\text{ m}^2$", "C": "$1.3 \\times 10^{14} \\text{ m}^2$", "D": "$2.6 \\times 10^{14} \\text{ m}^2$", "E": "$5.1 \\times 10^{14} \\text{ m}^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4334, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A hockey puck is given an initial speed of 10.0 m/s. It slides 50.0 m on the ice before it stops. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the puck and the ice?", "options": {"A": "0.090", "B": "0.10", "C": "0.11", "D": "0.12", "E": "0.13"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4335, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A wooden crate is placed on a flat surface, and three forces act on it: $F_1$ is applied horizontally to the right, $F_2$ is applied horizontally to the left, and $F_3$ is applied vertically down.", "question": "Consider the following statements for this situation:\n\nStatement I: If $F_1 > F_2$, the crate will move to the right.\n\nStatement II: The net force acting on the crate is the vector sum of $F_1$, $F_2$, & $F_3$.\n\nStatement III: If $F_3 > F_1 + F_2$, the crate will move upward.\n\nWhich statement(s) accurately describe(s) the result of the forces acting on the crate?", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I & II only", "D": "III only", "E": "II & III only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4336, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A rock is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 20.0 m/s. What is the maximum height the rock will reach, assuming no air resistance?", "options": {"A": "10.0 m", "B": "20.0 m", "C": "40.0 m", "D": "80.0 m", "E": "100 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4337, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Two sound waves have the same frequency. One of the sound waves is traveling in air at $331 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ and the other is traveling in water at $1450 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$. What is the ratio of the wavelength of the sound in water to the wavelength of sound in air?", "options": {"a": "0.228", "b": "0.478", "c": "1.00", "d": "2.09", "e": "4.38"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["e"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4338, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "When they are fishing, pelicans tuck their wings and dive straight down. Assume a pelican starts its dive from a height of 16.0 m above a fish at the surface of the water and cannot change its path once committed. If it takes a fish 0.20 s to perform evasive action, at what minimum height must it spot the pelican to escape? Assume the fish is at the surface of the water.", "options": {"a": "2.42 m", "b": "2.94 m", "c": "3.37 m", "d": "9.12 m", "e": "12.6 m"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4339, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A small cart with a mass of 50 g is rolling on a frictionless track with a velocity of $+10 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$. It then has a head-on, elastic collision with a stationary cart of mass 100 g. What is the speed of each cart immediately after the collision? The 50-g cart speed is listed first followed by the 100-g cart speed in all choices.", "options": {"a": "$-3.3 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ and $+6.7 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "b": "$+3.3 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ and $-6.7 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "c": "$-6.7 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ and $+3.3 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "d": "$+6.7 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ and $-3.3 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "e": "$+3.3 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ and $+6.7 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4340, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "The work of which of the following scientists is most closely associated with the discovery of the constancy of the speed of light?", "options": {"a": "Albert Michelson and Edward Morley", "b": "Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean Fresnel", "c": "Ernest Rutherford, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden", "d": "Heinrich Hertz", "e": "Willebrord Snell"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4341, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which recent experiment in physics has provided further evidence supporting the existence of dark matter?", "options": {"A": "Observation of gravitational lensing effects around a distant galaxy cluster.", "B": "Detection of high-energy neutrinos from a distant astrophysical source.", "C": "Measurement of the cosmic microwave background radiation with unprecedented precision.", "D": "Discovery of a new particle with properties consistent with those predicted for dark matter.", "E": "Detection of gamma-ray bursts from the collision of two neutron stars."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4342, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "At a construction site, a bulldozer drags a log weighing 500 N along a rough, horizontal surface. The cable attached to the log makes an angle of $30.0^{\\circ}$ with the ground. The coefficient of static friction between the log and the ground is 0.500.", "question": "What minimum tension is required in the cable for the log to begin to move?", "options": {"A": "125 N", "B": "224 N", "C": "289 N", "D": "500 N", "E": "577 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4343, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "A 432-Hz tuning fork is the lowest frequency tuning fork that can produce resonance when held over one end a certain plastic tube open at both ends. When one end of this tube is closed, which of the following tuning fork frequencies would produce resonance when held over the open end?", "options": {"A": "133 Hz", "B": "288 Hz", "C": "720 Hz", "D": "1080 Hz", "E": "1296 Hz"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4344, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Halley's Comet was last visible on Earth in 1986 and will be visible again in 2061. As it travels on its elliptical orbit around the sun, the speed of Halley's Comet...", "options": {"A": "is constant.", "B": "increases as it nears the Sun.", "C": "decreases as it nears the Sun.", "D": "is zero at two points in the orbit.", "E": "can't be determined without more observations."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4345, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Question is based on the following situation: A bicycle and its rider have a combined mass of 80.0 kg. The cyclist can coast down a $6.0^\\circ$ hill, and because of air resistance, they are limited to a constant speed of $6.0 \\frac{\\text{km}}{\\text{hr}}$. The vertical height of the hill is 120 m.", "question": "What total distance does the cyclist ride to climb this hill?", "options": {"a": "1024 m", "b": "1042 m", "c": "1124 m", "d": "1142 m", "e": "1148 m"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["e"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4346, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Question is based on the following situation: A bicycle and its rider have a combined mass of 80.0 kg. The cyclist can coast down a $6.0^\\circ$ hill, and because of air resistance, they are limited to a constant speed of $6.0 \\frac{\\text{km}}{\\text{hr}}$. The vertical height of the hill is 120 m.", "question": "How much work against gravity must the cyclist do to climb this hill?", "options": {"a": "800 J", "b": "1200 J", "c": "9600 J", "d": "12,000 J", "e": "96,000 J"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["e"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4347, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Question is based on the following situation: A bicycle and its rider have a combined mass of 80.0 kg. The cyclist can coast down a $6.0^\\circ$ hill, and because of air resistance, they are limited to a constant speed of $6.0 \\frac{\\text{km}}{\\text{hr}}$. The vertical height of the hill is 120 m.", "question": "If each complete revolution of the pedals moves the bike 4.9 m along its path uphill, calculate the average force that must be exerted on the pedals, tangent to their circular path. Neglect work done by friction and other losses. The pedals turn in a circle of diameter 34 cm.", "options": {"a": "383 N", "b": "410 N", "c": "234 N", "d": "518 N", "e": "449 N"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4348, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A solid, uniform disk and a solid, uniform sphere are placed on a ramp where they can roll without slipping. The disk is released a distance $d$ from the bottom of the ramp and achieves a center-of-mass speed $v$ upon reaching the bottom. From what distance (also measured from the bottom of the ramp) should the sphere be released to attain the same center-of-mass speed $v$ at the bottom?", "options": {"a": "$\\frac{1}{5}d$", "b": "$\\frac{9}{10}d$", "c": "$\\frac{14}{15}d$", "d": "$\\frac{5}{4}d$", "e": "$\\frac{5}{3}d$"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4349, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal process. Which of the following statements about the change in internal energy ( $\\Delta U$ ) for the gas and heat ( $Q$ ) is true during this process?", "options": {"a": "$\\Delta U$ is zero, and $Q$ is zero.", "b": "$\\Delta U$ is zero, and $Q$ is not zero.", "c": "$\\Delta U$ is not zero, and $Q$ is zero.", "d": "$\\Delta U$ is not zero, and $Q$ is not zero, but they are not equal.", "e": "$\\Delta U$ is not zero, and $Q$ is not zero, and they are equal."}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4350, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An Atwood's machine has two masses $m_1$ and $m_2$ connected by a light string passing over a pulley. If $m_1=5\\text{kg}$ and $m_2=7\\text{kg}$, and the pulley has a radius of 0.1 m, what is the tension in the string?", "options": {"a": "20.2 N", "b": "58.4 N", "c": "81.7 N", "d": "120.0 N", "e": "140.0 N"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4351, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A 2.0-kg mass suspended from a vertical spring stretches it a distance of 5.0 cm. The mass is then pulled down a distance of 10 cm and released. What is the frequency of oscillation?", "options": {"a": "0.113 Hz", "b": "2.25 Hz", "c": "3.11 Hz", "d": "0.159 Hz", "e": "1.59 Hz"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4352, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Mars has a mass of $6.46 \\times 10^{23}$ kg and a radius of $3.39 \\times 10^6$ m. How much would a 65-kg person weigh on Mars?", "options": {"a": "122 N", "b": "198 N", "c": "244 N", "d": "416 N", "e": "650 N"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4353, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A person with a mass $m$, falls from a height of $h$ onto a crash mat. The speed of the person when they reach the mat is equal to:", "options": {"a": "$\\sqrt{(2gh)}$", "b": "$\\frac{1}{h}\\sqrt{2g}$", "c": "$2gh$", "d": "$2\\sqrt{gh}$", "e": "$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2gh}}$"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4354, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "When an inelastic collision occurs, the total kinetic energy of the colliding bodies...", "options": {"A": "increases.", "B": "decreases.", "C": "remains constant.", "D": "decreases then increases.", "E": "increases then decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4355, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "A submarine emits a sonar signal to detect the distance to, and velocity of, a second nearby submarine. Which pair of wave behaviors is most closely associated with these two measurements?", "options": {"A": "Absorption and Interference", "B": "Diffraction and Refraction", "C": "Dispersion and Polarization", "D": "Reflection and Doppler Effect", "E": "Refraction and Resonance"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4356, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "A 2-cm thick wall separates two rooms with temperatures of $20^\\circ\\text{C}$ and $10^\\circ\\text{C}$ respectively. The wall has a thermal conductivity of $0.1 \\frac{\\text{W}}{(\\text{m})(\\text{K})}$ and a surface area of $10 \\text{ m}^2$. What is the rate of heat transfer through the wall?", "options": {"A": "50 W", "B": "250 W", "C": "500 W", "D": "1000 W", "E": "5000 W"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4357, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "It is determined that a $500 \\text{ mF}$ capacitor loses half its remaining charge every second. If, after $5.0 \\text{ s}$, its charge is $q$, what was its initial charge?", "options": {"A": "$2q$", "B": "$4q$", "C": "$8q$", "D": "$16q$", "E": "$32q$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4358, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A top-fuel dragster starts from rest and accelerates at $+17.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$ for $402 \\text{ m}$. A parachute then opens behind the dragster to slow it down with an acceleration of $-6.10 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$. How fast is the dragster moving $350 \\text{ m}$ after the parachute opens?", "options": {"A": "$86.9 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "B": "$88.9 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "C": "$96.9 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "D": "$98.9 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "E": "$102.9 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4359, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "The relativistic equations for time dilation, length contraction, momentum, and energy are accurate...", "options": {"A": "at typical low speeds only.", "B": "at speeds near the speed of light only.", "C": "at all speeds up to the speed of light.", "D": "at the speed of light only.", "E": "at speeds above the speed of light only."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4360, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A beaker is filled with 800 mL of water. A wooden cylinder will be placed into the beaker. If the wood's density is $800 \\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$, what mass cylinder will raise the water level to the beaker's maximum volume of 1000 mL?", "options": {"a": "100 g", "b": "160 g", "c": "200 g", "d": "250 g", "e": "360 g"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4361, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A small sphere of mass $m$ is attached to one end of a light string of length $L$ with the other end of the string attached to a fixed point. The ball is moving at a constant speed $v$ in a horizontal circle of radius $r$ such that the string makes an angle $\\theta$ with the vertical. Given that the tension in the string is $T$, what is the correct expression for the object's speed $v$?", "options": {"a": "$v = \\sqrt{\\frac{TL\\sin\\theta}{m}}$", "b": "$v = \\sqrt{\\frac{g\\sin\\theta}{L}}$", "c": "$v = \\sqrt{\\frac{TL}{mg}}$", "d": "$v = \\sqrt{\\frac{mg}{TL}}$", "e": "$v = \\sqrt{\\frac{2TL}{mg}}$"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4362, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two objects both move and uniformly accelerate to the right. At time $t=0$, the objects are at the same initial position, but Object 1 has an initial speed twice that of Object 2. Object 1 has one-half the acceleration of Object 2. After some time, $T$, the velocity of the two objects is the same.", "question": "What is the ratio of the distance traveled in this time, $T$, by Object 2 to that traveled by Object 1?", "options": {"a": "5:6", "b": "4:5", "c": "3:4", "d": "2:3", "e": "1:2"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4363, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "An increase in the average speed of the molecules of a gas confined in a rigid cylinder will correspond to an...", "options": {"a": "increase in the temperature of the gas only.", "b": "increase in the pressure of the gas only.", "c": "increase in both the temperature and the pressure of the gas.", "d": "increase in the temperature of the gas and a decrease in its pressure.", "e": "increase in the pressure of the gas and a decrease in its temperature."}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4364, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "The temperature of a black body is increased. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that is emitted with the greatest intensity will...", "options": {"A": "shift toward longer wavelength.", "B": "shift toward short wavelength.", "C": "remains the same.", "D": "shift toward shorter then longer wavelength.", "E": "shift toward longer then shorter wavelength."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4365, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "When NASA began conducting test flights for the space shuttle, they used a \"glider\" that had a mass of 980 kg (including pilot). This glider was launched horizontally at $500 \\frac{\\text{km}}{\\text{hr}}$ from a height of 3500 m. The glider eventually landed at a speed of $200 \\frac{\\text{km}}{\\text{hr}}$. What was the average force of air resistance exerted on the glider if it came in at a constant angle of $10^\\circ$ to the Earth?", "options": {"A": "1956 N", "B": "2010 N", "C": "2056 N", "D": "2090 N", "E": "3016 N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4366, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The Moon orbits the Earth on a nearly circular orbit with a period, $T$, of 27.3 days. The radius of orbit is $3.84 \\times 10^5$ km.", "question": "What is the acceleration of the Moon toward the Earth?", "options": {"A": "$1.72 \\times 10^{-3} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$", "B": "$1.92 \\times 10^{-3} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$", "C": "$2.22 \\times 10^{-3} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$", "D": "$2.52 \\times 10^{-3} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$", "E": "$2.72 \\times 10^{-3} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4367, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Each of the two blades in the rotor of a helicopter is 6.4 m long, has a mass of 230 kg, and is attached at one end to the rotor hub at the center. The blades are rotating with a frequency of $401 \\frac{\\text{rev}}{\\text{min}}$.", "question": "What is the total rotational kinetic energy of the spinning blades?", "options": {"A": "$1.40 \\times 10^6 \\text{ J}$", "B": "$2.77 \\times 10^6 \\text{ J}$", "C": "$4.14 \\times 10^6 \\text{ J}$", "D": "$5.54 \\times 10^6 \\text{ J}$", "E": "$9.91 \\times 10^6 \\text{ J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4368, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "A drop of liquid is spherical and has a diameter of 2.0 mm. It is given a charge of $2.0 \\times 10^{-15}$ C. This charged drop then combines with an identical uncharged drop and the two form one single drop. What is the electric potential at the surface of newly formed drop?", "options": {"a": "0.0143 V", "b": "0.0244 V", "c": "0.0286 V", "d": "0.0418", "e": "0.0506 V"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4369, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "Wire A has a length of 2.0 m, a mass of 4.0 g, and it carries 10 A of current. The wire, which is parallel to the floor and can only move vertically, is placed above wire B that is carrying 15 A of current in the opposite direction. What separation distance between the two wires will allow the weight of wire A to be supported by magnetic force?", "options": {"a": "1.25 mm", "b": "1.50 mm", "c": "1.75 mm", "d": "2.00 mm", "e": "2.25 mm"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4370, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "A gas undergoes radioactive decay with time constant $\\tau$. A sample of 10000 particles is put into a container. After one time constant has passed, the experimenter adds another 10000 particles into the container.", "question": "How much time passes from the addition of the particles until the container of gas reaches 10000 total particles again?", "options": {"a": "$(0.313)\\tau$", "b": "$(0.500)\\tau$", "c": "$(0.693)\\tau$", "d": "$\\tau$", "e": "$2\\tau$"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4371, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Red light from a laser is noted to have a wavelength of 632.8 nanometers. Which one of the following choices best represents the meaning of the prefix nano?", "options": {"A": "$1\\times10^{-3}$", "B": "$1\\times10^{-6}$", "C": "$1\\times10^{-9}$", "D": "$1\\times10^{-12}$", "E": "$1\\times10^{-15}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4372, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small object is released from rest and reaches the ground in a time of $2.50\\mathrm{~s}$. Neglect air resistance.", "question": "With what speed does the object reach the ground?", "options": {"A": "31.3\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}", "B": "25.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}", "C": "12.5\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}", "D": "10.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}", "E": "2.50\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4373, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small object is released from rest and reaches the ground in a time of $2.50\\mathrm{~s}$. Neglect air resistance.", "question": "From what height above the ground was the object released?", "options": {"A": "6.25\\mathrm{~m}", "B": "12.5\\mathrm{~m}", "C": "25.0\\mathrm{~m}", "D": "31.3\\mathrm{~m}", "E": "62.5\\mathrm{~m}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4374, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "A scientist calculated a quantity that was equal to one light-year. Which one of the following choices represents the type of quantity that the scientist calculated?", "options": {"A": "Time", "B": "Mass", "C": "Speed", "D": "Force", "E": "Distance"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4375, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "At an instant of time $t$ , a point object of mass $M$ moves with velocity $\\vec{V}$ , has acceleration $\\vec{A}$ , and is at position $(x, y)$ .", "question": "In what direction must the linear momentum of the object be directed at this instant?", "options": {"A": "Along the direction of the velocity of the mass", "B": "Along the direction of the net force acting on the mass", "C": "Along the direction of the vector from the origin $(0,0)$ to $(x, y)$", "D": "Along the direction of the acceleration of the mass", "E": "Along the direction perpendicular to the object's acceleration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4376, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "A $1.50\\mathrm{~m}$ -long string clamped at both ends is vibrating at its second harmonic. What is the wavelength associated with the string for this scenario?", "options": {"A": "3.00\\mathrm{~m}", "B": "2.25\\mathrm{~m}", "C": "1.50\\mathrm{~m}", "D": "1.00\\mathrm{~m}", "E": "0.75\\mathrm{~m}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4377, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "Two identical particles are fixed in place a distance of $0.50m$ apart. The electric force that one particle exerts on the other has a magnitude of $3.00N$ . Which one of the following choices best represents the magnitude of each particle's charge?", "options": {"A": "\\(4.17 \\times 10^{-11}\\ \\mathrm{C}\\)", "B": "\\(8.33 \\times 10^{-11}\\ \\mathrm{C}\\)", "C": "\\(1.67 \\times 10^{-10}\\ \\mathrm{C}\\)", "D": "\\(9.13 \\times 10^{-6}\\ \\mathrm{C}\\)", "E": "\\(1.29 \\times 10^{-5}\\ \\mathrm{C}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4378, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Some standard household lights are being replaced with LEDs. LED is the acronym for which one of the following choices?", "options": {"A": "Low Emission Dial", "B": "Light Emitting Diode", "C": "Light Energy Divider", "D": "Lower Edge Disc", "E": "Limiting Emission Diode"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4379, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "A simple pendulum oscillates with a period of $2.0s$ . If the maximum oscillation of the pendulum is $4.0^\\circ$ from equilibrium, what is the length of the string for this pendulum?", "options": {"A": "6.4m", "B": "3.2m", "C": "1.6m", "D": "1.0m", "E": "0.5m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4380, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "There was great excitement in the physics community because of an announcement from the LHC during the summer of 2012. Which one of the following choices best represents the reason for the excitement?", "options": {"A": "The announcement that life was found on Mars.", "B": "The announcement that dark matter had been created and studied in the laboratory.", "C": "The announcement that the Hubble Telescope discovered a \"spaceship-like\" object near Alpha Centauri.", "D": "The announcement that the mass of a neutrino had been determined.", "E": "The announcement that there was experimental evidence of a particle consistent with a Higgs Boson."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4381, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "It takes the Earth one day to rotate about its axis. Which one of the following choices best represents the time that it takes the Moon to make one rotation about its axis?", "options": {"A": "One day", "B": "One week", "C": "One month", "D": "One year", "E": "It does not rotate at all"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4382, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices represents the measurement with the most number of significant digits?", "options": {"A": "\\(6.75\\ \\mathrm{m}\\)", "B": "\\(4.67 \\times 10^9\\ \\mathrm{m}\\)", "C": "\\(0.000000012\\ \\mathrm{m}\\)", "D": "\\(8100\\ \\mathrm{m}\\)", "E": "\\(2.00005\\ \\mathrm{m}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4383, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A small ball is thrown at an angle of $30.0^\\circ$ above the horizontal ground with a speed of $20.0\\frac{m}{s}$ . To what maximum height above the launch point does the ball rise during its motion? Ignore air resistance.", "options": {"A": "2.5m", "B": "5.0m", "C": "10.0m", "D": "15.0m", "E": "20.0m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4384, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "In a circuit, the flow of electrons in a horizontal wire produces a constant current of $3.20A$ for a time of $3.0hr$ . Which one of the following choices best represents the number of electrons that pass through a vertical cross-section of the wire during this time?", "options": {"A": "\\(9.60\\)", "B": "\\(6.00 \\times 10^{19}\\)", "C": "\\(7.20 \\times 10^{22}\\)", "D": "\\(2.16 \\times 10^{23}\\)", "E": "\\(6.02 \\times 10^{23}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4385, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A block initially moving at $8.0m / s$ accelerates uniformly to rest on a horizontal surface. The block travels a distance of $12.0m$ during the slide. Which one of the following choices best represents the coefficient of kinetic friction between the surface and the block?", "options": {"A": "1.20", "B": "0.667", "C": "0.533", "D": "0.267", "E": "0.133"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4386, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices correctly identifies all of the listed situations for which there is a non-zero acceleration? I : A point object moves in a straight line with increasing speed. II : A point object moves in a circular path with constant speed. III: A point objects moves in a circular path with decreasing speed.", "options": {"A": "Situations I, II, & III", "B": "Only Situations I & III", "C": "Only Situations II & III", "D": "Only Situation III", "E": "Only Situation I"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4387, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which physicist won the Nobel Prize in physics partly for the explanation of the photoelectric effect?", "options": {"A": "Isaac Newton", "B": "Steven Hawking", "C": "Albert Einstein", "D": "Marie Curie", "E": "Neil deGrasse Tyson"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4388, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "A sample of ideal gas at a temperature of \\(40.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) is in a container of volume \\(3.50 \\times 10^{-2}\\ \\mathrm{m^3}\\). If the pressure of the gas is \\(0.50\\ \\mathrm{atm}\\), how many molecules of the gas are in the container?", "options": {"A": "\\(4.05 \\times 10^{18}\\)", "B": "\\(4.10 \\times 10^{20}\\)", "C": "\\(4.05 \\times 10^{21}\\)", "D": "\\(4.10 \\times 10^{23}\\)", "E": "\\(4.10 \\times 10^{26}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4389, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A small object of mass $11.0 g$ is at rest $30.0 cm$ from a horizontal disk's center. The disk starts to rotate from rest about its center with a constant angular acceleration of $4.50 \\frac{rad}{s^2}$ . What is the magnitude of the net force acting on the object after a time of $t = \\frac{1}{3} s$ if the object remains at rest with respect to the disk?", "options": {"A": "\\(0\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)", "B": "\\(7.43 \\times 10^{-3}\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)", "C": "\\(1.49 \\times 10^{-2}\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)", "D": "\\(1.66 \\times 10^{-2}\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)", "E": "\\(2.23 \\times 10^{-2}\\ \\mathrm{N}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4390, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following statements best describes Huygens's Principle?", "options": {"A": "An additional pressure is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid and to the walls of the container.", "B": "Each point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary spherical wavelets (new waves).", "C": "For every action force, there is an equal but opposite reaction force.", "D": "It is impossible to have a process which has the sole result of transferring energy from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir.", "E": "A time-changing magnetic field has an associated induced electric field."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4391, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object moving only to the right completes a 20.0 second trip in two stages, I and II. The average speed of the entire 20.0 second trip is $10.0 \\frac{m}{s}$ .", "question": "For stage I, the object moves with a constant velocity of $6.0 \\frac{m}{s}$ for $12.0$ seconds. What constant acceleration must the object have during the 8.0 seconds of stage II?", "options": {"A": "2.25 \\frac{m}{s^2}", "B": "2.50 \\frac{m}{s^2}", "C": "4.00 \\frac{m}{s^2}", "D": "6.25 \\frac{m}{s^2}", "E": "8.50 \\frac{m}{s^2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4392, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An object is in free fall close to the ground. A person intervenes and slows the object uniformly to rest. Which one of the following statements must be true about the magnitude of the acceleration of the object as it is being stopped by the person? The magnitude of the object's acceleration is $a_{obj}$ and the magnitude of the acceleration from gravity is $g$ .", "options": {"A": "\\(a_{\\mathrm{obj}} = g\\)", "B": "\\(a_{\\mathrm{obj}} > g\\)", "C": "\\(a_{\\mathrm{obj}} < g\\)", "D": "\\(a_{\\mathrm{obj}} \\ge g\\)", "E": "None of the previous relations must be true."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4393, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "A monatomic ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion in an enclosed container. Which one of the following quantities associated with the gas has a value of zero?", "options": {"A": "Heat", "B": "Entropy change", "C": "Work done", "D": "Internal energy change", "E": "Pressure change"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4394, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "At the top of a high cliff, a small rock is dropped from rest. A ball is launched straight downward with an initial speed of $36.0 \\frac{m}{s}$ at a time $2.10s$ after the rock was dropped. When the ball has fallen $28.0m$ further than the initially dropped rock, what is the speed of the ball relative to the rock?", "options": {"A": "15.0 \\frac{m}{s}", "B": "16.0 \\frac{m}{s}", "C": "20.0 \\frac{m}{s}", "D": "21.0 \\frac{m}{s}", "E": "36.0 \\frac{m}{s}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4395, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices represents the base MKS units for sound intensity?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\frac{\\mathrm{kg}}{\\mathrm{s^3}}\\)", "B": "\\(\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\cdot\\mathrm{s^3}}\\)", "C": "\\(\\frac{\\mathrm{m^2}}{\\mathrm{kg}\\cdot\\mathrm{s^2}}\\)", "D": "\\(\\frac{\\mathrm{kg}}{\\mathrm{m}\\cdot\\mathrm{s^2}}\\)", "E": "\\(\\frac{\\mathrm{s^2}}{\\mathrm{m}\\cdot\\mathrm{kg}}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4396, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "The principal quantum number of an electron is $n = 5$ . How many possible values of the orbital magnetic quantum number $m_l$ are there for this electron?", "options": {"A": "25", "B": "11", "C": "9", "D": "5", "E": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4397, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "A real object in air is placed in front of a glass lens. The calculated image size is larger than the size of the original object. Which one of the following conclusions about the type of lens used and the type of image formed is correct?", "options": {"A": "Type of Lens: Convex only; Type of Image: Could be virtual or real", "B": "Type of Lens: Concave only; Type of Image: Will be virtual only", "C": "Type of Lens: Either concave or convex; Type of Image: Will be virtual only", "D": "Type of Lens: Convex only; Type of Image: Will be real only", "E": "Type of Lens: Either concave or convex; Type of Image: Virtual for the concave lens; Real for the convex lens"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4398, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An ideal uniform solid disk and an ideal uniform ring each have mass $M$ and radius $R$ . Each object begins purely rolling without slipping down a rough inclined plane. The coefficients of friction for the disk and ring with the incline are $\\mu_{disk} > \\mu_{ring}$ .", "question": "As the objects roll, what is the ratio of the ring's angular acceleration to the disk's angular acceleration calculated about an axis perpendicular to the object's face and through its center of mass?", "options": {"A": "1:2", "B": "2:1", "C": "\\mu_{disk}:\\mu_{ring}", "D": "4:3", "E": "3:4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4399, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "An engine operates between a low temperature of $273^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and a high temperature of $546^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of this engine?", "options": {"A": "1 / 3", "B": "2 / 3", "C": "1 / 4", "D": "1 / 2", "E": "3 / 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4400, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following terms/quantities is most closely associated with “the measure of the resistance of an object to length change under lengthwise tension or compression”?", "options": {"A": "Bulk modulus", "B": "Plastic deformation", "C": "Shear modulus", "D": "Elastic limit", "E": "Young's modulus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4401, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following quarks was the last to be confirmed experimentally?", "options": {"A": "Charmed", "B": "Up", "C": "Strange", "D": "Down", "E": "Top"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4402, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the magnitude of the angular momentum of the Earth (expressed in base MKS units) associated with its rotation about its axis?", "options": {"A": "10^{38}", "B": "10^{34}", "C": "10^{30}", "D": "10^{26}", "E": "10^{22}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4403, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "Two identical samples of a monatomic ideal gas are to undergo reversible processes. Which one of the following choices is a correct statement about the heat associated with the processes? Process 1: An isochoric pressure doubling Process 2: An isobaric volume doubling", "options": {"A": "There is less heat associated with Process 1 than Process 2.", "B": "The heat is the same non-zero value for Processes 1 and 2.", "C": "There is more heat associated with Process 1 than Process 2.", "D": "The heat is zero for Processes 1 and 2.", "E": "More information is required to determine the relationship for the heats."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4404, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Two electrons move with the magnitude of their linear momentum having a ratio of \\(2:1\\). If the slower electron moves with a speed of \\(1.20 \\times 10^8\\ \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}\\), what is the speed of the faster-moving electron?", "options": {"A": "\\(2.67 \\times 10^8\\ \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}\\)", "B": "\\(2.40 \\times 10^8\\ \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}\\)", "C": "\\(2.24 \\times 10^8\\ \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}\\)", "D": "\\(1.97 \\times 10^8\\ \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}\\)", "E": "\\(1.56 \\times 10^8\\ \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4405, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "An FM radio station sends a signal with a frequency of $99.99 \\times 10^{6} \\text{ Hz}$. Which one of the following choices best represents this frequency expressed using metric prefixes?", "options": {"A": "99.99 kHz", "B": "99.99 MHz", "C": "99.99 GHz", "D": "99.99 THz", "E": "99.99 nHz"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4406, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "In the laboratory, a student makes the following six measurements for the length of an object: $5.05 \\text{ cm}$, $5.06 \\text{ cm}$, $5.07 \\text{ cm}$, $5.06 \\text{ cm}$, $5.05 \\text{ cm}$, and $5.09 \\text{ cm}$.", "question": "Using the rules of significant digits, which one of the following choices correctly represents how she should express the average length of the object?", "options": {"A": "$5 \\text{ cm}$", "B": "$5.06 \\text{ cm}$", "C": "$5.06 \\text{ cm}$", "D": "$5.07 \\text{ cm}$", "E": "$5.1 \\text{ cm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4407, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An object is dropped into free fall. Through how many meters does the object fall during the first 3.00 seconds of flight?", "options": {"A": "$10.0 \\text{ m}$", "B": "$15.0 \\text{ m}$", "C": "$30.0 \\text{ m}$", "D": "$45.0 \\text{ m}$", "E": "$90.0 \\text{ m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4408, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A simple pendulum consists of a massive bob connected to the end of a very light string.", "question": "Which one of the following changes should be made in order to increase the period of the pendulum? Ignore air resistance.", "options": {"A": "Increase the mass of the bob", "B": "Decrease the mass of the bob", "C": "Increase the length of the string", "D": "Decrease the length of the string", "E": "Decrease the maximum angle of the pendulum's oscillation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4409, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "MRI is a commonly used acronym for a medical diagnostic technique. MRI stands for which one of the following choices?", "options": {"A": "Medical Radio Imaging", "B": "Minimally Radioactive Intervention", "C": "Multiaxis Radar Injection", "D": "Magnetic Radioisotope Injection", "E": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4410, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Starting from rest, a cart uniformly accelerates to a speed of $7.60 \\frac{m}{s}$ in a time of $3.00 s$.", "question": "Through what distance does the cart move in this time?", "options": {"A": "$5.7 m$", "B": "$8.1 m$", "C": "$11.4 m$", "D": "$16.1 m$", "E": "$22.8 m$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4411, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A $2.50 kg$ mass connected to the end of an ideal spring oscillates in simple harmonic motion. The mass's position is described as a function of time by $x(t) = 0.20 \\cos (8.00 t + 0.50)$ where all quantities are in base SI units.", "question": "Which one of the following choices gives the numerical value of the oscillation's amplitude in base SI units?", "options": {"A": "8.00", "B": "4.00", "C": "1.60", "D": "0.50", "E": "0.20"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4412, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following quantities is not a scalar quantity?", "options": {"A": "Force", "B": "Energy", "C": "Mass", "D": "Speed", "E": "Pressure"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4413, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A crate gains $36.0J$ of kinetic energy while its speed is increased from $2.00\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$ to $4.00\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the mass of the crate?", "options": {"A": "$36.0kg$", "B": "$18.0kg$", "C": "$6.0kg$", "D": "$3.0kg$", "E": "$1.5kg$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4414, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A box of mass $5.0kg$ is being pushed to the right across a horizontal surface while a constant frictional force of $8.0N$ acts on the box. At some instant of time, the box has a speed of $4.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$ and an acceleration of $3.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}^2}$.", "question": "What is the magnitude of the net force acting on the box at this instant?", "options": {"A": "$7.0N$", "B": "$12.0N$", "C": "$15.0N$", "D": "$20.0N$", "E": "$23.0N$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4415, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following scientists is most associated with the following statement: \"For small displacements of an object from equilibrium, there is a restoring force that is proportional to the displacement.\"?", "options": {"A": "Albert Einstein", "B": "Hooke", "C": "Huygens", "D": "Kepler", "E": "Lenz"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4416, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A box rests on the floor of an elevator. The elevator is accelerating upward.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the Newton's Third Law pair force to the gravitational force acting on the box by the Earth?", "options": {"A": "There is no Newton's Third Law pair force in this scenario.", "B": "The entire normal force of contact from the floor on the box.", "C": "Only a portion of the normal force of contact from the floor on the box.", "D": "The force of the cables pulling upward on the elevator.", "E": "The gravitational force acting on the Earth by the box."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4417, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two objects, A and B, move in space and then collide.\n\nBefore collision: Object A, of mass $5.0kg$, moves to the right with a speed of $25.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$. Object B, of mass $10.0kg$, moves to the left with a speed of $20.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$.\n\nAfter collision: Object A moves to the left with a speed of $25.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$.", "question": "What is the velocity of object B after the collision?", "options": {"A": "$30.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$ to the right", "B": "$5.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$ to the right", "C": "$20.0\\frac{\\mathrm{s}}{\\mathrm{s}}$ to the right", "D": "$20.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$ to the left"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4418, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A toy car initially moves to the right at $60.0 \\frac{cm}{s}$. Five seconds later, the car is moving at $40.0 \\frac{cm}{s}$ to the left. The total displacement of the car during this time is $10.0 cm$ to the left of where it started.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the magnitude of the average velocity of the car during the five second motion?", "options": {"A": "$50.0 \\frac{cm}{s}$", "B": "$10.0 \\frac{cm}{s}$", "C": "$4.0 \\frac{cm}{s}$", "D": "$2.0 \\frac{cm}{s}$", "E": "$0.40 \\frac{cm}{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4419, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A toy car initially moves to the right at $60.0 \\frac{cm}{s}$. Five seconds later, the car is moving at $40.0 \\frac{cm}{s}$ to the left. The total displacement of the car during this time is $10.0 cm$ to the left of where it started.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the magnitude of the average acceleration of the car during the five second motion?", "options": {"A": "$20.0 \\frac{cm}{s^2}$", "B": "$4.0 \\frac{cm}{s^2}$", "C": "$2.00 \\frac{cm}{s^2}$", "D": "$0.80 \\frac{cm}{s^2}$", "E": "$0.40 \\frac{cm}{s^2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4420, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A rectangular block of wood has a mass of $17.8 g$ and dimensions of length: $3.00 cm$, width: $4.00 cm$, and height: $2.00 cm$.", "question": "Which one of the following choices correctly gives the average density of the block?", "options": {"A": "$7.42 \\times 10^5 \\frac{kg}{m^3}$", "B": "$7.42 \\times 10^{12} \\frac{kg}{m^3}$", "C": "$7.42 \\frac{kg}{m^3}$", "D": "$7.42 \\times 10^{-1} \\frac{kg}{m^3}$", "E": "$7.42 \\times 10^{-4} \\frac{kg}{m^3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4421, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "In 2013, the Nobel Prize in physics was awarded \"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider\".", "question": "The winners were Francois Englert and", "options": {"A": "Stephen Hawking", "B": "Edward Witten", "C": "Edwin Hubble", "D": "Brian Greene", "E": "Peter Higgs"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4422, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A tuning fork placed over a $57 cm$ column of air closed only at its bottom end produces a standing wave in the $3^{\\text{rd}}$ harmonic. The speed of sound in air is $342 \\frac{m}{s}$.", "question": "What is the frequency of the tuning fork?", "options": {"A": "$150 Hz$", "B": "$300 Hz$", "C": "$450 Hz$", "D": "$600 Hz$", "E": "$900 Hz$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4423, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "It is observed that a light ray changes direction when it enters a new material. Which one of the following choices is the term best associated with this phenomenon?", "options": {"A": "Doppler Effect", "B": "Interference", "C": "Polarization", "D": "Diffraction", "E": "Refraction"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4424, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A solid cube of iron and a solid cube of aluminum have equal mass. The cubes are placed into the same large pool of water so that each is completely submerged and resting on the pool's bottom.", "question": "Which object experiences the greater buoyant force from the water?", "options": {"A": "The iron cube", "B": "The aluminum cube", "C": "The buoyant forces are equal.", "D": "The mass of the cubes is needed to answer the question.", "E": "The answer depends on whether the pool is filled with fresh water or salt water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4425, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two spherical, non- rotating planets, X and Y, have the same uniform density $\\rho$. Planet X has twice the radius of Planet Y. Let $g_{X}$ and $g_{Y}$ represent the accelerations due to gravity at the surfaces of Planet X and Planet Y, respectively.", "question": "What is the ratio of $g_{X}:g_{Y}$?", "options": {"A": "2:1", "B": "1:2", "C": "1:1", "D": "4:1", "E": "1:4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4426, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A waterproof speaker placed at the bottom of a swimming pool emits a sound wave that travels toward the surface of the water. In the water, the sound wave has a frequency $f_{\\text{water}}$, wavelength $\\lambda_{\\text{water}}$, and wave speed $v_{\\text{water}}$. When the sound wave enters the air it has a frequency $f_{\\text{air}}$, wavelength $\\lambda_{\\text{air}}$, and wave speed $v_{\\text{air}}$.", "question": "Which one of the following relationships correctly compares the frequencies, wavelengths, and wave speeds of the waves in the air and water?", "options": {"A": "$f_{\\text{water}} = f_{\\text{air}}; \\lambda_{\\text{water}} = \\lambda_{\\text{air}}; v_{\\text{water}} = v_{\\text{air}}$", "B": "$f_{\\text{water}} = f_{\\text{air}}; \\lambda_{\\text{water}} > \\lambda_{\\text{air}}; v_{\\text{water}} > v_{\\text{air}}$", "C": "$f_{\\text{water}} < f_{\\text{air}}; \\lambda_{\\text{water}} > \\lambda_{\\text{air}}; v_{\\text{water}} = v_{\\text{air}}$", "D": "$f_{\\text{water}} < f_{\\text{air}}; \\lambda_{\\text{water}} = \\lambda_{\\text{air}}; v_{\\text{water}} < v_{\\text{air}}$", "E": "$f_{\\text{water}} = f_{\\text{air}}; \\lambda_{\\text{water}} < \\lambda_{\\text{air}}; v_{\\text{water}} > v_{\\text{air}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4427, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "An electron with charge $-e$ and mass $m$ travels at a speed $v$ in a plane perpendicular to a magnetic field of magnitude $B$. The electron follows a circular path of radius $R$. In a time $t$, the electron travels halfway around the circle.", "question": "What is the amount of work done by the magnetic force on the electron in this time?", "options": {"A": "zero", "B": "$- \\pi e v B R$", "C": "$\\pi e v B R$", "D": "$- 2e v B R$", "E": "$\\frac{-\\pi m v}{e B}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4428, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Considering only the Moon-Earth system (ignore any influence of the Sun),", "question": "which one of the following best expresses the magnitude of the Moon's acceleration about the Earth?", "options": {"A": "$3\\times 10^{-1}\\frac{m}{s^{2}}$", "B": "$3\\times 10^{-2}\\frac{m}{s^{2}}$", "C": "$3\\times 10^{-3}\\frac{m}{s^{2}}$", "D": "$3\\times 10^{-4}\\frac{m}{s^{2}}$", "E": "$3\\times 10^{-5}\\frac{m}{s^{2}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4429, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A toy crane exerts an upward force and delivers a useful power output of $0.10 W$ to raise a block vertically at a constant speed.", "question": "At what constant speed will this crane raise a $0.20 kg$ block?", "options": {"A": "$0.01 m / s$", "B": "$0.02 m / s$", "C": "$0.05 m / s$", "D": "$0.20 m / s$", "E": "$0.50 m / s$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4430, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Planck's constant is multiplied by the speed of light. The resulting value then is divided by three meters. This final value has the units of which one of the following quantities?", "options": {"A": "Force", "B": "Linear Momentum", "C": "Speed", "D": "Frequency", "E": "Energy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4431, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object moves with constant acceleration starting with velocity $v_{0} = 5.00 \\frac{m}{s}$ and ending with a velocity of $v = -1.00 \\frac{m}{s}$ in a time of $3.00 s$.", "question": "For this motion, what is the average speed associated with the object?", "options": {"A": "$2.00 m / s$", "B": "$2.17 m / s$", "C": "$2.50 m / s$", "D": "$2.83 m / s$", "E": "$3.00 m / s$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4432, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "There are several statements presented below that attempt to describe physical phenomena. Which one of the following statements is correct?", "options": {"A": "The coefficient of friction is a value always less than or equal to one, but greater than or equal to zero.", "B": "For horizontal surfaces, the normal force acting on an object always cancels the gravitational force.", "C": "An ideal gas's temperature must change if both work is done and energy is exchanged as heat with it.", "D": "Increasing the spacing between slits in the Young's double slit experiment results in an increase in the spacing between the dark regions on a distant viewing screen.", "E": "In electrostatic equilibrium, an electric field is perpendicular to the surface of a charged conductor."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4433, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "\"No two electrons in an atom can have an identical set of the four quantum numbers.\" is a statement most closely associated with which one of the following scientists?", "options": {"A": "Albert Einstein", "B": "Enrico Fermi", "C": "Sheldon Cooper", "D": "Wolfgang Pauli", "E": "Isaac Newton"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4434, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": "Plane-polarized light with intensity $I$ is incident on a single polarizing sheet.", "question": "If the intensity of the light become $\\frac{1}{4} I$ after passing through the polarizer, what is the angle between the transmission axis of the polarizer and the polarization plane of the incident light?", "options": {"A": "$75^{\\circ}$", "B": "$67.5^{\\circ}$", "C": "$60^{\\circ}$", "D": "$30^{\\circ}$", "E": "$22.5^{\\circ}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4435, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A long thin rod of mass $M$ and length $L$ is pivoted at one end so that it swings as a pendulum. The rod is set into simple harmonic oscillation and has a period of motion $T$. A second thin rod with mass $2M$ and length $2L$ also is pivoted at one end to swing as a pendulum.", "question": "When this second rod is set into simple harmonic oscillation, what is its period?", "options": {"A": "$2T$", "B": "$\\sqrt{2} T$", "C": "$T$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}} T$", "E": "$\\frac{1}{2} T$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4436, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A monatomic, ideal gas undergoes an isobaric process. During the process, the gas performs 80 joules of work on the surroundings.", "question": "Which one of the following statements best describes the heat exchange during this process?", "options": {"A": "200 joules of energy was added to the gas.", "B": "200 joules of energy was removed from the gas.", "C": "80 joules of energy was added to the gas.", "D": "80 joules of energy was removed from the gas.", "E": "It cannot be determined without knowing the change in temperature for the gas."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4437, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "An air-filled parallel-plate capacitor of capacitance $C$ is fully charged after being connected to a battery of voltage $V$. The battery then is disconnected and an insulating dielectric slab of constant $\\kappa$ is inserted between the capacitor's plates, fully filling the region.", "question": "What is the voltage between the plates once equilibrium is established with the dielectric in place?", "options": {"A": "$\\kappa^{2}V$", "B": "$\\kappa V$", "C": "$V$", "D": "$V / \\kappa$", "E": "$V / \\kappa^{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4438, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A laser beam with wavelength $632.8 \\text{nm}$ shines onto a newly fabricated single slit. As a result, the width of the principal bright region on a viewing screen $1.25 \\text{m}$ away is $1.00 \\text{m}$.", "question": "Which one of the following best represents the size of the single slit opening?", "options": {"A": "$0.79 \\mu \\text{m}$", "B": "$0.85 \\mu \\text{m}$", "C": "$1.01 \\mu \\text{m}$", "D": "$1.58 \\mu \\text{m}$", "E": "$1.70 \\mu \\text{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4439, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "Two clocks, A and B, are synchronized on Earth. Clock A is placed onto a space ship that leaves Earth in a straight line with a speed of $2.40 \\times 10^{8} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$. On Earth, a scientist with clock B has her telescope fixed directly on clock A. If each clock started at $t = 0 \\text{s}$,", "question": "what time does the scientist observe on clock A when clock B reads $t = 90 \\text{s}$? Assume the time of acceleration for the ship leaving the Earth was negligible.", "options": {"A": "$24 \\text{s}$", "B": "$30 \\text{s}$", "C": "$50 \\text{s}$", "D": "$54 \\text{s}$", "E": "$72 \\text{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4440, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A brick is moving at a speed of $3\\mathrm{m / s}$ and a pebble is moving at a speed of $5\\mathrm{m / s}$ . If both objects have the same kinetic energy, what is the ratio of the brick's mass to the pebble's mass?", "options": {"A": "25:9", "B": "5:3", "C": "4:1", "D": "3:1", "E": "$\\sqrt{5}$ : $\\sqrt{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4441, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "A hole with a radius of $1.0\\mathrm{mm}$ develops in the bottom of a $15\\mathrm{m}$ tall tank filled to the top with water. The tank is open at the top. At what rate will water initially flow out of the hole?", "options": {"A": "$5.4\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{m}^3 /\\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$5.4\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{m}^3 /\\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$5.4\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{m}^3 /\\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$5.4\\times 10^{-6}\\mathrm{m}^3 /\\mathrm{s}$", "E": "$5.4\\times 10^{-7}\\mathrm{m}^3 /\\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4442, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "General Physics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following scientists was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and again in 1972?", "options": {"A": "John Bardeen", "B": "Enrico Fermi", "C": "Murray Gell-Mann", "D": "Hans Bethe", "E": "Wolfgang Pauli"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4443, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Two cranes are used to lift loads vertically at constant speed from the ground to the top of a building. Crane 1 lifts an 8000-N load a height of 40 m in a time of 20 minutes. Crane 2 lifts a 6400-N load a height of 50 m in a time of 16 minutes. Which statement below correctly compares the mechanical power output of each crane?", "options": {"A": "The cranes have the same power because they perform the same amount of work.", "B": "The cranes have the same power because the ratio of force exerted to time is the same.", "C": "Crane 1 has a greater power because it exerts more force to lift the load.", "D": "Crane 1 has a greater power because it raises the load over a longer time.", "E": "Crane 2 has a greater power because it performs the same amount of work in less time."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4444, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An ice skater is rotating with her arms extended. When she pulls in her arms, her rate of rotation increases. No external torques act on the skater. Which of the following statements is true?", "options": {"A": "Her moment of inertia increased.", "B": "Her kinetic energy is conserved.", "C": "Her angular momentum decreased.", "D": "She does work when pulling in her arms.", "E": "Her angular momentum increased."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4445, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A rock that has a mass of $12\\mathrm{kg}$ is sliding on a rough, horizontal surface. It has 24 J of kinetic energy and the friction force on it is a constant $0.50\\mathrm{N}$ . What distance will it slide before coming to rest?", "options": {"A": "$2.0\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$12\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$24\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$36\\mathrm{m}$", "E": "$48\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4446, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "The average density of blood is $1.06\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{kg / m}^{3}$ . Imagine that you donate a pint of blood during a local blood drive. What mass of blood, in grams, have you donated? (1 pt $= 1 / 2\\mathrm{L}$ , $1\\mathrm{L} = 1000\\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ .)", "options": {"A": "$530\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$0.530\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$5300\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$5.30\\times 10^{5}\\mathrm{g}$", "E": "$53.0\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4447, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An object of mass $m$ initially at rest experiences a uniform, non-zero acceleration. Which of the following statements is correct?", "options": {"A": "The object's displacement is directly proportional to its time of travel.", "B": "The object's velocity is directly proportional to its time of travel.", "C": "The object's acceleration is directly proportional to its time of travel.", "D": "The object's kinetic energy is directly proportional to its time of travel.", "E": "The net force acting on the object is directly proportional to its time of travel."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4448, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "A person places some water on their fingertip and rubs the fingertip around the top surface of a water glass to produce a particular musical tone. This process is most closely associated with which of the following phenomena?", "options": {"A": "Diffraction", "B": "Dispersion", "C": "Doppler effect", "D": "Refraction", "E": "Resonance"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4449, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "An object is placed $20\\mathrm{cm}$ in front of a converging lens with a focal length of $30\\mathrm{cm}$ . What is the distance between the object and its image?", "options": {"A": "$8\\mathrm{cm}$", "B": "$32\\mathrm{cm}$", "C": "$40\\mathrm{cm}$", "D": "$60\\mathrm{cm}$", "E": "$80\\mathrm{cm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4450, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "A person standing $5.0\\mathrm{m}$ from a barking dog measures the sound intensity level to be $65\\mathrm{dB}$ . What would be the intensity level at that same distance if two identical dogs very close to each other are barking?", "options": {"A": "$34\\mathrm{dB}$", "B": "$65\\mathrm{dB}$", "C": "$68\\mathrm{dB}$", "D": "$130\\mathrm{dB}$", "E": "$136\\mathrm{dB}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4451, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "In the Millikan oil-drop experiment the UPWARD force on a stationary oil drop is due to the:", "options": {"A": "gravitational and electric fields", "B": "gravitational field and the charge on the drop", "C": "electric field only", "D": "electric field and the charge on the drop", "E": "charge on the drop only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4452, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A uniform wooden block is a rectangular prism with dimensions of $10\\mathrm{cm}\\times 6\\mathrm{cm}\\times 2\\mathrm{cm}$ . The block will be placed on a level table in one of three possible orientations with a side parallel to the tabletop. Let $P_{\\mathrm{L}}$ equal the largest possible pressure the block can exert on the table and $P_{\\mathrm{S}}$ equal the smallest possible pressure the block can exert on the table. What is the ratio $P_{\\mathrm{L}} / P_{\\mathrm{S}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "5/3", "B": "3", "C": "5", "D": "9", "E": "25"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4453, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Two separate simple pendulums are swinging back and forth. It is found that pendulum A has twice the frequency of pendulum B. Which statement could account for this difference?", "options": {"A": "Pendulum B is twice as long as pendulum A. ", "B": "Pendulum B was released before pendulum A. ", "C": "Pendulum B is twice as massive as pendulum A. ", "D": "The length of pendulum B is four times the length of pendulum A. ", "E": "The mass of pendulum B is four times the mass of pendulum A."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4454, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A simple and correct way to comprehend satellites orbiting Earth is to view them as", "options": {"A": "balanced between gravitational and centripetal forces. ", "B": "beyond the main pull of Earth's gravity. ", "C": "in mechanical equilibrium with a net force of zero. ", "D": "having sufficient tangential velocities to fall around rather than into Earth. ", "E": "All of the above. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4455, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A fighter jet pilot is capable of tolerating an upward force that is equivalent to seven times their weight. This pilot is traveling at a speed of $250\\mathrm{m / s}$ while pulling out of a vertical dive. What is the minimum radius of curvature of the plane's dive path?", "options": {"A": "$4.25\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$3.64\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$1042\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$893\\mathrm{m}$", "E": "$450\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4456, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "The mass of Mars is $6.40\\times 10^{23}\\mathrm{kg}$ . Its radius is $3395\\mathrm{km}$ . What is the mean density of Mars in $\\mathrm{kg / m^3}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$9.76\\times 10^{2}$", "B": "$1.95\\times 10^{3}$", "C": "$3.90\\times 10^{3}$", "D": "$7.81\\times 10^{3}$", "E": "$7.94\\times 10^{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4457, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "In a panic, you squeeze the brake handle on your bicycle, lock up the rear wheel, and skid a certain distance on a straight, level path before stopping. If you had been traveling twice as fast, what distance would you have skidded, under the same conditions?", "options": {"A": "You would have skidded 4 times farther. ", "B": "You would have skidded twice as far. ", "C": "You would have skidded 1.4 times farther. ", "D": "You would have skidded 8 times farther. ", "E": "It is impossible to tell from the information given. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4458, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two balls, A and B, are launched simultaneously from the origin (O) on a level surface at the respective angles of $60^\\circ$ and $30^\\circ$ shown in the picture. Ball A has a launch speed $v$ while Ball B has a launch speed $2v$ . Ball A lands $T$ seconds after launch at a horizontal distance $D$ from the origin. ", "question": "How many seconds after launch does Ball B land?", "options": {"A": "0.50T", "B": "0.87T", "C": "1.15T", "D": "1.73T", "E": "2.00T"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4459, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two balls, A and B, are launched simultaneously from the origin (O) on a level surface at the respective angles of $60^\\circ$ and $30^\\circ$ shown in the picture. Ball A has a launch speed $v$ while Ball B has a launch speed $2v$ . Ball A lands $T$ seconds after launch at a horizontal distance $D$ from the origin. ", "question": "What horizontal distance separates the landing points of Ball A and Ball B?", "options": {"A": "2D", "B": "3D", "C": "4D", "D": "5D", "E": "6D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4460, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "You are given three 6-ohm resistors. Neglecting the resistance of any connecting wires, which of the following resistances CANNOT be made using one or more of these resistors?", "options": {"A": "2 ohms", "B": "3 ohms", "C": "9 ohms", "D": "12 ohms", "E": "15 ohms"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4461, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Electric energy can be generated in many ways, two of which are with nuclear plants using nuclear fission reactions, or coal fired plants utilizing chemical reactions. Energy density for a fuel has units of Joules/kilogram. What is the approximate ratio of nuclear versus chemical energy density?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "$10^{3}$", "C": "$10^{6}$", "D": "$10^{9}$", "E": "$10^{12}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4462, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "You drop a rock off a bridge into the river below and hear the splash 2.5 s later. How far above the river is the bridge?", "options": {"A": "$25\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$27\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$29\\mathrm{m}$ (D) $31\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$31\\mathrm{m}$", "E": "$33\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4463, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Any nucleus that emits an alpha particle or beta particle", "options": {"A": "always becomes a nucleus of a different element", "B": "may become a nucleus of a different element", "C": "becomes a different isotope of the same element", "D": "increases its mass number", "E": "increases its mass"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4464, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A child, starting from rest at the top of a $3.00\\mathrm{-m}$ tall slide, has a speed of 2.52 m/s at the bottom of the slide. What percent of the mechanical energy of the child-Earth system at the top of the slide remains when the child reaches the bottom of the slide?", "options": {"A": "$8.4\\%$", "B": "$10.6\\%$", "C": "$32.5\\%$", "D": "$46.0\\%$", "E": "It cannot be determined without knowing the mass of the child."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4465, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A projectile will be launched from a $2.00\\mathrm{-m}$ tall platform and must hit a target at a horizontal distance of $25.0\\mathrm{m}$ away on an identical $2.00\\mathrm{-m}$ tall platform. What is the slowest speed at which the projectile can be launched?", "options": {"A": "$10.2\\mathrm{m / s}$", "B": "$12.5\\mathrm{m / s}$", "C": "$15.8\\mathrm{m / s}$", "D": "$17.7\\mathrm{m / s}$", "E": "$21.0\\mathrm{m / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4466, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A motorcycle has a total mass of $150\\mathrm{kg}$ . Each wheel has a mass of $10\\mathrm{kg}$ and a radius of $30\\mathrm{cm}$ . As the motorcycle is moving, what is the ratio of the rotational kinetic energy of the wheels to the total translational kinetic energy of the motorcycle? Assume the wheels are uniform disks and roll without slipping.", "options": {"A": "0.033:1", "B": "0.067:1", "C": "0.33:1", "D": "0.67:1", "E": "3.3:1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4467, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A spring loaded projectile launcher launches a plastic ball horizontally with a speed of $4.0\\mathrm{m / s}$ . If the spring were compressed twice as far, the ball's launch speed would be", "options": {"A": "$1.0\\mathrm{m / s}$", "B": "$2.0\\mathrm{m / s}$", "C": "$4.0\\mathrm{m / s}$", "D": "$8.0\\mathrm{m / s}$", "E": "$16\\mathrm{m / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4468, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "You are given three identical resistors, each of resistance $R$ . Each resistor can sustain a maximum power of $P$ . Two of the resistors are connected in series, and a third is connected in parallel with these two. What is the maximum power this network can sustain?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{2P}{3}$", "B": "$\\frac{3P}{2}$", "C": "$2P$", "D": "$3P$", "E": "$6P$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4469, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A man of mass $m$ , gets off a boat by leaping to the left in an exactly horizonal direction. Both the man and the boat were initially stationary. Immediately after the leap, the boat of mass $M$ , is observed to be moving to the right at speed $v$ . What is the increase of the kinetic energy in the man-boat system? (Neglect the resistive force of the water)", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{2} M v^{2}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{2} m v^{2}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{2} (M + m) v^{2}$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{2} (M + \\frac{M^{2}}{m}) v^{2}$", "E": "$\\frac{1}{2} \\frac{M m}{M + m} v^{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4470, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "A monatomic ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion. Which of the following statements is true about the gas?", "options": {"A": "The final temperature of the gas is less than the initial temperature of the gas. ", "B": "Heat enters the gas from the surroundings during the process. ", "C": "The final pressure of the gas is greater than the initial pressure of the gas. ", "D": "Work is done on the gas from the surroundings during the process. ", "E": "The internal energy of the gas remains unchanged during the process. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4471, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \\mathrm{m}^{2}$ ) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$ ? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \\mathrm{W} / \\mathrm{m}^{2}$ , and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.", "options": {"A": "$73^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$93^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$107^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$131^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$", "E": "$154^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4472, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "A P-type semiconductor is doped to produce one of the following. What will it produce:", "options": {"A": "both holes and electrons", "B": "positive electrons", "C": "negative electrons", "D": "holes", "E": "positive protons"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4473, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "A radioactive sample of gas has a half-life of 100 seconds. If there are initially 10000 of these gas molecules in a closed container, approximately how many of the molecules remain after a time of 250 seconds elapses?", "options": {"A": "2500", "B": "2190", "C": "1770", "D": "1560", "E": "1250"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4474, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "An engine absorbs heat at a temperature of $727^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and exhausts heat at a temperature of $527^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . If the engine operates at maximum possible efficiency, for 2000 J of heat input, the amount of work the engine performs is most nearly", "options": {"A": "400 J", "B": "1450 J", "C": "1600 J", "D": "2000 J", "E": "2760 J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4475, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "In an ideal LC circuit, what is the time difference between all of the energy in the circuit being stored in the inductor and all of the energy being stored in the capacitor?", "options": {"A": "No time difference", "B": "One-eighth of a period of oscillation", "C": "One-quarter of a period of oscillation", "D": "One-half of a period of oscillation", "E": "After one full period of oscillation has passed"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4476, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "Two identical metal spheres are hung from a common point by $30\\mathrm{-cm}$ long, nonconducting threads of negligible mass. The spheres each have a mass of $0.20\\mathrm{g}$ and are given identical charges. It is found that due to the electrostatic repulsion force, the angle between the threads is $20^\\circ$ . How much charge was placed on each sphere?", "options": {"A": "11 nC", "B": "16 nC", "C": "21 nC", "D": "26 nC", "E": "31 nC"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4477, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "A collimated laser beam emerging from a commercial He-Ne laser has a diameter of 1.0 mm. Two convex lenses are used to convert this beam to a well-collimated beam with 10.0 mm diameter. The first lens has a focal length of 1.5 cm and is to be mounted at the output of the laser. What is the focal length, $f$ , of the second lens and how far from the first lens should it be placed?", "options": {"A": "f (cm): 4.5; Distance (cm): 6", "B": "f (cm): 10; Distance (cm): 10", "C": "f (cm): 10; Distance (cm): 11.5", "D": "f (cm): 15; Distance (cm): 15", "E": "f (cm): 15; Distance (cm): 16.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4478, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "A free electron (rest mass: $m_{e} = 0.5\\frac{MeV}{c^{2}}$ ) has a total energy of 1.5 MeV. Its momentum, $p$ , in terms of $\\frac{MeV}{c}$ is about", "options": {"A": "0.86", "B": "1.0", "C": "1.4", "D": "1.5", "E": "2.0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4479, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Earth satellites such as the International Space Station orbit at altitudes that are mainly above Earth's atmosphere.", "question": "A simple and accurate way to comprehend the orbit of these satellites is to view them as", "options": {"A": "balanced between gravitational and centripetal forces.", "B": "beyond the main pull of Earth's gravity.", "C": "in mechanical equilibrium with a net force of zero.", "D": "having sufficient tangential velocities to fall around rather than into Earth.", "E": "All of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4480, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "To break a board, a typical karate chop delivers $3000\\mathrm{N}$ of force to the board.", "question": "The force that the board exerts on the hand during the chop is", "options": {"A": "less than $3000\\mathrm{N}$", "B": "$3000\\mathrm{N}$", "C": "greater than $3000\\mathrm{N}$", "D": "dependent upon the type of wood.", "E": "dependent upon the speed of the karate chop."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4481, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "All of the following are base units of the SI system except:", "options": {"A": "kilogram", "B": "kelvin", "C": "meter", "D": "volt", "E": "candela"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4482, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "The speed of sound in air depends upon", "options": {"A": "frequency", "B": "wavelength", "C": "amplitude", "D": "speed of the sound source", "E": "temperature of the air"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4483, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "There are $6.02\\mathrm{X}10^{23}$ carbon atoms (Avogadro's number) in $12.0\\mathrm{g}$ of carbon. If you could count one atom each second, how much time would it take to count the atoms in $1.0\\mathrm{g}$ of carbon?", "options": {"A": "$1.59\\mathrm{X}10^{15}$ days", "B": "$1.59\\mathrm{X}10^{15}$ weeks", "C": "$1.59\\mathrm{X}10^{15}$ years", "D": "$1.59\\mathrm{X}10^{18}$ weeks", "E": "$1.59\\mathrm{X}10^{18}$ years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4484, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Consider one horizontal circular path that a ball makes on the inside surface of a cone.", "question": "In this situation, the normal force on the ball", "options": {"A": "is mg.", "B": "is always greater than mg.", "C": "may be greater or less than mg.", "D": "is always less than mg.", "E": "depends upon the speed of the ball."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4485, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A Boeing 737 jet is landing with a speed of $69~\\mathrm{m / s}$. The jet touches down and has $750~\\mathrm{m}$ of runway in which to reduce its speed to $6.1~\\mathrm{m / s}$.", "question": "What is the average acceleration, assumed to be uniform, of the plane during landing?", "options": {"A": "$-0.32 \\frac{m}{s^2}$", "B": "$-3.2 \\frac{m}{s^2}$", "C": "$-6.3 \\frac{m}{s^2}$", "D": "$-32 \\frac{m}{s^2}$", "E": "$-63 \\frac{m}{s^2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4486, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "What does a Venturi meter measure?", "options": {"A": "fluid pressure", "B": "fluid density", "C": "fluid speed", "D": "fluid flow", "E": "fluid temperature"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4487, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A force applied to a rocket gives it an upward acceleration equal to 2 times the acceleration of gravity.", "question": "The magnitude of the force is equal to:", "options": {"A": "One-half the weight of the rocket", "B": "The weight of the rocket", "C": "Two times the weight of the rocket", "D": "Three times the weight of the rocket", "E": "Four times the weight of the rocket"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4488, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A $0.200\\mathrm{kg}$ mass attached to the end of a spring moves up and down through 10 cycles in 6.50 s.", "question": "What is the force constant of the spring", "options": {"A": "$18.7\\mathrm{N / m}$", "B": "$4.67\\mathrm{N / m}$", "C": "$22.8\\mathrm{N / m}$", "D": "$5.95\\mathrm{N / m}$", "E": "$12.0\\mathrm{N}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4489, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block of wood is floating on water.", "question": "If you push down on the block until it is completely submerged, the buoyant force acting on it", "options": {"A": "increases.", "B": "decreases.", "C": "stays the same.", "D": "is dependent upon the type of wood.", "E": "is dependent upon the depth to which the block is pushed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4490, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "On December 21, 1968, NASA launched Apollo 8. This was the first manned mission to the moon, and after 68 hours, went into orbit around the moon but never landed on the surface. That was reserved for Apollo 11. During one five-minute portion of the launch, Apollo 8 increased its speed from 7,600 to 10,800 meters per second.", "question": "What was the acceleration of Apollo 8 during this time period?", "options": {"A": "$8.92\\frac{m}{s^2}$", "B": "$53.3\\frac{m}{s^2}$", "C": "$64.0\\frac{m}{s^2}$", "D": "$10.7\\frac{m}{s^2}$", "E": "$18.7\\frac{m}{s^2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4491, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An older and heavier sister can balance on a seesaw with her younger and lighter brother.", "question": "This can happen because of balanced", "options": {"A": "forces.", "B": "torques.", "C": "momenta.", "D": "energies.", "E": "inertia."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4492, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Any atom that emits an alpha particle or a beta particle", "options": {"A": "always becomes an atom of a different element.", "B": "may become an atom of a different element.", "C": "becomes a different isotope of the same element.", "D": "increases its mass.", "E": "becomes highly reactive."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4493, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "If the sun collapsed suddenly to become a black hole, the Earth would", "options": {"A": "continue in its present orbit.", "B": "fly off tangential to the current orbital path.", "C": "likely be pulled into the black hole.", "D": "be pulled apart by tidal forces.", "E": "Both C & D."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4494, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "On October 4, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three individuals, Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger, for experiments with entangled photons.", "question": "In how many other categories are Nobel Prizes awarded?", "options": {"A": "One", "B": "Two", "C": "Three", "D": "Four", "E": "Five"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4495, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A person has a height $1.8\\mathrm{m}$. Beginning directly under a streetlight that is $6\\mathrm{m}$ above the ground, they walk away from their starting position at $7\\mathrm{m / s}$.", "question": "Find the speed at which the top of the person's shadow moves.", "options": {"A": "$6\\mathrm{m / s}$", "B": "$8\\mathrm{m / s}$", "C": "$10\\mathrm{m / s}$", "D": "$12\\mathrm{m / s}$", "E": "$14\\mathrm{m / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4496, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A curious physics student drops a rock from a cliff that is $5.0\\mathrm{m}$ above a pond. The rock hits the water with velocity $v$ and then sinks to the bottom with the constant velocity $v$. It reaches the bottom of the pond $5.0\\mathrm{s}$ after it is dropped.", "question": "Find the depth of the lake", "options": {"A": "$10\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$20\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$30\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$40\\mathrm{m}$", "E": "$50\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4497, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A hot air balloon is moving up at $10\\mathrm{m / s}$. At a height of $100\\mathrm{m}$ above the ground, a package is released from the balloon.", "question": "How much time does it take the package to reach the ground after being released?", "options": {"A": "$4.58\\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$5.58\\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$4.24\\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$5.24\\mathrm{s}$", "E": "$4.64\\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4498, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A crate slides down a ramp with a rough surface that is inclined to the horizontal at $30^{\\circ}$. If $70\\%$ of the initial potential energy is dissipated during the descent, find the coefficient of sliding friction", "options": {"A": "$0.20$", "B": "$0.30$", "C": "$0.40$", "D": "$0.50$", "E": "$0.60$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4499, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "LaGrange Point 2 is a location in space where the gravitational attraction of the sun is equal to the gravitational attraction of the Earth. The sun is $1.5\\times 10^{8}\\mathrm{km}$ from Earth, and it has a mass that is $3.24\\times 10^{5}$ times that of Earth.", "question": "How far from Earth, along a line to the sun, must an object be located to be in this location?", "options": {"A": "$1.50\\mathrm{X}10^{6}\\mathrm{km}$", "B": "$1.83\\mathrm{X}10^{6}\\mathrm{km}$", "C": "$1.53\\mathrm{X}10^{6}\\mathrm{km}$", "D": "$3.26\\mathrm{X}10^{6}\\mathrm{km}$", "E": "$3.06\\mathrm{X}10^{6}\\mathrm{km}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4500, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A pendulum clock has a period of $1.0\\mathrm{s}$ and gives the correct time on the ground at a certain location. It is then moved to the top of a building that is $320\\mathrm{m}$ high.", "question": "How much time will the pendulum lose in 1 day at this height?", "options": {"A": "$2.25\\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$2.88\\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$3.42\\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$3.94\\mathrm{s}$", "E": "$4.32\\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4501, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "An M-80 (BIG firecracker) is detonated in a valley formed between two parallel mountains. The first echo is heard $2.0\\mathrm{s}$ after the detonation and the second echo is heard $2.0\\mathrm{s}$ after the first one.", "question": "What is the width of the valley?", "options": {"A": "$340\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$740\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$1080\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$1360\\mathrm{m}$", "E": "$1700\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4502, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "A spark is produced between two insulated surfaces, maintained at a constant potential difference of $5.0 \\mathrm{X} 10^{6} \\mathrm{~V}$. The energy output is $10^{5} \\mathrm{~J}$.", "question": "How many electrons have been transferred in the spark?", "options": {"A": "$1.25 \\mathrm{X} 10^{7}$", "B": "$1.20 \\mathrm{X} 10^{7}$", "C": "$1.35 \\mathrm{X} 10^{7}$", "D": "$1.25 \\mathrm{X} 10^{6}$", "E": "$1.25 \\mathrm{X} 10^{8}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4503, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Atoms in a solid are not stationary. They vibrate about their equilibrium positions. Typically, the frequency of vibration is about $2.0 \\mathrm{X} 10^{12} \\mathrm{~Hz}$, and the amplitude is about $1.1 \\mathrm{X} 10^{-11} \\mathrm{~m}$.", "question": "For a typical atom, what is its maximum speed?", "options": {"A": "$108 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$10.8 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$128 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$12.8 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "E": "$138 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4504, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A pendulum has a length of $2.00 \\mathrm{~m}$ and has a mass attached to its end. The mass is pulled back $60.0^{\\circ}$ from the vertical before being released and allowed to swing downward. If the string breaks under a tension of more than $20 \\mathrm{~N}$, what is the maximum amount of mass that can be attached to string to allow the mass to swing without breaking the string?", "options": {"A": "$0.8 \\mathrm{~kg}$", "B": "$1.0 \\mathrm{~kg}$", "C": "$1.2 \\mathrm{~kg}$", "D": "$1.4 \\mathrm{~kg}$", "E": "$1.6 \\mathrm{~kg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4505, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "On November 16, 2022, the Artemis 1 rocket lifted off from Launch Pad 39 at Cape Canaveral, FL for its trip to the moon. To lift off, the engines supplied 8.8 million pounds $(4.0 \\mathrm{x} 10^{7} \\mathrm{~N})$ of thrust.", "question": "Which of the following does NOT express this thrust force?", "options": {"A": "$4.0 \\mathrm{x} 10^{10} \\mathrm{~mN}$", "B": "$4.0 \\mathrm{x} 10^{4} \\mathrm{kN}$", "C": "$4.0 \\mathrm{x} 10^{1} \\mathrm{MN}$", "D": "$4.0 \\mathrm{x} 10^{-3} \\mathrm{GN}$", "E": "$4.0 \\mathrm{x} 10^{-5} \\mathrm{TN}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4506, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Small particles with a mass of $0.10 \\mathrm{~kg}$ are allowed to fall from a height of $1.6 \\mathrm{~m}$ before colliding with the pan of a balance. The collisions occur at $441$ particles/min, what will the balance register if the collisions of the particles are perfectly elastic?", "options": {"A": "$0.43 \\mathrm{~kg}$", "B": "$0.53 \\mathrm{~kg}$", "C": "$0.73 \\mathrm{~kg}$", "D": "$0.83 \\mathrm{~kg}$", "E": "$0.93 \\mathrm{~kg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4507, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Earth rotates once every $23 \\mathrm{~h} 56 \\mathrm{~min}$ around an axis that runs from the North to South Pole.", "question": "What is the angular velocity of the Earth?", "options": {"A": "$7.29 \\mathrm{X} 10^{-5} \\mathrm{rad} / \\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$7.59 \\mathrm{X} 10^{-5} \\mathrm{rad} / \\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$7.09 \\mathrm{X} 10^{-5} \\mathrm{rad} / \\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$4.37 \\mathrm{X} 10^{-3} \\mathrm{rad} / \\mathrm{s}$", "E": "$4.37 \\mathrm{X} 10^{-5} \\mathrm{rad} / \\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4508, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "When riding the Wild Thing roller coaster, the passengers feel $50\\%$ heavier than their actual weight as the car goes through a dip with a $30 \\mathrm{~m}$ radius of curvature.", "question": "What is the car's speed at the bottom of the dip?", "options": {"A": "$14.3 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$11.1 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$12.3 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$10.1 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "E": "$15.0 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4509, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "As an airplane is flying, it is determined that the airflow speed past the lower surface of the wing is $100 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$. What speed of airflow over the upper surface of the wing would give a pressure difference of $1000 \\mathrm{~Pa}$? $1.293 \\frac{k g}{m^{2}}$ is the density of the air.", "options": {"A": "$102 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$103 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$105 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$108 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$", "E": "$111 \\mathrm{~m} / \\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4510, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "A high-voltage power transmission line is to supply power at $104\\mathrm{kW}$. The electricity travels through $30\\mathrm{km}$ of cable that has a resistance $0.7\\frac{\\Omega}{km}$. Find the rate of energy loss if the power is transmitted at $100\\mathrm{kV}$.", "options": {"A": "$4.2\\%$", "B": "$4.9\\%$", "C": "$2.1\\%$", "D": "$9.8\\%$", "E": "$6.4\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4511, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A sample of an ideal gas is being held at a constant pressure.", "question": "What happens to the internal energy of the gas if 10 J of heat energy are transferred to the gas?", "options": {"A": "Increases by $10\\mathrm{J}$", "B": "Increases by $< 10\\mathrm{J}$", "C": "Increases by $>10\\mathrm{J}$", "D": "Remains unchanged", "E": "More information is needed"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4512, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "Light is refracted when it passes from air into glass.", "question": "Which of these wave properties changes?", "options": {"A": "Speed only", "B": "Wavelength only", "C": "Frequency only", "D": "Both speed and wavelength", "E": "Both speed and frequency"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4513, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Imagine that you're standing on the surface of a planet that shrinks to $1 / 10$ of its original diameter with no change in mass.", "question": "Your weight on the shrunken planet would be", "options": {"A": "$1 / 100$ as much.", "B": "$1 / 10$ times as much.", "C": "10 times as much.", "D": "100 times as much.", "E": "1000 times as much."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4514, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A box of mass $m$ is pressed against (but is not attached to) an ideal spring of force constant $k$ and negligible mass. The spring is compressed a distance $x$. After it is released, the box slides up a frictionless incline as shown in the diagram at right and eventually stops. If we repeat this experiment with a box of mass $2m$", "options": {"A": "the lighter box will go twice as high up the incline as the heavier box.", "B": "just as it moves free of the spring, the lighter box will be moving twice as fast as the heavier box.", "C": "both boxes will have the same speed just as they move free of the spring.", "D": "both boxes will reach the same maximum height on the incline.", "E": "just as it moves free of the spring, the heavier box will have twice as much kinetic energy as the lighter box."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4515, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "A 20 L tank of oxygen has a pressure of 0.30 atm and a temperature of 300 K. A 30 L tank of nitrogen has a pressure of 0.60 atm and a temperature of 300 K. The oxygen is transferred to the nitrogen tank where the two mix. What is the pressure of the mixture if its temperature stays at 300 K?", "options": {"A": "0.70 atm", "B": "0.75 atm", "C": "0.78 atm", "D": "0.80 atm", "E": "0.90 atm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4516, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "For a particular conductor, the magnetic flux density and current are at right angles to one another.", "question": "The component of force acting on the conductor is", "options": {"A": "BIL cos $\\theta$", "B": "BIL sin $\\theta$", "C": "BIL tan $\\theta$", "D": "BL sin $\\theta$", "E": "BL cos $\\theta$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4517, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A satellite with a mass of 2500 kg is in orbit around Earth. If a second satellite with a mass 5000 kg, is to be placed at the same orbital distance from Earth, the second satellite must have a speed which is:", "options": {"A": "half the speed of the lighter satellite.", "B": "twice the speed of the lighter satellite.", "C": "the same speed as the lighter satellite.", "D": "four times the speed of the lighter satellite.", "E": "dependent upon the location from which it is launched."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4518, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "Two quantities are found to be inversely proportional to one another. When analyzing this relationship, a graph between $y$ and $\\frac{1}{x}$ is plotted.", "question": "This graph would show:", "options": {"A": "a straight line bisecting the $y$ -axis.", "B": "a straight line through the origin.", "C": "a parabolic curve.", "D": "a hyperbolic curve.", "E": "a straight line bisecting the $\\frac{1}{x}$ -axis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4519, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "An electron moves in a circle with radius $1.9\\mathrm{m}$ in a magnetic field of $3.0\\mathrm{X}10^{-5}\\mathrm{T}$.", "question": "What is the frequency with which this electron revolves around the circle?", "options": {"A": "$8.4\\mathrm{X}10^{5}\\mathrm{Hz}$", "B": "$6.4\\mathrm{X}10^{5}\\mathrm{Hz}$", "C": "$9.4\\mathrm{X}10^{5}\\mathrm{Hz}$", "D": "$8.4\\mathrm{X}10^{4}\\mathrm{Hz}$", "E": "$6.4\\mathrm{X}10^{4}\\mathrm{Hz}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4520, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small rocket with a mass of $5000\\mathrm{kg}$ is to be launched vertically.", "question": "What rate of ejection of gas, with an exhaust speed $1000\\mathrm{m / s}$, is necessary to provide the thrust to impart an initial upward acceleration of $2\\mathrm{g}$?", "options": {"A": "$50\\mathrm{kg / s}$", "B": "$100\\mathrm{kg / s}$", "C": "$150\\mathrm{kg / s}$", "D": "$200\\mathrm{kg / s}$", "E": "$250\\mathrm{kg / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4521, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": "The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece convex lenses are in the ratio 8:1 for a particular telescope. The telescope is pointed at a building that is $10\\mathrm{km}$ from the telescope and is $100\\mathrm{m}$ tall.", "question": "What is the distance to the image?", "options": {"A": "$56.2\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$156.2\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$98.4\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$142\\mathrm{m}$", "E": "$33.4\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4522, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "A circuit consists of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor connected in series to an AC source. As the source frequency increases, the current in the circuit decreases.", "question": "Which statement about the circuit is NOT correct as the source frequency increases?", "options": {"A": "The impedance of the circuit increases.", "B": "The circuit is said to become more capacitive than inductive.", "C": "The phase angle for the circuit becomes more positive.", "D": "The inductive reactance increases.", "E": "The total power from the source decreases"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4523, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "An electron $(e^{-})$ is moving and has kinetic energy of $1.00\\mathrm{MeV}$. It makes a head-on collision with a positron $(e^{+})$ that is at rest. In the collision the two particles annihilate each other and are replaced by two photons $(\\gamma)$ of equal energy, each traveling at angles $\\theta$ to the electron's original direction of motion. The reaction is $\\mathrm{e}^{-} + \\mathrm{e}^{+} \\rightarrow 2\\gamma$.", "question": "Determine the angle of emission $\\theta$ of each photon.", "options": {"A": "$15.3^{\\circ}$", "B": "$25.3^{\\circ}$", "C": "$35.3^{\\circ}$", "D": "$45.3^{\\circ}$", "E": "$55.3^{\\circ}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4524, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Your sister is $50\\mathrm{m}$ ahead of you and walking at a speed of $1\\mathrm{m / s}$ away from you. You run to catch up to her at a speed of $2.5\\mathrm{m / s}$ .", "question": "How much time does it take for you to catch her?", "options": {"A": "14 s", "B": "20 s", "C": "33 s", "D": "72 s", "E": "125 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4525, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two identical balls A and B are aimed at each other and roll off the edges of two identical horizontal tabletops at exactly the same time. Each ball has sufficient velocity to land under the opposite table, but ball B has a greater initial velocity than ball A.", "question": "What will happen as they fall?", "options": {"A": "Ball B will pass over the top of ball A as they fall.", "B": "Ball A will pass over the top of ball B as they fall.", "C": "The two balls will collide as they fall.", "D": "The two balls may collide only if their velocities are exactly the right values.", "E": "Ball B will hit the floor before ball A."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4526, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "NASA launched Apollo 8 on December 21, 1968.", "question": "What was unique about this mission?", "options": {"A": "It was the first mission to land on the moon without a crew.", "B": "It was the first mission to fly to the moon with a crew.", "C": "It was longest mission to the moon.", "D": "It was the shortest mission to the moon.", "E": "It was a one-way mission to the moon."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4527, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A simple pendulum is hanging from the ceiling of a train car. It is observed to hang at $10^\\mathrm{o}$ to the right of vertical.", "question": "Which of the following could describe this observation?", "options": {"A": "The train car is at rest.", "B": "The train car is accelerating to the left.", "C": "The train car is moving with constant velocity to the left.", "D": "The train car is accelerating to the right.", "E": "The train car is moving with constant velocity to the right."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4528, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following two quantities have the same dimensions?", "options": {"A": "Work and torque", "B": "Power and moment of inertia", "C": "Work and angular displacement", "D": "Force and angular momentum", "E": "Power and radius of circular motion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4529, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A researcher is measuring the average speed of a moving object over a known distance. The distance, $\\mathrm{d} = 5.0 \\mathrm{~m}$ , is measured with an uncertainty of $\\pm 0.1 \\mathrm{~m}$ , and the time $t = 1.00 \\mathrm{~s}$ is measured with an uncertainty of $\\pm 0.02 \\mathrm{~s}$ . All uncertainties are independent and random.", "question": "What is the uncertainty in measured average speed?", "options": {"A": "$\\pm 0.04 \\mathrm{~m / s}$", "B": "$\\pm 0.08 \\mathrm{~m / s}$", "C": "$\\pm 0.12 \\mathrm{~m / s}$", "D": "$\\pm 0.14 \\mathrm{~m / s}$", "E": "$\\pm 0.18 \\mathrm{~m / s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4530, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A swimmer is swimming in a slowly moving stream.", "question": "Which of the following is NOT true?", "options": {"A": "To have the largest speed relative to shore, the swimmer should swim downstream.", "B": "To have the smallest speed relative to shore, the swimmer should swim upstream.", "C": "The swimmer can achieve the same speed relative to shore swimming upstream or downstream.", "D": "To cross the river in the shortest amount of time the swimmer should swim perpendicularly across the stream.", "E": "The swimmer's speed relative to shore will depend on the speed of the stream's current."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4531, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A shopping cart with a speed of $v_{0}$ is brought to rest by an applied force.", "question": "If the time interval over which the force is applied is increased, then bringing the cart to rest requires", "options": {"A": "a smaller force.", "B": "the same force.", "C": "a larger force.", "D": "another applied force acting in the same direction as the original applied force.", "E": "a frictional force opposing the cart's motion."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4532, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An impulse of $10 \\mathrm{~N} \\cdot \\mathrm{s}$ is acting on a $5 \\mathrm{~kg}$ object.", "question": "By how much will the object's velocity change?", "options": {"A": "$0 \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$", "B": "$0.5 \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$", "C": "$2.0 \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$", "D": "$2.5 \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$", "E": "$5.0 \\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4533, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A solid disk of mass $5\\mathrm{kg}$ and radius of $0.4\\mathrm{m}$ is released from rest and rolls without slipping down a $5\\mathrm{m}$ long incline that makes a $30^\\mathrm{o}$ angle from the horizontal.", "question": "What will be the linear velocity of the disk's center of mass at the bottom of the incline.", "options": {"A": "$2.2\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$", "B": "$4.2\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$", "C": "$5.7\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$", "D": "$7.0\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$", "E": "$8.3\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4534, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A simple pendulum consists of a small mass $m$ attached to a massless string of length $L$ . It is displaced to an angle $\\theta_{o}$ from the vertical and released from rest. Assume no air resistance. At the lowest point of its swing, the pendulum bob collides elastically with another stationary bob of equal mass $m$ , which is free to move after the collision.", "question": "What is the maximum angle $\\theta_{f}$ the original pendulum bob reaches after the collision?", "options": {"A": "$\\theta_{1} = \\theta^\\mathrm{o}$", "B": "$\\theta_{1} = \\theta^\\mathrm{o} / 4$", "C": "$\\theta_{1} = \\theta^\\mathrm{o} / 2$", "D": "$\\theta_{1} = 0$", "E": "$\\theta_{1} = 20^\\mathrm{o}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4535, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A box of mass $m$ is given an initial speed $v$ and slides along a horizontal surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the surface is $\\mu$ . The box stops after sliding a distance $d$ .", "question": "The stopping distance, $d$ , would be doubled if which of the following quantities were doubled?", "options": {"A": "only the mass of the box.", "B": "only the initial speed of the box.", "C": "only the coefficient of friction between the box and the surface.", "D": "only the mass of the box and the coefficient of friction between the box and the surface.", "E": "only the initial speed of the box and the coefficient of friction between the box and the surface."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4536, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following scientists is credited with first introducing the concept that energy is quantized, laying the foundation for quantum mechanics?", "options": {"A": "Niels Bohr", "B": "Erwin Schrodinger", "C": "Max Planck", "D": "Albert Einstein", "E": "Louis de Broglie"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4537, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 50-kg person stands on a bathroom scale inside of an elevator. The scale reads 400 N.", "question": "Which of the following could describe how the elevator is moving?", "options": {"A": "The elevator is moving up while decreasing speed at a rate of $2\\frac{m}{s^2}$ .", "B": "The elevator is moving up while increasing speed at a rate of $2\\frac{m}{s^2}$ .", "C": "The elevator is moving up at a constant speed of $2\\frac{m}{s}$ .", "D": "The elevator is moving down while decreasing speed at a rate of $2\\frac{m}{s^2}$ .", "E": "The elevator is moving down at a constant speed of $2\\frac{m}{s}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4538, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "The sun radiates approximately $4 \\times 10^{26} \\mathrm{~W}$ of power. It has a surface temperature of 5800K. If the temperature were twice as high (11600 K),", "question": "how much power would it radiate?", "options": {"A": "The same amount, $4 \\times 10^{26} \\mathrm{~W}$", "B": "2X as much", "C": "4X as much", "D": "8X as much", "E": "16X as much"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4539, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle with a mass of $10.0 \\mathrm{~g}$ has an elastic, head-on collision with a second particle, also with a mass of $10.0 \\mathrm{~g}$ , on frictionless, horizontal surface (such as an air hockey table). The collision has a coefficient of restitution, $\\mathrm{e} = 1.0$ .", "question": "Determine the percent loss of kinetic energy in the collision.", "options": {"A": "$0\\%$", "B": "$25\\%$", "C": "$50\\%$", "D": "$75\\%$", "E": "$100\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4540, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following Physics Nobel Laureates does not have degree in physics?", "options": {"A": "Albert Einstein", "B": "Guglielmo Marconi", "C": "Riccardo Giacconi", "D": "George Smith", "E": "Peter Higgs"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4541, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A bike and rider with a combined mass of $70\\mathrm{kg}$ ride through a curve of radius of $20\\mathrm{m}$ at a speed of $11\\frac{\\mathrm{m}}{\\mathrm{s}}$ . The road is wet and the coefficient of static friction between the road and the tires is 0.50.", "question": "Which of the following correctly explains whether the bike and rider will slip and why.", "options": {"A": "The bike slips because the maximum speed the bike can go around the curve without slipping is $10\\mathrm{m / s}$ .", "B": "The bike slips because the force the tires exert on the road is greater than the friction component of the force the road exerts on the tires.", "C": "The bike does not slip because the maximum speed the bike can go around the curve without slipping is $15\\mathrm{m / s}$ .", "D": "The bike does not slip because the force the tires exert on the road is less than the friction component of the force the road exerts on the tires.", "E": "The bike does not slip because the coefficient of static friction is too large."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4542, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object with a mass of $0.250\\mathrm{kg}$ is moving through space with a linear velocity only and a kinetic energy of $1.000\\mathrm{J}$ .", "question": "Determine the magnitude of the momentum of this object as it is moving through space with a linear velocity.", "options": {"A": "$p = 0.500\\frac{kg\\cdot m}{s}$", "B": "$p = 0.707\\frac{kg\\cdot m}{s}$", "C": "$p = 1.000\\frac{kg\\cdot m}{s}$", "D": "$p = 0.250\\frac{kg\\cdot m}{s}$", "E": "$p = 1.414\\frac{kg\\cdot m}{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4543, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball is launched at $20^\\mathrm{o}$ above the horizontal on a flat horizontal field.", "question": "At what other launch angle (with respect to the horizontal) would the ball have the same horizontal range if fired at the same speed?", "options": {"A": "$30^\\mathrm{o}$", "B": "$45^\\mathrm{o}$", "C": "$60^\\mathrm{o}$", "D": "$70^\\mathrm{o}$", "E": "$80^\\mathrm{o}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4544, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass on a spring executes simple harmonic motion with an amplitude of $10.0\\mathrm{cm}$ and a period of $2.0\\mathrm{s}$ .", "question": "The average velocity of the mass over one complete oscillation is ...", "options": {"A": "$0.0\\frac{\\mathrm{cm}}{s}$", "B": "$5.0\\frac{\\mathrm{cm}}{s}$", "C": "$10.0\\frac{\\mathrm{cm}}{s}$", "D": "$15.0\\frac{\\mathrm{cm}}{s}$", "E": "$20.0\\frac{\\mathrm{cm}}{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4545, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "An ideal atomic gas is a hypothetical gas model where atoms are considered as noninteracting, point-like particles that move randomly and collide elastically.", "question": "What is the adiabatic index of an ideal diatomic gas?", "options": {"A": "1.00", "B": "1.29", "C": "1.33", "D": "1.40", "E": "1.67"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4546, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Auroras produced in the Earth's atmosphere often occur following a phenomenon known as a CME, which is an abbreviation for ...", "options": {"A": "Carbon Molecule Excitation", "B": "Celestial Magnetic Event", "C": "Coronal Mass Ejection", "D": "Cosmic Microwave Energy", "E": "Coupled Monopolar Electromagnetism"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4547, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block of wood is given a certain speed at the bottom of a rough ramp. The block slides a certain distance up the ramp and returns to the point from which it was launched. Let $t_{\\mathrm{up}}$ represent the time it takes the block to travel up the ramp to its highest point and $t_{\\mathrm{down}}$ represent the time it takes the block to travel down the ramp to the bottom. Let $a_{\\mathrm{up}}$ represent the magnitude of the block's acceleration while traveling up the ramp and $a_{\\mathrm{down}}$ represent the block's acceleration while traveling down the ramp.", "question": "Which of the following correctly compares these quantities?", "options": {"A": "$t_{\\mathrm{up}} > t_{\\mathrm{down}}$ and $a_{\\mathrm{up}}< a_{\\mathrm{down}}$", "B": "$t_{\\mathrm{up}}< t_{\\mathrm{down}}$ and $a_{\\mathrm{up}} > a_{\\mathrm{down}}$", "C": "$t_{\\mathrm{up}} = t_{\\mathrm{down}}$ and $a_{\\mathrm{up}} = a_{\\mathrm{down}}$", "D": "$t_{\\mathrm{up}} > t_{\\mathrm{down}}$ and $a_{\\mathrm{up}} > a_{\\mathrm{down}}$", "E": "$t_{\\mathrm{up}}< t_{\\mathrm{down}}$ and $a_{\\mathrm{up}}< a_{\\mathrm{down}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4548, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A container filled with water is placed in an elevator. When the elevator is at rest, a small block floats in the water with $50\\%$ of its volume submerged. If the elevator accelerates up with a constant acceleration of $0.1g$ ,", "question": "what percentage of the block's volume will be submerged? Treat water as an incompressible fluid.", "options": {"A": "$5\\%$", "B": "$45\\%$", "C": "$50\\%$", "D": "$55\\%$", "E": "$e.95\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4549, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "$M_{A}$ has a mass of $10\\mathrm{kg}$ and slides to the right at $3\\mathrm{m / s}$ across a level, frictionless surface towards $M_{B}$ that has a mass of $6\\mathrm{kg}$ and is initially at rest. There is a massless, ideal spring with $k = 540\\mathrm{N / m}$ on the left side of $M_{B}$ . The spring is initially compressed and held so that it will not release until the impact with $M_{A}$ . After the collision, $M_{A}$ is a rest.", "question": "How far was the spring compressed from its natural length in meters?", "options": {"A": "0.333", "B": "0.200", "C": "0.250", "D": "0.111", "E": "0.063"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4550, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass, $m = 1.0 \\mathrm{kg}$ , is pulled on a horizontal table by a force $F = 2 \\mathrm{N}$ , directed to the right. A small kinetic friction force $F_{friction} = 1 \\mathrm{N}$ acts on the mass while it is being pulled and the mass accelerates to the right with an acceleration, $a_{I} = 1 \\frac{m}{s^{2}}$ . The system then undergoes two changes: i) $m_{I}$ is doubled ii) $F_{friction}$ is doubled", "question": "Which of the following statements about the new acceleration, $a_{2}$ , is correct?", "options": {"A": "The magnitude of $a_{2}$ increases by a factor of 2.", "B": "The magnitude of $a_{2}$ decreases by a factor of 0.5.", "C": "$0 > a_{2}< a_{I}$", "D": "$0 > a_{I}< a_{2}$", "E": "$a_{2} = 0 \\frac{m}{s^{2}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4551, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A sealed cylindrical container of height $h$ is divided into two equal volumes by a frictionless, thermally insulated piston of negligible mass. The lower half of the container contains $n$ moles of an ideal monatomic gas at an initial temperature $T_{I}$ and pressure $P_{I}$ . The upper half is initially evacuated (vacuum). The piston is released, allowing the gas to expand into the entire container. Assuming the process is adiabatic, and the gas reaches a new equilibrium state,", "question": "what is the final temperature $T_{f}$ of the gas?", "options": {"A": "$T_{f} = T_{I}$", "B": "$T_{f} = T_{1}\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\right)^{\\frac{2}{3}}$", "C": "$T_{f} = T_{1}\\left(\\frac{1}{2}\\rightg^{\\frac{2}{5}}$", "D": "$T_{f} = \\frac{T_{1}}{2}$", "E": "$T_{f} = 0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4552, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A transverse standing wave containing four loops is created on a string that is fixed at both ends. The string has a linear density $\\mu$ . A second string with the same length and a linear density of $4\\mu$ now replaces the first string. When placed under the same tension and vibrated at the same frequency,", "question": "the standing wave produced on the second string will contain ...", "options": {"A": "1 loop.", "B": "2 loops.", "C": "4 loops.", "D": "8 loops.", "E": "16 loops."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4553, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A solid disk of mass, $M$ , moment of inertia, $I$ , and radius, $R$ , is at rest with its circular face on a horizontal, frictionless table as shown in this overhead view. A rope is wrapped around the disk tightly and pulled with a force of $T$ . The disk moves linearly and rotationally as the force, $T$ , accelerates the disk along the table. After the disk has accelerated some distance,", "question": "determine the ratio of the translational Kinetic Energy to the total Kinetic Energy of the disk. ( $KE_{\\text{translational}} / KE_{\\text{total}}$ )", "options": {"A": "$I / M R^{2}$", "B": "$M R^{2} / I$", "C": "$I^{2} / M R^{2}$", "D": "$I / (M R^{2} + I)$", "E": "$M R^{2} / (M R^{2} + I)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4554, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about the electric field inside a charged conductor at electrostatic equilibrium is true?", "options": {"A": "The strength increases uniformly with the distance from the center of the conductor.", "B": "The strength decreases uniformly with the distance from the center of the conductor.", "C": "The strength is a uniform, non-zero value everywhere.", "D": "The strength is zero everywhere.", "E": "The strength varies randomly from point to point."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4555, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "An electromagnetic wave has a magnetic field given by the expression (in Cartesian coordinates) $\\vec{B} (x, y, z, t) = (6.0 \\times 10^{-6}) \\cos (2.21 \\times 10^{7} z - 6.63 \\times 10^{15} t) \\hat{x}$ . At time $t = 0$ and position $x = y = z = 0$ ,", "question": "what is the direction of the electric field associated with this wave?", "options": {"A": "$+x$", "B": "$-x$", "C": "$+y$", "D": "$-y$", "E": "$+z$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4556, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "An object is placed in front of a convex lens at a distance less than $F$ . The image produced by the lens is...", "options": {"A": "real, inverted, and smaller than the object.", "B": "real, inverted, and larger than the object.", "C": "virtual, upright, and larger than the object.", "D": "virtual, upright, and smaller than the object.", "E": "virtual, inverted, and larger than the object."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4557, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object with mass $M$ moves due East on a frictionless horizontal surface with a speed of $V$ . A second object of mass $\\frac{1}{2} M$ has a speed of $3V$ . The two objects collide and stick together.", "question": "If the objects are moving due South after the collision, with what speed are they moving?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{5}{3} V$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{3} V$", "C": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{5}}{3} V$", "D": "$\\frac{4\\sqrt{2}}{3} V$", "E": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{33}}{3} V$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4558, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "The following expressions are non-MKS units in physics. Identify the physical quantity that can be measured with the following units: (1) \\(\\mathrm{GeV}\\), (2) \\(\\mathrm{GeV}/c\\), (3) \\(\\mathrm{GeV}/c^2\\).", "options": {"A": "(1) Charge (2) Velocity (3) Mass", "B": "(1) Energy (2) Linear Momentum (3) Mass", "C": "(1) Mass (2) Angular Momentum (3) Torque", "D": "(1) Energy (2) Angular Momentum (3) Charge", "E": "(1) Energy (2) Linear Momentum (3) Torque"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4559, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "Two resistors are connected in parallel to an ideal voltage source using wires of negligible resistance. Resistor $B$ produces thermal energy at four times the rate of resistor $A$ .", "question": "Which of the following could account for this difference?", "options": {"A": "Resistor $B$ has one-fourth the resistance of resistor $A$ .", "B": "Resistor $B$ has one-half the resistance of resistor $A$ .", "C": "Resistor $B$ has twice the resistance of resistor $A$ .", "D": "Resistor $B$ has four times the resistance of resistor $A$ .", "E": "Resistor $B$ has twice the potential difference of resistor $A$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4560, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "I. An electron orbiting the nucleus can change its energy continuously.\nII. An electron orbiting the nucleus emits energy and falls into the nucleus.\nIII. An electron orbits the nucleus without radiating energy and can change its energy only by a specific, quantized amount, when it moves between the orbits.\nIV. Electrons can only orbit the nucleus in specific circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy.", "question": "Which of the following statement(s) can be associated with Bohr's theory of the atom?", "options": {"A": "I and II", "B": "II and IV", "C": "II and III", "D": "III and IV", "E": "I, II, III and IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4561, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "An incredibly energetic spaceship has a \"proper length\" of $L = 200 \\mathrm{m}$ , as determined by an observer on board the ship. It is traveling at a speed $0.97c$ relative to the Earth. Assuming the spaceship travels parallel to its length $L$ ,", "question": "what is the length of the spaceship as measured by a physicist that observes the ship from Earth?", "options": {"A": "$200\\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$194\\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$48.6\\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$206\\mathrm{m}$", "E": "$97.0\\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4562, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "Point charges $+q$ and $-q$ are fixed in place on the $x$ -axis at $x = +d$ and $x = -d$ , respectively. At $x = 0$ , their net electric field _____ and their total electric potential _____", "options": {"A": "Net electric field: is zero | Total electric potential: is zero", "B": "Net electric field: points in the positive $x$-direction | Total electric potential: is zero", "C": "Net electric field: points in the negative $x$-direction | Total electric potential: is zero", "D": "Net electric field: points in the positive $x$-direction | Total electric potential: is positive", "E": "Net electric field: points in the negative $x$-direction | Total electric potential: is positive"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4563, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A waterproof speaker placed at the bottom of a swimming pool emits a sound wave that travels toward the surface of the water. In the water, the sound wave has a frequency, $f_{\\text{water}}$ , a wavelength, $\\lambda_{\\text{water}}$ , and wave speed, $v_{\\text{water}}$ . When the sound wave enters the air, it has a frequency, $f_{\\text{air}}$ , a wavelength, $\\lambda_{\\text{air}}$ , and a wave speed, $v_{\\text{air}}$ .", "question": "Which one of the following relationships correctly compares the frequencies, wavelengths, and wave speeds of the waves in the air and water?", "options": {"A": "$f_{\\text{water}} = f_{\\text{air}}$ $\\lambda_{\\text{water}} = \\lambda_{\\text{air}}$ $v_{\\text{water}} = v_{\\text{air}}$", "B": "$f_{\\text{water}} = f_{\\text{air}}$ $\\lambda_{\\text{water}} > \\lambda_{\\text{air}}$ $v_{\\text{water}} > v_{\\text{air}}$", "C": "$f_{\\text{water}}< f_{\\text{air}}$ $\\lambda_{\\text{water}} > \\lambda_{\\text{air}}$ $v_{\\text{water}} = v_{\\text{air}}$", "D": "$f_{\\text{water}}< f_{\\text{air}}$ $\\lambda_{\\text{water}} = \\lambda_{\\text{air}}$ $v_{\\text{water}}< v_{\\text{air}}$", "E": "$f_{\\text{water}} = f_{\\text{air}}$ $\\lambda_{\\text{water}}< \\lambda_{\\text{air}}$ $v_{\\text{water}} > v_{\\text{air}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4564, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Spending on training and education programs for workers as a percentage of gross domestic product is greater in Country A than in Country B. Which of the following is most likely to be true over the long term?", "options": {"A": "Country A's economic growth rate will be higher than Country B's.", "B": "Country A's interest rate will be lower than Country B's.", "C": "Country A's trade surplus will be higher than Country B's.", "D": "Country A's minimum-wage rate will be lower than Country B's."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4565, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following changes is most likely to cause an increase in employment?", "options": {"A": "An increase in consumer spending", "B": "An increase in interest rates", "C": "A decrease in business investment", "D": "A decrease in income"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4566, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The International Economy", "context": null, "question": "Suppose that the value of the Japanese yen declines relative to the United States dollar in foreign exchange markets. United States exports to Japan and United States imports from Japan are most likely to change in which of the following ways?", "options": {"A": "Increase Increase", "B": "Increase Decrease", "C": "Decrease Increase", "D": "Decrease Decrease"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4567, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": "National Shortage of Nurses Reported by United States Labor Department", "question": "Which of the following would most likely reduce the nursing shortage reported in the headline above?", "options": {"A": "Increasing the wage rate of nurses", "B": "Opening additional hospitals in cities", "C": "Decreasing the number of nursing school scholarships", "D": "Raising the certification requirements for registered nurses"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4568, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is most likely to cause a drop in short-term interest rates?", "options": {"A": "An increase in government spending", "B": "An increase in the money supply", "C": "An increase in bank reserve requirements", "D": "An increase in the national debt"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4569, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The International Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following would most likely result if the United States Congress were to place a tariff on imports of aluminum?", "options": {"A": "United States consumers would pay higher prices for goods made with aluminum.", "B": "The tariff would increase the United States economy's growth rate by raising productivity rates.", "C": "An increase in costs would cause United States producers of aluminum to decrease production.", "D": "United States manufacturers that use aluminum to produce goods would benefit."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4570, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "How would a large increase in the number of business and personal bankruptcies over several years tend to affect the interest rates that banks charge for loans?", "options": {"A": "Interest rates would fall because the supply of funds would decrease.", "B": "Interest rates would rise because banks would find it riskier to lend funds.", "C": "Interest rates would stay the same because banks are not affected by bankruptcies.", "D": "The answer cannot be determined because the government sets interest rates that banks charge for loans."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4571, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "After watching part of a movie she rented, Samantha finds that it is not as good as she expected. Which of the following should she consider in deciding whether to continue watching the movie?", "options": {"A": "The price she paid to rent the movie", "B": "The amount of time she already spent watching the movie", "C": "The activity she could do if she stopped watching the movie", "D": "The time it would take to return the movie"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4576, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Of the following, which is the most important factor in improving a country's human capital?", "options": {"A": "Job training", "B": "Computer technology", "C": "Factory machinery", "D": "Highway construction"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4577, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "The federal government receives the greatest amount of tax revenue from which of the following sources?", "options": {"A": "Estate taxes", "B": "Property taxes", "C": "Sales taxes", "D": "Income taxes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4578, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "As the demand for T-shirts increases and the price of T-shirts rises, how will T-shirt producers in a competitive market most likely respond?", "options": {"A": "By laying off T-shirt workers to reduce production costs", "B": "By making fewer T-shirts to meet their income goals", "C": "By buying more cotton fabric to make more T-shirts", "D": "By increasing advertising spending to increase T-shirt sales"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4579, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Rashad wants to buy a video game and a new shirt. Each item costs $40. Rashad has only $40 to spend. He decides to buy the new shirt instead of the video game. The video game represents which of the following?", "options": {"A": "Opportunity cost", "B": "Equilibrium price", "C": "Economic efficiency", "D": "Comparative advantage"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4583, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Assume that an influential new study shows that eating sweet potatoes reduces the risk of heart attacks. Which of the following is most likely to be the initial effect of the study on the sweet-potato market?", "options": {"A": "The supply of sweet potatoes will increase, and the price of sweet potatoes will rise.", "B": "The supply of sweet potatoes will decrease, and the price of sweet potatoes will fall.", "C": "The demand for sweet potatoes will decrease, and the price of sweet potatoes will fall.", "D": "The demand for sweet potatoes will increase, and the price of sweet potatoes will rise."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4584, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is the most likely effect of a large decrease in total demand for goods and services?", "options": {"A": "Inflation will increase and unemployment will decrease.", "B": "Inflation will decrease and unemployment will decrease.", "C": "Inflation will decrease and unemployment will increase.", "D": "Inflation will increase and unemployment will increase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4585, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is most likely to reduce the number of people who own their own homes?", "options": {"A": "Removing controls on rent so that apartment rents can rise", "B": "Increasing the property tax rates on rental property", "C": "Eliminating tax advantages for homeowners on federal income taxes", "D": "Offering a discount on homeowners insurance expenses for first-time buyers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4586, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "What is most likely to happen following a decrease in demand for consumer loans?", "options": {"A": "Interest rates will increase.", "B": "Interest rates will decrease.", "C": "Federal government spending will decrease.", "D": "Federal government spending will increase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4587, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Carol owns a T-shirt shop in a busy tourist town. Because she has many competitors, she has no control over the price of T-shirts. If Carol's rent for the store space doubles, which of the following is most likely to occur?", "options": {"A": "Her profits will decrease.", "B": "Her revenues will decrease.", "C": "Her sales of T-shirts will increase.", "D": "Her inventory will increase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4588, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best describes an opportunity cost for a student who chooses to quit a full-time job to go to college?", "options": {"A": "Paying state and federal income tax", "B": "Having a higher level of education", "C": "Giving up current wages and benefits", "D": "Paying for housing and meals"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4589, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Fred purchased shares of stock in a fast-food corporation for $10,000. Maria is sole proprietor of a fastfood restaurant that she purchased for $10,000. Which of the following statements best describes the maximum amount that Fred and Maria can lose on their investments?", "options": {"A": "Fred can lose only $10,000, but Maria can lose more.", "B": "Maria can lose only $10,000, but Fred can lose more.", "C": "Both Fred and Maria can lose only $10,000.", "D": "Both Fred and Maria can lose more than $10,000."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4590, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "In which of the following situations would an economist recommend expanding an existing government program?", "options": {"A": "When the total cost of the program is greater than the total benefits produced by the program", "B": "When the total benefits produced by the program are greater than the total cost of the program", "C": "When the additional benefits of expanding the program are greater than the additional costs", "D": "When the additional costs of expanding the program are greater than the additional benefits"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4591, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Resource allocation in competitive markets is primarily guided by which of the following?", "options": {"A": "The interaction of supply and demand", "B": "Regulations established by governments", "C": "Negotiations between labor unions and management", "D": "Investment decisions made by commercial banks"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4592, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is one way in which economic growth can help a nation reduce its poverty level and increase its standard of living?", "options": {"A": "Economic growth increases the demand for imports, thereby raising the demand for foreign exchange.", "B": "Economic growth increases the supply of labor, thereby increasing wages.", "C": "Economic growth increases disposable income, thereby decreasing the demand for luxury items.", "D": "Economic growth increases the demand for labor, thereby raising income levels."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4593, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Last year Emery's annual salary was $20,000. At the end of the year, Emery received a $2,000 raise. Six months later the company increased Emery's salary again because he finished his master's degree. His new salary is $25,000. What is the additional benefit of his having earned a master's degree?", "options": {"A": "$25,000", "B": "$22,000", "C": "$5,000", "D": "$3,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4594, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The International Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following must be true if a country has a comparative advantage in the production of computers?", "options": {"A": "It has a lower opportunity cost in producing computers than do its trading partners.", "B": "It has more workers producing computers than do its trading partners.", "C": "It has less advanced technology in producing computers than do its trading partners.", "D": "It imports more computers than do its trading partners."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4595, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": "Local School District Hires New Teachers", "question": "The headline above refers to which of the following productive resources?", "options": {"A": "Natural resources", "B": "Human resources", "C": "Capital goods", "D": "Renewable resources"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4596, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a characteristic of a market economy?", "options": {"A": "Prices are determined by the interaction of buyers and sellers.", "B": "Government determines the quantity of goods purchased.", "C": "Tax policies are used to eliminate scarcity.", "D": "Deregulation serves to limit most imports."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4597, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following policies would most likely increase a country's long-term economic growth?", "options": {"A": "Encouraging more energy consumption", "B": "Encouraging business investment in equipment", "C": "Increasing government spending on retirement payments", "D": "Increasing the growth of the money supply"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4598, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following conditions must Marta meet to be counted as unemployed?", "options": {"A": "She must be working part-time.", "B": "She must have been fired from her previous job.", "C": "She must have been out of work for at least eight weeks.", "D": "She must be out of work and actively looking for a job."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4599, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is the most commonly used measure of inflation?", "options": {"A": "Gross domestic product", "B": "Index of Leading Economic Indicators", "C": "Consumer price index", "D": "Dow Jones Industrial Average"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4600, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Suppose a large increase in government borrowing competes with private borrowing. What would most likely happen to interest rates and business investment?", "options": {"A": "DecreaseDecrease", "B": "DecreaseIncrease", "C": "IncreaseDecrease", "D": "IncreaseIncrease"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4601, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best explains why all countries face the problem of scarcity?", "options": {"A": "Governments spend too much money.", "B": "Increases in inflation have an impact on economic choices.", "C": "Changes in demand and supply occur.", "D": "People's wants are greater than their resources."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4603, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a form of business organization that offers limited liability to its owners and helps them raise financial capital?", "options": {"A": "Sole proprietorship", "B": "Monopoly", "C": "Corporation", "D": "Consultancy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4604, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following will increase the money supply in the United States?", "options": {"A": "The Federal Reserve raises the discount rate.", "B": "A company sells shares of a new stock offering.", "C": "A customer pays a monthly credit card bill.", "D": "A bank makes a loan to a business."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4605, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Assume that the current interest rate is 7 percent and that the current rate of inflation is 3 percent. Under these conditions, which of the following is the real interest rate?", "options": {"A": "3 percent", "B": "4 percent", "C": "7 percent", "D": "10 percent"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4606, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The International Economy", "context": null, "question": "Country X and Country Y are trading partners. Country X has a comparative advantage in the production of cars. Country Y has a comparative advantage in the production of wheat. Which of the following events would most likely change the comparative advantages of these countries?", "options": {"A": "A new dam floods half the farmland in Country Y.", "B": "The price of bread in Country X decreases.", "C": "Country X removes its tariff on automobiles.", "D": "The value of Country X's currency increases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4607, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following would give a business more control over the price of its product?", "options": {"A": "A decrease in consumers' incomes", "B": "A decrease in the number of competitors in the market", "C": "An increase in the number of substitute goods available", "D": "An increase in the cost of production"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4608, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The International Economy", "context": null, "question": "Under a flexible exchange rate system, the international value of a country's currency is determined primarily by which of the following in the foreign exchange market?", "options": {"A": "The educational achievements of the country's population", "B": "The quality and availability of the country's technology", "C": "The supply of and demand for the country's currency", "D": "The strength of the country's industries"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4609, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "For which of the following equations or inequalities is there exactly one solution?", "options": {"A": "$2n + 1 = 2n$", "B": "$2n + 1 > 7$", "C": "$2n + 1 \\geq 7$", "D": "$2n + 1 = 7$", "E": "$2n + 1 = 1 + 2n$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4610, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A county has an area of 400 square miles. The county has a population density of 160 people per square mile.", "question": "What is the population of the county?", "options": {"A": "3,200", "B": "6,400", "C": "16,000", "D": "32,000", "E": "64,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4611, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following numbers is equivalent to $\\frac{7.2 \\times 10^8}{3.6 \\times 10^4}$ ?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "200", "C": "360", "D": "20,000", "E": "36,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4612, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "$$(\\sqrt{2} + \\sqrt{3})^2 =$$", "options": {"A": "5", "B": "6", "C": "13", "D": "$5 + 2\\sqrt{6}$", "E": "$13 + 2\\sqrt{6}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4613, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The label on a can of paint states the approximate area the paint will cover.", "question": "Which of the following units is appropriate for indicating the area covered?", "options": {"A": "Feet", "B": "Square feet", "C": "Cubic feet", "D": "Gallons", "E": "Pints"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4615, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The humerus bone is found in a person's upper arm. Anthropologists can use the following model to approximate the height of a female, in centimeters, based on the length of the humerus, in centimeters.\n\n$$\\text{height} = 2.75(\\text{length of humerus}) + 71.48$$", "question": "Based on the model, what is the approximate height of a female with a humerus bone that measures 31 centimeters?", "options": {"A": "85.25 cm", "B": "104.48 cm", "C": "156.73 cm", "D": "196.57 cm", "E": "227.57 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4616, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A zookeeper weighed 5 bear cubs. The total weight of these cubs was 1,375 pounds.", "question": "If each cub gains 25 pounds, then what will be their mean weight?", "options": {"A": "275", "B": "300", "C": "325", "D": "350", "E": "375"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4617, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Let $f(x) = \\begin{cases} 2x - 1 & \\text{when } x < 1 \\\\ \\sqrt{x} & \\text{when } x \\ge 1 \\end{cases}$\n\nThe function $f$ is defined as shown.", "question": "What is $f(9)$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\sqrt{3}$", "B": "3", "C": "$\\frac{9}{2}$", "D": "17", "E": "81"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4618, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A company started out with 6 employees. By the end of its first year, the company had 12 employees, and by the end of its second year, it had 24 employees.", "question": "If the number of employees were to increase by the same factor each year, as it did in the previous years, which expression gives the number of employees at the end of the company's $n$ th year in business?", "options": {"A": "$6(2^n)$", "B": "$2(6^n)$", "C": "$6 + 6n$", "D": "$6 + 2n^2$", "E": "$6 + 6n^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4619, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Which point $(x, y)$ is the y-intercept of the graph of $y = x^2 - 2x - 3$ ?", "options": {"A": "$(-1, 0)$", "B": "$(0, -5)$", "C": "$(0, -3)$", "D": "$(1, -4)$", "E": "$(3, 0)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4621, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The volume $V$ of a right circular cone with radius $r$ and height $h$ is given by $V = \\frac{1}{3}\\pi r^2 h$ .", "question": "Which of the following equations gives $r$ in terms of $V$ and $h$ ?", "options": {"A": "$r = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi h}{3V}}$", "B": "$r = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi V}{3h}}$", "C": "$r = \\sqrt{\\frac{3V}{\\pi h}}$", "D": "$r = \\sqrt{\\frac{3\\pi h}{V}}$", "E": "$r = \\sqrt{\\frac{3\\pi V}{h}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4622, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "$$\\frac{1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3}{1+2+3}$$\n\nWhich of the following expressions has the same value as the expression shown?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{(1+2+3)^3}{1+2+3}$", "B": "$\\frac{3+6+9}{1+2+3}$", "C": "$\\frac{1+8+27}{1+2+3}$", "D": "$\\frac{1^3}{1} + \\frac{2^3}{2} + \\frac{3^3}{3}$", "E": "$\\left(\\frac{1}{1}\\right)^3 + \\left(\\frac{2}{2}\\right)^3 + \\left(\\frac{3}{3}\\right)^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4623, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following shaded regions shows the collection of points $(x, y)$ such that $-1 \\le x \\le 1$ and $-2 \\le y \\le 2$ ?", "options": {"A": "Graph A: A coordinate plane showing a shaded rectangle centered at the origin, extending from x = -1 to x = 1 and y = -2 to y = 2.", "B": "Graph B: A coordinate plane showing a shaded rectangle centered at the origin, extending from x = -1 to x = 1 and y = -1 to y = 1.", "C": "Graph C: A coordinate plane showing a shaded rectangle centered at the origin, extending from x = -2 to x = 2 and y = -2 to y = 2.", "D": "Graph D: A coordinate plane showing a shaded rectangle centered at the origin, extending from x = -1 to x = 1 and y = -1 to y = 1.", "E": "Graph E: A coordinate plane showing a shaded rectangle centered at the origin, extending from x = -1 to x = 1 and y = -1 to y = 1."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4624, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Todd is drawing a bar chart to show the monthly sales at his company for last year. He uses the vertical axis to display the amount of sales, in dollars, and the horizontal axis to display the months. He observes that the lowest sales amount in any month was \\$91,000 and that the highest sales amount in any month was \\$98,000.", "question": "Which of the following practices may result in Todd drawing a misleading bar chart?", "options": {"A": "Using equal-width bars for each month", "B": "Using a different color bar for each month", "C": "Beginning the vertical scale at $0", "D": "Having a scale on the vertical axis with unequal increments", "E": "Listing the months of the year on the horizontal axis from January to December"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4625, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "If $f(x) = \\frac{x-1}{x}$ , what is $f(5)$ ?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "$\\frac{4}{5}$", "C": "1", "D": "$\\frac{6}{5}$", "E": "$\\frac{24}{5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4626, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Evaluate expression with fractional exponent", "question": "$$(16^{\\frac{1}{2}})^3 =$$", "options": {"A": "512", "B": "64", "C": "48", "D": "24", "E": "12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4627, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The carbon from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is converted to carbohydrates in plants during which process?", "options": {"A": "Respiration", "B": "Evaporation", "C": "Transpiration", "D": "Photosynthesis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4628, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": "The first photosynthetic organisms developed early in Earth's history. Over time, these photosynthetic organisms caused dramatic changes in Earth's atmosphere.", "question": "How did these changes affect the rock record?", "options": {"A": "Fossils were more frequently preserved.", "B": "Sediments in the ocean basins were deposited more slowly.", "C": "The amount of coal being produced in Earth's crust decreased.", "D": "Shale and sandstone 'red beds' containing iron oxide formed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4629, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": null, "question": "Which process releases $\\text{CO}_2$ into the atmosphere?", "options": {"A": "Condensation", "B": "Photosynthesis", "C": "Shell formation in seawater", "D": "Volcanic eruption"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4634, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "What allows the movement of water under tension in the xylem?", "options": {"A": "Adhesion of water molecules to dissolved mineral salts", "B": "Cohesion of water molecules due to hydrogen bonding", "C": "Adhesion between water molecules due to uneven sharing of charges", "D": "Cohesion between water molecules and other polar substances"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4635, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which property of DNA explains how genetic information can be replicated accurately?", "options": {"A": "Complementary base pairing", "B": "The double helical shape", "C": "5′--3′ bonding in the sugar-phosphate backbone", "D": "The ability of DNA to bind to histones"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4636, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which molecules are produced during the hydrolysis of a triglyceride molecule?", "options": {"A": "Water and glycerol", "B": "Fatty acids and glycerol", "C": "Water and fatty acids", "D": "Water and lipids"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4637, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "The structure of monomers affects the structure and function of the polymers they form.", "question": "Which row describes the structural features of polysaccharides made from alpha-glucose and beta-glucose?", "options": {"A": "Monomer: alpha-glucose; Polymer: starch; Shape of polymer: unbranched, straight; Monomer: beta-glucose; Polymer: cellulose; Shape of polymer: branched, helical", "B": "Monomer: alpha-glucose; Polymer: starch; Shape of polymer: branched, helical; Monomer: beta-glucose; Polymer: cellulose; Shape of polymer: unbranched, straight", "C": "Monomer: alpha-glucose; Polymer: cellulose; Shape of polymer: branched, helical; Monomer: beta-glucose; Polymer: starch; Shape of polymer: unbranched, straight", "D": "Monomer: alpha-glucose; Polymer: cellulose; Shape of polymer: unbranched, straight; Monomer: beta-glucose; Polymer: starch; Shape of polymer: branched, helical"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4638, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is a reason that Taq polymerase is a suitable enzyme for use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?", "options": {"A": "It can work at a wide range of pH.", "B": "It works at higher temperatures than most enzymes.", "C": "It can separate two strands of DNA.", "D": "It allows DNA to be replicated without the use of primers."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4639, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which are examples of non-coding DNA?", "options": {"A": "Dominant and recessive alleles", "B": "Promoters and telomeres", "C": "Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes", "D": "Introns and exons"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4640, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which is a feature of phloem sieve tube cells?", "options": {"A": "Numerous chloroplasts", "B": "No nucleus", "C": "Lignified walls", "D": "No cytoplasm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4641, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "How does the Miller-Urey experiment contribute to an explanation of the origin of life?", "options": {"A": "It shows how phospholipids form protocells in specific laboratory conditions.", "B": "It explains how organic molecules arise from inorganic ones under certain environmental conditions.", "C": "It explains the synthesis of RNA, recreating deep sea vent conditions in the laboratory.", "D": "It shows how the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) evolved from vesicles."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4642, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In multicellular animals, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a range of cells with different functions.", "question": "What is the term used to describe cells with this property?", "options": {"A": "Pluripotent", "B": "Multipotent", "C": "Totipotent", "D": "Specialized"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4643, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "What activates a tyrosine kinase pathway in a cell following binding to a receptor?", "options": {"A": "Odorant molecules", "B": "Epinephrine", "C": "Taste molecules", "D": "Insulin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4645, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which role does positive feedback play in fruit ripening?", "options": {"A": "The production of ethylene leads to fruit ripening, which stops the production of ethylene.", "B": "The production of ethylene leads to fruit ripening, which causes more ethylene production.", "C": "The production of RuBP leads to fruit ripening, which stops the production of RuBP.", "D": "The production of RuBP leads to fruit ripening, which causes more RuBP production."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4646, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is always a consequence of the evaporation of water from mesophyll cells in leaves of a healthy plant?", "options": {"A": "Plasmolysis occurs in mesophyll cells.", "B": "Photosynthesis stops.", "C": "Stomata close to reduce transpiration.", "D": "Water moves up the stem in the xylem."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4647, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "How is involuntary peristalsis in the intestine directly controlled in humans?", "options": {"A": "By the endocrine system", "B": "By the central nervous system (CNS)", "C": "By the sympathetic nervous system", "D": "By the enteric nervous system (ENS)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4648, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which cell is a component of the innate immune system?", "options": {"A": "T lymphocyte", "B": "Phagocyte", "C": "B lymphocyte", "D": "B memory cell"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4650, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Female grasshoppers have XX sex chromosomes and males have XO, signifying a single X chromosome. An X chromosome will be present in only half of the male gametes. A recessive mutation is induced by radiation in the X chromosome of a male.", "question": "In which generation will the effect of this radiation appear?", "options": {"A": "F1 females", "B": "F1 males", "C": "F2 females", "D": "F2 males"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4651, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Polyploidy has been a cause of rapid speciation in some plant genera, such as Helianthus.", "question": "Which observation is evidence that speciation has occurred?", "options": {"A": "A polyploid plant reproduces asexually.", "B": "A polyploid plant produces male and female gametes.", "C": "Fertile offspring are produced when a polyploid plant crosses with a diploid plant.", "D": "Fertilization can occur between polyploid individuals."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4652, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "Yersinia pestis is a bacterium that caused an outbreak of bubonic plague in the 14th century. It normally produces ATP in the presence of oxygen but can still produce ATP if oxygen is absent.", "question": "Which term describes this characteristic?", "options": {"A": "Facultative respiration", "B": "Facultative anaerobe", "C": "Obligate anaerobe", "D": "Obligate aerobe"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4653, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "What are common features of holozoic nutrition and saprotrophic nutrition?", "options": {"A": "Mostly fungi and bacteria: ?; Secretion of enzymes to digest food: ?; Ingestion of food particles: ×", "B": "Mostly fungi and bacteria: ?; Secretion of enzymes to digest food: ?; Ingestion of food particles: ×", "C": "Mostly fungi and bacteria: ×; Secretion of enzymes to digest food: ×; Ingestion of food particles: ×", "D": "Mostly fungi and bacteria: ×; Secretion of enzymes to digest food: ×; Ingestion of food particles: ×"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4654, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which is a density-independent limiting factor for a kangaroo?", "options": {"A": "A forest fire", "B": "Predation", "C": "Climate change", "D": "Eutrophication"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4655, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Black walnut (Juglans nigra) secretes the chemical juglone into the soil surrounding its roots. Juglone inhibits cell respiration in other species of plants.", "question": "What does this example illustrate?", "options": {"A": "Mutualism", "B": "Intraspecific competition", "C": "Allelopathy", "D": "Parasitism"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4656, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "What assumption is made when using the Hardy-Weinberg equation for calculating changes in allele frequencies in a population?", "options": {"A": "The population size is large.", "B": "Natural selection is taking place.", "C": "Mutations are occurring in the population.", "D": "There is variation among the phenotypes of the population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4657, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have evolved from grey wolves (Canis lupus). Evidence suggests that the domestication of dogs first occurred around 30,000 years ago.", "question": "Which best describes the evolution giving rise to the domestic dog?", "options": {"A": "The wolf produced offspring in large numbers which underwent natural selection.", "B": "Variations in the wolf population that resembled modern dogs favoured wolf survival.", "C": "Wolves showing favourable traits were selected for breeding.", "D": "Dogs were better suited to changes in the natural environment than wolves."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4658, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is a consequence of the ability of water to form many intermolecular hydrogen bonds?", "options": {"A": "Ice has a higher density than water and floats, providing habitats for fish-eating mammals.", "B": "Light can pass through water, so algae can photosynthesise.", "C": "Some small invertebrates can walk on water surfaces.", "D": "Small amounts of energy are needed to change water from one state to another, so that evaporation rates and condensation rates are rapid."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4659, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which molecules are produced during the hydrolysis of a triglyceride molecule?", "options": {"A": "Water and glycerol", "B": "Fatty acids and glycerol", "C": "Water and fatty acids", "D": "Water and lipids"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4660, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is a common feature of enzymes?", "options": {"A": "They all react with substrates.", "B": "They all decrease the rate of reaction.", "C": "They are all secreted from cells in vesicles.", "D": "They all bind to the active site of their substrate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4661, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "What distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration in humans?", "options": {"A": "Mitochondria are only used in anaerobic respiration.", "B": "Aerobic respiration yields lower quantities of ATP.", "C": "Only aerobic respiration can use glucose as a starting substrate.", "D": "Only aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4662, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "A strand of DNA containing four codons with base sequence ACT GTA CTC TAC mutates, changing the base sequence to ACT ATG CTC TAC. What type of mutation has occurred?", "options": {"A": "Insertion", "B": "Substitution", "C": "Deletion", "D": "Degeneracy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4663, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which is a feature of phloem sieve tube cells?", "options": {"A": "Numerous chloroplasts", "B": "No nucleus", "C": "Lignified walls", "D": "No cytoplasm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4664, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is a function of histones?", "options": {"A": "Supercoiling of DNA during binary fission in prokaryotes", "B": "Synthesis of proteins", "C": "Formation of microtubules during mitosis", "D": "Condensation of DNA"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4665, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which term describes the whole of the genetic information of an organism?", "options": {"A": "Genome", "B": "DNA", "C": "Gene pool", "D": "Allele frequency"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4666, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "What occurs at gas exchange surfaces in the lungs of mammals? I. Gases diffuse across a moist surface. II. Concentration gradients are maintained by ventilation. III. Water is lost.", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4667, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "What conveys messages from the central nervous system to an endocrine gland?", "options": {"A": "Sensory neurons", "B": "Hormones", "C": "Interneurons", "D": "Motor neurons"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4668, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The first day of the menstrual cycle is when menstruation begins.", "question": "What occurs around day 15 of the cycle?", "options": {"A": "Formation of a corpus luteum", "B": "The placenta starts to secrete progesterone", "C": "The end of menstruation", "D": "Blood progesterone concentration reaches its maximum"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4669, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "What can lead to the emergence of analogous structures?", "options": {"A": "Divergent evolution from a recent common ancestor", "B": "Convergent evolution of unrelated species", "C": "Splits in the fundamental niche of a species", "D": "Splits in the realized niche of a species"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4670, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "What is an outcome of natural selection?", "options": {"A": "Evolution", "B": "Mutations", "C": "Reproductive isolation", "D": "Variation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4671, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "measurement_analysis", "context": null, "question": "What is thin-layer chromatography best used for separating?", "options": {"A": "molecules of varying polarity", "B": "molecules of similar polarity", "C": "metals in an alloy", "D": "water of crystallization from hydrated salts"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4672, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What is the formula of the compound formed between magnesium ions and hydrogencarbonate ions?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{MgHCO}_3$", "B": "$\\text{Mg}(\\text{HCO}_3)_2$", "C": "$\\text{Mg}(\\text{HCO}_3)_3$", "D": "$\\text{Mg}_3(\\text{HCO}_3)_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4673, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding", "context": null, "question": "In which group of ions and molecules are electrons delocalized in all species?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{CH}_3\\text{COOH}$ , $\\text{O}_3$ , $\\text{C}_{60}$", "B": "$\\text{CH}_3\\text{COO}^-$ , $\\text{NO}_2^-$ , C(graphite)", "C": "$\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_2$ , $(\\text{COOH})_2$ , C(diamond)", "D": "$\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_4$ , $\\text{NO}_2^+$ , $\\text{SiO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4674, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "molecular_geometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the molecular geometry of the central atom in $\\text{SF}_4\\text{Cl}_2$?", "options": {"A": "linear", "B": "tetrahedral", "C": "hexagonal", "D": "octahedral"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4675, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding", "context": null, "question": "What is the preferred Lewis formula of nitrous oxide, $\\text{N}_2\\text{O}$, as deduced by formal charges?", "options": {"A": "$\\ddot{\\text{N}}=\\text{N}=\\ddot{\\text{O}}$", "B": "$\\ddot{\\text{N}}\\equiv\\text{N}-\\ddot{\\text{O}}$", "C": "$\\ddot{\\text{N}}-\\text{N}\\equiv\\text{O}$", "D": "$\\ddot{\\text{N}}=\\text{O}=\\ddot{\\text{N}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4676, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Why is copper(II) sulfate blue?", "options": {"A": "Red light is absorbed when electrons are promoted between the orbitals in the split d-sublevels.", "B": "Blue light is emitted when electrons fall between the orbitals in the split d-sublevels.", "C": "Red light is absorbed when electrons fall between the orbitals in the split d-sublevels.", "D": "Blue light is emitted when electrons are promoted between the orbitals in the split d-sublevels."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4677, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has a carbonyl functional group?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{CH}_3\\text{OCH}_3$", "B": "$\\text{CH}_3\\text{COCH}_3$", "C": "$\\text{CH}_3\\text{CH}_2\\text{OH}$", "D": "$\\text{CH}_3\\text{CH}_2\\text{NH}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4678, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which d block element has the highest number of different oxidation states?", "options": {"A": "Ti", "B": "Mn", "C": "Cu", "D": "Zn"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4679, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What do all greenhouse gases have in common?", "options": {"A": "They are emitted by the burning of fossil fuels.", "B": "They absorb ultraviolet radiation.", "C": "They are symmetrical molecules with no polar bonds.", "D": "They absorb infrared radiation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4681, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "energetics", "context": null, "question": "Which are endothermic processes in a Born-Haber cycle for the formation of an ionic compound?\nI. Enthalpy of atomization\nII. First electron affinity\nIII. First ionization energy", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4682, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What is correct as a system approaches equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "$Q$ remains constant.", "B": "$K_c$ increases.", "C": "$\\Delta G^\\circ$ becomes more negative.", "D": "$\\Delta G$ approaches zero."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4683, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "The complete combustion of $20.0 \\text{ cm}^3$ of a gaseous hydrocarbon, $C_xH_y$, produces $80.0 \\text{ cm}^3$ of gaseous products. This volume reduces to $40.0 \\text{ cm}^3$ when the water vapour present condenses. All volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.", "question": "What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{CH}_4$", "B": "$\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_2$", "C": "$\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_4$", "D": "$\\text{C}_3\\text{H}_6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4684, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What is the equilibrium constant expression for the following reaction?\n$$2\\text{SO}_3(\\text{g}) \\rightleftharpoons 2\\text{SO}_2(\\text{g}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g})$$", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{[\\text{SO}_2]^2[\\text{O}_2]}{[\\text{SO}_3]^2}$", "B": "$\\frac{[\\text{SO}_2]^2 + [\\text{O}_2]}{[\\text{SO}_3]^2}$", "C": "$\\frac{[\\text{SO}_3]^2}{[\\text{SO}_2]^2[\\text{O}_2]}$", "D": "$\\frac{2[\\text{SO}_2][\\text{O}_2]}{2[\\text{SO}_3]}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4685, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The equation for the reaction between two gases, A and B, is:\n$$A(g) + 2B(g) \\rightleftharpoons 2C(g)$$\nWhen the reaction is at equilibrium at 600 K, the concentrations of A, B, and C are 2, 1, and $2 \\text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ respectively.", "question": "What is the value of the equilibrium constant at 600 K?", "options": {"A": "0.25", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4686, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which reaction would be expected to have the largest Arrhenius (pre-exponential) factor, $A$, at constant temperature?", "options": {"A": "$H(g) + I(g) \\rightarrow HI(g)$", "B": "$H_2(g) + I_2(g) \\rightarrow 2HI(g)$", "C": "$2HCl(g) \\rightarrow H_2(g) + Cl_2(g)$", "D": "$H_2 + C_2H_4 \\rightarrow C_2H_6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4687, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which reactions involve the transfer of a proton?\nI. $2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) \\rightarrow MgCl_2(aq) + H_2(g)$\nII. $2HCl(aq) + MgO(s) \\rightarrow MgCl_2(aq) + H_2O(l)$\nIII. $2HCl(aq) + MgCO_3(s) \\rightarrow MgCl_2(aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g)$", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4688, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "The indicator, HInd, is used in an acid-base titration.\n$$\\text{HInd}(\\text{aq}) \\rightleftharpoons \\text{H}^+(\\text{aq}) + \\text{Ind}^-(\\text{aq})$$\ncolour A colour B", "question": "Which statements are correct?\n1. In a strongly alkaline solution, colour B is observed.\n2. Colour A is observed when $[\\text{HInd}] < [\\text{Ind}^-]$.\n3. $[\\text{Ind}^-]$ approximately equals $[\\text{HInd}]$ at the end point.", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4689, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "The overall reaction occurring at the electrodes of a rechargeable metal hydride battery can be summarized as:\n$$\\text{MH} + \\text{NiO}(\\text{OH}) \\rightleftharpoons \\text{M} + \\text{Ni}(\\text{OH})_2$$", "question": "Which statement is correct?\n1. The oxidation state of Ni does not change.\n2. M is oxidized by loss of hydrogen.\n3. The oxidation state of one H atom changes from $-1$ to $+1$.\n4. The oxidation state of one O atom changes from $-1$ to $-2$.", "options": {"A": "1 and 2 only", "B": "1 and 3 only", "C": "2 and 3 only", "D": "3 and 4 only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4690, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "In a redox titration, manganate(VII) ions are reduced to manganese(II) ions and iron(II) ions are oxidized to iron(III) ions.\n$\\text{MnO}_4^- (\\text{aq})$ reduced to $\\text{Mn}^{2+} (\\text{aq})$\n$\\text{Fe}^{2+} (\\text{aq})$ oxidized to $\\text{Fe}^{3+} (\\text{aq})$", "question": "What volume, in $\\text{cm}^3$, of $0.1 \\text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ $\\text{MnO}_4^- (\\text{aq})$ is required to reach the equivalence point in the titration of $20.00 \\text{ cm}^3$ of $0.1 \\text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ $\\text{Fe}^{2+} (\\text{aq})$?", "options": {"A": "2.00", "B": "4.00", "C": "20.00", "D": "100.00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4691, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which term cannot characterize ammonia, $NH_3$?", "options": {"A": "Lewis acid", "B": "Brønsted--Lowry acid", "C": "ligand", "D": "nucleophile"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4692, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which ion is a better leaving group in nucleophilic substitutions?", "options": {"A": "bromide ion", "B": "chloride ion", "C": "fluoride ion", "D": "iodide ion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4693, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement is correct when 2-chloro-2-methylpentane reacts with water to form 2-methylpentan-2-ol?", "options": {"A": "Water acts as a nucleophile and attacks the chlorine atom.", "B": "The reaction occurs in a single step.", "C": "A carbocation intermediate is formed.", "D": "Homolytic bond fission occurs."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4694, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "measurement_analysis", "context": null, "question": "Which technique is used to purify a solid obtained from a chemical reaction?", "options": {"A": "distillation", "B": "evaporation", "C": "recrystallization", "D": "filtration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4695, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Ice containing only the isotope $^2\\text{H}$ sinks and does not melt when dropped into ordinary distilled water maintained at $3^\\circ\\text{C}$ .", "question": "Which statement is correct?", "options": {"A": "The isotope $^2\\text{H}$ has a high natural abundance.", "B": "$^2\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(s)$ has a higher melting point than normal ice.", "C": "$^2\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(s)$ has a lower density than normal ice-cold water.", "D": "$^2\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ has different chemical properties from normal water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4696, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which electron transition in the hydrogen atom emits radiation with the highest energy?", "options": {"A": " $n = 1$ to $n = 2$ ", "B": " $n = 2$ to $n = 3$ ", "C": " $n = 2$ to $n = 1$ ", "D": " $n = 3$ to $n = 2$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4697, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "A container holds 30 g of argon and 60 g of neon.\nWhat is the ratio of number of atoms of argon to number of atoms of neon in the container?", "options": {"A": "0.25", "B": "0.50", "C": "2.0", "D": "4.0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4698, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "energetics", "context": "A gas storage tank of fixed volume $V$ contains $N$ molecules of an ideal gas at $300\\text{ K}$ with a pressure of $40\\text{ kPa}$ . $\\frac{N}{4}$ molecules are removed, and the temperature is changed to $450\\text{ K}$ .", "question": "What is the new pressure of the gas in kPa?", "options": {"A": "15", "B": "30", "C": "45", "D": "60"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4699, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding", "context": null, "question": "What is the formula of the compound formed between magnesium ions and hydrogencarbonate ions?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{MgHCO}_3$ ", "B": "$\\text{Mg}(\\text{HCO}_3)_2$ ", "C": "$\\text{Mg}(\\text{HCO}_3)_3$ ", "D": "$\\text{Mg}_3(\\text{HCO}_3)_2$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4700, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding", "context": null, "question": "Which species contains a coordination bond?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{CO}_2$ ", "B": "HCN", "C": "$\\text{NO}_2^+$ ", "D": "$\\text{NO}_3^-$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4703, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which structure shows the repeating unit of the polymer formed by but-1-ene?", "options": {"A": "$$\\left[\\begin{array}{c} \\text{H} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{C} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{H} \\end{array} \\begin{array}{c} \\text{H} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{C} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{H} \\end{array} \\begin{array}{c} \\text{H} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{C} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{CH}_3 \\end{array}\\right]$$", "B": "$$\\left[\\begin{array}{c} \\text{H} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{C} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{CH}_3 \\end{array} \\begin{array}{c} \\text{H} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{C} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{CH}_3 \\end{array}\\right]$$", "C": "$$\\left[\\begin{array}{c} \\text{CH}_3 \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{C} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{H} \\end{array} \\begin{array}{c} \\text{H} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{C} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{CH}_3 \\end{array}\\right]$$", "D": "$$\\left[\\begin{array}{c} \\text{H} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{C} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{H} \\end{array} \\begin{array}{c} \\text{H} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{C} \\\\ | \\\\ \\text{CH}_2\\text{CH}_3 \\end{array}\\right]$$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4704, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding", "context": null, "question": "What is the explanation for the malleability of metals?", "options": {"A": "The bonds are strong.", "B": "The bonds are weak.", "C": "The bonds involve free electrons.", "D": "The bonds do not have a specific direction."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4705, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "periodicity", "context": null, "question": "In which block of the periodic table would element 119 be placed, if it is found in the future?", "options": {"A": "s", "B": "p", "C": "d", "D": "f"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4706, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "periodicity", "context": null, "question": "The block structure of the periodic table groups elements according to which characteristic?", "options": {"A": "atomic number", "B": "atomic mass", "C": "electron configuration", "D": "reactivity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4707, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "energetics", "context": null, "question": "Which set of conditions describe a reaction in which the reactants are more stable than the products?", "options": {"A": "endothermic and $\\Delta H$ negative", "B": "endothermic and $\\Delta H$ positive", "C": "exothermic and $\\Delta H$ negative", "D": "exothermic and $\\Delta H$ positive"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4709, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which is a renewable energy source?", "options": {"A": "natural gas", "B": "uranium", "C": "coal", "D": "wood"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4710, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "What is the amount, in mol, of $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ produced for a reaction between 10.0 mol of $\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_3\\text{Cl}$ and 10.0 mol of $\\text{O}_2$ if the yield is 90%?", "question": "$$2\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_3\\text{Cl}(\\text{g}) + 5\\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 4\\text{CO}_2(\\text{g}) + 2\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g}) + 2\\text{HCl}(\\text{g})$$", "options": {"A": "3.60", "B": "4.00", "C": "9.00", "D": "10.00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4711, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "The complete combustion of $20.0\\text{ cm}^3$ of a gaseous hydrocarbon, $\\text{C}_x\\text{H}_y$ , produces $80.0\\text{ cm}^3$ of gaseous products. This volume reduces to $40.0\\text{ cm}^3$ when the water vapour present condenses. All volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.", "question": "What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{CH}_4$ ", "B": "$\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_2$ ", "C": "$\\text{C}_2\\text{H}_4$ ", "D": "$\\text{C}_3\\text{H}_6$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4712, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "Large deposits of methane hydrate, $\\text{CH}_4 \\cdot 6\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ ( $M_r = 124$ ), have been discovered under the ocean floor.", "question": "What mass of carbon dioxide would be produced by the complete combustion of 12.4 g of the methane hydrate?", "options": {"A": "4.40 g", "B": "26.4 g", "C": "34.1 g", "D": "44.0 g"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4713, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "What is the main reason for an increase in rate of reaction when the temperature is raised?", "options": {"A": "A greater proportion of collisions are successful.", "B": "Particles collide more frequently.", "C": "The bonds in the reactants are weakened.", "D": "The activation energy of the reaction decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4714, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What is the equilibrium constant expression for the following reaction?\n$$2SO_3(g) \\rightleftharpoons 2SO_2(g) + O_2(g)$$", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{[SO_2]^2[O_2]}{[SO_3]^2}$ ", "B": "$\\frac{[SO_2]^2 + [O_2]}{[SO_3]^2}$ ", "C": "$\\frac{[SO_3]^2}{[SO_2]^2[O_2]}$ ", "D": "$\\frac{2[SO_2][O_2]}{2[SO_3]}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4715, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which reactions involve the transfer of a proton?\nI. $2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) \\rightarrow MgCl_2(aq) + H_2(g)$ \nII. $2HCl(aq) + MgO(s) \\rightarrow MgCl_2(aq) + H_2O(l)$ \nIII. $2HCl(aq) + MgCO_3(s) \\rightarrow MgCl_2(aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g)$ ", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4716, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "The overall reaction occurring at the electrodes of a rechargeable metal hydride battery can be summarized as:\n$$MH + NiO(OH) \\rightleftharpoons M + Ni(OH)_2$$", "question": "Which statement is correct?", "options": {"A": "The oxidation state of Ni does not change.", "B": "M is oxidized by loss of hydrogen.", "C": "The oxidation state of one H atom changes from $-1$ to $+1$ .", "D": "The oxidation state of one O atom changes from $-1$ to $-2$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4717, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "In a redox titration, manganate(VII) ions are reduced to manganese(II) ions and iron(II) ions are oxidized to iron(III) ions.\n$$\\text{MnO}_4^- (\\text{aq}) \\text{ reduced to } \\text{Mn}^{2+} (\\text{aq})$$\n$$\\text{Fe}^{2+} (\\text{aq}) \\text{ oxidized to } \\text{Fe}^{3+} (\\text{aq})$$", "question": "What volume, in $\\text{cm}^3$ , of $0.1 \\text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ $\\text{MnO}_4^- (\\text{aq})$ is required to reach the equivalence point in the titration of $20.00 \\text{ cm}^3$ of $0.1 \\text{ mol dm}^{-3}$ $\\text{Fe}^{2+} (\\text{aq})$ ?", "options": {"A": "2.00", "B": "4.00", "C": "20.00", "D": "100.00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4718, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What is the organic product of the reaction of 1-chloropentane with aqueous sodium hydroxide?", "options": {"A": "pentan-1-ol", "B": "1-chloropentan-1-ol", "C": "1-chloropent-1-ene", "D": "1-chloropent-2-ene"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4719, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_chemistry", "context": "Which statements explain the following reactions occurring in the upper atmosphere?", "question": "Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds break down to produce chlorine radicals but usually not fluorine radicals.\nA single chlorine radical breaks down many ozone, $O_3$, molecules.", "options": {"A": "C-Cl bond is stronger than C-F bond; chain propagation steps produce more radicals", "B": "C-F bond is stronger than C-Cl bond; chain termination steps cause chlorine radicals to reform chlorine molecules", "C": "C-Cl bond is stronger than C-F bond; chain termination steps cause chlorine radicals to reform chlorine molecules", "D": "C-F bond is stronger than C-Cl bond; chain propagation steps produce more radicals"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4720, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which species can act as an electrophile?", "options": {"A": "$CH_4$", "B": "$Cl_2$", "C": "$Cl^-$", "D": "$OH^-$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4721, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car has an initial speed of $16 \\text{ ms}^{-1}$. It decelerates at $4.0 \\text{ ms}^{-2}$ until it stops.", "question": "What is the distance travelled by the car?", "options": {"A": "4 m", "B": "16 m", "C": "32 m", "D": "64 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4722, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block of mass $2.0 \\text{ kg}$ accelerates from a speed of $15 \\text{ ms}^{-1}$ to a speed of $20 \\text{ ms}^{-1}$ without changing its direction.", "question": "What impulse acts on the block?", "options": {"A": "$2.5 \\text{ Ns}$", "B": "$5.0 \\text{ Ns}$", "C": "$10 \\text{ Ns}$", "D": "$17.5 \\text{ Ns}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4723, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A net force of $8.0 \\text{ N}$ accelerates a $4.0 \\text{ kg}$ body from rest to a speed of $5.0 \\text{ ms}^{-1}$.", "question": "What is the work done by the force?", "options": {"A": "$50 \\text{ J}$", "B": "$40 \\text{ J}$", "C": "$32 \\text{ J}$", "D": "$20 \\text{ J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4724, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A gas undergoes one cycle of a cyclic process.", "question": "The net change in internal energy of the gas is", "options": {"A": "zero.", "B": "positive.", "C": "negative.", "D": "determined by the initial temperature of the gas."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4725, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A working refrigerator with the door open is placed in a sealed room.", "question": "The entropy of the room", "options": {"A": "is zero.", "B": "decreases.", "C": "remains unchanged.", "D": "increases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4726, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fields", "context": "Star X has a luminosity $L$ and an apparent brightness $b$. Star X is at a distance $d$ from Earth. Star Y has the same apparent brightness as X but is four times more luminous.", "question": "What is the distance of Star Y from Earth?", "options": {"A": "$4d$", "B": "$2d$", "C": "$\\frac{d}{2}$", "D": "$\\frac{d}{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4727, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fields", "context": "Two containers, X and Y, are filled with an ideal gas at the same pressure. The volume of X is four times the volume of Y. The temperature of X is $327^\\circ\\text{C}$ and the temperature of Y is $27^\\circ\\text{C}$.", "question": "What is $\\frac{\\text{amount of substance in X}}{\\text{amount of substance in Y}}$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{8}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{2}$", "C": "2", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4728, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass of 0.25 kg hangs from a spring of spring constant $4.0 \\text{ Nm}^{-1}$.", "question": "What is the natural frequency of oscillation for this system?", "options": {"A": "0.50 Hz", "B": "0.64 Hz", "C": "1.6 Hz", "D": "2.0 Hz"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4729, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "Monochromatic light is incident on a diffraction grating. The diffraction p/attern from the diffraction grating is then formed on a screen. Only the central maximum and the first-order maxima can be observed on the screen.", "question": "What change will allow the second-order maxima to be observed on the screen?", "options": {"A": "Decrease the distance between the diffraction grating and the source of light", "B": "Increase the distance between the diffraction grating and the screen", "C": "Increase the wavelength of the monochromatic light", "D": "Reduce the number of lines per unit length of the diffraction grating"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4730, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fields", "context": "A solid metallic sphere is positively charged and isolated from all other charges.", "question": "The electric potential due to the sphere", "options": {"A": "is constant inside the sphere.", "B": "is constant outside the sphere.", "C": "is smallest at the surface of the sphere.", "D": "increases with distance from the sphere."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4731, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "What is the sequence for the evolution of a main sequence star of about 2 solar masses?", "options": {"A": "Red supergiant \\(\\rightarrow\\) supernova \\(\\rightarrow\\) neutron star", "B": "Red giant \\(\\rightarrow\\) planetary nebula \\(\\rightarrow\\) white dwarf", "C": "Red giant \\(\\rightarrow\\) supernova \\(\\rightarrow\\) white dwarf", "D": "Red supergiant \\(\\rightarrow\\) planetary nebula \\(\\rightarrow\\) neutron star"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4732, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "A photon of wavelength $\\lambda$ scatters off an electron at rest. The scattered photon has wavelength $\\lambda'$.", "question": "What is the fraction of the incident photon energy that gets transferred to the electron?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{\\lambda}{\\lambda'}$", "B": "$\\frac{\\lambda'}{\\lambda}$", "C": "$\\frac{\\lambda' - \\lambda}{\\lambda}$", "D": "$\\frac{\\lambda' - \\lambda}{\\lambda'}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4733, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "Three statements about a nuclear fission reactor are:", "question": "I. The heat exchanger transfers energy from the fuel rods to the moderator.\n\nII. The control rods must be good absorbers of neutrons.\n\nIII. The moderator must slow neutrons down.\n\nWhich statements about the reactor are correct?", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4734, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "The energy of the $n$th level of hydrogen is given by $-\\frac{E_0}{n^2}$.", "question": "What is the frequency of the photon emitted in the transition from $n = 4$ to $n = 2$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{16} \\times \\frac{E_0}{h}$", "B": "$\\frac{3}{16} \\times \\frac{E_0}{h}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{4} \\times \\frac{E_0}{h}$", "D": "$\\frac{3}{4} \\times \\frac{E_0}{h}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4735, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "Monochromatic light of frequency $f_1$ is incident on the surface of a metal. The stopping voltage for this light is $V_1$. When the frequency of the radiation is changed to $f_2$, the stopping voltage is $V_2$.", "question": "What is the quantity $\\frac{V_2 - V_1}{f_2 - f_1}$ equal to?", "options": {"A": "$h$", "B": "$\\frac{h}{e}$", "C": "$\\frac{h}{c}$", "D": "$\\frac{hc}{e}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4737, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block of mass 2.0 kg accelerates from a speed of $15 \\text{ m s}^{-1}$ to a speed of $20 \\text{ m s}^{-1}$ without changing its direction.", "question": "What impulse acts on the block?", "options": {"A": "2.5Ns", "B": "5.0Ns", "C": "10Ns", "D": "17.5Ns"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4738, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A net force of 8.0 N accelerates a 4.0 kg body from rest to a speed of $5.0 \\text{ m s}^{-1}$.", "question": "What is the work done by the force?", "options": {"A": "50J", "B": "40J", "C": "32J", "D": "20J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4739, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object is released from rest in a vacuum at a height $H$ above the Earth's surface. As the object falls it passes a point at a height of $0.75H$ above the surface.", "question": "What is $\\frac{\\text{kinetic energy of the object at a height of } 0.75H}{\\text{gravitational potential energy of the object at a height of } H}$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{16}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{4}$", "C": "$\\frac{9}{16}$", "D": "$\\frac{3}{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4740, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "The internal energy of a real gas is", "options": {"A": "zero.", "B": "equal to the intermolecular potential energy of the particles.", "C": "equal to the total kinetic energy of the particles.", "D": "equal to the sum of the intermolecular potential energy and the total kinetic energy of the particles."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4741, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "energy_production", "context": "Star X has a luminosity $L$ and an apparent brightness $b$. Star X is at a distance $d$ from Earth.\n\nStar Y has the same apparent brightness as X but is four times more luminous.", "question": "What is the distance of Star Y from Earth?", "options": {"A": "$4d$", "B": "$2d$", "C": "$\\frac{d}{2}$", "D": "$\\frac{d}{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4742, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "Two containers, X and Y, are filled with an ideal gas at the same pressure.\n\nThe volume of X is four times the volume of Y. The temperature of X is $327^\\text{o}\\text{C}$ and the temperature of Y is $27^\\text{o}\\text{C}$.", "question": "What is $\\frac{\\text{amount of substance in X}}{\\text{amount of substance in Y}}$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{8}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{2}$", "C": "2", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4743, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "An electromagnetic wave has a wavelength that is about the size of the diameter of an atom.", "question": "What region of the electromagnetic spectrum does the wave belong to?", "options": {"A": "Infrared", "B": "Visible light", "C": "Ultraviolet", "D": "X-ray"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4744, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A particle undergoes simple harmonic motion of period $T$. At time $t = 0$ the particle is at its equilibrium position.", "question": "What is $t$ when the particle is at its greatest distance from the equilibrium position?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{T}{8}$", "B": "$\\frac{T}{2}$", "C": "$\\frac{3T}{4}$", "D": "$T$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4745, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass of $0.25\\text{ kg}$ hangs from a spring of spring constant $4.0\\text{ Nm}^{-1}$.", "question": "What is the natural frequency of oscillation for this system?", "options": {"A": "$0.50\\text{ Hz}$", "B": "$0.64\\text{ Hz}$", "C": "$1.6\\text{ Hz}$", "D": "$2.0\\text{ Hz}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4748, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "Two radioactive samples X and Y have the same half-life. Initially the ratio $\\frac{\\text{activity of X}}{\\text{activity of Y}}$ is 4.", "question": "What is this ratio after 2 half-lives?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{2}$", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4749, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "Three statements about a nuclear fission reactor are:\n\nI. The heat exchanger transfers energy from the fuel rods to the moderator.\nII. The control rods must be good absorbers of neutrons.\nIII. The moderator must slow neutrons down.\n\nWhich statements about the reactor are correct?", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4750, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are true of planets in the Solar System?", "options": {"a": "Venus and Uranus have retrograde revolution around the Sun", "b": "Mercury is the densest terrestrial planet", "c": "The highest winds in the solar system are believed to be on Jupiter", "d": "Resonance with the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn result in the location of the asteroid belt between the two", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4751, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are true of moons of the Solar System? (\\*)", "options": {"a": "The moons of Mars are within its Roche limit", "b": "Mercury's moon features extreme temperature contrasts", "c": "All moons in the solar system have tenuous atmospheres due to their low mass", "d": "Earth's moon has a heterogeneous interior"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["a", "d"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4752, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Homer the Astronomer tracks the movement of Mars from Earth, and notices that it suddenly appears to move backwards in the sky. The sidereal period of Mars is approximately 1.9 Earth years.", "question": "Which of the following is the best explanation?", "options": {"a": "Mars actually moves in small epicycles that are occasionally amplified", "b": "The relative position of the Sun causes \"phases\" that create this illusion", "c": "Near conjunction, Mars appears to move backwards", "d": "Near opposition, Mars appears to move backwards"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["d"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4753, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Homer the Astronomer tracks the movement of Mars from Earth, and notices that it suddenly appears to move backwards in the sky. The sidereal period of Mars is approximately 1.9 Earth years.", "question": "Homer must wait approximately how many years before he sees the phenomenon again?", "options": {"a": "Slightly less than one year", "b": "Slightly more than one year", "c": "Slightly less than two years", "d": "Slightly more than two years"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["d"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4754, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "The figure-eight shape that the sun traces out in the sky over a course of a year is the result of which of the following? (\\*)", "options": {"1": "Eccentricity of orbit", "2": "Precession of axis", "3": "Axial tilt", "4": "Rotation about axis"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["1", "3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4756, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "A mysterious new planet is discovered orbiting the Sun. High concentrations of metal oxides and silicates are discovered upon preliminary analysis. Which of the following statements are likely correct of this planet? (\\*)", "options": {"a": "The planet likely formed relatively early on in comparison to other planets", "b": "The planet likely formed relatively later on in comparison to other planets", "c": "The upper limit on its age is probably around 13.7 billion years", "d": "The interior is probably differentiated due to radioactive decay and gravitational collapse"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["a", "d"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4757, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "On October 14, the declination of the Sun was -8.5 degrees. At noon, an observer located at 29 degrees South calculates the angle the Sun makes from the zenith. To the nearest degree, what is this angle?", "question": "What is this angle?", "options": {"a": "0 degrees", "b": "9 degrees", "c": "21 degrees", "d": "38 degrees", "e": "52 degrees", "f": "69 degrees", "g": "90 degrees"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4758, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Geosphere", "question": "Which of the following are characteristics of the E soil horizon?", "options": {"A": "An abundance of decaying organic material", "B": "Dominance of leaching", "C": "Light coloration", "D": "The accumulation of fine material"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4759, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Geosphere", "question": "Greenschist facies are characterized by", "options": {"A": "Being associated with subduction zones", "B": "Having mafic protoliths", "C": "High olivine content", "D": "High chlorite content"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4760, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Scientists use X-ray crystallography to reveal the chemical formula of a newly discovered mineral.", "question": "The mineral was most likely extracted from which of the following environments?", "options": {"A": "On a riverbed upstream of a clay-rich alluvium deposit.", "B": "A field of pillow lava at the bottom of the ocean.", "C": "Half Dome, an exposed granite batholith in Yosemite.", "D": "On the surface of a highly catastrophic stratovolcano."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4761, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "You are looking for some property where you can drill a well and get a good, reliable water supply.", "question": "Which materials below would probably provide the poorest supply?", "options": {"A": "Very highly jointed and fractured volcanic rock", "B": "Outwash gravels from a continental glacier", "C": "Lake sediments", "D": "Fine-grained, compact glacial till", "E": "Greywacke sandstone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4762, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": "Hampton Roads, Virginia has the highest predicted sea level rise on the East Coast of the United States over the next 100 years.", "question": "This predicted large sea level increase is most likely due to:", "options": {"A": "Massive glacial melting from Greenland", "B": "Isostatic rebound due to glacial melting", "C": "Melting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean", "D": "Thermal expansion of seawater"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4763, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "The atmospheric window:", "options": {"1": "Is a local phenomenon similar to the ozone hole that opens over Antarctica in winter", "2": "Is located at a band of wavelengths between 0.1 and 0.4 micrometers", "3": "Allows certain wavelengths of longwave radiation to pass through the atmosphere", "4": "Transmits certain wavelengths of light but with distortion"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4764, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Little Timmy is currently engaging in one of his favorite pastimes---scouring some Doppler Radar. He recognizes a peculiar feature that he realizes is a bow echo. What atmospheric feature could this indicate?", "options": {"1": "Tornado", "2": "Hurricane", "3": "Cold Front", "4": "Warm Front"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4765, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following are true about aerosols and their effect on Earth's radiative budget? (\\*)", "options": {"1": "Aerosols reduce atmospheric transitivity solely via changing cloud structure", "2": "Sulfate aerosols from Kilauea (Hawaii) create brighter clouds relative to those in the Pacific", "3": "Aerosols serve as condensation nuclei, which create clouds that are less dense than normal", "4": "During the winter, aerosols allow for chemical reactions that produce reactive chlorine"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2", "4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4766, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are true about fog? (\\*)", "options": {"1": "Radiation fog tends to form close to the ground surface", "2": "Precipitation fog occurs when it rains through warm air", "3": "Advection fog forms from surface contact of vertical winds", "4": "Steam fog occurs over Lake Baikal during the winter", "5": "Upslope fog forms adiabatically"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1", "4", "5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4767, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following are true about theories of precipitation formation? (\\*)", "options": {"a": "The Bergeron process occurs because the environment is supersaturated with respect to ice, but not water", "b": "At higher altitudes, storm clouds can possess three distinctive layers, of which the second layer is composed of primarily ice crystals", "c": "At higher altitudes, ice crystals mixed in with the supercooled water in the highest layers of the clouds can become freezing nuclei and form the centers of growing ice crystals", "d": "At lower altitudes, water droplets within clouds remain separate from each other"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["a", "c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4768, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best explains why the horizontal pressure gradient force (PGF) typically increases with height throughout the troposphere, reaching maximum values in the vicinity of the tropopause?", "options": {"a": "Because air density decreases with height, the PGF actually decreases with height", "b": "With stronger wind speeds aloft, a stronger Coriolis force is present. This requires a strong horizontal pressure gradient to keep the flow in balance", "c": "Pressure decreases more rapidly with height in cold air than in warm air; the farther up you go, the greater the accumulated difference in pressure (or height)", "d": "Because the density of air decreases with height, the pressure gradient force increases with height- the PGF is inversely proportional to density"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["d"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4769, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "All of the following are important for heavy lake effect snow except:", "options": {"a": "Deep layer of cold polar air flowing over much warmer lake", "b": "A small lake fetch", "c": "An inversion located above the 700 millibar level", "d": "A minimal amount of directional wind shear with height"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4770, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Nor'easters that strike New England often occur with a pressure area northeast of the storm, over the Atlantic Canada. Which is true about the characteristics of such a storm? (\\*)", "options": {"a": "The strong pressure gradient between the high and low pressure systems result in strong winds.", "b": "Nor'easters have a low pressure system core", "c": "Blocking of Greenland's high pressure systems decreases the longevity of Nor'easters", "d": "Climate change will make Nor'easters less likely to occur", "e": "All of the above"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a", "b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4771, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are true of thunderstorm development? (\\*)", "options": {"A": "Even a small amount of dry air is highly detrimental to thunderstorm development, as it may start a chain reaction that leads to dispersal of the developing storm", "B": "Downdrafts are highly detrimental to thunderstorm development, as they prevent updrafts from bringing warm moist air aloft", "C": "Gust fronts are unlikely to generate more thunderstorms, as they are composed of mostly cold air", "D": "A plane wanting to avoid the bulk of severe thunderstorms should fly right below the tropopause", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4772, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The Sun-Earth-Mars angle is observed to be 90 degrees, meaning that they are at quadrature.", "question": "What phase will Mars appear to be in to an observer on Earth?", "options": {"A": "New", "B": "Crescent", "C": "Quarter", "D": "Gibbous", "E": "Full"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4773, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "An upright, standing observer in the northern hemisphere looks straight out to the horizon to view the moon. Another observer does the same thing, except in the southern hemisphere.", "question": "Which of the following statements are true of the relative appearance of the moon to these two observers?", "options": {"A": "Appears roughly identical", "B": "Appears as a mirror image about a horizontal axis", "C": "Appears as a mirror image about a vertical axis", "D": "Phases appear to run in reverse order"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4774, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Volcanism on Venus", "question": "Which of the following statements are true of volcanism on Venus?", "options": {"A": "Most recent volcanic activity can be attributed to subsurface hotspots.", "B": "Venuvian volcanoes are comprised of an even mix of shield and cinder cone volcanoes.", "C": "Given two identical volcanoes with lava of identical gas content on Venus and Earth, the one on Venus would erupt less explosively.", "D": "Water vapor is a primary constituent of gas produced by Venuvian volcanoes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4775, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Assuming the upper part of the image is farther north than the lower part", "question": "Which of the following statements are true regarding the surface of this body?", "options": {"A": "The northern part of the planet is mostly basaltic while the southern part is relatively felsic.", "B": "The northern part of the planet is relatively young compared to the southern part.", "C": "The large volcanoes are likely strato volcanoes given their size.", "D": "The large volcanoes provide evidence of tectonic activity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4776, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The best explanation for the relatively dark areas in the image is:", "question": "The best explanation for the relatively dark areas in the image is:", "options": {"A": "Local depressions on the surface", "B": "Unconsolidated sediment and dust lifted and later deposited by winds", "C": "Shadows caused by an indirect sun angle", "D": "Concentrations of organic material around chemical \"smokers\""}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4777, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Solar images showing a dark feature (sunspot) near the top and a magnified view of a sunspot region showing dark centers and bright, swirling structures (penumbra and magnetic fields).", "question": "The image above depicts an important feature of the Sun. Based on your knowledge of this feature, which of the following answer choices is most likely correct?", "options": {"A": "The feature is dark compared to its surroundings due to relatively higher temperatures.", "B": "The feature is dark compared to its surroundings due to relatively lower temperatures.", "C": "Many of these features can be found during periods of greater solar activity.", "D": "The features closer to the Sun's equator have a faster rotational period.", "E": "The features farther from the Sun's equator have a faster rotational period.", "F": "This feature can only be found once every 11 years."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B", "C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4778, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The three properties of the Milankovitch cycles", "question": "Which of the following predictions are most likely correct concerning glacial growth on Earth?", "options": {"A": "A greater eccentricity will cause more glaciers to survive and grow.", "B": "A lesser eccentricity will cause less glaciers to survive and grow.", "C": "A greater tilt will cause more glaciers to survive and grow.", "D": "A lesser tilt will cause more glaciers to survive and grow.", "E": "A Northern Hemisphere summer during aphelion will cause more glaciers to survive and grow in the Northern Hemisphere.", "F": "A Northern Hemisphere summer during perihelion will cause more glaciers to survive and grow in the Northern Hemisphere."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B", "D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4779, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The sun exhibits limb darkening, an optical phenomenon in which the center of the disk appears brighter than the edges (limb).", "question": "This phenomenon supports which of the following statements?", "options": {"A": "The Sun's photosphere increases in temperature with depth.", "B": "There exists a temperature minimum layer in the Sun.", "C": "The transition region between the chromosphere and the corona is smooth.", "D": "Within the Sun's visible surface, photons emitted from the star are no longer absorbed.", "E": "Heat comes from the center of the Sun."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4780, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The formation of the planets in our galaxy", "question": "Which of the following correctly orders the processes that occurred in our galaxy's formation of the planets from earliest to latest?", "options": {"A": "Condensation, gravitational collapse, accretion.", "B": "Accretion, condensation, gravitational collapse.", "C": "Condensation, accretion, gravitational collapse.", "D": "Gravitational collapse, accretion, condensation.", "E": "Gravitational collapse, condensation, accretion."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4781, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Given that the length of a year on Mars is 687 Earth days and that the length of a synodic day on Mars is 24 hours and 40 minutes", "question": "Which of the following is the closest estimate to the length of a Martian sidereal day?", "options": {"A": "12 hours and 20 minutes", "B": "24 hours and 37 minutes", "C": "24 hours and 40 minutes", "D": "24 hours and 43 minutes", "E": "49 hours and 20 minutes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4782, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "A newly discovered planet in the solar system has an orbital period of 64 years.", "question": "In astronomical units, which of the following is the closest estimate to the length of the semimajor axis of the planet's orbit?", "options": {"A": "16 AU", "B": "64 AU", "C": "256 AU", "D": "4096 AU", "E": "262144 AU"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4786, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Short-period comets", "question": "Which of the following statements are likely true of short-period comets?", "options": {"A": "They tend to orbit near the ecliptic", "B": "They tend to orbit in a clockwise direction around the sun", "C": "They tend to have shorter lifespans than long-period comets", "D": "Short-period comets tend to be more dense than long-period comets"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4788, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Long, sinuous channels on Venus", "question": "Long, sinuous channels on Venus are likely the result of which of the following?", "options": {"A": "Mafic lava flows", "B": "Carbon dioxide ice \"rivers\"", "C": "Tectonic activity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4789, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Given enough heat and pressure, migmatite, a rock intermediate between metamorphic and igneous rock, can be formed.", "question": "What mineral is one most likely to find in this rock?", "options": {"A": "Olivine", "B": "Kyanite", "C": "Chlorite", "D": "Sillimanite"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4790, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The D'' layer is a region in the lower mantle roughly 200 km in thickness.", "question": "Indicate all of the following statements that are true of this region. (*).", "options": {"A": "A p-wave generated by tectonic activity would increase in velocity after traveling through the D'' region.", "B": "The D'' layer likely has highly felsic materials.", "C": "Perovskites ( $CaTiO_3$ ) in the region likely have a sheet-like crystal structure.", "D": "The D'' layer likely contains significant, free-flowing magma convection cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4791, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Two-hundred million years ago, basaltic magma intruded sandstone beds in Northeastern New Jersey forming the Palisades, a prime example of fractional crystallization.", "question": "Which of the following observations would you expect to find in the Palisades? (*).", "options": {"A": "Basal beds of basalt, with the remaining space filled with igneous rock that has Na-rich plagioclase feldspar on the bottom and Ca-rich on top.", "B": "A large mass of granite with small, dispersed accumulations of olivine crystals throughout, flanked on the top and bottom by beds of quartzite and basalt.", "C": "A large mass of olivine-rich basalt, flanked on the top and bottom by quartz-, orthoclase-, and muscovite-rich granite.", "D": "A large mass of plagioclase feldspar with Ca-rich layers on the bottom and Na-rich on top, flanked on the top and bottom by beds of basalt.", "E": "Basal layers of granite, with the remaining space filled with igneous rock rich in olivine, pyroxene, and Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4792, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Evaporites are sedimentary rocks formed by the evaporation of water bodies.", "question": "Which of the following statements concerning evaporites is false?", "options": {"A": "Seawater composition is similar worldwide, so evaporites are widespread.", "B": "Evaporite deposits typically form when small arms of the sea experience equal rates of replenishment by the ocean and rates of evaporation.", "C": "In a typical bedding sequence, carbonates and gypsum form first, halite next, and other sulfates, $\\text{MgCl}_2$ , and KCl form last.", "D": "Evaporites can form in non-marine environments.", "E": "The formation of phosphorite involves strong biosphere influences."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4793, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Sedimentary basins are regions where sediments accumulate over time.", "question": "Which of the following statements concerning sedimentary basins is false?", "options": {"A": "Intense accumulation of sediments is the main cause of their subsidence.", "B": "Both convergent and divergent plate boundaries are associated with their formation.", "C": "They are sources for natural gas and oil.", "D": "They are characterized by negative accommodation space that increases over time.", "E": "The enlargement of sedimentary basins is created through positive feedback."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4794, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The Wilson Cycle describes the cyclic process of the opening and closing of ocean basins through tectonic activity.", "question": "Order the following events according to this cycle.(1) Sediment accumulates at passive margins. (2) Accretion welds terrain onto continents. (3) The continent undergoes rifting. (4) Subduction creates volcanic mountain belts. (5) Erosion dominates, thinning mountains.", "options": {"A": "12345", "B": "31425", "C": "52413", "D": "41532", "E": "32541", "F": "15243", "G": "53124", "H": "21453"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4795, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Lithospheric processes from the Archean era were slightly different from modern-day tectonics. These differences are evidenced by komatiites, which are found only on Archean crusts.", "question": "Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for the connection between komatiites and Archean tectonic processes?", "options": {"A": "Komatiites contain high percentages of magnesium oxide, meaning they require a much higher melting temperature than in any other place found on Earth today. Higher temperatures equate to more vigorous mantle convection, which would result in thicker spreading centers and thin lithospheric flakes.", "B": "Tectonically metamorphosed komatiite, termed metakomatiite, is only found on lithosphere dated to the Archean era. This highly altered version of komatiite is only possible to have been formed during the intense orogenic episodes of the Archean era, combined with the ancient mineral-rich seas which contributed to drastic metamorphism by metasomatism.", "C": "Komatiites uniquely contain amorphous zircon crystals which date to the beginning of geologic time. The metamictization of these zircon crystals that caused the destruction of their crystal structure would have only been able to occur under Earth's early conditions of intense internal radiation, which in turn would have also caused intense mantle convection and rapid plate movement.", "D": "The thermal energy released from an extraterrestrial impact that marked the beginning of the Archean era caused Earth's mantle and crust to partially melt, leading to weak plates and intense mantle convection. The extraterrestrial object also deposited a global layer of iridium, which is highly concentrated in rare deposits of komatiite."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4796, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Karst topography is a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum.", "question": "Which of the following statements concerning Karst topography is/are false? (*).", "options": {"A": "Extremophiles living in caves consume gypsum to form sulfuric acid, furthering the formation of sinkholes and caves.", "B": "Karst morphological features are not exclusively underground. Karst influences can dominate large-scale terrains, resulting in both sharp or rounded large-scale features.", "C": "High water tables are generally indicative of Karst topography. The ground's complete saturation with water accelerates the weathering of underground limestone.", "D": "Easy dissolution of limestone accommodates for high groundwater velocities, which in turn allow toxic groundwater pollutants to be effectively removed.", "E": "The evaporation of calcium carbonate-saturated groundwater is responsible for the formation of speleothems."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4797, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "High-grade metamorphic rocks are those that have undergone intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth.", "question": "Indicate all of the following statements that could explain why the vast majority of high-grade metamorphic rocks exhumed to the surface do not undergo noticeable retrograde metamorphism? (*).", "options": {"A": " $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ removed in prograde metamorphism are required to form hydrous minerals stable at Earth's surface.", "B": "Chemical reactions occur slowly at low temperatures.", "C": "High-grade index minerals are highly resistant to weathering and the overprinting by low-grade index minerals.", "D": "Volatiles removed in prograde metamorphism are required to catalyze the degradation of high-grade index minerals.", "E": "Many mineral-forming elements removed in prograde metamorphism are absent during the reformation of low-grade index minerals."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4798, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "A geologist happens upon an assortment of galena, pyrite, and chalcopyrite while rockhounding (looking for rocks).", "question": "What is the most likely geological setting of formation of these minerals?", "options": {"A": "Cooling magma", "B": "Marine (chemical) precipitation", "C": "Hydrothermal veins", "D": "Metamorphosed pelitic rocks", "E": "Metamorphosed calcareous rocks"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4799, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Magma mixing is a process in which two or more magmas combine to form a new magma with a composition different from the original magmas.", "question": "Which of the following observations would suggest magma mixing? (*).", "options": {"A": "Pegmatitic igneous formations", "B": "Reverse zoning in minerals", "C": "Olivine crystals with Mg-rich cores and Fe-rich rims", "D": "Plagioclase crystals with Na-rich cores and Ca-rich rims", "E": "Glass inclusions", "F": "Phenocryst formation", "G": "Vugs of quartz within basalt"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G"], "answer": ["B", "D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4800, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The crystalloblastic series is fairly important in determining a rock's origin.", "question": "Indicate all of the following statements that are true. (*).", "options": {"A": "A rock with euheal quartz and anheal calcite is likely a metamorphic rock", "B": "A rock with euheal muscovite and anheal pyroxenes is likely a volcanic rock", "C": "Rutile has greater tendency to develop as euheal compared to garnet", "D": "Rutile tends to form porphyroblasts"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B", "C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4801, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Lacustrine environments are sedimentary environments that occur in lakes.", "question": "Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you usually NOT find in a lacustrine environment?", "options": {"A": "Siltstone", "B": "Shale", "C": "Travertine", "D": "Quartz sandstone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4802, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Oil and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms that have been buried and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years.", "question": "Which of the following statements regarding oil and natural gas formation is/are true? (*).", "options": {"A": "Natural gas will only develop between 2 and 5 km below the Earth's surface. Below this window, crude oil/raw petroleum is formed.", "B": "Crude oil is similar to natural gas but it is composed of simpler hydrocarbons.", "C": "The low densities of oil and natural gas cause both of them to float atop the water in permeable rock formations.", "D": "Both oil and natural gas are trapped underground by salt dome traps and impermeable shales which keep them in a hydrocarbon reservoir."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4803, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The supercontinent cycle is a process in which continents come together to form a supercontinent and then break apart again.", "question": "A lack of seafloor production, continents moving together, and largely aragonite seas are all characteristics of which phase of the supercontinent cycle?", "options": {"A": "Icehouse world, our current state", "B": "Icehouse world, our past state", "C": "Greenhouse world, our current state", "D": "Greenhouse world, our past state"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4804, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Surface erosion is the process of wearing away the Earth's surface by natural agents such as water, wind, and ice.", "question": "Which of the following relations between surface erosion and plate tectonics is/are true? (*).", "options": {"A": "There is no evidence for relations between surface erosion and plate tectonics.", "B": "Higher rates of surface erosion correlates to higher rates of subduction.", "C": "Higher rates of surface erosion correlates to more stable subduction.", "D": "Higher rates of surface erosion may transform a passive margin into an active margin.", "E": "Higher rates of surface erosion correlates to the formation of more viscous magmas."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4805, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "An inversion layer consists of a layer of warm air overlying a colder region, often forming due to prolific radiative cooling.", "question": "In theory, when would one expect a nocturnal inversion to be most strongly exhibited?", "options": {"a": "5:00 PM", "b": "8:00 PM", "c": "11:00 PM", "d": "2:00 AM", "e": "5:00 AM", "f": "8:00 AM"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"], "answer": ["e"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4806, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Forces that influence wind include the pressure-gradient force, Coriolis effect, and others.", "question": "Which of the following is/are false regarding the forces that influence wind? (\\*)", "options": {"a": "The wind-generating pressure-gradient force (PGF) is mathematically defined as change in pressure over change in altitude.", "b": "The Coriolis effect only influences winds that blow over long distances.", "c": "Counter-clockwise flow around a low is caused by a PGF that strengthens the Coriolis effect on the air parcels in motion.", "d": "Pressure gradients are tighter around stormy lows.", "e": "In the Northern Hemisphere, geostrophic winds are propelled by lows on the left and highs on the right."}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a", "c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4807, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The collision-coalescence process is a mechanism for precipitation formation in warm clouds.", "question": "It starts precipitating and you posit the collision-coalescence process is responsible for the formation of the precipitation you're experiencing. Which of the following observations would support your hypothesis? (\\*)", "options": {"a": "Clouds above freezing temperature", "b": "A high ice crystal to water droplet ratio", "c": "The precipitation being snow or hail", "d": "Strong updrafts", "e": "Lofty cirrus clouds above the storm clouds"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["a", "d"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4808, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Urbanization increases car exhaust emissions, which can affect atmospheric chemistry.", "question": "In an area of rapid urbanization, you start to notice increased traffic and thus increased car exhaust being emitted into the air. Which of the following sets of chemical reactions would most likely occur in the stratosphere above the hypothetical urbanizing area with the stated observation as the cause?", "options": {"a": "\\(\\mathrm{Cl} + \\mathrm{O_3} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{ClO} + \\mathrm{O_2}\\)\n\\(\\mathrm{ClO} + \\mathrm{O} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cl} + \\mathrm{ClO_2}\\)", "b": "\\(\\mathrm{NO} + \\mathrm{O_3} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{NO_2} + \\mathrm{O_2}\\)\n\\(\\mathrm{NO_2} + \\mathrm{O} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{NO} + \\mathrm{O_2}\\)", "c": "\\(\\mathrm{O_3} + \\mathrm{O_3} \\rightarrow 3\\mathrm{O_2}\\)\n\\(\\mathrm{O_3} + \\mathrm{UV} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{O_2} + \\mathrm{O}\\)\n\\(\\mathrm{O} + \\mathrm{O_3} \\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{O_2}\\)", "d": "\\(\\mathrm{NO_2} + \\mathrm{ClO} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{ClONO_2}\\)\n\\(\\mathrm{CH_4} + \\mathrm{Cl} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{HCl} + \\mathrm{CH_3}\\)", "e": "\\(\\mathrm{O_3} + \\mathrm{NO} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{O_2} + \\mathrm{NO_2}\\)\n\\(\\mathrm{NO_2} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{O} + \\mathrm{NO}\\)\n\\(\\mathrm{O} + \\mathrm{O_2} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{O_3}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4809, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Researchers are comparing two greenhouse spaces with different dry and wet bulb temperatures.", "question": "Researchers observe two greenhouse spaces, \\(A\\) and \\(B\\). The dry- and wet-bulb temperature measurements for space \\(A\\) are \\(22.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) and \\(15^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\), while the dry- and wet-bulb temperature measurements for space \\(B\\) are \\(23.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) and \\(20^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\). The researchers want to adjust the spaces so that their dew points will be the same. Which of the following changes can the researchers make?", "options": {"a": "The researchers should add water vapor to space A and increase the temperature of space A.", "b": "The researchers should add water vapor to space B and increase the temperature of space B.", "c": "The researchers should add water vapor to space A and increase the temperature of space B.", "d": "The researchers should add water vapor to space B and increase the temperature of space A."}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4810, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The problem involves calculating the height of a cloud base using lapse rates.", "question": "In Denver, CO, the surface air temperature is \\(32^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) and the dew point temperature is \\(15^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\). Assume the DALR is \\(10^\\circ\\mathrm{C/km}\\), the SALR is \\(8.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C/km}\\), and the ELR is \\(6.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C/km}\\). Which of the following altitudes is closest to the height at which a cloud base will begin to form?", "options": {"a": "1700 m", "b": "1900 m", "c": "2100 m", "d": "2300 m"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4811, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The environmental lapse rate (ELR) determines the stability of an air parcel.", "question": "A polluted air parcel rises above Beijing on a hot summer day. If we hope to contain the pollution as much as possible (prevent it from rising), which of the following scenarios would be most ideal?", "options": {"a": "The ELR should be less than the SALR.", "b": "The ELR should be greater than the SALR.", "c": "The ELR should be less than the DALR.", "d": "The ELR should be greater than the DALR.", "e": "The ELR should be greater than the SALR, but less than the DALR.", "f": "The ELR should be less than the SALR, but greater than the DALR."}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"], "answer": ["a"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4812, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The environmental lapse rate (ELR) is between the dry and wet adiabatic rates.", "question": "How would an air parcel behave in conditions where environmental lapse rate is between dry and wet adiabatic rate?", "options": {"a": "The air parcel is stable and tends to sink both above and below the condensation level.", "b": "The air parcel is unstable and tends to rise both above and below the condensation level.", "c": "The air parcel is stable and tends to sink below the condensation level. It is unstable and tends to rise above the condensation level.", "d": "The air parcel is unstable and tends to rise below the condensation level. It is stable and tends to sink above the condensation level.", "e": "It is impossible for environmental lapse rate to be between the dry and wet adiabatic rate."}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4813, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Changes in dew point, wind, and cloud type can indicate the passage of a front.", "question": "A sharp drop in dew point, shifting winds, and towering cumulus clouds would most likely indicate which of the following?", "options": {"a": "An approaching cold front", "b": "An ongoing cold front", "c": "A cold front after passing", "d": "An approaching warm front", "e": "An ongoing warm front", "f": "A warm front after passing"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"], "answer": ["b"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4814, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is the relative warmth of urban areas compared to surrounding rural areas.", "question": "The UHI would likely be most noticeable in which of the following conditions? (\\*)", "options": {"a": "in the morning", "b": "at night", "c": "in the summer", "d": "in the winter", "e": "in a region with moist air", "f": "in a region with dry air", "g": "in a region below a low aloft", "h": "in a region below a high aloft"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h"], "answer": ["b", "d", "e"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4815, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is where the Hadley cells of both hemispheres converge.", "question": "Given this information and your knowledge of the global atmospheric system, infer all that is false concerning the ITCZ. (\\*)", "options": {"a": "The ITCZ is located at 0 N latitude year-round.", "b": "Due to its rising air, the ITCZ produces thunderstorm clouds.", "c": "The ITCZ is more active over oceans than over land masses.", "d": "The region below the ITCZ is characterized by a strong pressure-gradient.", "e": "The Sun is the ultimate source of the ITCZ."}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"], "answer": ["b", "d"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4816, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "A highly productive fishing village is located along a North-South coastline in the northern hemisphere.", "question": "What is likely to be the dominant wind direction?", "options": {"a": "To the north", "b": "To the south", "c": "To the east", "d": "To the west"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d"], "answer": ["c"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4817, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The fishing village occasionally suffers from a collapse in its fish populations every 4-7 years.", "question": "This can probably be attributed to which of the following? (\\*)", "options": {"1": "Weakening of trade winds", "2": "Migration of warm water towards the West", "3": "Decreased salinity near the fishing village coastline", "4": "High pressure systems near the fishing village coastline"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["1", "2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4818, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "A cross-polarized light (XPL) thin section contains a mica fish, a common microscale structure present in mylonites. Two shear stress vectors are denoted \\(\\tau_1\\), which is parallel to the striations within the mica, and \\(\\tau_2\\).", "question": "Which of the following statements regarding mica fish is true?", "options": {"A": "The majority of mica fish form below the brittle-ductile boundary", "B": "Mica fish form as a result of ultra-high temperature (UHT) metamorphism", "C": "Mica fish are common within most muscovite schists", "D": "Mica fish are common within granitic intrusions", "E": "The mineral grains surrounding mica fish mostly grow in size as a result of metamorphism"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4819, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Komatiites are geologically important rocks that provide information about ancient magmatism and primitive mantle geochemistry. The metamorphism of komatiites may take two main “facies,” depending on the fugacity (i.e., partial pressure) of \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\). When \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) fugacity is high, carbonation occurs, which produces an assemblage of minerals that includes talc. When \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) fugacity is low, hydration occurs.", "question": "Identify all of the following that are likely true regarding the formation of metakomatiites.", "options": {"A": "When \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) fugacity is high, the metakomatiite formed will likely contain significant serpentine minerals", "B": "Komatiite carbonation occurs on a large scale at mid-ocean ridges from volcanic volatile release", "C": "Komatiite hydration occurs on a large scale at mid-ocean ridges from hydrothermal circulation", "D": "The carbonation of komatiites produces phyllosilicates", "E": "The carbonation of komatiites produces significant magnesite \\((\\mathrm{MgCO_3})\\)", "F": "The carbonation of komatiites produces significant calcite \\((\\mathrm{CaCO_3})\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4820, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Flowing fluids, whether it be air or water, leave characteristic sedimentary structures on their path.", "question": "Choose all of the following statements that are true about these sorts of structures.", "options": {"A": "Star dunes are formed by unimodal winds.", "B": "Parabolic dunes are common in deserts with little vegetation.", "C": "Lake beds typically contain symmetrical ripple marks.", "D": "The graded bedding of turbidites is caused by a gradual change in the energy of the depositional environment."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4821, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Benitoite is a rare, blue titanium silicate mineral that is the state gem of California. This mineral is found in veins and dikes in larger bodies of serpentinite in California and Japan.", "question": "Given this information, with which of the following rocks would benitoite most likely be associated?", "options": {"A": "Glaucophane schist (forms at relatively high pressure and low temperature)", "B": "Eclogite (forms at very high pressures and relatively high temperatures)", "C": "Migmatite (metamorphic rocks affected by partial melting)", "D": "Hornfels (forms through contact metamorphism)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4822, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "While doing field work in Italy, Walter Alvarez observed a clay layer at the K-T boundary. Above this layer, the microfossils of foraminifera changed.", "question": "This is important because it showed...", "options": {"A": "That evolution occurs gradually with each generation slowly evolving", "B": "That the base of the food chain had suddenly disappeared.", "C": "That the clay layer represents an unconformity.", "D": "That ionizing radiation had killed off the foraminifera."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4823, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The key question Walter Alvarez had was how long did it take for the clay layer at the K-T boundary to be deposited? This led him to look for iridium in the clay layer.", "question": "This led him to look for iridium in the clay layer because...", "options": {"A": "Iridium is relatively rare on Earth, but is deposited by meteorites, so the amount of iridium could be used to extrapolate the duration of the clay event.", "B": "Iridium-192 has a very long half life, so its abundance can be used to age rocks as it breaks down into other radioactive isotopes.", "C": "Iridium is a daughter product of the radioactive breakdown of Potassium, thus it can be used to date the age of rocks.", "D": "His dad was into doing research on iridium, so he thought it would be fun to work with his dad."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4824, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Suppose arkose is found with quartz arenite near an inland mountain belt. It was determined that one of these units was present before past faulting and uplift that exposed granitic basement rock, and that the other was deposited afterwards.", "question": "Select all of the following descriptions concerning these sandstones that are likely true.", "options": {"A": "The arkose has a greater porosity than the quartz arenite.", "B": "The arkose probably contains more zircon than the quartz arenite.", "C": "The arkose has a lower ratio of Ca-rich to Na-rich feldspar compared to its parent rock.", "D": "The arkosic unit is bedded above the quartzose unit."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4825, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Sediments derived from both varieties of sandstone were later transported by a stream to the coast. Select all of the following about this new deposit that are true assuming it consists exclusively of these sediments.", "question": "Select all of the following about this new deposit that are true assuming it consists exclusively of these sediments.", "options": {"A": "It likely contains significant amounts of kaolinite.", "B": "The new deposit has a higher proportion of matrix material compared to clasts.", "C": "Once lithified, the new deposit is most similar to the quartz arenite.", "D": "The resistance of the deposit to weathering is an intermediate of the two types of sandstone."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4826, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements relating to Bowen's Reaction Series is/are correct?", "options": {"A": "Going down the series, silicate structures tend to become less complicated with fewer bonds.", "B": "Minerals that crystallize at lower temperatures in the series tend to resist weathering more than minerals that crystallize at higher temperatures.", "C": "If an intermediate melt partially cools and experiences magmatic differentiation then it most likely becomes more felsic.", "D": "Orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar make up the two ends of the continuous series in the Bowen's Reaction Series.", "E": "In a porphyritic rock, the larger crystals are higher in the series than the fine-grained matrix."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4827, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "In most temperate climates, waves carry greater energy in the winter compared to the summer due to frequent storm activity. This increased energy significantly affects the structure of beaches.", "question": "Which of the following is/are true?", "options": {"A": "In the winter, sand from the beach will be deposited seaward of the beach face", "B": "Most commonly, there is a net loss of sand in the beach system each year due to erosion from waves in winter", "C": "In the summer, the beach is generally narrow and steep due to the low energy of the waves", "D": "Winter beaches generally consist of particles of larger size than summer beaches."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4828, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Scott, the International Panel on Climate Change member, is presenting on ocean acidification, a serious problem caused primarily by the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources.", "question": "Which of the following correctly characterizes the biological consequences of this process?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) bubbles are directly added to the water, making it harder for deep-sea fish to breathe", "B": "\\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) reacts with water to form an acid, making it more difficult for some organisms to form shells", "C": "\\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) reacts with water to form bicarbonate ions, which raises the pH of the water and causes sensitive organisms to suffer", "D": "Increased \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) helps some algal species that rely on this gas to perform photosynthesis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4829, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best describes the most widely accepted formation process of the solar system?", "options": {"A": "A gaseous cloud contracted to form a rapidly spinning disk of matter, which later shed successive rings of matter to form the individual planets.", "B": "A gaseous cloud contracted and flattened, eventually causing the protoplanetary disk around the young Sun condensed to form the individual planets.", "C": "Soon after the Sun formed, a passing star ripped off matter from the Sun, which eventually formed the planets.", "D": "Soon after the Sun formed, coronal mass ejections released large amounts of matter that collected to form the planets."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4830, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The freezing point of ammonia \\((\\mathrm{NH_3})\\) is \\(195.42\\ \\mathrm{K}\\), while the freezing point of methane \\((\\mathrm{CH_4})\\) is \\(90.7\\ \\mathrm{K}\\). The mean surface temperature of Jupiter at the \\(1\\ \\mathrm{bar}\\) level is \\(165\\ \\mathrm{K}\\), while Neptune's surface temperature is \\(72\\ \\mathrm{K}\\). The temperatures of the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune increase with depth.", "question": "Given this information and your knowledge of the solar system, which of the following is/are true?", "options": {"A": "Saturn has more gaseous ammonia in its atmosphere than Uranus", "B": "In the troposphere of Uranus, ammonia clouds will be found higher in the atmosphere than methane clouds", "C": "Of the Jovian planets, Jupiter has the lowest amount of gaseous ammonia in its atmosphere", "D": "When sunlight reflected from Neptune is studied spectroscopically, very little ammonia is present", "E": "Methane clouds are not present on Jupiter"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4831, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The planets of Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune have been found to radiate significantly more heat into space than they absorb from the Sun.", "question": "Which of the following could explain or contribute to this imbalance?", "options": {"A": "These planets have been expanding since the formation of the Solar System, releasing potential energy.", "B": "Heavier elements fall towards the center of the planets, releasing potential energy.", "C": "The planets are far enough from the sun that the amount of energy they absorb from the Sun is less than the amount radiated through blackbody radiation.", "D": "Lighter elements rise towards the surfaces of the planets, absorbing potential energy.", "E": "The planets have been contracting since the formation of the Solar System, releasing potential energy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4832, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Ben the comet enthusiast is studying a new comet called Comet USESO-2020. When the comet makes its closest approach to the Sun (i.e. perihelion), it is 16 AU from the Sun. The comet has a sidereal period (i.e. orbital period with respect to background stars) of 512 Earth years.The eccentricity of an orbit is defined as (aphelion - perihelion)/(aphelion + perihelion).", "question": "To two significant figures, estimate the eccentricity of the comet, and state the comet's most likely origin.", "options": {"A": "0.16, spherical Oort cloud region outside the Solar system", "B": "0.16, flat Kuiper belt region at the edge of the Solar system", "C": "0.40, spherical Oort cloud region outside the Solar system", "D": "0.40, flat Kuiper belt region at the edge of the Solar system", "E": "0.60, spherical Oort cloud region outside the Solar system", "F": "0.60, flat Kuiper belt region at the edge of the Solar system", "G": "0.80, spherical Oort cloud region outside the Solar system", "H": "0.80, flat Kuiper belt region at the edge of the Solar system"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4833, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Carbonaceous chondrites are a rare type of meteorite that are notable for containing water and organic compounds such as carboxylic acids and glycine.", "question": "Given this information, one can hypothesize that these kinds of meteorites were formed:", "options": {"1": "Compared to other meteorites, relatively close to the Sun", "2": "Compared to other meteorites, an average distance from the Sun", "3": "Compared to other meteorites, relatively far from the Sun", "4": "Not enough information to make a reasonable hypothesis"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4834, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "If the moon were to orbit the Earth in retrograde direction (i.e. clockwise viewed from above),", "question": "Which of the following statements would be true?", "options": {"1": "After a new moon, the left half of the moon would be lit up first in the Northern hemisphere", "2": "After a new moon, the right half of the moon would be lit up first in the Northern hemisphere", "3": "After a new moon, the left half of the moon would be lit up first in the Southern hemisphere", "4": "After a new moon, the right half of the moon would be lit up first in the Southern hemisphere", "5": "After a full moon, the left half of the moon would darken first in the Northern hemisphere", "6": "After a full moon, the right half of the moon would darken first in the Northern hemisphere", "7": "After a full moon, the left half of the moon would darken first in the Southern hemisphere", "8": "After a full moon, the right half of the moon would darken first in the Southern hemisphere"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8"], "answer": ["2", "3", "5", "8"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 4835, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "You travel to a parallel universe and there you find an Earth, but you realize, through your astronomical wisdom, that the planet experiences retrograde motion, the eccentricity of the planet's orbit is decreasing from \\(0.01\\) to \\(0.002\\), its axial tilt is increasing from \\(20.5^\\circ\\) to \\(29^\\circ\\), and it incredibly does not have any axial precession. Assuming all other things equal,", "question": "What can one predict will happen to the global climate on this Earth?", "options": {"1": "The climate will have milder seasons", "2": "The climate will have more extreme seasons", "3": "The climate will have an overall warming trend", "4": "The climate will have an overall cooling trend"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2", "3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4836, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "4 Vesta is a large asteroid suspected to have once been in hydrostatic equilibrium but has since been altered by major impact events.", "question": "Select all of the following that could support Vesta's hypothesized past hydrostatic equilibrium.", "options": {"A": "The unimpacted portions of Vesta fit an oblate spheroidal shape.", "B": "The average radius of Vesta is less than the potato-to-sphere transition radius of about 300 km.", "C": "Vesta's rotational period is significantly shorter than it was in the past.", "D": "Many eucrites, a basaltic achondrite, originate from the surface of Vesta as a result of the above mentioned impacts.", "E": "Stony meteorites from Vesta show evidence of thermoremanent magnetization, or magnetization that occurs when a substance cools below its Curie temperature.", "F": "Long-lived radionuclides continue to decay within Vesta's interior."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "D", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4837, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Consider a perfectly spherical, despinning (i.e. spinning is slowing down), cooling planetary body with a lid tectonics regime (a single tectonic plate for the entire planet). This model is useful in predicting tectonic environments in lid tectonics bodies like Mars and the Earth's moon.", "question": "Identify all of the following that are likely true regarding this model.", "options": {"A": "Crustal extension occurs in equatorial regions", "B": "Crustal compression occurs in equatorial regions", "C": "Crustal extension occurs in polar regions", "D": "Crustal compression occurs in polar regions", "E": "There is expected to be little to no strike-slip faulting"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4838, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Thunderstorms are important phenomena that have very significant effects on weather. At the most basic level, they consist of a convective system with a rising warm updraft and sinking cold downdraft. The downdrafts generally reach the ground and spread out, forming a boundary between cold and warm air known as a gust front. Despite their importance, most thunderstorms are 'unsustainable' - they dissipate quickly, maybe even within an hour.", "question": "Which of the following statements is/are true regarding thunderstorm development and 'sustainability' (ability of the thunderstorm to endure over time)?", "options": {"A": "Most thunderstorms are 'unsustainable' because the downdraft cuts off upward air flow", "B": "Vertical wind shear can tilt thunderstorms in a way that a new convective cell can form", "C": "If a thunderstorm has only one cell, then it is likely to last for a long time and is 'sustainable'", "D": "Intense downdrafts in large thunderstorms can cause turbulent and dangerous conditions for air traffic"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4839, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is true about the usage of ice cores in developing past climate records.", "options": {"A": "The thickness of ice core layers can be used to directly calculate past climatic temperature.", "B": "The presence of a bubble-free ice layer indicates a lack of a period of ablation or melting that year.", "C": "A large $^{16}O/^{18}O$ ratio in glacial ice is indicative of a glacial period.", "D": "Air bubbles are not accurate measures of past atmospheres due to impurities that seep in through the ice."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4840, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Atmospheric circulation in a simplified model of a non-rotating planet with a uniform surface features Hadley cells spanning from the equator to either pole.", "question": "Which of the following best explains the discrepancy between this model and real observations on Earth?", "options": {"A": "The subtropical jet streams, which require rotation in being geostrophic, in each hemisphere inhibit further poleward movement of upper-level flow.", "B": "Earth's non-uniform surface creates pressure gradients that do not necessarily direct winds towards the poles.", "C": "The presence of the Ferrel cell drives the sinking of air within the subtropical ridge, resulting in the restriction of the Hadley cell to within about 30 degrees latitude.", "D": "The flow of poleward winds, influenced by the Coriolis force, gradually decreases in their meridional component before reaching the poles."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4841, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Some studies suggest that the poleward extent of Hadley circulation is correlated with height of the tropopause.", "question": "Identify all of the following that would likely increase tropopause height in the subtropics.", "options": {"A": "Greater vertical mixing in subtropical oceans.", "B": "Increased stratospheric nitrous oxide.", "C": "Warmer mean global temperature.", "D": "Denser pressure gradients about the Intertropical Convergence Zone.", "E": "Greater temperature difference directly above and below the tropopause."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4842, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Choose all of the following statements that are true about land and sea breezes.", "options": {"A": "Land breezes blow towards land.", "B": "At night, a low surface pressure zone is created above the ocean.", "C": "Significant cloud cover would strengthen land and sea breezes.", "D": "Ignoring physical obstructions, areas with coastal cities experience stronger sea breezes than similar rural coastal areas.", "E": "Ignoring physical obstructions, areas with coastal cities experience stronger land breezes than similar rural coastal areas.", "F": "Ignoring physical obstructions, areas with coastal cities experience weaker sea breezes than similar rural coastal areas.", "G": "Ignoring physical obstructions, areas with coastal cities experience weaker land breezes than similar rural coastal areas."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G"], "answer": ["B", "D", "G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4843, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT a process that causes air to rise upward?", "options": {"A": "Orographic Lifting", "B": "Frontal Wedging", "C": "Convergence Aloft", "D": "Adiabatic Heating"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4844, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "An air parcel decreases in temperature with increasing elevation at a rate of 10 degrees Celsius per kilometer. Venkat the meteorologist measures the dew point to be 16 degrees Celsius, and the air parcel temperature to be 24 degrees Celsius. Knowing that an air parcel must equal the dew point to achieve a cloud, Venkat is so excited about the prospect of making a cloud that he wills the air parcel to rise until it has cooled to 16 degrees Celsius. To his great dismay, no cloud forms.", "question": "What is the most likely explanation?", "options": {"A": "The air parcel actually decreases in temperature at the wet adiabatic lapse rate, which is 6 degrees Celsius per kilometer", "B": "The air parcel actually decreases in temperature at the environmental lapse rate, which is 8 degrees Celsius per kilometer", "C": "The dew point has decreased due to decreasing air pressure", "D": "Air is not necessarily saturated with respect to water when air parcel temperature is equal to the dew point"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4845, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Yuchen the weatherman gives two weather reports per year, once in July, and once in January. A meteorology student compiles all of Yuchen's reports across multiple years, and notices that January reports tend to be relatively rainy, while July reports tend to be very dry.", "question": "Where is Yuchen most likely located?", "options": {"A": "Peru", "B": "Florida", "C": "Italy", "D": "Arctic Ocean", "E": "Antarctica"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4846, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Vivek the glaciologist moves to the South pole to conduct research on the Antarctic marine ecosystem. At 90 degrees South, one would expect to find:", "options": {"A": "Relatively clear skies year round", "B": "Wet summers, dry winters", "C": "Dry summer, wet winters", "D": "Large amounts of snowfall year round"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4847, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "In a particular region, one finds that the heat exchange between the sea surface and the air varies primarily because of changes in surface wind speed. Which of the following interactions is most likely responsible for this variation?", "options": {"A": "Heat is conducted in low latitudes from the sea surface to the atmosphere", "B": "Heat is conducted in the mid-latitudes as warm surface currents cool", "C": "Atmospheric circulation convects warm air overlying the ocean", "D": "The ocean radiates heat as longwave radiation into the atmosphere", "E": "Latent heat is transferred to the atmosphere as water vapor"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4850, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Upper-level jet streams play an important role in storm development. Their strength varies on a multitude of factors, including ENSO phase.", "question": "Considering the relative strength of trade winds, would an El Niño phase correspond to a stronger or weaker Pacific jet stream?", "options": {"1": "Stronger", "2": "Weaker"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4851, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following contributes the most to the abundance of nutrients in deep water?", "options": {"A": "Downwelling of agricultural runoff", "B": "Dissolution of seafloor sediments", "C": "Greater solubility in cold water", "D": "Largely anoxic conditions", "E": "Minimal primary production"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4852, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "The abundance of oxygen-18 ($\\delta^{18}\\text{O}$, defined as a normalized ratio of $^{18}\\text{O}/^{16}\\text{O}$) in seawater is affected by various physical and chemical processes. Which seawater parameter best correlates with $\\delta^{18}\\text{O}$ of surface ocean water?", "options": {"A": "Temperature", "B": "Salinity", "C": "Sea surface height", "D": "Density", "E": "Dissolved oxygen"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4853, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Salinity is one of several key properties of seawater.", "question": "Which of these is/are reasonable mechanisms describing the effect of temperature changes on ocean salinity? Assume factors that are not mentioned remain constant. (\\*)", "options": {"A": "A decrease in global tropospheric temperatures reduces the saturation vapor pressure, increasing precipitation and lowering ocean surface salinity.", "B": "A decrease in global tropospheric temperatures causes sea ice formation, resulting in brine rejection and decreasing overall ocean salinity.", "C": "Increased tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) results in added moisture to the air, increasing rainfall and lowering tropical ocean surface salinity.", "D": "Increased tropospheric temperatures in a coastal region causes greater freshwater fluxes, lowering deep water salinity relative to surface salinity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4854, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Salinity is one of several key properties of seawater.", "question": "What is the effect of a decrease in global average temperatures on the $Cl^-$ (chloride ion) to $Na^+$ (sodium ion) ratio in seawater?", "options": {"A": "Increases the $Cl^-$ to $Na^+$ ratio", "B": "Decreases the $Cl^-$ to $Na^+$ ratio", "C": "Does not affect the $Cl^-$ to $Na^+$ ratio"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4855, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Assume that water masses E and G are isopycnal (at the same density) and equal volumes of E and G are mixed together.", "question": "Will the combined water mass upwell, downwell, or do neither?", "options": {"A": "Upwell, because the final water mass will have a lower density than the initial density", "B": "Downwell, because the final water mass will have a higher density than the initial density", "C": "Neither, because the final water mass will have the same density than the initial density"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4856, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "A climate model predicts both an increased SST and increased evaporation relative to precipitation at \\(55^\\circ\\mathrm{N}\\). These factors alone would cause the amount of \\(\\mathrm{CO_2}\\) dissolved in seawater at \\(55^\\circ\\mathrm{N}\\) to:", "options": {"A": "Increase, resulting in greater ocean acidification", "B": "Decrease, resulting in more $\\text{CO}_2$ released to the atmosphere", "C": "Remain unchanged, since temperature, evaporation, and precipitation have no effects on dissolved $\\text{CO}_2$", "D": "Inconclusive from the information given"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4857, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "To constrain the age of this metamorphic complex, U-Pb analysis was conducted on two zircon populations called Gab and Det. $^{238}\\mathrm{U}$ decays to $^{206}\\mathrm{Pb}$ with a half-life of $4.468\\cdot10^9$ years. It can be assumed that there has been no loss of parent or daughter isotopes from the zircons and that all $^{206}\\mathrm{Pb}$ is radiogenic. Calculations are often performed using isotopic ratios; in this case, we use the $^{206}\\mathrm{Pb}/^{238}\\mathrm{U}$ ratio.", "question": "Which expression correctly gives the age \\(t\\) of a sample in terms of half-life \\((\\lambda)\\) and the isotopic ratio of \\(\\mathrm{^{206}Pb}/\\mathrm{^{238}U}\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(t = \\lambda \\log_2\\left(1 + \\frac{\\mathrm{^{206}Pb}}{\\mathrm{^{238}U}}\\right)\\)", "B": "\\(t = 2^{\\left(\\frac{\\mathrm{^{206}Pb}}{\\mathrm{^{238}U}}\\lambda\\right)}\\)", "C": "\\(t = \\frac{1}{\\lambda}\\log_2\\left(1 + \\frac{\\mathrm{^{206}Pb}}{\\mathrm{^{238}U}}\\right)\\)", "D": "\\(t = -\\lambda \\log_2\\left(1 + \\frac{\\mathrm{^{206}Pb}}{\\mathrm{^{238}U}}\\right)\\)", "E": "\\(t = \\lambda \\log_2\\left(\\frac{\\mathrm{^{206}Pb}}{\\mathrm{^{238}U}}\\right)\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4858, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is true? 1. The geothermal gradient was greater in the past because there was greater residual internal heat from Earth's formation2. The geothermal gradient was greater in the past because there was greater radioactive decay in Earth's interior3. Precambrian-aged blueschists are rare", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and II", "D": "I and III", "E": "II and III", "F": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4859, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The Moon is not a sphere. Identify all of the following which are true of its sphericity. (Note: *oblateness* is how 'squished' a *spheroid* is.)", "question": "I) The Moon is thicker on its near side due to the Earth's gravity.\n\nII) Due to its slower rate of rotation, the Moon is less oblate than the Earth.\n\nIII) The Moon is oblate primarily due to tidal forces from the Earth.", "options": {"A": "II only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and III", "D": "II and III", "E": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4860, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The geochemical differentiation of the Moon provides evidence for the hypothesis that the Moon's crust and mantle solidified from a primordial magma ocean.", "question": "Which of the options correctly orders the sequence of crystallization from first to last? I) Fe-rich olivine II) Ca-rich plagioclase III) Plagioclase rich in rare earth elements (REEs)", "options": {"1": "I, II, III", "2": "I, III, II", "3": "II, I, III", "4": "III, II, I", "5": "III, I, II"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4861, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "During a lunar eclipse, the Moon is known to appear a red or blood orange color. This phenomenon is commonly known as a 'Blood Moon.'", "question": "Identify all of the following which is/are true during a total lunar eclipse. I) Nearly all of the light illuminating the Moon passes first through the Earth's atmosphere. II) Optical dispersion through Earth's atmosphere causes blue light to be refracted at a smaller angle than red light, leading it to miss the Moon. III) Rayleigh scattering in Earth's atmosphere prevents blue light from reaching the viewer in significant quantities. IV) The majority of blue light is converted into lower energy red light upon absorbance and subsequent emission from molecules in the Earth's atmosphere. ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "I and II", "C": "I and III", "D": "III and IV", "E": "IV only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4862, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Venera 14 visited Venus and recorded some data about the surface lithology. The probe discovered very fine layering in the rock thin enough to approach the maximum image resolution of its cameras. The probe also found that the rock was unusually weak.", "question": "Which of the following minerals would likely be most prominent in this rock?", "options": {"A": "Pyrite", "B": "Magnetite", "C": "Hematite"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4863, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Lake Furnas is a warm monomictic lake (mixing once annually in winter) located on an island in the North Atlantic. A chemical tomography of Lake Furnas and a map of the surrounding region are provided below. The bright yellow asterisks on the lake's surface in Figure 3a represent flares of highly concentrated $CO_2$ .", "question": "Are the subsurface structures of these flares better represented by the region above the green diamond or purple triangle in Figure 3a?", "options": {"A": "Green diamond, because the concentration of $CO_2$ is greater at depth", "B": "Purple triangle, because the concentration of $CO_2$ is lower at depth", "C": "Green diamond, because the concentration of $CO_2$ near the surface and at depth are relatively different", "D": "Purple triangle, because the concentration of $CO_2$ near the surface and at depth are relatively similar"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4864, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The four Galilean moons, listed in order of increasing distance from Jupiter, are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.", "question": "Which of the following statements is/are likely true of these moons? I) Meteorites strike Io and Europa more often than Callisto and Ganymede due to inward focusing of debris caused by Jupiter II) Io and Europa have more internal heat than Callisto and Ganymede because their larger masses allow them to maintain a higher geotherm", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4865, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "A geologist studying a lava lake is interested in the settling rates of cooling crystals.", "question": "Which of the following rock formations would be of most use to the geologist?", "options": {"A": "Large, closely packed olivine crystals in an intermediate groundmass that is finest near the top", "B": "Ripples of lava trending from higher to lower elevation that grow blockier as they progress downslope", "C": "Layers of rock fading from light to dark in repeated patterns that increase in thickness toward a central region", "D": "Repeated vertical intrusions separated by baked contacts"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4866, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "One of the leading models for mantle convection is known as the double-layered model, which describes the mantle as having two distinct convection cells separated by a mid-mantle boundary at a depth of around 660 km.", "question": "Which of the following observations would support the double-layered model? I) Subducting tectonic plates in the boundary region typically create compressional earthquakes II) Mid-Atlantic Ridge Basalts are generally depleted in volatile elements while Hawaiian Ocean Island Basalts are generally rich in volatile elements", "options": {"I": "Subducting tectonic plates in the boundary region typically create compressional earthquakes", "II": "Mid-Atlantic Ridge Basalts are generally depleted in volatile elements while Hawaiian Ocean Island Basalts are generally rich in volatile elements", "A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["I", "II", "A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4867, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Since zircon incorporates almost no lead (Pb) upon formation, the ratio of $^{206}\\text{Pb}$ to $^{207}\\text{Pb}$ can be used to date the crystal. $^{206}\\text{Pb}$ forms from $^{238}\\text{U}$ with a half-life of 4.468 billion years and $^{207}\\text{Pb}$ forms from $^{235}\\text{U}$ with a half-life of 703.8 million years. A scientist discovers a zircon crystal that she believes formed 500 million years ago and lost some of its lead to external sources. When the crystal formed, the ratio of $^{238}\\text{U}$ to $^{235}\\text{U}$ on Earth was approximately 91.0.", "question": "Which of the following ratios of $^{206}\\text{Pb}$ to $^{207}\\text{Pb}$ would the researcher expect to find in the crystal if 50% of Pb was lost during an event 250 million years ago?", "options": {"A": "15.86", "B": "17.47", "C": "18.09", "D": "19.52"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4868, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Hydrostatic pingos are typically found in regions underlain by permafrost.", "question": "Identify all of the following environments that would be favorable for the development of hydrostatic pingos. I. A still-water lake that has been recently infilled with sediment II. A sloping hill underlain by coarse gravel III. A compacted ground moraine deposited by a valley glacier", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "I and II", "C": "II and III", "D": "I and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4869, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The Bowen ratio $B$ is the ratio of sensible heat flux (SHF) to latent heat flux (LHF), defined to be positive in the surface-to-atmosphere direction. Given that SHF is relatively small and more uniform across latitudes compared to LHF,", "question": "Which of the following can be inferred about $B$? I) If the air is warmer than the surface and net evaporation is occurring, $B$ is negative II) If the surface is warmer than the air, decreasing soil moisture in a dry atmosphere lowers $B$ III) On average, $B$ decreases with increasing latitude", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "I and III", "E": "II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4870, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Jupiter and Saturn share similar structures due to commonalities in their formation and composition. They are,however, not entirely the same.", "question": "Which of the following correctly contrasts properties of these two planets?", "options": {"A": "Jupiter's higher mass results in it having more liquid metallic hydrogen than Saturn", "B": "Jupiter's stronger magnetic field results in it having a higher density than Saturn", "C": "Tidal forces from Ganymede induce storms on Jupiter while Titan's magnetic field inhibits storms on Saturn", "D": "Jupiter's magnetic field is produced from the convection of iron and nickel while Saturn's magnetic field is produced from the convection of silicate material"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4871, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Serpentinization is an important metamorphic process that may have played a role in the development of early life on Earth. Although there are multiple pathways, one of the basic serpentinization reactions involves $Fe_2SiO_4$ , the iron-rich endmember of the olivine solid solution: $$3 Fe_2SiO_4 + 2 H_2O \\longrightarrow 2 Fe_3O_4 + 3 SiO_2 + 2 H_2$$", "question": "Which of the following statements is/are likely true? I) Crust undergoing serpentinization generally increases in volume II) Serpentinized rocks are commonly found in ophiolite structures III) Infiltration of silica-rich groundwater would hinder serpentinization ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "II and III", "D": "I and II", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4872, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Large shield volcanoes are common on the surfaces of Venus and Mars. Although these volcanoes have similar compositions and structures, they are significantly shorter on Venus than on Mars.", "question": "Which of the following processes best explains this difference?", "options": {"A": "Rapid weathering by Venus' atmosphere", "B": "Underground magma chamber collapse", "C": "Isostatic adjustment", "D": "Fracturing of magma pathways"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4873, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "In an area thought to have once been at the ocean floor, scientists find a bed of calcareous sediment overlain by siliceous sediments.", "question": "Which of the following past environmental changes would least likely account for this change in deposited material?", "options": {"A": "Sinking of the seafloor over time", "B": "Increase in subsurface ocean temperature over time", "C": "Increase in ocean acidity over time", "D": "Movement of the seafloor towards an area of coastal upwelling over time"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4874, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "During the early Pliocene, low mean sea levels resulted in the closing of the Indonesian Gateway, preventing equatorial water flow between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. A recent study used paleoclimate proxies to characterize P-E, or precipitation minus evaporation, across the Pacific Ocean during the early Pliocene.", "question": "Which of the following correctly describes how the closing of the Indonesian Gateway would likely affect Pacific P-E?", "options": {"A": "Higher P-E at the equator, higher P-E at mid-latitudes", "B": "Higher P-E at the equator, lower P-E at mid-latitudes", "C": "Lower P-E at the equator, higher P-E at mid-latitudes", "D": "Lower P-E at the equator, lower P-E at mid-latitudes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4875, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Clastic dikes are discordant structures similar to igneous dikes but filled with sediment rather than igneous rock. Clastic dikes found in Badlands National Park extend up to 30 meters deep and run for a quarter of a mile at many different strikes and dips, criss-crossing at random intervals.", "question": "Identify all of the following possible formation mechanisms that could explain the formation of these structures. I) Large mud cracks formed and then filled with clastic material. II) Large-scale extensional tectonics resulted in stretching and fracturing of crustal rock. III) Liquefaction during seismic activity injected sediment into the resulting fractures.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and II", "D": "I and III", "E": "II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4876, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The Sun has gradually been getting brighter over time---when the Solar System formed, it was only about \\(70\\) percent as bright as it is today. Scientists hypothesize that Mars formerly had liquid water, but it is unclear how a dimmer Sun could sustain high enough temperatures to do so. One model suggests that this was possible due to processes related to hydrogen release in the atmosphere of Mars, which occurs due to the oxidation of iron with equation \\(2\\mathrm{FeO} + \\mathrm{H_2O} \\longrightarrow \\mathrm{Fe_2O_3} + \\mathrm{H_2}\\).", "question": "Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the effect of this process on the Martian surface and atmosphere? I) The rate of $\\text{H}_2$ outgassing has increased over time II) The Martian equator likely has a higher $\\text{Fe}_2\\text{O}_3/\\text{FeO}$ ratio than the poles", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4877, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "In the Southern Ocean, coastal polynyas are areas of open water in which sea ice forms. Outside these sites, the growth of sea ice in most of the ice-covered region is restricted by a feedback involving brine rejection which results in heat mixing upwards.", "question": "Which of the following statements best explains why coastal polynyas are often sites of deepwater formation while other ice-covered regions are not?", "options": {"A": "Sea ice formed in coastal polynyas is typically thicker than sea ice formed elsewhere", "B": "In coastal polynyas, most heat is conducted directly from the ocean to the atmosphere", "C": "The salinity of sea ice formed in coastal polynyas is relatively low, so brine rejection is stronger", "D": "Isopycnals are nearly horizontal at coastal polynyas, while nearly vertical in the sea ice zone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4880, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Although often assumed to be constant for a given location, the moist adiabatic lapse rate (MALR) actually varies with height, primarily due to the effects of latent heat release on rising air.", "question": "Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between MALR and atmospheric pressure and temperature, respectively?", "options": {"A": "Direct, direct", "B": "Direct, inverse", "C": "Inverse, direct", "D": "Inverse, inverse"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4881, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "A soil located in which of the following environments would likely be most susceptible to liquefaction during a major earthquake?", "options": {"A": "Above a former desert lake bed", "B": "Above a region of karst topography", "C": "In the outwash plain of a valley glacier", "D": "On the edge of a meandering river"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4882, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "A major runoff event causes an influx of nutrients into the Gulf of Mexico, causing a large but short-lived algal bloom.", "question": "Which of the following best describes how this event would affect the water's dissolved oxygen content at the surface and at a depth of 500 meters, respectively?", "options": {"A": "Increase, then decrease; uniformly increase", "B": "Increase, then decrease; uniformly decrease", "C": "Decrease, then increase; uniformly increase", "D": "Decrease, then increase; uniformly decrease"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4883, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Radiation fog forms when Earth's surface cools radiatively and the surrounding air condenses.", "question": "This type of fog is most likely to form when a relatively ______ layer of ______ air underlies a layer of ______ air.", "options": {"A": "Shallow; moist; drier", "B": "Shallow; dry; moister", "C": "Deep, moist, drier", "D": "Deep, dry, moister"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4884, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "A geologist is analyzing two basalt samples titled “Sample A” and “Sample B.” They determine that Sample A is relatively depleted in alkali metals such as potassium. Meanwhile, Sample B is relatively enriched in alkali metals.", "question": "Given only this information, which of the following choices most likely describes the origin of Sample A?", "options": {"A": "Sample A was derived from magma associated with a continental mantle plume, which led to more complete melting.", "B": "Sample A was derived from magma associated with a continental mantle plume, which led to less complete melting.", "C": "Sample A was derived from magma associated with melting at an oceanic rift, which led to more complete melting.", "D": "Sample A was derived from magma associated with melting at an oceanic rift, which led to less complete melting."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4885, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "The meandering channel of a slightly-stratified estuary has both a primary flow downstream as well as a secondary circulation that involves cross-channel flow in a helical pattern. A hydrologist determines that the secondary circulation developed due to centrifugal forces pushing the water surface toward the outer banks of meanders.", "question": "Given this information, which of the following is/are true regarding the isohaline profiles of the estuary channel? I) Isohalines in the longitudinal profile of the estuary channel are oriented near-horizontal II) Isohalines in the cross-sectional profile of a meander decrease in salinity toward the outer bank", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4886, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "A geologist studies a stratigraphic sequence and identifies the following rocks, from top to bottom: sandstone, quartzite, granite.", "question": "In which of the following environments was this sequence most likely observed?", "options": {"A": "Near a large intrusive igneous body, such as a batholith", "B": "In a zone with extensive folding from high differential stress", "C": "Near evidence of a prehistoric tropical beach", "D": "Adjacent to the high-energy headwaters (i.e. source) of a river"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4887, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Suppose, while excavating vertically through sedimentary strata, one encounters rock units (labeled A-D) in the following sequence: A, B, C, D, C, B, A.", "question": "What deformational feature is this most likely a part of?", "options": {"A": "Dome, an upwarped region", "B": "Recumbent fold, a fold “on its side”", "C": "Normal fault", "D": "Reverse fault"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4888, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The Basin and Range Province covering much of Western United States contains fault-block mountains that are associated with normal faults. These normal faults generally run parallel to the base of the north-south trending mountain ranges of the region.", "question": "From this information, we can infer that mountains of the Basin and Range Province most likely formed as a result of:", "options": {"A": "The isostatic uplift of sections of the crust that are less dense than surrounding materials.", "B": "Tensional stresses that pull on the crust in the region.", "C": "Compressional forces that push sections of the crust upward.", "D": "The erosion of softer materials of the crust that then expose the underlying resistant bedrock.", "E": "The activity of volcanic hotspots that disrupt the structure of the crust."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4889, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Rocks such as breccia are more likely to form in a(n) ______ environment, while mudstone is more likely to form in a(n) ______ environment.", "options": {"A": "Low energy erosional; high energy erosional", "B": "Low energy depositional; high energy depositional", "C": "High energy erosional; low energy erosional", "D": "High energy depositional; low energy depositional"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4890, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a possible result of plates moving along a transform boundary?", "options": {"A": "opening of a new ocean basin", "B": "seafloor spreading", "C": "earthquakes and tsunamis", "D": "mantle convection"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4891, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following characteristics best describes the igneous rock most likely to be found along the outside of a shield volcano?", "options": {"A": "Mafic and coarse grained", "B": "Mafic and fine grained", "C": "Felsic and coarse grained", "D": "Felsic and fine grained"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4892, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "The main geologic evidence for the accumulation of atmospheric oxygen 2.3 Bya (billion years ago) is based on which of the following chemical properties?", "options": {"A": "The precipitation rate of silica", "B": "The dissolved oxygen capacity of different temperatures of water", "C": "The hydrogen bond strength in $H_2O$", "D": "The solubility of Fe ions"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4893, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is/are true regarding silica content in magmas?", "options": {"A": "Magmas with low silica content are more likely to form glass textures when cooled rapidly than magmas with high silica content.", "B": "Magmas with low silica content flow faster than magmas with high silica content.", "C": "Eruptions involving magmas with low silica content are more explosive than eruptions involving magmas with high silica content.", "D": "Magmas with high silica content require higher temperatures to preserve its molten state than magmas with low silica content."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4894, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Maya the geologist has three samples of white rock. She knows that they are limestone, gypsum and kaolinite, but she cannot tell which one is which.", "question": "Which of the following options would give her the most veritable way to tell which one is which?", "options": {"A": "Limestone fizzes with HCl, gypsum can be scratched with a fingernail and kaolinite expands in water", "B": "Limestone expands in water, gypsum can be scratched with a fingernail, and kaolinite fizzes with HCl", "C": "Gypsum expands in water, kaolinite can be scratched with a fingernail and limestone expands in water", "D": "Gypsum expands in water, limestone can be scratched with a fingernail and kaolinite fizzes with HCl"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4895, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Indicate all of the following which fall under the category of silicate minerals:", "options": {"A": "Biotite", "B": "Hornblende", "C": "Calcite", "D": "Quartz", "E": "Pyrite", "F": "Orthoclase"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 4896, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "In a typical subtropical gyre, the easternmost currents are usually:", "options": {"A": "Cold in the northern hemisphere; warm in the southern hemisphere", "B": "Warm in the northern hemisphere; cold in the southern hemisphere", "C": "Cold in both hemispheres", "D": "Warm in both hemispheres"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4897, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Brine rejection is an integral process in the formation of the North Atlantic Deep Water, a driving force of thermohaline circulation.", "question": "Which of the following best describes the process of brine rejection?", "options": {"A": "Warm water cannot have high salinity, forcing colder, more saline water below", "B": "Dissolution of salt is an exothermic process, creating a thermal gradient in the water column", "C": "The decay of large amounts of organic matter (e.g. brine shrimp) leads to a dense water mass", "D": "Sea ice formation leaves behind salt, forming a high salinity water mass"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4898, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Select all of the following that increases as you move down a mature stream.", "options": {"A": "Discharge", "B": "Mean Velocity", "C": "Maximum particle size able to be carried", "D": "Capacity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "B", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4899, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Select all of the following that are true regarding ocean surface currents at the equator.", "options": {"A": "The Coriolis effect causes surface waters to converge at the equator", "B": "They are primarily meridional", "C": "The water of such currents has a relatively low salinity", "D": "They lose heat to the atmosphere before feeding into western boundary currents", "E": "Most flow westward, but some flow to the east"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4900, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Select all of the following that are true about the oceanic lithosphere as time passes.", "options": {"A": "Younger lithosphere is generally closer to spreading centers than older lithosphere", "B": "Ocean depth is often greater towards spreading centers", "C": "The lithosphere becomes less dense and more buoyant as it ages", "D": "Thickness of sediment deposits tends to increase with distance from a spreading center", "E": "Iron oxides in lithospheric rock create visible bands that can be used for determining age", "F": "Eventually, oceanic lithosphere is usually accreted onto the margins of continents"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4901, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "A mature stream flows from a floodplain into a lake.", "question": "A sudden decrease in the lake's water level would have what effect on the characteristics of the stream?", "options": {"A": "The width of the stream would increase", "B": "The stream would develop more meanders", "C": "The discharge, or volume of water passing a point per given amount of time, would increase", "D": "The stream would begin to erode surrounding sediment"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4902, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Density of seawater increases as:", "options": {"A": "temperature, salinity, and pressure decrease.", "B": "temperature, salinity, and pressure increase.", "C": "temperature increases; salinity and pressure decrease.", "D": "salinity and pressure increase; temperature decreases.", "E": "pressure increases; temperature and salinity decrease."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4903, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are likely true as you dive deeper in an area of the Arctic Ocean where sea surface temperature is less than $0^{\\circ}\text{C}$?", "options": {"A": "Temperature increases slightly, then remains constant", "B": "Aragonite solubility increases", "C": "Density decreases slightly, then remains constant", "D": "Chlorophyll concentration increases", "E": "Calcite solubility increases"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 4904, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are likely true about currents in the North Pacific?", "options": {"A": "The California Current in the East Pacific is significantly stronger than the Kuroshio Current in the West Pacific", "B": "The California current in the East Pacific is significantly weaker than the Kuroshio Current in the West Pacific", "C": "The California current in the East Pacific is about the same strength as the Kuroshio Current in the West Pacific", "D": "The North Equatorial Current (southern arm of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre) is generated primarily by the trade winds", "E": "Vertical water movement is primarily dominated by upwelling at the equator", "F": "The most saline water typically occurs near 30N"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B", "D", "E", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 4905, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best explains why a wind blowing towards the south on the Western coast of the United States will likely lead to higher biological activity?", "options": {"A": "The balance of gravity and the Coriolis force results in a net transport of water towards the shore, bringing in nutrient-rich water from the ocean.", "B": "The balance of friction and the Coriolis force results in a net transport of water towards the shore, bringing in nutrient-rich water from the ocean.", "C": "The balance of gravity and the Coriolis force results in a net transport of water away from the shore, allowing nutrient-rich deep water to rise to the surface.", "D": "The balance of friction and the Coriolis force results in a net transport of water away from the shore, allowing nutrient-rich deep water to rise to the surface.", "E": "The wind blows nutrients from northern forests into the ocean, leading to higher biological activity.", "F": "The wind moves nutrient-rich cold water from north to south."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4906, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Use the following chemical reactions to answer the following question.$$CO_2(g) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow H_2CO_3(aq)$$\n\n $$H_2CO_3(aq) + CaCO_3(s) \rightarrow Ca(HCO_3)_2(aq)$$\n\n", "question": "Which of the following correctly describes $CaCO_3$ in the ocean?", "options": {"A": "As depth increases, the solubility of $\\text{CO}_2$ increases due to increased pressure, decreasing the pH and leading to more $\\text{CaCO}_3$ dissolving.", "B": "Solid $\\text{CaCO}_3$ is generally not found below a certain depth in the ocean.", "C": "$\\text{CaCO}_3$ in the ocean is mainly obtained from river sediments.", "D": "Almost all biogenic sediment on the ocean floor is composed of $\\text{CaCO}_3$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4907, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "At a time when tides are particularly strong, the moon phase is most likely to be:", "options": {"A": "New Moon", "B": "First Quarter", "C": "Full Moon", "D": "Third Quarter"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4908, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are true of ocean acidification?", "options": {"A": "Ocean acidification has a directly detrimental effect on organisms like diatoms with silicon-based shells", "B": "Ocean acidification actually describes a shift closer to a neutral pH", "C": "Human activity is a significant contributor to ocean acidification", "D": "The average ocean pH has decreased 0.1 since the industrial revolution, which is small enough such that the effect on ocean life has been insignificant"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4909, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Why do cumulonimbus clouds form “anvil-like” tops?", "options": {"A": "As moist air cools and sinks, it contracts, forming a narrower cloud. Consequently, the top of the cloud is wider and looks like an anvil.", "B": "As moist air rises forming the cloud, it experiences less pressure, allowing it to expand outward.", "C": "As moist air rises, it reaches a temperature inversion, which prevents its rise, forcing sideways movement.", "D": "As moist air rises and forms clouds, it becomes drier, allowing the molecules to move around more freely and the air to expand, forming a wider anvil."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4910, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Atmospheric stability refers to the atmosphere's influence on the vertical motion of air due to differences in temperature.", "question": "Which of the following is/are true regarding atmospheric stability?", "options": {"A": "When the rate at which an air parcel cools with altitude is faster than that of its surrounding atmosphere, the parcel of air will remain stagnant.", "B": "When the rate at which an air parcel cools with altitude is faster than that of its surrounding atmosphere, the parcel of air will rise.", "C": "Towering clouds form when air parcels always cool slower with altitude than the surrounding atmosphere.", "D": "Clouds cannot form when air parcels always cool faster with altitude than their surrounding atmosphere."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4911, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is/are true regarding climate changes with respect to latitude?", "options": {"A": "Differences in seasonal temperature decreases with increasing latitude.", "B": "Rays from the Sun travel through less atmosphere with increasing latitude.", "C": "Increases in temperature in response to greenhouse gases are greater at lower latitudes.", "D": "The upper boundary for cloud formation is lower at higher latitudes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4912, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Wind is controlled by differences in atmospheric pressure, the Coriolis effect, and friction.", "question": "Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) each factor's effect on wind?", "options": {"A": "The Coriolis effect only affects wind direction and not wind speed.", "B": "A larger distance in which a difference in atmospheric pressure exists results in faster winds.", "C": "Winds closer to the ground are slower due to friction. Therefore, the Coriolis effect has a larger effect on surface winds than upper-air winds.", "D": "The Coriolis effect is strongest at the equator and weakest at the poles due to the higher tangential velocity at the equator.", "E": "Smaller atmospheric pressure differences in the winter result in weaker winds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4913, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Indicate all of following statements that are true concerning atmospheric stability:", "options": {"A": "Warmer air being held above cooler air corresponds to an unstable atmosphere", "B": "Air that is warmer than its surroundings tends to rise", "C": "Air that is cooler than its surroundings tends to sink, leading to a stable atmosphere", "D": "There is a net heat transfer between a rising parcel of air and its surroundings"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4914, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "A northerly wind carries cold, dry air from land across the warmer waters of Lake Superior. As the air moves over the lake, it gains moisture through evaporation and later produces lake-effect snow near Marquette.", "question": "Which of the following sets of terms best describes the air mass from the previous question before it passes over the lake?", "options": {"A": "Warm and moist", "B": "Warm and dry", "C": "Cold and moist", "D": "Cold and dry"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4915, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "A meteorologist mounts two thermometers side by side. One is covered with a piece of cloth dipped in distilled water and the other is kept dry. An electric fan blows air past both thermometers and the resulting temperatures are recorded.", "question": "Which of the following are true regarding the results?", "options": {"A": "A small difference between the two thermometer measurements indicates low humidity.", "B": "A small difference between the two thermometer measurements indicates high humidity.", "C": "Cooling the air temperature will increase the relative humidity, defined as the ratio of the actual vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure.", "D": "Cooling the air temperature will increase the mixing ratio, defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air.", "E": "Cooling the air temperature will increase the dew point, defined as the temperature at which air would be saturated with water vapor."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4916, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "In some region, a dry air parcel cools at a rate of $10^{\\circ} \text{C}$ per 1000 m of elevation and a wet air parcel (saturated with water vapor) cools at a rate of $6^{\\circ} \text{C}$ per 1000 m of elevation.", "question": "Which of the following is true regarding the scenario?", "options": {"A": "If the atmospheric temperature decreases at a rate of $12^{\\circ} \\text{C}$ per 1000 m of elevation, an air parcel forced upward will continue to rise on its own.", "B": "If the atmospheric temperature decreases at a rate of $12^{\\circ} \\text{C}$ per 1000 m of elevation, the air parcel will resist vertical movement.", "C": "If the atmospheric temperature decreases at a rate of $12^{\\circ} \\text{C}$ per 1000 m of elevation, the air parcel will resist vertical movement until it is saturated with water vapor.", "D": "If the atmospheric temperature decreases at a rate of $8^{\\circ} \\text{C}$ per 1000 m of elevation, the air parcel will continue to rise on its own.", "E": "If the atmospheric temperature decreases at a rate of $8^{\\circ} \\text{C}$ per 1000 m of elevation, the air parcel will resist vertical movement.", "F": "If the atmospheric temperature decreases at a rate of $8^{\\circ} \\text{C}$ per 1000 m of elevation, the air parcel will resist vertical movement until it is saturated with water vapor."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4917, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "During the winter, snowstorms form downwind of the Great Lakes. This occurs when a cold, dry air mass moves over the warmer lake water.", "question": "Which of the following is true regarding this phenomenon?", "options": {"A": "This occurs when a continental polar air mass moves over the Great Lakes.", "B": "This occurs when a maritime polar air mass moves over the Great Lakes.", "C": "As the air warms over the lake, it becomes less buoyant and spreads out to form stratus clouds.", "D": "As the air moves over the lake, it sweeps up moisture, quickly becoming saturated."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4918, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The \"dark side of the moon\" is relatively smooth and non-reflective.", "question": "Which of the following statements about this side of the moon is most likely to be true?", "options": {"A": "Similar to basalt in composition and relatively young", "B": "Similar to granite in composition and relatively old", "C": "Similar to basalt in composition and relatively old", "D": "Similar to granite in composition and relatively young"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4919, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Which terrestrial planet has the strongest magnetic field?", "options": {"A": "Mercury", "B": "Venus", "C": "Earth", "D": "Mars"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4920, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "In a lunar eclipse, the line of nodes points at the sun.", "question": "The moon must also be in what phase?", "options": {"A": "New Moon", "B": "First Quarter", "C": "Waning Gibbous", "D": "Full Moon", "E": "Third Quarter"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4921, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Mercury possesses a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance with the Sun, meaning it rotates about its axis 3 times with every 2 revolutions around the Sun.", "question": "Approximately how long, in Mercury years, does a single 360 degree rotation take?", "options": {"A": "0.42", "B": "0.59", "C": "0.67", "D": "1.53"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4922, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The above answer refers to the *sidereal day* of Mercury.", "question": "Which of the following explains why there is a difference in between Mercury's sidereal day and its solar day (that is, the time between consecutive noons for a given position)?", "options": {"A": "Mercury has an exceptionally eccentric orbit, bringing it closer to or farther from the Sun", "B": "The tilt of Mercury's axis results in changes in the duration of daytime over the course of one year", "C": "Mercury's axis precesses, or \"wobbles\" over time, continually shifting the position of the equinoxes", "D": "Mercury revolves about the sun so that a rotation about its axis of more than 360 degrees is needed to face the Sun again"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4923, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following characteristics contribute to Jupiter's strong magnetic field?", "options": {"A": "Hydrogen-rich atmosphere", "B": "Metallic hydrogen outer core", "C": "Solid, ferromagnetic nickel-iron core", "D": "Interaction with solar wind particles", "E": "Fast rotation about its axis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4924, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "A hypothetical comet orbiting the Sun has an orbital semimajor axis of 64 AU.", "question": "Which of the following best approximates the orbital period of the comet (in Earth years)?", "options": {"A": "2 years", "B": "16 years", "C": "64 years", "D": "256 years", "E": "512 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4925, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the Sun?", "options": {"A": "Sunspots are areas on the surface of the Sun that are hotter than the surrounding plasma", "B": "The atmosphere of the Sun is hottest closest to the surface", "C": "The edge or limb of the solar disk appears to be dimmer than the center because temperature increases with depth in the Sun's photosphere", "D": "Solar winds can interact with the Earth's magnetic field to ionize gases in the troposphere, causing auroras"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4926, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The terrestrial planets have diverse surface conditions that affect the formation and evolution of craters.", "question": "Which of the following are consequences of the terrestrial planets' surface conditions?", "options": {"A": "Mercury's strong magnetic field prevents most meteoroids from impacting the surface.", "B": "Crater density on Venus is much smaller than that on the Moon and Mars due to Venus' dense atmosphere.", "C": "Few craters are preserved on the Earth due to the atmosphere and hydrologic cycle.", "D": "Active plate tectonic activity on Mars causes nearly every surface crater to be eroded rapidly."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4927, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is true regarding the solar system's planets?", "options": {"A": "On Mars, large smooth regions in the Northern Hemisphere can likely be attributed to cooled basaltic lava flows.", "B": "On Jupiter, the Great Red Spot's color can be attributed to iron on the surface", "C": "Uranus has very similar conditions across all latitudes", "D": "Mercury experiences the hottest temperatures in the solar system due to its greenhouse effect."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4928, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The Milankovitch cycles, a series of fluctuations in Earth's orbital eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession, lead to sizable changes in the Earth's climate.", "question": "Circle all of the following that would increase the possibility of an ice age.", "options": {"A": "Increasing eccentricity of Earth's orbit which decreases overall solar radiation in one year", "B": "Decreasing eccentricity which leads to milder seasons and a higher chance of ice to survive summer insolation", "C": "Increasing axial tilt which decreases overall solar radiation in one year", "D": "Decreasing axial tilt which leads to milder seasons and a higher chance of ice to survive summer insolation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 4929, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Scientists cannot directly determine the elemental composition of Earth, but assumptions and calculations have been made.", "question": "How did scientists make these assumptions?", "options": {"A": "By creating theoretical models alone", "B": "By sampling the oldest Earth rocks in many different locations", "C": "By measuring meteorite samples that remain unchanged since their formation", "D": "By drilling deep into the lithosphere and taking an average bulk composition of the material therein"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4930, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": "Earth's early atmosphere, often referred to as its primary atmosphere, was largely produced by the outgassing of magma.", "question": "How did the formation of oceans most significantly change the composition of this atmosphere?", "options": {"A": "Increase in nitrogen", "B": "Increase in oxygen", "C": "Decrease in carbon dioxide", "D": "Decrease in argon"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4931, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Flow between ocean basins, or interbasin transport, can have significant effects on the global ocean circulation. On average, interbasin transport brings freshwater into the Atlantic basin.", "question": "If the magnitudes of freshwater flux from precipitation, evaporation, and runoff into the Atlantic are denoted $P$, $E$, and $R$ respectively, which of the following must be true?", "options": {"A": "$P - R = E$", "B": "$P + R = E$", "C": "$P - E + R > 0$", "D": "$P - E + R < 0$", "E": "$P + E - R < 0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4932, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Although surface conditions on Venus are very different from those on Earth, aeolian features have also been observed on Venus's surface. However, some recent research indicates that aeolian features may be less common on Venus due to a lack of sediment.", "question": "Which of the following incorrectly explains why this discrepancy may exist?", "options": {"A": "Venus's thick atmosphere prevents meteorites from forming surface sediment.", "B": "Venus's dense atmosphere slows winds, preventing sediment transport.", "C": "Venus has no liquid water or ice on its surface to erode rock.", "D": "Venus has no plate tectonics to promote erosion."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4933, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "A ridge on an upper-air map would dissipate most quickly if directly underlain on the surface by a:", "options": {"A": "High-pressure region", "B": "Low-pressure region", "C": "Ridge", "D": "Trough"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4934, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Katabatic winds are strong downslope flows that dominate the Antarctic surface wind field for much of the year.", "question": "Which of the following statements are true?\n\nI) Coastal katabatic winds are typically strongest during austral (southern) winter\nII) Katabatic winds are approximately in geostrophic balance", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4935, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Historical sunspot observations are one of the oldest and most continuous records in the earth and space sciences.", "question": "Sunspot minima, during which few sunspots are counted, are associated with what climatic effect?", "options": {"A": "Warmer temperatures only in the northern hemisphere", "B": "Cooler temperatures only in the northern hemisphere", "C": "Warmer temperatures in both hemispheres", "D": "Cooler temperatures in both hemispheres"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4936, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The complexity of silicate structures (e.g., complex network silicates to simple isolated tetrahedra) can influence the bulk properties of rock made from those silicate minerals.", "question": "Which of the following trends is associated with increasing silicate complexity?\n\n1. Increasing melting point\n2. Increasing viscosity of magma", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4937, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Marine ice sheet instability refers to a positive feedback loop that amplifies ice mass loss. It involves ice flow over the grounding line, which marks the interface between the ice sheet, bedrock, and ocean.", "question": "Which of the following best describes how a landward shift in the grounding line would change ice flux (the volumetric rate of ice flow) over it?", "options": {"A": "Increased ice flux, since the ice sheet generally thickens landward.", "B": "Decreased ice flux, since the ice sheet generally thickens landward.", "C": "Increased ice flux, since the ice sheet generally thins landward.", "D": "Decreased ice flux, since the ice sheet generally thins landward."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4938, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Marine ice sheet instability refers to a positive feedback loop that amplifies ice mass loss. It involves ice flow over the grounding line, which marks the interface between the ice sheet, bedrock, and ocean.", "question": "Does a landward shift of the grounding line favor or work against this positive feedback loop?", "options": {"A": "Favors", "B": "Works against", "C": "Neither for or against"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4939, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are cleared by orbital resonances with Jupiter. Given that Jupiter is on average 5.20 AU from the sun,", "question": "at which of the following distances would we be most likely to find a Kirkwood gap?\n\n1. 1.73 AU\n2. 2.50 AU\n3. 2.60 AU\n4. 2.88 AU\n5. 3.46 AU", "options": {"A": "1.73 AU", "B": "2.50 AU", "C": "2.60 AU", "D": "2.88 AU", "E": "3.46 AU"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4940, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "A sandstone enthusiast has an extensive collection of sandstones from all over the world, and decides to plot feldspar content against the range of grain size for each rock.", "question": "One would expect to find:\n\n1. A positive correlation\n2. A negative correlation\n3. No significant correlation; negligible change in one variable\n4. No significant correlation; points scattered randomly", "options": {"A": "A positive correlation", "B": "A negative correlation", "C": "No significant correlation; negligible change in one variable", "D": "No significant correlation; points scattered randomly"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4941, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": "Alice Springs (latitude $24^\\circ\text{S}$, longitude $134^\\circ\text{E}$) is located in central Australia.", "question": "Based on its location, which of the following can be reasonably inferred about the climate in Alice Springs?\n\nI) Daily temperature ranges are greater in Alice Springs than in coastal locations of Australia.\nII) June is typically wetter than December due to seasonal shifts in global winds.\nIII) The prevailing wind direction is southwest.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and II", "D": "I and III", "E": "II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4942, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about lake temperature are true?\n\nI) A temperate lake is typically most stratified during summer months.\nII) In winter, a dimictic lake is approximately isothermal and isopycnal.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4943, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": "Although the fractions of silicon isotopes in diatoms is based on temperature, silica isotopic ratios are not as useful as oxygen isotopic ratios for paleoclimate proxies.", "question": "Which of the following may explain this difference? (The atomic weight of Si is 28.086 and its major isotopes are $^{28}\text{Si}$, $^{29}\text{Si}$, $^{30}\text{Si}$.)\n\nI) Isotopes other than $^{28}\text{Si}$ are too rare to be useful.\nII) There are varied sources of Si, which decreases the constraints Si isotopes can provide as a paleoclimate proxy, while the atmosphere provides a well-mixed, dominant source of oxygen in oxygen isotope proxies.\nIII) Biogenic silica is mainly precipitated from diatom tests while oxygen isotope data may also use the tests of calcareous forams.", "options": {"A": "I, II, and III", "B": "I and II", "C": "II and III", "D": "I and III", "E": "II only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4944, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Jill digs a core and finds this order of rocks, from bottom to top: sandstone, shale, limestone, shale, sandstone.", "question": "Why might this be the case?", "options": {"A": "The sequence was formed between two interglacial periods separated by a glacial period.", "B": "The sequence was formed between two glacial periods separated by an interglacial period.", "C": "The sequence was formed during the transition from a glacial to an interglacial period.", "D": "The sequence was formed during the transition from an interglacial to a glacial period."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4948, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "A sediment core is taken from the abyssal plain and layers of different sediments are marked.", "question": "From top to bottom, in what order would you expect to find the following three layers?\n\nI) Coarse-grained sandstone\nII) Well-sorted sandstone\nIII) Laminated mudstone", "options": {"A": "I, II, III", "B": "I, III, II", "C": "III, II, I", "D": "II, III, I", "E": "I, III, II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4949, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following conditions would most favor cloud formation?", "options": {"A": "An increase in humidity and a decrease in temperature", "B": "An increase in both humidity and temperature", "C": "A decrease in humidity and an increase in saturation vapor pressure", "D": "A decrease in both humidity and saturation vapor pressure"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4950, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The Bonneville Salt Flats are an extremely flat plain in northern Utah with extensive evaporite deposits. Considering the formation of salt flats,", "question": "Which of the following is likely not true of the location's geology?", "options": {"A": "Terraces can be found surrounding the area", "B": "The bedrock has relatively high permeability", "C": "The flats are at a lower elevation than the surrounding area", "D": "The flats are thinner during the wet season"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4951, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "The coast of Antarctica is notable for producing the Antarctic Bottom Water, a dense water mass that rapidly sinks to the bottom of the ocean.", "question": "Which of the following changes in the coastal ocean would most likely inhibit the formation of this water mass?", "options": {"A": "Increase in ice formation rate around Antarctica", "B": "Rainfall over open water surrounding Antarctica", "C": "Strengthening of warm equatorial currents moving towards Antarctica", "D": "Strengthening of cold winds blowing away from Antarctica"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4952, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Ephemeral streams are characterized by flow almost exclusively after precipitation events.", "question": "After a storm, the stream's discharge is typically lowest downstream because:", "options": {"A": "The water table is located below the stream", "B": "Water evaporates quickly in arid environments", "C": "Average flow velocity increases downstream", "D": "Capacity decreases downstream"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4953, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Volcanic explosivity can evolve over time due to various internal and external mechanisms.", "question": "Which of the following conditions would likely increase the probability of a highly explosive eruption?\n\nI) A decrease in overburden pressure due to rapid snow melt\nII) Assimilation of felsic country rock in the associated magma chamber\nIII) The exposure of confined groundwater to hot magma", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "I and II", "C": "II and III", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4954, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere results in a series of reactions that create carbonic acid in seawater, resulting in ocean acidification.", "question": "Which of the following correctly explains the feedback loop that ocean acidification creates in its interactions with oceanic organisms?", "options": {"A": "Positive, because it promotes carbon sequestration", "B": "Positive, because it inhibits carbon sequestration", "C": "Negative, because it promotes carbon sequestration", "D": "Negative, because it inhibits carbon sequestration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4956, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Mercury's surface shows extensive faulting due to cooling and contraction rather than plate tectonics.", "question": "Which of the following types of faults are prevalent on the surface of Mercury?", "options": {"A": "Normal", "B": "Reverse", "C": "Strike-slip", "D": "Both normal and reverse", "E": "Both reverse and strike-slip"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4957, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "A student is trying to identify where a thunderstorm could take place on a weather map using only pressure and temperature data.", "question": "Which of the following conditions should the student look for?", "options": {"A": "Low-pressure system and cold air", "B": "Low-pressure system and warm air", "C": "High-pressure system and cold air", "D": "High-pressure system and warm air"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4958, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following depositional environments typically have well-sorted, rounded sediment?\n\nI) Mountain stream\nII) Glacial outwash\nIII) Sandy desert", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and III", "D": "I, II, and III", "E": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4959, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "As climate change melts the Greenland ice sheet, the resulting meltwater enters the northern Atlantic Ocean and remains at the surface instead of sinking to form the North Atlantic Deep Water.", "question": "Which of the following best explains why glacial meltwater typically does not sink?", "options": {"A": "It has a low heat capacity", "B": "It has a low sediment capacity", "C": "It has very low salinity", "D": "It has very low viscosity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4960, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Questions 23 and 24 consider a hypothetical planet that is identical to Earth but has a day length of six hours.", "question": "On this planet, which of the following would likely be the most similar to Earth?", "options": {"A": "Number of atmospheric circulation cells", "B": "Position of the intertropical convergence zone", "C": "Strength of equatorial trade winds", "D": "Strength of the Coriolis effect at the poles"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4961, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The increased rotational speed of this planet would cause water to move outward towards the equator, where it would submerge most of the land in the region.", "question": "What effect would the resulting change in albedo and in atmospheric water vapor content have on the planet's climate, respectively?", "options": {"A": "Warming; warming", "B": "Warming; cooling", "C": "Cooling; warming", "D": "Cooling; cooling"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4962, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contribute to the depletion of Earth's ozone layer, believed to be the main cause of the 'ozone hole' in the 1990s. However, the ozone layer is found in Earth's stratosphere, and CFCs are heavier than other gases in air.", "question": "Which of the following statements correctly explain why CFCs reach the stratosphere?\n\nI) CFCs are insoluble in water\nII) CFCs are relatively unreactive in the troposphere\nIII) Most rising air parcels move from the troposphere into the stratosphere", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "II and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4963, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "A researcher inserts two devices at the top of a glacier and 100 meters below its surface to measure its flow speed at different levels.", "question": "Which of the following changes would likely increase the difference in flow speed between these two devices?\n\n1. Increase in temperature throughout\n2. Decrease in valley floor roughness\n3. Influx of meltwater beneath the glacier", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and III", "D": "II and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4964, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "The frost line is the distance from the Sun at which a volatile compound can condense into a solid phase.", "question": "Which of the following statements are true?\n\n1. The frost line for water during planetary formation was closer to the Sun than it is today.\n2. In other star systems, Jovian planets cannot be found within the frost line.\n3. The frost line for carbon dioxide is closer to the Sun than the frost line for water.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "III only", "D": "II and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4965, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "At which of the following boundaries in Earth's interior is there an increase in density and a sharp decrease in seismic velocity?", "options": {"A": "Between the crust and upper mantle", "B": "Between the upper mantle and lower mantle", "C": "Between the lower mantle and outer core", "D": "Between the outer core and inner core"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4966, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "Martian dust storms are not as strong as Earth's and are unlikely to damage any major equipment.", "question": "Which of the following differences between the two planets contribute to this discrepancy?\n\n1. There is relatively little water vapor in the Martian atmosphere\n2. The Martian atmosphere is much thinner than the Earth's atmosphere\n3. Mars has a higher temperature difference between the equator and poles", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "I and II", "C": "II and III", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4967, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is most likely true regarding the flow of groundwater?", "options": {"A": "Groundwater flows away from streams in desert environments", "B": "Groundwater flows parallel to lines of equal pressure beneath Earth's surface", "C": "Groundwater flows faster through silt compared to sand", "D": "The presence of karst topography decreases groundwater flow rates"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4968, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Io is a moon of Jupiter subjected to immense tidal forces due to its interactions with nearby moons Europa and Ganymede.", "question": "Which of the following is/are true of Io?\n\nI) Io's surface displays extensive evidence of impact cratering\nII) Io's atmosphere is predominantly composed of $\\text{CH}_4$ gas", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4969, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "A rising magma plume enters a section of continental crust. Which of the following minerals would be the first to crystallize from the magma?", "options": {"A": "Biotite", "B": "Olivine", "C": "Pyroxene", "D": "Quartz"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4970, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The concentrations of iron oxide and aluminum in tropical soil horizons are heavily influenced by leaching.", "question": "Which of the following correctly lists the A, B, and E horizons in order of lowest to highest iron oxide and aluminum concentrations?", "options": {"A": "A, B, E", "B": "B, A, E", "C": "E, B, A", "D": "E, A, B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4971, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Light produced by nuclear fusion in the Sun's core powers almost all biological processes on Earth. However, this light does not follow a smooth path as it escapes the Sun.", "question": "Which of the following solar layers is/are almost entirely transparent to visible light?\n\nI) Radiative zone\nII) Photosphere\nIII) Chromosphere", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and III", "D": "II and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4972, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Gwen the geologist measures temperature profiles of the crust in three regions and finds geothermal gradients of $20^\\circ\\text{C}/\\text{km}$ , $30^\\circ\\text{C}/\\text{km}$ , and $40^\\circ\\text{C}/\\text{km}$ .", "question": "Which of the following tectonic environments most likely correspond to these three profiles, respectively?", "options": {"A": "Continental hotspot, subduction zone, mid-ocean ridge", "C": "Mid-ocean ridge, subduction zone, continental hotspot", "B": "Mid-ocean ridge, continental hotspot, subduction zone", "D": "Subduction zone, continental hotspot, mid-ocean ridge"}, "option_labels": ["A", "C", "B", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4973, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "A gyre consists of ocean currents circulating around a central region.", "question": "Which of the following best describes the motion of water at the center of the gyre in the subtropical South Atlantic?", "options": {"A": "Upwelling due to convergence of water at the center of the gyre", "C": "Downwelling due to convergence of water at the center of the gyre", "B": "Upwelling due to divergence of water at the center of the gyre", "D": "Downwelling due to divergence of water at the center of the gyre"}, "option_labels": ["A", "C", "B", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4974, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Mass movements tend to occur more frequently on slopes that have been destabilized.", "question": "Which of the following would likely increase the probability of a mass movement occurring?\n\nI) Presence of a stream near the bottom of the slope\nII) Presence of an internal schist bed with planes dipping perpendicular to the slope", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4975, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Comet Hale-Bopp reached its perihelion in April 1997, becoming visible to the naked eye for 18 months. In the year 4385 CE, Hale-Bopp is expected to reach its perihelion once again.", "question": "Which of the following statements about Hale-Bopp is most likely true?", "options": {"A": "Comet Hale-Bopp is approximately confined to the ecliptic plane", "C": "Comet Hale-Bopp has a hyperbolic orbit", "B": "Comet Hale-Bopp was set into motion by a passing star", "D": "Comet Hale-Bopp will be nearly depleted of volatiles by 4385 CE"}, "option_labels": ["A", "C", "B", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4976, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) radiation in the Earth system?\n\nI) Greenhouse gases increase surface temperatures mainly by reducing the amount of shortwave radiation emitted to space\nII) An increase in the global mean surface temperature results in more longwave radiation being emitted from Earth's surface", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4977, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "An exoplanet is observed transiting a Sun-like star every 3.54 days, dimming the star by about 1% each time it passes in front. Given that the change in brightness during transit can be approximated as $(\\frac{R_p}{R_s})^2$ , where $R_p$ represents the exoplanet's radius and $R_s$ represents the star's radius,", "question": "Which of the following statements is/are likely true?\n\nI) The exoplanet contains large amounts of water, methane, and ammonia ices\nII) The exoplanet has a rotational period of 3.54 days\nIII) The exoplanet migrated inward after its initial formation", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and II", "D": "II and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4978, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Estuaries are water bodies most commonly found in regions where rivers and oceans meet.", "question": "Which of the following statements is/are true regarding estuaries?\n\nI) Well-mixed estuaries have nearly vertical isohalines, lines connecting points of equal salinity\nII) The onset of dry offshore winds reduces the salinity gradient of highly stratified estuaries\nIII) Internal waves are more prevalent in well-mixed estuaries compared to highly stratified estuaries", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and II", "D": "II and III", "E": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4979, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following sets of conditions would be most favorable for the formation of a nighttime radiation fog?", "options": {"A": "Slight breeze and clear sky", "C": "Strong breeze and clear sky", "B": "Slight breeze and cloudy sky", "D": "Strong breeze and cloudy sky"}, "option_labels": ["A", "C", "B", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4980, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": "Eustatic sea level change is largely driven by freezing and thawing in polar regions.", "question": "Rank the following ice masses in increasing order of effect on instantaneous, local sea level change if $10,000 \\text{ km}^3$ of ice was melted from each mass.\n\nI) Greenland Ice Sheet\nII) Ross Ice Shelf\nIII) North Atlantic sea ice", "options": {"A": "I, II, III", "B": "II, I, III", "C": "II, III, I", "D": "III, II, I"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4981, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "A geologist is studying a hand sample of schist in the lab. They determine that the rock formed in a region of compacted sediment adjacent to a subduction zone known as an accretionary wedge.", "question": "Which of the following is likely true regarding the rock? I) The rock formed in a relatively low-temperature, high-pressure environment II) The rock contains well-preserved fossils of ancient marine organisms", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4982, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Identify all of the following three events that would likely increase the volatile content of a magma chamber: I) An earthquake occurs nearby II) The magma intrudes into limestone III) The magma chamber contacts an aquifer", "options": {"A": "II only", "B": "III only", "C": "I and II", "D": "I and III", "E": "II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4983, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "A meteorologist predicts that a warm front will pass through Norman, Oklahoma.", "question": "Which of the following gives the chronological order of clouds an observer in Norman should expect to see as the front passes?", "options": {"A": "Cirrus, nimbostratus, altostratus", "B": "Cirrus, altostratus, nimbostratus", "C": "Nimbostratus, altostratus, cirrus", "D": "Altostratus, nimbostratus, cirrus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4984, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements regarding flooding is/are true? I) Flash flood risk increases directly after a wildfire II) A 100-year flood has a 1% chance of occurring in any given year", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4985, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Identify all of the following changes that would likely increase the rate of meltwater production at the bed of a moving glacier: I) Increase in the roughness of underlying rock II) Increase in the thickness of the glacier III) Decrease in the salinity of basal ice", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "I and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4986, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "After analyzing a layer of limestone, an oceanographer notices that it has a higher $^{18}O/^{16}O$ ratio than the surrounding strata.", "question": "Which of the following statements best characterizes the conditions of the ocean when the layer of limestone was deposited?", "options": {"A": "The surrounding ocean was warmer when the layer was deposited", "B": "The surrounding ocean was colder when the layer was deposited", "C": "The surrounding ocean had a higher pH when the layer was deposited", "D": "The surrounding ocean had a lower pH when the layer was deposited"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4987, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "During a certain period in Earth's geologic past, the planet experienced a prolonged hothouse climate.", "question": "Which one of the following statements is most likely **not** true regarding this period?", "options": {"A": "Rates of feldspar weathering decreased", "B": "Large, equatorial biogenic calcareous deposits formed", "C": "Rates of glacial ablation increased", "D": "Atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations were anomalously high"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4988, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Comet Encke is notable for having the shortest orbital period of any reasonably bright comet, at 3.3 years. At its closest, Encke is a distance of 0.34 AU away from the Sun.", "question": "In which of the following ranges does Encke's aphelion fall?", "options": {"A": "1 to 2 AU", "B": "2 to 3 AU", "C": "3 to 4 AU", "D": "More than 4 AU"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4989, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "In late summer, the influx of nutrient-rich freshwater from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River Basins contributes to the formation of a seasonal hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico known as the \"Gulf Dead Zone\".", "question": "Which of the following conditions would be conducive to the continued existence of this dead zone? I) Increased precipitation over the river basins II) Increased sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico III) More intense tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "I and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4990, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "A desert composed predominantly of which of the following types of sediment would result in the formation of the largest dunes?", "options": {"A": "Rounded silt", "B": "Rounded sand", "C": "Angular silt", "D": "Angular sand"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4991, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Mercury possesses a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance (i.e. Mercury rotates three times for every two times it orbits the Sun) that is unique among the terrestrial planets.", "question": "Which of the following can be inferred from this resonance pattern? I) Mercury's period of rotation about its axis is longer than its solar day II) Mercury exhibits a relatively large zonal (east-west) temperature gradient", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4992, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Alex is given two pure, cubically-cut crystals and is told that one is halite while the other is calcite. They want to identify the two samples by conducting a series of tests.", "question": "Which of the following tests would be the **least** effective for their investigation?", "options": {"A": "Applying dilute hydrochloric acid to the surface of each sample", "B": "Shining a laser through each sample and observing how the light refracts", "C": "Trying to scratch a glass plate with a corner of each sample", "D": "Examining the cleavage planes of each sample after breaking them with a rock hammer"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4993, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Max wants to study wet-season thunderstorms in La Paz, Bolivia, located at $16.5^\\circ S$ latitude. Based on the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which month should he choose to study and why?", "options": {"A": "December, due to a northward shift of the ITCZ", "B": "June, due to a northward shift of the ITCZ", "C": "December, due to a southward shift of the ITCZ", "D": "June, due to a southward shift of the ITCZ"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4994, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Astronomers observing a terrestrial planet are investigating its magnetic properties.", "question": "Which of the following pieces of evidence would support the hypothesis that the planet can generate and sustain its own magnetic field?", "options": {"A": "The planet has half the mass of Earth", "B": "The planet does not experience significant tidal forces from its host star", "C": "The planet's atmosphere is primarily composed of carbon dioxide", "D": "The planet has a high geothermal gradient"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4995, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "Dimictic lakes experience overturning twice per year.", "question": "Which of the following types of lakes would most likely exhibit dimictic behavior?", "options": {"A": "A shallow, mid-latitude lake", "B": "A deep, mid-latitude lake", "C": "A shallow, high-latitude lake", "D": "A deep, high-latitude lake"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4996, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": "Milankovitch cycles play an important role in the regulation of glacial and interglacial periods. Assuming each cycle occurs independently, which of the following modulations would increase seasonal variations of temperature in the Northern Hemisphere?", "question": "I) A slight increase in Earth's axial tilt II) A slight increase in Earth's orbital eccentricity III) Axial precession $180^\\circ$ away from its current state", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and III", "D": "II and III", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4997, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Though Titan's atmosphere contains 5% methane, which on Earth acts as a greenhouse gas, the surface of Titan is quite cold at 94 K. Malachi argues that if Titan was moved to a distance of 1 AU from the Sun, its average surface temperature would be greater than that of Earth.", "question": "Which of the following observations would support Malachi's claim? I) At higher temperatures, more methane evaporates into the atmosphere II) Titan's haze dissipates due to photochemical reactions, which decreases planetary albedo", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4998, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Measurements of gravity are greater at the poles than at the Equator.", "question": "This evidence best supports the inference that Earth has a", "options": {"1": "perfectly spherical shape", "2": "slightly oblate shape", "3": "very elliptical orbit", "4": "slightly elliptical orbit"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4999, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "In a region that is being uplifted faster than it is being eroded, hills usually have", "options": {"1": "steep slopes and slow-moving streams", "2": "steep slopes and fast-moving streams", "3": "gentle slopes and slow-moving streams", "4": "gentle slopes and fast-moving streams"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5000, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which type of air mass would most likely have low humidity and high air temperature?", "options": {"1": "cT", "2": "cP", "3": "mT", "4": "mP"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5001, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "A student in New Zealand observed that the noon Sun increased in altitude each day during the first part of a certain month and then decreased in altitude each day later in the month.", "question": "During which month were these observations made?", "options": {"1": "February", "2": "June", "3": "December", "4": "November"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5002, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "How do the metamorphic rocks schist and quartzite differ?", "options": {"1": "Quartzite contains the mineral quartz, and schist does not.", "2": "Quartzite forms from regional metamorphism, and schist does not.", "3": "Schist is organically formed, and quartzite is not.", "4": "Schist is foliated, and quartzite is not."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5003, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "A mineral's crystal shape and cleavage are a direct result of the mineral's", "options": {"1": "hardness", "2": "abundance in nature", "3": "arrangement of atoms", "4": "exposure to the hydrosphere and atmosphere"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5004, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Why is the Earth's outer core inferred to be a liquid? More than one answer", "options": {"1": "P- waves can pass through the outer core.", "2": "P- waves cannot pass through the outer core.", "3": "S- waves can pass through the outer core.", "4": "S- waves cannot pass through the outer core.", "5": "The location of zones where no S- waves are recorded.", "6": "The location of zones where no P- waves are recorded."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"], "answer": ["1", "4", "5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 5005, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "What is the best evidence that a glacial erratic has been transported?", "options": {"1": "It is located at a high elevation in a mountainous area.", "2": "It is less than $25cm$ . in diameter.", "3": "Its composition is different from that of the bedrock underneath it.", "4": "It appears to have been intensely metamorphosed."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5006, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which rocks generally have the mineral quartz as part of their composition?", "options": {"1": "conglomerate, gabbro, rock salt, and schist", "2": "breccia, fossil limestone, bituminous coal, and siltstone", "3": "shale, scoria, gneiss, and marble", "4": "granite, rhyolite, sandstone, and hornfels"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5007, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which features are commonly found at a plate boundary where the plates are neither converging or diverging? More than one answer.", "options": {"1": "a mid-ocean ridge", "2": "an ocean trench", "3": "a transform fault", "4": "new ocean crust", "5": "mostly shallow earthquakes", "6": "volcanism"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"], "answer": ["3", "5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5008, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is generally; More than one answer.", "options": {"1": "older and thinner", "2": "older and thicker", "3": "younger and thinner", "4": "younger and thicker", "5": "denser", "6": "less dense", "7": "more mafic"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7"], "answer": ["2", "6"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5009, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "If the Earth's axis tilt were to increase from $23.5^{\\circ}$ to $33.5^{\\circ}$ , the result would be", "options": {"1": "shorter days and longer nights at the Equator.", "2": "less difference between winter and summer temperatures in Vermont", "3": "more difference between winter and summer temperatures in Vermont.", "4": "An increase in the amount of solar radiation received by Earth."}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5010, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which mineral property is illustrated by the peeling of muscovite into thin, flat sheets?", "options": {"1": "luster", "2": "streak", "3": "hardness", "4": "cleavage"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["4"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5011, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "The graph shows temperature data taken at four different depths in the soil at one location in Essex Vermont, for one year.![Line graph showing Soil Temperature (°C) versus Month (J F M A M J J A S O N D) for four depths: 0.75 m (solid line), 1.5 m (dashed line), 3.0 m (dotted line), and 6.0 m (dash-dot line). The 0.75 m depth shows the highest temperature, peaking near 24°C in late June/early July. The 6.0 m depth shows the lowest temperature, peaking near 15°C in late June/early July. The 1.5 m and 3.0 m depths show intermediate temperatures, peaking around 18°C and 17°C respectively, also in late June/early July. Vertical dashed lines mark the Spring Equinox (March), Summer Solstice (June), Fall Equinox (September), and Winter Solstice (December).]", "question": "What can you infer about the temperature at a $10m$ . depth? (More than one correct answer)", "options": {"1": "It has a temperature range each year of more than $10^{\\circ}C$", "2": "It has a temperature range each year of less than $3^{\\circ}C$", "3": "It has a temperature of about $5^{\\circ}C$", "4": "It has a temperature of about $11.5^{\\circ}C$"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["2", "3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5012, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Ozone is important to life on Earth because ozone", "options": {"1": "cools refrigerators and air conditioners", "2": "absorbs energy that is reradiated by Earth", "3": "absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation", "4": "destroys excess atmospheric carbon dioxide"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5013, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Some Moon rock samples have coarse intergrown crystals composed of plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, and olivine. These Moon rock samples are most similar to Earth rock samples of", "options": {"1": "gabbro", "2": "marble", "3": "breccia", "4": "pumice"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["1"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5014, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "At what latitudes do currents of dry sinking air cause the dry conditions of Earth's major deserts?", "options": {"1": "$0^{\\circ}$ and $30^{\\circ}\\mathrm{N}$", "2": "$60^{\\circ}\\mathrm{N}$ and $60^{\\circ}\\mathrm{S}$", "3": "$30^{\\circ}\\mathrm{N}$ and $30^{\\circ}\\mathrm{S}$", "4": "$60^{\\circ}\\mathrm{S}$ and $90^{\\circ}\\mathrm{S}$"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4"], "answer": ["3"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5015, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Why are impact structures more obvious on the Moon than on the Earth? More than one possible answer.", "options": {"1": "The Moon's gravity is stronger than the Earth's gravity", "2": "The moon has little or no atmosphere", "3": "The rocks on the moon are weaker than those on Earth", "4": "The moon rotates at a slower rate than the Earth does", "5": "The Earth has an active plate tectonic system"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5"], "answer": ["2", "5"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5016, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "A volcano currently extrudes rhyolitic magmas but used to extrude basaltic magmas. Which of these is likely true about the volcano's history? (\\*)", "options": {"A": "The silica content of the magma increased over time", "B": "The solidification temperature of the magma increased over time", "C": "The explosivity of the volcano decreased over time", "D": "The viscosity of the magma from the volcano decreased over time", "E": "The magma may have assimilated felsic continental crust"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5017, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": null, "question": "Wanda, an active member of the Swellesley Institute of Technology Crew Team, notices her wind vane indicating that the predominant direction of the wind is 195 degrees clockwise from North. Assuming Wanda is in the Northern Hemisphere and that there are no frictional effects from the ocean bottom, what direction should she expect the surface currents to be pushing her boat in?", "options": {"A": "$105^{\\circ}$", "B": "$150^{\\circ}$", "C": "$195^{\\circ}$", "D": "$240^{\\circ}$", "E": "$285^{\\circ}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5018, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following sequences of processes will lead to the formation of a nonconformity?", "options": {"A": "Deposition $\\rightarrow$ uplift and tilting $\\rightarrow$ erosion $\\rightarrow$ deposition", "B": "Deposition $\\rightarrow$ erosion $\\rightarrow$ uplift and tilting $\\rightarrow$ deposition", "C": "Deposition $\\rightarrow$ weathering and erosion $\\rightarrow$ deposition", "D": "Pluton emplacement $\\rightarrow$ weathering and erosion $\\rightarrow$ deposition", "E": "Pluton emplacement $\\rightarrow$ deposition $\\rightarrow$ weathering and erosion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5019, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements regarding our solar system's formation is not true?", "options": {"A": "Since the planets formed from the same rotating protoplanetary disk, they orbit the sun in the direction of the sun's axial rotation", "B": "The composition of the matter that condensed at a given region of the solar nebula was primarily determined by the temperature of the gas", "C": "Interstellar dust present in the solar nebula slowed down planetary accretion by disrupting gravitational attractions", "D": "After the protoplanets accreted a large amount of mass, gravitational collapse allowed them to rapidly accumulate additional gas from the nebula"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5020, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Jupiter's four largest moons, from innermost to outermost, are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The first three exhibit 1:2:4 orbital resonances. Callisto, which is not part of this resonance, has a much more homogenous interior than the other moons because it:", "options": {"A": "Formed earlier in Jupiter's history", "B": "Is a captured satellite", "C": "Has a significantly inclined orbital plane", "D": "Is tidally locked with Jupiter", "E": "Experiences less tidal heating"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5021, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following phenomena could occur due to a thermal inversion, in which a layer of warm air overlays a layer of cool air? (\\*)", "options": {"A": "Accumulation of air pollutants", "B": "Formation of fog", "C": "Isolated rain showers", "D": "Supercell thunderstorms"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5022, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Initially (before 8:00 AM), measurements of the dry-bulb temperature $(T_{D})$ and the wet-bulb temperature $(T_{W})$ show a relative humidity of $60\\%$ . From 8 AM to noon, $T_{D}$ increased by $2^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . From 1 to 5 PM, $T_{W}$ also increased by $2^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . Given that the relative humidity must be below $60\\%$ for a school to safely reopen during a pandemic, when should the school hours be?", "options": {"A": "From both 8 AM to noon and 1 to 5 PM, because in both instances the relative humidity is lower than $60\\%$", "B": "From 8 AM to noon, because the relative humidity is lower than $60\\%$", "C": "From 1 to 5 PM, because the relative humidity is lower than $60\\%$", "D": "Neither instance, because relative humidity is higher than $60\\%$ in both cases", "E": "This setup does not give information about relative humidity; investigators should use a different method instead"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5023, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Karst topography is associated with high relief terrain and extensive systems of underground caves. What general kind of weathering is most relevant to karst, and which of the following would likely contribute most to further weathering?", "options": {"A": "Mechanical weathering; abrasion from more running water", "B": "Mechanical weathering; frost wedging with lower temperature", "C": "Chemical weathering; elevated water table from precipitation", "D": "Chemical weathering; higher groundwater carbonic acid content"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5024, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Identify all of the following statements about tsunamis that are true. (\\*)", "options": {"A": "Tsunami waves have very short wavelengths", "B": "As tsunamis encounter shallower waters, their speed decreases", "C": "A tsunami event consists of a single, large wave", "D": "Tsunamis are considered to be tidal waves due to the long distances that they travel", "E": "The most destructive tsunamis occur as a result of earthquakes originating from mid-ocean ridges", "F": "Abnormal retreat of water from the coast could be a warning sign of a tsunami"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5025, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Nimbostratus clouds generally lack considerable vertical development and form in relatively stable atmospheric conditions. Identify all of the following statements that are true about nimbostratus clouds and the precipitation that they may produce. (\\*)", "options": {"A": "They are more often associated with warm fronts", "B": "They are more often associated with cold fronts", "C": "They generally produce heavy precipitation lasting for a short time", "D": "They generally produce light to moderate precipitation lasting for a long time", "E": "They are likely to produce large hail if there is a shallow layer of above-freezing air aloft above a deeper layer of sub-freezing air", "F": "They are likely to produce freezing rain if there is a shallow layer of above-freezing air aloft above a deeper layer of sub-freezing air"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5026, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following characteristics do not differ between active continental margins and passive continental margins? (\\*)", "options": {"A": "Presence of submarine canyons", "B": "Presence of an offshore trench", "C": "Presence of a continental rise", "D": "Continental shelf width", "E": "Continental slope steepness"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5027, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Oftentimes, a sudden warm wind may descend from mountains and evaporate up to a foot of snow in less than a day, leading to their nickname, \"snow eaters.\" Why do Chinook winds such as \"snow eaters\" lead to a sudden increase in temperature?", "options": {"A": "A chinook wind travels long distances over desert areas, retaining heat, before being diverted into cooler areas nearby", "B": "A chinook wind warms through adiabatic heating after travelling over and descending from a mountain", "C": "A chinook wind gains moisture after travelling over a body of water, leading to an increased environmental lapse rate that warms the wind", "D": "A chinook wind follows a warm front, bringing heat to previously cold areas"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5028, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Most of the primordial Martian atmosphere has since escaped to space while Earth has maintained its atmosphere. Identify all of the following comparisons between the present-day Mars and Earth that contribute to this difference. (\\*)", "options": {"A": "Mars has a lower mass than Earth", "B": "Earth is closer to the Sun than Mars is", "C": "Average atmospheric pressure varies seasonally on Mars", "D": "Earth has a liquid outer core while Mars does not", "E": "Mars no longer has liquid water at its surface while Earth still does", "F": "Mars displays more impact cratering than Earth does"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5029, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "A geologist encounters a large granite outcrop and examines the various minerals included in the matrix. When the geologist visits the outcrop much later, which of the following minerals would have weathered the most since her previous visit?", "options": {"A": "Quartz", "B": "Orthoclase feldspar", "C": "Biotite", "D": "Muscovite", "E": "All of the minerals would have weathered the same amount"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5030, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": null, "question": "Mimas is a shepherd moon of Saturn that clears the Cassini Division, a gap in Saturn's rings. Particles on the inner edge of the Cassini Division are known to have a 2:1 orbital resonance with Mimas. If Mimas is 3 planetary radii $(R)$ away from Saturn, estimate the distance from Saturn to the Cassini Division in terms of $R$ .", "options": {"A": "$1.5R$", "B": "$1.9R$", "C": "$2.7R$", "D": "$3.5R$", "E": "$4.8R$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5031, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Upon analysis, it is determined that the molar composition of the rock at the end of the P-T-t path is $20\\%$ pyrophyllite, $60\\%$ quartz, and $20\\%$ andalusite. Which of the following statements are true?", "question": "I) The retrograde reaction did not readily occur because water was lost to the surroundings.\n\nII) The retrograde reaction did not readily occur because it is kinetically unfavorable at low temperatures.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5032, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Our current understanding of the plate tectonics system is based on an idea of a fractured crust with plates growing and shrinking at boundaries between plates. However, it is thought that in the Archaean eon, pressure-temperature conditions were such that the lithosphere was contiguous and did not subduct. Instead, the Earth is proposed to have operated through “drip tectonics.”", "question": "Which of the following play a significant role in driving mantle convection? I) A large thermal gradient between the upper mantle and the core-mantle boundary II) A large compositional gradient between the asthenosphere and the core-mantle boundary", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "None"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5033, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "The mechanisms of drip tectonics may still influence modern lithospheric evolution.", "question": "In which of the following modern tectonic environments would a “dripping” lithosphere most likely be present?", "options": {"A": "Continental orogen", "B": "Oceanic hotspot", "C": "Continental rift", "D": "Mid-ocean ridge"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5034, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Most preserved surface rocks from the Archaean eon are mafic to ultramafic in composition. Today, intermediate and felsic rock are commonplace on the surface despite the mafic composition of the mantle.", "question": "Identify all of the following locations in which you'd be likely to find predominantly felsic or intermediate rock. 1. Continental rift 2. Oceanic hotspot 3. Oceanic-continental subduction zone 4. Mid-ocean ridge", "options": {"A": "II only", "B": "IV only", "C": "I and III", "D": "II and IV", "E": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5035, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "assume that the dry adiabatic lapse rate is a constant $10^ ext{o} ext{C}/ ext{km}$ and the moist adiabatic lapse rate is a constant $6^ ext{o} ext{C}/ ext{km}$ .", "question": "Which of the following best describes the conditions at the surface?", "options": {"A": "Absolutely stable", "B": "Absolutely unstable", "C": "Conditionally unstable"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5036, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) flows through the Drake Passage.", "question": "Towards what cardinal direction does the ACC flow?", "options": {"A": "East", "B": "West", "C": "North", "D": "South"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5037, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "hydrosphere", "context": "The Southern Ocean is also where various water masses are formed. The Southern Ocean is also where various water masses are formed.", "question": "Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), is a water mass formed in the Southern Ocean. Its formation can be represented as a transformation from an initial water mass. Which two letter sequence best represents AABW formation?(e.g., A → B)", "options": {"A": "A -> B", "B": "B -> C", "C": "C -> D", "D": "D -> E", "E": "E -> A"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5038, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Mars has Trojan asteroids that congregate around \\(L_4\\) and \\(L_5\\) of its system with the Sun. A new study hypothesizes that Mars' Trojans are Martian ejecta; thus, the asteroids are likely:", "question": "A new study hypothesizes that Mars' trojans are Martian ejecta; thus, the asteroids are likely:", "options": {"A": "Rich in olivine", "B": "Smoothly shaped", "C": "Relatively young", "D": "Slow-spinning"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5039, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "After the earthquake, subsidence in Iskenderun caused significant flooding. Subsidence after an earthquake is typically caused by the liquefaction and destabilization of the ground. This occurs when the ground is loose and water can infiltrate between particles, making it less stable and easily compressible.", "question": "Which of the following can be inferred about the region as a result of this subsidence?", "options": {"A": "Saltwater intruded into previously fresh groundwater", "B": "The bedrock is loose and unconsolidated", "C": "The bedrock is primarily composed of carbonates", "D": "The water table is relatively low"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5040, "assessment_program": "pisa", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Bird migration is a seasonal large-scale movement of birds to and from their breeding grounds. Every year volunteers count migrating birds at specific locations. Scientists capture some of the birds and tag their legs with a combination of coloured rings and flags. The scientists use sightings of tagged birds together with volunteers' counts to determine the migratory routes of birds.\n\n![A photograph of a bird, likely a plover or similar shorebird, standing on dark ground, possibly mud or sand, with the ocean in the background. The bird has a blue tag on its left leg and a yellow flag on its right leg.]()", "question": "Most migratory birds gather in one area and then migrate in large groups rather than individually. This behaviour is a result of evolution. Which of the following is the best scientific explanation for the evolution of this behaviour in most migratory birds?", "options": {"A": "Birds that migrated individually or in small groups were less likely to survive and have offspring.", "B": "Birds that migrated individually or in small groups were more likely to find adequate food.", "C": "Flying in large groups allowed other bird species to join the migration.", "D": "Flying in large groups allowed each bird to have a better chance of finding a nesting site."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5041, "assessment_program": "pisa", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Rocks in space that enter Earth's atmosphere are called meteoroids. Meteoroids heat up, and glow as they fall through Earth's atmosphere. Most meteoroids burn up before they hit Earth's surface. When a meteoroid hits Earth it can make a hole called a crater.\n\n![Illustration of a meteoroid streaking across the night sky above a silhouette of trees and mountains.]()", "question": "As a meteoroid approaches Earth and its atmosphere, it speeds up. Why does this happen?", "options": {"A": "The meteoroid is pulled in by the rotation of Earth.", "B": "The meteoroid is pushed by the light of the Sun.", "C": "The meteoroid is attracted to the mass of Earth.", "D": "The meteoroid is repelled by the vacuum of space."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_only__text_options/train/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_only__text_options/train/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..711b4c27792c0c12ff8d3adbcc7ad178ac0f78b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_only__text_options/train/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,761 @@ +{"id": 2, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider a quadratic equation with integer coefficients and two distinct zeros.", "question": "If one zero is irrational, which statement is true about the other zero?", "options": {"A": "The other zero must be rational.", "B": "The other zero must be irrational.", "C": "The other zero can be either rational or irrational.", "D": "The other zero must be non-real."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(3x^{5} + 8x^{3}) - (7x^{2} - 6x^{3})$ ?", "options": {"A": "-4x^{3} + 14", "B": "-4x^{5} + 14x^{3}", "C": "3x^{5} + 14x^{3} - 7x^{2}", "D": "3x^{5} + 2x^{3} - 7x^{2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which points are on the graph of the equation $-3x + 6y + 5 = -7?$ Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "(-3,6)", "B": "(-2,0)", "C": "(0,-2)", "D": "(6,-3)", "E": "(8,2)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 5, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which factorization can be used to reveal the zeros of the function $f(n) = -12n^2 - 11n + 15?$", "options": {"A": "f(n) = -n(12n + 11) + 15", "B": "f(n) = (-4n + 3)(3n + 5)", "C": "f(n) = - (4n + 3)(3n + 5)", "D": "f(n) = (4n + 3)(-3n + 5)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 45, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "After conducting several tests, a scientist determines that the nucleic acid sample he is studying has the following characteristics: Contains nucleotides linked in a chain, contains 4 nitrogen bases, made of single strand, uracil is present.", "question": "What is the BEST conclusion the scientist can make based on the observations?", "options": {"A": "The nucleic acid is DNA.", "B": "The nucleic acid is RNA.", "C": "The nucleic acid is a protein.", "D": "More tests would be needed to determine the type of nucleic acid in the sample."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 46, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "In 1976, the enzyme DNA helicase was discovered. DNA helicase breaks bonds between nitrogenous bases.", "question": "Which statement BEST describes how the discovery of DNA helicase furthered the understanding of DNA replication?", "options": {"A": "It revealed the mechanism by which two DNA strands are 'unzipped' from each other.", "B": "It resulted in the development of laboratory methods of replicating RNA.", "C": "It led scientists to discover that DNA is made up of nucleotides.", "D": "It helped uncover the double-helix structure of DNA."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 47, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Scientists noted that each of several anole lizard species in the Caribbean islands has a body type that seems to be well suited for its own habitat. For example, the anole species that live mainly on tree trunks have stocky bodies and long legs. Anoles that live in grassy areas are slender and have very long legs. Scientists also noted that distinct anole species with the same body types can be found on several different islands. These findings are consistent with the mechanism of natural selection, which favors adaptations that allow a species to survive in its environment. The scientists developed a few hypotheses for the finding that the twig-dwelling anole species found on several of the islands have thin bodies, large toe pads, and short legs and tails. They then performed DNA analysis on each of these twig-dwelling species. This analysis revealed that the twig-dwelling species on different islands did not share a recent common ancestor.", "question": "Which of these hypotheses is supported by the findings?", "options": {"A": "A species of twig-dwelling anoles developed on one island, and then descendents spread out to other islands.", "B": "The twig-dwelling anoles are much better adapted to living in the Caribbean islands than the trunk-dwelling and grass-dwelling anoles.", "C": "Each twig-dwelling species came from distant ancestors but evolved in similar ways despite separated habitats.", "D": "Twig-dwelling anoles, trunk-dwelling anoles, and grass-dwelling anoles all evolved from the same ancestor."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 48, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Organisms\nStandard: SB3d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.", "question": "Does the presence of DNA help scientists classify disease-causing agents as bacteria or viruses?", "options": {"A": "Yes, viruses contain DNA but bacteria do not.", "B": "Yes, bacteria contain DNA but viruses do not.", "C": "No, neither bacteria nor viruses contain DNA.", "D": "No, both bacteria and some viruses contain DNA."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 49, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "Biology Content Domain: Ecology\nStandard: SB4a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.", "question": "Population density is found by dividing the number of organisms in an ecosystem by the total area of the ecosystem. If 50 square meters of an ecosystem are surveyed and 5 rabbits are sighted, what is the estimated population density of the rabbits?", "options": {"A": "1 rabbit per 5 square meters", "B": "1 rabbit per 10 square meters", "C": "0.5 rabbit per square meter", "D": "0.1 rabbit per 5 square meters"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 67, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "For what values of \\(x\\) is the inequality \\(\\frac{2}{3}+\\frac{x}{3}>1\\) true?", "options": {"A": "\\(x < 1\\)", "B": "\\(x > 1\\)", "C": "\\(x < 5\\)", "D": "\\(x > 5\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 68, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which ordered pair is a solution of \\(3y + 2 = 2x - 5\\)?", "options": {"A": "(-5, 2)", "B": "(0, -5)", "C": "(5, 1)", "D": "(7, 5)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 86, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Use this list to answer the question.\n\nVoter initiatives Recall of elected officials Referenda Direct election of senators Changes to labor laws Measures to address poverty", "question": "What do the elements in the list have in common?", "options": {"A": "constitutional amendments", "B": "sectional differences", "C": "Progressive reforms", "D": "strike demands"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 87, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Use the excerpt to answer the questions.\n\n... imported here like merchandise, and let out to labor under a system only half removed from slavery itself. Yet they are an important element in the industry and progress of all this side of the continent. ... Twelve thousand of them have done nearly all the picking and drilling and shoveling and wheeling of the road from Sacramento to Salt Lake. \n\nDaily Alta California, Volume 21, Number 7049, 8 July 1869", "question": "Which group of people is the MOST LIKELY subject of discussion in the excerpt?", "options": {"A": "cowboys", "B": "immigrants", "C": "American Indians", "D": "African Americans"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 88, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Use the excerpt to answer the questions.\n\n... imported here like merchandise, and let out to labor under a system only half removed from slavery itself. Yet they are an important element in the industry and progress of all this side of the continent. ... Twelve thousand of them have done nearly all the picking and drilling and shoveling and wheeling of the road from Sacramento to Salt Lake. \n\nDaily Alta California, Volume 21, Number 7049, 8 July 1870", "question": "What task was this group of people working on?", "options": {"A": "moving cattle to market", "B": "setting up telegraph lines", "C": "the transcontinental railroad", "D": "the building of a new highway system"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 89, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which term BEST reflects the cultural, social, intellectual, and artistic accomplishments of African Americans or Blacks in the 1920s to mid- 1930s?", "options": {"A": "the NAACP", "B": "the Great Society", "C": "the Great Migration", "D": "the Harlem Renaissance"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 90, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which of these was an impact of new technologies, such as the radio and movies, combined with the growth of cities?", "options": {"A": "the rise of mass culture", "B": "a trend toward mass migration", "C": "the efficiency of mass production", "D": "a theory of mass demonstrations"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 122, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An expression is shown.\n\n$$\\left(\\frac{64}{27}\\right)^{-\\frac{1}{3}}$$", "question": "Using the properties of exponents, the expression can be rewritten as which of the fractions shown?", "options": {"A": "$-\\frac{4}{3}$", "B": "$-\\frac{3}{4}$", "C": "$\\frac{3}{4}$", "D": "$\\frac{4}{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 123, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The expression $x^3 - 3x^2 - 4x + 12$ can be written as $(x^2 - a)(x - b)$, where $a$ and $b$ are constants.", "question": "What are the values of $a$ and $b$?", "options": {"A": "$a = 1$ and $b = 12$", "B": "$a = 2$ and $b = 6$", "C": "$a = 3$ and $b = 4$", "D": "$a = 4$ and $b = 3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 124, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which list of numbers shows the quantities $4^7$, $(4^6)(4^2)$, and $9^{3.5}$ in order by value from **least** to **greatest**?", "options": {"A": "$9^{3.5}$, $(4^6)(4^2)$, $4^7$", "B": "$9^{3.5}$, $4^7$, $(4^6)(4^2)$", "C": "$4^7$, $9^{3.5}$, $(4^6)(4^2)$", "D": "$4^7$, $(4^6)(4^2)$, $9^{3.5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 125, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An equation is shown.\n\n$$\\frac{x}{x+6} = \\frac{2x-3}{x+12}$$", "question": "What are the solutions of the equation? Select all that apply", "options": {"A": "$x = -12$", "B": "$x = -6$", "C": "$x = -3$", "D": "$x = 0$", "E": "$x = \\frac{3}{2}$", "F": "$x = 3$", "G": "$x = 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 126, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A solid wooden toy is composed of a hemisphere and a cone with a common radius. The height of the cone is equal to the common radius.\n\nThe formula shown represents $V$, the volume, in cubic inches, of the toy in terms of $r$, the common radius, in inches, of the hemisphere and cone.\n\n$$V = \\pi r^3$$", "question": "Which formula can be used to determine the common radius of the hemisphere and cone if the volume of the toy is known?", "options": {"A": "$r = \\sqrt[3]{\\pi V}$", "B": "$r = \\sqrt[3]{\\frac{V}{\\pi}}$", "C": "$r = \\pi V^3$", "D": "$r = \\left(\\frac{V}{\\pi}\\right)^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 214, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a reproductive advantage that bacteria have but viruses do not?", "options": {"A": "Bacteria are able to reproduce by meiosis.", "B": "Bacteria have a nucleus to control reproduction.", "C": "Bacteria can replicate their DNA without a host cell.", "D": "Bacteria have mitochondria to supply energy for cell division."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 215, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A human gamete typically contains 23 chromosomes. Two human gametes combine to produce a zygote.", "question": "Which of the following is the best evidence that an error occurred during the formation of one of these gametes?", "options": {"A": "The zygote has two copies of chromosome 21.", "B": "The zygote has three copies of chromosome 21.", "C": "The zygote has 23 chromosomes from each gamete.", "D": "The zygote has some of the same chromosomes as the gametes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 216, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "DDT is an insecticide, a chemical that kills insects. When DDT was first introduced, it killed most of the mosquitoes that transmit the disease malaria. However, DDT is no longer effective against most mosquitoes.", "question": "Which of the following best explains why DDT is no longer effective against most mosquitoes?", "options": {"A": "Genetic mutations caused by DDT gave all exposed mosquitoes resistance.", "B": "Climate change increased the population of mosquitoes that transmit malaria.", "C": "Crossing over produced a new species of mosquito with a different number of chromosomes.", "D": "Natural selection increased the frequency of the allele for DDT resistance in the mosquito population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 217, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Adenine (A) makes up 32% of a DNA molecule.", "question": "Which table shows the correct percentage of each of the other nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule?", "options": {"A": "Nucleotide Base | Percentage of DNA Molecule: adenine (A) | 32; cytosine (C) | 32; guanine (G) | 18; thymine (T) | 18", "B": "Nucleotide Base | Percentage of DNA Molecule: adenine (A) | 32; cytosine (C) | 18; guanine (G) | 18; thymine (T) | 32", "C": "Nucleotide Base | Percentage of DNA Molecule: adenine (A) | 32; cytosine (C) | 64; guanine (G) | 18; thymine (T) | 16", "D": "Nucleotide Base | Percentage of DNA Molecule: adenine (A) | 32; cytosine (C) | 18; guanine (G) | 16; thymine (T) | 64"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 218, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Although the kidneys account for only 0.4% of a human's body weight, about 25% of the blood pumped out of the heart travels to the kidneys.", "question": "Which of the following explains why such a large amount of blood passes through the kidneys?", "options": {"A": "The kidneys exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen in the blood.", "B": "The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and regulate blood volume.", "C": "The kidneys absorb ATP from the blood needed for cellular respiration in body cells.", "D": "The kidneys secrete an enzyme that digests proteins and other macromolecules found in blood."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 219, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "When the concentration of oxygen is greater outside a cell than inside the cell, oxygen will move into the cell without the assistance of proteins or additional energy.", "question": "This movement of oxygen is an example of what process?", "options": {"A": "active transport", "B": "osmosis", "C": "photosynthesis", "D": "simple diffusion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 220, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "An offspring with a genetic mutation had a lower amount of muscle mass than expected. The offspring's parents did not have the allele for the mutation.", "question": "Which of the following is the most likely cause of the offspring's mutation?", "options": {"A": "random pairing in the parents' gametes", "B": "a dominant gene in the offspring's DNA", "C": "a replication error in the offspring's DNA", "D": "chromosomes crossing over in the parents' body cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 221, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "For the human body to function normally, blood pH must be maintained between 7.35 and 7.45. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood rise, the pH of the blood decreases. The body then reacts to restore normal blood pH.", "question": "A feedback loop that maintains blood pH is activated when a person exercises. Which of the following shows how this feedback loop works to maintain blood pH?", "options": {"A": "1. Person starts running.\n2. Brain cells detect decreasing blood pH.\n3. Blood pH decreases.\n4. Brain sends messages to the muscles that control breathing.\n5. Muscle cells release more carbon dioxide into the blood.\n6. Breathing rate increases, more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and blood pH increases.", "B": "1. Person starts running.\n2. Muscle cells release more carbon dioxide into the blood.\n3. Blood pH decreases.\n4. Brain cells detect decreasing blood pH.\n5. Brain sends messages to the muscles that control breathing.\n6. Breathing rate increases, more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and blood pH increases.", "C": "1. Person starts running.\n2. Brain sends messages to the muscles that control breathing.\n3. Blood pH decreases.\n4. Brain cells detect decreasing blood pH.\n5. Muscle cells release more carbon dioxide into the blood.\n6. Breathing rate increases, more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and blood pH increases.", "D": "1. Person starts running.\n2. Muscle cells release more carbon dioxide into the blood.\n3. Blood pH decreases.\n4. Brain sends messages to the muscles that control breathing.\n5. Brain cells detect decreasing blood pH.\n6. Breathing rate increases, more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and blood pH increases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 222, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "For the human body to function normally, blood pH must be maintained between 7.35 and 7.45. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood rise, the pH of the blood decreases. The body then reacts to restore normal blood pH. ", "question": "Which of the following best explains why this process is referred to as a negative feedback loop?", "options": {"A": "Carbon dioxide is removed from the body.", "B": "It is harmful to have a decrease in blood pH.", "C": "While a person is running, the brain sends signals to muscles.", "D": "As carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, blood pH returns to normal."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 223, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "PAH is a protein found in human cells. A change of one amino acid in the structure of PAH can cause PKU, a condition in which the PAH protein no longer functions.", "question": "How was PKU most likely introduced into the human population?", "options": {"A": "A mutation occurred in the PAH gene.", "B": "The PAH gene moved to a different chromosome.", "C": "Expression of the PAH gene produced lipids instead of proteins.", "D": "The PAH gene was translated in the nucleus instead of in the cytoplasm."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 224, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "When a person has pneumonia, fluid accumulates in the alveoli.", "question": "This fluid accumulation directly results in which of the following problems?", "options": {"A": "limited production of antibodies", "B": "decreased ability to regulate body temperature", "C": "slower diffusion of glucose into the bloodstream", "D": "reduced gas exchange between the lungs and the blood"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 261, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this expression.\n\n$$x^{2} - 7x + 10$$", "question": "For which values of $x$ is the expression equal to 0? select the two answers", "options": {"A": "-10", "B": "-5", "C": "2", "D": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C", "D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 262, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "A student drew right triangle XYZ.\n\n$$m\\angle X = 39^\\circ$$\n$$m\\angle Z = 90^\\circ$$", "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to sin $X?$", "options": {"A": "$\\cos (39^\\circ)$", "B": "$\\cos (51^\\circ)$", "C": "$\\tan (51^\\circ)$", "D": "$\\tan (90^\\circ)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 263, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Two lines are graphed on a coordinate plane. The equations of the lines are shown.\n\n$$y = -3x + 5$$\n$$y = 6x - 22$$", "question": "Which of the following is the $x$ - coordinate of the point on the coordinate plane where the lines intersect?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "3", "C": "4", "D": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 264, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first four terms in a geometric sequence are shown.\n\n$$4, 12, 36, 108, \\ldots$$", "question": "Which of the following expressions represents the $n$ th term in the sequence, where $n \\geq 1$ ?", "options": {"A": "$3(4)^{n-1}$", "B": "$4(3)^{n-1}$", "C": "$4+8(n-1)$", "D": "$4+12(n-1)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 266, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first student writes this expression.\n\n$$2x(x - 4)$$", "question": "Which of the following is an equivalent expression?", "options": {"A": "$2x^{2} + 8x$", "B": "$2x^{2} + 4x$", "C": "$2x^{2} - 4x$", "D": "$2x^{2} - 8x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 267, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The second student writes this expression that represents the product of two polynomials.\n\n$$(x - 2)(x^{2} + 3x + 1)$$\n\nThe second student correctly simplifies the expression by finding the product of the polynomials and combining all like terms.", "question": "How many terms are in the student's simplified expression?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "5", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 268, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions have a value that is rational? Select the two correct answers.", "options": {"A": "$\\pi^2$", "B": "$\\pi + 3$", "C": "$(2\\sqrt[3]{3})^5$", "D": "$2^3 + (\\sqrt{2})^4$", "E": "$5\\sqrt{2} - 4\\sqrt{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C", "D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 269, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The numbers of home runs hit by a baseball player in 10 seasons are listed in this box.\n\n21, 13, 12, 16, 50, 18, 18, 24, 19, 8", "question": "Which of the following statements will be true if the outlier is removed from the list?", "options": {"A": "The mean and the median will both decrease.", "B": "The mean and the median will both stay the same.", "C": "The mean will stay the same, and the median will decrease.", "D": "The mean will decrease, and the median will stay the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 270, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A circle is graphed on a coordinate plane. An equation of the circle is shown.\n\n$$(x - 2)^2 +(y + 1)^2 = 4$$", "question": "Based on the equation, which of the following statements are true? Select the two correct answers", "options": {"A": "The coordinates of the center of the circle are $(2, - 1)$.", "B": "The coordinates of the center of the circle are $(- 1,4)$.", "C": "The coordinates of the center of the circle are $(1, - 2)$.", "D": "The radius of the circle is 2 units.", "E": "The radius of the circle is 16 units."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 271, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this expression.\n\n$$3x^{2} - x + 4$$", "question": "Which of the following correctly identifies the roles of each part of the expression?", "options": {"A": "2 is the coefficient, 4 is the constant, $x$ is the exponent, 3 is the variable", "B": "2 is the coefficient, 4 is the constant, 3 is the exponent, $x$ is the variable", "C": "3 is the coefficient, $x$ is the constant, 2 is the exponent, 4 is the variable", "D": "3 is the coefficient, 4 is the constant, 2 is the exponent, $x$ is the variable"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 272, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "A high school basketball player claims he is 6 feet, 6 inches tall. His claim has a measurement error of about $4\\%$ .", "question": "Which of the following could be the player's actual height?", "options": {"A": "6 feet, 2 inches", "B": "6 feet, 3 inches", "C": "6 feet, 10 inches", "D": "6 feet, 11 inches"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 317, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A bag contains 21 red marbles and 4 blue marbles, all of the same size and shape. Two marbles will be randomly selected from the bag. The first marble will not be returned to the bag before the second marble is selected.", "question": "Given that the first marble selected is blue, what is the probability that the second marble selected will also be blue?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{3}{24}$", "B": "$\\frac{3}{25}$", "C": "$\\frac{4}{24}$", "D": "$\\frac{4}{25}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 318, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A ball is dropped from the top of a ladder and bounces on the ground several times. A student measures the maximum height of each bounce.\n\nThis function models \\(h(n)\\) , the maximum height, in inches above the ground, of the ball during its \\(n\\) th bounce.\n\n\\[h(n) = 96(0.55)^n\\] ", "question": "What does the value 96 represent in the function?", "options": {"A": "  the number of times the ball bounces", "B": "the initial height of the ball before it is dropped", "C": "the decrease in the height of the ball per bounce", "D": " the factor by which the height of each bounce is multiplied"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 319, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A restaurant serves iced tea in small glasses and large glasses. - 1 small glass and 2 large glasses contain a total of 48 fluid ounces of iced tea.- 2 small glasses and 3 large glasses contain a total of 76 fluid ounces of iced tea. ", "question": "What is the total number of fluid ounces contained in 1 large glass of iced tea?", "options": {"A": "  8", "B": " 14", "C": " 20", "D": " 28"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 320, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "It takes a barber between 20 and 30 minutes to give a customer a haircut. - The barber will give haircuts for a total of 8 hours today.- He has already spent 96 minutes cutting hair today. ", "question": "What is a reasonable estimate of the number of additional haircuts the barber can give today?", "options": {"A": "16", "B": "24", "C": "32", "D": "40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 321, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student has an after-school job. This function models the amount of money, in dollars, the student earns for working h hours in a week.\n\n$$M(h) = 12.5h$$\n\nThe student can work a maximum of 20 hours in a week.", "question": "Which of the following is the domain of the function?", "options": {"A": "$0\\leq h\\leq 12.5$", "B": "$0\\leq h\\leq 20$", "C": "$12.5\\leq h\\leq 20$", "D": "$12.5\\leq h\\leq 32.5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 322, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student has an after-school job. This function models the amount of money, in dollars, the student earns for working h hours in a week.\n\n$$M(h) = 12.5h$$\n\nThe student can work a maximum of 20 hours in a week.", "question": "Which of the following is the range of the function?", "options": {"A": "$0\\leq M(h)\\leq 650$", "B": "$0\\leq M(h)\\leq 250$", "C": "$125\\leq M(h)\\leq 250$", "D": "$250\\leq M(h)\\leq 650$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 323, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Triangle EFG is similar to triangle JKL. The measure of $\\angle E$ is $32^\\circ$. The measure of $\\angle K$ is $49^\\circ$.", "question": "What is the measure of $\\angle F$?", "options": {"A": "$32^\\circ$", "B": "$49^\\circ$", "C": "$81^\\circ$", "D": "$99^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 324, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Which of the following cannot be modeled by a linear function?", "question": "Which of the following cannot be modeled by a linear function?", "options": {"A": "The total cost of purchasing apples that cost 60 cents each.", "B": "As 5-pound bricks are added to a cart, the total weight increases.", "C": "The number of people registered on a website doubles every month.", "D": "The total distance traveled by a turtle walking at a constant speed increases over time."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 325, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The coordinates of each vertex of quadrilateral LMNP are listed.\n\n$L(x,y)$ $M(2x, - y)$ $N(- 2x, - y)$ $P(- x,y)$\n\nIn quadrilateral LMNP, $x = y$, and $x \\neq 0$.", "question": "What type of quadrilateral is LMNP?", "options": {"A": "square", "B": "rhombus", "C": "trapezoid", "D": "rectangle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 326, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "All the students in Mr. Greene's class are either 17 years old or 18 years old.\n\nThere are a total of 20 students in Mr. Greene's class. The sum of the ages of the 20 students is 345 years.", "question": "What is the total number of 17-year-old students in Mr. Greene's class?", "options": {"A": "5", "B": "8", "C": "12", "D": "15"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 327, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "The following section focuses on two classroom demonstrations of wave behaviors.", "question": "Which of the following describes the waves in both demonstrations 1 and 2?", "options": {"A": "They carry energy.", "B": "They are longitudinal.", "C": "They are electromagnetic.", "D": "They move at the same speed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 328, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "In demonstration 1, the students set the frequency of the paddle's motion in the ripple tank to 12 Hz.", "question": "Based on this information, what can be determined about the waves created?", "options": {"A": "the speed at which a wave moves across the ripple tank", "B": "the amount of time it takes a wave to complete one cycle", "C": "the speed with which a wave loses energy to its surroundings", "D": "the amount of time it takes a wave to reach the far end of the ripple tank"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 329, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "What is the wavelength of the laser light used in demonstration 2?", "question": "What is the wavelength of the laser light used in demonstration 2?", "options": {"A": "$2.5\\times10^{-15}\\ \\mathrm{m}$", "B": "$7.5\\times10^{-7}\\ \\mathrm{m}$", "C": "$1.3\\times10^6\\ \\mathrm{m}$", "D": "$1.2\\times10^{23}\\ \\mathrm{m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 330, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A rocket with a constant acceleration of 25 m/s2 has an initial velocity of 200 m/s in the same direction as the acceleration.", "question": "What is the magnitude of the rocket's velocity 10 s later?", "options": {"A": "250 m/s", "B": "450 m/s", "C": "1250 m/s", "D": "1450 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 331, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A student will drop water balloons into four containers to determine which container best minimizes the collision force on the water balloons so that they do not break.", "question": "Select two variables that the student must keep constant during testing to determine which container best minimizes the collision force on the water balloons.", "options": {"A": "the mass of each water balloon", "B": "the temperature of each water balloon", "C": "the frequency of dropping water balloons", "D": "the height from which water balloons are dropped", "E": "the time between dropping one water balloon and the next"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 332, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "A 350 kg elevator carries a 50 kg person to a height of 4 m above the ground.", "question": "What is the change in potential energy of both the elevator and the person?", "options": {"A": "4,400 J", "B": "12,000 J", "C": "16,000 J", "D": "70,000 J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 333, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A 60 Ω resistor is connected to a 1.5 V battery.", "question": "If the internal resistance of the battery is ignored, what current will flow through the resistor?", "options": {"A": "0.025 A", "B": "0.040 A", "C": "0.084 A", "D": "0.090 A"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 334, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "The acceleration due to gravity is smaller on Mars than it is on Earth. If a 2 kg object were held 0.75 m above the surface of Mars, it would have 5.7 J of gravitational potential energy.", "question": "What is the acceleration due to gravity on Mars?", "options": {"A": "0.26 m/s²", "B": "1.2 m/s²", "C": "3.8 m/s²", "D": "8.6 m/s²"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 335, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "Newton's universal law of gravitation and Coulomb's law have mathematical formulas that look similar.", "question": "Which of the following is a difference between the forces described by these two laws?", "options": {"A": "The force due to gravity requires two objects, but the force due to electric charge requires only one object.", "B": "The force due to gravity is only attractive, but the force due to electric charge can be attractive or repulsive.", "C": "The force due to gravity varies inversely with the square of the distance, but the force due to electric charge does not.", "D": "The force due to gravity increases as distance decreases, but the force due to electric charge decreases as distance decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 355, "assessment_program": "michiganmstep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "citizenship", "context": null, "question": "What is one requirement a person needs to become naturalized citizen of the United States?", "options": {"A": "serve 4 years in the armed forces ", "B": "complete 50 hours of community service ", "C": "demonstrate the ability to read and speak fluent English ", "D": "take an oath of allegiance to the United States "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 376, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the quotation.\n\n\"They are a dangerous element. There is no way to determine their loyalty. It makes no difference whether he is an American citizen.\"\n\nLieutenant General John L. DeWitt, 1942", "question": "Which Supreme Court case is most closely associated with the quotation?", "options": {"A": "Plessy v. Ferguson", "B": "Worcester v. Georgia", "C": "Korematsu v. United States", "D": "Brown v. Board of Education"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 377, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the quotation from the Basic Program Plan for Womanpower, created by the United States Office of War Information during World War II regarding a propaganda campaign.\n\n\"It is almost impossible under present conditions to make many of these jobs more attractive. A laundry, even with the most modern plant and equipment is still a pretty unpleasant place to work. These jobs will have to be glorified as patriotic war service if American women are to be persuaded to take them and stick to them. Their importance to a nation engaged in total war must be convincingly presented.\"", "question": "Select the statement that best explains why the campaign was created.", "options": {"A": "to improve conditions for women working in unpleasant jobs", "B": "to create more work opportunities for women during wartime", "C": "to recruit women into taking jobs that supported wartime efforts", "D": "to convince the government that women were needed to fill military roles"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 378, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the letter from Hollywood screenwriter Jack Moffitt to Congressman Norris Paulson.\n\nApril 11, 1947\n\nMr. Norris Paulson\n\nMember of Congress\n\nThe House of Representatives\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nDear Norris:\n\nHollywood really is scared because of its Red record. Every studio in town is trying to figure out a way to whitewash itself.\n\nBut here's a laugh—Martin Berkley, the scenario writer whom Darryl Zanuch has assigned to write \"The Iron Curtain\" (an anti-Communist picture for Twentieth Century Fox) **IS A COMMUNIST** and, at the present moment, **HAS A COMMUNIST CARD IN HIS POCKET**. I learned this from an F.B.I. man, who recently resigned from the service. Please keep the source of the information confidential.\n\nI think this information should be relayed, at once, to Mr. Thomas.\nSincerely,\n\n[SIGNATURE] Jack Moffitt\n\nJack Moffitt", "question": "Which event is most closely associated with the letter?", "options": {"A": "The Red Scare", "B": "The McCarthy hearings", "C": "The Rosenberg trial", "D": "The Hollywood Ten"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 379, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the quotation from President Harry Truman's address to Congress on March 12, 1947.\n\n\"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support the free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.\"\n\nHarry S. Truman", "question": "Which nation's actions was President Truman most likely talking about when he referred to 'outside pressures'?", "options": {"A": "Iran", "B": "Japan", "C": "Germany", "D": "Soviet Union"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 380, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which statement explains the main economic reason for completing the United States Interstate Highway System?", "options": {"A": "to increase car ownership", "B": "to regulate trade between states", "C": "to create places for planes to land during emergencies", "D": "to allow goods to move from place to place more quickly"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 394, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Many Missouri deer have brown fur color which helps them blend into their surroundings and avoid predators. However, there are also albino deer that lack this coloring. The albino trait is located on an autosome. Albino deer are highly preyed upon and rarely survive to reproduce.", "question": "Select the phrase to complete the sentence.", "options": {"A": "exposure to chemicals after birth.", "B": "a mutation in a parent body cell.", "C": "a mutation in the DNA of a gamete.", "D": "exposure to environmental changes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 395, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Asian carp, an invasive species, were introduced accidentally into Missouri aquatic ecosystems. Both the Asian carp and the native paddlefish are plankton feeders. After the introduction of Asian carp, the paddlefish populations immediately began to decline.", "question": "Based on the information provided, why is the native paddlefish population declining? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "They occupy the same niche as the Asian carp.", "B": "Native paddlefish compete for the same food as the Asian carp.", "C": "The introduction of Asian carp caused a drop in water temperatures.", "D": "Native paddlefish populations are declining as a result of increased human consumption.", "E": "The introduction of Asian carp limited the locations where native paddlefish can hide from predators."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 396, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which types of cells contain two copies of each chromosome? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "egg cell", "B": "skin cell", "C": "body cell", "D": "blood cell", "E": "sperm cell"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C", "D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 397, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "As a zygote divides to form new cells, groups of cells specialize to carry out functions that are essential to the organism.", "question": "What causes cells to differentiate into specialized cells?", "options": {"A": "the activation of specific genes", "B": "the activation of specific tissues", "C": "the activation of specific sex cells", "D": "the activation of specific amino acids"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 398, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which human activity would decrease the biodiversity of a wetland?", "options": {"A": "adding a drainage system", "B": "cleaning pollution out of the water", "C": "reintroducing native aquatic plants", "D": "restricting the use of water on farmland"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 399, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "What are the possible cross sections of a right circular cone? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "ellipse", "B": "triangle", "C": "circle", "D": "parabola", "E": "rectangle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 400, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A circle has its center at $(-2,3)$ and point $(4,6)$ is on its circumference. What is the correct written equation of the circle?", "question": "What is the correct written equation of the circle?", "options": {"A": "$(x + 3)^{2} + (y - 2)^{2} = 85$", "B": "$(x - 3)^{2} + (y + 2)^{2} = 45$", "C": "$(x - 2)^{2} + (y + 3)^{2} = 85$", "D": "$(x + 2)^{2} + (y - 3)^{2} = 45$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 401, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following two-dimensional cross sections are circles? Select all that apply.", "options": {"A": "any cross section of a sphere", "B": "horizontal cross section of a cube", "C": "cross section of a cone parallel to its base", "D": "cross section of a cone perpendicular to its base", "E": "cross section of a right cylinder parallel to its base", "F": "cross section of a pyramid perpendicular to its base"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 402, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A candle maker has 301.59 cubic centimeters ( $\\mathrm{cm}^3$ ) of liquid wax to make cone-shaped candles. Each candle has a circular base with a diameter of 3 cm and a height of 5 cm. What is the maximum number of candles that can be made from the liquid wax?", "question": "What is the maximum number of candles that can be made from the liquid wax?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "7", "C": "25", "D": "26"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 403, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which is the equation of the parabola with focus $(2,5)$ and directrix $y = 3$ ?", "options": {"A": "$y = - \\frac{1}{2} x^{2} - x + \\frac{5}{2}$", "B": "$y = -x^{2} + 5x - 20$", "C": "$y = \\frac{1}{4} x^{2} - x + 5$", "D": "$y = \\frac{1}{2} x^{2} + x + 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 404, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Nationally, Company A claims that $62\\%$ of all high school students use their social media platform. Company B claims that their platform is used by $45\\%$ of all high school students. Assuming that these proportions are correct, and also assuming that using one or the other of the social media platforms are independent events, what percentage of high school students would be expected to use neither A nor B?", "question": "What percentage of high school students would be expected to use neither A nor B?", "options": {"A": "$34.1\\%$", "B": "$27.9\\%$", "C": "$20.9\\%$", "D": "$17.1\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 405, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "civics", "domain": "government_in_action", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best explains why a citizen would participate in an interest group rather than a political party?", "options": {"A": "Political parties get less media coverage.", "B": "Political parties are more expensive to join.", "C": "Interest groups focus on a specific political issue.", "D": "Interest groups have more members than political parties."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 458, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best explains the relationship between glucose, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis?", "options": {"A": "Photosynthesis uses the glucose produced by cellular respiration to make energy.", "B": "Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both used to produce glucose and energy.", "C": "Photosynthesis produces the glucose used in cellular respiration to make energy.", "D": "Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both consume glucose to produce energy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 459, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "A group of students puts a small aquatic plant in a test tube. The students place a strong light source nearby. One hour later, they observe bubbles in the test tube.", "question": "Which statement explains what is occurring in the cells of the aquatic plant?", "options": {"A": "Gas molecules are diffusing through the cellular membranes in order to maintain homeostasis in the cells.", "B": "Gas exchange is increased by the activity of the chloroplasts in order to disrupt homeostasis in the cells.", "C": "Gas exchange is prevented by the cell walls of the plant cells in order to maintain homeostasis in the cells.", "D": "Gas molecules are produced by the cell walls of the plant cells in order to disrupt homeostasis in the cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 460, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(x + 2)(3x - 3)$?", "options": {"A": "$3x^{2} - 6$", "B": "$3x^{2} + 3x - 6$", "C": "$3x^{2} + 6x - 6$", "D": "$3x^{2} + 9x - 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 461, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Joanna has a total of 50 coins in her purse. The coins are either nickels or quarters. The total value of the coins is $7.10.", "question": "Which system of equations can be used to determine the number of nickels, $n$, and quarters, $q$, that Joanna has in her purse?", "options": {"A": "$n + q = 50$ $0.05n + 0.25q = 7.10$", "B": "$n + q = 7.10$ $50n + 50q = 7.10$", "C": "$0.05n + 0.25q = 50$ $n + q = 7.10$", "D": "$0.05n + 0.25q = 7.10$ $50n + 50q = 7.10$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 462, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The function $f(x) = - 0.25x + 5$ models the height of a candle $x$ seconds after it is lit.", "question": "What is the meaning of the $y$-intercept of the function?", "options": {"A": "the initial height of the candle", "B": "the final height of the candle", "C": "the rate at which the candle is burning", "D": "the amount of time it will take the candle to burn"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 463, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Sally works at a store. $x$ represents Sally's monthly paycheck, and $y$ represents her monthly savings. Sally will save at least $20 more than half of her paycheck each month. She can save at most $80 more than two-thirds of her paycheck each month. Her paycheck each month is at least $1,200, but no more than $1,850.", "question": "Which system of inequalities represents these constraints?", "options": {"A": "$x \\leq \\frac{1}{2} y + 20$ $x \\geq \\frac{2}{3} y + 80$ $y \\leq 1,200$ $y \\geq 1,850$", "B": "$y \\geq \\frac{1}{2} x + 20$ $y \\leq \\frac{2}{3} x + 80$ $x \\geq 1,200$ $x \\leq 1,850$", "C": "$y \\leq \\frac{1}{2} x + 20$ $y \\geq \\frac{2}{3} x + 80$ $x \\leq 1,200$ $x \\geq 1,850$", "D": "$x \\geq \\frac{1}{2} y + 20$ $x \\leq \\frac{2}{3} y + 80$ $y \\geq 1,200$ $y \\leq 1,850$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 464, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A company uses the formula $T = 581s + 150p$ to determine the total cost to purchase $s$ computers and $p$ printers.", "question": "Which formula can be used to determine the number of printers purchased, given the total cost, $T$, and the number of computers purchased?", "options": {"A": "$p = \\frac{T}{150} - 581s$", "B": "$p = T - \\frac{581s}{150}$", "C": "$p = \\frac{T - 581s}{150}$", "D": "$p = T - 581s - 150$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 465, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A set of nine data points is shown below.\n\n8, 11, 12, 10, 9, 7, 5, 3, 9", "question": "Which statement is true if a tenth data point of 45 is added to the data set?", "options": {"A": "The mean and median will both increase.", "B": "The mean will increase and the median will decrease.", "C": "The mean will increase and the median will remain the same.", "D": "The mean and median will both decrease."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 466, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which equation represents the line that is perpendicular to the graph of $4x + 3y = 9$ and passes through $(- 2, 3)$?", "options": {"A": "$3x - 4y = 18$", "B": "$3x + 4y = 18$", "C": "$3x - 4y = - 6$", "D": "$3x + 4y = 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 550, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A teacher measures the time it takes each student in a class to complete a puzzle. The first quartile value of the teacher's data is 4 minutes. The third quartile value is 6 minutes.", "question": "Which statement must be true?", "options": {"A": "About 25% of the students completed the puzzle in 4 minutes or less.", "B": "About 50% of the students completed the puzzle in 6 minutes or more.", "C": "Exactly 25% of the students completed the puzzle in exactly 4 minutes.", "D": "Exactly 50% of the students completed the puzzle in 5 minutes or less."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 551, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The greatest common factor (GCF) of $x^{3}y^{k}$ and $x^{2k}y^{4}$ is $x^{3}y^{3}$.", "question": "What is the value of $k$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 552, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which equation correctly shows that $(x^{2})^{4} = x^{8}?$", "options": {"A": "$(x^{2})^{4} = (x^{2})(x^{4}) = x^{8}$", "B": "$(x^{2})^{4} = 4(2x) = 8x = x^{8}$", "C": "$(x^{2})^{4} = 4(x^{2}) = x^{2} + x^{2} + x^{2} + x^{2} = x^{8}$", "D": "$(x^{2})^{4} = (x^{2})(x^{2})(x^{2})(x^{2}) = x \\bullet x \\bullet x \\bullet x \\bullet x \\bullet x \\bullet x = x^{8}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 553, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "When factored completely, which is a factor of $6x^{3} - 12x^{2} - 48x?$", "options": {"A": "$(x + 2)$", "B": "$(x + 4)$", "C": "$(2x - 3)$", "D": "$(2x - 4)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 554, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Anna's Bakery charges a delivery fee of $\\$ 10.95$ for one delivery order of cupcakes. Each cupcake in the order costs $\\$ 1.15$ .", "question": "Which equation describes the relationship between the number of cupcakes ordered $(x)$ and the total cost $(y)$ , in dollars, of the delivery order?", "options": {"A": "$y = 1.15x$", "B": "$y = 12.10x$", "C": "$y = 1.15x + 10.95$", "D": "$y = 10.95x + 1.15$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 555, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Kylie and Rhoda are solving the equation $4(x - 8) = 7(x - 4)$ .\n\nKylie uses a first step that results in $4x - 32 = 7x - 28$ . Rhoda uses a first step that results in $4x - 8 = 7x - 4$ .", "question": "Which statement about the first steps Kylie and Rhoda use is true?", "options": {"A": "Kylie uses the associative property, resulting in a correct first step.", "B": "Kylie uses the distributive property, resulting in a correct first step.", "C": "Rhoda uses the associative property, resulting in a correct first step.", "D": "Rhoda uses the distributive property, resulting in a correct first step."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 556, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Darlene is collecting prize tickets. The equation $y = 2x + 1$ describes the relationship between the number of days (x) since she began collecting and the number of prize tickets (y) she has collected.", "question": "Which statement correctly describes a solution of the equation?", "options": {"A": "Darlene has collected 2 prize tickets at the end of 1 day.", "B": "Darlene has collected 4 prize tickets at the end of 9 days.", "C": "Darlene has collected 22 prize tickets at the end of 10 days.", "D": "Darlene has collected 25 prize tickets at the end of 12 days."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 557, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Mary measured the heights of two different plants every day. Plant A was 1 inch tall when Mary began her measuring, and it grew 0.5 inch per day. Plant B was 3 inches tall, and it grew 0.25 inch per day.", "question": "On which day were plant A and plant B the same height?", "options": {"A": "day 5", "B": "day 8", "C": "day 12", "D": "day 16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 558, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A T-shirt company has a goal to earn a monthly profit of more than $\\$3,500$ \n\n- The company charges $\\$20$ per T-shirt. \n\n- The company has $\\$1,500$ in monthly costs. \n\nThe inequality 20x - 1,500 > 3,500 models this situation.", "question": "Which best describes the meaning of x in the inequality?", "options": {"A": "the profit made from the sale of 20 T-shirts", "B": "the profit made from 1 month of T-shirt sales", "C": "the number of T-shirts that need to be sold for the company to meet its goal", "D": "the number of T-shirts that need to be sold for the company to recover its monthly costs"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 559, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An equation is shown below. \n$$ 4\\sqrt{3} = \\sqrt{24x} $$", "question": "What is the value of $x$", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "3", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 560, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A coefficient (a) and an exponent (b) are missing in the two monomials shown below. \n\n$$ax^{3}\\qquad 6x^{b}$$ \n\nThe least common multiple (LCM) of the two monomials is $18x^{5}$ .", "question": "Which pair of statements about the missing coefficient and the missing exponent is true?", "options": {"A": "The missing coefficient (a) must be 9 or 18. The missing exponent (b) must be 5.", "B": "The missing coefficient (a) must be 9 or 18. The missing exponent (c) can be any number 5 or less.", "C": "The missing coefficient (a) can be any multiple of 3. The missing exponent (b) must be 5.", "D": "The missing coefficient (a) can be any multiple of 3. The missing exponent (c) can be any number 5 or less."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 561, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is a factor of $x^{2} + 3x - 40?$", "options": {"A": "(x - 4)", "B": "(x - 5)", "C": "(x - 8)", "D": "(x - 10)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 562, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Simplify: \n\n$$\\frac{x(x - 5) - 14}{x^2 - 4}; x \\neq -2, 2$$", "options": {"A": "$-5x + \\frac{7}{2}$", "B": "$\\frac{x - 7}{x - 2}$", "C": "$\\frac{x + 7}{x + 2}$", "D": "$\\frac{x - 19}{x - 4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 563, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The steps taken to correctly solve an equation are shown below, but one step is missing. \n\n$$-2(x - 3) = -6(x + 4)$$ \n$$-2x + 6 = -6x - 24$$ \n$$\\qquad ?$$ \n$$4x = -30$$ \n$$x = -7.5$$", "question": "Which set of statements shows the equation that is most likely the missing step and the property that justifies the missing step?", "options": {"A": "$4x - 6 = 24$ This step is justified by the additive property of equality.", "B": "$4x - 6 = 24$ This step is justified by the multiplicative property of equality.", "C": "$4x + 6 = -24$ This step is justified by the additive property of equality.", "D": "$4x + 6 = -24$ This step is justified by the multiplicative property of equality."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 564, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Deshawn has a box of batteries. Some of the batteries provide 1.5 volts each. The rest of the batteries provide 9 volts each. The total voltage provided by all the batteries in the box is 78 volts. The equation shown below models this situation. \n\n$$1.5x + 9y = 78$$ \n\nOne solution to this equation is (10, 7).", "question": "What does this solution represent?", "options": {"A": "The box contains 10 total batteries, 7 of which provide 1.5 volts each.", "B": "The box contains 10 total batteries, 7 of which provide 9 volts each.", "C": "The box contains 10 batteries that provide 1.5 volts each and 7 batteries that provide 9 volts each.", "D": "The box contains 10 batteries that provide 9 volts each and 7 batteries that provide 1.5 volts each."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 565, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Sam arrives at an amusement park with $61$ that he can spend at the amusement park. The entrance fee at the amusement park is $20$. It costs $3$ to play a game and $4$ for each ride. He plays 6 games and goes on x rides. The inequality shown below represents this situation. \n\n$$38 + 4x \\leq 61$$\n\nThe solution of the inequality is $x \\leq 5.75$", "question": "Based on the solution, which statement must be true?", "options": {"A": "Sam went on at most 5 rides.", "B": "Sam went on at most 6 rides.", "C": "Sam went on more than 6 rides.", "D": "Sam went on fewer than 5 rides."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 566, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first six numbers in a pattern are listed below.\n\n-19.2 -18.4 -17.6 -16.8 -16 -15.2\n\nThe pattern continues.", "question": "Which expression could be used to determine the 100th number in the pattern?", "options": {"A": "-39.2(100)+20", "B": "-0.8(100)-18.4", "C": "0.8(100)-20", "D": "20(100)-135.2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 567, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For a local race, the prize for first place is $250 plus an additional $5 for every person who registers for the race. The equation shown below represents the prize (y), in dollars, for first place based on the number of people (x) who register for the race. \n\n$$y = 5x + 250$$", "question": "Which statement about the prize for first place is true?", "options": {"A": "The prize for first place will always be a multiple of 50.", "B": "The prize for first place will be $325 if 75 people register for the race.", "C": "The prize for first place when there are 50 people registered for the race is twice as much as when there are 25 people registered.", "D": "The prize for first place when there are 100 people registered for the race is twice as much as when there are 25 people registered."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 568, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Paul paints houses. He charges his customers a fixed amount to cover the expenses of using a paint sprayer and buying brushes. He also charges an amount based on the number of gallons of paint (x) he will need. The equation shown below represents the total amount (y), in dollars, Paul charges his customers for the materials he will need for a job. \n\n$$y = 14.5x + 80$$", "question": "What is represented by the number 14.5 in Paul's equation?", "options": {"A": "the number of gallons of paint Paul will need", "B": "the charge for each gallon of paint Paul will need", "C": "the number of hours it will take to complete the paint job", "D": "the fixed amount charged for using a paint sprayer and buying brushes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 569, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the equation of the line that passes through the points (-2, 4) and (6, 2)?", "options": {"A": "$y = 0.25x + 4.5$", "B": "$y = 0.25x + 0.5$", "C": "$y = -0.25x + 14$", "D": "$y = -0.25x + 3.5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 628, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?", "options": {"A": "the ability to reproduce asexually", "B": "the ability to make their own food", "C": "the need for a source of energy", "D": "the need for oxygen for respiration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 629, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Life functions are performed at many levels of biological organization. Which level of biological organization is the simplest level at which a structure can support life functions?", "options": {"A": "cell", "B": "tissue", "C": "organelle", "D": "organ system"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 630, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "The opening of the stomata allows water to evaporate from inside the leaf in a process known as transpiration. As this occurs, water molecules cling to one another and pull water in a continuous stream up the stem of the plant from the roots to the leaves.", "question": "Which property of water makes this movement possible?", "options": {"A": "cohesion", "B": "freezing point", "C": "high specific heat", "D": "temperature-dependent density"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 631, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Cells are largely made of organic compounds that contain carbon. Which property of the carbon atom makes it an essential component of organic compounds?", "options": {"A": "Carbon is a nonmetal.", "B": "Carbon oxidizes to carbon dioxide.", "C": "Carbon is solid at room temperature.", "D": "Carbon can form four covalent bonds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 632, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Plant cells use sunlight to make their own food. Which structure allows plant cells to perform this function?", "options": {"A": "nucleus", "B": "vacuole", "C": "chloroplast", "D": "mitochondrion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 633, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best explains why cellular respiration in plants and other organisms is dependent on photosynthesis?", "options": {"A": "Photosynthesis is one of the final steps in cellular respiration.", "B": "Photosynthesis provides the materials that fuel cellular respiration.", "C": "Photosynthesis absorbs excess energy produced by cellular respiration.", "D": "Photosynthesis absorbs materials that are catalyzed during cellular respiration."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 634, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Molecules Needed for Protein Synthesis\n\n- mRNA\n- tRNA\n- amino acids\n- ATP molecules", "question": "A plant cell uses the molecules in the list to synthesize a protein. What role do the ATP molecules play in the protein synthesis process?", "options": {"A": "They provide energy.", "B": "They increase activation energy.", "C": "They convert energy into hereditary information.", "D": "They absorb excess energy to prevent overheating."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 635, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes how active transport differs from passive transport?", "options": {"A": "Only active transport requires ATP.", "B": "Only active transport moves small particles.", "C": "Only active transport relies on a plasma membrane.", "D": "Only active transport allows substances to leave a cell."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 636, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "All living organisms must maintain homeostasis in order to survive. Which statement best describes one way humans maintain homeostasis?", "options": {"A": "Temperature is regulated by giving off carbon dioxide.", "B": "Water content is regulated by giving off carbon dioxide.", "C": "Temperature is regulated by sweating.", "D": "Water content is regulated by sweating."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 637, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "What must be transmitted to new DNA strands during replication to maintain genetic information?", "options": {"A": "individual atoms from existing DNA strands", "B": "individual sugars from existing DNA strands", "C": "the sequence of bases from existing DNA strands", "D": "the sequence of phosphates from existing DNA strands"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 638, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "The genetic material of two different individuals of the same species is analyzed. One individual has brown eyes. The other has blue eyes. Which characteristic for eye color would be the same for both individuals?", "options": {"A": "the allele", "B": "the DNA sequence", "C": "the amount of pigment", "D": "the location of the gene"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 639, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which effect is most likely caused by nondisjunction during meiosis?", "options": {"A": "an increase in nuclei", "B": "an extra chromosome", "C": "only two types of nitrogenous bases", "D": "increased survival benefits from traits"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 640, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "A genetic mutation involving a single base causes an error that affects the sequence of the next 500 amino acids in a protein. Which type of mutation could have produced this type of error in the protein?", "options": {"A": "silent", "B": "nonsense", "C": "frame-shift", "D": "substitution"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 641, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "New technologies enable oils to be extracted from plants to make renewable biodiesel fuel. Scientists have altered the genome of a specific plant species to increase the amount of oil produced by each plant. Which statement explains why this technology most likely benefits farmers?", "options": {"A": "It makes each plant more resistant to disease.", "B": "It lowers the cost of each acre of plants cultivated.", "C": "It increases the value of each acre of land cultivated.", "D": "It eliminates the processing needed to extract plant oils."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 642, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "A population of squirrels was separated during the formation of the Grand Canyon. Over time the squirrels, separated by the canyon walls and the Colorado River, became unique species. Which mechanism most likely caused the development of the new species?", "options": {"A": "habitat preference", "B": "increased gene flow", "C": "geographic isolation", "D": "behavioral isolation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 643, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "A researcher observes two species of frogs in the same area. Both species have a similar diet. One species breeds in fast-moving streams, while the other species breeds in ponds. Both species are similar in appearance and have very similar DNA. Which information provides the best evidence that these two species descended from a common ancestor?", "options": {"A": "the species' similar diets", "B": "the species' shared habitat", "C": "the species' mating behaviors", "D": "the species' physical characteristics"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 644, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Statement 1: All living things are composed of cells.\n\nStatement 2: If soil contains high levels of salt, the plants will die.\n\nStatement 3: The temperature reading on the thermometer is 21°C.\n\nStatement 4: It must have rained this morning because the soil is wet.", "question": "A teacher lists four statements for students to interpret. Which table of information correctly distinguishes between the statements?", "options": {"A": "Statement 1: theory, Statement 2: hypothesis, Statement 3: observation, Statement 4: inference", "B": "Statement 1: fact, Statement 2: theory, Statement 3: hypothesis, Statement 4: observation", "C": "Statement 1: inference, Statement 2: observation, Statement 3: theory, Statement 4: fact", "D": "Statement 1: observation, Statement 2: inference, Statement 3: fact, Statement 4: hypothesis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 645, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which description is the best example of a population?", "options": {"A": "all of the red foxes in a forest", "B": "all of the red foxes in every forest", "C": "all of the organisms in a forest", "D": "all of the organisms in every forest"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 646, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Trees are typically able to transport water from their roots to their stems and leaves.", "question": "Which statement describes the property of water that most supports the transportation of water to all parts of a tree?", "options": {"A": "Water forms a crystalline structure when it freezes.", "B": "Water dissolves fewer substances than any other liquid.", "C": "Water has strong attractions to itself and many other molecules.", "D": "Water can absorb large amounts of energy with minimal temperature changes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 746, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "A mutation in which types of cells would only affect the organism and not future generations?", "options": {"F": "Egg cell and liver cell", "G": "Sperm cell and egg cell", "H": "Nerve cell and brain cell", "J": "Sperm cell and lung cell"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 752, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "An individual who participates in a long-distance run on a hot day will produce large quantities of sweat. As a result of the excessive sweating, the amount of urine produced by the kidneys will change. How will the kidneys respond to help the individual�s body maintain homeostasis?", "options": {"F": "The kidneys will decrease urine production so the body can maintain blood pH.", "G": "The kidneys will increase urine production to eliminate excess salt in the body.", "H": "The kidneys will decrease urine production to allow the body to conserve water.", "J": "The kidneys will increase urine production so the body can absorb more nutrients."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 753, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "The gray squirrel, Eastern fox squirrel, and red squirrel are all different species of squirrels. Why is having a scientific name for each species of an organism important?", "options": {"A": "To prevent existing named organisms from having their names changed as they become extinct", "B": "To keep the classification system from being altered as new organisms are discovered", "C": "To allow organisms to be placed in many classification levels at the same time", "D": "To standardize the naming and organization of organisms to avoid confusion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 754, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Saprophytes are fungi that feed on dead and decomposing organisms. They secrete enzymes that digest components of cell walls, such as cellulose and lignin. Which statement explains why these fungi are an important part of the biogeochemical cycle?", "options": {"A": "Saprophytes perform gas exchange that assists the cellular activities of autotrophs.", "B": "Saprophytes extract minerals from living tissue to recycle them back into the soil.", "C": "Saprophytes transport nutrients through the xylem and phloem in autotrophs.", "D": "Saprophytes return organic material to the soil for use by living organisms."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 755, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "An advertisement for a health supplement for dogs claims to build lean muscle and strengthen tendons and ligaments, as well as provide energy. Which two biomolecules must the supplement contain to provide these benefits?", "options": {"F": "Carbohydrates and lipids", "G": "Proteins and carbohydrates", "H": "Nucleic acids and carbohydrates", "J": "Lipids and nucleic acids"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 756, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Scientists have observed many types of tropical fish moving beyond their traditional ocean ranges into waters that have historically been more temperate. These fish compete for food with native fish, consuming much from the kelp forests and beds of sea grass. The expansion of the ranges of tropical fish was most likely caused by �", "options": {"A": "agricultural runoff that contributes to dead zones in the ocean", "B": "global droughts that raise the salt concentration of ocean waters", "C": "the rising temperatures of ocean waters", "D": "acid rain pollution that lowers the pH of ocean waters"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 757, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Adaptations that result from natural selection are expected to increase the fitness of an organism. In terms of natural selection, which of the following best describes fitness?", "options": {"A": "Being able to escape from predators", "B": "Being among the strongest organisms in a population", "C": "Being able to survive, find a mate, and produce offspring", "D": "Being able to survive long enough to reach the adult stage"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 758, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "The human body is composed of organ systems. Which list represents a system organized from least to most complex?", "options": {"A": "Heart \\(\\rightarrow\\) cardiac muscle \\(\\rightarrow\\) muscle tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) muscle cell", "B": "Lung tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) trachea \\(\\rightarrow\\) nostrils \\(\\rightarrow\\) circulatory system", "C": "Muscle cell \\(\\rightarrow\\) muscle tissue \\(\\rightarrow\\) biceps muscle \\(\\rightarrow\\) muscular system", "D": "Integumentary system \\(\\rightarrow\\) skin cell \\(\\rightarrow\\) hair \\(\\rightarrow\\) sweat glands"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 759, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Some components of cells are listed. 1. Cytoplasm 2. Nucleus 3. Chloroplasts 4. Cell Wall 5. Cell membrane. Which of the components could be observed using a microscope in a prepared slide of leaf epidermal cells but not in a prepared slide of human cheek cells?", "options": {"F": "Components 2 and 3 only", "G": "Components 3 and 4 only", "H": "Components 1, 2, and 3 only", "J": "Components 1 and 5 only"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 760, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould researched the lenses of the eyes of fossil trilobites of different species. In 1972 they published a paper in which they described the tendency of a species to remain the same until a sudden change in the environment causes a new related species to appear. Which hypothesis was most challenged by the work of Eldredge and Gould?", "options": {"A": "Redi's hypothesis that spontaneous generation does not occur", "B": "Haeckel's hypothesis that embryological development mimics the evolution of species", "C": "Wallace's hypothesis that geography affects the distribution of species", "D": "Darwin's hypothesis that the development of species is a slow, gradual process"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 761, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which part of a DNA molecule is responsible for the direct coding of specific traits in an organism?", "options": {"F": "The number of hydrogen bonds that hold the strands of DNA together.", "G": "The number of carbons in the DNA molecule.", "H": "The sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule.", "J": "The sequences of phosphates along each DNA strand."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1004, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities. . . . Therefore, Be it enacted . . . That . . . the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be . . . suspended. . . .\n\n- Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882", "question": "Which factor prompted the passage of this legislation?", "options": {"F": "Denial of labor union membership for unskilled workers", "G": "Increased nativism and anti- immigrant attitudes", "H": "Wage increases for workers in manufacturing positions", "J": "Increased U.S. involvement in foreign wars and conflicts"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1005, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did the United States respond to the launch of Sputnik I in 1957 by the Soviet Union?", "options": {"A": "By increasing health care benefits and pensions for the military", "B": "By implementing the Marshall Plan", "C": "By increasing funding for math and science education", "D": "By joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1006, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How did the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine affect the role of the United States in the world?", "options": {"F": "By establishing military alliances with Asian nations", "G": "By proclaiming a policy of isolationism", "H": "By creating a plan to stop the spread of communism", "J": "By announcing a willingness to intervene in the affairs of Western Hemisphere nations"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1007, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "How does the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) continue to affect U.S. citizens?", "options": {"F": "By regulating loans made to investors who buy stocks on margin", "G": "By changing interest rates to prevent people from paying higher prices for goods", "H": "By providing financial assistance to elderly people who are retired", "J": "By protecting the savings of bank customers during an economic crisis"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1008, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Which statement describes how the Transcontinental Railroad affected the United States during the late 1800s?", "options": {"F": "The railroad contributed to the rapid settlement and growth of towns in the West.", "G": "The railroad caused a rapid decline in agriculture and mining in the West.", "H": "The railroad contributed to population growth and increased sharecropping in the East.", "J": "The railroad prompted Congress to buy land and create national parks in the East."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1009, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "In the 1960s which action of the Black Panthers was MOST DIFFERENT from the philosophy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.?", "options": {"A": "Writing a ten- point platform that demanded decent housing", "B": "Using armed patrols to protect neighborhoods", "C": "Operating the Free Breakfast for Children Program", "D": "Creating \"survival\" programs that included medical and legal aid"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1010, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "Why was President Ronald Reagan criticized for the Iran- Contra Affair?", "options": {"A": "His administration supported a revolution against an elected leader in Iran.", "B": "His policies involved the sharing of nuclear technology with Iran.", "C": "His policies threatened petroleum trade agreements with Iran.", "D": "His administration violated an embargo by selling weapons to Iran."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1011, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "U.S. TV studios send a lot of their shows to Russia. . . . We're not just talking . . . dubbed over in another language. . . . These are . . . remakes in which characters and storylines have been adapted to reflect local . . . sensibilities.\n\nTim Newcomb, Time Magazine, October 2013", "question": "Which concept is BEST described by this excerpt?", "options": {"A": "Cultural diffusion", "B": "Nativism", "C": "Social Darwinism", "D": "Containment"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1012, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "In 1966, Congress authorized the federal government to set safety standards for new cars. By 1968, seat belts, padded dashboards, and other safety features were mandatory equipment.\n\n\"America on the Move\" Exhibit, National Museum of American History, www.amhistory.si.edu (accessed August 29, 2017)", "question": "What was one intended effect of this government action?", "options": {"A": "To reduce the use of gasoline by consumers", "B": "To reduce traffic on interstate highways", "C": "To improve the life expectancy of consumers", "D": "To increase the use of railroads"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1013, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": null, "question": "What was the MAIN reason tanks were introduced during World War I?", "options": {"A": "To locate and remove land mines from the battlefield.", "B": "To transport military supplies to the front lines.", "C": "To overcome trench defenses and end stalemates.", "D": "To monitor enemy troop movements"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1054, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Two customers went to a post office to buy postcards and large envelopes. Each postcard costs the same amount, and each large envelope costs the same amount. - The first customer paid $12 for 14 postcards and 5 large envelopes.\n- The second customer paid $24.80 for 10 postcards and 15 large envelopes.", "question": "What was the cost in dollars of each large envelope?", "options": ["A $1.42", "B $0.35", "C $1.15", "D $0.63"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1055, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "There are 1,024 players in a tennis tournament. In each round, half the players are eliminated.", "question": "Which function can be used to find the number of players remaining in the tournament at the end of x rounds?", "options": ["A f(x) = 1,024(1.50)^x", "B f(x) = 1,024(0.50)^x", "C f(x) = 1,024(1.05)^x", "D f(x) = 1,024(0.05)^x"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1056, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which statement about g(x) = x² - 576 is true?", "options": {"F": "The zeros, -288 and 288, can be found when 0 = (x + 288)(x - 288).", "G": "The only zero, 288, can be found when 0 = (x - 288)^2.", "H": "The zeros, -24 and 24, can be found when 0 = (x + 24)(x - 24).", "J": "The only zero, 24, can be found when 0 = (x - 24)^2."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1057, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What are the solutions to (x + 7)^2 = 81?", "options": ["F -74 and 88", "G -2 and 16", "H -88 and 74", "J -16 and 2"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1058, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which situation does NOT show causation?", "options": ["A When the student population at a school increases, the number of teachers at the school increases.", "B When the amount of sugar in a quart of apple juice is reduced, there are fewer calories in each serving.", "C When there are more workers on a project, the project is completed in less time.", "D When there is more protein in an athlete's diet, the athlete scores more points in a game."], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1059, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which function is equivalent to f(x) = -4(x + 7)^2 - 6?", "options": {"F": "f(x) = -4x² - 56x - 202", "G": "f(x) = -4x² + 14x + 43", "H": "f(x) = -4x² - 56x - 172", "J": "f(x) = -4x² + 190"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1060, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to (q⁴)^(-3)/q^(-15) for all values of q where the expression is defined?", "options": {"F": "\\(q^{27}\\)", "G": "\\(\\frac{1}{q^{27}}\\)", "H": "\\(q^3\\)", "J": "\\(\\frac{1}{q^3}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1061, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the solution set for -4x + 10 ≥ 5x + 55?", "options": {"F": "\\(x \\ge 5\\)", "G": "\\(x \\ge 45\\)", "H": "\\(x \\le -5\\)", "J": "\\(x \\le -45\\)"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1062, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is a factor of 21x² + 13x - 20?", "options": {"A": "\\(3x - 4\\)", "B": "\\(7x - 5\\)", "C": "\\(7x + 4\\)", "D": "\\(3x + 5\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1158, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is equivalent to $\\frac{a^{12}b^2}{a^3b^6}$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{a^9}{b^4}$", "B": "$\\frac{b^4}{a^9}$", "C": "$\\frac{a^4}{b^3}$", "D": "$a^9b^4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1159, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the value of this expression when $n = -15$? $$-2|n + 6|$$", "options": {"A": "-42", "B": "-18", "C": "18", "D": "42"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1160, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A formula to find the angle measures of an isosceles triangle is shown. 180 = 2x + y", "question": "Which equation can be used to find $x$?", "options": {"A": "$x = \\frac{180 - y}{2}$", "B": "$x = \\frac{180 + y}{2}$", "C": "$x = 90 - y$", "D": "$x = 90 + y$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1161, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which equation represents the line that passes through the points $(-4, 4)$ and $(8, -2)$?", "options": {"A": "$y = -2x + 14$", "B": "$y = -2x - 4$", "C": "$y = -\\frac{1}{2}x + 2$", "D": "$y = -\\frac{1}{2}x - 2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1169, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which equation could represent a graph with $x$-intercepts of $(4, 0)$ and $(-7, 0)$?", "options": {"A": "$y = x^2 + 3x - 28$", "B": "$y = x^2 - 3x - 28$", "C": "$y = x^2 + 3x + 28$", "D": "$y = x^2 - 3x + 28$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1170, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which number is a zero of the function $h$? $$h(x) = x^2 + 3x - 18$$", "options": {"A": "-6", "B": "-3", "C": "0", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1289, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A container is $\\frac{1}{8}$ full of water. After 10 cups of water are added, the container is $\\frac{3}{4}$ full. What is the volume of the container, in cups?", "options": {"A": "13\\frac{1}{3}", "B": "13\\frac{1}{2}", "C": "15", "D": "16", "E": "40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1290, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Only tenth-, eleventh-, and twelfth-grade students attend Washington High School. The ratio of tenth graders to the school's total student population is 86:255, and the ratio of eleventh graders to the school's total student population is 18:51.", "question": "If 1 student is chosen at random from the entire school, which grade is that student most likely to be in?", "options": {"A": "Tenth", "B": "Eleventh", "C": "Twelfth", "D": "All grades are equally likely.", "E": "Cannot be determined from the given information"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1291, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "\\frac{4}{\\sqrt{2}} + \\frac{2}{\\sqrt{3}} = ?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{4\\sqrt{3} + 2\\sqrt{2}}{\\sqrt{5}}", "B": "\\frac{4\\sqrt{3} + 2\\sqrt{2}}{\\sqrt{6}}", "C": "\\frac{6}{\\sqrt{2} + \\sqrt{3}}", "D": "\\frac{6}{\\sqrt{5}}", "E": "\\frac{8}{\\sqrt{6}}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1292, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "You can find the volume of an irregularly shaped solid object by completely submerging it in water and calculating the volume of water the object displaces.", "question": "What is the volume, in cubic centimeters, of the object?", "options": {"A": "300", "B": "240", "C": "200", "D": "150", "E": "75"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1293, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": null, "question": "If $x:y = 5:2$ and $y:z = 3:2$, what is the ratio of $x:z$?", "options": {"A": "3:1", "B": "3:5", "C": "5:3", "D": "8:4", "E": "15:4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1294, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is the solution statement for the inequality shown below?", "options": {"A": "-5 < x < 10", "B": "-3 < x", "C": "-3 < x < 2", "D": "-2 < x < 3", "E": "x < -3 or x > 2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1295, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A dog eats 7 cans of food in 3 days. At this rate, how many cans of food does the dog eat in $3 + d$ days?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{7}{3} + d", "B": "\\frac{7}{3} + \\frac{d}{3}", "C": "\\frac{7}{3} + \\frac{7}{3d}", "D": "7 + \\frac{d}{3}", "E": "7 + \\frac{7d}{3}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1296, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "As part of a probability experiment, Elliott is to answer 4 multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are 3 possible answers, only 1 of which is correct.", "question": "What is the probability that he will answer the 4 questions correctly?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{27}{81}", "B": "\\frac{12}{81}", "C": "\\frac{4}{81}", "D": "\\frac{3}{81}", "E": "\\frac{1}{81}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1297, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The sides of an acute triangle measure 14 cm, 18 cm, and 20 cm, respectively.", "question": "Which of the following equations, when solved for $\\theta$, gives the measure of the smallest angle of the triangle?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{\\sin \\theta}{14} = \\frac{1}{18}", "B": "\\frac{\\sin \\theta}{14} = \\frac{1}{20}", "C": "\\frac{\\sin \\theta}{20} = \\frac{1}{14}", "D": "14^2 = 18^2 + 20^2 - 2(18)(20)\\cos \\theta", "E": "20^2 = 14^2 + 18^2 - 2(14)(18)\\cos \\theta"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1298, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Marcus's favorite casserole recipe requires 3 eggs and makes 6 servings. Marcus will modify the recipe by using 5 eggs and increasing all other ingredients in the recipe proportionally.", "question": "What is the total number of servings the modified recipe will make?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "8", "C": "10", "D": "12", "E": "15"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1299, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The 35-member History Club is meeting to choose a student government representative. The members decide that the representative, who will be chosen at random, CANNOT be any of the 3 officers of the club.", "question": "What is the probability that Hiroko, who is a member of the club but NOT an officer, will be chosen?", "options": {"F": "0", "G": "\\frac{4}{35}", "H": "\\frac{1}{35}", "J": "\\frac{1}{3}", "K": "\\frac{1}{32}"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["K"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1300, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "For what value of $ x $ is the equation $ 2^{2x+7} = 2^{15} $ true?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "4", "C": "11", "D": "16", "E": "44"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1301, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Let the function $ f $ be defined as $ f(x) = 5x^2 - 7(4x + 3) $.", "question": "What is the value of $ f(3) $?", "options": {"F": "-18", "G": "-26", "H": "-33", "J": "-60", "K": "-75"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1302, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A wallet containing 5 five-dollar bills, 7 ten-dollar bills, and 8 twenty-dollar bills is found and returned to its owner. The wallet's owner will reward the finder with 1 bill drawn randomly from the wallet.", "question": "What is the probability that the bill drawn will be a twenty-dollar bill?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{1}{20}", "B": "\\frac{4}{51}", "C": "\\frac{1}{8}", "D": "\\frac{2}{5}", "E": "\\frac{2}{3}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1303, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The ABC Book Club charges a \\$40 monthly fee, plus \\$2 per book read in that month. The Easy Book Club charges a \\$35 monthly fee, plus \\$3 per book read in that month.", "question": "For each club, how many books must be read in 1 month for the total charges from each club to be equal?", "options": {"F": "1", "G": "4", "H": "5", "J": "6", "K": "75"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1304, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "When $ x = \\frac{1}{2} $,", "question": "What is the value of $ \\frac{8x-3}{x} $?", "options": {"F": "\\frac{1}{2}", "G": "2", "H": "\\frac{5}{2}", "J": "5", "K": "10"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1305, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "In the standard $ (x,y) $ coordinate plane, what is the midpoint of the line segment that has endpoints $ (3,8) $ and $ (1,-4) $?", "options": {"A": "(-2,-12)", "B": "(-1, -6)", "C": "\\left(\\frac{11}{2}, -\\frac{3}{2}\\right)", "D": "(2, 2)", "E": "(4,-12)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1306, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the slope of the line through $ (-2,1) $ and $ (2,-5) $ in the standard $ (x,y) $ coordinate plane?", "options": {"A": "\\frac{3}{2}", "B": "1", "C": "-1", "D": "-\\frac{3}{2}", "E": "-4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1307, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "In Cherokee County, the fine for speeding is \\$17 for each mile per hour the driver is traveling over the posted speed limit. In Cherokee County, Kirk was fined \\$221 for speeding on a road with a posted speed limit of 30 mph.", "question": "Kirk was fined for traveling at what speed, in miles per hour?", "options": {"F": "13", "G": "17", "H": "43", "J": "47", "K": "60"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J", "K"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1308, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is the sum of the solutions of the 2 equations below?\n\n$ 8x = 12 $ \n $ 2y + 10 = 22 $", "options": {"A": "2\\frac{2}{5}", "B": "7\\frac{1}{2}", "C": "9", "D": "10", "E": "17\\frac{1}{2}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1404, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Let the function $f$ be defined as $f(x) = -9x^2$ . In the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane, the graph of $y=f(x)$ undergoes a transformation such that the result is the graph of $y=f(x)-4$ .", "question": "Under this transformation the graph of $y=f(x)$ is:", "options": {"A": "shifted downward 4 coordinate units.", "B": "shifted left 4 coordinate units.", "C": "stretched horizontally by a factor of 4.", "D": "stretched vertically by a factor of 4."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1405, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For all positive values of $a$ , $b$ , $c$ , and $d$ , when $\\frac{1}{2}ab^2 + c = d$ ,", "question": "which of the following expressions is equal to $b$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\sqrt{2}{}{\\frac{a(d-c)}{2}}$", "B": "$\\sqrt{2}{}{\\frac{2(d-c)}{a}}$", "C": "$\\sqrt{2}{}{\\frac{2d-c}{a}}$", "D": "$\\sqrt{2}{}{\\frac{d-c}{2a}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1406, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Tanya earns \\$34,000 in her 1st year at a job. She is given a raise of the same dollar amount each year, resulting in her earning \\$38,080 in the 4th year at the job.", "question": "What is the total of Tanya's earnings during her 4 years at the job?", "options": {"A": "\\$136,000", "B": "\\$140,080", "C": "\\$144,160", "D": "\\$152,320"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1407, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane,", "question": "how many points are both 5 coordinate units from the origin and also 2 coordinate units from the line $y = 0$ ?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1408, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In $\\triangle ABC$ , if the measure of $\\angle A$ is less than the measure of $\\angle B$ , and the measure of $\\angle B$ is less than the measure of $\\angle C$ ,", "question": "what is the correct ordering of the side lengths, from least to greatest?", "options": {"A": "$AB < BC < AC$", "B": "$AB < AC < BC$", "C": "$BC < AC < AB$", "D": "$BC < AB < AC$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1409, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Lajuan sells exactly 4 kinds of pies in his bakery: apple, pecan, coconut cream, and peach. Of the pies he sold on Thursday, $\\frac{1}{4}$ were apple, $\\frac{1}{2}$ were pecan, 24 were coconut cream, and 8 were peach.", "question": "How many total pies did Lajuan sell on Thursday?", "options": {"A": "40", "B": "42", "C": "56", "D": "128"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1410, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In a certain quadrilateral, 2 opposite angles each measure $(3x + 5)^\\circ$ . The other 2 opposite angles each measure $(x + 3)^\\circ$ .", "question": "What is the value of $x$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "9", "C": "43", "D": "88"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1411, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "On the real number line,", "question": "how many integers are between\n$-\\frac{65}{6}$ and $\\frac{75}{2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "8", "B": "28", "C": "48", "D": "140"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1412, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "During a particular experiment, 2 events, A and B, can each occur. Events A and B are mutually exclusive during this experiment.", "question": "Which of the following probabilities is 0?", "options": {"A": "$P(A)$", "B": "$P(B)$", "C": "$P(A \\text{ or } B)$", "D": "$P(A \\text{ and } B)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1413, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The polynomial function defined by\n$p(x) = x^3 + x^2 - 8x - 12$ has $(x - 3)$ as one of its linear factors.", "question": "What are all and only the zeros of $p$ ?", "options": {"A": "-3 and -2", "B": "-3 and 2", "C": "-2 and 3", "D": "2 and 3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1414, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Given the equation $\\sqrt[4]{x} = y$ , where $y$ is a real number,", "question": "what **must** be true of $x$ ? $x$ is:", "options": {"A": "an even real number.", "B": "a rational number.", "C": "an integer.", "D": "a nonnegative real number."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1415, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Given that $1 \\le m \\le 4$ , $4 \\le n \\le 6$ , and $8 \\le p \\le 10$ ,", "question": "what is the greatest possible value for $(\\frac{m}{n})(\\frac{1}{p})$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{3}{20}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{15}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{10}$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{8}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1416, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following datasets has the largest standard deviation?", "options": {"A": "0, 0, 10, 10", "B": "0, 1, 9, 10", "C": "2, 3, 5, 7", "D": "5, 5, 5, 5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1417, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Each time Coin C is tossed, it lands faceup or facedown. The probability of landing faceup is 3 times the probability of landing facedown. In a certain game, the player wins \\$1.00 when Coin C lands faceup and the player wins \\$2.00 when Coin C lands facedown.", "question": "To the nearest cent, what is the expected value of each toss of Coin C in this game?", "options": {"A": "\\$1.25", "B": "\\$1.33", "C": "\\$1.50", "D": "\\$1.67"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1418, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "question": "A function, $f$, is defined by the equation $f(x) = x^2 + 5$. What is $f(3) + 1$?", "options": {"A": "9", "B": "11", "C": "12", "D": "15"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1471, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "In a particular playa (relatively flat, dry desert basin) evidence shows that some large rocks have moved along the surface, leaving shallow trails in the clay sediment, some up to several hundred meters long. Three scientists provided explanations for how these rocks moved.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nIn the spring, snowmelt from surrounding mountains runs downhill and collects in the playa. At night, cold temperatures cause this water to freeze around the rocks. When temperatures rise again, the ice begins to melt, leaving a layer of mud on the surface and ice \"rafts\" around the rocks. The buoyancy of the ice rafts floats the rocks on top of the mud such that even light winds can then push the rocks along the surface. Evidence of this lifting is seen in that the trails left by rocks are both shallow and only about 2/3 as wide as the rocks themselves. Due to the combination of ice, mud, and light winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few days.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nSnowmelt from surrounding mountains does collect in the playa during the spring. However, the temperature in the playa does not get cold enough for ice to form. When the playa's surface gets wet, the top layer of clay transforms into a slick, muddy film. In addition, dormant algae present in the dry clay begin to grow rapidly when the clay becomes wet. The presence of mud and algae reduces friction between the rocks and the clay. Even so, relatively strong winds are required to push the rocks along the wet surface, forming trails. Due to the combination of mud, algae, and strong winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few hours.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nWater does collect in the playa, producing mud and ice. However, neither mud nor ice is responsible for the rocks' movements. The playa is located along a fault line between tectonic plates. Minor vertical shifts in the plates cause the rocks to move downhill, leaving trails. Due to the combination of tectonic plate movement and strong winds, the rocks are able to move only a few meters over several years.", "question": "Suppose that air temperature in the playa varies between $4^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and $47^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$. Would this information support the explanation of Scientist 2 ?", "options": {"A": "Yes, because ice cannot form in that temperature range.", "B": "Yes, because ice can form in that temperature range.", "C": "No, because ice cannot form in that temperature range.", "D": "No, because ice can form in that temperature range."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1472, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "In a particular playa (relatively flat, dry desert basin) evidence shows that some large rocks have moved along the surface, leaving shallow trails in the clay sediment, some up to several hundred meters long. Three scientists provided explanations for how these rocks moved.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nIn the spring, snowmelt from surrounding mountains runs downhill and collects in the playa. At night, cold temperatures cause this water to freeze around the rocks. When temperatures rise again, the ice begins to melt, leaving a layer of mud on the surface and ice \"rafts\" around the rocks. The buoyancy of the ice rafts floats the rocks on top of the mud such that even light winds can then push the rocks along the surface. Evidence of this lifting is seen in that the trails left by rocks are both shallow and only about 2/3 as wide as the rocks themselves. Due to the combination of ice, mud, and light winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few days.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nSnowmelt from surrounding mountains does collect in the playa during the spring. However, the temperature in the playa does not get cold enough for ice to form. When the playa's surface gets wet, the top layer of clay transforms into a slick, muddy film. In addition, dormant algae present in the dry clay begin to grow rapidly when the clay becomes wet. The presence of mud and algae reduces friction between the rocks and the clay. Even so, relatively strong winds are required to push the rocks along the wet surface, forming trails. Due to the combination of mud, algae, and strong winds, the rocks are able to move several hundred meters in a few hours.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nWater does collect in the playa, producing mud and ice. However, neither mud nor ice is responsible for the rocks' movements. The playa is located along a fault line between tectonic plates. Minor vertical shifts in the plates cause the rocks to move downhill, leaving trails. Due to the combination of tectonic plate movement and strong winds, the rocks are able to move only a few meters over several years.", "question": "Based on Scientist 1's explanation, a rock trail that is $33~\\mathrm{cm}$ wide was most likely made by a rock with approximately what width?", "options": {"A": "$10\\mathrm{cm}$", "B": "$25\\mathrm{cm}$", "C": "$50~\\mathrm{cm}$", "D": "$65\\mathrm{cm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1473, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "astronomy_space_science", "context": "Star formation begins with the gravitational collapse of matter in an interstellar gas cloud. A protostar (forming star) affects gas in the surrounding portions of the cloud in 2 ways:\n\nThe protostar's gravitational field attracts gas, causing the gas to accrete (accumulate onto the protostar). Radiation pressure (RP) associated with the protostar's emissions causes gas to be pushed away from the protostar, inhibiting accretion.\n\nStar formation ends when the effect of RP overcomes that of gravity. At that point, the protostar can no longer gain mass by accretion and is considered a fully formed star.\n\nThree scientists debate whether the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is great enough to account for the most massive stars observed.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nThe effect of RP is uniform in all directions around a protostar. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $20\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ ( $1\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}} =$ mass of the Sun). Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger (the combination of 2 or more fully formed stars into 1). Because stars tend to form in clusters, stellar mergers are likely.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nScientist 1 is correct that stellar mergers are likely. However, because a protostar rotates about its axis, a disk of gas forms in the plane of the protostar's equator. This reduces the effect of RP in that plane, allowing gas from the disk to readily accrete. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $40\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ . Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nStellar mergers are very unlikely given the vast distances between stars, even within clusters. Scientist 2 is correct about the formation and the effect of the disk. In addition, a protostar produces bubble- like regions of radiation that increase the effect of RP near the protostar's poles, promoting the flow of gas into the disk. As a result, accretion continues until the surrounding portions of the cloud are nearly depleted of gas. Therefore, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is limited only by the amount of available gas.", "question": "Relative to the center of the protostar, does gravity more likely accelerate gas particles inward or outward, and does RP more likely accelerate gas particles inward or outward?", "options": {"A": "Gravity: inward RP: inward", "B": "Gravity: inward RP: outward", "C": "Gravity: outward RP: inward", "D": "Gravity: outward RP: outward"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1474, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "astronomy_space_science", "context": "Star formation begins with the gravitational collapse of matter in an interstellar gas cloud. A protostar (forming star) affects gas in the surrounding portions of the cloud in 2 ways:\n\nThe protostar's gravitational field attracts gas, causing the gas to accrete (accumulate onto the protostar). Radiation pressure (RP) associated with the protostar's emissions causes gas to be pushed away from the protostar, inhibiting accretion.\n\nStar formation ends when the effect of RP overcomes that of gravity. At that point, the protostar can no longer gain mass by accretion and is considered a fully formed star.\n\nThree scientists debate whether the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is great enough to account for the most massive stars observed.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nThe effect of RP is uniform in all directions around a protostar. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $20\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ ( $1\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}} =$ mass of the Sun). Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger (the combination of 2 or more fully formed stars into 1). Because stars tend to form in clusters, stellar mergers are likely.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nScientist 1 is correct that stellar mergers are likely. However, because a protostar rotates about its axis, a disk of gas forms in the plane of the protostar's equator. This reduces the effect of RP in that plane, allowing gas from the disk to readily accrete. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $40\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ . Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nStellar mergers are very unlikely given the vast distances between stars, even within clusters. Scientist 2 is correct about the formation and the effect of the disk. In addition, a protostar produces bubble- like regions of radiation that increase the effect of RP near the protostar's poles, promoting the flow of gas into the disk. As a result, accretion continues until the surrounding portions of the cloud are nearly depleted of gas. Therefore, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is limited only by the amount of available gas.", "question": "Based on Scientist 2's argument, do gas particles more likely accrete near the equator or near the poles of a protostar with a disk?", "options": {"A": "Near the equator, because the effect of RP is increased there.", "B": "Near the equator, because the effect of RP is reduced there.", "C": "Near the poles, because the effect of RP is increased there.", "D": "Near the poles, because the effect of RP is reduced there."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1475, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "astronomy_space_science", "context": "Star formation begins with the gravitational collapse of matter in an interstellar gas cloud. A protostar (forming star) affects gas in the surrounding portions of the cloud in 2 ways:\n\nThe protostar's gravitational field attracts gas, causing the gas to accrete (accumulate onto the protostar). Radiation pressure (RP) associated with the protostar's emissions causes gas to be pushed away from the protostar, inhibiting accretion.\n\nStar formation ends when the effect of RP overcomes that of gravity. At that point, the protostar can no longer gain mass by accretion and is considered a fully formed star.\n\nThree scientists debate whether the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is great enough to account for the most massive stars observed.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nThe effect of RP is uniform in all directions around a protostar. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $20\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ ( $1\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}} =$ mass of the Sun). Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger (the combination of 2 or more fully formed stars into 1). Because stars tend to form in clusters, stellar mergers are likely.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nScientist 1 is correct that stellar mergers are likely. However, because a protostar rotates about its axis, a disk of gas forms in the plane of the protostar's equator. This reduces the effect of RP in that plane, allowing gas from the disk to readily accrete. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $40\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ . Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nStellar mergers are very unlikely given the vast distances between stars, even within clusters. Scientist 2 is correct about the formation and the effect of the disk. In addition, a protostar produces bubble- like regions of radiation that increase the effect of RP near the protostar's poles, promoting the flow of gas into the disk. As a result, accretion continues until the surrounding portions of the cloud are nearly depleted of gas. Therefore, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is limited only by the amount of available gas.", "question": "One of the most massive stars known is Eta Carinae, which has an approximate mass of $120\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ . Based on the arguments of Scientists 1, 2, and 3, respectively, what is the minimum number of stars, each formed entirely by accretion, that would have been required to form Eta Carinae?", "options": {"A": "Scientist 1: 5 Scientist 2: 3 Scientist 3: 1", "B": "Scientist 1: 5 Scientist 2: 4 Scientist 3: 2", "C": "Scientist 1: 6 Scientist 2: 3 Scientist 3: 1", "D": "Scientist 1: 6 Scientist 2: 4 Scientist 3: 2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1612, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Sexual selection is a case of natural selection that describes evolution due not to variable survival rates due to fitness, but rather due to variable reproductive rates stemming from characteristics that allow an individual to successfully attract a mate. These traits are called secondary sexual characters. Which answer is NOT a correct statement about secondary sexual characteristics?", "options": {"A": "The peacock's tail is a secondary sexual character.", "B": "Reproductive organs are secondary sexual characters.", "C": "Bird song can be used for mate attraction.", "D": "The roaring of deer can be used for mate attraction.", "E": "Sexual selection can select for traits that decrease individuals' likelihood of survival."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1613, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "You observe an animal in the early stages of development. The zygote divides radially into eight cells. If you separate these early cells, each one can successfully develop into an animal on its own and the coolom forms from an infolding pocket of the archenteron. Which of the following is a valid candidate for the animal you are observing?", "options": {"A": "Horseshoe crab (Chelicerata)", "B": "Fruit fly (Insecta)", "C": "Sea urchin (Echinoidea)", "D": "Land snail (Gastropoda)", "E": "Earthworm (Oligochaeta)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1614, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following classes contains organisms lacking a closed circulatory system?", "options": {"A": "Polychaetes", "B": "Cephalopoda", "C": "Insecta", "D": "Reptilia", "E": "Eutheria"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1615, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Why is myelin important in the nervous system?", "options": {"A": "It allows signals to travel faster along axons because depolarization occurs only at myelinated locations.", "B": "It allows signals to travel faster along axons because depolarization occurs only at nonmyelinated locations.", "C": "It bundles the dendrites of adjacent neurons together.", "D": "It increases capacitance across the cell membrane, which helps electrical signals to leave the axons.", "E": "It traps neurotransmitters, increasing their concentrations in the synaptic cleft."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1616, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which type of cytoskeletal fiber is the primary building block of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?", "options": {"A": "Actin microfilaments.", "B": "Intermediate filaments.", "C": "Keratin.", "D": "Microtubules.", "E": "RNA."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1617, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following human cell types contains the LEAST amount of RNA involved in splicing?", "options": {"A": "Lymphocytes", "B": "Lymphoblasts", "C": "Erythrocytes", "D": "Erythroblasts", "E": "Hepatocytes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1618, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "Antimicrobial drugs, also known as antibiotics, inhibit the growth of bacteria by targeting cellular components present in bacteria.", "question": "Which of the following cellular components is NOT a valid antimicrobial drug target?", "options": {"A": "Centrosome.", "B": "Ribosome.", "C": "Cell wall.", "D": "RNA polymerase.", "E": "DNA polymerase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1619, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements concerning the nature of post-transcriptional processing of mRNA is INCORRECT?", "options": {"A": "The presence of introns is a derived trait of eukaryotes.", "B": "Mitochondrial mRNA lacks a $5^{\\prime}$ cap because capping is a strictly intranuclear process.", "C": "Recognition of splice sites by the spliceosome is based on the physical conformation of the mRNA strand, not on any specific consensus sequence.", "D": "In some genes, poly-A tails can generate genetic diversity by being added at one of multiple possible sites on the mRNA transcript.", "E": "Both $5^{\\prime}$ caps and poly-A tails inhibit the degradation of the mRNA molecule in the cytosol."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1620, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Consider the $5^{\\prime}$ to $3^{\\prime}$ nature of polymerase and its secondary functions and the structure of a nucleotide and its incorporation into a growing polynucleotide chain.", "question": "Select the best possible explanation below for why evolution has favored $5^{\\prime}$ to $3^{\\prime}$ polymerases, as opposed to $3^{\\prime}$ to $5^{\\prime}$ ones.", "options": {"A": "Binding of a $3^{\\prime}$ to $5^{\\prime}$ polymerase to DNA would be impaired.", "B": "The polymerase would not be able to conduct proofreading during the replication process.", "C": "The active site of such a polymerase would be unable to incorporate the nucleotide substrate.", "D": "The polynucleotide chain elongation reaction can only occur in a $5^{\\prime}$ to $3^{\\prime}$ manner.", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1621, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "Some Archaea have structures called cannulae, which are hollow tubules made of glycoprotein that connect cells. It is thought that the cannulae allow for the exchange of nutrients and communication factors between archaeal cells.", "question": "If this is so, which is the closest analogue to cannulae from the list below?", "options": {"A": "Bacterial microtubules.", "B": "Archaeal hami.", "C": "Tight junctions in animal cells.", "D": "Plasmodesmata in plant cells.", "E": "Animal microtubules."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1622, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is not a way for the cell to avoid accumulation of damaged and/or malformed proteins?", "options": {"A": "Chaperonins.", "B": "Ubiquitination.", "C": "Nucleotide excision repair.", "D": "Proofreading DNA polymerases.", "E": "Dicer."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1623, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "When a cell's DNA is damaged, it may develop into cancer when it divides.", "question": "Which of the following is most important in preventing development of cancer?", "options": {"A": "Cell division cycle (cdc) mutations.", "B": "Hypermutation in the p53 gene.", "C": "Kinetochore selectivity.", "D": "G1/S and G2/M checkpoints.", "E": "M checkpoint."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1624, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Syngenta Biotechnology introduced Golden Rice 2 to the public in 2005. This rice variety has been genetically engineered to express a higher content of $\\beta$ - carotene, $\\beta$ - carotene is important for vision and is a precursor to which vitamin?", "question": "$\\beta$ - carotene is important for vision and is a precursor to which vitamin?", "options": {"A": "Vitamin A.", "B": "Vitamin B.", "C": "Vitamin C.", "D": "Vitamin D.", "E": "Vitamin E."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1625, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "You find a wilted houseplant. In addition to the wilting, the plant displays dried-out, yellow streaks on the edges of its leaves.", "question": "What are the most likely causes of these phenomena?", "options": {"A": "The plant is over watered. Its cells cannot maintain sufficiently high turgor pressure. In addition, it has a magnesium deficiency.", "B": "The plant is over watered. Its cells cannot maintain sufficiently high turgor pressure. In. addition, it has a potassium deficiency.", "C": "The plant is under watered. Its cells cannot maintain sufficiently high turgor pressure. In addition, it has a potassium deficiency.", "D": "The plant is under watered. Its cells cannot maintain sufficiently high turgor pressure. In. addition, it has a magnesium deficiency.", "E": "The plant is over watered. Its cells cannot maintain sufficiently high turgor pressure. In. addition, it has an nitrogen deficiency."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1626, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT true of auxins? They", "options": {"A": "Seldom stimulate growth.", "B": "Are the primary factor responsible for phototropism.", "C": "Stimulate root growth.", "D": "Delay fruit senescence.", "E": "Contribute to the formation and organization of xylem and phloem."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1627, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "When comparing mitosis in a plant cell to an animal cell,", "question": "Which one of the following summarizes the major differences?", "options": {"A": "Plant cells do not normally undergo anaphase.", "B": "Plant and animal mitosis stages share no differences.", "C": "Plant cells spend a longer time in metaphase and anaphase than animal cells.", "D": "Animal cells spend longer in metaphase and lack spindle fibers that are present in plant cells.", "E": "Plant cells differ in teleophase and do not use centrioles to form the spindle system."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1628, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "You walk outside and are met with a blast of cold resulting from the polar vortex. Your body responds by setting into motion a hormone cascade pathway to activate your thyroid gland.", "question": "Using the selections below, which of the following is the correct sequence of events for this pathway? I. Thyroid Hormone II. TRH III. TSH", "options": {"A": "III, II, I", "B": "III, I, II", "C": "II, III, I", "D": "II, I, III", "E": "I, III, II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1629, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "John is suffering from a Yersinia pestis (a pathogenic bacterium) infection. These bacteria have a type III secretion system, involving an injectosome (a proteinaceous syringe) which injects Yop toxins into a certain class of John's cells. The Yop proteins prevent these human cells from performing phagocytosis, from producing toxic (bacteria-killing) forms of oxygen, and from producing cytokines.", "question": "Which of John's cells are being targeted?", "options": {"A": "Cytotoxic T cells.", "B": "Dendritic cells.", "C": "Glia Helper", "D": "B cells.", "E": "Macrophages."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1630, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Diabetes is a condition in which the body either does not produce normal amounts of insulin or does not respond to insulin. Symptoms include elevated blood concentrations of glucose and ketone bodies, including acetone.", "question": "Ketone bodies are formed during the breakdown of which of the following macromolecules?", "options": {"A": "Polypeptides.", "B": "Polysaccharides.", "C": "Glycerol.", "D": "Lactose.", "E": "Fatty acids."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1631, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "You see an advertisement for a test which purports to reveal undiscovered allergic responses by testing your IgG levels.", "question": "You know that the test is a scam because...", "options": {"A": "IgG are involved in localized defense of mucous membranes, and IgEs are involved in the allergic response.", "B": "IgG are involved in opsonization, neutralization, and crosslinking of antigens, and IgAs are involved in the allergic response.", "C": "IgG are involved in clonal selection, and IgDs are involved in the allergic response.", "D": "IgG are involved in opsonization, neutralization, and crosslinking of antigens, and IgEs are involved in the allergic response.", "E": "IgG are involved in localized defense of mucous membranes, and IgAs are involved in the allergic response."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1632, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following ions have higher extracellular concentrations than intracellular concentrations? I. Potassium II. Sodium III. Calcium", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "I and II", "D": "I, II, and III", "E": "II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1633, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Select the statement that best describes movement of $\\mathbf{O}_{2}$ , $\\mathbf{Na}^{+}$ , and glucose into and out of the capillaries.", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and glucose diffuse across endothelial cell membranes; $\\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ diffuses through pores between cells.", "B": "$\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and $\\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ diffuse across endothelial cell membranes; glucose diffuses through pores between cells.", "C": "$\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ diffuses across endothelial cell membranes; $\\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ and glucose diffuse through pores between cells.", "D": "$\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ $\\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ and glucose all diffuse across endothelial cell membranes.", "E": "$\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ $\\mathrm{Na}^{+}$ , and glucose all diffuse through pores between endothelial cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1634, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A new chemical is found that inhibits muscle function and in high enough doses causes paralysis.", "question": "Which of the following is NOT a plausible mechanism by which this chemical could function?", "options": {"A": "Inhibition of acetylcholineesterase in the synaptic cleft of peripheral motor neurons.", "B": "Inhibition of acetylcholine release in peripheral motor neurons.", "C": "Inhibition of calcium release in peripheral motor neurons.", "D": "Inhibition of the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments in muscle cells.", "E": "Inhibition of calcium-release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1635, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Using the following structures, trace the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation. I. Right atrium II. Left atrium III. Right ventricle IV. Left ventricle V. Vena cava VI. Aorta VII. Pulmonary artery VIII. Pulmonary veins", "options": {"A": "I,II,VII,VIII,III,IV,VI,V.", "B": "I,VII,III,XIII,II,IV,VI,V.", "C": "V,I,III,VII,VIII,II,IV,VI.", "D": "V,I,III,VIII,VII,II,IV,VI.", "E": "V,III,I,VI,VIII,IV,II,VI."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1636, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following do an ovum and sperm contribute equally?", "options": {"A": "Cytoplasm.", "B": "Mitochondria.", "C": "Endoplasmic reticulum.", "D": "Nuclear DNA.", "E": "Nutrients."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1637, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Boston is known for having aggressive geese along riverside paths, which frequently stand their ground rather than flee in response to rapidly approaching runners or bikers. City ordinance prohibits causing harm to these geese.", "question": "At the individual level, what is the most likely explanation for this behavior?", "options": {"A": "It is innate", "B": "It is a consequence of classical conditioning", "C": "It is a consequence of operant conditioning", "D": "The geese did not observe other geese fleeing during a critical period in development", "E": "Runners and bikers do not present sign stimuli"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1638, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "The large sea slug, Aplysia californicus, has an involuntary gill and siphon withdrawal reflex which causes the siphon and gill to retract when disturbed. Through experimentation, researchers found:", "options": {"A": "Sensitization was innate but habituation was genetically determined.", "B": "Repeated stimulation exhausted the neurotransmitter being released and caused desensitization.", "C": "Repeated stimulation reduced the amount of the neurotransmitter being released and induced the habituation.", "D": "Repeated stimulation exhausted the neurotransmitter being released and caused the sensitization.", "E": "Shocking the interneurons caused habituation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1639, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Black and white mice live on an island and have allele frequencies of $B = 0.20$ , $b = 0.80$ . On the continent, there is a much large population of mice with allele frequencies $B = 0.80$ , $b = 0.20$ . Ships begin moving back and forth between the island and the continent. Occasionally, a mouse finds its way onto the ship and leaves the ship and breeds with the mice of the other population. Equal numbers of mice ride in each direction. If the ships move continuously between the island and the continent, will the allele frequencies ultimately stabilize? (Assume that no other forces are affecting allele frequencies.)", "options": {"A": "Both populations will end up at approximately $B = 0.80$ , $b = 0.20$ .", "B": "The island and continent populations will stabilize with an allele frequency of $B = 0.50$ , $b = 0.50$ .", "C": "Black mice will move to fixation in both populations, because the B allele is dominant.", "D": "Both populations will end up at $B = 0.20$ , $b = 0.80$ .", "E": "The continent's allele frequencies will not change; the island will settle at an equilibrium that is somewhere between the continent's and the island's original states."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1640, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a genetic variation of Klinefelter's Syndrome?", "options": {"A": "XXX.", "B": "XO.", "C": "XXO.", "D": "XXXO.", "E": "XXYY."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1641, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "In the mucus of the intestinal epithelium, you observe an interesting relationship between mucus-dwelling bacteria and various bacteriophage. Bacteria continually evolve mechanisms to avoid phage attack, and phage continually evolve methods to get around the bacterial defenses.", "question": "This is an example of...", "options": {"A": "Red Queen dynamics.", "B": "Mutualism.", "C": "Convergent evolution.", "D": "Commensalism.", "E": "Ammensalism."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1642, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A pea plant X dihybrid for flower color and height is crossed with a pea plant Y true breeding for flower color and height. Pea plant X is tall and has purple flowers while pea plant Y is short and has white flowers. Given that the genes are on separate chromosomes, tall is dominant to short and purple is dominant to white,", "question": "find the phenotypic ratios of the offspring.", "options": {"A": "1 tall purple: 1 short purple: 1 tall white: 1 short white.", "B": "9 tall purple: 3 short purple: 3 tall white: 1 short white.", "C": "9 tall purple: 3 short purple: 4 short white.", "D": "9 tall purple: 7 short white.", "E": "9 tall purple: 4 short white."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1643, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "If a yellow-coat colored mouse is crossed with a gray-coat colored mouse,", "question": "what phenotypic frequency is expected among their progeny?", "options": {"A": "$1 / 2$ yellow, $1 / 2$ gray", "B": "$3 / 4$ gray, $1 / 4$ yellow", "C": "$3 / 4$ yellow, $1 / 4$ gray", "D": "$7 / 16$ gray, $9 / 16$ yellow", "E": "$9 / 16$ yellow, $7 / 16$ gray"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1644, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Although babies have been switched at birth it is a rare occurrence. One case involved a baby whose mother had O, N, RH* blood and whose father had A, MN, Rh* blood.", "question": "Which child below most likely belongs to this couple?", "options": {"A": "AB, MN, Rh*.", "B": "B, N, Rh*.", "C": "A, M, Rh*.", "D": "AB, M, Rh*.", "E": "O, N, Rh*."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1645, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A population of iguanas with varying degrees of pigmentation inhabits an island. A newly introduced predator is better able to hunt lightly pigmented iguanas, allowing darker iguanas to breed more successfully.", "question": "The population will exhibit the effects of:", "options": {"A": "Balancing Selection.", "B": "Disruptive selection.", "C": "Gene flow.", "D": "Directional selection.", "E": "Multifactorial traits."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1646, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following biomes receives the most annual rainfall?", "options": {"A": "Savannah.", "B": "Chaparral.", "C": "Temperate broadleaf.", "D": "Desert.", "E": "Tundra."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1647, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following plants does NOT have leaves that could be classified as an example of an evolutionary adaptation?", "options": {"A": "Allium", "B": "Ananas", "C": "Opuntia", "D": "Pisum", "E": "Rannculus"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1648, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a true statement about the life cycles of seedless plants?", "options": {"A": "In charophycean algae (Charales), the sporophyte generation is dominant.", "B": "In mosses (Bryophyta), the gametophyte generation is dominant.", "C": "In liverworts (Marchantioppsidea), the dominant generation is diploid.", "D": "In club mosses (Lycopodiopsida), the dominant generation is haploid.", "E": "In ferns (Polypodiopsida), the haploid generation is reduced to a single cell."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1649, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "What best describes a nucleosome?", "options": {"A": "Region in bacterial cells where DNA is located.", "B": "DNA wrapped around 8 histone cores.", "C": "RNA with protein bound.", "D": "A region in the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled.", "E": "The space between the layers of the nuclear membrane."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1650, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "You observe fly cells that are undergoing meiosis and treat them with a drug that inhibits the separation of parental homologs. At which stage of meiosis do cells treated with this drug become arrested?", "options": {"A": "Prophase I", "B": "Metaphase I", "C": "Anaphase I", "D": "Telophase I", "E": "Prophase II", "AB": "Metaphase II", "AC": "Anaphase II", "AD": "Telophase II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "AB", "AC", "AD"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1651, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Psoriasis is a skin disorder that is caused by the increased proliferation of skin cells and results in red, itchy skin. Skin cells from a mouse model for this disease are isolated and cultured in a plate containing a drug that promotes the supercoiling of DNA.", "question": "Which enzyme does this drug inhibit?", "options": {"A": "DNA polymerase.", "B": "Helicase.", "C": "Topoisomerase.", "D": "Primase.", "E": "DNase."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1663, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "You are given an Arabidopsis mutant PIN3, in which an auxin efflux protein is disabled.", "question": "Which of the following phenotypes would you expect?", "options": {"A": "Accelerated seed germination.", "B": "Delayed seed germination.", "C": "Diminished phototropic response.", "D": "Increased rate of fruit ripening.", "E": "Reduced stomatal response to soil drying."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1724, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "One day, you discover a mysterious blue dye in dusty old cabinet at the end of your lab bench. After experimentation, you realize that your dye binds to acidic solutions. You apply this dye to some plant specimens and find that certain parts of cell are especially dyed. Out of the following four choices you find that exactly two of them bind to your dye.", "question": "Which of the following bind to your dye? Choose ALL that apply.", "options": {"A": "Thylakoid lumen.", "B": "Chloroplast stroma.", "C": "Cell cytosol.", "D": "Mitochondria matrix."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1725, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "In your laboratory, you have Arabidopsis thaliana in pot A and pot B. You water the Arabidopsis in pot A each day and keep it in very limited sunshine. For the Arabidopsis in Pot B, you add salt to the soil and expose it to very strong sunshine with very limited water. You measure the water potential of plants in both pots at the root, stems and the leaves.", "question": "Select ALL the following statements about the plants that are TRUE.", "options": {"A": "In the plant in pot B, since there is salt in the soil, the water potential in the root is lower than the water potential in the stem.", "B": "In the plant in pot B, since there is a lot of evaporation in the leaves, the water potential of the leaves is lower than the water potential of the stems.", "C": "Water typically moves from lower potential to higher potential.", "D": "In the plant in pot A, the potential of the leaves is higher than the potential of the stem as there is little evaporation from the sun."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1726, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements about eudicot plant anatomy is most accurate?", "options": {"A": "The phelloderm is a thin layer of parenchyma cells derived from the vascular cambium.", "B": "Lateral roots arise from the pericycle and push through the cortex, endodermis, and epidermis during their growth.", "C": "Secondary growth refers to growth of a branch once all primary growth along that given branch has finished.", "D": "One may distinguish leaves from the leaflets of a compound leaf by the absence or presence, respectively, of an axillary bud at the base of the structure in question.", "E": "Secondary phloem develops along the outer circumference of primary phloem during secondary growth."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1727, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of these systems cannot be found in Caenorhabditis?", "options": {"A": "Circulatory and excretory systems.", "B": "Circulatory and nervous systems.", "C": "Circulatory and respiratory systems.", "D": "Secretory, circulatory and respiratory systems.", "E": "Excretory and respiratory systems."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1728, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "One of your colleagues is attempting to isolate the receptor for testosterone. He decides to copy your protocol for isolating the receptor for epinephrine by radiolabeling the hormone, isolating the membrane fraction, and purifying radioactive protein complexes. Realizing that your colleague has probably not slept in days, you review the experimental procedure to ensure that it actually works.", "question": "Which one of the following is a reason why your colleague's experiment would not work?", "options": {"A": "Radiolabels on testosterone do not last very long.", "B": "Testosterone is a steroid hormone and diffuses across the cell membrane.", "C": "Testosterone binds only briefly to its receptor and then rapidly dissociates.", "D": "Radiolabeling the hormone would result in cell death.", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1729, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "In order to study the effects of certain hormone deficiencies, you inject a mouse with a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor. Since tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines,", "question": "which one of the following hormones do you expect to NOT be affected:", "options": {"A": "Serotonin.", "B": "Epinephrine.", "C": "Dopamine.", "D": "Norepinephrine.", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1730, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "An animal experiences an acid-base imbalance in the arterial blood that results in respiratory alkalosis.", "question": "To decrease pH toward normal, which direction would the ventilation rate be changed and what would be the corresponding change in arterial $\\mathrm{P_{CO2}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Ventilation rate increases, arterial $\\mathrm{P_{CO2}}$ increases.", "B": "Ventilation rate increases, arterial $\\mathrm{P_{CO2}}$ decreases.", "C": "Ventilation rate decreases, arterial $\\mathrm{P_{CO2}}$ increases.", "D": "Ventilation rate decreases, arterial $\\mathrm{P_{CO2}}$ decreases.", "E": "None of the above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1731, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Select all of the following choices that correctly match the tissue to the embryonic germ layer from which it is primarily formed (Select ALL that apply):", "options": {"A": "Ectoderm - spinal cord.", "B": "Mesoderm - heart.", "C": "Endoderm - thyroid.", "D": "Ectoderm - epidermis.", "E": "Endoderm - liver."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 5} +{"id": 1732, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "In Graves' disease, abnormal antibodies that activate the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, or thyrotropin) receptor are made by the patient's plasma cells. TSH stimulates thyroid follicular cells to grow and produce hormones. Using this information and your knowledge of thyroid hormone regulation,", "question": "which of the following statements would one expect an individual with advanced Grave's disease to possess (Select ALL that apply)?", "options": {"A": "The individual would have a high body temperature and substantial weight loss.", "B": "The individual would have an enlarged thyroid gland.", "C": "The individual would have high levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).", "D": "The individual would have high levels of TSH.", "E": "The individual would have high levels of thyroxine."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 1733, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The Starling equation is a widely used model of the movement of fluid across capillary walls in animals. Essentially, the fluid flux is proportional to the net pressure from oncotc and hydrostatic pressures, and to the permeability of the capillary wall to water. The oncotc pressure is simply the osmotic pressure contributed by proteins in the blood serum like albumin.", "question": "$\\mathbf{J}_{\\mathrm{v}} = \\mathbf{K}_{\\mathrm{r}}\\left[\\left(\\mathbf{P}_{\\mathrm{c}}\\cdot \\mathbf{P}_{\\mathrm{l}}\\right) - \\left(\\pi_{\\mathrm{c}}\\cdot \\pi_{\\mathrm{l}}\\right)\\right],\\mathrm{where}$ $\\mathbf{J}_{\\mathrm{v}} =$ fluid movement/flux out of the capillary (mL min- 1) $\\mathbf{K}_{\\mathrm{r}} =$ hydraulic conductance (mL min- 1 mmHg- 1) $\\mathbf{P}_{\\mathrm{c}} =$ capillary hydrostatic pressure (mmHg) $\\mathbf{P}_{\\mathrm{l}} =$ interstitial hydrostatic pressure (mmHg) $\\pi_{\\mathrm{c}} =$ capillary oncotic pressure (mmHg) $\\pi_{\\mathrm{l}} =$ interstitial oncotic pressure (mmHg) Which of the following physiologic changes would increase the fluid volume of the interstitial space of tissues? Select ALL where the change will increase the fluid volume of the interstitial space.", "options": {"A": "Scarring of and decreased albumin synthesis by the liver from chronic alcohol abuse.", "B": "Constriction of a precapillary smooth muscle sphincter upstream of the capillary bed.", "C": "The release of histamine and cytokines that increase capillary permeability.", "D": "Formation of a thrombus downstream of the capillary bed.", "E": "Severe protein malnourishment, such as in the condition kwashiorkor."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "C", "D", "E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 4} +{"id": 1734, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Select ALL of the following parts of the nephron where water is reabsorbed from the filtrate:", "options": {"A": "Collecting duct.", "B": "Proximal tubule.", "C": "Bowman's capsule.", "D": "Ascending limb of loop of Henle.", "E": "Descending limb of loop of Henle."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B", "E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 1820, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "________ are to termites as ________ are to plants.", "options": {"A": "Cellulose molecules, water molecules", "B": "Gut microbes, mycorrhizal fungi", "C": "Gut microbes, water molecules", "D": "Hours of darkness, hours of light", "E": "Predators, prey"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1821, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following statements is NOT a general precondition necessary for the evolution of reciprocal altruism?", "options": {"A": "Benefits of receiving aid must exceed the cost of donating", "B": "Donors must be able to recognize partners, remember their previous actions and refuse to cooperate with individuals that did not reciprocate", "C": "Interacting organisms must have a high coefficient of relatedness", "D": "Repeated pair-wise interactions are needed to permit role exchanges between donor and beneficiary", "E": "All of the above are necessary pre-conditions"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1822, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "What is the proximate cause of the cuteness response?", "options": {"A": "Individuals who didn't find babies cute were more likely to destroy their own genes", "B": "Infants who did not look cute were more likely to be killed", "C": "**Infants have relatively large eyes located in the middle of the face**", "D": "A and B are both proximate causes", "E": "B and C are both proximate causes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1823, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a model of parental care paired with its correct description?", "options": {"A": "Association model – strength of the pair-bond between parents is directly associated with the amount of parental care", "B": "Conflict model – females who compete against other females for resources provide less care", "C": "Parental provision model – males are most likely to provide for offspring in species with internal fertilization", "D": "Symbiosis model – Bidirectional exchange of resources between parent(s) and offspring", "E": "Parental provision model – biological parents recruit alloparents to care for offspring"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1824, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Genes A and B are linked 12 map units apart. A heterozygous individual whose parents were $Aabb$ and $aaBB$ would be expected to produce gametes in the following frequencies:", "options": {"A": "44% AB, 6% Ab, 6% aB, 44% ab", "B": "6% AB, 44% Ab, 44% aB, 6% ab", "C": "12% AB, 38% Ab, 38% aB, 12% ab", "D": "6% AB, 6% Ab, 44% aB, 44% ab", "E": "38% AB, 12% Ab, 12% aB, 38% ab"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1825, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A particular plant is variegated, that is all parts of some branches are green and other branches are white. An investigator wishes to find how this character is inherited. She removes mature anthers from a white flower and pollinates a pigmented flower. All the offspring produce pigmented flowers. However, before jumping to conclusions about the pattern of inheritance she decides she needs to make a reciprocal cross. Therefore, she removes mature anthers from a pigmented flower and pollinates a white flower. All the offspring produce white flowers.", "question": "What was her conclusion about the pattern of inheritance?", "options": {"A": "a Mendelian trait with white being recessive to colored.", "B": "a Mendelian trait with colored being recessive to white", "C": "a sex-linked (X-linked) recessive gene was involved", "D": "cytoplasmic inheritance was involved", "E": "incomplete dominance was involved"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1826, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "For a dominant trait that is FAVORED by natural selection, the frequency of the relevant allele in a population will change fastest when the allele", "options": {"A": "Frequency is initially low", "B": "Frequency is initially intermediate", "C": "Frequency is initially high", "D": "Frequency is fixed at zero or one", "E": "Frequency will not change; it will remain constant"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1827, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is true?", "options": {"A": "Gametes have a homologous pair of each chromosome", "B": "Gametes have two copies of each autosome", "C": "After anaphase II of meiosis each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids", "D": "After anaphase I of meiosis a chromosome consists of one sister chromatid", "E": "Immediately after S phase a chromosome consists of two sister chromatids"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1828, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "An individual has the following genotype 49XXXXY.", "question": "Which description below best describes this individual?", "options": {"A": "Genetic female with two Barr bodies", "B": "Genetic male with two Barr bodies", "C": "Genetic female with three Barr bodies", "D": "Genetic male with three Barr bodies", "E": "More than one answer above is possible description of this individual"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1829, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning Fox's proteinoid microspheres?", "options": {"A": "Movement within the microspheres resembles cytoplasmic streaming", "B": "They swell in hypertonic medium and shrink in hypotonic medium", "C": "Chemical reactions can occur within the microspheres", "D": "They possess a defined internal structure", "E": "They incorporate and adsorb various materials from the medium"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1830, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Suppose that the traits below occurred just once in evolution. What traits were most likely possessed by the most recent ancestor of Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa?", "question": "1. Cephalization\n2. Exoskeleton\n3. Indeterminate development\n4. Segmentation\n5. Triploblastic", "options": {"A": "1, 2, 5", "B": "1, 4, 5", "C": "2, 3", "D": "2, 3, 4", "E": "3, 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1835, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is a description of protostomes?", "options": {"A": "Radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development", "B": "Radial and determinate cleavage, enterocoelous development, blastopore becomes anus", "C": "Spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development", "D": "Spiral and determinate cleavage, enterocoelous development", "E": "Spiral and indeterminate cleavage, coelom forms as split in solid mass of mesoderm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1836, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "All of the major body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the:", "options": {"A": "Burgess period", "B": "Cambrian period", "C": "Carboniferous period", "D": "Cretaceous period", "E": "Ediacaran period"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1837, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "You have been asked to begin to develop some genetic testing molecular markers to determine diversity of two equally sized groups of humans. Group A lives in remote regions of Borneo without outside contact and is highly inbred, while group B lives in New York with wide genetic origins and divergent populations that freely interbreed with others.", "question": "What is the most accurate statement concerning a strategy for developing DNA markers for these species:", "options": {"A": "Each group will require a balance between conserved and polymorphic DNA markers", "B": "Group B will require greater numbers of conserved DNA markers than group A", "C": "Group B will have greater numbers of polymorphic DNA markers than group A", "D": "Group B will have fewer numbers of polymorphic DNA markers than group A", "E": "The same DNA markers for each group regardless of their polymorphic nature"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1838, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A man with the blood type A and Rh+ marries a woman with A and Rh- blood-type. They have two boys who both have O- blood. Assuming simple Mendelian inheritance of blood type and Rh,", "question": "what is the probability that their next two children will be male and will have O- blood, too?", "options": {"A": "1/8", "B": "1/16", "C": "1/32", "D": "1/64", "E": "1/256"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1839, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "For which of the following fungi does one mitotic division follow the meiotic division that occurs after karyogamy?", "question": "I. Ascomycota\nII. Basidiomycota\nIII. Zygomycota", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "III only", "D": "I and II", "E": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1840, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following characteristics is unique to the protist phylum Ciliophora?", "options": {"A": "Autotrophic nutrition", "B": "Concentration of organelles at one end of the cell", "C": "Differentiation of macro- and micronuclei", "D": "Paramylon storage molecule", "E": "Use of rhizopoda for movement"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1841, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Heterospory first arose in the:", "options": {"A": "Bryophytes", "B": "Ferns", "C": "Lycophytes", "D": "Psilophytes", "E": "Sphenophytes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1842, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Enzyme involved in producing large amounts of ATP ______", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1843, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Enzyme attaching sugar molecules to proteins ______", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1844, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "An animal cell contains different organelles that perform specific functions. The nucleus controls the cell’s activities, the rough endoplasmic reticulum helps produce and process proteins, ribosomes build proteins, and mitochondria provide energy for the cell.", "question": "Enzyme involved in protein synthesis ______", "options": {"A": "Nucleus", "B": "Golgi apparatus", "C": "Ribosomes on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)", "D": "Plasma membrane", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1846, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "You are a scientist hunting for enzymes involved in various aspects of cellular metabolisms. Which organelle would you want to isolate and analyze if you are looking for", "question": "polypeptides find their way from the site of synthesis on the cytoplasmic ribosome to the place of their destination in the peroxisome?", "options": {"A": "Without signals", "B": "By specific transport along the cytoskeleton", "C": "By specific carboxy-terminal targeting signals", "D": "By specific vesicular transport", "E": "By transport within the ER"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1847, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In the lab, you are running an SDS-PAGE, but you realize that you forgot to add DTT, a reducing agent, when you were loading the gel.", "question": "Which amino acid residue will this affect?", "options": {"A": "Cysteine", "B": "Serine", "C": "Glutamate", "D": "Lysine", "E": "Methionine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1848, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A human liver cell and a plant cell from the cortex of a root are placed in a beaker of distilled water.", "question": "What will most likely occur?", "options": {"A": "Both cells will be in osmotic balance with the water and neither will swell or shrink", "B": "The liver cell will shrivel, while the plant cell will become flaccid and the plasma membrane will pull away from the cell wall", "C": "The liver cell will shrivel, while the plant cell will become very turgid", "D": "The plant cell will become flaccid and the plasma membrane will pull away from the cell wall, while the liver cell will swell and may even burst", "E": "The plant cell will become very turgid, while the liver cell will swell and may even burst"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1849, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "You are given an unknown organism to study. Upon examination, you find that it does not have a nuclear membrane or mitochondria,", "question": "which structure(s) below would it possess?", "options": {"A": "Chloroplast", "B": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "C": "Ribosomes", "D": "Lysosome", "E": "9+2 Cilia"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1850, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "The velocity of carrier-mediated diffusion across cellular membranes:", "options": {"A": "Can increase up to a maximum value", "B": "Does not depend on saturation of the carrier", "C": "Is always proportional to substrate concentration", "D": "Is greater in uniporters than symporters", "E": "Varies with substrate concentration in the same way as that observed for simple diffusion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1851, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Why can glycolysis proceed under anaerobic or aerobic conditions while the citric acid cycle is strictly aerobic?", "options": {"A": "Enzyme catalysis during the citric acid cycle is regulated by allosteric effectors which include oxygen", "B": "Enzymes of glycolysis do not use oxygen as cofactors, while enzymes of the citric acid cycle require oxygen for proper folding", "C": "NAD $^{+}$ for glycolysis can be regenerated through the conversion of pyruvate into lactate under anaerobic conditions", "D": "NAD $^{+}$ is produced during three steps of glycolysis and only one step of the citric acid cycle", "E": "Oxygen is a byproduct of the conversion of the glycolytic intermediate glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1852, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Which of the following are likely to cause cellular changes when injected directly into the appropriate cells cytoplasm?", "question": "1. Triiodothyronine ( $T_3$ )\n2. Cortisol\n3. Insulin\n4. Epidermal growth factor", "options": {"A": "I, II", "B": "I, IV", "C": "II, III", "D": "II, IV", "E": "III, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1853, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The tissues in bryophytes which are analogous to the xylem and phloem, respectively, are made of:", "options": {"A": "Tracheids, leptoids", "B": "Hydroids, leptoids", "C": "Tracheids, albuminous cells", "D": "Sieve cells", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 1854, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "The water potential ( $\\Psi$ ) of cells in a plant's root are typically around $-0.2$ MPa. If a plant is placed in solution with a water potential ( $\\Psi$ ) of $-0.05$ MPa,", "question": "the plant roots will", "options": {"A": "Become turgid from water moving into the roots", "B": "Become flaccid from water moving out of the roots into the water", "C": "Be largely unaffected due to the minor difference in water potential", "D": "Be unaffected as water potential has nothing to do with water flow"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1855, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "All but which of the following statements are true about photosynthesis except:", "options": {"A": "A plant that could carry out cyclic photophosphorylation but could not perform any other aspects of photosynthesis would release $O_2$ as a by-product of its metabolism", "B": "ATP is synthesized as high energy electrons that are passed along a chain of electron acceptor molecules", "C": "Light energy to drive photophosphorylation may first be trapped by the chlorophyll pigments in Photosystem I and then passed to a molecule of P700, which traps it", "D": "There are two light events in noncyclic photophosphorylation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1856, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "There is a large difference in pH across the thylakoid membrane between the thylakoid compartment and the stroma.", "question": "i. The transport of protons into the thylakoid compartment by the electron transfer system\nii. The transport of protons out of the thylakoid compartment into the stroma by the electron transfer system\niii. Protons splitting from water remaining in the thylakoid compartment\niv. Protons splitting from water exiting the thylakoid compartment\nv. The removal of hydrogen from the stroma during the reduction of NADP to NADPH\nvi. The retention of hydrogen in the stroma during the reduction of NADP to NADPH", "options": {"A": "i, iv, and vi only", "B": "ii, iv and vi only", "C": "i, ii, iii only", "D": "i, iv and v only", "E": "i, iii and v only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1857, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Chloroplasts and mitochondria share similarities.", "question": "1. both contain ribosomes\n2. both are single-membrane bounded structures\n3. both are double-membrane bounded structures\n4. both undergo reactions that are primarily oxidative in nature\n5. both undergo chemiosmosis\n6. both have similar, although not identical, electron transfer systems\n7. both undergo reactions that are primarily reductive in nature\n8. both contain DNA and RNA", "options": {"A": "i, iii, vi, vii, and viii only", "B": "i iv, vi, vii and viii only", "C": "ii iv, v, vii and viii only", "D": "ii, iii, vi, vii, and viii only", "E": "ii, iv, vi, vi, and viii only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1858, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Plant cells have large vacuoles that comprise as much as 90% of mature cell volume, in contrast to animal cells that typically have vesicles comprising less than 10% cell volume.", "question": "Which of the following explains this characteristic difference in plant vs. animal cells?", "options": {"A": "Most plants do not have well-developed excretory systems and use vacuoles as waste dumps", "B": "Vacuoles are an energetically inexpensive way to increase cell size and therefore surface area to intercept light for photosynthesis", "C": "Vacuoles accumulate ions and water, contributing to turgor pressure which keeps the plants rigid, despite their lack of skeletons", "D": "All of the above", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1859, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "The group of plants that is sister to the euphyllophytes is", "options": {"A": "Bryophytes", "B": "Lycophytes", "C": "Ferns", "D": "Charales", "E": "Green algae"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1860, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A patient previously diagnosed with Graves' disease (an antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder) comes to your clinic for a routine follow-up exam. Your patient complains of nervousness, fatigue, and diarrhea all of which are worse when they forget to take their medications for Graves. Upon finding a goiter of the thyroid gland, you draw a complete blood screen and assay iodine uptake by the thyroid gland.", "question": "You expect to find the following:", "options": {"A": "Decreased iodine uptake by the thyroid gland, decreased serum cholesterol", "B": "Decreased serum TSH, decreased $T_3$ , increased $T_4$ ", "C": "Decreased $T_3$ and $T_4$ , increased serum cholesterol", "D": "Increased serum TSH, decreased triiodothyronine ( $T_3$ ) and thyroxine ( $T_4$ ) levels, increased iodine uptake by the thyroid gland", "E": "Increased calcium, increased serum TSH"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1861, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Questions 84 to 88 are based on a virtual experiment. A confluent layer of macrophage cells are grown in two (2), $25\\text{ cm}^2$ tissue culture flasks with appropriate medium containing 10% plasma serum. For the experiment, all medium is removed from the flask and the cells are washed with appropriate buffers to remove all traces of serum and media. *E. coli* bacteria, suspended in serum free media, are then added or \"fed\" to the macrophages. The process of *E. coli* death from phagocytosis was then studied.", "question": "It is necessary in a phagocytosis study to remove the serum because:", "options": {"A": "The complement proteins would have independently killed the bacteria.", "B": "The B cells would have independently killed the bacteria.", "C": "The natural killer cells would have independently phagocitized the bacteria.", "D": "Serum proteins would have inhibited the membrane attack complex (MAC).", "E": "Serum proteins would have inhibited the MHC complex."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1862, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "After 30 minutes the cells in flasks in tissue culture flask one (1) and two (2) are washed with appropriate buffers to remove all *E. coli*. Serum free media is added and the flasks incubated.", "question": "1. Up-regulating expression of MHC I molecules upon activation.\n2. Up-regulating expression of MHC II molecules upon activation.\n3. Interacting with the complement system.\n4. Acting as an antigen presenting cell.\n5. Inactivating viruses once they enter the macrophage.\n6. Decreasing enzymatic production\n7. Increasing enzymatic production", "options": {"A": "i, iii, iv, vi", "B": "iv, v, vii", "C": "ii, iii, iv, vii", "D": "ii, iii, iv, v", "E": "i, ii, iv, vi"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1863, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "During incubation the macrophage and microbe are at war.", "question": "Which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "The macrophage digests the *E. coli* through the oxidative burst.", "B": "*E. coli* protects itself through the oxidative burst.", "C": "The oxidative burst is characterized by an increased production of hydrogen peroxide.", "D": "A and B", "E": "A and C"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1864, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The macrophages are then lysed by adding ice cold water. The lysed macrophages and water are then centrifuged and the bacteria isolated from the macrophage debris. The bacteria were suspended, diluted and plated on agar. After 90 minutes, the same procedure was followed for tissue culture Flask 2 and the bacteria were again plated. Bacterial Plates 1 and 2 were incubated for 24 hours.", "question": "Why were the macrophages lysed with a brief exposure to ice cold water and not the *E. coli*?", "options": {"A": "Rapid cold-shock results in osmotic lysis.", "B": "Gram positive bacteria are impervious to osmotic insult.", "C": "The membrane lipid bilayer is impermeable to water.", "D": "Lysis occurs only with eukaryotic cells.", "E": "Cell walls limit osmotic lysis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1865, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "When you compare bacteria plate 1, (45 minutes) and bacteria plate 2 (90 minutes) you would predict:", "options": {"A": "Equal colonies on Plates 1 and 2", "B": "No colonies on Plate 1", "C": "No colonies on Plate 2", "D": "More colonies on Plate 1 than Plate 2", "E": "More colonies on Plate 2 than Plate 1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1866, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Why do adults usually die when their body temperature exceeds \\(105^\\circ\\mathrm{F}\\), but young children may survive that temperature, at least for a longer period of time?", "options": {"A": "Children have a larger relative surface area to volume ratio than adults", "B": "Children perspire more profusely than adults", "C": "At a higher temperature children's hemoglobin carries more oxygen than adult hemoglobin", "D": "Children's proteins are denatured at higher temperatures than adults", "E": "Adults lose their ability to sense warmth as they age"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1867, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Polarity in the developing *Drosophila* embryo is determined by a(n):", "options": {"A": "Expression of the gap protein *hunchback* throughout the embryo", "B": "Protein gradient of the segmentation protein *engrailed*", "C": "Protein gradient of the *bicoid* protein expressed from maternal mRNA", "D": "Protein gradient of the gap protein *hunchback*", "E": "Expression of the segmentation protein *engrailed* throughout the embryo"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1868, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "An extremely high dose of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor would severely disrupt which of the following processes?", "question": "I. Synthesis of bile salts\nII. Formation of bilirubin\nIII. Production of surfactant\nIV. Aldosterone synthesis\nV. Vitamin D synthesis", "options": {"A": "I, II, and IV", "B": "I, III, and IV", "C": "I, IV, and V", "D": "II and IV", "E": "III, IV, and V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1869, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A child is born with erythroblastosis fetalis.", "question": "Which of the following is an acceptable explanation for the observed pathology?", "options": {"A": "The child must be the first conceptus of the mother", "B": "The mother was treated with the carcinogen *Rhogam* during pregnancy", "C": "Anti-D antibodies were generated into the mother by a previous pregnancy", "D": "The father must be Rh-negative", "E": "Erythroblastosis fetalis leads to decreased red blood cell synthesis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1870, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Substances that excite $\\beta_2$ adrenergic receptors ( $\\beta$ -agonists) are used to treat asthma and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). These drugs can have significant side effects including:", "options": {"A": "Decreased sensitivity to inflammation, inhibition of uterine contraction, hypotension", "B": "Hypotension, increased blood pressure, decreased plasma potassium", "C": "Hypertension, dizziness, vasoconstriction", "D": "Bronchial-dilation, increased uterine contraction, increased serum angiotensin", "E": "Dizziness, bronchial-constriction, decreased sensitivity to inflammation"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1871, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "The 4 layers of the digestive tract from the inside out are:", "options": {"A": "Serosa, muscular layer, mucose, submucosa", "B": "Serosa, muscular layer, submucosa, mucosa", "C": "Mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa", "D": "Submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscular layer", "E": "Muscular layer, serosa, mucosa, submucosa"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1872, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Trace the flow of filtrate through the nephron as it enters the kidney through the renal artery.", "question": "1. Proximal convoluted tubule\n2. Collecting duct\n3. Descending limb of loop of Henle\n4. Bowman's capsule\n5. Distal convoluted tube\n6. Ascending limb of loop of Henle", "options": {"A": "4,1,3,6,5,2", "B": "4,1,6,3,5,2", "C": "4,5,6,3,1,2", "D": "4,5,3,6,1,2", "E": "4,6,3,1,5,2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1873, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following may represent advantage(s) of a dominance hierarchy?", "options": {"A": "Suppression of aggression among conspecifics", "B": "Ensures food access for high ranking individuals", "C": "Reduction of the effects of lethal combat", "D": "A and B only", "E": "A, B, and C"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1874, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Select the mating system that best describes the following exemplary species/characteristics: Very large testes relative to body size\\n- No male parental care\\n- Females advertise oestrus", "options": {"A": "Dispersed", "B": "Promiscuity", "C": "Monogamy", "D": "Polyandry", "E": "Polygyny"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1930, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "During a long period when there is no rainfall, a mountain lion may temporarily leave its usual hunting territory to drink from a farm pond. This behavior is probably due to:", "options": {"A": "Its need to find different foods to eat", "B": "A change in an abiotic factor in its environment", "C": "Its need to find a new habitat", "D": "A change in a biotic factor in its environment", "E": "The need to increase its territory"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1931, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following roles have humans NOT traditionally taken in the process of domesticating animals?", "options": {"A": "Parent in imprinting", "B": "Nature in selection", "C": "Dominant male in social organization", "D": "Landmark in spatial learning", "E": "Bottleneck effects"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1932, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "The freshwater fish *Apteronotus albifrons* (black ghost) is found off the coast of Ecuador. Suppose there are no close relatives and you have the ability to prevent black ghosts from immigrating or emigrating from their present population and there would be no further mutations. Which of the following statements is the best description of the future of this black ghost population?", "options": {"A": "The population will deteriorate after a few generations due to excessive inbreeding", "B": "All evolution will stop immediately", "C": "The population will continue to evolve for a long time as selection acts on the variability produced by recombination", "D": "The population will stop evolving, but will continue for many generations as long as the environment remains constant", "E": "Major evolutionary changes will continue due to genetic drift"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1933, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Suppose a researcher is planning to use the Dideoxy Chain-Termination method for sequencing DNA but does not add fluorescently tagged ddGTP to the incubation tube. What are his results from the sequencing?", "options": {"A": "The DNA polymerase will sense that ddGTP is missing and fail to replicate DNA according to the template strand.", "B": "The spectrogram printed from the detector reading the polyacrylamide gel will be as expected because the other three dideoxynucleotides were present in the incubation tube.", "C": "The DNA polymerase will make many strands of DNA of equal lengths, but none will contain fluorescently tagged G nucleotides.", "D": "The spectrogram will contain gaps in its detected peaks of fluorescence where ddGTP would have terminated certain strands of DNA.", "E": "The DNA polymerase will produce DNA strands of all different lengths, but some will terminate in Guanine instead of ddGTP."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2317, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Which three stars make up the Summer Triangle? ", "options": {"A": "Vega, Deneb, Altair", "B": "Regulus, Sirius, Rigel", "C": "Vega, Aldebaran, Antares", "D": "Arcturus, Antares, Aldebaran", "E": "Deneb, Rigel, Altair"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2318, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A planet's orbit around a star has a semimajor axis of 16 AU.", "question": "What is the period of the planet's orbit?", "options": {"A": "6 years", "B": "32 years", "C": "64 years", "D": "256 years", "E": "4096 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2319, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following has the longest wavelength?", "options": {"A": "UV", "B": "Optical", "C": "Radio", "D": "X-rays", "E": "Microwave"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2320, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "What are the bright regions on the solar photosphere called?", "options": {"A": "Sunspots", "B": "Limbs", "C": "Faculae", "D": "Prominences", "E": "Flares"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2321, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "When seen from Earth, what is Venus' phase when it is at greatest elongation?", "options": {"A": "New", "B": "Crescent", "C": "Quarter", "D": "Gibbous", "E": "Full"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2322, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "Which planets have primary atmospheres?", "options": {"A": "Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune", "B": "Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars", "C": "Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn", "D": "Venus and Earth", "E": "Mercury and Mars"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2323, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following planets or dwarf planets has not been visited by a spacecraft?", "options": {"A": "Pluto", "B": "Haumea", "C": "Ceres", "D": "Mercury", "E": "Neptune"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2340, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "To improve the angular resolution of a telescope one must", "options": {"A": "Increase the diameter of the mirror or lens", "B": "Increase the telescope magnification", "C": "Increase the focal length of the eyepiece", "D": "Increase the focal length of the telescope", "E": "All of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2341, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Find the total sum of the binary system of the star Capella, if semi-major axis between them is 0.85 AU, and period of 0.285 years.", "options": {"A": "5.5 solar masses", "B": "6.5 solar masses", "C": "7.5 solar masses", "D": "8.5 solar masses", "E": "9.5 solar masses"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2342, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "The spectrum of a blackbody peaks at a wavelength inversely proportional to its temperature. This is known as Wein's law and is used to estimate stellar temperatures. The sun can be approximated as a blackbody with its peak wavelength in the visible portion of the spectrum and a surface temperature of 6000K.", "question": "Given this data, estimate the peak wavelength of a human being, assuming it to be a black body.", "options": {"A": "\\(10\\text{ nm}\\)", "B": "\\(10\\,\\mu\\text{m}\\)", "C": "\\(10\\text{ mm}\\)", "D": "\\(10\\text{ m}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2343, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Doppler Spectroscopy is a technique used to detect exoplanets. The presence of a large planet causes the star to have a finite velocity around the common center of mass which leads to periodic Doppler shifts in star's spectral lines.", "question": "Calculate the speed of the sun around the center of mass due to the presence of Jupiter.", "options": {"A": "6 m/s", "B": "12 m/s", "C": "600 m/s", "D": "1200 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2344, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Hα is a prominent absorption line in the sun's spectrum with λ = 656.281. For an observer on α-Centauri, assuming the Jupiter-Sun orbital plane is in the line of sight, calculate the magnitude of the periodic shift in wavelength (nm) for the Hα line.", "question": "Calculate the magnitude of the periodic shift in wavelength (nm) for the Hα line.", "options": {"A": "\\(2.7 \\times 10^{-5}\\text{ nm}\\)", "B": "\\(2.7 \\times 10^{-4}\\text{ nm}\\)", "C": "\\(2.7 \\times 10^{-3}\\text{ nm}\\)", "D": "\\(2.7 \\times 10^{-2}\\text{ nm}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2345, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Why does helium burn much faster than hydrogen in a star?", "options": {"A": "The star enters a different stellar evolution phase before the helium is all used up", "B": "The temperature of the star is higher during the phase of helium burning", "C": "The fraction of helium is much less than the fraction of hydrogen during early evolutionary phases of a star", "D": "The energy released for each helium burning reaction is much smaller than for hydrogen", "E": "None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2346, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "The Earth's rotation axis happens to be pointing almost exactly at Polaris now, but Polaris will not always be the North Star. The direction of the rotation axis precesses with a period of 26000 years. Sometime in the future, star A, which has an angular separation of 26°11' from Polaris, will be the North Star.", "question": "How many years from now star A will be the North star?", "options": {"A": "1500 years", "B": "13000 years", "C": "2000 years", "D": "5000 years", "E": "26000 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2347, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "A \\(13\\text{ kg}\\) telescope is mounted on a tripod such that the angle between the tripod legs is \\(30^\\circ\\).", "question": "How much is the force exerted on each leg? Gravitational acceleration is \\(g = 9.8\\ \\text{m/s}^2\\).", "options": {"A": "42.5", "B": "44.5", "C": "49", "D": "24.5", "E": "40.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2348, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Capella, the brightest star in Auriga, has celestial coordinates \\(05\\text{h}\\ 18\\text{m}\\ 12.78\\text{s}\\), \\(+46^\\circ00'59.8''\\). At midnight, local solar time, of the vernal equinox, which of the following is closest to the altitude of Capella above or below the horizon, as viewed from Boston? The coordinates of Boston are \\(42.3601^\\circ\\text{ N}\\), \\(71.0589^\\circ\\text{ W}\\).", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the altitude of Capella above/below the horizon, as viewed from Boston?", "options": {"A": "\\(-64^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(-32^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(0^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(+23^\\circ\\)", "E": "\\(+67^\\circ\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2349, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "Kerbyn is a small rocky planet in a circular orbit around a \\(0.2M\\) star with a semimajor axis of \\(0.1\\ \\mathrm{AU}\\).", "question": "On the vernal equinox, what is the length of the apparent solar day on Kerbyn? The apparent solar day is defined as the interval between successive crossings of the meridian by the sun.", "options": {"A": "05h 55m 39.3s", "B": "05h 57m 15.2s", "C": "06h 00m 00.0s", "D": "06h 01m 45.1s", "E": "06h 02m 39.5s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2350, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is responsible for the opacity of the Sun's photosphere?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{He}^{2+}$", "B": "Fe-56", "C": "$\\nu$", "D": "$\\mathrm{H}^{-}$", "E": "$e^{-}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2351, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "Planet Nine is a hypothetical planet in the outer Solar System, with a semi-major axis between 400 and 800 AU.", "question": "Which of the following is a possible orbital period for Planet Nine?", "options": {"A": "71.1 years", "B": "600 years", "C": "1,500 years", "D": "15,000 years", "E": "360,000 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2352, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "The main reason why Io is volcanically active is due to:", "options": {"A": "Its own magnetic field", "B": "Tidal forces from Jupiter", "C": "Internal heat", "D": "Jupiter Torus", "E": "Eccentricity of its orbit"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2353, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": null, "question": "Knowing that the distance between the Sun and Uranus is \\(2.87 \\times 10^9\\ \\mathrm{km}\\) and Uranus's revolution period is \\(17\\text{ h }14\\text{ min}\\), determine the approximate amount of time that the Sun is above the horizon for an observer on Uranus in the following situations:\\[\n\\text{I. At the South Pole}\n\\]\n\n\\[\n\\text{II. At latitude }30^\\circ 5' \\text{ N when the declination of the Sun is }10^\\circ \\text{ N}\n\\]", "options": {"A": "I = 84 years and II = 17h 14 min", "B": "I = 21 years and II = 12h 47 min", "C": "I = 42 years and II = 9h 28 min", "D": "I = 21 years and II = 8h 37 min", "E": "I = 42 years and II = 14h 53 min"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2354, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "The angular diameter of star A with apparent bolometric magnitude of 2 is 2.5 times greater than the angular diameter of Star B with apparent bolometric magnitude of 7.", "question": "What is the ratio of the temperature of star A to that of star B?", "options": {"A": "2.5", "B": "4", "C": "2", "D": "5", "E": "3.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2384, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "For the five maneuvers described above, rank the resulting apogees from lowest to highest. Assume the change in velocity is small relative to orbital velocity, but not negligible.", "options": {"A": "$2 < 3 = 4 = 5 < 1$", "B": "$2 = 3 < 5 < 4 = 1$", "C": "$2 < 3 = 4 < 5 < 1$", "D": "$2 < 5 < 3 = 4 < 1$", "E": "$2 < 3 < 5 < 4 < 1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2385, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "An exoplanet discovered by the radial velocity method is found to have an orbital period of 2.45 days around a Sun-like star. Assuming the planet has zero albedo (i.e., absorbs all incoming starlight) and perfectly transports heat across its surface,", "question": "estimate the temperature at the photosphere of the planet.", "options": {"A": "395 K", "B": "954 K", "C": "1231 K", "D": "1476 K", "E": "2071 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2386, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Suppose you are in Houston ( $29^\\circ46'N$ $95^\\circ23'W$ ) on the fall equinox and you just observed Deneb culminating (upper culmination). Knowing the data in the table of exercise 24,", "question": "what is the hour angle of the Sun?", "options": {"A": "8h41min", "B": "20h41min", "C": "12h00min", "D": "14h19min", "E": "18h22min"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2387, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "An astronomer observes a galaxy in very foggy weather. So far, she has an image of signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 1, imaging for about 5 seconds.", "question": "If she wants to reach a signal-to-noise ratio of 10. How long, in total, must she observe the galaxy for?", "options": {"A": "15 seconds", "B": "20 seconds", "C": "25 seconds", "D": "50 seconds", "E": "500 seconds"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2388, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Dubhe (declination $\\delta = 61.75^\\circ$ ) is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major.", "question": "Is it circumpolar from the city of San Francisco (latitude $\\lambda = 37.7^\\circ$ N)? How about from the city of Miami (latitude $\\lambda = 25.8^\\circ$ N)?", "options": {"A": "Yes, Yes", "B": "Yes, No", "C": "No, Yes", "D": "No, No", "E": "Need more information"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2389, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": "An astronomer takes a spectrum of a galaxy and observes that the hydrogen-alpha emission line is at a wavelength of 721.9 nanometers. In a laboratory on Earth, this same emission line is observed at a wavelength of 656.3 nanometers.", "question": "Approximately what is the (proper) distance to this galaxy?", "options": {"A": "66 Mpc", "B": "430 Mpc", "C": "480 Mpc", "D": "3900 Mpc", "E": "4700 Mpc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2390, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "What is the time difference between the longest day of the year and the shortest day of the year in San Francisco \\((37.7^\\circ\\text{ N},\\ 122.4^\\circ\\text{ W})\\)?\n\nNeglect atmospheric refraction.", "options": {"A": "2h30min", "B": "3h32min", "C": "4h08min", "D": "5h12min", "E": "6h25min"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2391, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "According to the astronomical Julian day count, JD 2459946.0 corresponds to January 1, 2023 at 12:00 UT.", "question": "What would be the date and time at Chorzow, Poland corresponding to JD 2460000.0? Poland uses the Central European Time (GMT + 1:00).", "options": {"A": "31 January 2023, 24:00", "B": "24 February 2023, 13:00", "C": "21 March 2023, 14:00", "D": "21 June 2023, 18:00", "E": "31 December 2023, 24:00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2392, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "A cluster has a radius of 2 parsecs. A Sun-like star in the cluster has an apparent magnitude of 10. When we look at the cluster with a telescope that has an eyepiece with a field of view of 30 degrees, the cluster just fits within the eyepiece.", "question": "If this telescope has an eyepiece of focal length 20 mm, what is the focal length of its objective lens?", "options": {"A": "570 mm", "B": "283 mm", "C": "144 mm", "D": "425 mm", "E": "301 mm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2393, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "The radius of the Moon is about 4 times smaller than the radius of the Earth. The mean albedos of the Moon and the Earth are 0.12 and 0.36, respectively. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter took a picture of the Earth-Moon system.", "question": "How many times brighter than the Moon did the Earth appear in the image?", "options": {"A": "4/9", "B": "4/3", "C": "16/3", "D": "12", "E": "48"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2394, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "The Sun has a surface temperature of about 6000 K and its blackbody emission peaks in the visible spectrum. Around 1940s, astronomers found out that the Sun is a strong X-ray emitter. Today, it is understood that this emission comes from the solar corona where temperatures can reach on the order of $10^6$ K.", "question": "Assuming the corona is a blackbody emitter, what wavelength would that emission peak at?", "options": {"A": "2.9 nm", "B": "2.9 $\\mu\\text{m}$", "C": "2.9 $\\text{ mm}$", "D": "2.9 $\\text{ m}$", "E": "2.9 $\\text{ km}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2395, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Friedrich Bessel was the first person to quantitatively measure the annual change in stellar positions due to the motion of the Earth around the Sun. This change is known as stellar parallax. Bessel determined the stellar parallax for 61 Cygni to be about $1/3$ arc-seconds.", "question": "What is the distance to 61 Cygni from Earth?", "options": {"A": "1/3 light years", "B": "3 light years", "C": "1/3 parsec", "D": "3 parsecs", "E": "3 kiloparsecs"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2396, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Compute the black body luminosity of a neutron star with its surface temperature at $10^6$ K and radius $10^4$ m.", "options": {"A": "$0.1 L_\\odot$", "B": "$0.2 L_\\odot$", "C": "$0.3 L_\\odot$", "D": "$0.4 L_\\odot$", "E": "$0.5 L_\\odot$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2397, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "The Balmer lines are a series of emission spectrum of hydrogen. In the low temperature interstellar medium, despite hydrogen being the most commonly occurring element in such environment, the Balmer series is not observed as absorption lines.", "question": "That happens because the transitions that require such spectrum to appear as absorption lines correspond to transitions from the (1)____ hydrogen level to higher states. In low temperature environments, the (1)____ level is (2)_____ .", "options": {"A": "(1) $n=1$, (2) always occupied", "B": "(1) $n=1$, (2) never occupied", "C": "(1) $n=2$, (2) always occupied", "D": "(1) $n=2$, (2) never occupied", "E": "(1) $n=3$, (2) never occupied"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2398, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A comet passes near the Sun on a parabolic orbit. While it's passing near the Sun with orbital velocity $V$ , the Sun's heat causes the comet to melt, and it shatters into many small fragments. The fragments move away uniformly in all directions (in the comet's reference frame) with velocity $v \\ll V$ .", "question": "What fraction of the fragments will escape the solar system? Ignore any forces other than the Sun's gravity.", "options": {"A": "0%", "B": "50%", "C": "100%", "D": "$\\frac{v}{V}$", "E": "$1 - \\frac{v}{V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2404, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "With the technology currently available, it would take hundreds of millennia to send a human-made object to other stars. A possible solution to this problem is to use relativistic light sails, which consist of very small probes propelled by radiation pressure. It is estimated that on the reference frame of an Earth observer, these sails would take 20.0 years to reach Alpha Centauri, which is 4.37 light-years away from the Solar System. The velocity of a light sail can be assumed to be constant throughout the entire trip.", "question": "How long would this trip be on the reference frame of the light sail?", "options": {"A": "18.5 years", "B": "19.0 years", "C": "19.5 years", "D": "20.0 years", "E": "20.5 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2405, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "The fictional towns of Baia and Caia are located at $(66.56^\\circ N, 67.55^\\circ E)$ and $(\\delta, 18.95^\\circ E)$ , respectively. It is known that the spherical triangle with vertices at Baia, Caia, and the North Pole covers 6.75% of Earth's surface.", "question": "Compute $\\delta$ .", "options": {"A": "$66.56^\\circ N$", "B": "$55.25^\\circ N$", "C": "$23.44^\\circ N$", "D": "$55.25^\\circ S$", "E": "$66.56^\\circ S$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2406, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Now suppose that Lucas is standing still in Baia (from the previous question), and Justin is standing still on the equator. Let $P_{L1}$ and $P_{J1}$ be the paths of Lucas's and Justin's shadows on the summer solstice, respectively. Let $P_{L2}$ and $P_{J2}$ be the paths of Lucas's and Justin's shadows on the vernal equinox, respectively. Assume that the heights of Lucas and Justin are small compared to the radius of the Earth, there is no atmospheric refraction, and that the Sun is a point. Given Earth's obliquity $\\epsilon = 23.44^\\circ$ ,", "question": "which of the following is the most specific accurate description of the shapes of each path?", "options": {"A": "$P_{L1}$ : Parabola, $P_{J1}$ : Hyperbola, $P_{L2}$ : Line, $P_{J2}$ : Line", "B": "$P_{L1}$ : Parabola, $P_{J1}$ : Hyperbola, $P_{L2}$ : Hyperbola, $P_{J2}$ : Line", "C": "$P_{L1}$ : Parabola, $P_{J1}$ : Parabola, $P_{L2}$ : Line, $P_{J2}$ : Line", "D": "$P_{L1}$ : Hyperbola, $P_{J1}$ : Parabola, $P_{L2}$ : Hyperbola, $P_{J2}$ : Line", "E": "$P_{L1}$ : Hyperbola, $P_{J1}$ : Parabola, $P_{L2}$ : Line, $P_{J2}$ : Line"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2407, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "In 1995, researchers at the University of Geneva discovered an exoplanet in the main-sequence star 51 Pegasi. This was the first-ever discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a Sun-like star! When they observed the star, a periodic Doppler shifting of its stellar spectrum indicated that its radial velocity was varying sinusoidally; this wobbling could be explained if the star was being pulled in a circle by the gravity of an exoplanet. The radial velocity sinusoid of 51 Pegasi was measured to have a semi-amplitude of 56 m/s with a period of 4.2 days, and the mass of the star is known to be $1.1M_{\\odot}$ . Assuming that the researchers at Geneva viewed the planet's orbit edge-on and that the orbit was circular,", "question": "what is the mass of the exoplanet in Jupiter masses?", "options": {"A": "$0.81M_{\\text{J}}$", "B": "$0.75M_{\\text{J}}$", "C": "$0.69M_{\\text{J}}$", "D": "$0.47M_{\\text{J}}$", "E": "$0.33M_{\\text{J}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2408, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Suppose that an astronomer detects an electromagnetic wave of frequency $\\nu$ . Some time later, another wave with the same amplitude is received, but now with a frequency $2\\nu$ . In order to calibrate the apparatus and do the necessary calculations, the astronomer decided to calculate the intensity of the second signal relative to the first. Considering that they both came from the same place,", "question": "what value did the astronomer obtain?", "options": {"A": "1/4", "B": "1/2", "C": "1", "D": "2", "E": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2409, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Consider the binary system Kepler-16, which has the primary star Kepler-16A and the secondary star Kepler-16B. It has an orbital period $P = 41.08$ days and the measured parallax is $p = 13.29$ mas. Calculate the total mass of the stars, using the fact that their maximum angular separation measured from Earth is $\\theta = 2.98$ mas and they are on an edge-on orbit.", "options": {"A": "$0.756 M_\\odot$", "B": "$0.803 M_\\odot$", "C": "$0.891 M_\\odot$", "D": "$0.987 M_\\odot$", "E": "$1.326 M_\\odot$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2410, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "The habitable zone of a star is defined as the one where water in the liquid state can exist in the surface of a planet. Therefore, considering that the planets are ideal black bodies with fast rotation,", "question": "determine the maximum eccentricity that the orbit of a planet can have so that it can be home to life. Ignore any thermodynamic effects that might happen in the atmosphere or the sidereal space. Consider that the melting point of water is 273 K and the boiling point is 373 K.", "options": {"A": "0.274", "B": "0.302", "C": "0.316", "D": "0.328", "E": "0.540"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2411, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "Billions of years from now, as the Moon moves farther away from the Earth, the Earth's axial tilt may become unstable. Imagine the Earth's tilt is such that the angle between the celestial equator and the ecliptic is $60^\\circ$ , rather than the current $23.44^\\circ$ - so the Arctic Circle is now as far south as $30^\\circ$ North. For an observer at $40^\\circ$ North,", "question": "How many days out of the year would the Sun never set, also known as the polar day? Ignore atmospheric refraction, and assume the Earth's orbit is circular and nothing else has changed from today.", "options": {"A": "28", "B": "56", "C": "61", "D": "67", "E": "113"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2412, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Erez is designing a Newtonian telescope! The equation of the primary mirror is $y = x^2/36\\text{m} - 1\\text{m}$ , and the telescope tube intersects the mirror at $y = 0$ .", "question": "What is the f-number (focal ratio) of the telescope?", "options": {"A": "f/0.75", "B": "f/1.00", "C": "f/1.25", "D": "f/1.33", "E": "f/1.75"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2413, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "solar_system", "context": "Consider a hypothetical planet orbiting the Sun with an obliquity angle $i$ (angle between the axis of rotation and the normal to the orbital plane). Assume that a year is much longer than a day for this planet.", "question": "Define a tropical region in the planet as one where the Sun reaches the zenith at some time in its revolution period. Define a frigid region in the planet as one where there is a day when the Sun never rises. What is the minimum value of $i$ for which there is a location on the planet which is both tropical and frigid?", "options": {"A": "$0^\\circ$", "B": "$30^\\circ$", "C": "$45^\\circ$", "D": "$60^\\circ$", "E": "$90^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2414, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A comet is approaching our solar system from the depths of space with a velocity of 10000 m/s, and if it continues moving in a straight line on its current trajectory, it will just barely graze the surface of the Sun!", "question": "What is the eccentricity of the comet's orbit?", "options": {"A": "1.00014", "B": "1.000014", "C": "1.0000014", "D": "1.00000014", "E": "1.000000014"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2448, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": "What is the geodesic distance between Boston ( $42^\\circ21'37''$ N, $71^\\circ3'28''$ W) and Mumbai ( $19^\\circ04'34''$ N, $72^\\circ52'39''$ E)? Assume that the Earth is perfectly spherical.", "question": "What is the geodesic distance between Boston and Mumbai?", "options": {"A": "2250 km", "B": "6250 km", "C": "10250 km", "D": "12250 km", "E": "15250 km"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2449, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are correct regarding spectral broadening?\n\n\\begin{itemize}\n \\item[\\(\\mathbf{P}\\):] In the limit of zero temperature, spectral lines have infinitesimally narrow linewidth.\n \\item[\\(\\mathbf{Q}\\):] Consider two hypothetical spectral lines: line I has central frequency \\(f_0\\) and full width at half maximum \\((\\mathrm{FWHM})\\) \\(w \\ll f_0\\), with only homogeneous broadening; line II has identical central frequency and \\(\\mathrm{FWHM}\\) but only has inhomogeneous broadening. Let \\(P_{I,II}(f)\\Delta f\\) denote the probability of measuring frequency \\(f\\) for each line within some bandwidth \\(\\Delta f \\ll w\\). Then,\n \\[\n P_I(2f_0)\\Delta f < P_{II}(2f_0)\\Delta f.\n \\]\n \\item[\\(\\mathbf{R}\\):] The same spectral line of two ideal gases, one with temperature \\(T\\) and the other with temperature \\(2T\\), are probed. The gases are otherwise identical. The linewidth of the hotter gas under thermal Doppler broadening is twice that of the cooler gas.\n\\end{itemize}ctral line of two ideal gases, one with temperature $T$ and the other with temperature $2T$ , are probed. The gases are otherwise identical. The linewidth of the hotter gas under thermal Doppler broadening is twice that of the cooler gas.", "options": {"A": "None", "B": "P only", "C": "Q only", "D": "Both P and Q", "E": "Both Q and R"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2450, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements are true about a cluster of main sequence stars:\n\n **A:** For two star clusters of the same total mass, the one with the larger number of stars will be brighter as measured by luminosity per unit mass.\n **B:** The main-sequence turnoff point for star clusters is at higher temperatures if they are older.\n **C:** The main-sequence turnoff point for star clusters is at lower luminosities if they are older.\n\nAssume the mass-luminosity relationship $L \\propto M^{3.5}$ for main-sequence stars.", "options": {"A": "A and C", "B": "A only", "C": "C only", "D": "A, B, and C", "E": "A and B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2451, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "An astronomer was studying the exoplanets orbiting a star with a mass of $10M_{\\odot}$ . The astronomer decided to draw a $\\log T$ vs. $\\log a$ plot for the exoplanet orbits, where $T$ corresponds to the period in years and $a$ corresponds to the semi-major axis in AU. What would be the slope of the best fit line to this plot?\n\nNote that log represents the base 10 logarithm.", "question": "What would be the slope of the best fit line to this plot?", "options": {"A": "$4/3$", "B": "$3/2$", "C": "$1/10$", "D": "$1$", "E": "$1/2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2452, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": " An astronomer was studying the exoplanets orbiting a star with a mass of $10M_{\\odot}$ . The astronomer decided to draw a $\\log T$ vs. $\\log a$ plot for the exoplanet orbits, where $T$ corresponds to the period in years and $a$ corresponds to the semi-major axis in AU. What would be the slope of the best fit line to this plot?\n\nNote that log represents the base 10 logarithm.", "question": "What would be the $y$ -intercept of the best fit line to this plot?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "$-4/3$", "C": "$-1/2$", "D": "0", "E": "$-2/3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2453, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A recently observed exosolar system consists of a star, a planet, and the planet's satellite. The satellite has a revolution period of 100 minutes around the planet, and the planet has a 90 day revolution period around the star. The satellite approaches the surface of the planet to a minimum height of 1000 km and recedes to a maximum height of 7000 km. The radius of the planet is 3000 km. If the ratio of the mass of the star to the mass of the planet is $1 \\times 10^5$ , what is the semi-major axis of the planet's revolution around the star? Assume that the mass of the satellite is much smaller than the mass of the planet.", "question": "What is the semi-major axis of the planet's revolution around the star?", "options": {"A": "$1.86 \\times 10^7$ km", "B": "$2.36 \\times 10^7$ km", "C": "$2.86 \\times 10^7$ km", "D": "$3.36 \\times 10^7$ km", "E": "$3.86 \\times 10^7$ km"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2454, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A cylindrical space station rotating about its primary axis could create artificial “spin gravity,” allowing people to live on the inner surface of the cylinder.", "question": "For such a station with a radius of 50 m, What rotational period is needed for inhabitants to experience spin gravity equal to Earth’s gravity?", "options": {"A": "2.3 s", "B": "5.1 s", "C": "7.1 s", "D": "14.2 s", "E": "32.0 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2455, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A cylindrical space station rotating about its primary axis could create artificial “spin gravity,” allowing people to live on the inner surface of the cylinder.For such a station with a radius of 50 m, A cylindrical space station rotating about its primary axis could create artificial “spin gravity,” allowing people to live on the inner surface of the cylinder. If the space station is too small, inhabitants might experience unwanted effects of being in a rotating reference frame, such as the Coriolis “force” on moving objects: $\\\\vec{F} = -2m\\\\vec{\\\\omega} \\\\times \\\\vec{v}$ , where $\\\\vec{\\\\omega}$ is the angular velocity vector of the space station and $\\\\vec{v}$ is the velocity of the object in the rotating reference frame.", "question": "For a space station with spin gravity equal to Earth's gravity, What is the minimum radius needed so that a person walking at 1 m/s in any direction experiences negligible Coriolis force (< 1% of Earth's gravity)?", "options": {"A": "10 m", "B": "20 m", "C": "41 m", "D": "1.0 km", "E": "4.1 km"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2456, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Consider a giant star with radius $R$ . The core has temperature $T_c$ and the surface has temperature $T_s \\ll T_c$ . Given $R, T_c$ , and $T_s$ , Alice and Bob estimate the core's radius in two different ways, both assuming that the star is in thermal equilibrium:\n\n- **Alice:** The core radiates energy.\n- **Bob:** The inside of the star conducts heat with constant uniform thermal conductivity $\\kappa$ such that $\\kappa \\gg \\frac{R\\sigma T_s^4}{T_c^4}$ .\n\nLet $R_A$ and $R_B$ be the core radii estimated by Alice and Bob. Which of the following is the ratio $R_A/R_B$ proportional to?", "question": "Which of the following is the ratio $R_A/R_B$ proportional to?", "options": {"A": "$T_s/T_c$", "B": "$T_s^2/T_c^2$", "C": "$1/RT_cT_s^2$", "D": "$R^2/T_s^4T_c^2$", "E": "$T_s^4T_c^2/R$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2462, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "The Earth orbits the Sun with orbital eccentricity $e = 0.0167$ . What percent more total solar irradiance does the Earth receive at perihelion compared to aphelion?", "options": {"A": "0.028%", "B": "0.056%", "C": "1.7%", "D": "3.4%", "E": "6.9%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2463, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Consider a main sequence star 500 times less luminous than the sun. This star must have a ______ core and a ______ envelope.", "options": {"A": "convective, convective", "B": "convective, radiative", "C": "radiative, convective", "D": "radiative, radiative", "E": "static, static"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2472, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "Astronomers in the United States observe a spiral galaxy and measure its rotation curve. They find that beyond a radius $r_0$ , the orbital speed of stars remains approximately constant at $v_0$ .", "question": "Which of the following conclusions is **most accurate**?", "options": {"A": "1. The mass density of the galaxy must decrease faster than $1/r^2$", "B": "2. The total enclosed mass becomes constant for $r > r_0$", "C": "3. The luminosity profile directly traces the mass distribution", "D": "4. The enclosed mass within radius $r$ grows approximately linearly with $r$", "E": "5. The galaxy cannot contain a central supermassive black hole"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2473, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "One of Stephen Hawking's most famous predictions was the existence of Hawking radiation. Specifically, black holes act like thermal blackbodies and thus must emit blackbody radiation. According to Hawking, a black hole radiates a blackbody spectrum with peak wavelength $\\lambda_{max}$ proportional to its Schwarzschild radius $R_s$ . Treat the surface of the blackbody as being at the black hole's event horizon.", "question": "According to the laws of thermodynamics and blackbody radiation, under this model, how does the power $P$ radiated by a black hole scale with its mass $M$ ?", "options": {"A": "(a) $P \\propto M^{-5}$", "B": "(b) $P \\propto M^{-4}$", "C": "(c) $P \\propto M^{-3}$", "D": "(d) $P \\propto M^{-2}$", "E": "(e) $P \\propto M^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2474, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": "One of Stephen Hawking's most famous predictions was the existence of Hawking radiation. Specifically, black holes act like thermal blackbodies and thus must emit blackbody radiation. According to Hawking, a black hole radiates a blackbody spectrum with peak wavelength $\\lambda_{max}$ proportional to its Schwarzschild radius $R_s$ . Treat the surface of the blackbody as being at the black hole's event horizon. Next, interpret the radiated power $P$ from the previous problem as a gradual loss of the black hole's intrinsic mass-energy $E = Mc^2$ . Consider the graph of the black hole's mass versus time.", "question": "Which of the following best describes the shape of the resulting graph?", "options": {"A": "(a) Increasing and concave up", "B": "(b) Constant", "C": "(c) Decreasing and concave down", "D": "(d) Linearly decreasing", "E": "(e) Decreasing and concave up"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2475, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "The asteroid Pallas orbits the Sun with a semi-major axis of 2.77 AU. What is its orbital period around the Sun in years?", "options": {"A": "(a) $(2.77)^{1/2}$", "B": "(b) $(2.77)^{3/2}$", "C": "(c) $(2.77)^{5/2}$", "D": "(d) $(2.77)^{2/3}$", "E": "(e) $(2.77)^{2/5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2476, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "A small satellite orbits the Earth so it stays directly above a fixed point on the equator. Using $5.97 \\times 10^{24}$ kg for Earth's mass and $6.37 \\times 10^6$ m for its radius, how far is the satellite from the surface of the Earth? Assume its mass is 300 kg and an orbital period of 86164 s. (Find the distance above the Earth's surface, not orbital radius.)", "options": {"A": "1. $3.58 \\times 10^6$ m", "B": "2. 1.56 m", "C": "3. $4.22 \\times 10^7$ m", "D": "4. $3.58 \\times 10^7$ m", "E": "5. None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2477, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "What is the smallest angular separation between Algol ( $\\beta$ Per) and the Sun throughout the year? Algol's declination is $+40^\\circ57'$ , and its right ascension is 3h08min.", "options": {"A": "1. $11^\\circ49'$ .", "B": "2. $15^\\circ45'$ .", "C": "3. $22^\\circ26'$ .", "D": "4. $26^\\circ56'$ .", "E": "5. $29^\\circ03'$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2478, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Consider a cloud of hot gas with radius $R$ and total (electromagnetic) power emission rate $P$ . Keeping the average temperature of gas particles and average emissivity per particle constant, the cloud now expands to a radius $2R$ . How does the net total power $P$ radiated away, observed from far away, change in the cases where the cloud is optically thin (optical depth $\\tau \\ll 1$ ) and optically thick (optical depth $\\tau \\gg 1$ ), respectively? Assume the total number of particles remains constant.", "options": {"A": "(a) Remains approximately constant, remains approximately constant", "B": "(b) Remains approximately constant, increases significantly", "C": "(c) Increases significantly, decreases significantly", "D": "(d) Increases significantly, remains approximately constant", "E": "(e) Increases significantly, increases significantly"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2479, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Lunar laser ranging experiments show that, due to tidal effects, the semi-major axis of the Moon's orbit increases by around 38 mm per year. Assuming that the recession rate is constant, by approximately how much does this recession increase the Moon's sidereal orbital period each year? The mass of the Moon is $7.3 \\times 10^{22}$ kg. Hint: $(1+x)^{\\beta} \\approx 1+\\beta x$ for $|x| \\ll 1$ .", "options": {"A": "1. $230 \\mu\\text{s}$", "B": "2. $350 \\mu\\text{s}$", "C": "3. $380 \\mu\\text{s}$", "D": "4. $690 \\mu\\text{s}$", "E": "5. $230 \\text{ ms}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2480, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Kepler-22b is an exoplanet discovered by transiting with an orbital period of 290 days. Suppose it has a mass of $4.84 \\times 10^{25}$ kg and a moon similar to Earth's, with a prograde orbit near the ecliptic plane of the Kepler-22 system and a semi-major axis of $7.70 \\times 10^{8}$ m. What is the length of a synodic lunar month, i.e., the time between successive full moons, for an observer on Kepler-22b? You can neglect the mass of the moon.", "options": {"A": "1. 25.0 days", "B": "2. 27.3 days", "C": "3. 29.5 days", "D": "4. 30.2 days", "E": "5. 33.6 days"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2481, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "A quickly-moving black hole passes through the center of a large star cluster. While the black hole does not experience any direct collisions with any stars in the cluster or significantly disrupts any stellar atmospheres, the black hole imparts a fraction of its momentum to several stars in the cluster close to the black hole's trajectory. (This is known as dynamic gravitational friction and can be explained purely with Newtonian mechanics.) Some time passes, and due to complex multi-body interactions, the additional energy and momentum get distributed over the entire star cluster.\n\nAfter a sufficiently long time, which of the following statements are likely TRUE regarding the system (compared to before the black hole event), assuming no further perturbations occur?", "question": "Which of the following statements are likely TRUE regarding the system (compared to before the black hole event), assuming no further perturbations occur?\n\n(I) The average peak blackbody emission wavelength among stars in the cluster decreases significantly.\n(II) Stars are on average further apart from each other than they were before.\n(III) Stars have lower relative velocities with respect to each other than they had before.", "options": {"A": "(a) I only", "B": "(b) II only", "C": "(c) III only", "D": "(d) II and III", "E": "(e) I and II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2482, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": null, "question": "The most distant known galaxy, MoM-z14, was recently observed by the James Webb Space Telescope and has a redshift of $z = 14.44$ . If the current cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature is 2.725 K, what was the CMB temperature at MoM-z14?", "options": {"A": "(a) 0.1887 K", "B": "(b) 39.35 K", "C": "(c) 42.07 K", "D": "(d) 568.2 K", "E": "(e) 3208 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2483, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Assume a spherical star has a density profile described by the equation below:\n\n$$\\rho(r) = \\left(1 - \\frac{r^3}{R^3}\\right) \\rho_c, \\quad 0 \\le r \\le R$$", "question": "Find $\\rho_c$ in terms of the total mass, $M$ , and the radius of the star, $R$ .", "options": {"A": "(a) $\\frac{3M}{\\pi R^3}$", "B": "(b) $\\frac{15M}{8\\pi R^3}$", "C": "(c) $\\frac{3M}{2\\pi R^3}$", "D": "(d) $\\frac{21M}{16\\pi R^3}$", "E": "(e) $\\frac{6M}{5\\pi R^3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2484, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Some stars formed in the early universe are still observable today. If an observer observed one and it is still in the main sequence phase, what would most likely be its mass?", "options": {"A": "(a) $< 2 M_{\\odot}$", "B": "(b) $2 - 8 M_\\odot$", "C": "(c) $8 - 12 M_\\odot$", "D": "(d) $12 - 20 M_\\odot$", "E": "(e) $> 20 M_\\odot$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2485, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Consider the following three assertions related to the techniques used to measure the overall rotation curve, in the context of the aforementioned figure:", "question": "Which of the above are **TRUE**?\n\n(I) Interstellar dust is colder at lower values of $r$ , making the dust obscure less starlight.\n(II) O/B type stars in the spiral arms of galaxies emit significant quantities of UV light, ionizing nearby H-I clouds and thus inhibiting the emission of 21-cm radiation in their vicinities.\n(III) The lower star number density for higher values of $r$ means that the stars that do exist typically move at relativistic speeds, complicating Doppler-based stellar velocity measurements.", "options": {"A": "(a) I only", "B": "(b) II only", "C": "(c) III only", "D": "(d) I and II only", "E": "(e) None of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3282, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the principal difference between crystalline and amorphous solids?", "options": {"A": "ionic bonding, covalent bonding", "B": "higher molar masses, lower molar masses", "C": "stoichiometric solids, non-stoichiometric solids", "D": "long-range order, lack of long-range order"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3283, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which is (are) state properties? I. enthalpy II. heat III. volume ", "options": {"A": "I. only", "B": "II. only", "C": "I. and III. only", "D": "II. and III. only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3284, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The $\\mathrm{K}_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ for $\\mathrm{Al(OH)_3}$ is $2.0\\times 10^{-31}$ .", "question": "What is the value of $\\Delta G^\\circ$ for the precipitation of $\\mathrm{Al(OH)_3}$ at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-175\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-14.7\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$14.7\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$175\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3285, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Ammonia reacts with oxygen according to the equation: $4\\mathrm{NH}_3(\\mathrm{g}) + 5\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 4\\mathrm{NO}(\\mathrm{g}) + 6\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l})$", "question": "In an experiment in which the rate of change of nitric oxide is found to be $1.10\\mathrm{M}\\cdot \\mathrm{min}^{- 1}$ , what is the rate of change of oxygen gas?", "options": {"A": "$-1.38\\mathrm{M}\\cdot \\mathrm{min}^{-1}$", "B": "$-0.880\\mathrm{M}\\cdot \\mathrm{min}^{-1}$", "C": "$-0.275\\mathrm{M}\\cdot \\mathrm{min}^{-1}$", "D": "$-0.220\\mathrm{M}\\cdot \\mathrm{min}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3286, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "A first-order reaction has a rate constant of $k = 0.320$ $\\mathrm{min}^{-1}$ . For an initial reactant concentration of $1.22\\mathrm{M}$ ,", "question": "how long does it take for its concentration to fall to $0.150\\mathrm{M}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$0.671\\mathrm{min}$", "B": "$2.60\\mathrm{min}$", "C": "$6.55\\mathrm{min}$", "D": "$25.4\\mathrm{min}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3287, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "Which graph is linear for a reaction that is second order in [A]?", "options": {"A": "[A] vs time", "B": "$\\mathrm{In[A]}$ vs time", "C": "[A]2 vs time", "D": "$1 / [A]$ vs time"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3288, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The reaction of nitrogen dioxide with carbon monoxide $\\mathrm{NO}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{CO}(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{CO}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{NO}(\\mathrm{g})$ has been studied and the following mechanism has been proposed:", "question": "What rate law corresponds to this mechanism?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}_2]$", "B": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}_2][\\mathrm{CO}]$", "C": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}_2]^2$", "D": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{NO}_2]^3[\\mathrm{CO}]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3289, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "A reaction has a rate constant $k = 8.54\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{M}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ at $45^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and an activation energy, $\\mathrm{E}_{\\mathrm{a}} = 90.8\\mathrm{kJ}$ .", "question": "What is the value of $k$ at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$4.46\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{M}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "B": "$8.54\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{M}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "C": "$8.52\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{M}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "D": "$8.54\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3290, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "An aqueous solution of $\\mathrm{CuSO_4}$ is electrolyzed for 1.50 hours with a current of 2.50 amps.", "question": "What mass of copper metal is formed?", "options": {"A": "$8.88\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$4.44\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$0.296\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$0.0741\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3291, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Under what conditions is the Nernst equation used to calculate cell potential voltages in a voltaic cell?", "options": {"A": "non-standard concentrations only", "B": "non-spontaneous reactions only", "C": "reactions at equilibrium only", "D": "reactions of ions with the same charge only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3292, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which is an acceptable set of quantum numbers for an electron?", "options": {"A": "1, 1, 0, 1/2", "B": "2, 1, 0, 0", "C": "2, 1, -1, -1/2", "D": "3, 2, -3, 1/2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3293, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which orbital has the most radial nodes?", "options": {"A": "4s", "B": "4p", "C": "4d", "D": "4f"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3294, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Ionization energies vary from left to right across the periodic table. Factors that contribute to this variation include which of the following? I. changes in the nuclear charge II. differences in shielding by valence electrons III. differences in shielding by core electrons ", "options": {"A": "I. only", "B": "III. only", "C": "I. and II. only", "D": "I., II. and III."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3295, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which gaseous ion has exactly three unpaired electrons?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Fe}^{3 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Ni}^{2 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ti}^{4 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{V}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3296, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which element has the highest second ionization energy?", "options": {"A": "Na", "B": "Mg", "C": "S", "D": "F"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3297, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "The ions below are listed in order of increasing radii except", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Al}^{3 + } < \\mathrm{Mg}^{2 + } < \\mathrm{Na}^{+}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{K}^{+} < \\mathrm{Cl}^{-} < \\mathrm{Se}^{2 - }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Cl}^{-} < \\mathrm{Br}^{-} < \\mathrm{I}^{-}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{O}^{2 - } < \\mathrm{F}^{-} < \\mathrm{Na}^{+}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3298, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many sigma bonds are present in $\\mathrm{P_4}$ ?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "5", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3299, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Using VSEPR theory, the molecular structure of $\\mathrm{IF_5}$ is best described as", "options": {"A": "octahedral", "B": "square pyramidal", "C": "trigonal bipyramidal", "D": "trigonal pyramidal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3300, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the formal charge on the oxygen atom in :C:::O:O?", "options": {"A": "+1", "B": "0", "C": "-1", "D": "-2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3301, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which compound contains four co-linear carbon atoms?", "options": {"A": "butane", "B": "cis-2-butene", "C": "trans-2 butene", "D": "2-butene"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3302, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which substance can exist in boat and chair configurations?", "options": {"A": "benzene", "B": "cyclohexane", "C": "cyclopentadiene", "D": "naphthalene"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3303, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "All of the following are monosaccharides except", "options": {"A": "fructose", "B": "glucose", "C": "ribose", "D": "sucrose"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3304, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "Boron carbide, $\\mathrm{B_4C}$, is made by the high temperature reaction of boron oxide with graphite, yielding carbon monoxide as a by-product.", "question": "$\\mathrm{B_2O_3 + \\_ C\\longrightarrow B_4C + \\_ CO}$\nWhat is the total of the smallest coefficients for the reactants and products in the balanced equation?", "options": {"A": "9", "B": "10", "C": "15", "D": "16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3305, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "A compound with $69.41\\%$ C, $4.16\\%$ H and $26.42\\%$ O has a molar mass of $230 - 250 \\mathrm{g} \\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$.", "question": "What is its molecular formula?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{C_{13}H_9O_4}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C_{14}H_{10}O_4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C_{13}H_6O_4}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C_{15}H_{14}O_3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3306, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "Aluminum reacts with sulfur to form aluminum sulfide.", "question": "If $31.9 \\mathrm{g}$ of Al are reacted with $72.2 \\mathrm{g}$ of S, what is the theoretical yield of aluminum sulfide in grams?", "options": {"A": "$88.8 \\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$69.7 \\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$57.2 \\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$113 \\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3307, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "According to EPA guidelines the permissible level for lead in drinking water is 15 parts per billion (ppb).", "question": "What is the maximum allowable mass of lead that could be present in $1.00 \\mathrm{L}$ of $\\mathrm{H_2O}$?", "options": {"A": "$0.015 \\mathrm{ng}$", "B": "$0.015 \\mu \\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$0.015 \\mathrm{mg}$", "D": "$0.015 \\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3308, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Aqueous solutions of electrolytes that produce two ions upon ionization typically exhibit freezing point depressions that are twice as large as solutions of non-electrolytes with the same concentration.", "question": "Which $0.10 \\mathrm{M}$ electrolyte solution will show the smallest depression?", "options": {"A": "HCl", "B": "NaBr", "C": "KNO3", "D": "MgSO4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3309, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "Interferon is a water-soluble protein. A solution prepared by dissolving $15.0 \\mathrm{mg}$ of interferon in $2.50 \\mathrm{mL}$ of $\\mathrm{H_2O}$ exhibits an osmotic pressure of $5.80 \\mathrm{mm} \\mathrm{Hg}$ at $25^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$.", "question": "What is the molar mass of interferon?", "options": {"A": "$1.92 \\times 10^{4} \\mathrm{g} \\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$1.92 \\times 10^{7} \\mathrm{g} \\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$1.95 \\times 10^{6} \\mathrm{g} \\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$1.61 \\times 10^{5} \\mathrm{g} \\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3310, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which noble gas is most abundant in the earth's atmosphere?", "options": {"A": "He", "B": "Ne", "C": "Ar", "D": "Rn"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3311, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "Which of the acids below has the most ionizable hydrogen atoms per molecule?\n\nI. $\\mathrm{H_3PO_4}$\nII. $\\mathrm{H_3PO_3}$\nIII. $\\mathrm{H_3PO_2}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "III only", "D": "Each one contains the same number of ionizable H atoms."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3312, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Aluminum is most often found in nature as the", "options": {"A": "carbonate.", "B": "chloride.", "C": "oxide.", "D": "sulfide."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3313, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "According to the Tyndall effect, a beam of light becomes visible when passed through all of the following except a(n)", "options": {"A": "aerosol.", "B": "colloid.", "C": "emulsion.", "D": "solution."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3314, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "All of the following can be used as primary standards in acid-base titrations EXCEPT", "options": {"A": "oxalic acid.", "B": "potassium hydrogen phthalate.", "C": "sodium carbonate.", "D": "sodium hydroxide."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3315, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which physical property decreases with an increase in intermolecular molecular forces?", "options": {"A": "boiling point", "B": "enthalpy of vaporization", "C": "vapor pressure", "D": "viscosity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3316, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A 0.180 g sample of liquid $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ is injected into a $5.00\\mathrm{L}$ flask at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$.", "question": "What will be present in the flask when equilibrium is established? (Vapor pressure $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C} = 23.8\\mathrm{mmHg}$)", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ vapor at a pressure of $186\\mathrm{mmHg}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ vapor at a pressure of $37.2\\mathrm{mmHg}$", "C": "liquid $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ and $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ vapor at a pressure of $37.2\\mathrm{mmHg}$", "D": "liquid $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ and $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ vapor at a pressure of $23.8\\mathrm{mmHg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3317, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "The atmospheric pressure on the summit of Mt. Everest is 0.333 atmospheres.", "question": "At what temperature (in $^\\circ \\mathrm{C}$) does $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ boil there? $(\\Delta H_{\\mathrm{vap}}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O} = 40.7\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1})$", "options": {"A": "$71^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$87^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$96^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$98^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3318, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "The arrangement of ions in a solid is best investigated by means of", "options": {"A": "infrared spectroscopy.", "B": "mass spectroscopy.", "C": "UV-visible spectroscopy.", "D": "x-ray crystallography."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3319, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "Benzene and toluene form an ideal solution. The vapor pressure of benzene at $55^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ is $400\\mathrm{mmHg}$ while the vapor pressure of toluene at $55^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ is $130\\mathrm{mmHg}$.", "question": "What is the vapor pressure of a solution consisting of 0.5 mole fraction of benzene and 0.5 mole fraction of toluene at $55^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$?", "options": {"A": "lower than $130\\mathrm{mmHg}$", "B": "between 130 and $400\\mathrm{mmHg}$", "C": "exactly $400\\mathrm{mmHg}$", "D": "greater than $400\\mathrm{mmHg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3320, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "An oxide of rhenium crystallizes with eight rhenium atoms at the corners of the unit cell and 12 oxygen atoms on the edges between them.", "question": "What is the formula of this oxide?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{ReO}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Re}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{ReO}_2$", "D": "$\\mathrm{ReO}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3321, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which isomer of $\\mathrm{C_4H_8}$ has the lowest absolute entropy at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$?", "options": {"A": "1-butene", "B": "cis-2-butene", "C": "trans-2-butene", "D": "cyclobutane"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3322, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "In the Born-Haber calculation of the lattice enthalpy of LiF from its elements, which process is exothermic?", "options": {"A": "dissociation energy of $\\mathrm{F}_2(\\mathrm{g})$", "B": "electron affinity of $\\mathrm{F}(\\mathrm{g})$", "C": "ionization energy of Li(g)", "D": "sublimation energy of Li(s)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3323, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "How much work is done by the gas when $1.00\\mathrm{g}$ of sodium azide, $\\mathrm{NaN}_3$ ( $M = 65.01\\mathrm{g}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ ), decomposes in a container of changeable volume (e.g. an airbag in a car) against a constant pressure of $1.00\\mathrm{atm}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ? $2\\mathrm{NaN}_3(\\mathrm{s}) \\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{Na}(\\mathrm{s}) + 3\\mathrm{N}_2(\\mathrm{g})$", "options": {"A": "$+114\\mathrm{J}$", "B": "$+57.2\\mathrm{J}$", "C": "$-114\\mathrm{J}$", "D": "$-57.2\\mathrm{J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3324, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "$2\\mathrm{NO}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{NO}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})$", "question": "For the reaction above, a straight line for which plot indicates a second order reaction?", "options": {"A": "$[\\mathrm{NO}_2]$ vs. time", "B": "$[\\mathrm{NO}_2]^2$ vs. time", "C": "$1 / [\\mathrm{NO}_2]$ vs. time", "D": "$1 / [\\mathrm{NO}_2]^2$ vs. time"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3325, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "question": "What are the units for the rate constant of a zero-order reaction?", "options": {"A": "time", "B": "\\(\\mathrm{time}^{-1}\\)", "C": "\\(\\mathrm{M}\\cdot\\mathrm{time}\\)", "D": "\\(\\mathrm{M}\\cdot\\mathrm{time}^{-1}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3326, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "The half-life of a first-order reaction is 1.5 hours.", "question": "How much time is needed for $94\\%$ of the reactant to change to product?", "options": {"A": "0.13 hours", "B": "6.1 hours", "C": "2.3 hours", "D": "36 hours"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3327, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "For the reaction, $2\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C} + \\mathrm{D}$, the rate law is rate $= k[\\mathrm{B}]$.", "question": "Which of the following mechanisms would be consistent with this information?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{M}$ (slow)\n$\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{M}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C} + \\mathrm{D}$ (fast)", "B": "$\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{A}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{M}$ (fast)\n$\\mathrm{B} + \\mathrm{M}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C} + \\mathrm{D}$ (slow)", "C": "$\\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{M}$ (slow)\n$\\mathrm{M} + \\mathrm{A}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{N}$ (fast)\n$\\mathrm{N} + \\mathrm{A}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C} + \\mathrm{D}$ (fast)", "D": "$\\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{M}$ (fast)\n$\\mathrm{M} + \\mathrm{A}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{N}$ (slow)\n$\\mathrm{N} + \\mathrm{A}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C} + \\mathrm{D} + \\mathrm{D}$ (fast)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3328, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "For the reaction, $\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + 2\\mathrm{F}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{OF}_2(\\mathrm{g}),K_{\\mathrm{p}} = 41.0$.", "question": "If $\\mathrm{P}_{\\mathrm{O}_2}(\\mathrm{g}) = 0.116$ atm and $\\mathrm{P}_{\\mathrm{F}_2}(\\mathrm{g}) = 0.0461$ atm at equilibrium, what is the pressure of $\\mathrm{OF}_2(\\mathrm{g})$?", "options": {"A": "0.101 atm", "B": "0.132 atm", "C": "0.760 atm", "D": "166 atm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3329, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "For the reaction $2\\mathrm{HI}(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{I}_2(\\mathrm{g})$", "question": "what is the relationship between $K_{\\mathrm{c}}$ and $K_{\\mathrm{p}}$ at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$?", "options": {"A": "$K_{\\mathrm{c}} = K_{\\mathrm{p}}$", "B": "$K_{\\mathrm{c}} > K_{\\mathrm{p}}$", "C": "$K_{\\mathrm{c}}< K_{\\mathrm{p}}$", "D": "The relationship varies depending on the pressure."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3330, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "Calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble in water with a $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $1.3\\times 10^{-6}$.", "question": "What is the $\\mathrm{pH}$ of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$?", "options": {"A": "12.34", "B": "12.14", "C": "12.04", "D": "11.84"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3331, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "For the reaction, $\\mathrm{ADP} + \\mathrm{phosphate} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{ATP}$, $\\Delta G^\\circ = 30.50 \\mathrm{kJ} \\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$.", "question": "What is the value of the equilibrium constant, $K$, for this process under physiological conditions of $37.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$?", "options": {"A": "$4.5\\times 10^{-6}$", "B": "$7.4\\times 10^{-6}$", "C": "$1.3\\times 10^{5}$", "D": "$2.2\\times 10^{5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3332, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "When $0.0030\\mathrm{mol}$ of HCl is added to $100. \\mathrm{mL}$ of a $0.10\\mathrm{M}$ solution of a weak base, $\\mathrm{R}_2\\mathrm{NH}$, the solution has a $\\mathrm{pH}$ of $11.10$.", "question": "What is $K_{\\mathrm{b}}$ for the weak base?", "options": {"A": "$2.9\\times 10^{-3}$", "B": "$5.4\\times 10^{-4}$", "C": "$4.1\\times 10^{-5}$", "D": "$1.6\\times 10^{-5}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3333, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Based on the reactions and data below, which reaction is least spontaneous?", "question": "Reduction $2\\mathrm{Hg}^{2 + } + 2\\mathrm{e}^{- }\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Hg}_{2}^{2 + }$ $1_{2} + 2\\mathrm{e}^{- }\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{I}^{- }$ $2\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O} + 2\\mathrm{e}^{- }\\rightarrow \\mathrm{H}_{2} + 2\\mathrm{OH}^{- }$", "options": {"A": "$2\\mathrm{Hg}^{2 + } + 2\\mathrm{I}^{-}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Hg}_{2}^{2 + } + \\mathrm{I}_{2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{H}_{2} + 2\\mathrm{OH}^{-} + \\mathrm{I}_{2}\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O} + 2\\mathrm{I}^{-}$", "C": "$2\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O} + \\mathrm{Hg}_{2}^{2 + }\\rightarrow \\mathrm{H}_{2} + 2\\mathrm{OH}^{-} + 2\\mathrm{Hg}^{2 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{H}_{2} + 2\\mathrm{OH}^{-} + 2\\mathrm{Hg}_{2}^{2 + }\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O} + \\mathrm{Hg}_{2}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3334, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "An increase in pH will promote which of the reactions below?", "question": "I. $2\\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-} + \\mathrm{MnO}_{2} + 4\\mathrm{OH}^{-}\\rightarrow 3\\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{2 - } + 2\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}$\nII. $6\\mathrm{Cl}_{2} + 2\\mathrm{I}^{-} + 6\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}\\rightarrow 12\\mathrm{Cl}^{-} + 2\\mathrm{IO}_{3}^{-} + 12\\mathrm{H}^{+}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3335, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "Given the reactions and data below, what is the $K$ value for this electrochemical cell? $\\mathrm{Cu}[\\mathrm{CuNO}_{4}(1.0\\mathrm{M})][\\mathrm{I}^{-}(1.0\\mathrm{M}),\\mathrm{I}_{3}(1.0\\mathrm{M})]\\mathrm{Pt}$ at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "question": "Reaction $\\mathrm{E}^\\circ(\\mathrm{V})$ $\\mathrm{Cu}^{+} + \\mathrm{e}^{- }\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cu}$ 0.518 $\\mathrm{I}_{2} + 2\\mathrm{e}^{- }\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{I}^{- }$ 0.534", "options": {"A": "0.288", "B": "1.86", "C": "2.23", "D": "3.48"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3336, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "The advantages of methane fuel cells over internal combustion engines (ICEs) that burn methane include which of the following?", "question": "I. Methane fuel cells are less polluting.\nII. Methane fuel cells are more efficient.\nIII. Methane fuel cells are less expensive.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "I and II only", "C": "I and III only", "D": "II and III only"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3337, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many angular nodes does a d orbital possess?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3338, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "For the transition metal with the electron configuration $\\mathrm{1s}^{2}2\\mathrm{s}^{2}2\\mathrm{p}^{6}3\\mathrm{s}^{2}3\\mathrm{p}^{6}4\\mathrm{s}^{2}3\\mathrm{d}^{9}$, how many unpaired electrons are present in its $+2$ ion in the ground state?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "2", "C": "4", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3339, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "What is the velocity of an electron $(m = 9.11\\times 10^{-28}\\mathrm{g})$ that exhibits a de Broglie wavelength of $10.0\\mathrm{nm}$?", "question": "$[1\\mathrm{J} = 1\\mathrm{kg}\\mathrm{m}^{2}\\mathrm{s}^{- 2}]$", "options": {"A": "72.7 m $\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "B": "270 m $\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "C": "$7.27\\times 10^{4}\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "D": "$7.27\\times 10^{6}\\mathrm{m}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3340, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which atom has the highest first ionization energy?", "options": {"A": "Al", "B": "Si", "C": "P", "D": "S"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3341, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What are the two most common oxidation states for antimony?", "options": {"A": "-1 and -3", "B": "-1 and +2", "C": "+3 and -3", "D": "+3 and +5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3342, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "For which pair of species are the radii most similar?", "options": {"A": "Li and Na", "B": "Na and Mg", "C": "Mn and Fe", "D": "$\\mathrm{Fe}^{2 + }$ and $\\mathrm{Fe}^{3 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3343, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "When arranged in order of increasing bond strength, which order is correct?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{O - O< S - S< O = O< S = S}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{O - O< S - S< S = S< O = O}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{S - S< O - O< O = O< S = S}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{S - S< O - O< S = S< O = O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3344, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many stable resonance forms can be written for the oxalate ion, $\\mathrm{C}_{2}\\mathrm{O}_{4}^{2 - }$?", "options": {"A": "two", "B": "three", "C": "four", "D": "five"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3345, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the geometry of $\\mathrm{ICl}_{4}^{-}$ according to VSEPR theory?", "options": {"A": "see-saw", "B": "square planar", "C": "tetrahedral", "D": "T-shaped"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3346, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Mild oxidation of 1-propanol, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{OH}$, leads to the formation of", "options": {"A": "propanal, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{CHO}$.", "B": "propanoic acid, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{COOH}$.", "C": "2-propanone, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{COCH}_3$.", "D": "dipropyl ether, $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{OCH}_2\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{CH}_3$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3347, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which is the principal cation within cellular fluid?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Na}^+$", "B": "$\\mathrm{K}^+$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Mg}^{2 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Ca}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3348, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "The shape of a chain segment of polypeptide chains in a protein is known as its", "options": {"A": "primary structure.", "B": "secondary structure.", "C": "tertiary structure.", "D": "quaternary structure."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3349, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which property that polyacetylene exhibits is unusual for an organic polymer?", "options": {"A": "electrical conductivity", "B": "flexibility", "C": "high boiling point", "D": "strength"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3350, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which type of dietary fat is the least healthy for humans?", "options": {"A": "cis-monounsaturated fat", "B": "polyunsaturated fat", "C": "saturated fat", "D": "trans-monounsaturated fat"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3351, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "One mole of which hydrocarbon requires 8 mol $\\mathrm{O}_2$ to achieve complete combustion to give carbon dioxide and water?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{C_3H_8}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C_4H_{10}}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C_5H_{10}}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{C_5H_{12}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3352, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "$0.422\\mathrm{g}$ of an element Z reacts with oxygen to form 0.797 g of the oxide $\\mathrm{Z}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$ . What is the element Z?", "options": {"A": "Al", "B": "Sc", "C": "Cr", "D": "Ga"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3353, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "At constant temperature and pressure, $5.0\\mathrm{L}$ of $\\mathrm{SO}_2$ is combined with $3.0\\mathrm{L}$ of $\\mathrm{O}_2$ according to the equation:\n\n$$2\\mathrm{SO}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{SO}_3(\\mathrm{g})$$\n\nAfter $\\mathrm{SO}_3$ formation is complete, what is the volume of the mixture?", "options": {"A": "$5.5\\mathrm{L}$", "B": "$6.0\\mathrm{L}$", "C": "$6.5\\mathrm{L}$", "D": "$8.0\\mathrm{L}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3354, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "A student wishes to determine the molar mass of a pure solid organic compound. Which measurement would be most useful?", "options": {"A": "Melting point of the solid", "B": "Melting point depression of a mixture of the solid with $1.4$ -dichlorobenzene", "C": "Heat of combustion", "D": "Solubility in water"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3355, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A student has $10\\mathrm{mL}$ of a solution that might contain any or all of the following cations at $0.01\\mathrm{M}$ concentrations: $\\mathrm{Mn}^{2 + }$ $\\mathrm{Ba}^{2 + }$ $\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}$ , and $\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }$ . Addition of $10\\mathrm{mL}$ of $1\\mathrm{M}$ HCl causes a precipitate to form. After the precipitate is filtered off, $1\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$ is added to the filtrate and another precipitate forms. What is the second precipitate?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{MnSO}_4$", "B": "$\\mathrm{BaSO}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ag}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$", "D": "A mixture of $\\mathrm{BaSO}_4$ and $\\mathrm{Ag}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3356, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "When 6 M sodium hydroxide is added to an unknown white solid, the solid dissolves. What is a possible identity for this solid?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Mg(OH)_2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Al_2(SO_4)_3}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{BaCO_3}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{AgBr}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3357, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "A student standardizes a solution of aqueous NaOH against a measured mass of solid potassium hydrogen phthalate. She then uses this NaOH solution to titrate a measured mass of an unknown monocarboxylic acid to its phenolphthalein endpoint to determine its molar mass. Which errors will lead to a value of the molar mass that is too high?\n\nI. The potassium hydrogen phthalate is partially hydrated.\n\nII. The NaOH solution is allowed to stand after being standardized and absorbs some carbon dioxide from the air.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3358, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which is the safest method for performing a flame test?", "options": {"A": "Dissolve the metal salt in methanol, then squirt the solution into a lit Bunsen burner from at least 1 meter away.", "B": "Dissolve the metal salt in methanol, then pour the methanol into a crystallizing dish, igniting it with the flame from a Bunsen burner.", "C": "Soak a wooden splint in an aqueous solution of the metal salt, then burn the splint in the flame from a Bunsen burner.", "D": "Soak a wooden splint in an aqueous solution of the metal salt, then heat the splint on top of a ceramic hotplate."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3359, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which compound has the highest normal boiling point?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CH_3CH_2COOH}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CH_3CH_2CH_2OH}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CH_3COOCH_3}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{HCOOCH_2CH_3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3360, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Nitrogen, $\\mathrm{N}_2$ , has the following properties: normal melting point: $63.2\\mathrm{K}$ normal boiling point: $77.4\\mathrm{K}$ triple point: $0.127\\mathrm{atm}$ , $63.1\\mathrm{K}$ critical point: $33.5\\mathrm{atm}$ , $126.0\\mathrm{K}$\n\nWhich statement about $\\mathrm{N}_2$ is correct?", "options": {"A": "Liquid $\\mathrm{N}_2$ is denser than solid $\\mathrm{N}_2$ .", "B": "At sufficiently high pressure, $\\mathrm{N}_2$ can be liquefied at $150\\mathrm{K}$ .", "C": "Liquid $\\mathrm{N}_2$ and gaseous $\\mathrm{N}_2$ can coexist at $63.1\\mathrm{K}$ and $1\\mathrm{atm}$ .", "D": "If $\\mathrm{N}_2$ is heated from $60\\mathrm{K}$ to $70\\mathrm{K}$ at $0.100\\mathrm{atm}$ , it sublimes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3361, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which alkyl halide reacts most rapidly with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{Cl}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{I}$", "C": "$(\\mathrm{CH}_3)_3\\mathrm{CCH}_2\\mathrm{Cl}$", "D": "$(\\mathrm{CH}_3)_3\\mathrm{CCH}_2\\mathrm{I}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3362, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many isomers are there with the formula $\\mathrm{C}_6\\mathrm{H}_{14}$ ?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "5", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3363, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "An enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ester with a certain activity, but this activity is lost in a $3\\mathrm{M}$ urea solution. What is the most likely explanation for the loss of activity?", "options": {"A": "Urea binds to the active site of the enzyme competitively with the substrate.", "B": "Urea causes the cleavage of the peptide bonds in the enzyme.", "C": "Urea causes the enzyme to denature and lose its specific three-dimensional shape.", "D": "Urea reacts with disulfide bonds in the enzyme."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3364, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "Lithium reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide.", "question": "What mass of lithium is required to produce 12 g of lithium hydroxide?", "options": {"A": "$2.0\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$3.5\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$7.0\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$12\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3365, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Electrolysis of 10.00 g of a binary metal chloride deposits 6.207 g of the pure metal.", "question": "What is the metal?", "options": {"A": "Cu $(Z = 29)$", "B": "Cd $(Z = 48)$", "C": "Ce $(Z = 58)$", "D": "Th $(Z = 90)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3366, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Decomposition of 1.0 g of which of the following compounds into its constituent elements gives the greatest amount of $\\mathrm{N}_2$ gas?", "question": "Decomposition of 1.0 g of which of the following compounds into its constituent elements gives the greatest amount of $\\mathrm{N}_2$ gas?", "options": {"A": "NO", "B": "$\\mathrm{NO}_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{N}_2\\mathrm{O}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NH}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3367, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "Permanganate ion oxidizes hydrogen peroxide in acidic solution according to the following equation:\n\n$$2\\mathrm{MnO}_4^{-}(aq) + 5\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2(aq) + 6\\mathrm{H}^{+}(aq)\\rightarrow$$ $$2\\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}(aq) + 5\\mathrm{O}_2(g) + 8\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l)$$", "question": "If 35.0 mL of an acidic 0.150 M $\\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ solution is required to consume all the $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$ in 50.0 mL of a disinfectant solution, what is the concentration of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$ in the disinfectant?", "options": {"A": "0.0420 M", "B": "0.105 M", "C": "0.263 M", "D": "0.368 M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3368, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A solution containing 10 g of which substance dissolved in 100 g of water will show the greatest freezing point depression compared to pure water?", "question": "A solution containing 10 g of which substance dissolved in 100 g of water will show the greatest freezing point depression compared to pure water?", "options": {"A": "Anhydrous magnesium sulfate, $\\mathrm{MgSO}_4$", "B": "Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, $\\mathrm{MgSO}_4\\cdot 7\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "C": "Anhydrous sodium thiosulfate, $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{S}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$", "D": "Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{S}_2\\mathrm{O}_5\\cdot 5\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3369, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "When a solution of barium hydroxide is mixed with a solution of iron(III) chloride,", "question": "What is observed?", "options": {"A": "Precipitation of a colored solid", "B": "Precipitation of a colorless solid", "C": "Evolution of a colorless gas", "D": "Neither precipitation nor gas evolution"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3370, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Which element is a liquid at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure?", "question": "Which element is a liquid at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm pressure?", "options": {"A": "Fluorine", "B": "Chlorine", "C": "Bromine", "D": "Iodine"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3371, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "The concentration of which approximately 0.01 M solution could be most accurately determined by a visible spectrophotometer (or colorimeter)?", "question": "The concentration of which approximately 0.01 M solution could be most accurately determined by a visible spectrophotometer (or colorimeter)?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Mn(NO_3)_2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Co(NO_3)_2}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Zn(NO_3)_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Pb(NO_3)_2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3372, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A 0.1 M solution of which salt is the most acidic?", "question": "A 0.1 M solution of which salt is the most acidic?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Al(NO_3)_3}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{MgBr}_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NaHCO}_3$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NaHCO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3373, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A beaker containing $25\\mathrm{mL}$ of liquid 1-aminopentane, $\\mathrm{CH_3(CH_2)_4NH_2}$ is placed on a hotplate and brought to a boil.", "question": "As the 1-aminopentane boils,", "options": {"A": "the total energy of the system stays constant.", "B": "the hydrogen bonding between the 1-aminopentane molecules is disrupted.", "C": "the ion-dipole forces between the 1-aminopentane molecules are disrupted.", "D": "pentane and ammonia gas are formed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3374, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Into both ends of a meter-long glass tube samples of gases are introduced simultaneously. One end receives hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) while the other end receives ammonia gas (NH3). When the gases meet in the tube, they react to form solid ammonium chloride (NH4Cl).", "question": "Where in the tube does the NH4Cl form?", "options": {"A": "At the center of the tube", "B": "Closer to the end where the hydrogen chloride is inserted", "C": "Closer to the end where the ammonia is inserted", "D": "Uniformly at all positions in the tube"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3375, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "At its normal boiling point of $-1.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , a sample of gaseous butane at $1.0\\mathrm{atm}$ occupies a volume of $1.0\\mathrm{L}$ .", "question": "What is the pressure if the volume is decreased to $0.70\\mathrm{L}$ while maintaining the temperature at $-1.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "0.70 atm", "B": "1.0 atm", "C": "1.4 atm", "D": "2.0 atm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3376, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "What is the principal energetic factor in the lack of miscibility between $\\mathrm{C_6H_{14}(l)}$ and $\\mathrm{H_2O(l)}$ ?", "question": "What is the principal energetic factor in the lack of miscibility between $\\mathrm{C_6H_{14}(l)}$ and $\\mathrm{H_2O(l)}$ ?", "options": {"A": "The strength of intermolecular forces of attraction between $\\mathrm{C_6H_{14}(l)}$ molecules", "B": "The strength of intermolecular forces of attraction between $\\mathrm{H_2O(l)}$ molecules", "C": "The difference between the molecular weights of the molecules", "D": "The difference in electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3377, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "The melting point of silicon dioxide ($1713^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$) is higher than the melting point of silicon ($1414^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$).", "question": "What is the best explanation for this difference?", "options": {"A": "Silicon-oxygen bonds are stronger than silicon-silicon bonds.", "B": "Silicon dioxide is an ionic solid while silicon is a metallic solid.", "C": "Silicon dioxide is polar while silicon is nonpolar.", "D": "Silicon dioxide forms tetragonal crystals while silicon forms cubic crystals."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3378, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "Upon which factors can the Gibbs free energy change for a reaction $(\\Delta G_{\\mathrm{rxn}})$ depend?", "question": "Upon which factors can the Gibbs free energy change for a reaction $(\\Delta G_{\\mathrm{rxn}})$ depend?\n\nI. Temperature\nII. Concentration of species in solution", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3379, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "Which has the greatest entropy at $0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "question": "Which has the greatest entropy at $0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1.0\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(s)$", "B": "$1.0\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l)$", "C": "$1.0\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(g)$", "D": "$1.0\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{H}_2(g) + 0.5\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{O}_2(g)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3380, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "For the reaction $\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow$ products, the rate law is rate $=$ $k[\\mathrm{A}]^{2}[\\mathrm{B}]$ .", "question": "Which change will cause the greatest decrease in reaction rate?", "options": {"A": "Decreasing [A] by a factor of 2", "B": "Decreasing [B] by a factor of 2", "C": "Decreasing both [A] and [B] by a factor of 2", "D": "Decreasing [B] by a factor of 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3381, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "For a reaction with an activation energy of $65\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ by what percentage is the rate constant decreased if the temperature is decreased from $37^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ to $22^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "question": "For a reaction with an activation energy of $65\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ by what percentage is the rate constant decreased if the temperature is decreased from $37^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ to $22^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$13\\%$", "B": "$27\\%$", "C": "$51\\%$", "D": "$72\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3382, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "A plot of $\\ln [\\mathrm{A}]$ as a function of time in an irreversible reaction $\\mathrm{A}\\rightarrow$ products is linear, with a slope of $-0.0175\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ .", "question": "What conclusions may be drawn from these observations?\n\nI. The reaction is first-order in A.\nII. The rate constant for the reaction is $0.0175\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3383, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "Hydrogen peroxide disproportionates to water and molecular oxygen in the presence of iodide in neutral solution according to a mechanism consisting of two elementary steps:\n\n$$\\mathrm{H_2O_2(aq) + I^-(aq)\\rightarrow IO^-(aq) + H_2O(l)}\\qquad \\mathrm{reaction 1}$$ $$\\mathrm{H_2O_2(aq) + IO^-(aq)\\rightarrow I^-(aq) + O_2(g) + H_2O(l)}\\qquad \\mathrm{reaction 2}$$\n\nThe rate constant for reaction 1 is much larger than the rate constant for reaction 2.", "question": "Which statement is correct?", "options": {"A": "As the reaction proceeds, the predominant form of iodine in solution is $\\mathrm{IO}^{-}(aq)$ .", "B": "Adding more iodide to the reaction will not increase the rate of production of $\\mathrm{O}_2$ .", "C": "The reaction is zeroth-order in $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$ .", "D": "The reaction will go more slowly at higher $\\mathrm{O}_2$ pressures."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3384, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "What is the pH of a $0.25\\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\\mathrm{NaCN}$ ? (The $\\mathrm{pK}_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of $\\mathrm{HCN}$ is 9.21. )", "question": "What is the pH of a $0.25\\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\\mathrm{NaCN}$ ? (The $\\mathrm{pK}_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of $\\mathrm{HCN}$ is 9.21. )", "options": {"A": "4.91", "B": "8.61", "C": "11.30", "D": "13.40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3385, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The autoionization constant of water at $60^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ is $K_{\\mathrm{w}} = 1.0\\times 10^{-13}$ .", "question": "Which of the following statements are correct?\n\nI. Autoionization of water is exothermic.\nII. A sample of pure water at $60^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ is slightly acidic.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3386, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Barium carbonate, $\\mathrm{BaCO_3}$ , is stable at ambient temperatures, but decomposes to barium oxide and carbon dioxide at higher temperatures.\n\n$$\\mathrm{BaCO_3(s)}\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{BaO(s) + CO_2(g)}$$\n\nAt a certain temperature, this system is in equilibrium in a closed system and contains appreciable amounts of all three compounds.", "question": "Which changes will lead to an increase in the pressure of $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ present at equilibrium?\n\nI. Adding more $\\mathrm{BaCO_3(s)}$\nII. Increasing the volume of the container", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3387, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "If 0.10 mol solid NaOH is added to $1.00\\mathrm{L}$ of a saturated solution of $\\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2}$ ( $K_{sp} = 8.0\\times 10^{-6}$ ),", "question": "What percentage of the calcium hydroxide will precipitate at equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "Roughly $50\\%$", "B": "Roughly $75\\%$", "C": "Roughly $95\\%$", "D": "Over $99\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3388, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "The concentration of formic acid $\\mathrm{(pK_a = 3.75)}$ is being determined by titration with sodium hydroxide solution.", "question": "Which indicators are suitable for this titration?\n\nI. Bromophenol blue (pH transition range 3.0 - 4.6)\nII. Neutral red (pH transition range 6.8 - 8.0)", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3389, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The ionization of ammonium ion is endothermic:\n\n$$\\mathrm{NH_4^+(aq) + H_2O(l)\\rightarrow NH_3(aq) + H_3O^+(aq)}$$ $$\\qquad \\Delta H^\\circ >0$$", "question": "Which changes will result in the increase in $\\mathrm{[H_3O^+]}$ of a $0.100\\mathrm{M}$ solution of $\\mathrm{NH_4Cl}$ ?\n\nI. Diluting the solution from $1.00\\mathrm{L}$ to $2.00\\mathrm{L}$\nII. Raising the temperature from $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ to $35^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3390, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Which changes to this galvanic cell increase the measured potential?\n\n$$\\mathrm{Cu(s) | Cu^{2 + }(aq), 0.10 M | Ag^{+}(aq), 1.0 M | Ag(s)}$$", "question": "Which changes to this galvanic cell increase the measured potential?\n\nI. Increasing $\\mathrm{[Cu^{2 + }]}$ in the $\\mathrm{Cu/Cu^{2 + }}$ half-cell to $0.50\\mathrm{M}$\nII. Adding $\\mathrm{Cl^{-}}$ to the $\\mathrm{Ag^{+} / Ag}$ half-cell until $\\mathrm{[Cl^{-}] = 0.01M}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3391, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "When the following skeleton equation is balanced with smallest whole number coefficients, what is the coefficient and location of $\\mathrm{H_2O(l)}$ ? The reaction takes place in basic solution.\n\n$$\\mathrm{Cu(s) + MnO_4^-(aq)\\rightarrow Cu(OH)_2(s) + MnO_2(s)}$$", "question": "When the following skeleton equation is balanced with smallest whole number coefficients, what is the coefficient and location of $\\mathrm{H_2O(l)}$ ? The reaction takes place in basic solution.", "options": {"A": "2, on reactant side", "B": "4, on reactant side", "C": "2, on product side", "D": "4, on product side"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3392, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Which of the following species contains the element in the highest oxidation state?", "question": "Which of the following species contains the element in the highest oxidation state?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{OsO_4}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Mn_2(CO)_{10}}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{N}_5^-$", "D": "$\\mathrm{XeF_6^{2 - }}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3393, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "The lead-acid storage battery consists of the following two half-cells:\n\n$$\\mathrm{PbO_2(s) + 4H^+(aq) + SO_4^{2 - }(aq) + 2e^- \\rightarrow PbSO_4(s) + 2H_2O(l)}$$ $$\\mathrm{Pb(s) + SO_4^{2 - }(aq) \\rightarrow PbSO_4(s) + 2e^-}$$", "question": "Which of the following concentrations decrease as the battery is discharged?\n\nI. $\\mathrm{[H^+]}$\nII. $\\mathrm{[Pb^{2 + }]}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3394, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "In a ground-state P atom in the gas phase,", "question": "In a ground-state P atom in the gas phase, how many electrons have quantum numbers $n = 3$ , $l = 1$ , $m_l = -1$ ?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "1", "C": "2", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3395, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Rank the elements Si, P, Ge, and As in increasing order of their first ionization energies.", "question": "Rank the elements Si, P, Ge, and As in increasing order of their first ionization energies.", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Si}< \\mathrm{P}< \\mathrm{Ge}< \\mathrm{As}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{As}< \\mathrm{Ge}< \\mathrm{P}< \\mathrm{Si}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ge}< \\mathrm{Si}< \\mathrm{As}< \\mathrm{P}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Ge}< \\mathrm{As}< \\mathrm{Si}< \\mathrm{P}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3396, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Which change in principal quantum number for an electron in a hydrogen atom would correspond to emission of the longest-wavelength photon?", "question": "Which change in principal quantum number for an electron in a hydrogen atom would correspond to emission of the longest-wavelength photon?", "options": {"A": "$n = 4\\rightarrow n = 1$", "B": "$n = 5\\rightarrow n = 2$", "C": "$n = 1\\rightarrow n = 5$", "D": "$n = 2\\rightarrow n = 4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3397, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Which pair of elements has the most similar electronegativities?", "question": "Which pair of elements has the most similar electronegativities?", "options": {"A": "B and C", "B": "B and Al", "C": "B and Si", "D": "Al and C"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3398, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "Which ion has the longest N-O bond?", "question": "Which ion has the longest N-O bond?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NO_3^- }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NO_2^- }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NO_2^+}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NO^+}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3399, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "Which pair of species has the same shape?", "question": "Which pair of species has the same shape?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CO_2}$ and $\\mathrm{SO_2}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CCl_4}$ and $\\mathrm{TiCl_4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C_2H_6}$ and $\\mathrm{B_2H_6}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NO_3^- }$ and $\\mathrm{PO_3^{3 - }}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3400, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "How many distinct C-O bond lengths are present in the oxalate ion, $\\mathrm{C_2O_4^{2 - }}$ ?", "question": "How many distinct C-O bond lengths are present in the oxalate ion, $\\mathrm{C_2O_4^{2 - }}$ ?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3401, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "Which statement about the molecular orbitals in a molecule is correct?", "question": "Which statement about the molecular orbitals in a molecule is correct?", "options": {"A": "No molecular orbital may have a net overlap with any other molecular orbital.", "B": "Each molecular orbital must have a different number of nodes than every other molecular orbital.", "C": "The number of molecular orbitals is equal to half the number of atomic orbitals of the atoms that make up the molecule.", "D": "The lowest-energy molecular orbitals are the most antibonding in character and the highest-energy molecular orbitals are the most bonding in character."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3402, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "$\\mathrm{NF_3}$ has a bond angle of $102.5^\\circ$ , while $\\mathrm{PF_3}$ has a bond angle of $96.3^\\circ$ .", "question": "What is the best explanation for the larger bond angle in $\\mathrm{NF_3}$ ?", "options": {"A": "The nitrogen 2s orbital participates more in bonding than does the phosphorus 3s orbital.", "B": "Nitrogen is more electronegative than phosphorus.", "C": "$\\mathrm{NF_3}$ has no unpaired electrons while $\\mathrm{PF_3}$ has two unpaired electrons.", "D": "$\\mathrm{NF_3}$ is an ionic compound while $\\mathrm{PF_3}$ forms covalent bonds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3403, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "Allene has the structure $\\mathrm{H_2C = C = CH_2}$ .", "question": "What is the best description of the geometry of allene?\n\nGeometry at central carbon Positions of hydrogen atoms", "options": {"A": "Linear, All in the same plane", "B": "Linear, In two perpendicular planes", "C": "Bent, All in the same plane", "D": "Bent, In two perpendicular planes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3404, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": "The isoelectric point of a protein is the pH at which it is electrically neutral.", "question": "Which mutation of an amino acid $\\mathrm{NH_2CHRCOOH}$ in the protein would have the greatest effect on its isoelectric point, assuming that the mutation does not significantly affect the protein's overall structure?", "options": {"A": "Serine $\\mathrm{(R = CH_2OH)\\rightarrow Lysine}$ $\\mathrm{(R = CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_2NH_2)}$", "B": "Glutamine $\\mathrm{(R = CH_2CH_2CONH_2)\\rightarrow Methionine}$ $\\mathrm{(R = CH_2CH_2SCH_3)}$", "C": "Isoleucine $\\mathrm{(R = CH[CH_3]CH_2CH_3)\\rightarrow Valine}$ $\\mathrm{(R = CH[CH_3]_2)}$", "D": "Alanine $\\mathrm{(R = CH_3)\\rightarrow Glycine(R = H)}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3405, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Upon heating in a stream of hydrogen gas, 0.688 g of a manganese oxide is reduced to metallic manganese and forms 0.235 g water.", "question": "What is the formula of the oxide?", "options": {"A": "MnO", "B": "$\\mathrm{Mn}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Mn}_3\\mathrm{O}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{MnO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3406, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which 1.00 g sample of an element contains the greatest number of molecules?", "options": {"A": "Buckminsterfullerene, $\\mathrm{C}_{60}$", "B": "Ozone, $\\mathrm{O}_3$", "C": "White phosphorus, $\\mathrm{P}_4$", "D": "Sulfur, $\\mathrm{S}_8$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3407, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Hydrogen gas reacts with 5.00 L of nitrogen gas under constant temperature and pressure conditions to form 10.0 L of ammonia gas.", "question": "What is the minimum volume of hydrogen gas required to produce this amount of ammonia?", "options": {"A": "5.00 L", "B": "7.50 L", "C": "15.0 L", "D": "30.0 L"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3408, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "Phosphoric acid can be manufactured according to the following reaction: $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2 + 3SiO_2 + 5C + 5O_2 + 3H_2O\\rightarrow} 3\\mathrm{CaSiO_3 + 5CO_2 + 2H_3PO_4}$", "question": "If equal masses of calcium phosphate $(M = 310. )$ and silica $(M = 60.0)$ are reacted with excess carbon, oxygen, and water to produce $1.00\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{kg}$ phosphoric acid $(M = 98.0)$ , what mass of calcium phosphate was used, assuming $100\\%$ yield?", "options": {"A": "610. kg", "B": "800. kg", "C": "920. kg", "D": "1580 kg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3409, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "After mixing $30.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.30\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Ca(NO_3)_2}$ solution and $15.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.60\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{NaF}$ solution,", "question": "which ions are present in solution at concentrations of at least $0.10\\mathrm{M}$ ?\n\nI. $\\mathrm{Ca^{2 + }}$ II. F-", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3410, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "A salt whose formula is $\\mathrm{Na_2S_2O_7}$ is $47.5\\%$ sulfur by mass.", "question": "What is the value of $x$ in the formula?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3431, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "Which nuclide undergoes beta decay?", "options": {"A": "$^{11}\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$^{13}\\mathrm{N}$", "C": "$^{19}\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$^{22}\\mathrm{Na}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3432, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which molecule has a nonzero dipole moment?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{BF}_3$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CF}_4$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NF}_3$", "D": "$\\mathrm{SF}_6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3433, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the geometry of $\\mathrm{XeF_4}$ ?", "options": {"A": "Square planar", "B": "Tetrahedral", "C": "See-saw", "D": "Square pyramidal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3434, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which statements are correct about the cyanate ion, $\\mathrm{NCO}^-$ ?\n\nI. Cyanate is more thermodynamically stable than its isomer fulminate (CNO).\n\nII. The carbon-nitrogen bond is shorter than the carbon-oxygen bond in gas-phase cyanate ion.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3435, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "Sulfur tetrafluoride adopts a see-saw geometry with two axial F atoms with a F-S-F angle of about $180^\\circ$ and two equatorial F atoms at about $90^\\circ$ from the axial fluorines.", "question": "Which statement most accurately describes the axial and equatorial S-F bonds?", "options": {"A": "The axial S-F bonds are longer because the two fluorines must share bonding to the same orbital on sulfur.", "B": "The axial S-F bonds are longer because they experience greater repulsion from the other fluorine atoms in the molecule.", "C": "The equatorial S-F bonds are longer because the equatorial F-S-F bond angle is the smallest in the molecule.", "D": "The equatorial S-F bonds are longer because they experience greater repulsion from the lone pair on sulfur."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3436, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "How many distinct acyclic compounds have the formula $\\mathrm{C}_5\\mathrm{H}_{10}$ ?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "4", "C": "5", "D": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3437, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": "When acetaldehyde $(\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CHO})$ reacts in methanol $(\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{OH})$ solution under basic conditions,", "question": "which compound is NOT formed?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH(OH)(OCH}_3)$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH(OCH}_3)_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH(OH)CH}_2\\mathrm{CHO}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH} = \\mathrm{CHCHO}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3438, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "In what way does the reactivity of $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{C} \\equiv \\mathrm{CH}$ differ from $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CH} = \\mathrm{CH}_2$ ?", "options": {"A": "Propyne is deprotonated by $\\mathrm{NaNH}_2$ , while propene is not.", "B": "Propyne does not react with bromine, while propene reacts readily with bromine.", "C": "Propyne undergoes catalytic hydrogenation over platinum, while propene does not.", "D": "Propyne is readily hydrated at $\\mathrm{pH} = 0$ , while propene is not."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3439, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which sample contains the greatest number of molecules?", "options": {"A": "$35.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{H}_{2}$", "B": "$45.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{C}_{2} \\mathrm{H}_{6}$", "C": "$60.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{C}_{4} \\mathrm{H}_{10}$", "D": "$100.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{C}_{6} \\mathrm{H}_{6}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3440, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is ignited and reacts completely to form water. Which mixture will NOT produce $18 \\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}$?", "options": {"A": "$2.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{H}_{2}$, $16.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{O}_{2}$", "B": "$2.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{H}_{2}$, $18.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{O}_{2}$", "C": "$4.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{H}_{2}$, $16.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{O}_{2}$", "D": "$4.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{H}_{2}$, $18.0 \\mathrm{g} \\mathrm{O}_{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3441, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "How many oxygen atoms are in $1.00 \\mathrm{g}$ of the mineral troegerite, $(\\mathrm{UO}_{2})_{3}(\\mathrm{AsO}_{4})_{2} \\bullet 12 \\mathrm{H}_{2} \\mathrm{O}$ $(M = 1304.0)$?", "options": {"A": "$6.47 \\times 10^{21}$", "B": "$8.31 \\times 10^{21}$", "C": "$1.20 \\times 10^{22}$", "D": "$1.39 \\times 10^{22}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3442, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "Hùng's base is a monobasic amine containing \\(74.34\\%\\ \\mathrm{C}\\), \\(14.82\\%\\ \\mathrm{H}\\), and \\(10.84\\%\\ \\mathrm{N}\\) by mass. How many hydrogen atoms are in one molecule of Hùng's base?", "options": {"A": "8", "B": "14", "C": "15", "D": "19"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3443, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Magnesium metal burns in air to form a mixture of magnesium oxide $(\\mathrm{MgO}, M = 40.31)$ and magnesium nitride $(\\mathrm{Mg}_{3} \\mathrm{~N}_{2}, M = 100.95)$. A $1.000 \\mathrm{~g}$ sample of magnesium ribbon is burned in air to give $1.584 \\mathrm{~g}$ of the oxide/nitride mixture. What percentage of the magnesium is present in the form of the nitride?", "options": {"A": "$9.00 \\%$", "B": "$11.0 \\%$", "C": "$27.1 \\%$", "D": "$90.3 \\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3444, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "What is the pH of a solution formed by mixing $45.0 \\mathrm{~mL}$ of $0.10 \\mathrm{M} \\mathrm{HNO}_{3}$, $50.0 \\mathrm{~mL}$ of $0.20 \\mathrm{M} \\mathrm{HCl}$, and $55.0 \\mathrm{~mL}$ of $0.10 \\mathrm{M} \\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COOH}$?", "options": {"A": "0.40", "B": "0.88", "C": "1.01", "D": "1.52"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3445, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which dissolves to give a blue solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{~S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{4}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{K}_{2} \\mathrm{CrO}_{4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Cu}(\\mathrm{NO}_{3})_{2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Zn}(\\mathrm{OH})_{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3446, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A $0.1 \\mathrm{~M}$ solution of which compound is most acidic?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{KNO}_{3}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NH}_{4} \\mathrm{NO}_{3}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ba}(\\mathrm{NO}_{3})_{2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{NO}_{3})_{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3447, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A pale yellow solid is insoluble in water or concentrated ammonia solution, but dissolves in concentrated $\\mathrm{Na}_{2} \\mathrm{S}_{2} \\mathrm{O}_{3}$ solution. What is it?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{AgF}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{AgCl}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{AgI}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Ag}(\\mathrm{CH}_{3} \\mathrm{COO})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3448, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "A chemist has isolated a solid carboxylic acid of unknown formula from a medicinal herb. Which experiment will be most useful in assessing the purity of the isolated material?", "options": {"A": "Melting point", "B": "Titration with NaOH", "C": "Combustion analysis", "D": "UV-visible spectrophotometry"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3449, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "The molar solubility of $\\mathrm{PbF_2}$ is $2.1\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{L}^{-1}$. What is its $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$?", "options": {"A": "$4.4\\times 10^{-6}$", "B": "$8.8\\times 10^{-6}$", "C": "$3.7\\times 10^{-8}$", "D": "$9.3\\times 10^{-9}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3450, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "What compounds are formed on hydrolysis of a typical fat with aqueous sodium hydroxide (saponification)?", "options": {"A": "One equivalent each of an alcohol and the salt of a monocarboxylic acid", "B": "Three equivalents of alcohols and one equivalent of the salt of a tricarboxylic acid", "C": "One equivalent of a triol and three equivalents of the salt of monocarboxylic acids", "D": "One equivalent each of a triol and the salt of a tricarboxylic acid"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3451, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Iron(III) sulfide reacts with gaseous hydrogen chloride to produce iron(III) chloride and hydrogen sulfide.", "question": "How much iron(III) sulfide would be required to react with 1.5 mol HCl?", "options": {"A": "0.25 mol", "B": "0.50 mol", "C": "0.75 mol", "D": "1.0 mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3452, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "How much $\\mathrm{CH_4}$ remains after $10.0\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{CH_4}$ reacts completely with $15.0\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{O_2}$ according to the following equation?", "question": "$\\mathrm{CH_4(g) + 2O_2(g)\\longrightarrow CO_2(g) + 2H_2O(g)}$", "options": {"A": "$0.00\\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$2.50\\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$5.00\\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$6.25\\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3453, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": null, "question": "A sample of $1.00\\mathrm{g}$ of which compound contains the greatest number of atoms?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CO(M = 28.0)}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{C_2H_6(M = 30.0)}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{C_6H_6(M = 78.0)}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Kr(M = 83.8)}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3454, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "$200.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of aqueous nitric acid is mixed with $300.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.200\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Mg(NO_3)_2}$ solution to give a solution with a nitrate ion concentration of $0.500\\mathrm{M}$ .", "question": "What is the concentration of the nitric acid?", "options": {"A": "$0.100\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$0.650\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$0.950\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$1.25\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3455, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "As the concentration of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride increases from $1.0\\mathrm{M}$ to $2.0\\mathrm{M}$ , the values of which properties of the solution decrease?", "question": "I. Density II. Freezing point", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3456, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which ion gives a green flame test?", "options": {"A": "Potassium", "B": "Calcium", "C": "Strontium", "D": "Barium"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3457, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The equilibrium constant for the formation of $\\mathrm{CoCl_4^{2 - }}$ , a species that is blue in solution, is to be measured using a colorimeter. The colorimeter has wavelength settings of $470\\mathrm{nm}$ (\"blue\"), $565\\mathrm{nm}$ (\"green\"), and $635\\mathrm{nm}$ (\"red\") to use in the experiment.", "question": "What is the best setting to use?", "options": {"A": "$470\\mathrm{nm}$", "B": "$565\\mathrm{nm}$", "C": "$635\\mathrm{nm}$", "D": "All settings would be equally suitable for the measurement."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3458, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "A student is using a coffee-cup calorimeter to determine the enthalpy change of the endothermic reaction of two aqueous solutions. After both solutions are added to the cup, the student neglects to put the lid on the cup.", "question": "This would cause the magnitude of the calculated $\\Delta H^\\circ$ value to be:", "options": {"A": "too small, since some heat will escape out of the cup.", "B": "too large, since some heat will escape out of the cup.", "C": "too small, since the solution will absorb heat from the room.", "D": "too large, since the solution will absorb heat from the room."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3459, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which substance produces a toxic and explosive gas when added to strong acids?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NaN_3}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Na_2CO_3}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NaClO_4}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Na_2SO_3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3460, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "When aqueous ethanol is treated with an acidified solution of potassium dichromate, what is observed?", "question": "I. Color change II. Gas evolution", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3461, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "Mixing which 0.1 M aqueous solutions results in formation of a colored precipitate?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{BaCl}_2$ and $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{COOH}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{BaCl}_2$ and $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CuCl}_2$ and $\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{COOH}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CuCl}_2$ and $\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3462, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which liquid has the highest vapor pressure at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{CHCl}_3$", "B": "$\\mathrm{CFCl}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{CCl}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CBrCl}_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3463, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "A sample of cyclohexane $\\mathrm{(C_6H_{12},bp = 81^\\circ C)}$ is introduced into an evacuated container at $40^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . One-third of the cyclohexane by mass is in the form of the liquid and two-thirds is in the form of the vapor. The volume of the container is then doubled, maintaining the temperature at $40^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "question": "What happens to the pressure as the volume is doubled?", "options": {"A": "The pressure remains the same.", "B": "The pressure decreases by $25\\%$", "C": "The pressure decreases by $33\\%$", "D": "The pressure decreases by a factor of two."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3464, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "The normal boiling points of ammonia, water, and hydrogen fluoride increase in the order $\\mathrm{NH}_3$ (bp $= -33$ $^\\circ \\mathrm{C})< \\mathrm{HF}$ (bp $= 19^\\circ \\mathrm{C})< \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ (bp $= 100^\\circ \\mathrm{C})$ .", "question": "What is the best explanation for this ordering?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ forms a greater number of hydrogen bonds per mol than $\\mathrm{NH}_3$ or HF.", "B": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ forms stronger hydrogen bonds than $\\mathrm{NH}_3$ or HF.", "C": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ has a larger dipole moment than $\\mathrm{NH}_3$ or HF.", "D": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ has stronger London dispersion forces than $\\mathrm{NH}_3$ or HF."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3465, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which gas has the smallest molar volume at STP?", "options": {"A": "He", "B": "$\\mathrm{NH}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{N}_2$", "D": "CO"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3466, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which solid has the highest melting point?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{OF}_2$", "B": "$\\mathrm{MgF}_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{SiO}_2$", "D": "$\\mathrm{ClO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3467, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which reaction occurs with the greatest increase in entropy?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{ClF(s)}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{ClF(g)}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{ClF(s)}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{ClF(l)}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{ClF(l)}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{ClF(g)}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{ClF(g)}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cl}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{Cl}_2\\mathrm{F}_2(\\mathrm{g})$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3468, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "A $2.00\\mathrm{g}$ sample of solid $\\mathrm{RbClO_4}$ ( $M = 184.92$ ) is added to $100.0\\mathrm{g}$ water, both initially at $23.00^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , in a well-insulated container. The final temperature of the solution is $21.56^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "question": "What is $\\Delta H^\\circ$ solution of $\\mathrm{RbClO_4}$ ? (Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as that of pure water and neglect the heat capacity of the insulated container.)", "options": {"A": "$-0.615\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$0.615\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$13.6\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$56.8\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3469, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "Elemental tin forms two allotropes, white tin and gray tin. For the conversion of white tin to gray tin, $\\Delta H^\\circ = -2.02$ kJ mol-1 and $\\Delta S^\\circ = -7.04$ J mol-1 K-1.", "question": "Which statement best describes the stability of the two phases?", "options": {"A": "White tin is stable below $13.8^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and gray tin is stable above this temperature.", "B": "Gray tin is stable below $13.8^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and white tin is stable above this temperature.", "C": "White tin is stable below $0.3^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and gray tin is stable above this temperature.", "D": "Gray tin is stable below $0.3^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and white tin is stable above this temperature."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3470, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The thermal decomposition of NOCl is a second-order process, and the rate constant $k$ for the disappearance of NOCl at $160^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ is $0.0037\\mathrm{M}^{-1}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ .", "question": "What is the concentration of NOCl, initially at $0.043\\mathrm{M}$ , after $20.0$ minutes at $160^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$0.00051\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$0.036\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$0.040\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$0.042\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3471, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "Bismuth-212 undergoes both $\\alpha$ decay $(35.9\\%)$ and $\\beta$ decay $(64.1\\%)$ with an overall half-life of $60.6$ minutes.", "question": "What is its half-life for $\\alpha$ decay?", "options": {"A": "$21.8\\mathrm{min}$", "B": "$38.8\\mathrm{min}$", "C": "$94.7\\mathrm{min}$", "D": "$169\\mathrm{min}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3472, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "Equal volumes of $0.500\\mathrm{M}$ $\\mathrm{HCO_2H}$ and $0.100\\mathrm{M}$ $\\mathrm{Na(O_2CCH_3)}$ are mixed.", "question": "What is the $\\mathrm{pH}$ of the resulting solution? The $\\mathrm{p}K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of $\\mathrm{HCO_2H}$ is 3.75 and the $\\mathrm{p}K_{\\mathrm{a}}$ of $\\mathrm{CH_3CO_2H}$ is 4.75.", "options": {"A": "2.18", "B": "3.15", "C": "3.75", "D": "4.25"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3473, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The formation constant $K_{\\mathrm{f}}$ of the hexamminecadmium ion, $\\mathrm{Cd(NH_3)_6^{2 + }}$ , is $2.6\\times 10^5$ . In a solution whose ammonia concentration is $0.12\\mathrm{M}$ ,", "question": "what percentage of the cadmium in solution is in the form of $\\mathrm{Cd(NH_3)_6^{2 + }}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$44\\%$", "B": "$51\\%$", "C": "$78\\%$", "D": "$>99\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3474, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{Sr(OH)_2}$ is $2.0\\times 10^{-3}$ .", "question": "What is the $\\mathrm{pH}$ of a saturated solution of $\\mathrm{Sr(OH)_2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "11.30", "B": "12.65", "C": "12.90", "D": "13.20"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3475, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "When the following reaction is balanced under basic conditions, what is the ratio of the coefficients of $\\mathrm{Mn(OH)_2(s)}$ to $\\mathrm{MnO_4^{2 - }(aq)}$ ?", "question": "$\\mathrm{Mn(OH)_2(s)} + \\mathrm{MnO_4^- (aq)}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{MnO_4^{2 - }(aq)}$", "options": {"A": "3:1", "B": "1:3", "C": "1:4", "D": "1:5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3476, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A current of 1.20 A passed through a solution of a metal nitrate for 153 minutes plates out 3.92 g of the metal.", "question": "What is the metal?", "options": {"A": "Ni", "B": "Cu", "C": "Rh", "D": "Ba"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3477, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which changes will lead to an increase in the theoretical cell potential for a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell? I. A more efficient catalyst is used at the cathode. ", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3478, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Metallic gold will not dissolve in nitric acid alone, but will dissolve in a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. Which is the best explanation for this observation?", "options": {"A": "Chloride ion complexes gold(III), stabilizing it as $\\mathrm{AuCl_4^-}$ .", "B": "Nitric acid is a stronger oxidant in more acidic solution.", "C": "Nitric and hydrochloric acids react to form $\\mathrm{NO_2Cl}$ , which reacts readily with metallic gold.", "D": "Nitric and hydrochloric acids react to form $\\mathrm{Cl_2}$ , which reacts readily with metallic gold."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3479, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "A hydrogen atom emits light as it changes from a state with a principal quantum number $n + 3$ to a state with principal quantum number $n$ .", "question": "Which change causes the greatest change in the energy of the emitted photon?", "options": {"A": "The initial state is changed to $n + 4$ .", "B": "The initial state is changed to $n + 2$ .", "C": "The final state is changed to $n + 1$ .", "D": "The final state is changed to $n - 1$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3480, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "The first three ionization energies (in kJ mol-1) of four metallic elements are listed below.", "question": "Which element would form the chloride salt with the lattice energy that is largest in magnitude?", "options": {"A": "419, 3052, 4420", "B": "503, 965, 3600", "C": "520, 7298, 11815", "D": "590, 1145, 4912"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3481, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which element releases the greatest amount of energy upon addition of an electron to a gas-phase atom?", "options": {"A": "N", "B": "O", "C": "P", "D": "S"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3482, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which species is the strongest oxidant in aqueous solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{TeO_4^-}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{RuO_4}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{ReO_4^-}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{OsO_4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3483, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which gas-phase atom contains the greatest number of unpaired electrons in its ground state?", "options": {"A": "Be", "B": "Al", "C": "Ti", "D": "Cu"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3484, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": "A clean sample of magnesium metal is irradiated under vacuum with a 1 W laser. If the laser wavelength is 400 nm, nothing happens, but if the wavelength is 300 nm, then electrons with $45.6\\mathrm{kJ mol^{-1}}$ of energy are ejected from the $\\mathrm{Mg}$ surface.", "question": "What happens if a 2 W laser is used instead?", "options": {"A": "There is no change at 400 nm, but at 300 nm twice as many electrons are emitted at $45.6\\mathrm{kJ mol^{-1}}$", "B": "There is no change at 400 nm, but at 300 nm, electrons are emitted at $91.2\\mathrm{kJ mol^{-1}}$", "C": "There is no change at 400 nm, but at 300 nm, electrons are emitted at $444\\mathrm{kJ mol^{-1}}$", "D": "At 400 nm, electrons are emitted at $245\\mathrm{kJ mol^{-1}}$ while at 300 nm, electrons are emitted at $444\\mathrm{kJ}$ mol-1."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3485, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species has the strongest bond?", "options": {"A": "HF", "B": "HCl", "C": "HBr", "D": "HI"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3486, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which species has the smallest bond angle?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NO_3^-}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{NO_2^-}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{FNO_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{NF_3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3487, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "Molecular chlorine, $\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ , has a smaller ionization energy than atomic chlorine, $\\mathrm{Cl}$ (IE = 1108 kJ mol-1 for $\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ and 1256 kJ mol-1 for Cl).", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this difference?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ has a covalent bond while Cl does not.", "B": "$\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ has no unpaired electrons while Cl has one unpaired electron.", "C": "The electron ionized from $\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ comes from an orbital that has antibonding character.", "D": "The electron ionized from $\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ comes from an orbital that has $d$ orbital character."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3488, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "How many stereoisomers are possible for the complex ion $\\mathrm{[Co(NH_3)_2(CN)_2Cl_2]^+}$ ?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "5", "C": "6", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3489, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": "What is the best description of the geometry at carbon in the transition state of the following reaction?", "question": "$\\mathrm{OH^- + CH_3Br\\rightarrow CH_3OH + Br^-}$", "options": {"A": "Trigonal planar", "B": "Tetrahedral", "C": "Trigonal bipyramidal", "D": "Square pyramidal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3490, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "organic_chemistry", "context": "Treatment of acetyl chloride with an equimolar amount of diethylamine at room temperature in diethyl ether gives no more than a $50\\%$ yield of $N,N$ -diethylacetamide.", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this observation?", "options": {"A": "Half of the diethylamine is consumed by the neutralization of HCl produced in the reaction.", "B": "Hydrogen bonding between diethylamine molecules makes the reaction second-order in diethylamine.", "C": "Traces of water in the solvent convert at least half of the acetyl chloride into acetic acid.", "D": "Diethylamine is a strong base, but a weak nucleophile."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3491, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": "Hydrogen and oxygen gas are combined in a reaction vessel and reacted completely to form water.", "question": "What volumes of gases (at STP) will give the greatest mass of water?", "options": {"A": "$1.0\\mathrm{L}\\mathrm{H}_{2}$ and $4.0\\mathrm{L}\\mathrm{O}_{2}$", "B": "$2.0\\mathrm{L}\\mathrm{H}_{2}$ and $3.0\\mathrm{L}\\mathrm{O}_{2}$", "C": "$3.0\\mathrm{L}\\mathrm{H}_{2}$ and $2.0\\mathrm{L}\\mathrm{O}_{2}$", "D": "$4.0\\mathrm{L}\\mathrm{H}_{2}$ and $1.0\\mathrm{L}\\mathrm{O}_{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3492, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "$20.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.15\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous $\\mathrm{Pb(NO_3)_2}$ and $10.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.35\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous $\\mathrm{NaBr}$ are mixed, giving a white precipitate.", "question": "Which ion is LEAST abundant in the supernatant?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Pb}^{2 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Na}^{+}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{NO}_3^-$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Br}^-$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3493, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A sample of $9.736\\mathrm{g}$ of a lead oxide is reduced completely with excess carbon monoxide to give metallic lead. The resulting gas is bubbled into saturated lime water, resulting in the precipitation of $6.636\\mathrm{g}$ calcium carbonate ( $M = 100.09$ ) after drying.", "question": "What is the formula of this lead oxide?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{PbO}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Pb}_2\\mathrm{O}_3$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Pb}_3\\mathrm{O}_4$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Pb}_{12}\\mathrm{O}_{19}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3494, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "A mixture of $\\mathrm{}_2\\mathrm{S}$ , $\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{SO}_3$ , and $\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{SO}_4$ is found to contain $60.0\\%$ K by mass.", "question": "What is the mass percent of oxygen in the mixture?", "options": {"A": "$15.4\\%$", "B": "$22.3\\%$", "C": "$30.3\\%$", "D": "$36.7\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3495, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A solution of $5.00\\mathrm{g}$ oxalic acid $\\mathrm{(H_2C_2O_4}$ $M = 90.04)$ in $100.0\\mathrm{g}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ has a freezing point of $- 1.31^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . The freezing point depression constant of water is $K_{f} = 1.86^\\circ\\mathrm{C} m^{- 1}$ .", "question": "What is the percent ionization of oxalic acid in this solution?", "options": {"A": "$13.5\\%$", "B": "$26.8\\%$", "C": "$70.4\\%$", "D": "$100\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3496, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which glassware would be most appropriate for measuring $10.00\\mathrm{mL}$ of distilled water?", "options": {"A": "A $10\\mathrm{-mL}$ test tube", "B": "A $25\\mathrm{-mL}$ beaker", "C": "A $50\\mathrm{-mL}$ buret", "D": "A $100\\mathrm{-mL}$ graduated cylinder"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3497, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "A solution that may contain either $0.1\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Ag}^+$ (aq), $0.1\\mathrm{M}$ $\\mathrm{Pb}^{2 + }$ (aq), or both, is treated with $1\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous HCl. A white precipitate forms which does not appear to dissolve in hot water.", "question": "Which conclusion about the cations present may be drawn?", "options": {"A": "Only $\\mathrm{Ag}^+$ is present.", "B": "Only $\\mathrm{Pb}^{2 + }$ is present.", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ag}^+$ is present, and $\\mathrm{Pb}^{2 + }$ may be present.", "D": "$\\mathrm{Pb}^{2 + }$ is present, and $\\mathrm{Ag}^+$ may be present."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3498, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Addition of $10\\mathrm{mL}$ of distilled water to $0.1\\mathrm{g}$ of which salt produces a yellow, slightly cloudy solution?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{KMnO_4}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{FeCl_3}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Co(NO_3)_2}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CuSO_4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3499, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "The amount of ascorbic acid in a vitamin C tablet is determined by titration with a solution of iodine in aqueous potassium iodide.", "question": "A small amount of starch is added to the vitamin C solution before the titration. What is the function of the starch?", "options": {"A": "It forms an intensely colored complex with triiodide ion.", "B": "It increases the viscosity of the analyte solution.", "C": "It catalyzes the dissociation of triiodide into iodine and iodide.", "D": "It binds to the inert ingredients of the vitamin C tablet."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3500, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "When blue solid $\\mathrm{CuSO_4\\cdot 5H_2O}$ is heated, it turns white.", "question": "Which is the best explanation for this observation?", "options": {"A": "Heating causes water molecules bonded to copper to be replaced by sulfate, lowering the energy of the light absorbed.", "B": "Heating causes an expansion of the lattice, leading to a decrease in the coordination number of copper and raising the energy of the light absorbed.", "C": "Heating causes reduction of copper(II) to copper(I).", "D": "Heating causes reduction of sulfate to sulfite."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3501, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "A student performs an experiment to determine the concentration of a colored salt solution by measuring the absorbance of the solution at the wavelength of maximum absorbance of the salt $(\\lambda_{\\mathrm{max}})$ and using Beer's Law to calculate the concentration.", "question": "Which of the following could cause the measured concentration to be higher than the actual concentration?", "options": {"A": "The cuvette is not rinsed with the salt solution after being washed.", "B": "The cuvette is not wiped off before it is inserted into the spectrophotometer.", "C": "Less than the recommended volume of salt solution is added to the cuvette.", "D": "The spectrometer is set to a wavelength different from $\\lambda_{\\mathrm{max}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3502, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Dichloromethane $(\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2,M = 84.93)$ is a volatile liquid with a vapor pressure of $0.53\\mathrm{atm}$ at $24^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . $13.8\\mathrm{g}$ of dichloromethane is introduced into a $5.0\\mathrm{L}$ evacuated container maintained at $24^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ .", "question": "Which is the best description of the system at equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "One-third of the $\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ has evaporated.", "B": "Two-thirds of the $\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ has evaporated.", "C": "All of the $\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ has evaporated to give a pressure of $0.53\\mathrm{atm}$ .", "D": "All of the $\\mathrm{CH}_2\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ has evaporated to give a pressure of $0.79\\mathrm{atm}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3503, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "The lattice enthalpy of $\\mathrm{Na_2O}$ is $-2600\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$ while the lattice enthalpy of $\\mathrm{MgO}$ is $-3900\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$ . Which factors contribute to the larger magnitude of the lattice enthalpy of $\\mathrm{MgO}$ ?\n\nI. $\\mathrm{Mg^{2 + }}$ has a larger charge than $\\mathrm{Na^{+}}$ II. $\\mathrm{Mg^{2 + }}$ is smaller than $\\mathrm{Na^{+}}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3504, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "An insulated container holds $100.0\\mathrm{g}$ of water at $25.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ A $100.0\\mathrm{g}$ piece of copper at $50.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ is added to the container.", "question": "What is the final temperature of the mixture in the container at equilibrium? The specific heat capacity of copper is $0.385\\mathrm{Jg}^{-1}\\mathrm{K}^{-1}$", "options": {"A": "$27.1^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$27.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$34.9^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$37.5^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3505, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "At the triple point of water $(0.01^\\circ\\mathrm{C},0.006\\mathrm{atm})$ , in which phase would $1.0\\mathrm{mol}$ of water have the lowest entropy?", "options": {"A": "Solid", "B": "Liquid", "C": "Gas", "D": "It would have the same entropy in all three phases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3506, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen has a standard free energy change of $-32.8\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ .\n\n$\\mathrm{N}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + 3\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{NH}_3(\\mathrm{g})\\qquad \\Delta G^\\circ = -32.8\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$", "question": "What is $\\Delta G$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ if the partial pressures of all three gases are $3.00\\mathrm{bar}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-30.1\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$", "B": "$-32.8\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$", "C": "$-35.5\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$", "D": "$-38.2\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3507, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A reaction has $K_{\\mathrm{eq}} = 0.10$ at $300\\mathrm{K}$ and $K_{\\mathrm{eq}} = 0.50$ at $330\\mathrm{K}$ .", "question": "Which statements about this reaction in this temperature range must be correct?\n\nI. $\\Delta H_{r\\mathrm{ran}} > 0$ II. $\\Delta S_{r\\mathrm{ran}} > 0$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3508, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The temperature-dependence of the rate constants of a series of six related reactions are studied, and the reactions are all found to have the same rate constant at $370\\mathrm{K}$ (their isokinetic temperature).", "question": "Which statement best describes the relationship between the reactions? Arrhenius pre-factors $A$ and their activation energies $E_{a}$ ?", "options": {"A": "The reactions share a common pre-factor $A$ but differ in their activation energies $E_{a}$ .", "B": "The reactions share a common activation energy $E_{a}$ but differ in their pre-factors $A$ .", "C": "As the reactions' pre-factors $A$ increase, their activation energies $E_{a}$ increase.", "D": "As the reactions' pre-factors $A$ increase, their activation energies $E_{A}$ decrease."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3509, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "An irreversible reaction $\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C}$ is first-order in both A and B. In a solution with $[A]_0 = 0.20\\mathrm{M}$ , it takes 37 s for the concentration of B to decrease from its initial value of $0.010\\mathrm{M}$ to $0.0050\\mathrm{M}$ .", "question": "How long will it take the concentration of B to decrease from an initial value of $0.010\\mathrm{M}$ to $0.0050\\mathrm{M}$ if the initial concentration of A is $0.010\\mathrm{M}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$37\\mathrm{s}$", "B": "$110\\mathrm{s}$", "C": "$740\\mathrm{s}$", "D": "$1100\\mathrm{s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3510, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What is the percent ionization of a $0.10\\mathrm{M}$ solution of nitrous acid $(\\mathrm{HNO}_2, K_s = 7.2 \\times 10^{-4})$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1.1\\%$", "B": "$3.6\\%$", "C": "$8.1\\%$", "D": "$14\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3511, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "The hydrogenation of carbon monoxide represented below is exothermic.\n\n$\\mathrm{CO(g)} + 2\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{OH(l)}\\qquad \\Delta H_{\\mathrm{rxn}}< 0$", "question": "Which changes will increase the equilibrium yield of $\\mathrm{CH_3OH?}$\n\nI. Increasing the temperature of the system\nII. Removing some of the $\\mathrm{CH_3OH(l)}$", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3512, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Some solid silver nitrate is dissolved in $100.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of 1.00 M $\\mathrm{NH_3}$ solution. To this solution, $50.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $1.00\\mathrm{M}$ NaCl solution must be added to see the first sign of cloudiness. The $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{AgCl}$ is $1.8\\times 10^{-10}$ and the $K_{\\mathrm{f}}$ of $\\mathrm{Ag(NH_3)_2}^+$ is $1.0\\times 10^8$", "question": "How much $\\mathrm{AgNO_3}$ was present?", "options": {"A": "$8.1\\times 10^{-11}$ mol", "B": "$2.1\\times 10^{-3}$ mol", "C": "$3.2\\times 10^{-3}$ mol", "D": "$4.9\\times 10^{-3}$ mol"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3513, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "stoichiometry", "context": "In basic solution, $\\mathrm{Cl}_2(\\mathrm{g})$ disproportionates to form $\\mathrm{Cl}^-(aq)$ and $\\mathrm{ClO}_2^-(aq)$ .", "question": "What is the mole ratio of $\\mathrm{Cl}^-(aq)$ to $\\mathrm{ClO}_2^-$ $(aq)$ produced in this reaction?", "options": {"A": "5:1", "B": "4:1", "C": "3:1", "D": "3:2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3514, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What are the oxidation states of the sulfur atoms in the thiosulfate ion, $\\mathrm{S}_2\\mathrm{O}_3^{2 - }$ ?", "options": {"A": "Both sulfur atoms have an oxidation state of $+2$ .", "B": "Both sulfur atoms have an oxidation state of $+3$ .", "C": "One sulfur atom has an oxidation state of $+5$ and one has an oxidation state of $-1$ .", "D": "One sulfur atom has an oxidation state of $+6$ and one has an oxidation state of $-2$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3515, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A new electrode material is being tested for its ability to selectively reduce oxygen gas to hydrogen peroxide. After running an electrolytic cell using this electrode for 110.0 minutes at a current of $0.150\\mathrm{A}$ , the solution in the cathode compartment is analyzed and is found to contain $2.00\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{mol}\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$ .", "question": "What is the percent yield of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}_2$ based on the current passed through the cell (the faradaic yield)?", "options": {"A": "$19.5\\%$", "B": "$39.0\\%$", "C": "$78.0\\%$", "D": "$100\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3516, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "How many orbitals are occupied by at least one electron in the ground state of a gas-phase Si atom?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "5", "C": "7", "D": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3517, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which transition of a hydrogen atom would involve absorbing a photon with the longest wavelength?", "options": {"A": "$n = 1\\rightarrow n = 3$", "B": "$n = 2\\rightarrow n = 6$", "C": "$n = 3\\rightarrow n = 1$", "D": "$n = 6\\rightarrow n = 2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3518, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which gas-phase ion has the greatest number of unpaired electrons in its ground state?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Cr}^{3 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Co}^{3 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Ni}^{2 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Zn}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3519, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "The ionization energy of which element is closest to that of fluorine (F)?", "options": {"A": "O", "B": "Ne", "C": "Cl", "D": "Ar"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3520, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "By what mode does the isotope $^{79}\\mathrm{Se}$ undergo radioactive decay?", "options": {"A": "Alpha decay", "B": "Beta decay", "C": "Gamma decay", "D": "Electron capture"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3521, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Despite the fact that atomic radius generally increases with period, the palladium-chlorine distance in $\\mathrm{PdCl}_4^-$ is essentially identical to the platinum-chlorine distance in $\\mathrm{PtCl}_4^-$ ($2.30\\ \\text{\\AA}$).", "question": "Which is the best explanation of why the two bond lengths are the same?", "options": {"A": "The presence of the 14 lanthanides between Pd and Pt makes Pt unexpectedly small.", "B": "\\(\\mathrm{PdCl_4^-}\\) is tetrahedral, while \\(\\mathrm{PtCl_4^-}\\) is square planar and so has shorter bonds than expected.", "C": "The metal-chlorine bonds are highly covalent and so are insensitive to the trend in atomic radius.", "D": "The large negative charge on the complex ions makes the chloride-chloride repulsions, not the metal-chloride attractions, the dominant factor in determining the bond distance."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3556, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "An aqueous solution containing both $\\mathrm{Cu(II)}$ ions and $\\mathrm{Rh(III)}$ ions is electrolyzed. After passage of 0.153 A for $16400\\mathrm{s},0.826\\mathrm{g}$ of metal has been deposited.", "question": "What is the composition of the deposited metal?", "options": {"A": "Cu only", "B": "Rh only", "C": "A mixture of Cu and Rh", "D": "It cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3689, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following equations represents a circle in the $xy$-plane that intersects the $y$-axis at exactly one point?", "options": {"A": "$(x - 8)^2 + (y - 8)^2 = 16$", "B": "$(x - 8)^2 + (y - 4)^2 = 16$", "C": "$(x - 4)^2 + (y - 9)^2 = 16$", "D": "$x^2 + (y - 9)^2 = 16$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3690, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In triangles $ABC$ and $DEF$, angles $B$ and $E$ each have measure $27^\\circ$ and angles $C$ and $F$ each have measure $41^\\circ$.", "question": "Which additional piece of information is sufficient to determine whether triangle $ABC$ is congruent to triangle $DEF$?", "options": {"A": "The measure of angle $A$", "B": "The length of side $AB$", "C": "The lengths of sides $BC$ and $EF$", "D": "No additional information is necessary."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3691, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The result of increasing the quantity $x$ by 1,800% is 684.", "question": "What is the value of $x$?", "options": {"A": "12,996", "B": "12,312", "C": "38", "D": "36"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3692, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A window repair specialist charges \\$220 for the first two hours of repair plus an hourly fee for each additional hour. The total cost for 5 hours of repair is \\$400.", "question": "Which function $f$ gives the total cost, in dollars, for $x$ hours of repair, where $x \\ge 2$?", "options": {"A": "$f(x) = 60x + 100$", "B": "$f(x) = 60x + 220$", "C": "$f(x) = 80x$", "D": "$f(x) = 80x + 220$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3693, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "An object's speed is 64 yards per second. What is the object's speed, in feet per second? (1 yard = 3 feet)", "options": {"A": "61", "B": "67", "C": "94", "D": "192"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3694, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "What is the perimeter, in inches, of a rectangle with a length of 4 inches and a width of 9 inches?", "options": {"A": "13", "B": "17", "C": "22", "D": "26"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3695, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$7m = 2(n + p)$", "question": "The given equation relates the positive numbers $m$, $n$, and $p$. Which equation correctly gives $m$ in terms of $n$ and $p$?", "options": {"A": "$m = \\frac{2(n + p)}{7}$", "B": "$m = 2(n + p)$", "C": "$m = 2(n + p) - 7$", "D": "$m = 2 - n - p - 7$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3696, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Of 300,000 paper clips, 234,000 are size large.", "question": "What percentage of the paper clips are size large?", "options": {"A": "22%", "B": "33%", "C": "66%", "D": "78%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3697, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$f(x) = 8x + 4$", "question": "The function $f$ gives the estimated height, in feet, of a willow tree $x$ years after its height was first measured. Which statement is the best interpretation of 4 in this context?", "options": {"A": "The tree will be measured each year for 4 years.", "B": "The tree is estimated to grow to a maximum height of 4 feet.", "C": "The estimated height of the tree increased by 4 feet each year.", "D": "The estimated height of the tree was 4 feet when it was first measured."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3698, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$y = 76$\n$y = x^2 - 5$", "question": "The graphs of the given equations in the $xy$-plane intersect at the point $(x, y)$. What is a possible value of $x$?", "options": {"A": "$-\\frac{76}{5}$", "B": "$-9$", "C": "$5$", "D": "$76$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3745, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What is 20% of 440?", "options": {"A": "44", "B": "88", "C": "880", "D": "1,760"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3746, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f$ is defined by $f(x) = 4x - 3$ .", "question": "What is the value of $f(10)$ ?", "options": {"A": "-30", "B": "37", "C": "40", "D": "43"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3747, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $16x^3y^2 + 14xy$ ?", "options": {"A": " $2xy(8xy + 7)$ ", "B": " $2xy(8x^2y + 7)$ ", "C": " $14xy(2x^2y + 1)$ ", "D": " $14xy(8x^2y + 1)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3748, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A veterinarian recommends that each day a certain rabbit should eat 25 calories per pound of the rabbit's weight, plus an additional 11 calories.", "question": "Which equation represents this situation, where $c$ is the total number of calories the veterinarian recommends the rabbit should eat each day if the rabbit's weight is $x$ pounds?", "options": {"A": " $c = 25x$ ", "B": " $c = 36x$ ", "C": " $c = 11x + 25$ ", "D": " $c = 25x + 11$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3749, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Line *r* in the $xy$ -plane has a slope of 4 and passes through the point $(0, 6)$ .", "question": "Which equation defines line *r*?", "options": {"A": " $y = -6x + 4$ ", "B": " $y = 6x + 4$ ", "C": " $y = 4x - 6$ ", "D": " $y = 4x + 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3750, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The kinetic energy, in joules, of an object with mass 9 kilograms traveling at a speed of $v$ meters per second is given by the function $K$ , where $K(v) = \\frac{9}{2}v^2$ .", "question": "Which of the following is the best interpretation of $K(34) = 5,202$ in this context?", "options": {"A": "The object traveling at 34 meters per second has a kinetic energy of 5,202 joules.", "B": "The object traveling at 340 meters per second has a kinetic energy of 5,202 joules.", "C": "The object traveling at 5,202 meters per second has a kinetic energy of 34 joules.", "D": "The object traveling at 23,409 meters per second has a kinetic energy of 34 joules."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3751, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "At a movie theater, there are a total of 350 customers. Each customer is located in either theater A, theater B, or theater C. If one of these customers is selected at random, the probability of selecting a customer who is located in theater A is 0.48, and the probability of selecting a customer who is located in theater B is 0.24.", "question": "How many customers are located in theater C?", "options": {"A": "28", "B": "40", "C": "84", "D": "98"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3752, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In $riangle RST$ , the measure of $riangle R$ is $63^ ext{o}$ .", "question": "Which of the following could be the measure, in degrees, of $riangle S$ ?", "options": {"A": "116", "B": "118", "C": "126", "D": "180"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3753, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to\n$$(8x^3 + 8) - (x^3 - 2)$$", "options": {"A": " $8x^3 + 6$ ", "B": " $7x^3 + 10$ ", "C": " $8x^3 + 10$ ", "D": " $7x^3 + 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3754, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "If $4\\sqrt{2x} = 16$ ,", "question": "what is the value of $6x$ ?", "options": {"A": "24", "B": "48", "C": "72", "D": "96"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3755, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Rectangles $ABCD$ and $EFHG$ are similar. The length of each side of $EFHG$ is 6 times the length of the corresponding side of $ABCD$ . The area of $ABCD$ is 54 square units.", "question": "What is the area, in square units, of $EFHG$ ?", "options": {"A": "9", "B": "36", "C": "324", "D": "1,944"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3756, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\frac{42a}{k} + 42ak$ , where $k > 0$ ?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{84a}{k}$ ", "B": " $\\frac{84ak^2}{k}$ ", "C": " $\\frac{42a(k+1)}{k}$ ", "D": " $\\frac{42a(k^2+1)}{k}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3757, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which quadratic equation has no real solutions?", "options": {"A": " $x^2 + 14x - 49 = 0$ ", "B": " $x^2 - 14x + 49 = 0$ ", "C": " $5x^2 - 14x - 49 = 0$ ", "D": " $5x^2 - 14x + 49 = 0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3851, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "3\n\nHenry receives a \\$60.00 gift card to pay for movies online. He uses his gift card to buy 3 movies for \\$7.50 each. If he spends the rest of his gift card balance on renting movies for \\$1.50 each, how many movies can Henry rent?\n\n", "question": "How many movies can Henry rent?", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "25", "C": "35", "D": "40"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3852, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "4\n\n$$x = 49$$\n$$y = \\sqrt{x} + 9$$\n\nThe graphs of the given equations intersect at the point $(x, y)$ in the $xy$ -plane. What is the value of $y$ ?\n\n", "question": "What is the value of $y$ ?", "options": {"A": "16", "B": "40", "C": "81", "D": "130"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3853, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "5\n\nA cherry pitting machine pits 12 pounds of cherries in 3 minutes. At this rate, how many minutes does it take the machine to pit 96 pounds of cherries?\n\n", "question": "How many minutes does it take the machine to pit 96 pounds of cherries?", "options": {"A": "8", "B": "15", "C": "24", "D": "36"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3854, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "8\n\n6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 10, 21\n\nWhich of the following lists represents a data set that has the same median as the data set shown?\n\n", "question": "Which of the following lists represents a data set that has the same median as the data set shown?", "options": {"A": "4, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8", "B": "6, 6, 8, 8, 10, 10", "C": "6, 8, 10, 10, 10, 12", "D": "8, 8, 10, 10, 21, 21"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3855, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "9\n\nThe length of the base of a certain parallelogram is 89% of the height of the parallelogram. Which expression represents the length of the base of the parallelogram, where $h$ is the height of the parallelogram?\n\n", "question": "Which expression represents the length of the base of the parallelogram?", "options": {"A": "$89h$", "B": "$0.089h$", "C": "$8.9h$", "D": "$0.89h$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3856, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "10\n\nFor a camping trip a group bought $x$ one-liter bottles of water and $y$ three-liter bottles of water, for a total of 240 liters of water. Which equation represents this situation?\n\n", "question": "Which equation represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "$x + 3y = 240$", "B": "$x + y = 240$", "C": "$3x + 3y = 240$", "D": "$3x + y = 240$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3862, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "23\n\nA bus traveled on the highway and on local roads to complete a trip of 160 miles. The trip took 4 hours. The bus traveled at an average speed of 55 miles per hour (mph) on the highway and an average speed of 25 mph on local roads. If $x$ is the time, in hours, the bus traveled on the highway and $y$ is the time, in hours, it traveled on local roads, which system of equations represents this situation?\n\n", "question": "Which system of equations represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "$55x + 25y = 4$", "B": "$55x + 25y = 160$", "C": "$25x + 55y = 4$", "D": "$25x + 55y = 160$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3863, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "24\n\nQuadrilateral $P'Q'R'S'$ is similar to quadrilateral $PQRS$ , where $P$ , $Q$ , $R$ , and $S$ correspond to $P'$ , $Q'$ , $R'$ , and $S'$ , respectively. The measure of angle $P$ is $30^\\circ$ , the measure of angle $Q$ is $50^\\circ$ , and the measure of angle $R$ is $70^\\circ$ . The length of each side of $P'Q'R'S'$ is 3 times the length of each corresponding side of $PQRS$ . What is the measure of angle $P'$ ?\n\n", "question": "What is the measure of angle $P'$ ?", "options": {"A": "$10^\\circ$", "B": "$30^\\circ$", "C": "$40^\\circ$", "D": "$90^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3864, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "25\n\n$$f(x) = 2x + 244$$\n\nThe given function $f$ represents the perimeter, in centimeters (cm), of a rectangle with a length of $x$ cm and a fixed width. What is the width, in cm, of the rectangle?\n\n", "question": "What is the width, in cm, of the rectangle?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "122", "C": "244", "D": "488"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3894, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A child is sliding out of control with velocity $v_c$ across a frozen lake. He runs head-on into another child, initially at rest, with 3 times the mass of the first child, who holds on so that the two now slide together.", "question": "What is the velocity of the couple after the collision?", "options": {"A": "2v_c", "B": "v_c", "C": "v_c/2", "D": "v_c/3", "E": "v_c/4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3895, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An ice skater can rotate about a vertical axis with an angular velocity $\\omega_0$ by holding her arms straight out. She can then pull in her arms close to her body so that her angular velocity changes to $2\\omega_0$, without the application of any external torque.", "question": "What is the ratio of her final rotational kinetic energy to her initial rotational kinetic energy?", "options": {"A": "$\\sqrt{2}$", "B": "2", "C": "$2\\sqrt{2}$", "D": "4", "E": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3896, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "When a block of wood with a weight of 30 N is completely submerged under water the buoyant force on the block of wood from the water is 50 N. When the block is released it floats at the surface.", "question": "What fraction of the block will then be visible above the surface of the water when the block is floating?", "options": {"A": "$1/15$", "B": "$1/5$", "C": "$1/3$", "D": "$2/5$", "E": "$3/5$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3897, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A spring has an equilibrium length of 2.0 meters and a spring constant of 10 newtons/meter. Alice is pulling on one end of the spring with a force of 3.0 newtons. Bob is pulling on the opposite end of the spring with a force of 3.0 newtons, in the opposite direction.", "question": "What is the resulting length of the spring?", "options": {"A": "1.7 m", "B": "2.0 m", "C": "2.3 m", "D": "2.6 m", "E": "8.0 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3898, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following changes will result in an increase in the period of a simple pendulum?", "options": {"A": "Decrease the length of the pendulum", "B": "Increase the mass of the pendulum", "C": "Increase the amplitude of the pendulum swing", "D": "Operate the pendulum in an elevator that is accelerating upward", "E": "Operate the pendulum in an elevator that is moving downward at constant speed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3899, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A vertical mass-spring oscillator is displaced 2.0 cm from equilibrium. The 100 g mass passes through the equilibrium point with a speed of 0.75 m/s.", "question": "What is the spring constant of the spring?", "options": {"A": "90 N/m", "B": "100 N/m", "C": "110 N/m", "D": "140 N/m", "E": "160 N/m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3900, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block of mass $m = 3.0$ kg slides down one ramp, and then up a second ramp. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and each ramp is $\\mu_k = 0.40$. The block begins at a height $h_1 = 1.0$ m above the horizontal. Both ramps are at a $30^\\circ$ incline above the horizontal.", "question": "To what height above the horizontal does the block rise on the second ramp?", "options": {"A": "0.18 m", "B": "0.52 m", "C": "0.59 m", "D": "0.69 m", "E": "0.71 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3901, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle of mass 2.00 kg moves under a force given by\n$$\\vec{F} = -(8.00 \\text{ N/m})(x\\hat{i} + y\\hat{j})$$\nwhere $\\hat{i}$ and $\\hat{j}$ are unit vectors in the $x$ and $y$ directions. The particle is placed at the origin with an initial velocity $\\vec{v} = (3.00 \\text{ m/s})\\hat{i} + (4.00 \\text{ m/s})\\hat{j}$.", "question": "After how much time will the particle first return to the origin?", "options": {"A": "0.785 s", "B": "1.26 s", "C": "1.57 s", "D": "2.00 s", "E": "3.14 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3902, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle of mass 2.00 kg moves under a force given by\n$$\\vec{F} = -(8.00 \\text{ N/m})(x\\hat{i} + y\\hat{j})$$\nwhere $\\hat{i}$ and $\\hat{j}$ are unit vectors in the $x$ and $y$ directions. The particle is placed at the origin with an initial velocity $\\vec{v} = (3.00 \\text{ m/s})\\hat{i} + (4.00 \\text{ m/s})\\hat{j}$.", "question": "What is the maximum distance between the particle and the origin?", "options": {"A": "2.00 m", "B": "2.50 m", "C": "3.50 m", "D": "5.00 m", "E": "7.00 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3903, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "An engineer is given a fixed volume $V_m$ of metal with which to construct a spherical pressure vessel. Interestingly, assuming the vessel has thin walls and is always pressurized to near its bursting point, the amount of gas the vessel can contain, $n$ (measured in moles), does not depend on the radius $r$ of the vessel; instead it depends only on $V_m$ (measured in $\\text{m}^3$), the temperature $T$ (measured in K), the ideal gas constant $R$ (measured in $\\text{J}/(\\text{K} \\cdot \\text{mol})$), and the tensile strength of the metal $\\sigma$ (measured in $\\text{N}/\\text{m}^2$).", "question": "Which of the following gives $n$ in terms of these parameters?", "options": {"A": "$n = \\frac{2}{3} \\frac{V_m \\sigma}{RT}$", "B": "$n = \\frac{2}{3} \\frac{\\sqrt[3]{V_m \\sigma}}{RT}$", "C": "$n = \\frac{2}{3} \\frac{\\sqrt[3]{V_m \\sigma^2}}{RT}$", "D": "$n = \\frac{2}{3} \\frac{\\sqrt{V_m^2 \\sigma}}{RT}$", "E": "$n = \\frac{2}{3} \\sqrt[3]{\\frac{V_m \\sigma^2}{RT}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3904, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle is launched from the surface of a uniform, stationary spherical planet at an angle to the vertical. The particle travels in the absence of air resistance and eventually falls back onto the planet. Spaceman Fred describes the path of the particle as a parabola using the laws of projectile motion. Spacewoman Kate recalls from Kepler's laws that every bound orbit around a point mass is an ellipse (or circle), and that the gravitation due to a uniform sphere is identical to that of a point mass.", "question": "Which of the following best explains the discrepancy?", "options": {"A": "Because the experiment takes place very close to the surface of the sphere, it is no longer valid to replace the sphere with a point mass.", "B": "Because the particle strikes the ground, it is not in orbit of the planet and therefore can follow a non-elliptical path.", "C": "Kate disregarded the fact that motions around a point mass may also be parabolas or hyperbolas.", "D": "Kepler's laws only hold in the limit of large orbits.", "E": "The path is an ellipse, but is very close to a parabola due to the short length of the flight relative to the distance from the center of the planet."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3905, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A hollow cylinder with a very thin wall (like a toilet paper tube) and a block are placed at rest at the top of a plane with inclination $\\theta$ above the horizontal. The cylinder rolls down the plane without slipping and the block slides down the plane; it is found that both objects reach the bottom of the plane simultaneously.", "question": "What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the plane?", "options": {"A": "0", "B": "$\\frac{1}{3}\\tan\\theta$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{2}\\tan\\theta$", "D": "$\\frac{2}{3}\\tan\\theta$", "E": "$\\tan\\theta$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3906, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Consider a dripping faucet, where the faucet is 10 cm above the sink. The time between drops is such that when one drop hits the sink, one is in the air and another is about to drop.", "question": "At what height above the sink will the drop in the air be right as a drop hits the sink?", "options": {"A": "Between 0 and 2 cm,", "B": "Between 2 and 4 cm,", "C": "Between 4 and 6 cm,", "D": "Between 6 and 8 cm,", "E": "Between 8 and 10 cm,"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3907, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A cannonball is launched with initial velocity of magnitude $v_0$ over a horizontal surface.", "question": "At what minimum angle $\\theta_{\\text{min}}$ above the horizontal should the cannonball be launched so that it rises to a height $H$ which is larger than the horizontal distance $R$ that it will travel when it returns to the ground?", "options": {"A": "$\\theta_{\\text{min}} = 76^\\circ$", "B": "$\\theta_{\\text{min}} = 72^\\circ$", "C": "$\\theta_{\\text{min}} = 60^\\circ$", "D": "$\\theta_{\\text{min}} = 45^\\circ$", "E": "There is no such angle, as $R > H$ for all range problems."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3908, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An equilateral triangle is sitting on an inclined plane. Friction is too high for it to slide under any circumstance, but if the plane is sloped enough it can 'topple' down the hill.", "question": "What angle incline is necessary for it to start toppling?", "options": {"A": "30 degrees", "B": "45 degrees", "C": "60 degrees", "D": "It will topple at any angle more than zero", "E": "It can never topple if it cannot slide"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3909, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle at rest explodes into three particles of equal mass in the absence of external forces.", "question": "Two particles emerge at a right angle to each other with equal speed $v$. What is the speed of the third particle?", "options": {"A": "$v$", "B": "$\\sqrt{2}v$", "C": "$2v$", "D": "$2\\sqrt{2}v$", "E": "The third particle can have a range of different speeds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3910, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 12 kg block moving east at 4 m/s collides head on with a 6 kg block that is moving west at 2 m/s. The two blocks move together after the collision.", "question": "What is the loss in kinetic energy in this collision?", "options": {"A": "36 J", "B": "48 J", "C": "60 J", "D": "72 J", "E": "96 J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3911, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block of mass $m = 3.0$ kg is moving on a horizontal surface towards a massless spring with spring constant $k = 80.0$ N/m. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the surface is $\\mu_k = 0.50$. The block has a speed of 2.0 m/s when it first comes in contact with the spring.", "question": "How far will the spring be compressed?", "options": {"A": "0.19 m", "B": "0.24 m", "C": "0.39 m", "D": "0.40 m", "E": "0.61 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3912, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform spherical planet has radius $R$ and the acceleration due to gravity at its surface is $g$.", "question": "What is the escape velocity of a particle from the planet's surface?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{2}\\sqrt{gR}$", "B": "$\\sqrt{gR}$", "C": "$\\sqrt{2gR}$", "D": "$2\\sqrt{gR}$", "E": "The escape velocity cannot be expressed in terms of $g$ and $R$ alone."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3913, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car of mass $m$ has an engine that provides a constant power output $P$. Assuming no friction,", "question": "What is the maximum constant speed $v_{\\text{max}}$ that this car can drive up a long incline that makes an angle $\\theta$ with the horizontal?", "options": {"A": "$v_{\\text{max}} = P/(mg \\sin \\theta)$", "B": "$v_{\\text{max}} = P^2 \\sin \\theta/mg$", "C": "$v_{\\text{max}} = \\sqrt{2P/mg}/\\sin \\theta$", "D": "There is no maximum constant speed.", "E": "The maximum constant speed depends on the length of the incline."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3932, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball rolls from the back of a large truck traveling 10.0 m/s to the right. The ball is traveling horizontally at 8.0 m/s to the left relative to an observer in the truck. The ball lands on the roadway 1.25 m below its starting level.", "question": "How far behind the truck does it land?", "options": {"A": "0.50 m", "B": "1.0 m", "C": "4.0 m", "D": "5.0 m", "E": "9.0 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3933, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A spinning object begins from rest and accelerates to an angular velocity of $\\omega = \\pi/15$ rad/s with an angular acceleration of $\\alpha = \\pi/75$ rad/s $^2$ . It remains spinning at that constant angular velocity and then stops with an angular acceleration of the same magnitude as it previously accelerated. The object made a total of 3 complete rotations during the entire motion.", "question": "How much time did the motion take?", "options": {"A": "75 s", "B": "80 s", "C": "85 s", "D": "90 s", "E": "95 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3934, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small ball of mass $3m$ is at rest on the ground. A second small ball of mass $m$ is positioned above the ground by a vertical massless rod of length $L$ that is also attached to the ball on the ground. The original orientation of the rod is directly vertical, and the top ball is given a small horizontal nudge. There is no friction; assume that everything happens in a single plane.", "question": "Determine the horizontal displacement $x$ of the second ball just before it hits the ground.", "options": {"A": "$x = \\frac{3}{4}L$", "B": "$x = \\frac{3}{5}L$", "C": "$x = \\frac{1}{4}L$", "D": "$x = \\frac{1}{3}L$", "E": "$x = \\frac{2}{5}L$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3935, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small ball of mass $3m$ is at rest on the ground. A second small ball of mass $m$ is positioned above the ground by a vertical massless rod of length $L$ that is also attached to the ball on the ground. The original orientation of the rod is directly vertical, and the top ball is given a small horizontal nudge. There is no friction; assume that everything happens in a single plane.", "question": "Determine the speed $v$ of the second (originally top) ball just before it hits the ground.", "options": {"A": "$v = \\sqrt{2gL}$", "B": "$v = \\sqrt{gL}$", "C": "$v = \\sqrt{2gL/3}$", "D": "$v = \\sqrt{3gL/2}$", "E": "$v = \\sqrt{gL/4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3936, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A uniform thin circular rubber band of mass $M$ and spring constant $k$ has an original radius $R$ . Now it is tossed into the air. Assume it remains circular when stabilized in air and rotates at angular speed $\\omega$ about its center uniformly.", "question": "Which of the following gives the new radius of the rubber band?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{2\\pi kR}{2\\pi k - M\\omega^2}$", "B": "$\\frac{4\\pi kR}{4\\pi k - M\\omega^2}$", "C": "$\\frac{8\\pi^2 kR}{8\\pi^2 k - M\\omega^2}$", "D": "$\\frac{4\\pi^2 kR}{4\\pi^2 k - M\\omega^2}$", "E": "$\\frac{4\\pi kR}{2\\pi k - M\\omega^2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3937, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The moment of inertia of a uniform equilateral triangle with mass $m$ and side length $a$ about an axis through one of its sides and parallel to that side is $(1/8)ma^2$ .", "question": "What is the moment of inertia of a uniform regular hexagon of mass $m$ and side length $a$ about an axis through two opposite vertices?", "options": {"A": "$(1/6)ma^2$", "B": "$(5/24)ma^2$", "C": "$(17/72)ma^2$", "D": "$(19/72)ma^2$", "E": "$(9/32)ma^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3938, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "Three students make measurements of the length of a 1.50 meter rod. Each student reports an uncertainty estimate representing an independent random error applicable to the measurement.Alice: A single measurement using a 2.0 meter long tape measure, to within $\\pm 2$ mm. Bob: Two measurements using a wooden meter stick, each to within $\\pm 2$ mm, which he adds together. Christina: Two measurements using a machinist's meter ruler, each to within $\\pm 1$ mm, which she adds together.", "question": "The students' teacher prefers measurements that are likely to have less error. Which is the correct order of preference?", "options": {"A": "Christina's is preferable to Alice's, which is preferable to Bob's", "B": "Alice's is preferable to Christina's, which is preferable to Bob's", "C": "Alice's and Christina's are equally preferable; both are preferable to Bob's", "D": "Christina's is preferable to both Alice's and to Bob's, which are equally preferable", "E": "Alice's is preferable to Bob's and Christina's, which are equally preferable"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3939, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A coin of mass $m$ is dropped straight down from the top of a very tall building.", "question": "As the coin approaches terminal speed, which is true of the net force on the coin?", "options": {"A": "The net force on the coin is upward.", "B": "The net force on the coin is 0.", "C": "The net force on the coin is downward, with a magnitude less than $mg$ .", "D": "The net force on the coin is downward, with a magnitude equal to $mg$ .", "E": "The net force on the coin is downward, with a magnitude greater than $mg$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3944, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A flat uniform disk of radius $2R$ has a hole of radius $R$ removed from the center. The resulting annulus is then cut in half along the diameter. The remaining shape has mass $M$ .", "question": "What is the moment of inertia of this shape, about the axis of rotational symmetry of the original disk?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{45}{32}MR^2$ ", "B": " $\\frac{7}{6}MR^2$ ", "C": " $\\frac{8}{5}MR^2$ ", "D": " $\\frac{5}{2}MR^2$ ", "E": " $\\frac{15}{8}MR^2$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4086, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the speed of $60.0 \\frac{\\text{miles}}{\\text{hr}}$ rewritten in units of $\\frac{\\text{km}}{\\text{day}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "2300", "B": "1440", "C": "900", "D": "4.00", "E": "1.56"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4087, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "The largest particle accelerator in the world is called the LHC. What does LHC stand for?", "options": {"A": " Large Hadron Conductor", "B": " Light Hadron Container", "C": " Light Hadron Collider", "D": " Large Hadron Container", "E": " Large Hadron Collider"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4088, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A $5.0 \\text{ kg}$ mass moves along the $x$ -axis. At one instant of time, the mass has position $2.0 \\text{ m}$ , velocity $3.0 \\text{ m/s}$ , and acceleration $4.0 \\text{ m/s}^2$ . What is the net force acting on the mass at this instant of time?", "options": {"A": " $0 \\text{ N}$ ", "B": " $10.0 \\text{ N}$ ", "C": " $15.0 \\text{ N}$ ", "D": " $20.0 \\text{ N}$ ", "E": " $22.5 \\text{ N}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4089, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car makes a trip in two parts:\n\nPart 1: it travels a distance of $800 \\text{ m}$ at a constant speed of $4.0 \\text{ m/s}$ .\n\nPart 2: it travels a distance of $1200 \\text{ m}$ at a constant speed of $20.0 \\text{ m/s}$ .", "question": "What is the average speed of the car for the entire two-part trip?", "options": {"A": " $7.7 \\text{ m/s}$ ", "B": " $10.4 \\text{ m/s}$ ", "C": " $12.0 \\text{ m/s}$ ", "D": " $13.6 \\text{ m/s}$ ", "E": " $17.3 \\text{ m/s}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4090, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following is NOT a vector quantity?", "options": {"A": " Linear momentum", "B": " Electric field", "C": " Average velocity", "D": " Instantaneous acceleration", "E": " Kinetic energy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4091, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "A new radio station broadcasts its signal with a wavelength of $3.40 \\text{ m}$ . At what frequency is this station broadcasting?", "options": {"A": " $1.76 \\times 10^8 \\text{ Hz}$", "B": " $8.82 \\times 10^7 \\text{ Hz}$", "C": " $100 \\text{ Hz}$", "D": " $0.294 \\text{ Hz}$", "E": " $1.13 \\times 10^{-8} \\text{ Hz}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4092, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "The transistor is a solid piece of semiconducting material with many applications in electronics. The initial development of transistors and the Nobel Prize awarded for its invention occurred closest to which calendar year?", "options": {"A": " 1890", "B": " 1920", "C": " 1950", "D": " 1980", "E": " 2005"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4093, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the time it takes for light coming from the Moon's surface to reach the Earth?", "options": {"A": "0.001 s", "B": "0.10 s", "C": "1.0 s", "D": "10.0 s", "E": "1 minute"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4094, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "Three moles of an ideal gas occupy a container of volume $2.5 \\times 10^{-2} \\text{ m}^3$ . The pressure inside this container is $5.00 \\times 10^5 \\text{ Pa}$ . Which one of the following choices best represents the temperature of the gas?", "options": {"A": "225 K", "B": "500 K", "C": "775 K", "D": "1500 K", "E": "50800 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4095, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A string, clamped at both ends, has its tension fixed. A wave generator vibrates the string with a frequency $f$ producing waves of wavelength $\\lambda$ which have speed $v$ . The frequency of the wave generator now is doubled to $2f$ .", "question": "Which one of the following choices best describes the new values of the wavelength of waves produced and the speed of the waves on the string?", "options": {"A": "Wavelength: $\\frac{1}{2}\\lambda$ | Wave speed: $v$", "B": "Wavelength: $\\frac{1}{2}\\lambda$ | Wave speed: $2v$", "C": "Wavelength: $\\lambda$ | Wave speed: $2v$", "D": "Wavelength: $\\lambda$ | Wave speed: $v$", "E": "Wavelength: $2\\lambda$ | Wave speed: $4v$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4096, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "The product $(3 \\text{ Teslas}) \\times (2 \\text{ meters}) \\times (4 \\text{ meters/second})$ is equivalent to which one of the following?", "options": {"A": "24 Amperes", "B": "24 Coulombs", "C": "24 Watts", "D": "24 Ohms", "E": "24 Volts"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4097, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "During the New Moon phase of the lunar cycle, approximately what percent of the Moon's surface receives light from the Sun?", "options": {"A": "0 %", "B": "25.0 %", "C": "50.0 %", "D": "75.0 %", "E": "100 %"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4098, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "The density of a solid cubic block is given as $\\rho = 0.750 \\text{ g}/\\text{cm}^3$ . This block is dropped into a large swimming pool filled with water. When equilibrium is established and all motion stops, which choice best describes the location of the block? The block is very small in comparison to the pool.", "options": {"A": " The block is resting at the bottom of the pool.", "B": " The block is completely submerged, but stops 75 % of the way to the bottom of the pool.", "C": " The block is completely submerged, but stops 25 % of the way to the bottom of the pool.", "D": " The block is floating with 75 % of its volume under the water's surface.", "E": " The block is floating with 25 % of its volume under the water's surface."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4099, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A person throws an object of mass $M$ straight upward with an initial non-zero speed $v$ . The object rises to a maximum height $H$ above the launch point. The person now throws an object of mass $\\frac{1}{2}M$ straight upward with initial speed $2v$ . In terms of $H$ , to what maximum height does the object of mass $\\frac{1}{2}M$ rise above the launch point? Ignore air resistance.", "options": {"A": " $8H$ ", "B": " $4H$ ", "C": " $2H$ ", "D": " $\\sqrt{2}H$ ", "E": " $H$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4100, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "An electron moves with speed $1.00 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}/\\text{s}$ as it enters a region of space that has only a uniform magnetic field. The electron is accelerated because of this field with a constant magnitude of $8.00 \\times 10^5 \\text{ m}/\\text{s}^2$ for the entire time of $1.00 \\times 10^{-3} \\text{ s}$ that it is in the field. With what speed would the electron exit the field? Ignore gravity.", "options": {"A": " $1.80 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}/\\text{s}$ ", "B": " $1.41 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}/\\text{s}$ ", "C": " $1.00 \\times 10^3 \\text{ m}/\\text{s}$ ", "D": " $2.00 \\times 10^2 \\text{ m}/\\text{s}$ ", "E": " It depends on the initial angle of the electron's velocity with respect to the magnetic field."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4101, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two cars travel to the right, each starting from rest, along a straight road. Car A has twice the acceleration of Car B. After traveling a distance $d$ , Car A has speed $v$ .", "question": "When Car B has traveled the same distance $d$ , what is its speed in terms of $v$ ?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{4}v$ ", "B": " $\\frac{1}{2}v$ ", "C": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}v$ ", "D": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{2}v$ ", "E": " $v$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4102, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "Approximately how much energy is required to transform a 20.0 g cube of ice at a temperature of $-10.0^\\circ\\text{C}$ into liquid water at a temperature of $10.0^\\circ\\text{C}$ ?", "options": {"A": "840 J", "B": "1300 J", "C": "1700 J", "D": "7900 J", "E": "46000 J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4103, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "An ideal green pigment is mixed with an ideal red pigment. After mixing, which one of the following choices best represents the color of the pigment produced?", "options": {"A": " Blue", "B": " Cyan", "C": " Magenta", "D": " Yellow", "E": " Black"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4104, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Mary rides her bicycle directed due South. She applies the brakes quickly bringing the bicycle to rest with the wheels rolling without slipping on the ground. Which one of the following choices best represents the direction of the angular acceleration of the bicycle's front wheel while it is slowing to rest from Mary's point of view?", "options": {"A": " Into the ground", "B": " North", "C": " South", "D": " East", "E": " West"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4105, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An object with mass $M$ moves due East on a frictionless horizontal surface with a speed of $V$ . A second object of mass $\\frac{1}{2}M$ has a speed of $3V$ . The two objects collide and stick together. If the objects are moving due South after the collision, with what speed are they moving?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{5}{3}V$ ", "B": " $\\frac{1}{3}V$ ", "C": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{5}}{3}V$ ", "D": " $\\frac{4\\sqrt{2}}{3}V$ ", "E": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{33}}{3}V$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4106, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "A parallel-plate capacitor of capacitance $C$ has an insulating dielectric material of constant $\\kappa$ filling the entire region between its plates. This capacitor is now connected to a battery of voltage $V$ and is fully charged before the battery is disconnected. The capacitor stores energy $U$ . Using insulating gloves, a person now removes the dielectric from the capacitor. After equilibrium is established following the removal of the dielectric, which one of the following choices best represents the energy stored by the capacitor in terms of $U$ ?", "options": {"A": " $\\kappa^2 U$ ", "B": " $\\kappa U$ ", "C": " $U$ ", "D": " $U/\\kappa$ ", "E": " $U/\\kappa^2$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4107, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "A standing wave is created in an air-filled tube open at both ends when a tuning fork of frequency 552 Hz is placed near one of the open ends. A tuning fork of frequency 644 Hz produces the next highest harmonic for this tube. What is the length of the open tube? Assume room temperature.", "options": {"A": "0.46 m", "B": "0.92 m", "C": "1.59 m", "D": "1.85 m", "E": "3.70 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4108, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes an isobaric expansion. In the process, the temperature of the gas increases from 300 K to 500 K. Which one of the following choices best represents the amount of work done by the gas on the surroundings?", "options": {"A": "665 J", "B": "1110 J", "C": "1660 J", "D": "2490 J", "E": "4160 J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4109, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "An object is placed in front of a thin converging lens resulting in a focused image forming on a screen. If the bottom half of the lens were covered with black paper, what happens to the image on the screen?", "options": {"A": " There is no change of any kind to the image.", "B": " Only the top half of the object is focused into an image on the screen.", "C": " Only the top half of the object is focused into an image on the screen and it now is half the size.", "D": " The image is fully formed, only it now is half as large.", "E": " The image is fully formed, only it is dimmer."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4110, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "An electromagnetic wave has a magnetic field given by the expression (in Cartesian coordinates) $\\vec{B}(x, y, z, t) = (6.0 \\times 10^{-6}) \\cos(2.21 \\times 10^7 z - 6.63 \\times 10^{15} t) \\hat{x}$ . At time $t = 0$ and position $x = y = z = 0$ ,", "question": "what is the direction of the electric field associated with this wave?", "options": {"A": " $+x$ ", "B": " $-x$ ", "C": " $+y$ ", "D": " $-y$ ", "E": " $+z$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4111, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A person sets a one-meter long stick so that it makes a $30^\\circ$ angle with the $x$ -axis. An observer in a space ship moving along the $x$ -axis measures the angle of the stick to be $60^\\circ$ with the $x$ -axis. With what speed is the space ship moving in terms of the speed of light, $c$ ?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{2}c$ ", "B": " $\\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{3}c$ ", "C": " $\\frac{3}{4}c$ ", "D": " $\\frac{2}{\\sqrt{5}}c$ ", "E": " $\\frac{2\\sqrt{2}}{3}c$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4112, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following lengths is the largest?", "options": {"A": "one centimeter", "B": "one kilometer", "C": "one millimeter", "D": "one meter", "E": "one nanometer"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4113, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the value of the speed of light using units of $\\frac{\\text{miles}}{\\text{week}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$5.90 \\times 10^{12}$", "B": "$1.13 \\times 10^{11}$", "C": "$1.61 \\times 10^{10}$", "D": "$6.75 \\times 10^{8}$", "E": "$1.13 \\times 10^{8}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4114, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "The wave speed is $20.0 m/s$ for waves traveling on a string tied at both ends. If sinusoidal waves with a frequency of $2.00 Hz$ are traveling on this string, which one of the following choices best represents the period of these waves?", "options": {"A": "$40.0 s$", "B": "$10.0 s$", "C": "$3.16 s$", "D": "$0.50 s$", "E": "$0.10 s$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4115, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "A solid rectangular box is measured to have length $L = 13.34 cm$ , width $W = 8.45 cm$ , and height $H = 3.36 cm$ . Which one of the following choices best represents the volume of the box using proper significant digits?", "options": {"A": "$4 \\times 10^2 cm^3$", "B": "$3.8 \\times 10^2 cm^3$", "C": "$3.79 \\times 10^2 cm^3$", "D": "$3.787 \\times 10^2 cm^3$", "E": "$3.7875 \\times 10^2 cm^3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4116, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Electromagnetic radiation travels through vacuum with a wavelength of $400 nm$ . Which one of the following choices best describes this type of radiation?", "options": {"A": "X-rays", "B": "Radio Waves", "C": "Microwaves", "D": "Red Light", "E": "Violet Light"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4117, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object of mass $5.00 kg$ moves only to the right along the $+x$ -axis. During some time interval, the object's speed is increased from $4.00 m/s$ to $8.00 m/s$ with a constant acceleration of $2.00 m/s^2$ .", "question": "What is the net force acting on the object during the time interval of the acceleration?", "options": {"A": "$10.0 N$ ", "B": "$20.0 N$ ", "C": "$30.0 N$ ", "D": "$40.0 N$ ", "E": "The answer cannot be determined without more information about the forces involved."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4118, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object of mass $5.00 kg$ moves only to the right along the $+x$ -axis. During some time interval, the object's speed is increased from $4.00 m/s$ to $8.00 m/s$ with a constant acceleration of $2.00 m/s^2$ .", "question": "Through what distance does the object move during the time interval of the acceleration?", "options": {"A": "$2.00 m$ ", "B": "$4.00 m$ ", "C": "$8.00 m$ ", "D": "$12.0 m$ ", "E": "$24.0 m$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4119, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "A constant current of $4.00 A$ through a light bulb results in a power of $24.0 W$ associated with the bulb. Which one of the following choices best represents the resistance of the light bulb?", "options": {"A": "$96.0 \\Omega$ ", "B": "$6.00 \\Omega$ ", "C": "$2.45 \\Omega$ ", "D": "$1.50 \\Omega$ ", "E": "$0.67 \\Omega$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4120, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following quantities is a scalar quantity?", "options": {"A": "Impulse", "B": "Linear Momentum", "C": "Acceleration", "D": "Speed", "E": "Displacement"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4121, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "Approximately how many electrons must be removed from an electrically neutral object to give it a net charge of $Q = +1.00 C$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1.60 \\times 10^{-19}$ ", "B": "1", "C": "$6.25 \\times 10^{18}$ ", "D": "$6.02 \\times 10^{23}$ ", "E": "$1.10 \\times 10^{30}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4122, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following phases of the lunar cycle immediately follows \"First Quarter\"?", "options": {"A": "Waxing Gibbous", "B": "Waning Gibbous", "C": "Waxing Crescent", "D": "Waning Crescent", "E": "New Moon"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4123, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A $1.00 \\text{ kg}$ object is released from rest near the surface of the Earth. The gravitational force acting on the $1.00 \\text{ kg}$ object by the Earth does $10.0 \\text{ J}$ of work on the object as it falls $1.00 \\text{ m}$ to the ground. Which one of the following choices best represents the amount of work done by the gravitational force acting on the Earth by the $1.00 \\text{ kg}$ object during the fall?", "options": {"A": "$0.0 \\text{ J}$ ", "B": "$-10.0 \\text{ J}$ ", "C": "$10.0 \\text{ J}$ ", "D": "$-5.86 \\times 10^{25} \\text{ J}$ ", "E": "$5.86 \\times 10^{25} \\text{ J}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4124, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "The magnitude of the linear momentum of a $4.00 \\text{ kg}$ point mass is changed from $6.00 \\text{ kg} \\cdot \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ to $14.0 \\text{ kg} \\cdot \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ in a time interval of $6.00 \\text{ s}$ . What is the change in the kinetic energy of the mass during this time interval?", "options": {"A": "$8.0 \\text{ J}$ ", "B": "$10.0 \\text{ J}$ ", "C": "$16.0 \\text{ J}$ ", "D": "$20.0 \\text{ J}$ ", "E": "$32.0 \\text{ J}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4125, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "\"Both the position and momentum of an electron cannot be known exactly at the same instant of time.\" To whom is this concept attributed?", "options": {"A": "Pauli", "B": "de Broglie", "C": "Einstein", "D": "Dirac", "E": "Heisenberg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4126, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A child's balloon is filled with pure Xenon gas. This balloon then is released from rest two meters above the ground on Earth. Which one of the following choices best describes the response of the balloon?", "options": {"A": "The balloon immediately falls toward the ground. ", "B": "The balloon floats gently in the air, finally reaching the ground after several minutes. ", "C": "The balloon floats gently in the air, essentially hovering at the same height for at least a day. ", "D": "The balloon very, very slowly and gently rises upward. ", "E": "The balloon rapidly rises into the sky. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4127, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A girl swings a $4.0 \\text{ kg}$ mass with a constant speed of $3.24 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ in a vertically-oriented circle of radius $0.75 \\text{ m}$ . What is the net force acting on the mass when it is at the lowest point of the circle?", "options": {"A": "$96 \\text{ N}$ ", "B": "$56 \\text{ N}$ ", "C": "$40 \\text{ N}$ ", "D": "$16 \\text{ N}$ ", "E": "$0 \\text{ N}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4128, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A collision of two blocks takes place along a horizontal surface without friction.\n\nA block with mass $M_1 = 3.00 \\text{ kg}$ initially moves to the left with speed $V_1 = 5.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ when it hits a block with mass $M_2 = 5.00 \\text{ kg}$ initially moving to the right with speed $V_2 = 2.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ .\n\nAfter colliding, the block with mass $M_1$ is moving to the right with speed $1.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ .", "question": "Which of the blocks underwent a larger magnitude of acceleration during the collision?", "options": {"A": "The block with mass $M_1$ . ", "B": "The block with mass $M_2$ . ", "C": "The magnitude of the acceleration was the same for both blocks. ", "D": "The answer depends on how much kinetic energy was transferred out of the two-block system. ", "E": "More information about the time of the collision is required to answer the question. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4129, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A collision of two blocks takes place along a horizontal surface without friction.\n\nA block with mass $M_1 = 3.00 \\text{ kg}$ initially moves to the left with speed $V_1 = 5.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ when it hits a block with mass $M_2 = 5.00 \\text{ kg}$ initially moving to the right with speed $V_2 = 2.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ .\n\nAfter colliding, the block with mass $M_1$ is moving to the right with speed $1.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ .", "question": "What is the speed of the block with mass $M_2$ after the collision?", "options": {"A": "$0.40 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "B": "$1.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "C": "$1.60 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "D": "$4.29 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "E": "$4.40 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4130, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the average angular speed of the hour hand on a standard clock (in units of $\\frac{\\text{rad}}{\\text{s}}$ )?", "options": {"A": "$5.24 \\times 10^{-1}$ ", "B": "$2.62 \\times 10^{-1}$ ", "C": "$1.75 \\times 10^{-3}$ ", "D": "$1.45 \\times 10^{-4}$ ", "E": "$7.27 \\times 10^{-5}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4131, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An object is thrown horizontally with speed $10.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ from a height $H$ above the ground. The object reaches the ground with a speed of $20.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ . Which one of the following choices best represents the time of the object's flight to the ground? Ignore air resistance.", "options": {"A": "$1.00 \\text{ s}$ ", "B": "$1.22 \\text{ s}$ ", "C": "$1.41 \\text{ s}$ ", "D": "$1.50 \\text{ s}$ ", "E": "$1.73 \\text{ s}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4132, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "The pressure inside a container with two moles of an ideal gas is $0.75 \\text{ atm}$ . The temperature of the gas is $100 ^\\circ \\text{C}$ . The container maintains constant volume as the pressure is tripled. Which one of the following choices best represents the temperature of the gas after the pressure is tripled?", "options": {"A": "$33 ^\\circ \\text{C}$ ", "B": "$300 ^\\circ \\text{C}$ ", "C": "$573 ^\\circ \\text{C}$ ", "D": "$846 ^\\circ \\text{C}$ ", "E": "$1119 ^\\circ \\text{C}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4133, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "A vehicle completes one lap around a circular track at an average speed of $50 \\text{ m/s}$ and then completes a second lap at an average speed of $V$ . The average speed of the vehicle for the completion of both laps was $80 \\text{ m/s}$ . What was the average speed $V$ of the second lap?", "options": {"A": "$100 \\text{ m/s}$ ", "B": "$110 \\text{ m/s}$ ", "C": "$125 \\text{ m/s}$ ", "D": "$150 \\text{ m/s}$ ", "E": "$200 \\text{ m/s}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4134, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Coherent light of wavelength $550 \\text{ nm}$ shines on a double slit apparatus that has point slits spaced by a distance of $42.4 \\text{ }\\mu\\text{m}$ . In theory, what is the maximum order bright fringe that can be viewed?", "options": {"A": "1297", "B": "77", "C": "12", "D": "8", "E": "1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4135, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "To whom was the first Nobel Prize in physics awarded?", "options": {"A": "Isaac Newton for his contributions to physics and calculus.", "B": "James Chadwick for the discovery of the neutron.", "C": "Wilhelm Röntgen for the discovery of X-rays.", "D": "Marie Curie for her work in radioactivity.", "E": "Albert Einstein for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and for the theories of relativity."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4136, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "optics", "context": null, "question": "A student wants to set up an experiment with a thin convex lens of focal length $f$ such that a thin real object produces a focused real image on a movable screen. At how many locations along the optical axis (principal axis) can the object be placed so that the distance between the object and the focused image on the screen is equal to $3f$ ?", "options": {"A": "There is no location. ", "B": "There is exactly one location. ", "C": "There are exactly two locations. ", "D": "There are exactly four locations. ", "E": "There are an infinite number of locations. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4137, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": null, "question": "A positive charge moves with constant velocity through a region of space containing both an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric field is directed out of the plane of the page. Ignoring any gravitational field, which one of the following choices represents possible directions of both the particle's velocity and the total magnetic field in the region of space?", "options": {"A": "Velocity of particle: Toward the bottom of the page | Magnetic Field: Into the plane of the page", "B": "Velocity of particle: Into the plane of the page | Magnetic Field: Out of the plane of the page", "C": "Velocity of particle: To the left | Magnetic Field: Toward the bottom of the page", "D": "Velocity of particle: Toward the top of the page | Magnetic Field: To the right", "E": "Velocity of particle: Out of the plane of the page | Magnetic Field: Toward the top of the page"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4138, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "The cylindrical head of an aluminum nail has a diameter of $1.00\\text{ cm}$ . For the top layer of atoms in the nail's head, which one of the following choices best represents the number of aluminum atoms in that layer?", "options": {"A": "$10^{10}$ ", "B": "$10^{15}$ ", "C": "$10^{20}$ ", "D": "$10^{25}$ ", "E": "$10^{30}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4139, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "Using the kinetic theory of gases, which one of the following choices best represents the rms (root mean square) speed of 58 grams of a monatomic ideal gas at a pressure of $3.0\\ \\text{atm}$ in an enclosed container of volume $6.0\\ \\text{L}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$0.557\\ \\text{m/s}$ ", "B": "$9.71\\ \\text{m/s}$ ", "C": "$177\\ \\text{m/s}$ ", "D": "$307\\ \\text{m/s}$ ", "E": "$3150\\ \\text{m/s}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4140, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "A hypothetical radioactive substance Aaptinium decays via alpha-emission into Physicsbowlum. The decay constant for this alpha-emission is $20 \\text{ s}^{-1}$ .", "question": "Which one of the following statements correctly compares Physicsbowlum to Aaptinium?", "options": {"A": "Physicsbowlum has 4 fewer protons and 2 fewer neutrons than Aaptinium. ", "B": "Physicsbowlum has 4 fewer neutrons and 2 fewer protons than Aaptinium. ", "C": "Physicsbowlum has 2 fewer protons and 2 fewer neutrons than Aaptinium. ", "D": "Physicsbowlum has 4 fewer protons than, and the same number of neutrons as, Aaptinium. ", "E": "Physicsbowlum has 2 fewer protons than, and the same number of neutrons as, Aaptinium. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4141, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "A hypothetical radioactive substance Aaptinium decays via alpha-emission into Physicsbowlum. The decay constant for this alpha-emission is $20 \\text{ s}^{-1}$ .", "question": "What is the half-life of Aaptinium?", "options": {"A": "0.035 s", "B": "0.050 s", "C": "0.100 s", "D": "0.297 s", "E": "0.693 s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4142, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Several forces act on a rigid body. If the resultant (net) force on the body is zero, which one of the following statements must be true?", "options": {"A": "The object is in translational equilibrium and rotational equilibrium. ", "B": "The object is in translational, but not necessarily rotational, equilibrium. ", "C": "The object is in rotational, but not necessarily translational, equilibrium. ", "D": "The object is in static equilibrium. ", "E": "The object is in neither translational nor rotational equilibrium. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4143, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "A monatomic ideal gas is the working substance for a refrigerator that undergoes the cyclic process (ABCDA) shown in the PV diagram. The processes are all isochoric or isobaric with pressures between $P_0$ and $2P_0$ and volumes between $V_0$ and $2V_0$ . What is the coefficient of performance for this refrigerator?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{4}$ ", "B": "$\\frac{1}{3}$ ", "C": "$\\frac{4}{3}$ ", "D": "$\\frac{11}{2}$ ", "E": "$\\frac{13}{2}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4144, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "A stationary atom of mass $4.00 \\times 10^{-26} \\text{ kg}$ spontaneously emits a photon of energy $10.0 \\text{ eV}$ . Which one of the following choices best represents the speed, in units of $m/s$ , of the atom after emitting the photon?", "options": {"A": "$4.00 \\times 10^7$ ", "B": "$8.94 \\times 10^3$ ", "C": "$1.33 \\times 10^{-1}$ ", "D": "$1.58 \\times 10^{-4}$ ", "E": "$2.50 \\times 10^{-8}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4145, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "There is a quantity called the Planck time, $t_{Planck}$ , which is computed in terms of constants as $t_{Planck}^2 = \\frac{hG}{c^n}$ where $h$ is Planck's constant divided by $2\\pi$ , $G$ is the Universal Gravitational Constant, and $c$ is the speed of light. In order for this expression for time to be consistent, what is the numerical value of $n$ , the power to which the speed of light is raised?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "3", "C": "4", "D": "5", "E": "6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4146, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fluids", "context": null, "question": "Water flows ideally through a cylindrically-shaped pipe. At the lower end, the pipe's cross-sectional area is $30.0 \\text{ cm}^2$ whereas in the upper portion, the pipe's cross-sectional area is $10.0 \\text{ cm}^2$ and fluid is moving at $9.0 \\text{ m/s}$ . Which one of the following choices best represents the difference in pressure between the lower section of the pipe and the upper section if the vertical distance between the centers of the pipe sections is $2.0 \\text{ m}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$5.6 \\text{ Pa}$ ", "B": "$6.05 \\text{ Pa}$ ", "C": "$56 \\text{ kPa}$ ", "D": "$60.5 \\text{ kPa}$ ", "E": "$65 \\text{ kPa}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4147, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "An object of mass $M$ is dropped from a height $H$ above the ground. The object bounces off of a horizontal surface in a collision lasting time $T$ . The object then rises upward to a maximum height $H/2$ . What was the magnitude of the average net force acting on the mass during the collision with the surface?", "options": {"A": "$(2 - \\sqrt{2}) \\frac{M\\sqrt{gH}}{T}$ ", "B": "$(\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}} + 1) \\frac{M\\sqrt{gH}}{T}$ ", "C": "$(\\sqrt{3}) \\frac{M\\sqrt{gH}}{T}$ ", "D": "$(2\\sqrt{2} - 1) \\frac{M\\sqrt{gH}}{T}$ ", "E": "$(\\sqrt{2} + 1) \\frac{M\\sqrt{gH}}{T}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4148, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices correctly represents a length of $3.00 \\text{ mm}$ ?", "options": {"A": "3.00 $\\times 10^{-6} \\text{ m}$", "B": "3.00 $\\times 10^{-3} \\text{ m}$", "C": "3.00 $\\times 10^{-2} \\text{ m}$", "D": "3.00 $\\times 10^{3} \\text{ m}$", "E": "3.00 $\\times 10^{6} \\text{ m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4149, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following quantities is not a vector quantity?", "options": {"A": "Average speed", "B": "Average velocity", "C": "Linear momentum", "D": "Acceleration", "E": "Average force"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4150, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A standing wave on a string is produced.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best describes the location on the string at which maximum constructive interference occurs?", "options": {"A": "node", "B": "antinode", "C": "harmonic", "D": "overtone", "E": "amplitude"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4151, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object initially is moving upward while in free fall.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the direction of the object's acceleration during its flight?", "options": {"A": "Upward", "B": "Downward", "C": "Upward", "D": "Downward", "E": "Downward"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4152, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A car travels at $20.0 \\frac{\\text{miles}}{\\text{hr}}$.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the speed of the car in SI units of $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$?", "options": {"A": "533 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "B": "45.0 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "C": "20.0 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "D": "8.9 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "E": "0.75 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4153, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "A negatively charged balloon remains at rest when placed on a vertical wall.", "question": "Which one of the following terms is most closely associated with the electrical phenomenon allowing the balloon to remain on the wall?", "options": {"A": "Radiation", "B": "Grounding", "C": "Reduction", "D": "Current", "E": "Polarization"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4207, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following is NOT a vector quantity?", "options": {"A": "Acceleration", "B": "Average velocity", "C": "Linear momentum", "D": "Potential energy", "E": "Force"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4208, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball is thrown vertically downward with an initial speed of 12.0 m/s from a height of 10.0 m above the ground.", "question": "Ignoring air resistance, what is the speed of the ball when it reaches the ground?", "options": {"A": "18.5 m/s", "B": "14.6 m/s", "C": "14.0 m/s", "D": "12.8 m/s", "E": "12.0 m/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4209, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle travels at a constant speed around a circular path of radius R.", "question": "If the particle makes one complete trip around the entire circle, what is the magnitude of the displacement for this trip?", "options": {"A": "\\(\\pi R\\)", "B": "\\(2R\\)", "C": "\\(2\\pi R\\)", "D": "\\(4R\\)", "E": "\\(0\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4210, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "What temperature on the Kelvin scale is equivalent to \\(37^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)?", "options": {"A": "310 K", "B": "283 K", "C": "256 K", "D": "37 K", "E": "19 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4211, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": null, "question": "What is the percent uncertainty in the measurement \\(2.54 \\pm 0.16\\ \\mathrm{cm}\\)?", "options": {"A": "2.9%", "B": "6.3%", "C": "8.7%", "D": "12.6%", "E": "14%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4212, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An Olympic bobsled needs to negotiate a 100 m radius turn at 35 m/s without skidding.", "question": "What minimum banking angle of the turn is needed for this to happen? (Ignore friction.)", "options": {"A": "\\(21^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(31^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(41^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(51^\\circ\\)", "E": "\\(61^\\circ\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4213, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The mean diameter of the Earth is \\(12.76 \\times 10^3\\ \\mathrm{km}\\).", "question": "What is the surface area of the Earth in \\(\\mathrm{m^2}\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(4.01 \\times 10^7\\)", "B": "\\(5.12 \\times 10^{14}\\)", "C": "\\(1.09 \\times 10^{21}\\)", "D": "\\(1.68 \\times 10^9\\)", "E": "\\(2.05 \\times 10^{15}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4214, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A 2.0 m long organ pipe which is open at both ends resonates at its fundamental frequency.", "question": "Neglecting any end effects, what wavelength is formed by this pipe in this mode of vibration?", "options": {"A": "1 meter", "B": "2 meters", "C": "4 meters", "D": "6 meters", "E": "8 meters"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4215, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "In a classroom demonstration, a teacher discussing the air in the room as an ideal gas slides a solid barrier of negligible thickness into place, cutting the room into two equal-sized volumes.", "question": "What is the air pressure for the portion of the room in which the teacher is standing, assuming the original pressure in the whole room was P? Treat the room as a sealed container.", "options": {"A": "1/4P", "B": "1/2P", "C": "P", "D": "2P", "E": "4P"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4216, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "An x-ray photon collides with a free electron, and the photon is scattered. During the collision:", "options": {"A": "there is conservation of momentum but not energy", "B": "there is conservation of neither momentum nor energy", "C": "there is conservation of energy but not momentum", "D": "there is conservation of both momentum and energy", "E": "impossible to predict if momentum and energy are conserved without additional information"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4574, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Janet decides to drop out of college to work full-time. What is most likely to happen to Janet's income relative to that of a classmate who stays and graduates from college?", "options": {"A": "Janet's income will be greater than the classmate's income now and in the future.", "B": "Janet's income will be greater than the classmate's income now but will be lower in the future.", "C": "Janet's income will be lower than the classmate's income both now and in the future.", "D": "Janet's income will be lower than the classmate's income now but will be greater in the future."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4575, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements best explains why a large increase in the price of gasoline will result in only a small decrease in quantity demanded?", "options": {"A": "Gasoline is a luxury good.", "B": "Gasoline takes a large portion of consumers' budgets.", "C": "Gasoline has no close substitutes.", "D": "Gasoline taxes remain high."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4580, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following economic roles does a government play when it provides copyright protection for recorded music?", "options": {"A": "Granting property rights", "B": "Preventing monopoly", "C": "Setting fiscal policy", "D": "Providing public goods"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4581, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The International Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following best explains why a product once manufactured in the United States is no longer made here and is now imported from other countries?", "options": {"A": "The technology needed to make the product has become less expensive in the United States.", "B": "The technology needed to make the product has become more expensive in other countries.", "C": "The opportunity cost of making the product in other countries has increased.", "D": "The opportunity cost of making the product in the United States has increased."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4582, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The International Economy", "context": null, "question": "A United States senator relies on the political support of cattle ranchers. Which position on a United States tariff on imported beef is most likely to increase the senator's support among cattle ranchers?", "options": {"A": "The tariff should be decreased to increase United States cattle prices.", "B": "The tariff should be decreased to decrease United States cattle prices.", "C": "The tariff should be increased to increase United States cattle prices.", "D": "The tariff should be increased to decrease United States cattle prices."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4602, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": "A city currently has one recreation center to serve its young people. To reduce crime, the city is considering building a second recreation center to provide more young people with healthy alternative activities.", "question": "According to economic reasoning, under what conditions should the city build a second center?", "options": {"A": "If the second center is expected to be used more than half the time", "B": "If the second center is expected to reduce the crime rate by 10%", "C": "When the cost of the second center is expected to be less than the benefits from it", "D": "When the total cost of both of the recreation centers is expected to be less than their total benefits"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4630, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which subunit makes up protein molecules?", "options": {"A": "Amino acid", "B": "Simple sugar", "C": "Fatty acid", "D": "Nucleic acid"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4631, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which phenomenon results primarily from Earth's internal sources of heat?", "options": {"A": "Melting of glaciers", "B": "Formation of hot deserts", "C": "Evaporation of ocean water", "D": "Development of hot springs"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4632, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Heavy rain on a hillside has caused a rockslide. All vegetation has disappeared. Gradually, plant life moves back into the area and species are replaced by other species.", "question": "In which order are the plants most likely to appear, from earliest to latest?", "options": {"A": "Mosses and lichens, grasses, shrubs, pines, oaks", "B": "Grasses, shrubs, pines, mosses and lichens, oaks", "C": "Shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens, oaks, pines", "D": "Pines, mosses and lichens, shrubs, oaks, grasses"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4633, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Ice floats on water. Which statement best explains why?", "options": {"A": "A molecule of liquid water has a greater mass than a molecule of solid ice.", "B": "A molecule of liquid water has a smaller volume than a molecule of solid ice.", "C": "The molecules of liquid water are closer together than the molecules of solid ice.", "D": "The molecules of liquid water are freer to move than the molecules of solid ice."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4680, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "energetics", "context": null, "question": "What is the enthalpy change for the reaction in $\\text{kJ mol}^{-1}$?\n$$\\text{CO}_2(\\text{g}) + \\text{H}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow \\text{CO}(\\text{g}) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g})$$\n$$2\\text{CO}(\\text{g}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2\\text{CO}_2(\\text{g}) \\quad \\Delta H = -566 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$$\n$$2\\text{H}_2(\\text{g}) + \\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{l}) \\quad \\Delta H = -572 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$$\n$$\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{l}) \\quad \\Delta H = -44 \\text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$$", "options": {"A": "-1182", "B": "-899", "C": "-41", "D": "+41"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4708, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "energetics", "context": null, "question": "Which enthalpy changes can be calculated using only bond enthalpy data?\nI. $\\text{N}_2(\\text{g}) + 2\\text{H}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow \\text{N}_2\\text{H}_4(\\text{g})$\nII. $\\text{CH}_4(\\text{g}) + 2\\text{O}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\ell) + \\text{CO}_2(\\text{g})$\nIII. $\\text{H}_2(\\text{g}) + \\text{Cl}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow 2\\text{HCl}(\\text{g})$", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4736, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car has an initial speed of $16 \\text{ ms}^{-1}$. It decelerates at $4.0 \\text{ m s}^{-2}$ until it stops.", "question": "What is the distance travelled by the car?", "options": {"A": "4m", "B": "16m", "C": "32m", "D": "64m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4848, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "The planetary boundary layer (PBL) is an atmospheric layer in the troposphere in which wind is influenced by contact with the planetary surface, often creating turbulence. Temperature inversions cap the PBL, and the height of an inversion (along with PBL thickness) depends on many factors. Which of the following would lead to a decrease in the thickness of the PBL?", "options": {"A": "Mountainous terrain, since rough terrain increases influence of friction on wind and leads to greater turbulence", "B": "Nighttime radiative cooling of the surface, since air temperature decreases, leading to a smaller vertical temperature gradient and less depth of convective mixing", "C": "Warm water underlying cold air, since air temperature increases, leading to a larger vertical temperature gradient and greater depth of convective mixing", "D": "Large city location, since plentiful city buildings decrease the influence of friction on wind and leads to less turbulence", "E": "Thick stratus clouds, since air temperature decreases, leading to a smaller vertical temperature gradient and less depth of convective mixing"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4849, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Air lifted by mountains often produces clouds and precipitation on the windward side and descending foehn winds on the lee side. For any given elevation, air on the lee side is warmer than air on the windward side because:", "options": {"A": "The dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) is greater than the moist adiabatic lapse rate (MALR)", "B": "The dry adiabatic lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate", "C": "The environmental lapse rate is greater than both the DALR and MALR", "D": "The environmental lapse rate is less than both the DALR and MALR", "E": "The environmental lapse rate is between the DALR and MALR"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4945, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": null, "question": "Which of these statements are true regarding winds and tropical cyclones (TCs)?\n\nI) Most TCs originate near the equator due to low pressure created by converging surface trade winds.\nII) Weak winds aloft and at the surface favor TC formation with all other favorable conditions present.\nIII) Minimum central pressure more reliably predicts maximum TC wind speed than the pressure gradient within the eyewall.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "III only", "D": "I and II", "E": "II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4946, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Jerry found a meteorite that he identifies to be an iron meteorite due to its high density and metallic luster once cut open.", "question": "Which of the following would NOT be expected of this iron meteorite?\n\nI) It contains many vesicles and vugs.\nII) There are shallow indentations on unweathered surfaces indicative of ablation.\nIII) The meteorite is nonmagnetic due to a thick fusion crust.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "III only", "C": "I, II, and III", "D": "I and II", "E": "I and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4947, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "earth_systems", "context": "A planet's equilibrium temperature is the temperature that it would have if it were a blackbody radiating away all incident energy absorbed from its parent star. Earth's equilibrium temperature is about \\(255\\ \\mathrm{K}\\) (about \\(-18^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)), but average global surface air temperature (GSAT) is about \\(290\\ \\mathrm{K}\\) (about \\(12^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)).", "question": "What primarily accounts for this discrepancy?", "options": {"A": "Equilibrium temperature fails to account for the Earth's albedo.", "B": "Greenhouse gases re-radiate outgoing radiation back to the surface.", "C": "The average global ground temperature, unlike average GSAT, is much closer to the equilibrium temperature.", "D": "Earth also receives energy from other stars outside of the solar system."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_only__text_options/validation/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_only__text_options/validation/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c94b95b656800b3ee65292a208b8ce20c4a8a25b --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_only__text_options/validation/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ +{"id": 31, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which point is NOT on a circle with a center of \\((0, 0)\\) and a radius of 10?", "options": {"A": "(0, 5)", "B": "(10, 0)", "C": "(0, -10)", "D": "(-8, 6)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 32, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to \\(-4\\sqrt{28x}\\cdot\\sqrt{7x^3}\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(-56x^2\\)", "B": "\\(4x^2\\sqrt{7}\\)", "C": "\\(-4x\\sqrt{196}\\)", "D": "\\(-28x\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 64, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which equation shows \\(6(x + 4) = 2(y + 5)\\) solved for \\(y\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(y = x + 3\\)", "B": "\\(y = x + 5\\)", "C": "\\(y = 3x + 7\\)", "D": "\\(y = 3x + 17\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 65, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "This equation can be used to find \\(h\\), the number of hours it will take Flo and Bryan to mow their lawn: \\(\\frac{h}{3} + \\frac{h}{6} = 1\\).", "question": "How many hours will it take them to mow their lawn?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "3", "C": "2", "D": "1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 113, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An expression is given.\n$$9(3)^{(2x+1)}$$", "question": "Which expression is equivalent to the given expression?", "options": {"A": "$(3)^{(4x+2)}$", "B": "$(3)^{(4x+1)}$", "C": "$(3)^{(2x+3)}$", "D": "$(3)^{(2x+2)}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 114, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An object is dropped off the roof of a building. The function $h(x) = -16x^2 + 64$ models the height, $h(x)$, in feet, of the object above the ground $x$ seconds after it is dropped.", "question": "What is the **best** description of the meaning of $h(2) = 0$ in terms of the context?", "options": {"A": "The object is dropped from an initial height of 2 feet.", "B": "The object hits the ground 2 seconds after it is dropped.", "C": "The object travels at a speed of 2 feet per second after it is dropped.", "D": "The speed of the object increases at a rate of 2 feet per second each second after it is dropped."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 115, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A grain silo is in the shape of a cylinder with a top shaped like a hemisphere. The formula shown represents $V$, the volume, in cubic units, of a silo with a base radius of $r$ units and a total height of $h$ units.\n$$V = \\pi r^2 \\left( h - \\frac{1}{3} r \\right)$$", "question": "Which formula can be used to determine $h$ in terms of $r$ and $V$?", "options": {"A": "$h = \\frac{V}{\\pi r^2} + \\frac{1}{3}r$", "B": "$h = \\frac{V}{\\pi r^2} - \\frac{1}{3}r$", "C": "$h = \\pi r^2 V + \\frac{1}{3}r$", "D": "$h = \\pi r^2 V - \\frac{1}{3}r$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 156, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "A human gamete typically contains 23 chromosomes. Two human gametes combine to produce a zygote.\n\nWhich of the following is the **best** evidence that an error occurred during the formation of one of these gametes?", "options": {"A": "The zygote has two copies of chromosome 21.", "B": "The zygote has three copies of chromosome 21.", "C": "The zygote has 23 chromosomes from each gamete.", "D": "The zygote has some of the same chromosomes as the gametes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 157, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The flamingo is a type of bird. Young flamingos have white and gray feathers. By the time they are 3- 6 years years old, their feathers have become pink. The pink color is caused by the flamingo's diet. Flamingos eat shrimp, which have red and orange pigments. When a flamingo stops eating shrimp, its feathers lose their pink color over time.", "question": "Which of the following best describes the cause of feather color in flamingos at different ages?", "options": {"A": "Pink feather color in adult flamingos and white and gray feathers in young flamingos are both most directly caused by genetic factors.", "B": "Pink feather color in adult flamingos and white and gray feathers in young flamingos are both most directly caused by environmental factors.", "C": "Pink feather color in adult flamingos is most directly caused by genetic factors, and white and gray feathers in young flamingos are most directly caused by environmental factors.", "D": "Pink feather color in adult flamingos is most directly caused by environmental factors, and white and gray feathers in young flamingos are most directly caused by genetic factors."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 158, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The flamingo is a type of bird. Young flamingos have white and gray feathers. By the time they are 3- 6 years years old, their feathers have become pink. The pink color is caused by the flamingo's diet. Flamingos eat shrimp, which have red and orange pigments. When a flamingo stops eating shrimp, its feathers lose their pink color over time.", "question": "The pink color of flamingo feathers demonstrates that the phenotype for feather color\n\n\\(①\\) changes. \\(②\\) stays the same. \nHowever, the genotype for feather color\n\n\\(①\\) changes. \\(②\\) stays the same.", "options": {"A": "changes.\n\nstays the same.", "B": "stays the same.\n\nchanges.", "C": "changes.\n\nchanges.", "D": "stays the same.\n\nstays the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 159, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "As an ant population moves across the forest floor, flying insects move away. Some birds follow the ants, catching and eating the flying insects.\n\nWhich of the following **best** explains the relationship between the birds and the ants?", "options": {"A": "It is commensal because it benefits the birds and has no effect on the ants.", "B": "It is commensal because it benefits the ants and has no effect on the birds.", "C": "It is parasitic because it benefits the birds and has a negative effect on the ants.", "D": "It is parasitic because it benefits the ants and has a negative effect on the birds."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 160, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "For the human body to function normally, blood pH must be maintained between 7.35 and 7.45. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood rise, the pH of the blood decreases. The body then reacts to restore normal blood pH.\n\nA feedback loop that maintains blood pH is activated when a person exercises. Which of the following shows how this feedback loop works to maintain blood pH?", "question": "Which of the following shows how this feedback loop works to maintain blood pH?", "options": {"A": "1. Person starts running.\n2. Brain cells detect decreasing blood pH.\n3. Blood pH decreases.\n4. Brain sends messages to the muscles that control breathing.\n5. Muscle cells release more carbon dioxide into the blood.\n6. Breathing rate increases, more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and blood pH increases.", "B": "1. Person starts running.\n2. Muscle cells release more carbon dioxide into the blood.\n3. Blood pH decreases.\n4. Brain cells detect decreasing blood pH.\n5. Brain sends messages to the muscles that control breathing.\n6. Breathing rate increases, more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and blood pH increases.", "C": "1. Person starts running.\n2. Brain sends messages to the muscles that control breathing.\n3. Blood pH decreases.\n4. Brain cells detect decreasing blood pH.\n5. Muscle cells release more carbon dioxide into the blood.\n6. Breathing rate increases, more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and blood pH increases.", "D": "1. Person starts running.\n2. Muscle cells release more carbon dioxide into the blood.\n3. Blood pH decreases.\n4. Brain sends messages to the muscles that control breathing.\n5. Brain cells detect decreasing blood pH.\n6. Breathing rate increases, more carbon dioxide is exhaled, and blood pH increases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 161, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Scientists think that fur color in mice evolved through natural selection. Which of the following would have been necessary for natural selection to occur?", "question": "Which of the following would have been necessary for natural selection to occur?", "options": {"A": "variation in the alleles for fur color in mice", "B": "migration of mice with different fur colors", "C": "identical genetic sequences in mice", "D": "small populations of mice"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 168, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Emperor penguins can dive underwater for over 20 minutes. While underwater, the penguins use oxygen that is stored in their bodies.", "question": "Which of the following **best** describes the importance of oxygen in the penguins' body systems?", "options": {"A": "Oxygen allows the lungs to grow underwater.", "B": "Oxygen diffuses from the muscles to other body parts.", "C": "Oxygen is converted into other gases in the bloodstream.", "D": "Oxygen is used to produce energy for muscle movement."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 242, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Two numbers are represented by variables.\n\nThe variable $x$ represents a non- zero rational number. The variable $y$ represents an irrational number.", "question": "Which of the following expressions has a value that is rational?", "options": {"A": "$x^{2}$", "B": "xy", "C": "$2xy$", "D": "$2x + y$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 243, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following equations represents a line that has a positive slope and a negative $y$ - intercept?", "options": {"A": "$3x + y = - 6$", "B": "$3x + y = 6$", "C": "$- 3x + y = - 6$", "D": "$- 3x + y = 6$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 244, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Consider this system of linear equations.\n\n$$3x + 2y = 8$$\n\n$$2x + y = 5$$", "question": "Which of the following systems of equations has the same solution as the given system of equations?", "options": {"A": "$3x + 2y = 8$ $x = 2$", "B": "$3x + 2y = 8$ $x = 18$", "C": "$3x + 2y = 8$ $x = - 2$", "D": "$3x + 2y = 8$ $x = - 18$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 367, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the excerpt from Booker T. Washington's speech in September 1895 before the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta.\n\n\"A ship lost at sea for many days suddenly sighted a friendly vessel. From the mast of the unfortunate vessel was seen a signal, 'Water, water; we die of thirst!' The answer from the friendly vessel at once came back, 'Cast down your bucket where you are.' . . . The captain of the distressed vessel, at last heeding the injunction, cast down his bucket, and it came up full of fresh, sparkling water from the mouth of the Amazon River.\n\nTo those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimate the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the Southern white man, who is their next-door neighbor, I would say: 'Cast down your bucket where you are'—cast it down in making friends in every manly way of the people of all races by whom you are surrounded.\"\n\n—Booker T. Washington", "question": "In the excerpt, how does Washington suggest that racial equality should be achieved?", "options": {"A": "by maintaining policies of segregation", "B": "by focusing on the actions of individuals", "C": "by using available resources for improvement", "D": "by seeking better job opportunities in the North"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 368, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the excerpt.\n\nIn bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves; to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so; to give those who desire to use the aids by which they may rise; to assist, but rarely or never to do all.\"\n\n—Andrew Carnegie, “Wealth,” 1889", "question": "A person defending Carnegie's position in the excerpt would most likely advocate for which of the following?", "options": {"A": "limits on wealth", "B": "graduated income tax", "C": "regulation of business", "D": "laissez-faire economics"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 369, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": null, "question": "Which action was a direct result of the temperance movement of the early twentieth century?", "options": {"A": "the stock market crash of 1929", "B": "the prohibition of alcohol by the Eighteenth Amendment", "C": "the America First Committee's opposition to World War II", "D": "the passage of women's suffrage in the Nineteenth Amendment"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 434, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "The use of elemental sulfur can result in over-acidifying the soil. Using ammonium fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate $((\\text{NH}_4)_2\\text{SO}_4)$ as an alternative reduces this risk. The equations below demonstrate two ways in which ammonium ions contribute to soil acidification.\n\n**Equation 2:** $\\text{NH}_4^+(aq) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\ell) \\rightleftharpoons \\text{NH}_3(aq) + \\text{H}_3\\text{O}^+(aq)$\n\n**Equation 3:** $\\text{NH}_4^+(aq) + 2\\text{O}_2(g) \\rightarrow \\text{NO}_3^-(aq) + \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\ell) + 2\\text{H}^+(aq)$", "question": "How many grams of nitrogen are added to the soil when 100. grams of the substance that acidifies soil with reduced risk is applied?", "options": {"A": "10.6 g", "B": "12.3 g", "C": "21.2 g", "D": "24.6 g"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 452, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "How would a longer snow season most likely affect the populations of red and white foxes living in the same forest ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "Red foxes would have a greater advantage, so their population size would increase, while the white fox population size would decrease.", "B": "White foxes would have a greater advantage, so their population size would increase, while the red fox population size would decrease.", "C": "White foxes would have a lesser advantage, so their population size would increase, while the red fox population size would remain the same.", "D": "Red foxes would have a lesser advantage, so their population size would increase, while the white fox population size would remain the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 453, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "How might mutations contribute to natural selection?", "options": {"A": "They occur after a natural disaster has changed a population's environment.", "B": "They result when organisms observe traits of other successful populations.", "C": "They occur in somatic cells and can be passed to offspring.", "D": "They add variations to the gene pool of a population."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 541, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A teacher is buying word games and board games for his students.\n\nEach word game can be played by up to 4 students.- Each board game can be played by 2 students.- The teacher needs enough games for 30 students to play at the same time.- The maximum amount that the teacher can spend on the games is $200.\n\nThe number of word games $(x)$ and the number of board games $(y)$ the teacher buys must satisfy the system of linear inequalities below.\n\n$$4x + 2y\\geq 30$$\n$$14.5x + 18y\\leq 200$$\n\nThe teacher plans to buy 5 word games and 8 board games.", "question": "Which statement about the number of games the teacher plans to buy is true?", "options": {"A": "A. There will be enough games for 30 students to play at the same time, but the total cost will be greater than the maximum amount.", "B": "B. There will be enough games for 30 students to play at the same time, and the total cost will be less than the maximum amount.", "C": "C. There will not be enough games for 30 students to play at the same time, and the total cost will be greater than the maximum amount.", "D": "D. There will not be enough games for 30 students to play at the same time, but the total cost will be less than the maximum amount."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 542, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The set of ordered pairs below is a relation.\n\n$$((0.5,2),(1.5,5),(4.0,12),(6.5,15))$$", "question": "Which relation has the same domain as the given relation?", "options": {"A": "A. $\\{(1,5),(2,2),(- 3,15),(- 8,12)\\}$", "B": "B. $\\{(0.5,1),(1.5,4),(4.0,11),(6.5,14)\\}$", "C": "C. $\\{(2,1,1),(5,2,2),(12,3,3),(15,4,4)\\}$", "D": "D. $\\{(1,6.5),(- 3,1.5),(- 6,4.0),(- 10,0.5)\\}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 543, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A teacher buys some pencils.\n\n·He buys 2 pencils for each of his students.\n·He buys 10 additional pencils.\n·Each pencil costs $0.10.", "question": "Which equation describes the total amount of money (y), in dollars, that the teacher spends on pencils as a function of the number of students (x) he has?", "options": {"A": "A. $y=1.20x$", "B": "B. $y=2.00x$", "C": "C. $y=0.20x+1$", "D": "D. $y=0.10x+12$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 544, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Bari paid a total of $62 for 3 hours of driving lessons. This included a $20 fee for the driver's manual and an hourly rate for use of the car.", "question": "What is the hourly rate Bari paid?", "options": {"A": "A. $14", "B": "B. $20", "C": "C. $21", "D": "D. $27"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 545, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A data set shows a basketball team's final scores for one season. Some information about the scores in the data set is listed below.\n\nThe minimum value is 42. The lower quartile value is 54. The median is 60. The upper quartile value is 72. The maximum value is 90.", "question": "Of the team's final scores for the season, $75\\%$ of them are most likely between which two values?", "options": {"A": "A. 42 and 66", "B": "B. 42 and 72", "C": "C. 60 and 72", "D": "D. 72 and 90"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 581, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Wyatt incorrectly simplified the expression $\\frac{3\\sqrt{x^6y^{12}}}{\\sqrt{x^{10}y^4}}$ to $\\frac{y^4}{x^2}$. His work is shown below. What error did Wyatt make when he attempted to simplify the expression?", "options": {"A": "Going from the given expression to line 1, Wyatt divided the exponents in the numerator by 2 instead of by 3.", "B": "Going from the given expression to line 1, Wyatt divided all the exponents by 2 but should have subtracted 3 from the exponents in the numerator and subtracted 2 from the exponents in the denominator.", "C": "Going from line 2 to line 3, Wyatt subtracted the exponents when he should have added the exponents.", "D": "Going from line 2 to line 3, Wyatt put the $y$-term in the numerator when it should have been in the denominator and he put the $x$-term in the denominator when it should have been in the numerator."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 582, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A local store sells different types of fruit drinks for $2 to $4 each. Jon buys $d$ fruit drinks and pays $36.53. Which value could be the number of fruit drinks Jon buys?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "9", "C": "12", "D": "19"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 583, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "A polynomial expression is shown. $(7x^{2}y - 5x + 8y^{2}) - (3x^{2}y + 2x - 6y^{2})$. Which expression is equivalent to the polynomial expression?", "options": {"A": "$4x^{2}y - 3x + 2y^{2}$", "B": "$4x^{2}y - 7x + 14y^{2}$", "C": "$10x^{2}y - 7x + 14y^{2}$", "D": "$10x^{2}y - 3x + 2y^{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 584, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Kaden wants to have exactly $600 in his bank account by the end of the next 12 months. His bank account currently has $84 in it. The bank account does not earn interest. He decides to deposit the same amount each month for the next 12 months. Which equation can be used to find the amount of money (x), in dollars, he must deposit each month to reach his goal?", "options": {"A": "$12x + 84 = 600$", "B": "$12x - 84 = 600$", "C": "$12x + 84 = 684$", "D": "$12x - 84 = 684$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 585, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Franklin is solving an equation. His first step is shown below. $4x + 7 - 3x + 10 = 12$ $4x - 3x + 7 + 10 = 12$. Which property justifies Franklin's first step?", "options": {"A": "additive property of equality", "B": "associative property of addition", "C": "commutative property of addition", "D": "identity property of addition"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 586, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Fernando works at a clothing store. Each week, he earns $120 plus a 25% commission on any clothing he sells. The equation shown below can be used to determine the total amount (y), in dollars, Fernando earns in a week during which he sells x dollars' worth of clothing. $y = 0.25x + 120$. The ordered pair (225, 176.25) is a solution of the equation. What does this solution represent in the context of the situation?", "options": {"A": "In a week during which Fernando sells $176.25 worth of clothing, he earns a total of $225.", "B": "In a week during which Fernando sells $176.25 worth of clothing, he earns $225 in commission.", "C": "In a week during which Fernando sells $225 worth of clothing, he earns a total of $176.25.", "D": "In a week during which Fernando sells $225 worth of clothing, he earns $176.25 in commission."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 587, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Ingrid collects autographs. She started her collection with x autographs. Then, she doubled the number of autographs in her collection. Later, she received 3 additional autographs in the mail. She now has between 85 and 90 autographs in her collection. Which inequality can be used to determine the number of autographs with which Ingrid started her collection?", "options": {"A": "$85< x< 90$", "B": "$85< 2(x + 3)< 90$", "C": "$85< 2x + 3< 90$", "D": "$85< 3x + 2< 90$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 588, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Laura is buying bottles of water and bottles of lemonade for an event at her school. She needs to buy at least 6,400 ounces of beverages between the water and lemonade. Each bottle of water is 20 ounces, and each bottle of lemonade is 32 ounces. Laura has a budget of $600 to buy the beverages. The system of inequalities shown below represents this situation. $20x + 32y\\geq 6,400$ $1.5x + 2.5y\\leq 600$. One solution to this system of inequalities is (40, 180). What does this solution represent?", "options": {"A": "By buying 40 bottles of lemonade and 180 bottles of water, Laura will have at least 6,400 ounces of beverages and stay within her budget of $600.", "B": "By buying 40 bottles of water and 180 bottles of lemonade, Laura will have at least 6,400 ounces of beverages and stay within her budget of $600.", "C": "By spending $40 on bottles of lemonade and $180 on bottles of water, Laura will have at least 6,400 ounces of beverages and stay within her budget of $600.", "D": "By spending $40 on bottles of water and $180 on bottles of lemonade, Laura will have at least 6,400 ounces of beverages and stay within her budget of $600."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 589, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "What are all the values of $a$ that make the inequality $\\sqrt{a} > a^2$ true?", "options": {"A": "$a = 0$", "B": "$a > 1$", "C": "$0< a< 1$", "D": "$a = 1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 590, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression can be simplified to the form $x\\sqrt{3}$ , where $x$ is an integer?", "options": {"A": "$\\sqrt{48}$", "B": "$\\sqrt{51}$", "C": "$\\sqrt{54}$", "D": "$\\sqrt{57}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 591, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is a factor of $x^{2} - 2x - 24?$", "options": {"A": "$x - 2$", "B": "$x - 4$", "C": "$x - 6$", "D": "$x - 12$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 592, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $\\frac{2x^{2} - 98}{x^{2} - 14x + 49}$ when $x \\neq 7$?", "options": {"A": "$2(x + 7)$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{7x}$", "C": "$\\frac{2(x - 7)}{x + 7}$", "D": "$\\frac{2(x + 7)}{x - 7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 593, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An equation is shown below.\n\n$$\\frac{8}{3} x + 48.5 = y$$", "question": "Which equation can be used to determine the value of $x$ when $y = 28.1$ ?", "options": {"A": "$x = \\frac{3}{8} (28.1 + 48.5)$", "B": "$x = \\frac{3}{8} (28.1 - 48.5)$", "C": "$x = \\frac{8}{3} (28.1 - 48.5)$", "D": "$x = \\frac{8}{3} (28.1 + 48.5)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 718, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Genetic mutations can cause chloroplasts in leaf cells to lack pigment and appear pale yellow.", "question": "Which statement describes how a plant is most immediately affected by the presence of these genetic mutations?", "options": {"A": "The ability to absorb minerals is reduced.", "B": "The rate of ATP production by mitochondria increases.", "C": "The sensitivity to changes in air temperature increases.", "D": "The amount of light energy transformed into chemical energy is reduced."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 776, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Students are modeling mRNA during the process of protein synthesis.", "question": "Which answer choice correctly describes the model of the mRNA strand being transcribed?", "options": {"F": "The mRNA strand is complementary to the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of adenine is paired with thymine.", "G": "The mRNA strand is complementary to the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of thymine is paired with adenine.", "H": "The mRNA strand is an exact copy of the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of adenine is paired with thymine.", "J": "The mRNA strand is an exact copy of the DNA template strand; however, uracil instead of thymine is paired with adenine."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 777, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "A team of students encounters an unknown organism in a field while conducting a biodiversity study. Some students think the organism is a plant, while others think it is a fungus.", "question": "Which question should the students investigate to classify the organism correctly?", "options": {"F": "Is there a cell wall around the cells of the organism?", "G": "Does the organism perform photosynthesis?", "H": "Is there nervous tissue present in the organism?", "J": "Does the organism reproduce sexually?"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 778, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The San Marcos salamander, Eurycea nana, is a light reddish- brown translucent salamander about 2- 5 cm in length. \\(E\\) . nana is found only in Spring Lake and a portion of the San Marcos River. ", "question": "Which human activity would most likely decrease the ability of the salamanders to survive?", "options": {"A": "Increasing water consumption that decreases the flow of clean water from the springs that feed the river", "B": "Public transportation that reduces the number of automobiles that contribute to pollution runoff into the river", "C": "Tourism that helps fund the educational programs related to river ecosystem conservation", "D": "The addition of a new food source into the river that limits competition for resources"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 779, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Enzymes are proteins that have a three-dimensional shape that is specific to a particular substrate. Environmental conditions can change the shape of the protein.", "question": "What is the most likely result if the shape of the enzyme changes?", "options": {"F": "The substrate will change its shape to match the enzyme.", "G": "The enzyme will no longer be able to catalyze the reaction with the substrate.", "H": "The products made from the enzyme and the substrate will be changed.", "J": "The enzyme will be able to bind to more diverse substrates than before."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 780, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Gibberellins are hormones produced in the root tips of plants. The plant uses these hormones to stimulate the growth of shoots.", "question": "How are gibberellins able to affect other parts of the plant?", "options": {"F": "Gibberellins are absorbed through the stomata and attach to chloroplasts.", "G": "Gibberellins are transported through vascular tissues to other parts of the plant.", "H": "Gibberellins become concentrated within the tissues of the plant during mitosis.", "J": "Gibberellins become modified once they infect healthy cells and are later released to infect other cells."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 781, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Conservation biologists studying cheetah populations have determined that the lack of genetic diversity among the cheetahs is due to genetic drift.", "question": "Which statement explains the most likely consequence of having a low genetic diversity on the cheetah population?", "options": {"F": "The chances of a mutation occurring in the cheetah population are decreased, increasing the cheetah survival rate.", "G": "The gene pool remains in equilibrium and future generations of cheetah offspring are stronger and better adapted to their environments.", "H": "The cheetah population becomes less likely to survive an outbreak of a disease or an environmental change, increasing the chance of species extinction.", "J": "Genetic variability is maintained from older cheetah populations that have survived and endured environmental stressors."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 782, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "CRISPR-Cas9 is a genetic modification technique that edits parts of the genome of an organism. Using this technique scientists can add, remove, or modify sections of the DNA sequence.", "question": "How can scientists use this technique to control gene expression?", "options": {"A": "By activating or deactivating specific genes", "B": "By calculating the number of genes different organisms produce", "C": "By identifying how closely related one individual is to another", "D": "By determining the number of chromosomes in an organism"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 783, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "During secondary succession, which of these best describes why decomposing pioneer plants give way to larger, more complex plants species, such as hardwood trees?", "options": {"F": "Increased amounts of sunlight are able to reach the ground while the pioneer species are decomposing.", "G": "Increased soil temperatures from decomposing pioneer species help tree seeds germinate more quickly.", "H": "Increased amounts of decomposing pioneer species remove nutrients that tree seedlings need to grow and mature.", "J": "Increased amounts of soil from decomposing pioneer species allow plants with more extensive root systems to become established."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 784, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "When cells lose their ability to regulate the cell cycle, they can divide at an accelerated rate and form a mass of cells. This mass of cells is referred to as ", "options": {"A": "a tumor", "B": "an embryo", "C": "a gland", "D": "an organ"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 813, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Breaking down food for nutrients involves many body systems. A student made a partial list of the processes that occur. Salivary enzymes begin to break down starch molecules in food. Gastrointestinal enzymes are released in response to a hormone signal. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine.", "question": "Which body systems interact most directly in the three listed processes?", "options": {"F": "Digestive Integumentary Muscular", "G": "Excretory Immune Muscular", "H": "Circulatory Excretory Immune", "J": "Circulatory Digestive Endocrine"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 814, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A farmer is struggling to control the population of a certain insect on his farm. After researching population control techniques, he discovers that a particular bird is a predator of this insect. The farmer purchases a number of these birds and releases them onto his farm.", "question": "How might the farmer's action most likely have a negative impact on the ecosystem?", "options": {"F": "The birds will increase biodiversity of native plant species.", "G": "The birds will pollinate native species, increasing genetic variation.", "H": "The birds will consume beneficial insects, as well as the pest species.", "J": "The birds will mate with native birds and create a new species."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 815, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement is an example of how carbon moves through a food chain as part of the carbon cycle?", "options": {"F": "Producers release carbon dioxide, and consumers take it in.", "G": "Producers take in carbon dioxide, and consumers release it.", "H": "Producers take in carbon from the soil, and they release it when they decompose.", "J": "Producers release carbon into the soil, and consumers take it in from the soil."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 816, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which table correctly identifies how the plasma membrane contributes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis?", "options": {"A": "Function: Controls materials that enter and exit the cell Yes: X No: Function: Converts ATP to glucose for energy storage Yes: No: X Function: Catalyzes protein synthesis Yes: No: X Function: Receives signals for DNA replication Yes: No: X", "B": "Function: Controls materials that enter and exit the cell Yes: No: X Function: Converts ATP to glucose for energy storage Yes: No: X Function: Catalyzes protein synthesis Yes: X No: Function: Receives signals for DNA replication Yes: No: X", "C": "Function: Controls materials that enter and exit the cell Yes: No: X Function: Converts ATP to glucose for energy storage Yes: X No: Function: Catalyzes protein synthesis Yes: No: X Function: Receives signals for DNA replication Yes: X No: ", "D": "Function: Controls materials that enter and exit the cell Yes: No: X Function: Converts ATP to glucose for energy storage Yes: No: X Function: Catalyzes protein synthesis Yes: X No: Function: Receives signals for DNA replication Yes: X No: "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 817, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In Texas Longhorn cattle, coat coloration is an inherited trait.", "question": "What is the genetic basis of coat-color variation in Texas Longhorn cattle?", "options": {"F": "Differences in the nucleotide sequences of genes", "G": "Differences in the numbers of chromosomes in cells", "H": "Differences in the diets of individual cattle", "J": "Differences in the environmental conditions of different geographic areas"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 818, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "question": "When a new mutation occurs in a somatic cell of a sexually reproducing organism, what percentage of the individual's offspring are likely to inherit the mutation?", "options": {"A": "100%", "B": "75%", "C": "25%", "D": "0%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 819, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Researchers have observed striped hyenas and gray wolves hunting together in certain areas. One hypothesis suggests that changing hunting behavior aids both species in obtaining better and more resources. In this hypothesis the hyenas benefit because the wolves chase and take down large animals, such as goats, that the hyenas usually cannot catch alone. The wolves benefit from hyenas using their jaw strength to crack open large bones of prey to access additional nutrients from bone marrow.", "question": "Which table best identifies the ecological relationships among the gray wolf, hyena, and goats?", "options": {"F": "Organisms Involved: Hyenas and gray wolves Relationship: Predator-prey Organisms Involved: Gray wolves and goats Relationship: Commensalism", "G": "Organisms Involved: Hyenas and gray wolves Relationship: Mutualism Organisms Involved: Gray wolves and goats Relationship: Predator-prey", "H": "Organisms Involved: Hyenas and gray wolves Relationship: Parasitism Organisms Involved: Gray wolves and goats Relationship: Mutualism", "J": "Organisms Involved: Hyenas and gray wolves Relationship: Commensalism Organisms Involved: Gray wolves and goats Relationship: Parasitism"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 820, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The giant octopus lays 20,000 to 100,000 fertilized eggs. After hatching, most octopuses become prey to larger marine organisms, and less than 5% will reach adulthood to reproduce.", "question": "One benefit of the giant octopus laying many eggs is to -", "options": {"F": "increase the average body size for surviving individuals to avoid predation", "G": "decrease competition between different octopus species to maintain resources in the population", "H": "increase the chance that more individuals will survive to maintain the population", "J": "decrease the likelihood of offspring being consumed by predators"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 821, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes how bacteria recycle matter in an ecosystem?", "options": {"A": "Bacteria are producers that create energy for second- order consumers.", "B": "Bacteria produce toxins to prevent the growth of invasive species.", "C": "Bacteria cause diseases that limit the reproduction of organisms in a population.", "D": "Bacteria are decomposers that help to transfer organic material to the soil."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 822, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "An illness caused by a certain virus includes fever, rash, joint pain, red eyes, and headache. The virus is transmitted to people by infected mosquitoes. Symptoms quickly occur within three to twelve days after contracting the virus. There is no vaccine for this virus.", "question": "Which description best explains the reproductive cycle of this virus?", "options": {"A": "Lytic, because the virus is transmitted by mosquitoes", "B": "Lysogenic, because there is no way to vaccinate against it", "C": "Lytic, because of the quick incubation time", "D": "Lysogenic, because the virus causes a fever"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 823, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Which statement best describes an interaction between the muscular system and the respiratory system?", "options": {"A": "The hormone adrenaline causes blood vessels to contract and send more blood to major muscles.", "B": "Metabolic wastes generated by muscle cells are eliminated in urine.", "C": "The diaphragm contracts causing the chest cavity to expand, which draws air into the lungs.", "D": "Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are transported in blood to the brain."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 824, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Two scientists want to compare their research of fireflies.", "question": "Which information must the two scientists provide to each other to determine if they studied the same type of fireflies?", "options": {"F": "Size of the firefly populations", "G": "Type of habitat in which the fireflies live", "H": "Color of light produced by the fireflies", "J": "Species name of the fireflies studied"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1171, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "If $f(x) = (x - 3)^2 + 1$", "question": "What is $f(6)$?", "options": {"A": "-2", "B": "7", "C": "10", "D": "16"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1225, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "The expression (3x - 4y^2)(3x + 4y^2) is equivalent to:", "options": {"A": "9x^2 - 16y^4", "B": "9x^2 - 8y^4", "C": "9x^2 + 16y^4", "D": "6x^2 - 16y^4", "E": "6x^2 - 8y^4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1226, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "A rectangle has an area of 32 square feet and a perimeter of 24 feet. What is the shortest of the side lengths, in feet, of the rectangle?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4", "E": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1227, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "question": "In triangle \\(ABC\\), the sum of the measures of \\(\\angle A\\) and \\(\\angle B\\) is \\(47^\\circ\\). What is the measure of \\(\\angle C\\)?", "options": {"A": "\\(47^\\circ\\)", "B": "\\(86^\\circ\\)", "C": "\\(94^\\circ\\)", "D": "\\(133^\\circ\\)", "E": "\\(143^\\circ\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1274, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "To get a driver's license, an applicant must pass a written test and a driving test. Past records show that 80% of the applicants pass the written test and 60% of those who have passed the written test pass the driving test. Based on these figures, how many applicants in a random group of 1,000 applicants would you expect to get driver's licenses?", "options": {"A": "200", "B": "480", "C": "600", "D": "750", "E": "800"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1361, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "The set of all positive integers that are divisible by both 15 and 35 is infinite.", "question": "What is the least positive integer in this set?", "options": {"A": "5", "B": "50", "C": "105", "D": "210", "E": "525"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1362, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "About $1.48 \\times 10^8$ square kilometers of Earth's surface is land; the rest, about $3.63 \\times 10^8$ square kilometers, is water.", "question": "Which of the following is the best estimate of the probability that the space capsule will land in water?", "options": {"A": "80%", "B": "71%", "C": "65%", "D": "41%", "E": "29%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1363, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "One side of square $ABCD$ has a length of 12 meters. A certain rectangle whose area is equal to the area of $ABCD$ has a width of 8 meters.", "question": "What is the length, in meters, of the rectangle?", "options": {"A": "12", "B": "16", "C": "18", "D": "20", "E": "24"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1364, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The average of a list of 4 numbers is 92.0. A new list of 4 numbers has the same first 3 numbers as the original list, but the fourth number in the original list is 40, and the fourth number in the new list is 48.", "question": "What is the average of this new list of numbers?", "options": {"A": "81.0", "B": "92.0", "C": "94.0", "D": "94.4", "E": "96.6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1365, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "The vector $i$ represents 1 mile per hour east, and the vector $j$ represents 1 mile per hour north. Maria is jogging south at 12 miles per hour.", "question": "One of the following vectors represents Maria's velocity, in miles per hour. Which one?", "options": {"A": " $-12i$", "B": " $-12j$", "C": " $12i$", "D": " $12j$", "E": " $12i + 12j$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1366, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Aurelio is purchasing carpet tiles to cover an area of his living room floor that is $8\\frac{1}{3}$ feet wide by 10 feet long. Each carpet tile is a square 20 inches wide by 20 inches long.", "question": "What is the minimum number of carpet tiles that Aurelio must purchase to cover this area of his living room floor?", "options": {"A": "5", "B": "11", "C": "21", "D": "30", "E": "84"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1367, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "In the standard (x,y) coordinate plane, a circle with its center at (8,5) and a radius of 9 coordinate units", "question": "has which of the following equations?", "options": {"A": " $(x - 8)^2 + (y - 5)^2 = 81$", "B": " $(x - 8)^2 + (y - 5)^2 = 9$", "C": " $(x + 8)^2 + (y + 5)^2 = 81$", "D": " $(x + 8)^2 + (y + 5)^2 = 9$", "E": " $(x + 5)^2 + (y + 8)^2 = 81$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1368, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Given matrices $X = [-1 \\ 0]$ and $Y = \\begin{bmatrix} -2 \\\\ -1 \\end{bmatrix}$ ,", "question": "which of the following matrices is $XY$ ?", "options": {"A": " $\\begin{bmatrix} -4 \\end{bmatrix}$", "B": " $\\begin{bmatrix} -3 \\end{bmatrix}$", "C": " $\\begin{bmatrix} -2 \\end{bmatrix}$", "D": " $\\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\end{bmatrix}$", "E": " $\\begin{bmatrix} 3 \\end{bmatrix}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1369, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Regardless of how the graph is oriented in the standard $(x,y)$ coordinate plane, NO graph in one of the following categories has a vertical line of symmetry.", "question": "Which one?", "options": {"A": "Line", "B": "Square", "C": "Pentagon", "D": "Parallelogram", "E": "Scalene triangle"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1370, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The equation $24x^2 + 2x = 15$ has 2 solutions.", "question": "What is the greater of the 2 solutions?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{3}{4}$", "B": " $\\frac{4}{3}$", "C": " $\\frac{5}{6}$", "D": " $\\frac{7}{6}$", "E": " $\\frac{11}{15}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1371, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following expressions is equal to $(\\sin 60^\\circ)(\\cos 30^\\circ) + (\\cos 60^\\circ)(\\sin 30^\\circ)$ ?", "options": {"A": " $\\cos(60^\\circ - 30^\\circ)$", "B": " $\\cos(60^\\circ + 30^\\circ)$", "C": " $\\sin(60^\\circ - 30^\\circ)$", "D": " $\\sin(60^\\circ + 30^\\circ)$", "E": " $\\sin\\left(\\frac{60^\\circ + 30^\\circ}{2}\\right)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1372, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The equation $24x^2 + 2x = 15$ has 2 solutions.", "question": "What is the area, in square units, of a circle that has a circumference $12\\pi$ units long?", "options": {"A": " $6\\pi$", "B": " $12\\pi$", "C": " $24\\pi$", "D": " $36\\pi$", "E": " $144\\pi$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1373, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A barrel contains 25 liters of a solvent mixture that is 40% solvent and 60% water. Lee will add pure solvent to the barrel, without removing any of the mixture currently in the barrel, so that the new mixture will contain 50% solvent and 50% water.", "question": "How many liters of pure solvent should Lee add to create this new mixture?", "options": {"A": "2.5", "B": "5", "C": "10", "D": "12.5", "E": "15"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1374, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For all $x \\neq \\pm y$ ,", "question": " $\\frac{x}{x+y} + \\frac{y}{x-y} =$ ?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{x-y}$", "B": " $\\frac{x+y}{x-y}$", "C": " $\\frac{x+y}{2x}$", "D": " $x^2 + y^2$", "E": " $\\frac{x^2+y^2}{x^2-y^2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1387, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Lavonne purchased some tickets and snack vouchers for an upcoming event and gave them to the members of her work group. Each member of her work group received the same number of tickets and the same number of snack vouchers.", "question": "The total number of tickets she gave to her group was 30, and the total number of snack vouchers was 75. Which of the following could be the number of members in Lavonne's work group?", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "15", "C": "25", "D": "30"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1477, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "astronomy_space_science", "context": "Star formation begins with the gravitational collapse of matter in an interstellar gas cloud. A protostar (forming star) affects gas in the surrounding portions of the cloud in 2 ways:\n\nThe protostar's gravitational field attracts gas, causing the gas to accrete (accumulate onto the protostar). Radiation pressure (RP) associated with the protostar's emissions causes gas to be pushed away from the protostar, inhibiting accretion.\n\nStar formation ends when the effect of RP overcomes that of gravity. At that point, the protostar can no longer gain mass by accretion and is considered a fully formed star.\n\nThree scientists debate whether the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is great enough to account for the most massive stars observed.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nThe effect of RP is uniform in all directions around a protostar. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $20\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ ( $1\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}} =$ mass of the Sun). Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger (the combination of 2 or more fully formed stars into 1). Because stars tend to form in clusters, stellar mergers are likely.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nScientist 1 is correct that stellar mergers are likely. However, because a protostar rotates about its axis, a disk of gas forms in the plane of the protostar's equator. This reduces the effect of RP in that plane, allowing gas from the disk to readily accrete. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $40\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ . Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nStellar mergers are very unlikely given the vast distances between stars, even within clusters. Scientist 2 is correct about the formation and the effect of the disk. In addition, a protostar produces bubble- like regions of radiation that increase the effect of RP near the protostar's poles, promoting the flow of gas into the disk. As a result, accretion continues until the surrounding portions of the cloud are nearly depleted of gas. Therefore, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is limited only by the amount of available gas.", "question": "Scientists 2 and 3 agree that a disk forms around a protostar as a result of the protostar's:", "options": {"A": "motion.", "B": "emission of radiation.", "C": "location within a star cluster.", "D": "merger with another star."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1478, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "astronomy_space_science", "context": "Star formation begins with the gravitational collapse of matter in an interstellar gas cloud. A protostar (forming star) affects gas in the surrounding portions of the cloud in 2 ways:\n\nThe protostar's gravitational field attracts gas, causing the gas to accrete (accumulate onto the protostar). Radiation pressure (RP) associated with the protostar's emissions causes gas to be pushed away from the protostar, inhibiting accretion.\n\nStar formation ends when the effect of RP overcomes that of gravity. At that point, the protostar can no longer gain mass by accretion and is considered a fully formed star.\n\nThree scientists debate whether the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is great enough to account for the most massive stars observed.\n\n## Scientist 1\n\nThe effect of RP is uniform in all directions around a protostar. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $20\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ ( $1\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}} =$ mass of the Sun). Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger (the combination of 2 or more fully formed stars into 1). Because stars tend to form in clusters, stellar mergers are likely.\n\n## Scientist 2\n\nScientist 1 is correct that stellar mergers are likely. However, because a protostar rotates about its axis, a disk of gas forms in the plane of the protostar's equator. This reduces the effect of RP in that plane, allowing gas from the disk to readily accrete. As a result, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is $40\\mathrm{M}_{\\mathrm{S}}$ . Any further increase in mass requires at least 1 stellar merger.\n\n## Scientist 3\n\nStellar mergers are very unlikely given the vast distances between stars, even within clusters. Scientist 2 is correct about the formation and the effect of the disk. In addition, a protostar produces bubble- like regions of radiation that increase the effect of RP near the protostar's poles, promoting the flow of gas into the disk. As a result, accretion continues until the surrounding portions of the cloud are nearly depleted of gas. Therefore, the maximum mass that a protostar can reach by accretion is limited only by the amount of available gas.", "question": "Which of the scientists, if any, would be likely to agree that the Sun could have formed entirely by accretion?", "options": {"A": "Scientist 1 only", "B": "Scientist 3 only", "C": "Scientists 1, 2, and 3", "D": "None of the scientists"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1491, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Use the following pathway to answer Question. Many metabolic pathways involve multi-step reactions. Consider the following pathway, where E represents different enzymes, and A, B, C, D and F represent substrates and products of the pathway.\n\n$$\\text{A} \\xrightarrow{\\text{E}_1} \\text{B} \\xrightarrow{\\text{E}_2} \\text{C} \\xrightarrow{\\text{E}_3} \\text{D} \\xrightarrow{\\text{E}_4} \\text{F}$$", "question": "In the example above, assume that D is an allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme $E_2$ . D would", "options": {"A": "Compete with B for binding to the $E_2$ active site", "B": "Compete with F for binding with $E_2$", "C": "Bind directly to the substrate B and prevent it from entering the $E_2$ active site", "D": "Bind $E_2$ at a site different from the active site but change the shape of the active site so B can no longer bind", "E": "Bind $E_2$ at the active site, change its shape and prevent B from binding the active site"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1492, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "A plant cell with a solute potential of $-0.8 \\text{ MPa}$ maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a solute potential of $-0.25 \\text{ MPa}$ and is in an open container. From this information, one knows that:", "options": {"A": "The cell has a pressure potential of $+0.55 \\text{ MPa}$", "B": "The cell has a pressure potential of $+0.25 \\text{ MPa}$", "C": "The cell has a pressure potential of $+0.8 \\text{ MPa}$", "D": "The cell has a water potential of $-0.8 \\text{ MPa}$", "E": "None of the above answers is correct"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1493, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": null, "question": "Some of the oxygen molecules given off in the process of photosynthesis are used by the plant:", "options": {"A": "To form water by combining with hydrogen stored in the vacuoles", "B": "In cellular respiration in the mitochondria", "C": "To build enzymes in the Golgi complex", "D": "In transcribing DNA in the lysosome", "E": "In membrane-bound amyloplasts to aid in the storage of starch"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1494, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Among flowering plants the details of the morphology of the flower were considered the most important characteristics to determine relatedness because:", "options": {"A": "Flowers are the most conspicuous part of the plant", "B": "Flower structure could easily be observed with a magnifying glass", "C": "Flower parts were the easiest to physically measure and accurately describe", "D": "Small changes in flower structure could dramatically affect the fertility of the plant", "E": "Flower size was not altered by soil properties"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1495, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Bacteria including cyanobacteria accumulate a glycogen-like polysaccharide for storing glucose. Which of the following can reasonably explain the evolution of storage polysaccharides?\n\nThe common ancestor of plants and animals could synthesize:", "options": {"A": "Both amylopectin and glycogen, but plants have lost the ability of glycogen synthesis during evolution", "B": "Both amylopectin and glycogen, but animals have lost the ability of amylopectin synthesis", "C": "Amylopectin but not glycogen, and animals have acquired the ability of glycogen synthesis", "D": "Glycogen but not amylopectin, and plants have acquired the ability of amylopectin synthesis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1496, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "Suppose you are walking through a deciduous forest. You notice a dead tree that had been cut down and cut into logs that were tagged and labeled for removal from the forest three years prior. You and a friend try to move one of the smaller logs in order to build a camp fire. You find that the small log is heavy and difficult to move. The mass of the log is actually made-up mostly of:", "options": {"A": "Water from the soil", "B": "Macronutrients from the soil", "C": "Micronutrients from the soil", "D": "An invisible gas from the air", "E": "Membrane-bound cell organelles of the prokaryotes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1747, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "You have been recently studying a small alien ecosystem that is near you. The ecosystem consists of trogs that eat brogs that eat progs. Progs produce energy from the sun. Given that there is 190kJ worth of biomass of progs,", "question": "approximately how much energy does the biomass of trogs represent?", "options": {"A": "1900J", "B": "3800J", "C": "19000J", "D": "38000J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1749, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "You are pleasantly enjoying your afternoon in Bali, Indonesia, when you stumble upon a street stand that has a conspicuous \"DO NOT TOUCH\" sign. Below the sign, there are two bats. This scary tourist trap owes its existence to which mammalian order?", "options": {"A": "Monotremata.", "B": "Chiroptera.", "C": "Rodentia.", "D": "Lagomorpha.", "E": "Sirenia."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1750, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Chef Grace is trying to experience the taste of dolphin without actually eating dolphin. She presumes that taste is evolutionary and changes much the same way genes do.", "question": "Which of the following organisms should she eat based on this hypothesis?", "options": {"A": "Elephant", "B": "Bighorn Sheep", "C": "Manatee", "D": "Lemur", "E": "Koala"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1751, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "In the extracellular matrix of an animal cell, you would like to test the binding partner of integrins in vitro. Integrins would most likely require firm attachment to which of the above option?", "options": {"A": "Actin.", "B": "Myosin.", "C": "Dynein.", "D": "Kinesin.", "E": "Cyclin."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1752, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "You are working with Dr. Lee at University of Wisconsin-Madison to investigate cytokinesis in a newly discovered marine worm. You generated antibodies to conserved proteins involved in cell division in other organism to look for proteins that localize to important structures during cell division. What molecular motor protein should you look for in the contractile ring?", "options": {"A": "Actin.", "B": "Myosin.", "C": "Dynein.", "D": "Kinesin.", "E": "Cyclin."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1753, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "An unnamed acid has a pKa value of 4.76. Which of the following is closest to the ratio of the concentration of its protonated to deprotonated forms in a pH environment of 6.8?", "options": {"A": "$100:1$ .", "B": "$10:1$ .", "C": "$1:1$ .", "D": "$1:10$ .", "E": "$1:100$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1754, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Select the answer choice that correctly describes which chemical species are oxidized, reduced, and phosphorylated in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.", "options": {"A": "H2O only | NAD+ and FAD | ADP", "B": "NADH and FADH2 | O2 | ADP", "C": "NADH and FADH2 | CO2 | ATP", "D": "H2O only | NAD+ only | ADP", "E": "NADPH only | FAD only | ATP"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1755, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "question": "Which scientist(s) is incorrectly matched with his/her/their discoveries?", "options": {"A": "Frederick Griffith – discovery of transformation through bacteriophages.", "B": "Hershey and Chase – discovery of DNA as the hereditary material of cells.", "C": "Chargaff – discovery that relative amounts of nucleotide bases varies among organisms.", "D": "Watson and Crick – discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA.", "E": "Meselson and Stahl – discovery of the semi-conservative replication of DNA."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1756, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Indicate if each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE about the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. Use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False. Ubiquinone proteins have a heme group to facilitate electron transport.", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1757, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Indicate if each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE about the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. Use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False. FADH2 adds its electrons to complex III while NADH adds its electrons in complex I.", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1758, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Indicate if each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE about the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. Use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False. Cytochrome a is more electronegative than cytochrome b.", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1759, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "question": "Indicate if each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE about the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. Use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False. Cytochrome c is more electronegative than cytochrome b.", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1810, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "When an oak seedling is one year old, a small marker is inserted into its primary phloem tissue. Two years later,", "question": "where would you expect to find this marker?", "options": {"A": "External to the cork cambium", "B": "Between the secondary phloem and the cork cambium", "C": "Between the vascular cambium and the secondary phloem", "D": "Between the vascular cambium and the primary xylem", "E": "Internal to the primary xylem"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1811, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Plant hormones react on target tissues to activate a receptor. Thus, for a response to occur the following five events must take place:", "question": "1. the binding of the hormone/receptor should initiate a change in the receptor (amplification). Calcium is often involved and its interaction is mediated by the protein calmodulin\n2. the target tissue recognizes the hormone (i.e., there must be a receptor to which the hormone can bind)\n3. the target tissue must be sensitive (sensitized) to the hormone\n4. the hormone must be present in an appropriate quantity\n5. the activated receptor initiates a physiological response", "options": {"A": "1, 2, 3, 4, 5", "B": "2, 4, 3, 1, 5", "C": "4, 3, 2, 1, 5", "D": "3, 4, 2, 1, 5", "E": "4, 3, 1, 2, 5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1812, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Blue light plays a variety of roles in guard cell action.", "question": "Which of the following is NOT a role of blue light in guard cell action?", "options": {"A": "Activates a calcium transporter", "B": "Activates a membrane bound proton ATPase", "C": "Stimulates potassium uptake", "D": "Stimulates malate synthesis", "E": "Stimulates starch hydrolysis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1813, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "Why does the stomach use both pepsin and HCl to break down proteins in food?", "options": {"A": "HCl denatures the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, while pepsin breaks the primary structure", "B": "HCl removes the tertiary structure of proteins, while pepsin breaks the primary and quaternary structure", "C": "HCl removes the quaternary structure of proteins, while pepsin breaks the primary and tertiary structure", "D": "pepsin removes the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, while HCl breaks the primary structure", "E": "pepsin removes the tertiary structure of proteins, while HCl breaks the primary and quaternary structure"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1814, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "A patient is diagnosed with a disorder in which the pituitary gland overproduces anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).", "question": "Which of the following combinations of symptoms would you expect to be associated with this disorder?", "options": {"A": "Reduced urine volume and low blood osmolarity", "B": "Reduced urine volume and high blood osmolarity", "C": "Increased urine volume and low blood osmolarity", "D": "Increased urine volume and high blood osmolarity", "E": "Increased urine volume with no change in blood osmolarity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 1815, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "The pathology associated with *Vibrio cholerae* is due to cholera toxin (CT) leads to which of the following?", "question": "1. Active pumping of $Ca^{2+}$ out of the cell\n2. Increased concentration of intracellular cAMP\n3. Increased osmolarity of the intestine and diarrhea\n4. Ribosylation and activation of Gi protein\n5. Ribosylation and activation of Gs protein", "options": {"A": "1, 2, 4", "B": "1, 3, 5", "C": "2, 3, 4", "D": "2, 3, 5", "E": "3, 4, 5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2147, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "You have found three new species, call them A, B, C. A has no coelom, a simple gut, and a simple nervous system; B also has no coelom and interestingly has protonephridia, and C is a pseudocoelomate with a cuticle and no circulatory system.", "question": "Which of the following classifications is the most specific classification that still contains these three groups?", "options": {"A": "Bilateria", "B": "Deuterostomia", "C": "Metazoa", "D": "Eukarya", "E": "Chordata"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2148, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following are characteristic of deuterostomes? I. Determine cleavage II. Schizocoelous III. Radial cleavage IV. An example is the Cephalopoda", "options": {"A": "I, III", "B": "II, IV", "C": "II, III", "D": "III", "E": "III, IV"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2149, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "question": "You are discussing with your amazing biology teacher various biosystematics concepts. Which of the following are true statements?", "options": {"A": "I, IV, III", "B": "I, II, V", "C": "I, V", "D": "II, III, IV", "E": "II, V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2150, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "question": "You are discussing the various facets of biology with your good friend. Which of the following is a true statement?", "options": {"A": "Standing crop is measured over a period of time.", "B": "Effective population size is not always smaller than the actual population size.", "C": "Net primary productivity is about $\\frac{3}{4}$ of gross primary productivity.", "D": "The oceans contribute about as much production as all terrestrial biomes combined.", "E": "An inverted biomass pyramid has a high standing crop."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2151, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "John, 45 years old, ran his first marathon in Denver, Colorado, with a time of 3 hours and 43 minutes. Running hard at Mile 23 -- Oh God, John has collapsed! Paramedics rush him to the hospital, but he unfortunately passes away before anything can be done. Initial examination by trauma experts find no bodily injury and normal blood work but the coroner immediately gives a diagnosis after looking at his family history.", "question": "What did he conclude?", "options": {"A": "Cardiac Arrest due to hardening of the aorta from plaque buildup", "B": "Starvation due to depletion of personal glucose reserves", "C": "Heat Stroke and dehydration due to strenuous exercise", "D": "Myocardial Infarction due to thrombocytosis", "E": "Cardiac Arrest due to hypertrophic cardiomyotrophy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2152, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "As a medical doctor, you vaccinated a 12-month-old baby with attenuated rubella vaccines via subcutaneous injection. Next day, the baby came to the emergency room and developed a progressive necrotic lesion of the skin, muscles, and subcutaneous tissue at the site of inoculation. The vaccination reaction probably resulted from:", "options": {"A": "B cell deficiency", "B": "T cell deficiency", "C": "B and T cell deficiency", "D": "Complement proteins deficiency", "E": "B and complement proteins deficiency"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2153, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Some cancers escape the immune system by suppressing the expression of MHC class I molecules. However, the lack of MHC I molecule targets cells for destruction by natural killer cells.", "question": "These cancer cells will likely escape natural killer cells by", "options": {"A": "resisting breakdown within lysosomes of NK cells", "B": "interfering with molecular recognition and phagocytosis by NK cells", "C": "suppressing the expression of both MHC class I and MHC II molecules simultaneously.", "D": "repressing the expression of stress proteins or antibodies that can induce apoptosis by NK cells.", "E": "producing chemicals that will block the secretion of cytokines from the Golgi apparatus of the NK cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2154, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Using a lentiviral transduction system, you made a stable cell line of fibroblasts in which it stably expresses thyroid hormone receptors tagged with mCherry fluorescent protein (mCherry-thyroid hormone receptors (THR)) *In vitro*, you treated the transgenic fibroblasts with triiodothyronine (T3). After 3 hours, you fixed your samples with 4% paraformaldehyde to fix your samples, counter-stained the nucleus using Hoechst dye, mounted your coverslips, and examined your samples under confocal microscope.", "question": "What would happen to the intracellular location of mCherry-THR upon T3 treatment (0 hours vs. 3 hours) *In vitro*? mCherry-THR will", "options": {"A": "escape from nucleus to cytoplasm upon T3 treatment.", "B": "translocate from cytoplasm to nucleus upon T3 treatment.", "C": "be always located in the nucleus before and after T3 treatment.", "D": "be always located in the cytoplasm before and after T3 treatment.", "E": "will be always embedded in the cellular membrane before and after T3 treatment."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2155, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Using a CRISPR/Cas9 method, you made a transgenic mice that does not globally express insulin receptor (insulin receptor (IR KO)). 2-NBDG is a fluorescent glucose analog that has been used to monitor glucose uptake. For 2-NBDG-labeling experiments, mice received 2-DG (4 g per kg body weight) or vehicle control intravenously 30 mins in control and IR KO mice. 15 min later mice were euthanized and the brain cells were processed and brain cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (in the fluorescein isothiocyanate channel) for the uptake of 2-NBDG.", "question": "What would be the expected results?", "options": {"A": "The uptake of 2-NBDG in brain cells from IR KO mice will not be affected.", "B": "The uptake of 2-NBDG will be significantly lower in brain cells from IR KO mice.", "C": "The uptake of 2-NBDG will be significantly higher in brain cells from IR KO mice.", "D": "We cannot predict the uptake of 2-NBDG based on the experiment described above."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2156, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "You generated two plasmids that code GFP-protein HYL and RFP-protein WJL. Protein HYL is found in the thylakoid of the plasmids while protein B is found in the mitochondrial matrix. mRNAs of protein HYL and protein WJL are transcribed in the nucleus and translated by the cytoplasmic ribosomes in the cytosol. You co-transfected cardiomyocytes with two plasmids by electroporation, incubated them in the petri dish, and recorded the time-lapse imaging over 24 hours using fluorescence microscope.", "question": "To reach the final destination of GFP-HYL and RFP-protein WJL, how many membrane bilayers must proteins A and protein B cross, respectively?", "options": {"A": "2, 2", "B": "2, 3", "C": "3, 1", "D": "3, 2", "E": "3, 3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2157, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "During your summer internship, you decided to remove (knockout) GLUT1, a gene responsible for encoding glucose transporters, in liver cells using a CRISPR/cas9 method. For this transgenic cell line (GLUT1 $-/-$ , KO), you incubated 200 $\\mu\\text{M}$ of fructose (a structural isomer of glucose) conjugated with FITC (fluorescent probe, FITC-fructose) for 3 hours and read the fluorescence intensity using a plate reader.", "question": "Compared to your normal liver cells, what would happen to the fluorescence intensity of FITC-fructose in GLUT1 $-/-$ liver cells?", "options": {"A": "It is likely that the fluorescence intensity of FITC-fructose will not be affected much.", "B": "It is likely that the fluorescence intensity of FITC-fructose will be lower than normal cells.", "C": "It is likely that the fluorescence intensity of FITC-fructose will be higher than normal cells.", "D": "It is likely that the fluorescence intensity of FITC-fructose will be higher, and then lower than normal cells.", "E": "It is likely that the fluorescence intensity of FITC-fructose will be lower, and then higher than normal cells."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2158, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Glycolytic capacity refers to a measure of the maximum rate of conversion of glucose to pyruvate or lactate that can be achieved acutely by a cell.", "question": "If you want to know the glycolytic capacity of purified splenic macrophages from previous experiment, how can you calculate this?", "options": {"A": "ECAR after 2-DG treatment", "B": "ECAR before addition of glucose", "C": "ECAR after addition of glucose - ECAR after 2-DG treatment", "D": "ECAR after oligomycin treatment - ECAR after 2-DG treatment", "E": "ECAR after oligomycin treatment - ECAR after addition of glucose"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2255, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "Calculate the length of the shortest day that can be experienced in Romania ( $44^{\\circ}25'N$ $26^{\\circ}06'E$ ). (Earth's axial tilt is $23.4^{\\circ}$ )", "options": {"A": "8h 12m", "B": "8h 39m", "C": "9h 04m", "D": "9h 25m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2256, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "question": "At arms length, the width of a fist typically subtends how many degrees of arc?", "options": {"A": "$1^\\circ$", "B": "$5^\\circ$", "C": "$10^\\circ$", "D": "$15^\\circ$", "E": "$20^\\circ$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2257, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": null, "question": "To have a lunar eclipse, the line of nodes must be pointing at the sun. The moon must also be in what phase?", "options": {"A": "New", "B": "First Quarter", "C": "Waxing Gibbous", "D": "Full", "E": "Waning Crescent"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2258, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Mars orbits the sun once every 687 days. Suppose Mars is currently in the constellation Virgo.", "question": "What constellation will it most likely be in a year from now?", "options": {"A": "Virgo", "B": "Scorpius", "C": "Aquarius", "D": "Taurus", "E": "Cancer"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2259, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "To calculate the field of view of a telescope, you measure the time it takes Capella (RA:5.27h, dec:45.98 $^\\circ$ ) to pass across the eyepiece. If the measured time is 2 minutes and 30 seconds,", "question": "what is the field of view in arcseconds?", "options": {"A": "$11.6'$", "B": "$26.5'$", "C": "$37.5'$", "D": "$52.5'$", "E": "66.8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2260, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "A telescope with focal length of 20 mm and aperture of 10 mm is connected to your smartphone, which has a CCD that measures 4.0mm by 4.0mm. The CCD is 1024 by 1024 pixels.", "question": "Which is closest to the field of view of the telescope?", "options": {"A": "$1^\\circ$", "B": "$5^{\\circ}$", "C": "$10^{\\circ}$", "D": "$15^{\\circ}$", "E": "$20^{\\circ}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2261, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "A telescope with focal length of 20 mm and aperture of 10 mm is connected to your smartphone, which has a CCD that measures 4.0mm by 4.0mm. The CCD is 1024 by 1024 pixels.", "question": "What is its the resolution in arcseconds per pixel?", "options": {"A": "10\"/pixel", "B": "40\"/pixel", "C": "120\"/pixel", "D": "1200\"/pixel", "E": "3600'/pixel"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2262, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko has an orbital period around the Sun of 6.44 years.", "question": "What is its semimajor axis, in AU?", "options": {"A": "41.47", "B": "16.34", "C": "6.44", "D": "3.46", "E": "1.86"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2263, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following techniques most directly constrains the mass of an exoplanet?", "options": {"A": "Radial Velocity", "B": "Transit Timing", "C": "Microlensing", "D": "Direct Imaging", "E": "Proper Motion"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2264, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": null, "question": "Which two properties of galaxies does the Tully-Fisher relation utilize a correlation between?", "options": {"A": "Luminosity and velocity dispersion", "B": "Luminosity and rotational velocity", "C": "Radius and metallicity", "D": "Luminosity and metallicity", "E": "Mass and surface brightness"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2308, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following famous Messier objects is in the constellation Hercules? I. M13 II. M31 III. M42 IV. M57 V. M83", "options": {"A": "M13", "B": "M31", "C": "M42", "D": "M57", "E": "M83"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2540, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Consider a horizontal sundial where the triangular gnomon rises at an angle equal to the sundial site's latitude, $\\phi = 38^{\\circ}$ . If the area of the triangular gnomon is $2 m^{2}$ ,", "question": "what would be the area of the shadow in $m^{2}$ three hours after the noon in the first day of spring (vernal equinox)?", "options": {"A": "3.0", "B": "3.5", "C": "2.5", "D": "1.5", "E": "4.0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2541, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": "Consider an eclipsing binary star system observed (in some fixed band) to have a combined apparent magnitude of 5.67. During the secondary transit, the second star is totally eclipsed by the first star, and the apparent magnitude dims to 6.28.", "question": "What percent of the combined flux is produced by the second star?", "options": {"A": "$10.8\\%$", "B": "$43.0\\%$", "C": "$57.0\\%$", "D": "$89.2\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2542, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "An astronomer observes that a Solar type star has an apparent V magnitude of 6.73 when seen from the Earth. Assuming that the average interstellar extinction in V is $1.00 mag / kpc$ ,", "question": "determine the distance between this star and the Solar system.", "options": {"A": "11.5 pc", "B": "49.5 pc", "C": "34.2 pc", "D": "23.7 pc", "E": "18.9 pc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2543, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "The temperature of the Sun is 5000K while that of Sirius is 10000K.", "question": "Which star has a higher integrated radiance i.e. net energy emitted per unit time per unit area?", "options": {"A": "Sun", "B": "Sirius", "C": "Depends on value of the respective radii", "D": "The integrated radiance is equal."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2544, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "basic_astrophysics", "context": "Suppose a spaceship is attempting a slingshot maneuver on a gas giant with mass 100 times that of the spaceship. Because the spaceship somewhat entered the planet's atmosphere, kinetic energy was not conserved—only momentum.", "question": "What is the ratio of the spaceship's change in velocity to the planet's change in velocity, $\\frac{\\Delta v}{\\Delta v_{p}}$ ?", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "100", "C": "-10", "D": "-100"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2545, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": "Let's imagine that our Universe would be filled with basketballs, each having a mass of $m_{b} = 0.62$ kg.", "question": "What would be the necessary numerical density $(n_{b})$ of basketballs in the Universe such that the mass density of the basketballs would equal the current critical density of our Universe?", "options": {"A": "$1.5 \\times 10^{-26}$ balls/ $m^{3}$", "B": "$1.7 \\times 10^{26}$ balls/ $m^{3}$", "C": "$1.5 \\times 10^{-27}$ balls/ $m^{3}$", "D": "$1.7 \\times 10^{27}$ balls/ $m^{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2546, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stars", "context": null, "question": "An often-repeated fun fact is that humans produce more power per unit volume than stars. If the sun were the same size, but it produced the same amount of power per unit volume as a human, what would its surface temperature be? Assume the \"average human\" produces 100 watts of power and has a volume of 66400 cubic centimeters.", "options": {"A": "3500 K", "B": "10000 K", "C": "25000 K", "D": "40000 K", "E": "50000 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2547, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "cosmology", "context": null, "question": "Given that the redshift of cosmic microwave background (CMB) is 1100, what was the temperature of the Universe when photon decoupled from matter and neutral hydrogen started to get formed? The present temperature of the CMB is 2.73 K.", "options": {"A": "10000 K", "B": "30000 K", "C": "3000 K", "D": "1000 K", "E": "300 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2548, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "instrumentation_and_space_technologies", "context": "Where and when should we place a radio telescope such that, when combined with a radio telescope on Earth, the system could \"see\" the supermassive black hole in Sculptor's Galaxy (NGC 253)? Sculptor's Galaxy's supermassive black hole's mass is estimated to be around $5 \\cdot 10^{6} M_{\\odot}$ , and its distance is estimated to be around 3.5 Mpc.", "question": "Out of the options below, pick the one closest to the estimate you obtain, rounding up. Consider the energy of a radio wave to be around $10^{- 5} eV$ . Use the following formula to estimate the angular resolution: $\\theta = \\frac{\\lambda}{D}$", "options": {"A": "On the Moon when it is at its apogee.", "B": "On Mars when it is in conjunction.", "C": "On Venus when it is in its greatest elongation.", "D": "On one of Jupiter's moons when it is in opposition.", "E": "Somewhere in the farthest points of the Oort cloud when Earth is at its perihelion."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2549, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "A student is asked to dispense 24.70 mL of a solution with an uncertainty of less than 0.05 mL. Which item should be used for this task?", "options": {"A": "50 mL beaker", "B": "50 mL buret", "C": "50 mL Erlenmeyer flask", "D": "50 mL graduated cylinder"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2550, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Oxygen gas can be produced by the decomposition of all of the following substances EXCEPT", "options": {"A": "calcium oxide.", "B": "hydrogen peroxide.", "C": "mercury(II) oxide.", "D": "ozone."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2551, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "Which gaseous product is formed when dilute nitric acid reacts with silver metal in the absence of air?", "options": {"A": "$H_2$", "B": "$O_2$", "C": "$NH_3$", "D": "NO"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2552, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "How many of the following gases are characterized by BOTH color AND a distinctive odor? \n$Cl_2$ $CH_4$ $NO_2$", "options": {"A": "none", "B": "one", "C": "two", "D": "three"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2553, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which action should be taken immediately if concentrated sulfuric acid is spilled on the skin?", "options": {"A": "It should be rinsed off with large quantities of running water.", "B": "It should be neutralized with solid $CaCO_3$ .", "C": "It should be neutralized with concentrated $NaOH$ .", "D": "The area of the spill should be wrapped tightly with cloth and shown to a health provider."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2554, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "A 65.25 g sample of $CuSO_4 \\cdot 5H_2O$ ( $M = 249.7$ ) is dissolved in enough water to make 0.800 L of solution. What volume of this solution must be diluted with water to make 1.00 L of 0.100 M $CuSO_4$ ?", "options": {"A": "3.27 mL", "B": "81.6 mL", "C": "209 mL", "D": "306 mL"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2555, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "How many moles of $O_2$ are required for the complete combustion of 2.2 g of $C_3H_8$ to form $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ ?", "options": {"A": "0.050", "B": "0.15", "C": "0.25", "D": "0.50"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2556, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "question": "In the titration of a monoprotic acid with a solution of sodium hydroxide of known concentration, what quantities are equal at the equivalence point?", "options": {"A": "the concentrations of hydroxide and hydronium ions", "B": "the number of moles of hydroxide ion added and the number of moles of hydronium ion initially present", "C": "the volume of sodium hydroxide solution added and the volume of acid solution initially present", "D": "the number of moles of hydroxide ion added and the number of moles of monoprotic acid initially present"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2557, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "When a nonvolatile solute is dissolved in a volatile solvent, which characteristic is greater for the solution than for the solvent?", "options": {"A": "boiling point", "B": "freezing point", "C": "rate of evaporation", "D": "vapor pressure"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2558, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "What is the concentration of nitrate ion in a solution made by mixing 100 mL of a 0.200 M $\\text{HNO}_3$ solution with 200 mL of a 0.100 M solution of $\\text{Mg}(\\text{NO}_3)_2$ ?", "options": {"A": "0.133 M", "B": "0.150 M", "C": "0.167 M", "D": "0.200 M"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2559, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The phase transition from gas to solid is called", "options": {"A": "condensation.", "B": "evaporation.", "C": "polymerization.", "D": "sublimation."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2560, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A sample of gas occupies a volume of 9.23 L at 345 K and 1.40 atm. What is its volume at 525 K and 3.20 atm?", "options": {"A": "2.65 L", "B": "6.14 L", "C": "13.9 L", "D": "32.1 L"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2561, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which substance has the strongest London dispersion forces?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$", "B": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{S}$", "C": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{Se}$", "D": "$\\text{H}_2\\text{Te}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2607, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "The critical temperature of carbon dioxide is 304.3 K. Which statement is true about the behavior of carbon dioxide above this temperature?", "options": {"A": "Solid, liquid and gaseous carbon dioxide are in equilibrium above this temperature.", "B": "Liquid and gaseous carbon dioxide are in equilibrium above this temperature.", "C": "Liquid carbon dioxide does not exist above this temperature.", "D": "Carbon dioxide molecules do not exist above this temperature."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2608, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which substance is matched incorrectly with the type of solid it forms?", "options": {"A": "ammonium sulfate-ionic solid", "B": "lead-metallic solid", "C": "potassium chloride-ionic solid", "D": "silicon dioxide-molecular solid"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2609, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which substance has the lowest boiling point?", "options": {"A": "H2O", "B": "H2S", "C": "H2Se", "D": "H2Te"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2610, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": " The combustion of 1.00 mole of methane, CH4, produces carbon dioxide and water and releases 802 kJ·mol-1. When 3.00 mol of oxygen react with a stoichiometric quantity of methane, what is $\\\\Delta H$ for the reaction?", "options": {"A": "$-1.20 \\times 10^3$ kJ", "B": "$-8.02 \\times 10^2$ kJ", "C": "$8.02 \\times 10^2$ kJ", "D": "$1.20 \\times 10^3$ kJ"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2611, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "What is the final temperature when \\(20.0\\ \\mathrm{g}\\) of water with specific heat capacity \\(4.184\\ \\mathrm{J\\,g^{-1}\\,K^{-1}}\\) at \\(80.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) is mixed with \\(30.0\\ \\mathrm{g}\\) of water at \\(20.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) in an insulated container?", "options": {"A": "\\(32^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)", "B": "\\(44^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)", "C": "\\(50^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)", "D": "\\(56^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2612, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Which is a statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?", "options": {"A": "The energy of the universe is conserved.", "B": "The energy of the universe is decreasing.", "C": "The entropy of the universe is conserved.", "D": "The entropy of the universe is increasing."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2613, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "For which signs of $\\Delta H$ and $\\Delta S$ will a reaction always be spontaneous?", "options": {"A": "$\\Delta H +$ , $\\Delta S +$", "B": "$\\Delta H +$ , $\\Delta S -$", "C": "$\\Delta H -$ , $\\Delta S -$", "D": "$\\Delta H -$ , $\\Delta S +$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2614, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "What is correct about the signs and magnitudes of the free energy, $\\Delta G^\\circ$ , and the equilibrium constant, K, for a thermodynamically spontaneous reaction under standard conditions?", "options": {"A": "$\\Delta G^\\circ < 0$ , $K < 0$", "B": "$\\Delta G^\\circ = 0$ , $K > 0$", "C": "$\\Delta G^\\circ < 0$ , $K = 0$", "D": "$\\Delta G^\\circ < 0$ , $K > 0$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3190, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Pure samples of which of the following exhibit hydrogen bonding? I CHOH II CHNO III CHCN", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "I and II only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3191, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "The average molecular velocity in a gas sample at $300\\mathrm{K}$ is $500\\mathrm{m / s}$ . The temperature of this gas is increased until the average velocity of its molecules is $1000\\mathrm{m / s}$ . What is the new temperature?", "options": {"A": "$420\\mathrm{K}$", "B": "$573\\mathrm{K}$", "C": "$600\\mathrm{K}$", "D": "$1200\\mathrm{K}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3192, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following compounds has the lowest boiling point?", "options": {"A": "HF", "B": "HCl", "C": "HBr", "D": "HI"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3193, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "What is the coordination number of each atom in a hexagonal close-packed solid?", "options": {"A": "4", "B": "6", "C": "8", "D": "12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3194, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "Spontaneous reactions always", "options": {"A": "go to completion.", "B": "are fast.", "C": "involve phase changes.", "D": "release energy and/or show an increase in the system's entropy."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3195, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "question": "The standard enthalpies of combustion of formaldehyde, $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{C} = \\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g})$ , and formic acid, $\\mathrm{HCOOH(l)}$ , are -563 and $-270\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ respectively. What is $\\Delta \\mathrm{H}^\\prime$ for the following reaction? $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{C} = \\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{g}) + 1 / 2\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{HCOOH(l)}$", "options": {"A": "$-833\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-293\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$293\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$833\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3196, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "question": "A rigid container holds an equal number of moles of $\\mathrm{N}_2$ and $\\mathrm{H}_2$ gas at a total pressure of 10.0 atm. The gases react according to the equation, $\\mathrm{N}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + 3\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{NH}_3(\\mathrm{g})$ . If the total pressure of the gas decreases at a rate of $0.20\\mathrm{atm}\\cdot \\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ , what is the rate of change of the partial pressure of $\\mathrm{N}_2$ in the container?", "options": {"A": "decreases at $0.40\\mathrm{atm}\\cdot \\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "B": "decreases at $0.30\\mathrm{atm}\\cdot \\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "C": "decreases at $0.20\\mathrm{atm}\\cdot \\mathrm{s}^{-1}$", "D": "decreases at $0.10\\mathrm{atm}\\cdot \\mathrm{s}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3197, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "Consider the reaction, $2\\mathrm{NO(g)} + \\mathrm{Cl}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{NOCl}$ Which of the following is/are required for a successful reaction between NO and $\\mathrm{Cl}_2$ molecules? I Proper orientation II $\\mathrm{NO / Cl_2}$ Ratio of 2 to 1 III Sufficient collision energy", "options": {"A": "II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II, and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3198, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": null, "question": "When sucrose, $\\mathrm{C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}}$ , is dissolved in $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ in the presence of an acid catalyst it reacts according to the equation $\\mathrm{C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} + H_2O\\rightarrow 2C_6H_{12}O_6}$ with a rate law of Rate $= k[\\mathrm{C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}}]$ . If $3.00\\mathrm{g}$ of sucrose decreases to $2.70\\mathrm{g}$ in $2.50\\mathrm{h}$ hours in the presence of a certain concentration of an acid catalyst, what is the half-life for this reaction under these same conditions?", "options": {"A": "12.5 hours", "B": "16.4 hours", "C": "23.7 hours", "D": "37.9 hours"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3199, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "For the hypothetical reaction: $\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C} + \\mathrm{D}$ , the equilibrium constant, $\\mathrm{K}$ , is less than $1.0\\mathrm{at}25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and decreases by $35\\%$ on changing the temperature to $45^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . What must be true according to this information?", "options": {"A": "The $\\Delta \\mathrm{H}^\\circ$ for the reaction is negative.", "B": "The $\\Delta \\mathrm{S}^\\circ$ for the reaction is positive.", "C": "The $\\Delta \\mathrm{G}^\\circ$ for the reaction at $25^\\circ$ is negative.", "D": "The $\\Delta \\mathrm{G}^\\circ$ for the reaction at $45^\\circ$ is zero."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3200, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Consider the reaction carried out at constant volume: 2 $\\mathrm{SO_2(g) + O_2(g)}\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{SO_3(g)}$ For initial concentrations of $\\mathrm{SO_2}$ and $\\mathrm{O_2}$ of $2.0\\mathrm{M}$ and $1.5\\mathrm{M}$ , respectively, the equilibrium $\\mathrm{O_2}$ concentration is $0.80\\mathrm{M}$ . What is the value of $\\mathrm{K}_{\\mathrm{e}}$ for this reaction?", "options": {"A": "6.8", "B": "2.9", "C": "0.34", "D": "0.15"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3201, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Correct statements about the percentage ionization of weak acids in water include which of the following? I The percentage ionization increases as the ionization constant of the acid becomes larger. II The percentage ionization increases as the concentration of the acid becomes smaller.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3202, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "For the synthesis of ammonia, $\\mathrm{K}_{\\mathrm{e}}$ is $1.2\\mathrm{at}375^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ $\\mathrm{N}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + 3\\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightleftharpoons 2\\mathrm{NH}_3(\\mathrm{g})$ What is $\\mathrm{K}_{\\mathrm{p}}$ at this temperature?", "options": {"A": "$4.1\\times 10^{-8}$", "B": "$4.2\\times 10^{-4}$", "C": "$1.3\\times 10^{-3}$", "D": "$3.4\\times 10^{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3203, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "question": "Calculate the aqueous solubility of $\\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2}$ in grams per liter. $\\mathrm{[K_{sp} = 8.0\\times 10^{-6}]}$", "options": {"A": "$5.9\\times 10^{-4}$", "B": "$2.0\\times 10^{-2}$", "C": "0.93", "D": "1.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3204, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "What occurs when an aqueous solution of $\\mathrm{Na_2SO_4}$ containing several drops of phenolphthalein is electrolyzed between Pt electrodes?", "options": {"A": "The colorless solution turns pink at the anode but remains colorless at the cathode.", "B": "The colorless solution turns pink at the cathode but remains colorless at the anode.", "C": "The pink solution becomes colorless at the anode but remains pink at the cathode.", "D": "The pink solution becomes colorless at the cathode but remains pink at the anode."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3205, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "A current of $12\\mathrm{A}$ is used to plate nickel from a $\\mathrm{Ni(NO_3)_2}$ solution. Both $\\mathrm{Ni(s)}$ and $\\mathrm{H_2(g)}$ are produced at the cathode. If the current efficiency with respect to the formation of $\\mathrm{Ni(s)}$ is $62\\%$ , how many grams of nickel are plated on the cathode in 45 minutes?", "options": {"A": "0.10", "B": "6.1", "C": "9.9", "D": "12"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3206, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Calculate the cell potential, E, for a silver-silver chloride electrode immersed in $0.800\\mathrm{M KCl}$ at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ . $\\mathrm{[Ag^{+} + e^{- }\\rightarrow Ag,E^{+} = 0.799V;K_{sp} = 1.8\\times 10^{-10}]}$", "options": {"A": "1.37 V", "B": "0.80 V", "C": "0.57 V", "D": "0.23 V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3534, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "The hypochlorite concentration in bleach can be determined by treating it with excess iodide ion in acidic solution, which causes the formation of triiodide ion according to the following balanced reaction:\n\n$\\mathrm{OCl}^{-}(aq) + 3\\mathrm{I}^{-}(aq) + 2\\mathrm{H}_{3}\\mathrm{O}^{+}(aq)\\rightarrow\\mathrm{Cl}^{-}(aq) + \\mathrm{I}_{3}^{-}(aq) + 3\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}(l)$\n\nThe triiodide can then be titrated with sodium thiosulfate: $\\mathrm{I}_{3}^{- }(aq) + 2\\mathrm{S}_{2}\\mathrm{O}_{3}^{2 - }(aq)\\rightarrow 3\\mathrm{I}^{- }(aq) + \\mathrm{S}_{4}\\mathrm{O}_{6}^{2 - }(aq)$\n\nA $75.0\\mathrm{- mL}$ sample of liquid bleach is treated with excess KI and acid, and then titrated with $0.0235\\mathrm{M}$ sodium thiosulfate solution. The endpoint is observed on the addition of $21.23\\mathrm{mL}$ of this solution.", "question": "What is the hypochlorite concentration in the bleach?", "options": {"A": "$4.99\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{M}$", "B": "$1.66\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$", "C": "$3.33\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$", "D": "$6.65\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3535, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "question": "Which aqueous solution has the highest normal boiling point?", "options": {"A": "$0.10\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Na}_3\\mathrm{PO}_4$", "B": "$0.30\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{HPO}_4$", "C": "$0.50\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{NaH}_2\\mathrm{PO}_4$", "D": "$0.70\\mathrm{M}\\mathrm{H}_3\\mathrm{PO}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3536, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "question": "Which element gives a red flame test?", "options": {"A": "Aluminum", "B": "Boron", "C": "Sodium", "D": "Strontium"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3537, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "question": "Combining which solutions would produce a color change?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{NaCl}(aq)$ and $\\mathrm{Br}_2(aq)$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Na}_2\\mathrm{CO}_3(aq)$ and $\\mathrm{HNO}_3(aq)$", "C": "$\\mathrm{K}_2\\mathrm{C}_2\\mathrm{O}_4(aq)$ and $\\mathrm{FeCl}_3(aq)$", "D": "$\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{COOH}(aq)$ and $\\mathrm{Co(NO}_3)_2(aq)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3538, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "question": "Which metal resists oxidation in air because it forms a protective oxide coating?", "options": {"A": "Al", "B": "Ca", "C": "Fe", "D": "Sr"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3539, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "question": "Which experiment would be most appropriate for determining the number of components in a commercial nail polish remover?", "options": {"A": "Gas chromatography", "B": "Paper chromatography", "C": "Boiling point determination", "D": "Combustion analysis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3540, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": "A solution containing a divalent metal ion forms a precipitate when treated with hydrogen sulfide which does not dissolve in 1 M HCl.", "question": "Which ion is present?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Ca}^{2 + }$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Mn}^{2 + }$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Cd}^{2 + }$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Ba}^{2 + }$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3681, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Triangles $ABC$ and $DEF$ are congruent, where $A$ corresponds to $D$, and $B$ and $E$ are right angles. The measure of angle $A$ is $18^\\text{o}$.", "question": "What is the measure of angle $F$?", "options": {"A": "$18^\\text{o}$", "B": "$72^\\text{o}$", "C": "$90^\\text{o}$", "D": "$162^\\text{o}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3682, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "If $4x + 2 = 12$, what is the value of $16x + 8$?", "options": {"A": "40", "B": "48", "C": "56", "D": "60"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3683, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "question": "Which expression is equivalent to $(m^4 q^4 z^{-1})(mq^5 z^3)$, where $m$, $q$, and $z$ are positive?", "options": {"A": "$m^4 q^{20} z^{-3}$", "B": "$m^5 q^9 z^2$", "C": "$m^6 q^8 z^{-1}$", "D": "$m^{20} q^{12} z^{-2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3684, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "An airplane descends from an altitude of 9,500 feet to 5,000 feet at a constant rate of 400 feet per minute.", "question": "What type of function best models the relationship between the descending airplane's altitude and time?", "options": {"A": "Decreasing exponential", "B": "Decreasing linear", "C": "Increasing exponential", "D": "Increasing linear"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3685, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function $f(w) = 6w^2$ gives the area of a rectangle, in square feet ($\\text{ft}^2$), if its width is $w$ ft and its length is 6 times its width.", "question": "Which of the following is the best interpretation of $f(14) = 1,176$?", "options": {"A": "If the width of the rectangle is 14 ft, then the area of the rectangle is $1,176 \\text{ ft}^2$.", "B": "If the width of the rectangle is 14 ft, then the length of the rectangle is $1,176$ ft.", "C": "If the width of the rectangle is $1,176$ ft, then the length of the rectangle is 14 ft.", "D": "If the width of the rectangle is $1,176$ ft, then the area of the rectangle is $14 \\text{ ft}^2$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3686, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The number of bacteria in a liquid medium doubles every day. There are 44,000 bacteria in the liquid medium at the start of an observation.", "question": "Which of the following represents the number of bacteria, $y$, in the liquid medium $t$ days after the start of the observation?", "options": {"A": "$y = \\frac{1}{2}(44,000)^t$", "B": "$y = 2(44,000)^t$", "C": "$y = 44,000(\\frac{1}{2})^t$", "D": "$y = 44,000(2)^t$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3758, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "$$P(t) = 260(1.04)^{\\left(\\frac{6}{4}\\right)t}$$\nThe function $P$ models the population, in thousands, of a certain city $t$ years after 2003. According to the model, the population is predicted to increase by 4% every $n$ months.", "question": "What is the value of $n$ ?", "options": {"A": "8", "B": "12", "C": "18", "D": "72"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3759, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A circle in the $xy$ -plane has its center at $(-1, 1)$ .\nLine $t$ is tangent to this circle at the point $(5, -4)$ .", "question": "Which of the following points also lies on line $t$ ?", "options": {"A": " $\\left(0, \\frac{6}{5}\\right)$ ", "B": " $(4, 7)$ ", "C": " $(10, 2)$ ", "D": " $(11, 1)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3838, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "3\n\nIf $x = 40$ , what is the value of $x + 6$ ?\n\n", "question": "If $x = 40$ , what is the value of $x + 6$ ?", "options": {"A": "34", "B": "40", "C": "46", "D": "64"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3839, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "4\n\nWhat is 23% of 100?\n\n", "question": "What is 23% of 100?", "options": {"A": "23", "B": "46", "C": "77", "D": "123"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3940, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass of $3M$ moving at a speed $v$ collides with a mass of $M$ moving directly toward it, also with a speed $v$ .", "question": "If the collision is completely elastic, the total kinetic energy after the collision is $K_e$ . If the two masses stick together, the total kinetic energy after the collision is $K_s$ . What is the ratio $K_e/K_s$ ?", "options": {"A": " $1/2$ ", "B": "1", "C": " $\\sqrt{2}$ ", "D": "2", "E": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3941, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A massless spring hangs from the ceiling, and a mass is hung from the bottom of it. The mass is supported so that initially the tension in the spring is zero. The mass is then suddenly released.", "question": "At the bottom of its trajectory, the mass is 5 centimeters from its original position. Find its oscillation period.", "options": {"A": "0.05 s", "B": "0.07 s", "C": "0.31 s", "D": "0.44 s", "E": "Not enough information is given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3942, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ball is released from rest above an inclined plane and bounces elastically down the plane.", "question": "As the ball progresses down the plane, the time and the distance between each collision will:", "options": {"A": "remain the same, and increase.", "B": "increase, and remain the same.", "C": "decrease, and increase.", "D": "decrease, and remain the same.", "E": "both remain the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3943, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The mass and the radius of the Earth are $M$ and $R$ . If an object starting at a distance of $R$ from the Earth's surface is moving at a velocity $v_0 = \\sqrt{\\frac{2GM}{3R}}$ tangentially,", "question": "what is its trajectory?", "options": {"A": "A parabola or a hyperbola", "B": "A circle around Earth", "C": "An ellipse whose minimum distance from the Earth's surface is $R$ ", "D": "An ellipse whose maximum distance from the Earth's surface is $R$ ", "E": "A straight line along the direction of the initial velocity"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3950, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A small rock is tied to a massless string of length 5 m. The density of the rock is twice the density of the water. The rock is lowered into the water, while the other end of the string is attached to a pivot. Neglect any resistive forces from the water.", "question": "The rock oscillates like a pendulum with angular frequency of which of the following?", "options": {"A": "1 rad/s", "B": "0.7 rad/s", "C": "0.5 rad/s", "D": "1.4 rad/s", "E": "2 rad/s"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3951, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A spherical cloud of dust has uniform mass density $\\rho$ and radius $R$ . Satellite A of negligible mass is orbiting the cloud at its edge, in a circular orbit of radius $R$ , and satellite B is orbiting the cloud just inside the cloud, in a circular orbit of radius $r$ , with $r < R$ . If $v_i$ is the speed of satellite $i$ and $T_i$ is the period of satellite $i$ ,", "question": "which of the following is true? Neglect any drag forces from the dust.", "options": {"A": " $T_A > T_B$ and $v_A > v_B$ ", "B": " $T_A > T_B$ and $v_A < v_B$ ", "C": " $T_A < T_B$ and $v_A > v_B$ ", "D": " $T_A < T_B$ and $v_A < v_B$ ", "E": " $T_A = T_B$ and $v_A > v_B$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3952, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle moves in the $xy$ plane with the potential energy", "question": " $U(x, y) = 9kx^2 + 16ky^2.$ The particle can perform several different types of periodic motion. The ratio between the maximum and minimum possible periods is", "options": {"A": " $2/\\sqrt{3}$ ", "B": " $4/3$ ", "C": " $\\sqrt{5}$ ", "D": "4", "E": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3953, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A car is turning left along a circular track of radius $r$ at a constant speed $v$ . A cylindrical beaker is placed vertically inside the car. The beaker has a small hole on its right side. If the water's highest point in the beaker is a height $h$ above the hole,", "question": "at what instantaneous speed does water escape the hole, from a passenger's perspective?", "options": {"A": " $\\sqrt{2gh}$ ", "B": " $\\sqrt{(v^2/r)h}$ ", "C": " $\\sqrt{gh}$ ", "D": " $\\sqrt{h\\sqrt{(v^2/r)^2 + g^2}}$ ", "E": " $\\sqrt{2h\\sqrt{(v^2/r)^2 + g^2}}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4067, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle of mass $m$ moves in the $x y$ plane with potential energy $U(x,y) = k x y / 2$. If the particle begins at the origin, then it is possible to displace it slightly in some direction, so that the particle subsequently oscillates periodically.", "question": "What is the period of this motion?", "options": {"A": "$2\\pi \\sqrt{m / 4k}$", "B": "$2\\pi \\sqrt{m / 2k}$", "C": "$2\\pi \\sqrt{m / k}$", "D": "$2\\pi \\sqrt{2m / k}$", "E": "$2\\pi \\sqrt{4m / k}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4068, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Near the ground, wind speed can be modeled as proportional to height above the ground. (This is a reasonable assumption for small heights.) A wind turbine converts a constant fraction of the available", "question": "kinetic energy into electricity. The conditions are such that when operating at $10\\mathrm{m}$ above the ground, the turbine delivers $15\\mathrm{kW}$ of power. How much power would the same windmill deliver if it were operating at $20\\mathrm{m}$ above the ground?", "options": {"A": "$15\\mathrm{kW}$", "B": "$21\\mathrm{kW}$", "C": "$30\\mathrm{kW}$", "D": "$60\\mathrm{kW}$", "E": "$120\\mathrm{kW}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4069, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "The International Space Station orbits the Earth in a circular orbit $400\\mathrm{km}$ above the surface, and a full revolution takes 93 minutes. An astronaut on a space walk neglects safety precautions and tosses away a spanner at a speed of $1\\mathrm{m / s}$ directly towards the Earth. You may assume that the Earth is a sphere of uniform density.", "question": "At which of the following five times will the spanner be closest to the astronaut?", "options": {"A": "After 139.5 minutes.", "B": "After 131.5 minutes.", "C": "After 93 minutes.", "D": "After 46.5 minutes.", "E": "After 1 minute."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4070, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A student conducted an experiment to determine the spring constant of a spring using a ruler and two different weighing scales. The measured elongation of the spring was $1.5\\mathrm{cm}$, and the smallest division on the ruler was $1\\mathrm{mm}$. The mass of the attached weight was measured using two different scales in the school laboratory, yielding values of $198\\mathrm{g}$ and $210\\mathrm{g}$. The student also found that the local acceleration due to gravity in her city is given as $(9.806 \\pm 0.001)\\mathrm{m / s}^{2}$.", "question": "Calculate the percent error in measuring the spring constant.", "options": {"A": "$2\\%$", "B": "$4\\%$", "C": "$8\\%$", "D": "$11\\%$", "E": "$14\\%$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4154, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Two cars are moving to the right on a horizontal track, each with constant acceleration. At an instant of time, the information about the cars is shown: Car #1: position $= 125.0m$ ; velocity $= 13.0\\frac{m}{s}$ ; constant acceleration $= 1.5\\frac{m}{s^2}$ Car #2: position $= 80.0m$ ; velocity $= 9.30\\frac{m}{s}$ ; constant acceleration $= 5.5\\frac{m}{s^2}$", "question": "During the next 1.0 s of motion, which one of the following choices best represents what happens to the distance between the cars?", "options": {"A": "It decreases during the entire 1.0 second of motion.", "B": "It increases during the entire 1.0 second of motion.", "C": "It initially increases and then decreases resulting in a greater distance between the cars after 1.0 second.", "D": "It initially increases and then decreases resulting in a smaller distance between the cars after 1.0 second.", "E": "It initially increases and then decreases resulting in the same distance between the cars after 1.0 second."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4155, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "Two length measurements are made and recorded as $L_1 = 84.55 \\text{ cm}$ and $L_2 = 33.55 \\text{ cm}$. Two other length measurements are made and recorded as $L_3 = 1.750 \\text{ cm}$ and $L_4 = 1.250 \\text{ cm}$. These measurements are used to compute the quantity $(L_1 + L_2) - (L_3 + L_4)$ using the rules of significant figures.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the correct result to this calculation?", "options": {"A": "115.100 $\\text{ cm}$", "B": "115.10 $\\text{ cm}$", "C": "115.1 $\\text{ cm}$", "D": "115 $\\text{ cm}$", "E": "120 $\\text{ cm}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4156, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A box of mass $12.0 \\text{ kg}$ is being pushed to the right across a horizontal surface. When the box has $12.0 \\text{ J}$ of kinetic energy, a $12.0 \\text{ N}$ net force acts on it.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the magnitude of the linear momentum of the box at this instant?", "options": {"A": "6.00 $\\text{ kg} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "B": "8.50 $\\text{ kg} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "C": "12.0 $\\text{ kg} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "D": "17.0 $\\text{ kg} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "E": "24.0 $\\text{ kg} \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4157, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A particle has a position, $x$, as a function of time, $t$, given as $x(t) = -15 - 25t + 10t^2$.", "question": "Which one of the following choices represents the magnitude of the particle's acceleration? All quantities are expressed in base SI units.", "options": {"A": "5 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$", "B": "10 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$", "C": "15 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$", "D": "20 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$", "E": "40 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4158, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "\"Particles of matter also have associated wavelengths and can behave as waves.\" To which scientist is this concept attributed?", "options": {"A": "de Broglie", "B": "Pauli", "C": "Fermi", "D": "Heisenberg", "E": "Rydberg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4159, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "A 680 Hz tuning fork is placed over a tube open at both ends that is filled with air. As a result, a standing wave in the 3rd harmonic is produced. The speed of sound in air is $340 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$.", "question": "What is the length of the tube?", "options": {"A": "0.38 $\\text{ m}$", "B": "0.67 $\\text{ m}$", "C": "0.75 $\\text{ m}$", "D": "1.33 $\\text{ m}$", "E": "1.50 $\\text{ m}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4160, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "Ten moles of helium gas are enclosed in a container at a pressure of $1.00 \\text{ atm}$ and at a temperature of $400 \\text{ K}$.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the density of this gas sample?", "options": {"A": "0.012 $\\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$", "B": "0.12 $\\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$", "C": "1.2 $\\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$", "D": "120 $\\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$", "E": "1.2 $\\times 10^4 \\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4161, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object is launched from the ground at an angle of $60^\\circ$ above the horizontal with a speed of $20.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$.", "question": "What is the magnitude of the average velocity of the object from just after launch until it reaches its highest vertical position during flight?", "options": {"A": "13.7 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "B": "13.2 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "C": "10.0 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "D": "9.3 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$", "E": "8.7 $\\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4162, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Satellite 1 makes a circular orbit around the Earth with a radius $r_1 = R$. Satellite 2 makes a circular orbit around the Earth with a radius $r_2 = 2R$. We let $v$ represent the speed of a satellite and $a$ represent the magnitude of a satellite's acceleration.", "question": "Which one of the following choices gives the correct relation between the speeds and accelerations of the satellites?", "options": {"A": "$v_2 = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}v_1$; $a_2 = \\frac{1}{4}a_1$", "B": "$v_2 = \\frac{1}{2}v_1$; $a_2 = \\frac{1}{4}a_1$", "C": "$v_2 = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}v_1$; $a_2 = \\frac{1}{2}a_1$", "D": "$v_2 = \\frac{1}{2}v_1$; $a_2 = \\frac{1}{2}a_1$", "E": "$v_2 = v_1$; $a_2 = \\frac{1}{2}a_1$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4163, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "The position of a mass connected to a spring obeys $x(t) = A \\cos(\\omega t)$.", "question": "What is the average speed of the mass for one full oscillation in terms of the mass's maximum speed during oscillation, $v_{\\max}$?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{2}{\\pi} v_{\\max}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}} v_{\\max}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{2} v_{\\max}$", "D": "$\\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{\\pi} v_{\\max}$", "E": "$\\frac{1}{2\\pi\\sqrt{2}} v_{\\max}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4164, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "On a frictionless horizontal surface, two bodies make a head-on collision and stick together. Body 1 has a mass of $3.50 \\text{ kg}$ and initially moves to the right with speed $7.0 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$. Body 2 initially is at rest. A graph of the force exerted onto Body 2 from Body 1 during the collision is shown.", "question": "How much kinetic energy was transformed to other kinds of energy from the collision?", "options": {"A": "67.1 $\\text{ J}$", "B": "52.6 $\\text{ J}$", "C": "42.9 $\\text{ J}$", "D": "38.2 $\\text{ J}$", "E": "30.0 $\\text{ J}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4165, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A spring scale reads $2.50 \\text{ N}$ when a small solid mass hangs from it in air. The spring scale reads $1.58 \\text{ N}$ when the mass at the end of the spring is completely submerged in a container of water.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the density of the solid mass?", "options": {"A": "3.68 $\\times 10^3 \\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$", "B": "2.72 $\\times 10^3 \\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$", "C": "1.58 $\\times 10^3 \\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$", "D": "9.20 $\\times 10^2 \\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$", "E": "1.58 $\\times 10^2 \\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}^3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4167, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "An object moving along a line completes a 20.0 second trip with an average speed of $10.0 \\text{ m/s}$ in two stages. During stage 1, the object moves with a constant velocity of $6.0 \\text{ m/s}$ to the right for 12.0 seconds.", "question": "What constant magnitude acceleration directed to the left must the object have during the 8.0 seconds of stage 2?", "options": {"A": "2.5 $\\text{ m/s}^2$", "B": "2.7 $\\text{ m/s}^2$", "C": "4.0 $\\text{ m/s}^2$", "D": "5.3 $\\text{ m/s}^2$", "E": "6.3 $\\text{ m/s}^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4176, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices is a vector quantity?", "options": {"A": "average speed", "B": "kinetic energy", "C": "mass", "D": "time", "E": "acceleration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4177, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": null, "question": "At which one of the following temperatures does water undergo a phase change into a solid at a pressure of 1.0 atm?", "options": {"A": "273 K", "B": " $0^\\circ\\text{F}$ ", "C": " $32^\\circ\\text{C}$ ", "D": " $100^\\circ\\text{F}$ ", "E": "0 K"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4178, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices is most closely associated with the following observation about an isolated object: \"The linear momentum of the object is constant.\"?", "options": {"A": "Huygens' Principle", "B": "Kepler's First Law", "C": "Hooke's Law", "D": "Pascal's Principle", "E": "Newton's First Law"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4179, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A mass connected to an ideal spring oscillates with a period $T$ when it is released from rest at a position $A$ from equilibrium.", "question": "Which one of the following choices correctly identifies the period of oscillation for the mass connected to the same spring when it is released from rest at a position $2A$ from equilibrium?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{4}T$ ", "B": " $\\frac{1}{2}T$ ", "C": " $T$ ", "D": " $2T$ ", "E": " $4T$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4180, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A $4.00 \\text{ kg}$ object moves to the right with speed $5.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ . A $5.00 \\text{ kg}$ object moves to the left with speed $3.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ . After colliding, the $4.00 \\text{ kg}$ object moves to the left with speed $1.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ .", "question": "What is the speed of the $5.00 \\text{ kg}$ object after the collision?", "options": {"A": " $1.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "B": " $1.80 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "C": " $3.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "D": " $4.11 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "E": " $7.80 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4181, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 5.00 kg block slides with uniform acceleration on a horizontal surface for 5.00 s. The block's kinetic energy strictly decreases from 50.0 J to 20.0 J in this time.", "question": "What is the average speed of the block during the motion described?", "options": {"A": " $7.00 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "B": " $3.74 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "C": " $3.65 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "D": " $2.65 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "E": " $2.58 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4182, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A 5.00 kg block slides with uniform acceleration on a horizontal surface for 5.00 s. The block's kinetic energy strictly decreases from 50.0 J to 20.0 J in this time.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the magnitude of the block's acceleration during the motion described?", "options": {"A": " $3.43 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$ ", "B": " $2.40 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$ ", "C": " $1.20 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$ ", "D": " $0.329 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$ ", "E": " $0.232 \\frac{\\text{m}}{\\text{s}^2}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4183, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "According to currently accepted theory, dark matter makes up approximately what percent of the Universe?", "options": {"A": "5 %", "B": "25 %", "C": "50 %", "D": "80 %", "E": "99 %"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4184, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A block is suspended in the air at the end of a string held by a person. The person pulls on the string uniformly accelerating the block upward for a short time.", "question": "During this time, which one of the following choices correctly identifies the Newton's Third Law pair force to the force of the string on the block?", "options": {"A": "the gravitational force from the Earth on the block", "B": "the force from the string on the person", "C": "the force from the person on the string", "D": "the force from the block on the string", "E": "the force from the person on the block"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4185, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": null, "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the type of electromagnetic wave associated with a frequency of $10^{18} \\text{ Hz}$ ?", "options": {"A": "AM radio", "B": "microwaves", "C": "ultraviolet light", "D": "X rays", "E": "red light"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4186, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "The following lengths are added together: $L_1 = 8.36 \\times 10^4 \\text{ m}$ , $L_2 = 9.20 \\times 10^2 \\text{ m}$ , $L_3 = 1.39 \\times 10^{-1} \\text{ m}$ , and $L_4 = 2.1 \\times 10^0 \\text{ m}$ .", "question": "How many significant digits are in the resulting sum?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "3", "C": "4", "D": "5", "E": "7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4187, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A disk of radius 75.0 cm makes 3.5 revolutions when coming to rest in 2.50 s.", "question": "What was the initial angular speed of the disk?", "options": {"A": " $1.40 \\frac{\\text{rad}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "B": " $6.60 \\frac{\\text{rad}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "C": " $8.80 \\frac{\\text{rad}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "D": " $13.2 \\frac{\\text{rad}}{\\text{s}}$ ", "E": " $17.6 \\frac{\\text{rad}}{\\text{s}}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4188, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "An ideal gas at a temperature of \\(100^\\circ\\mathrm{C}\\) has \\(3.0\\ \\mathrm{mol}\\) of particles enclosed in a \\(5.0\\ \\mathrm{L}\\) container.", "question": "Which one of the following choices best represents the pressure of the gas?", "options": {"A": " $4.99 \\times 10^5 \\text{ Pa}$ ", "B": " $1.86 \\times 10^6 \\text{ Pa}$ ", "C": " $5.02 \\times 10^6 \\text{ Pa}$ ", "D": " $5.05 \\times 10^7 \\text{ Pa}$ ", "E": " $1.88 \\times 10^8 \\text{ Pa}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4572, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following actions can the Federal Reserve take to reduce inflationary pressures in the United States?", "options": {"A": "Increase government spending", "B": "Increase the money supply", "C": "Increase interest rates", "D": "Increase taxes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4573, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": null, "question": "In a market economy, most decisions about which goods and services to produce, how to produce them, and who will consume them are made primarily by which of the following?", "options": {"A": "The national government", "B": "Industry planning groups", "C": "Local and state governments", "D": "Consumers and producers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4614, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "question": "Which of the following statements is NOT true about a well-designed survey?", "options": {"A": "The sample is intended to be representative of the target population.", "B": "The group being surveyed is sampled randomly.", "C": "The survey questions are designed to avoid bias.", "D": "The opinions of the group surveyed are accurately reflected in the results of the survey.", "E": "The opinions of the survey designer are accurately reflected in the results of the survey."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4620, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "A company assigns each of its products a unique identification number and stores the products in numerical order in a warehouse.", "question": "In which of the following warehouse locations would the product with identification number 89,746,321 be stored?", "options": {"A": "Location A: Identification numbers 80,000,000 to 88,999,999", "B": "Location B: Identification numbers 89,000,000 to 89,699,999", "C": "Location C: Identification numbers 89,700,000 to 89,739,999", "D": "Location D: Identification numbers 89,740,000 to 89,759,999", "E": "Location E: Identification numbers 89,760,000 to 89,999,999"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4644, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "question": "What is the cause of positive phototropism?", "options": {"A": "Increased concentration of auxin on the side of the stem closest to the light", "B": "Degradation of auxin on the side of the stem closest to the light", "C": "Increased concentration of auxin on the side of the stem furthest from the light", "D": "Degradation of auxin on the side of the stem furthest from the light"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4649, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": null, "question": "How would the body respond to a rise above normal body temperature?", "options": {"A": "Type of feedback: positive; Response: increased secretion from sweat glands", "B": "Type of feedback: positive; Response: spread limbs to increase surface area", "C": "Type of feedback: negative; Response: vasodilation of skin blood vessels", "D": "Type of feedback: negative; Response: shivering"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4701, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding", "context": null, "question": "Which properties depend on the movement of the delocalized electrons in a metal?\nI. Electrical conductivity\nII. Thermal conductivity\nIII. Density", "options": {"A": "I and II only", "B": "I and III only", "C": "II and III only", "D": "I, II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4702, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding", "context": null, "question": "Which substance, made from two elements with electronegativities $E_x$ and $E_y$ , is an alloy?", "options": {"A": "Average electronegativity: 2.5; Electronegativity difference: 2.5", "B": "Average electronegativity: 2.5; Electronegativity difference: 1.0", "C": "Average electronegativity: 3.5; Electronegativity difference: 0.2", "D": "Average electronegativity: 1.2; Electronegativity difference: 0.2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4746, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Planets X and Y orbit the same star.\n\nThe average distance between planet X and the star is five times greater than the average distance between planet Y and the star.", "question": "What is $\\frac{\\text{orbital period of planet X}}{\\text{orbital period of planet Y}}$?", "options": {"A": "$\\sqrt[3]{5}$", "B": "$\\sqrt{5}$", "C": "$\\sqrt[3]{5^2}$", "D": "$\\sqrt{5^3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4747, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": null, "question": "What is the sequence for the evolution of a main sequence star of about 2 solar masses?", "options": {"A": "Red super giant $\\to$ supernova $\\to$ neutron star", "B": "Red giant $\\to$ planetary nebula $\\to$ white dwarf", "C": "Red giant $\\to$ supernova $\\to$ white dwarf", "D": "Red super giant $\\to$ planetary nebula $\\to$ neutron star"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4755, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Bellatrix, the third-brightest star in Orion has right ascension 5h 25m and declination $+6^{\\circ} 20'$. Further, the local sidereal time is 18:00. Given this data, answer the following three questions.", "question": "To the nearest hour, how long will it take for Bellatrix to be at the highest relative position in the night sky?", "options": {"1": "5 hours", "2": "6 hours", "3": "7 hours", "4": "8 hours", "5": "10 hours", "6": "11 hours", "7": "12 hours", "8": "13 hours"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8"], "answer": ["6"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4783, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Tidal range and lunar phases", "question": "During which lunar phase is tidal range at its maximum?", "options": {"A": "New moon", "B": "First quarter", "C": "Third quarter", "D": "Waxing crescent"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4784, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Mercury and Venus orbit the sun in exactly circular orbits at distances of 0.35 AU and 0.72 AU respectively", "question": "Which of the following is the closest estimate to the maximum angular separation visible to an observer on Venus between Mercury and the sun?", "options": {"A": "24 degrees", "B": "30 degrees", "C": "45 degrees", "D": "90 degrees"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4785, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Mars, Earth, and the Sun align in July of 2019", "question": "When could one expect the planets to align again?", "options": {"A": "July 2020", "B": "April 2021", "C": "November 2021", "D": "January 2022"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4787, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Image of Io, one of Jupiter's moons, showing a volcanic eruption", "question": "Which of the following hypotheses is/are likely to explain the eruption pictured?", "options": {"A": "Subduction followed by flux melting and eruption", "B": "Orbital resonance resulting in strong tidal forces", "C": "A subsurface layer of water erupting as a geyser due to steam buildup", "D": "Fluctuations in atmospheric pressure resulting in flash steaming of subsurface water"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4878, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Venus has an orbital eccentricity of 0.21, the largest out of any planet in the Solar System. This results in Venus receiving more light from the Sun when at perihelion.", "question": "In which of the following ranges does the ratio of the amount of light Venus receives at perihelion to aphelion lie?", "options": {"A": "Between 1.0 and 1.4", "B": "Between 1.4 and 1.8", "C": "Between 1.8 and 2.2", "D": "Between 2.2 and 2.6", "E": "Greater than 2.6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4879, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "astronomy_and_space_science", "context": "Planetary equilibrium temperatures are critical for determining the potential habitability of a planet. If Earth's emissivity decreased from 0.95 to 0.9, its new albedo would need to lie in which of the following ranges to maintain a stable equilibrium temperature? Assume that Earth's current albedo is 0.3.", "question": "If Earth's emissivity decreased from 0.95 to 0.9, its new albedo would need to lie in which of the following ranges to maintain a stable equilibrium temperature?", "options": {"A": "Between 0.26 and 0.28", "B": "Between 0.28 and 0.30", "C": "Between 0.30 and 0.32", "D": "Between 0.32 and 0.34", "E": "Between 0.34 and 0.36"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4955, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "atmosphere", "context": "The biggest effect that airplanes have on the climate is surprisingly not from $\\text{CO}_2$ emissions, but from generating long cirrus-like clouds known as contrails.", "question": "Which of the following effects on the radiative budget are the primary way by which contrails cause net warming?", "options": {"A": "Contrails reflect more shortwave radiation 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sha256:3dda8046b339bff13902f1bb1d2b8861295da41c1987bedceb28a7e98b4abab3 +size 5246 diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table__image_options/test/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_table__image_options/test/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40a7146a18056e02802e7d5f72f7cf0d63931392 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table__image_options/test/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +{"id": 1, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The amino acid sequence of a certain protein in a horse was compared to the amino acid sequence of the same protein in four other animals. The results of those comparisons are shown in the table.\n\nDifferences in Amino Acids\n\n
Animals ComparedNumber of Amino Acids That Differ
horse and donkey1
horse and penguin13
horse and snake21
horse and whale5
", "tables": "table_1:\n| Animals Compared | Number of Amino Acids That Differ |\n| --- | --- |\n| horse and donkey | 1 |\n| horse and penguin | 13 |\n| horse and snake | 21 |\n| horse and whale | 5 |", "question": "Based on the results, which diagram best shows the evolutionary relationships among these animals?", "options": {"A": "images/context_text_table__image_options/7887623795999fcf20b6bca25403004c_9_img.webp", "B": "images/context_text_table__image_options/7887623795999fcf20b6bca25403004c_11_img.webp", "C": "images/context_text_table__image_options/7887623795999fcf20b6bca25403004c_13_img.webp", "D": "images/context_text_table__image_options/7887623795999fcf20b6bca25403004c_15_img.webp"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A"], ["B"], ["C"], ["D"]]} +{"id": 2, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The amino acid sequence of a certain protein in a horse was compared to the amino acid sequence of the same protein in four other animals. The results of those comparisons are shown in the table.", "tables": "table_1:\n| Animals Compared | Number of Amino Acids That Differ |\n| --- | --- |\n| horse and donkey | 1 |\n| horse and penguin | 13 |\n| horse and snake | 21 |\n| horse and whale | 5 |", "question": "Based on the results, which diagram best shows the evolutionary relationships among these animals?", "options": ["images/context_text_table__image_options/37_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 3, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The table shows the percentages of DNA similarity among four animal species.", "tables": "table_1:\n| Species | DNA Similarity |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 and 2 | 98.4% |\n| 2 and 3 | 96.8% |\n| 2 and 4 | 98.8% |\n| 3 and 4 | 96.9% |\n| 4 and 1 | 98.4% |", "question": "Use the information in the table to determine the evolutionary relatedness among the four species. Which cladogram shows how the species are related?", "options": ["images/context_text_table__image_options/18_0.jpg"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} +{"id": 4, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "An ecosystem has three trophic levels: X, Y, and Z. The table lists some organisms that belong to each of these trophic levels.", "tables": "table_1:\n| Trophic Level | Organisms |\n| --- | --- |\n| X | berry bush, tree |\n| Y | small bird, mouse |\n| Z | fox, owl |", "question": "Which of the following diagrams represents the relative amount of available energy at each trophic level?", "options": {"image": "images/context_text_table__image_options/20_0.jpg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table__text_options/test/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_table__text_options/test/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0faf2d4b598ae1f699a9f5c8c978f02088b6ac2a --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table__text_options/test/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ +{"id": 1, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A random sample of 200 teenagers participated in a taste test. Each teenager sampled four choices of fruit drink (labeled A, B, C, and D), and then were asked to pick a favorite. The table shows the results of this taste test. Based on the information given, which of the given statements are true?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | A | B | C | D | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Boys | 45 | 25 | 30 | 20 | 120 |\n| Girls | 25 | 10 | 30 | 15 | 80 |\n| Total | 70 | 35 | 60 | 35 | 200 |", "question": "Based on the information given, which of the given statements are true?", "options": {"A": "40% of the participants were girls.", "B": "70% of the participants preferred A.", "C": "20/120 of the boys preferred D.", "D": "10/35 of the participants who preferred B were girls.", "E": "The proportion of boys who preferred C is equal to the proportion of girls who preferred C."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A", "C", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 3} +{"id": 2, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The elephant population in northwestern Namibia and Etosha National Park can be predicted by the expression $2,649(1.045)^b$ , where $b$ is the number of years since 1995. What does the value 2,649 represent?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Year | Base Year | Estimated Number of Elephants |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1998 | 3 | 3,218 |\n| 2000 | 5 | 3,628 |\n| 2002 | 7 | 3,721 |\n| 2004 | 9 | 3,571 |", "question": "What does the value 2,649 represent?", "options": {"A": "the predicted increase in the number of elephants in the region each year", "B": "the predicted number of elephants in the region in 1995", "C": "the year when the elephant population is predicted to stop increasing", "D": "the percentage the elephant population is predicted to increase each year"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A certain type of lily plant is growing in a pond in such a way that the number of plants is growing exponentially. The number of plants, $N$ , in the pond at time $t$ is modeled by the function $N(t) = ab^t$ , where $a$ and $b$ are constants and $t$ is measured in months. The table shows two values of the function. Which equation can be used to find the number of plants in the pond at time $t$ ?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| t | N(t) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 150 |\n| 1 | 450 |", "question": "Which equation can be used to find the number of plants in the pond at time $t$ ?", "options": {"A": "N(t) = 150(1)^t", "B": "N(t) = 450(1)^t", "C": "N(t) = 150(3)^t", "D": "N(t) = 450(3)^t"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 4, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "It has been observed that the heights of Wisconsin Fast Plants vary within a population. Fast Plants are a specially bred type of Brassica rapa plant which grow very quickly, reaching maturity in 5 weeks instead of 6 months. They reproduce sexually. A student orders Fast Plant seeds to perform a science investigation. The student grows 24 plants, and measures their heights 14 days after planting. The information is summarized in Table 1.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| 14 | 6 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 28 | 15 | 17 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 13 | 5 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 14 |\n| 31 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 30 | 14 | 15 |", "question": "Examining which property of the data set allows identification of individuals who are homozygous for recessive height traits?", "options": {"A": "mean", "B": "range", "C": "median", "D": "outliers"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 5, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "It has been observed that the heights of Wisconsin Fast Plants vary within a population. Fast Plants are a specially bred type of Brassica rapa plant which grow very quickly, reaching maturity in 5 weeks instead of 6 months. They reproduce sexually. A student orders Fast Plant seeds to perform a science investigation. The student grows 24 plants, and measures their heights 14 days after planting. The information is summarized in Table 1. A student claims that meiosis can result in Fast Plants with the rare gene combination of two copies of the ein gene.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| 14 | 6 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 28 | 15 | 17 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 13 | 5 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 14 |\n| 31 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 30 | 14 | 15 |", "question": "The plant with which height in the table provides evidence supporting this claim?", "options": {"A": "5 cm", "B": "12 cm", "C": "15 cm", "D": "30 cm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 9, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Chaetognaths, or 'arrow worms,' are a phylum of predatory marine worms. A research station compares two closely related chaetognaths, Sagitta elegans and Sagitta setosa, which live in the same geographical area but at different water depths.", "table_context": "Table 1. Comparison of Sagitta Species.", "tables": "Table 1. Comparison of Sagitta Species.\n| Organism | Depth of primary habitat (meters) | Median body length (mm) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Sagitta elegans | 20+ | 24 |\n| Sagitta setosa | 0-20 | 7 |", "question": "Which explanation is supported by the evidence that these two worms have a common evolutionary ancestor?", "options": {"A": "Longer chaetognaths live at deeper depths.", "B": "Diets consist of different sizes and amounts of prey.", "C": "The two chaetognath types have undergone speciation.", "D": "The two chaetognaths live in the same area but at different depths."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 10, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Chaetognaths, or 'arrow worms,' are a phylum of predatory marine worms. A research station compares two closely related chaetognaths, Sagitta elegans and Sagitta setosa, which live in the same geographical area but at different water depths.", "table_context": "Table 1. Comparison of Sagitta Species.", "tables": "Table 1. Comparison of Sagitta Species.\n| Organism | Depth of primary habitat (meters) | Median body length (mm) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Sagitta elegans | 20+ | 24 |\n| Sagitta setosa | 0-20 | 7 |", "question": "Sagitta elegans lives in deeper water and consumes fewer organisms, but its prey organisms have larger sizes. Which statement explains the factor that is most likely keeping Sagitta elegans from further increasing in median body length?", "options": {"A": "No prey organisms of a larger body size exist.", "B": "No genes exist in the worm species for a longer body length.", "C": "Insufficient prey organisms exist to support a longer worm body length.", "D": "No worm predators are providing a selection pressure favoring longer body lengths."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 11, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The table shows the approximate measurements of the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt and the Pyramid of Kukulcan in Mexico.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Pyramid | Height (meters) | Area of Base (square meters) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Great Pyramid of Giza | 147 | 52,900 |\n| Pyramid of Kukulcan | 30 | 3,025 |", "question": "Approximately what is the difference between the volume of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the volume of the Pyramid of Kukulcan?", "options": {"A": "1,945,000 cubic meters", "B": "2,562,000 cubic meters", "C": "5,835,000 cubic meters", "D": "7,686,000 cubic meters"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 12, "assessment_program": "florida_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "An osmosis investigation was conducted using chicken eggs to represent cells with semipermeable membranes. The mass of each egg was measured to determine how much water diffused into or out of the eggs. The eggs were first soaked in vinegar to dissolve the shell. Each egg was then placed in one of three different solutions for 24 hours.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Solution | Average Mass of Eggs Before Soaking (grams) | Average Mass of Eggs After Soaking (grams) | Difference in Average Mass (grams) | Percent Change in Average Mass |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Vinegar (95% water) | 71.2 | 98.6 | 27.4 | +38.5 |\n| Corn syrup (5% water) | 98.6 | 64.5 | 34.1 | -34.6 |\n| Distilled water (100% water) | 64.5 | 105.3 | 40.8 | +63.3 |", "question": "Based on this experiment, which of the following should be inferred about cells with semipermeable membranes?", "options": {"A": "Substances other than water may also cross the cell membrane.", "B": "Substances other than water may block pores in the cell membrane.", "C": "Water enters the cell when placed in environments of high water concentration.", "D": "Water leaves the cell when placed in environments with a low concentration of solutes."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 13, "assessment_program": "floridaeoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "The table below provides information about the African-American population in several cities after the Civil War.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Year | Chicago | Detroit | New York | Pittsburgh |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1880 | 6,480 | 2,821 | 27,763 | 4,077 |\n| 1890 | 14,852 | 3,454 | 36,609 | 7,957 |\n| 1900 | 30,150 | 4,111 | 60,666 | 17,040 |\n| 1910 | 44,103 | 5,741 | 91,709 | 25,623 |\n| 1920 | 109,458 | 40,383 | 152,467 | 37,725 |\n| 1930 | 233,908 | 120,066 | 327,607 | 54,983 |", "question": "Which condition in society was primarily responsible for the change in urban population?", "options": {"A": "absence of agricultural employment in Southern communities", "B": "lack of political representation in Southern communities", "C": "availability of job opportunities in Northern cities", "D": "prevalence of racial equality in Northern cities"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 17, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Scientists have studied organisms near steel mills. In one study, the scientists compared the DNA of two groups of mice. One group lived near a steel mill, and the other group lived in a rural area away from the steel mill. The scientists collected data on the number of mutations occurring in each group and created the table shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Gene | MICE Number of DNA of MICE Number | Percent Group Offspring of Genes | Genes Mutation Group Counted Counted of DNA (%) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Rural | Ms6-hm 110 234 51 21.79 Hm-2 96 150 23 15.33 Total 384 74 19.27 | | |\n| Steel Mill | Ms6-hm 94 188 50 26.60 Hm-2 75 96 30 31.25 Total 284 80 28.17 | | |\n\ntitle:\nGene Mutations in Mice Population", "question": "Which prediction can be made from this data?", "options": {"A": "Mice that live in rural areas will have more genes expressed than mice near steel mills.", "B": "Mice that live near steel mills will have more genes expressed than mice in rural areas.", "C": "Mice that live in rural areas will have higher rates of abnormalities due to mutations than mice near steel mills.", "D": "Mice that live near steel mills will have higher rates of abnormalities due to mutations than mice in rural areas."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 18, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The tables show values for the lines \\(y=-x+5\\) and \\(y=2x-1\\).", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| -1 | 6 |\n| 0 | 5 |\n| 1 | 4 |\n| 2 | 3 |\n| 3 | 2 |\n\ntitle:\n\\(y=-x+5\\)\n\ntable_2:\nmarkdown:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| -1 | -3 |\n| 0 | -1 |\n| 1 | 1 |\n| 2 | 3 |\n| 3 | 5 |\n\ntitle:\n\\(y=2x-1\\)", "question": "At what point do the lines intersect?", "options": {"A": "(1, 1)", "B": "(3, 5)", "C": "(2, 3)", "D": "(3, 2)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 19, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Look at the sequence in the table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\(a_n\\) | -1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | ... |", "question": "Which function represents the sequence?", "options": {"A": "\\(a_n=a_{n-1}+1\\)", "B": "\\(a_n=a_{n-1}+2\\)", "C": "\\(a_n=2a_{n-1}-1\\)", "D": "\\(a_n=2a_{n-1}-3\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 20, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| x | \\(f(x)\\) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 8 |\n| 2 | 11 |\n| 3 | 14 |\n| 4 | 17 |", "question": "Which function is modeled in the table?", "options": {"A": "\\(f(x)=x+7\\)", "B": "\\(f(x)=x+9\\)", "C": "\\(f(x)=2x+5\\)", "D": "\\(f(x)=3x+5\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 21, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| d | C |\n| --- | --- |\n| 2 | 6.28 |\n| 3 | 9.42 |\n| 5 | 15.70 |\n| 10 | 31.40 |", "question": "Which explicit formula describes the pattern in the table?", "options": {"A": "\\(d=3.14C\\)", "B": "\\(3.14C=d\\)", "C": "\\(31.4\\times10=C\\)", "D": "\\(C=3.14d\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 22, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\(a_n\\) | 6 | 18 | 54 | 162 | 486 | ... |", "question": "Which function represents the sequence?", "options": {"A": "\\(f(n)=3^{n-1}\\)", "B": "\\(f(n)=6^{n-1}\\)", "C": "\\(f(n)=3(6^{n-1})\\)", "D": "\\(f(n)=6(3^{n-1})\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 23, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first term in the sequence is 3.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\(a_n\\) | 3 | 10 | 17 | 24 | 31 | ... |", "question": "Which function represents the sequence?", "options": {"A": "\\(f(n)=n+3\\)", "B": "\\(f(n)=7n-4\\)", "C": "\\(f(n)=3n+7\\)", "D": "\\(f(n)=n+7\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 24, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| x | \\(f(x)\\) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | -1 |\n| 2 | 0 |\n| 6 | 2 |", "question": "Which function can be used to model the data in the table?", "options": {"A": "\\(f(x)=3x\\)", "B": "\\(f(x)=\\frac{x}{2}-1\\)", "C": "\\(f(x)=x-1\\)", "D": "\\(f(x)=2x-1\\)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 25, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "U.S. Census Information for Selected States in 1790", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| State | Number of Citizens | Number of Enslaved Persons | Population Represented in Congress |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Georgia | 53,294 | 29,254 | 70,846 |\n| Massachusetts | 378,787 | None | 378,787 |\n| Virginia | 454,973 | 292,637 | 630,555 |\n\ntitle:\nU.S. Census Information for Selected States in 1790", "question": "How did the Three- Fifths Compromise affect the 1790 census results?", "options": {"A": "Citizens in each state were counted as three-fifths of a person.", "B": "Enslaved persons in each state were counted as three-fifths of a person.", "C": "Only three-fifths of the citizens in each state were eligible to vote in elections.", "D": "Only three-fifths of enslaved peoples in each state were eligible to vote in elections."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 26, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "U.S. Census Information for Selected States in 1790", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| State | Number of Citizens | Number of Enslaved Persons | Population Represented in Congress |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Georgia | 53,294 | 29,254 | 70,846 |\n| Massachusetts | 378,787 | None | 378,787 |\n| Virginia | 454,973 | 292,637 | 630,555 |\n\ntitle:\nU.S. Census Information for Selected States in 1790", "question": "Which statement describes an immediate impact of the 1790 census information shown in the table?", "options": {"A": "Southern states gained more influence in the House of Representatives.", "B": "Slavery was declared unconstitutional and outlawed in the United States.", "C": "Enslaved persons in the South earned the right to participate in the electoral process.", "D": "Northern and Southern states went to the Supreme Court to contest the census data."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 27, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Use the table to answer the question.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Year | South | North |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1851 | 506 miles of track | 1,933 miles of track |\n| 1852 | 822 miles of track | 1,647 miles of track |\n| 1853 | 569 miles of track | 1,626 miles of track |\n| 1854 | 774 miles of track | 952 miles of track |\n| 1855 | 424 miles of track | 1,421 miles of track |\n| Total | 3,095 miles of track | 7,579 miles of track |\n\ntitle:\nNew Railroad Mileage", "question": "Which of these is the BEST explanation for the difference shown between the North and South in the years prior to the Civil War?", "options": {"A": "The Northern economy's reliance on technology increased during this time frame.", "B": "The North's economy expanded at a slower rate than the South's during this time frame.", "C": "The Northern economy's rate of industrialization outpaced the South's during this time frame.", "D": "The North's economy changed from manufacturing-based to agrarian-based during this time frame."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 28, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Scientists compared certain genes in the symmetric fish and the flatfish. They compared these genes in symmetric stickleback, puffer fish, and zebra fish to two species of flatfish. A portion of the data from the scientific study are shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "Table 1:\n| Fish Species | Amino Acid Positions 255-258 | Amino Acid Positions 334-337 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| stickleback | RHAE | APLT |\n| puffer fish | RHAE | APLT |\n| zebra fish | RHVE | SPLT |\n| Japanese flounder (flatfish) | RYAE | APLS |\n| tongue sole (flatfish) | RYAE | APLS |\n\nTable 2:\n| A- Alanine | R- Arginine |\n| --- | --- |\n| E- Glutamate | S- Serine |\n| H- Histidine | T- Threonine |\n| L- Leucine | Y- Tyrosine |\n| P- Proline | |", "question": "Which explanation is best supported by the Amino Acid Differences table?", "options": {"A": "Both Japanese flounder and tongue sole are missing portions of DNA.", "B": "The zebra fish is different from other symmetrical fish because it is evolving into a flatfish.", "C": "Amino acids in the stickleback and tongue sole are similar to each other because they have the same DNA.", "D": "Amino acids in Japanese flounder and tongue sole are similar to each other because they both undergo metamorphosis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 31, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Three friends are hiking through an area of trees in late October. Some leaves and fruits are falling from the trees. Others are lying on the ground or still on trees. The fruit of a walnut tree falls and just misses one of the hikers. The hikers wonder whether it is more dangerous to be struck by some falling fruits than others. One hiker asks, \"Which object falling from a tree would have more energy: an acorn falling from about 18 meters (m) or an apple falling from about 3 m?\" The hikers find this table about tree heights and fruit masses on a park information sheet. For comparison, they estimate each object would fall from about halfway up each type of tree. The hikers know Newton's second law of motion is $F_{\text{(net)}} = ma$ . They also discover that they can calculate potential energy (PE) of the fruit with the formula $PE = mgh$ , where $m$ = mass, $g$ = acceleration due to gravity, and $h$ = height above ground. The fruit's kinetic energy (KE) can be calculated with the formula $KE = \f\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$ , where $m$ = mass, and $v$ = velocity. For these calculations, the hikers ignore the possible effects of air resistance and assume that the objects drop straight to the ground with no initial velocity and with an acceleration due to gravity of $9.8\text{m/s}^2$ . The hikers decide to estimate the energy of a falling apple. They launch an apple straight up to the same height as a target in the trees that is 19.6 m above the starting point. They design the launch so that the potential energy and kinetic energy of the apple are zero at the start. They also want the apple to fall back to the same spot it was launched from. The hikers perform several launches. The table shows the average height and velocity of the data collected. Pin oak acorns can grow in clusters of two or three.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nTable 1:\n| Tree Species | Object Height (m) | Object | Average Mass (kg) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| white oak | 18 | acorn | 0.004 |\n| pin oak | 14 | acorn | 0.001 |\n| McIntosh apple | 3 | apple | 0.182 |\n\nTable 2:\n| Time (s) | Average Height (m) | Velocity (m/s) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.6 |\n| 0.5 | 8.6 | 14.7 |\n| 1.0 | 14.7 | 9.8 |\n| 1.5 | 18.4 | 4.9 |\n| 2.0 | 19.6 | 0.0 |\n| 2.5 | 18.4 | -4.9 |\n| 3.0 | 14.7 | -9.8 |\n| 3.5 | 8.6 | -14.7 |\n| 4.0 | 0.0 | -19.6 |", "question": "Which statement best describes the force affecting a cluster of two acorns falling compared to a single acorn falling?", "options": {"A": "The force would be the same.", "B": "The force would be twice as great.", "C": "The force would be half as great.", "D": "The force would be four times as great."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 32, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows the distance, in miles, that an athlete will run each week for 6 weeks to prepare for a half marathon.\n\nDistance to Run Each Week\n\nThe equation $y = 3.25x + 8.5$ models the distance, $y$, in miles, that the athlete will run in week $x$.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Week | Distance (miles) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 13 |\n| 2 | 15.5 |\n| 3 | 15.5 |\n| 4 | 22.5 |\n| 5 | 23 |\n| 6 | 30 |", "question": "For which weeks is the number of miles given by the equation **greater** than the actual number of miles the athlete will run?", "options": {"A": "week 1", "B": "week 2", "C": "week 3", "D": "week 4", "E": "week 5", "F": "week 6"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 5} +{"id": 33, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A person deposited \\$10,000.00 into a bank account and made no other withdrawals or deposits. Each year, interest was added to the account. The table shows the account balance, $f(x)$, in dollars, $x$ years after the person deposited the money for selected values of $x$.\n\n", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Years after Deposit, x | Account Balance, f(x) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | $10,000.00 |\n| 1 | $10,130.00 |\n| 2 | $10,261.69 |", "question": "Which function **best** represents this situation?", "options": {"A": "$f(x) = 10,000 - 130x$", "B": "$f(x) = 10,000 + 130x$", "C": "$f(x) = 10,000(0.987)^x$", "D": "$f(x) = 10,000(1.013)^x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 34, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Trigonometry", "context": "Two common logarithmic functions are described.\n\nLogarithmic function Q is represented by the equation $Q(x) = \\log\\left(\\frac{x}{4}\\right)$.\n\nThe table shows values of logarithmic function R.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0 |\n| 10 | 1 |\n| 100 | 2 |", "question": "Which statement correctly compares the x-intercepts and function values for the two functions?", "options": {"A": "$Q(x)$ has the greater x-intercept, and $Q(x) > R(x)$ for all values of x.", "B": "$Q(x)$ has the greater x-intercept, and $Q(x) < R(x)$ for all values of x.", "C": "$R(x)$ has the greater x-intercept, and $Q(x) > R(x)$ for all values of x.", "D": "$R(x)$ has the greater x-intercept, and $Q(x) < R(x)$ for all values of x."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 35, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows the percent of U.S. households with computers for selected years between 1984 and 2003.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Year | Percent |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1984 | 8.2 |\n| 1989 | 15.0 |\n| 1993 | 22.9 |\n| 1997 | 36.6 |\n| 2000 | 51.0 |\n| 2001 | 56.3 |\n| 2003 | 61.8 |", "question": "Which equation **best** models the data in the table, where $y$ is the percent of households with computers and $x$ is the number of years after 1980?", "options": {"A": "$y = 5.6(1.08)^x$", "B": "$y = 5.6(1.09)^x$", "C": "$y = 5.6(1.11)^x$", "D": "$y = 5.6(1.14)^x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 36, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The function C approximates the number of calories recommended per day for a dog, based on the weight, in pounds, of the dog.The table gives values of $C$ for selected values of $p$, where $C(p)$ represents the recommended number of calories per day for a dog that weighs $p$ pounds.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| $p$ (pounds) | $C(p)$ |\n| --- | --- |\n| 11 | 250 |\n| 22 | 450 |\n| 33 | 750 |\n| 44 | 1000 |\n| 55 | 1250 |\n| 66 | 1500 |\n| 77 | 1700 |\n| 88 | 1880 |", "question": "Which of the equations shown **most** closely approximates $C$?", "options": {"A": "$C(p) = 18p + 22$", "B": "$C(p) = 22p + 18$", "C": "$C(p) = 40(1.06)^p$", "D": "$C(p) = 48(1.07)^p$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 37, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In a laboratory, cell parts were separated using a centrifuge. The table shows four samples of cell parts that were isolated.\n\n
SampleIsolated Cell Parts
Anuclei
Bmitochondria
Ccell membranes
Dribosomes
\n\nAfter the cell parts were isolated, RNA and amino acids were added to each sample. After some time, the samples were tested for proteins.\n\nWhich sample most likely contained newly made proteins?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Sample | Isolated Cell Parts |\n| --- | --- |\n| A | nuclei |\n| B | mitochondria |\n| C | cell membranes |\n| D | ribosomes |", "question": "Which sample most likely contained newly made proteins?", "options": {"A": "sample A", "B": "sample B", "C": "sample C", "D": "sample D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 38, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Heritability estimates are used to describe the extent to which a trait is determined by genetics compared to other factors. Heritability estimates range from 0 (the trait is not due to genes) to 1 (the trait is only due to genes). The heritability estimates of some traits in female sheep are shown in the table.\n\n
TraitHeritability Estimates
adult body weight0.40
birth weight0.15
milk production0.10
\n\nIf a sheep farmer wanted to breed sheep for traits, the farmer would be **least** successful when selectively breeding for", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Trait | Heritability Estimates |\n| --- | --- |\n| adult body weight | 0.40 |\n| birth weight | 0.15 |\n| milk production | 0.10 |", "question": "If a sheep farmer wanted to breed sheep for traits, the farmer would be **least** successful when selectively breeding for", "options": {"A": "(A) birth weight and milk production.", "B": "(B) adult body weight and birth weight.", "C": "(C) milk production and adult body weight."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 39, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Students learning about the respiratory system collected data on the gases inhaled and exhaled by a classmate. The table shows the data collected.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Gas | Percent in Inhaled Air | Percent in Exhaled Air |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| oxygen | 21 | 16 |\n| carbon dioxide | 0.04 | 4 |\n| nitrogen | 79 | 79 |", "question": "Which of the following best explains the data in the table?", "options": {"A": "The nose filters out nitrogen gas so only oxygen and carbon dioxide gases enter the lungs.", "B": "The walls of the trachea allow only carbon dioxide gas and nitrogen gas to move out of the body.", "C": "As air enters the larynx, it is warmed, causing some oxygen gas to be converted to carbon dioxide gas.", "D": "As air enters the alveoli, some oxygen moves into the blood and some carbon dioxide moves out of the blood."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 40, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Table 1 shows a section of DNA and the same section after four different single-base mutations. Table 2 shows mRNA codons that code for some amino acids.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Original DNA Strand | TAC GCC AAC GTG |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mutation 1 | TAC GCC ATA CGT G |\n| Mutation 2 | TAC GCC ACG TG |\n| Mutation 3 | TAC GCC AAT GTG |\n| Mutation 4 | TAC GCC AAG GTG |\n\ntable_2:\n| mRNA Codon | Amino Acid |\n| --- | --- |\n| AAC | Asn |\n| AAG | Lys |\n| AUG | Met |\n| CAC | His |\n| CGG | Arg |\n| GCC | Ala |\n| UUA | Leu |\n| UUC | Phe |\n| UUG | Leu |", "question": "Which mutation would leave the phenotype of the organism unchanged?", "options": {"A": "mutation 1", "B": "mutation 2", "C": "mutation 3", "D": "mutation 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 41, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In a laboratory, cell parts were separated using a centrifuge. The table shows four samples of cell parts that were isolated.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Sample | Isolated Cell Parts |\n| --- | --- |\n| A | nuclei |\n| B | mitochondria |\n| C | cell membranes |\n| D | ribosomes |", "question": "After the cell parts were isolated, RNA and amino acids were added to each sample. After some time, the samples were tested for proteins. Which sample most likely contained newly made proteins?", "options": {"A": "sample A", "B": "sample B", "C": "sample C", "D": "sample D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 42, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "A strawberry farmer makes the crosses described in the table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Cross | Parent 1 Phenotype | Parent 2 Phenotype | Offspring Phenotype |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | true breeding for yellow fruit | true breeding for yellow fruit | 100% yellow |\n| 2 | true breeding for yellow fruit | true breeding for red fruit | 100% red |\n| 3 | true breeding for red fruit | true breeding for red fruit | 100% red |", "question": "Which of the following would be expected to produce the most offspring with the heterozygous genotype?", "options": {"A": "crossing two offspring from cross 1", "B": "crossing two offspring from cross 3", "C": "crossing an offspring from cross 1 with an offspring from cross 2", "D": "crossing an offspring from cross 1 with an offspring from cross 3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 43, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Heritability estimates are used to describe the extent to which a trait is determined by genetics compared to other factors. Heritability estimates range from 0 (the trait is not due to genes) to 1 (the trait is only due to genes). The heritability estimates of some traits in female sheep are shown in the table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Trait | Heritability Estimates |\n| --- | --- |\n| adult body weight | 0.40 |\n| birth weight | 0.15 |\n| milk production | 0.10 |", "question": "If a sheep farmer wanted to breed sheep for traits, the farmer would be least successful when selectively breeding for", "options": {"A": "birth weight and milk production.", "B": "adult body weight and birth weight.", "C": "milk production and adult body weight.", "D": "none of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 44, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student is folding a piece of paper in half repeatedly. This table shows the number of layers of paper for each of the first 4 folds the student makes.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Folds, x | Number of Layers of Paper, y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 2 |\n| 2 | 4 |\n| 3 | 8 |\n| 4 | 16 |", "question": "Based on the pattern shown in the table, which of the following equations shows the relationship between $x$, the number of folds, and $y$, the number of layers of paper?", "options": {"A": "$y = 2x$", "B": "$y = \\frac{2}{x}$", "C": "$y = x^2$", "D": "$y = 2^x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 45, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "This table shows a linear relationship between values of $x$ and $y$ .", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| y | 5 | 3 | 1 | -1 | -3 |", "question": "Which of the following equations describes the relationship shown in the table?", "options": {"A": "$y = 5 - 2x$", "B": "$y = 5 + 2(x - 1)$", "C": "$y = 7 - 2x$", "D": "$y = 7 - 2(x - 1)$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 46, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "In a statewide survey, ninth-grade and tenth-grade students were asked about the number of glasses of water they drink per day. This table shows the results of the survey. All numbers in the table are in thousands.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | 0-2 Glasses | 3-4 Glasses | 5 or More Glasses | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Ninth-Grade Students (thousands) | 10 | 13 | 22 | 45 |\n| Tenth-Grade Students (thousands) | 9 | 11 | 17 | 37 |\n| Total | 19 | 24 | 39 | 82 |", "question": "Based on the table, what is the probability that a randomly selected student from the survey drinks 0 to 2 glasses of water per day?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{10}{19}$", "B": "$\\frac{10}{82}$", "C": "$\\frac{19}{82}$", "D": "$\\frac{82}{19}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 47, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "In a statewide survey, ninth-grade and tenth-grade students were asked about the number of glasses of water they drink per day. This table shows the results of the survey. All numbers in the table are in thousands.\n\nWater Survey\n\n
0-2
Glasses		3-4
Glasses		5 or More
Glasses		Total
Ninth-Grade Students
(thousands)		10132245
Tenth-Grade Students
(thousands)		9111737
Total19243982
", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | 0-2 Glasses | 3-4 Glasses | 5 or More Glasses | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Ninth-Grade Students (thousands) | 10 | 13 | 22 | 45 |\n| Tenth-Grade Students (thousands) | 9 | 11 | 17 | 37 |\n| Total | 19 | 24 | 39 | 82 |", "question": "What is the probability that a tenth- grade student drinks 5 or more glasses of water per day?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{17}{37}$", "B": "$\\frac{17}{39}$", "C": "$\\frac{17}{74}$", "D": "$\\frac{17}{82}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 48, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A student incorrectly solved an equation. The equation and the steps the student used to solve it are shown in this table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Equation | -2(3x + 1) = 3x - 20 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Step 1 | -6x - 2 = 3x - 20 |\n| Step 2 | -6x - 3x = -20 + 2 |\n| Step 3 | -9x = -18 |\n| Step 4 | x = -2 |", "question": "In which step in the table does the student's error first appear?", "options": {"A": "step 1", "B": "step 2", "C": "step 3", "D": "step 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 49, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A research company conducted a survey that asked people at a local mall what their age was and whether they generally sleep later on Saturdays or on Sundays. The results of the survey are shown in this table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Saturdays | Sundays | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Ages 20-34 | 58 | 62 | 120 |\n| Ages 35-50 | 27 | 93 | 120 |\n| Total | 85 | 155 | 240 |", "question": "Based on the table, what fraction of the people surveyed who are ages 35- 50 sleep later on Sundays?", "options": {"A": "62", "B": "$\\frac{62}{120}$", "C": "$\\frac{93}{120}$", "D": "$\\frac{93}{155}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 50, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "This table shows the number of desks of different colors and sizes in an office building.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n# Desks\n\n| | Brown | Gray | Total |\n|-------|-------|------|-------|\n| Large | 30 | 50 | 80 |\n| Small | 10 | 30 | 40 |\n| Total | 40 | 80 | 120 |", "question": "Based on the table, what is the probability that a randomly chosen desk in the building is brown?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{12}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{4}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{3}$", "D": "$\\frac{1}{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 51, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "This table shows some values of function $f(x)$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | 0 | 3 | 5 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| f(x) | 13 | 104 | 416 |", "question": "Which of the following best describes $f(x)$ ?", "options": {"A": "a linear decay function", "B": "a linear growth function", "C": "an exponential decay function", "D": "an exponential growth function"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 56, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "The table shows the net force that acted on an object and the distance it moved during each of four time intervals.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Time Interval | Net Force (N) | Distance Moved (m) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 10 | 4 |\n| 2 | 7 | 2 |\n| 3 | 5 | 6 |\n| 4 | 12 | 2 |", "question": "During which time interval was the most work performed on the object?", "options": {"A": "time interval 1", "B": "time interval 2", "C": "time interval 3", "D": "time interval 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 57, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A student studied the momentum and velocity of two objects, X and Y.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Object | Mass of Object (kg) | Net Force on Object (N) | Time Net Force Is Applied (s) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| X | 10 | 15 | 2 |\n| Y | 6 | 8 | 3 |", "question": "The change in momentum of object X was", "options": {"A": "greater than the change in momentum of object Y.", "B": "equal to the change in momentum of object Y.", "C": "less than the change in momentum of object Y."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 58, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "A student studied the momentum and velocity of two objects, X and Y.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Object | Mass of Object (kg) | Net Force on Object (N) | Time Net Force Is Applied (s) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| X | 10 | 15 | 2 |\n| Y | 6 | 8 | 3 |", "question": "The change in velocity of object X was", "options": {"A": "greater than the change in velocity of object Y.", "B": "equal to the change in velocity of object Y.", "C": "less than the change in velocity of object Y."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 59, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "The mass, velocity, and kinetic energy for three types of vehicles are shown in the table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Type of Vehicle | Mass (kg) | Velocity (m/s) | Kinetic Energy (kJ) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| truck | 1900 | 16 | 243.2 |\n| car | 1200 | 24 | 345.6 |\n| van | 1500 | 21 | 330.8 |", "question": "Which of the following best describes the momentum of two of the vehicles?", "options": {"A": "The car has the least momentum, and the van has the greatest momentum.", "B": "The car has the least momentum, and the truck has the greatest momentum.", "C": "The truck has the least momentum, and the car has the greatest momentum.", "D": "The van has the least momentum, and the truck has the greatest momentum."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 60, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "Four students took turns pushing a box. The table shows the forces they exerted on the box, the distances they pushed it, and the amount of time they pushed it.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Student | Force (N) | Distance (m) | Time (s) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| W | 10 | 4 | 5 |\n| X | 5 | 8 | 8 |\n| Y | 5 | 12 | 10 |\n| Z | 1 | 14 | 8 |", "question": "Which two students did the same amount of work?", "options": {"A": "students W and X", "B": "students X and Y", "C": "students Y and Z", "D": "students Z and W"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 61, "assessment_program": "michiganmstep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Scientists think that Earth's early atmosphere was different from Earth's current atmosphere due to a large amount of volcanic activity. Scientists analyze oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O) from recent volcanic activity to make inferences about the presence of these gases in Earth's early atmosphere. Scientists estimate that the first land plants developed on Earth about 450 million years ago and changed Earth's atmosphere drastically.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Gases | Recent Volcanic Activity used to estimate Earth's early atmosphere | Current Atmosphere |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| O2 | 0.0% | 21.0% |\n| CO2 | 2.0% | Trace amounts |\n| H2O | 96.0% | Trace amounts |\n| Other gases | 2.0% | 79.0% |", "question": "Complete the statements to describe the role of plants in changing Earth's atmosphere.", "options": {"A": "water", "B": "oxygen", "C": "carbon dioxide"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 62, "assessment_program": "michiganmstep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Earth Systems", "context": "Scientists think that Earth's early atmosphere was different from Earth's current atmosphere due to a large amount of volcanic activity. Scientists analyze oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O) from recent volcanic activity to make inferences about the presence of these gases in Earth's early atmosphere. Scientists estimate that the first land plants developed on Earth about 450 million years ago and changed Earth's atmosphere drastically.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Gases | Recent Volcanic Activity used to estimate Earth's early atmosphere | Current Atmosphere |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| O2 | 0.0% | 21.0% |\n| CO2 | 2.0% | Trace amounts |\n| H2O | 96.0% | Trace amounts |\n| Other gases | 2.0% | 79.0% |", "question": "This is because of the process of", "options": {"A": "photosynthesis", "B": "cellular respiration"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 63, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table shows the distances that schools will travel to attend a field trip to the state capitol. School 7 has to travel 15 miles. If this outlier is added to the data, which is a true statement about how it changes the data in the table? Select all statements that apply.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| School | Distance Traveled (miles) |\n| --- | --- |\n| School 1 | 425 |\n| School 2 | 150 |\n| School 3 | 400 |\n| School 4 | 380 |\n| School 5 | 200 |\n| School 6 | 380 |", "question": "Select all statements that apply.", "options": {"A": "The data is less spread.", "B": "The data is more spread.", "C": "Both the median and the mean change.", "D": "There is no change in the median and mean.", "E": "There is no change in the spread of the data.", "F": "The median stays the same, and the mean changes.", "G": "The median changes, and the mean stays the same."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G"], "answer": ["B", "F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 64, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us history", "context": "Read the information.\n\nNew Deal Programs\nCivilian Conservation Corps (CCC)\nCivil Works Administration (CWA)\nFederal Housing Administration (FHA)\nSocial Security Act (SSA)\nWorks Progress Administration (WPA)", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| | |\n| --- | --- |\n| | |", "question": "Based on the information, explain three examples of how New Deal Programs changed the role of government in people's lives. Use the information to support the answer.", "options": {"A": "The CCC used government authority and funds to create jobs for people during the Depression. Before, job creation was considered as part of the private sector.", "B": "The CWA was created by the government to provide the unemployed manual labor jobs through work in construction, public works, etc. As with the CCC, this was previously done by the private sector.", "C": "Through the FHA, the government took a larger role in helping homeowners / renters through improved laws for lenders, housing conditions, etc.", "D": "The SSA was a government program that provided income to seniors and the disabled to help them from ending up in poverty."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 65, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "The table shows the amount of energy stored in each molecule in the photosynthesis reaction. Use the data to answer the question.\n\n$$6\\mathrm{CO}_{2} + 6\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}\\rightarrow 6\\mathrm{O}_{2} + \\mathrm{C}_{6}\\mathrm{H}_{12}\\mathrm{O}_{6}$$\n\n# Molecular Energy in Photosynthesis", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Name of Molecule | Chemical Formula | Amount of Energy per Molecule (in kJ per mole) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Carbon dioxide | CO2 | 799 |\n| Water | H2O | 467 |\n| Oxygen | O2 | 495 |\n| Glucose | C6H12O6 | 9,467 |", "question": "Which statement correctly describes the flow of energy in photosynthesis?", "options": {"A": "Photosynthesis releases energy when the reactants rearrange and form the bonds in the products.", "B": "Photosynthesis releases energy when carbon dioxide and water combine to form glucose molecules.", "C": "Photosynthesis stores energy because more energy is stored in glucose than it is in carbon dioxide or water.", "D": "Photosynthesis stores energy because energy is released when glucose is formed from carbon dioxide and water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 67, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Britney found an irregularly shaped metal object on the beach that has a mass of 232.5 grams. To determine the volume, she partially filled a cylindrical water bottle and dropped the object in. The water level in the bottle rose by 1.2 cm. The bottle has a diameter of 5 cm. Calculate the density of the metal to determine what type of metal Britney found. Densities, measured in grams per cubic centimeter, $\\frac{g}{\\mathrm{cm}^3}$ , for some common metals are listed.\n\nCopper: $8.86\\frac{g}{\\mathrm{cm}^3}$ \n\nBronze: $9.87\\frac{g}{\\mathrm{cm}^3}$ \n\nSilver: $10.5\\frac{g}{\\mathrm{cm}^3}$ \n\nGold: $19.3\\frac{g}{\\mathrm{cm}^3}$ \n\nSelect the word that correctly completes the sentence.\n\nBased on the density of the metal, it is most likely that the metal Britney found is\n\n
○ copper
○ bronze
○ silver
○ gold
\n\n", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| ○ copper |\n| --- |\n| ○ bronze |\n| ○ silver |\n| ○ gold |", "question": "Based on the density of the metal, it is most likely that the metal Britney found is", "options": {"A": "copper", "B": "bronze", "C": "silver", "D": "gold"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 68, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Social Media A | Social Media B | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Freshmen | 5 | 3 | 8 |\n| Sophomore | 7 | 10 | 17 |\n| Total | 12 | 13 | 25 |", "question": "Which statement best reflects the data?", "options": {"A": "Both grades have the same social media preference.", "B": "Both grades are about evenly split in their social media preference.", "C": "Sophomores are more than three times as likely to prefer Social Media B than Social Media A.", "D": "Sophomores tend to prefer Social Media B more while freshmen generally prefer Social Media A."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 69, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Mammal | When Appeared After K-T Extinction (years) | Body Mass (Kg) | Feeding Niche | Comparative Size |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| L | 300,000 | 4-6 | Ate only insects, and had small, sharp teeth | Raccoon size |\n| M | 450,000 | 50 | Herbivore, with canine teeth | Chimpanzee size |\n| N | 680,000 | 44-77 | Omnivore, with canine teeth and massive jaws | Wolf size |\n| O | 720,000 | 34-56 | Herbivore, with 2-3 rows of molar teeth | Sheep size |", "question": "Which statement provides evidence that changes in an environment may cause changes in mammal species?", "options": {"A": "Mammals got larger in body size as plant diversity decreased.", "B": "As the type of plants changed, the tooth and jaw structure of mammals changed.", "C": "Where the animals lived changed as the number of plant species increased.", "D": "The mammals listed in the chart were adapted to feeding on the same species of plants."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 70, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "Optimal blueberry growth occurs within a soil pH of 4.5 to 5.0. A blueberry farmer had the soil from a field tested. The results indicated that the soil had a hydronium ion concentration of $1.0\\times 10^{-8}$ M. Figure 1 shows indicators that could be used to test soil pH.\n\nOne way farmers can optimize the soil for blueberry growth is by adding elemental sulfur. Equation 1 shows the process when bacteria in the soil oxidizes the sulfur.\n\n**Equation 1:** $2S(s) + 3O_2(g) + 6H_2O(\\ell) \\rightarrow 4H_3O^+(aq) + 2SO_4^{2-}(aq)$\n\n", "table_context": null, "tables": "| Indicator | pH Range for Color Change | Color Change |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| alizarine yellow | 10.2 – 12.0 | yellow to red |\n| bromcresol purple | 5.2 – 6.8 | yellow to purple |\n| bromphenol blue | 3.0 – 4.6 | yellow to purple |\n| congo red | 3.0 – 5.0 | blue-violet to red |\n| methyl red | 4.4 – 6.2 | red to yellow |", "question": "Which two indicators, when used independently, would provide results that, together, are suitable for evaluating soil pH to ensure optimal blueberry growth?", "options": {"A": "alizarine yellow and bromcresol purple", "B": "bromcresol purple and bromphenol blue", "C": "bromphenol blue and congo red", "D": "methyl red and alizarine yellow"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 72, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "New York State is the first state to institute a ban on stoves and furnaces that are powered by methane gas ( $\\text{CH}_4$ ) in new residential construction. Methane is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.\n\nLeaks from gas stoves and pipelines can be significant. Studies suggest that the warming potential from gas stoves is equivalent to the carbon emissions from 500,000 cars annually. Escaping gas from pipelines can release 6.5 million tons of methane a year. Repairing or replacing pipelines can cost millions of dollars.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Gas | Number of Bonds | Type of Bond |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| (1) | \\text{SiH}_4 | 4 | polar covalent, single |\n| (2) | \\text{CO}_2 | 4 | nonpolar covalent, double |\n| (3) | \\text{SF}_6 | 6 | polar covalent, single |\n| (4) | \\text{N}_2\\text{H}_4 | 6 | nonpolar covalent, double |", "question": "Which gas has similar properties to the fuel being banned in new residential stoves and furnaces?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{SiH}_4$", "B": "$\\text{CO}_2$", "C": "$\\text{SF}_6$", "D": "$\\text{N}_2\\text{H}_4$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 73, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Based on your analysis of the data in Table 1", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Mass of Michael Powell | 79.4 kg |\n| --- | --- |\n| Time on runway | 6.36 s |\n| Horizontal speed at end of runway | 11.8 m/s |\n| Time in air | 0.7585 s |\n| Initial vertical velocity component of jump | 3.7 m/s |\n| Initial horizontal velocity component of jump | 11.8 m/s |", "question": "What is Michael Powell's resulting world record long jump horizontal distance?", "options": {"A": "4.48 m", "B": "7.10 m", "C": "8.95 m", "D": "15.6 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 78, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A statistician collected the following data to explore the relationship between two variables, $x$ and $y$. The statistician performed a linear regression and also plotted the residuals.- Based on the residual plot, the statistician decided to exclude one data point.- The statistician then performed linear regression on the set of remaining data points.- The result was that the new linear model fit the remaining data more closely than the original model fit the original data.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 2.3 | 11.0 |\n| 4.2 | 16.5 |\n| 5.1 | 19.2 |\n| 6.4 | 23.1 |\n| 8.2 | 24.3 |\n| 8.5 | 29.5 |", "question": "Which data point did the statistician exclude?", "options": {"A": "(2.3, 11.0)", "B": "(4.2, 16.5)", "C": "(6.4, 23.1)", "D": "(8.2, 24.3)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 79, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table below shows the U.S. average life expectancy at birth, in years, in various decades.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Years since 1930 | Life Expectancy at Birth |\n| --- | --- |\n| 10 | 62.9 |\n| 20 | 68.2 |\n| 30 | 69.7 |\n| 40 | 70.8 |\n| 50 | 73.7 |\n| 60 | 75.4 |\n| 70 | 77.0 |\n| 80 | 78.7 |", "question": "What is the meaning of the slope of the linear best-fit equation for the data?", "options": {"A": "The predicted average life expectancy at birth in 1930 was about 62.7 years.", "B": "The predicted average life expectancy at birth in 1930 was about 57.6 years.", "C": "The average life expectancy at birth increases by about 6.7 each year.", "D": "The average life expectancy at birth increases by about 0.2 each year."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 80, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table below shows the number of hours 7 students studied for a math test and the grade each student earned on the test.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Student | Hours Studied (x) | Test Grade (y) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Mary | 2.00 | 84 |\n| Jonathan | 1.75 | 86 |\n| Susan | 2.00 | 88 |\n| Terry | 3.00 | 94 |\n| Patrick | 3.50 | 95 |\n| Amanda | 3.50 | 93 |\n| Darius | 2.25 | 89 |", "question": "How does Amanda's test score compare to the score predicted using the linear best-fit model of data for a student who studied 3.50 hours?", "options": {"A": "Amanda scored about 5 points lower than the score predicted for a student who studied 3.50 hours.", "B": "Amanda scored about 5 points higher than the score predicted for a student who studied 3.50 hours.", "C": "Amanda scored about 2 points lower than the score predicted for a student who studied 3.50 hours.", "D": "Amanda scored about 2 points higher than the score predicted for a student who studied 3.50 hours."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 81, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table below shows the weights of 8 different bears at a zoo.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Type of Bear | Weight (pounds) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Asiatic Black Bear | 225 |\n| Black Bear | 300 |\n| Brown Bear | 550 |\n| Panda Bear | 200 |\n| Polar Bear | 1,000 |\n| Sloth Bear | 300 |\n| Spectacled Bear | 280 |\n| Sun Bear | 100 |", "question": "If the weight of the polar bear is removed, which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "The mean decreases more than the median because the polar bear is a high outlier.", "B": "The mean decreases less than the median because the polar bear is a high outlier.", "C": "The mean decreases more than the median because the high value balances the low value.", "D": "The mean decreases less than the median because the high value balances the low value."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 82, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | g(x) |\n| --- | --- |\n| -5 | 15 |\n| -2 | 3 |\n| 2 | -13 |\n| 5 | -25 |", "question": "What is the distance between the y-intercept of the function $f(x) = 2x^{2} - 6x + 3$ and the y-intercept of the linear function $g$ represented by the table below?", "options": {"A": "2 units", "B": "3 units", "C": "8 units", "D": "9 units"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 83, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table below displays the walking heart rate and running heart rate of eight girls in beats per minute (bpm).", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Walking Heart Rate | Running Heart Rate |\n| --- | --- |\n| 66 | 128 |\n| 72 | 136 |\n| 74 | 134 |\n| 78 | 138 |\n| 80 | 142 |\n| 84 | 146 |\n| 86 | 148 |\n| 88 | 152 |", "question": "Using the linear best-fit model for the data, what is the predicted running heart rate of a girl whose walking heart rate is 100 bpm?", "options": {"A": "161 bpm", "B": "163 bpm", "C": "165 bpm", "D": "167 bpm"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 84, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The table below shows the hours, $x$, spent working on a new road and the distance, $y$, of finished road.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Time (hours) | Distance (miles) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 50 | 1.5 |\n| 200 | 6 |\n| 350 | 10.5 |\n| 400 | 12 |\n| 650 | 19.5 |", "question": "What is the slope of the line that fits these data?", "options": {"A": "3 400", "B": "3 100", "C": "3 25", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 85, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The table below shows values of $y$ as a function of $x$.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| $x$ | $y$ |\n| --- | --- |\n| 2 | 10 |\n| 6 | 25 |\n| 14 | 55 |\n| 26 | 100 |\n| 34 | 130 |", "question": "Which linear equation best describes the relationship between $x$ and $y$?", "options": {"A": "$y = 2.5x + 5$", "B": "$y = 3.75x + 2.5$", "C": "$y = 4x + 1$", "D": "$y = 5x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 86, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Aki wants to buy a music player that costs \\$234 using only the money he earned from mowing lawns. The table below shows the amount of money Aki earned as a function of the number of lawns he mowed.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Lawns Mowed | Amount Earned ($) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 3 | 24 |\n| 6 | 48 |\n| 8 | 64 |\n| 11 | 88 |", "question": "Based on the function shown in the table, what is the **least** number of lawns Aki will have to mow to buy the music player?", "options": {"A": "22", "B": "29", "C": "30", "D": "31"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 87, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The table below represents a function of $x$ .", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| -1 | -13 |\n| 2 | -1 |\n| 5 | 11 |\n| 7 | 19 |", "question": "Which equation describes the function?", "options": {"A": "$y = x - 12$", "B": "$y = 2x + 5$", "C": "$y = 4x - 9$", "D": "$y = -4x + 13$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 88, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Distance Driven (miles) | Amount of Fuel Remaining (gallons) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 60 | 15 |\n| 160 | 10 |\n| 200 | 8 |", "question": "Laura drove her car on three trips. She began each trip with a full tank of fuel in her car. The table below shows the relation between the distance driven on each trip and the amount of fuel remaining in the car's fuel tank at the end of the trip.\n\nLaura's Trips\n\nWhat is the range of the relation in the table?", "options": {"A": " {8, 10, 15}", "B": " {60, 160, 200}", "C": " {all whole numbers from 8 through 15}", "D": " {all whole numbers from 60 through 200}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 93, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Each week, Erica measures the height of a plant she is growing. The table below shows her measurements.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Week | Height (cm) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 3 |\n| 2 | 4 |\n| 3 | 5 |\n| 4 | 7 |\n| 5 | 10 |\n| 6 | 11 |", "question": "What does the domain of this relation represent?", "options": {"A": "the heights, in centimeters, of the plant", "B": "the rate at which the plant grew between measurements", "C": "the numbers of the weeks during which Erica recorded the heights of the plant", "D": "the height, in centimeters, of the plant 1 week before Erica made her first measurement"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 95, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The tables below show the numbers of pounds of potatoes that are needed to make French fries for different numbers of people and the costs, in dollars, for different numbers of pounds of potatoes.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of People | Pounds of Potatoes |\n| --- | --- |\n| 16 | 12 |\n| 36 | 27 |\n\ntable_2:\n| Pounds of Potatoes | Total Cost |\n| --- | --- |\n| 10 | $8 |\n| 25 | $20 |", "question": "Based on the tables, how much will it cost to buy enough potatoes to make French fries for 200 people?", "options": {"A": "$120", "B": "$150", "C": "$160", "D": "$213"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 96, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "B.3.3.1\nUse the table below to answer question 8.\nStudents' Observations of a Pond Ecosystem\n", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Quantitative | Qualitative |\n| --- | --- |\n| 37 fish and 3 frogs | Leaves lie on the bottom of the pond. |\n| 2 types of aquatic grass | Water insects move along the water's surface. |\n| 12 small rocks and 1 medium rock | All 3 frogs are sitting on a pond bank. |\n| sand | |", "question": "A group of students measured a ten-square-meter section of a pond ecosystem and recorded observations. Which statement is a testable hypothesis?", "options": {"A": "The frogs living in the pond represent a population.", "B": "Water is an abiotic component in the pond ecosystem.", "C": "If the fish are given more food, then they will be happier.", "D": "If the frogs are startled, then they will jump into the water."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 97, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Use the table below to answer question ", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Student | Organic Compounds | Description |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | carbohydrates | complex compounds made of purines and pyrimidines that function as data-storage molecules |\n| 2 | lipids | use the relatively high energy contained in carbon-hydrogen bonds to perform their primary function |\n| 3 | proteins | chains of amino acids that can function as enzymes, hormones, or antibodies |\n| 4 | nucleic acids | compounds, produced by photosynthetic plants, that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |", "question": "Which two students correctly described organic compounds?", "options": {"A": "students 1 and 2", "B": "students 2 and 3", "C": "students 3 and 4", "D": "students 2 and 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 98, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Use the chart below to answer the question.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Molecule | Structure | Cellular Use |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | a molecule made mostly of carbon with two nonpolar chains and a polar head | is a component of plasma membranes |\n| 2 | a polar molecule made of repeating units of sugar bonded to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base | stores genetic information |", "question": "Which biological molecules are most likely represented by molecules 1 and 2?", "options": {"A": "molecule 1: lipid\nmolecule 2: nucleic acid", "B": "molecule 1: lipid\nmolecule 2: protein", "C": "molecule 1: carbohydrate\nmolecule 2: nucleic acid", "D": "molecule 1: carbohydrate\nmolecule 2: protein"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 99, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Use the chart below to answer the question.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Student | Photosynthesis | Cellular Respiration |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | mechanical to thermal | solar to thermal |\n| 2 | solar to mechanical | chemical to mechanical |\n| 3 | thermal to solar | chemical to solar |\n| 4 | solar to chemical | chemical to chemical |", "question": "Four students classified the main energy conversions that occur during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Which student best classified the energy conversions that occur in the two processes?", "options": {"A": "student 1", "B": "student 2", "C": "student 3", "D": "student 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 100, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Use the chart below to answer the question.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Student | Outcome of Meiosis | Outcome of Mitosis |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | two haploid cells | two diploid cells |\n| 2 | two diploid cells | four haploid cells |\n| 3 | four haploid cells | two diploid cells |\n| 4 | four diploid cells | four haploid cells |", "question": "Which student correctly compared the outcomes of meiosis and mitosis?", "options": {"A": "student 1", "B": "student 2", "C": "student 3", "D": "student 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 101, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Use the information below to answer the question.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | | Second Base in Codon | | | | Third Base in Codon |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | U | C | A | G | |\n| First Base in Codon | U | Phe Phe Leu Leu | Ser Ser Ser Ser | Tyr Tyr stop stop | Cys Cys stop Trp | U C A G |\n| | C | Leu Leu Leu Leu | Pro Pro Pro Pro | His His Gln Gln | Arg Arg Arg Arg | U C A G |\n| | A | Ile Ile Ile Met | Thr Thr Thr Thr | Asn Asn Lys Lys | Ser Ser Arg Arg | U C A G |\n| | G | Val Val Val Val | Ala Ala Ala Ala | Asp Asp Glu Glu | Gly Gly Gly Gly | U C A G |\n| | | | | | | |\n| | | | | | | |\n| | | | | | | |\n| | | | | | | |", "question": "Which mutation would most likely affect the organism's phenotype?", "options": {"A": "AUG-GCC-UGU", "B": "AUG-GCG-UGU", "C": "AUG-GCU-UGA", "D": "AUG-GCU-UGC"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 102, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Use the chart below to answer the question.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Molecule | Structure | Cellular Use |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | a molecule made mostly of carbon with two nonpolar chains and a polar head | is a component of plasma membranes |\n| 2 | a polar molecule made of repeating units of sugar bonded to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base | stores genetic information |", "question": "Which biological molecules are most likely represented by molecules 1 and 2?", "options": {"A": "molecule 1: lipid\nmolecule 2: nucleic acid", "B": "molecule 1: lipid\nmolecule 2: protein", "C": "molecule 1: carbohydrate\nmolecule 2: nucleic acid", "D": "molecule 1: carbohydrate\nmolecule 2: protein"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 103, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Use the lists below to answer the question.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Cell Structures in Organism 1 | Cell Structures in Organism 2 |\n| --- | --- |\n| • cell wall | • cell membrane |\n| • mitochondria | • mitochondria |\n| • endoplasmic reticulum | • endoplasmic reticulum |\n| • Golgi body | • Golgi body |\n| • chloroplasts | • nucleus |\n| • nucleus | • ribosomes |\n| • vacuole | |\n| • ribosomes | |", "question": "A student made lists of structures observed in cells from two different organisms. Which statement describes the most likely difference in the way that organism 1 and organism 2 obtain energy?", "options": {"A": "Only organism 1 uses solar energy to make energy-rich compounds.", "B": "Only organism 1 stores solar energy until it is needed for its life processes.", "C": "Only organism 2 produces molecules for long-term energy storage.", "D": "Only organism 2 transforms food energy into ATP during cellular respiration."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 104, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "The chart shows some properties of the element carbon.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Property | Value |\n| --- | --- |\n| number of neutrons | 6 |\n| number of protons | 6 |\n| number of electrons | 6 |\n| atomic masses of stable isotopes | 12, 13 |", "question": "Which property is most responsible for carbon's ability to form complex biological macromolecules?", "options": {"A": "number of neutrons", "B": "number of protons", "C": "number of electrons", "D": "atomic masses of stable isotopes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 105, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Thermophilic Bacteria of Yellowstone National Park\n\nYellowstone National Park has over 10,000 hydrothermal features, such as hot springs and geysers. Volcanic activity below Yellowstone provides the heat for these features. The hydrothermal features of Yellowstone include environments of extremes: high temperatures, high and low pHs, and high sulfur content.\n\nMicroorganisms in Yellowstone's hot springs were first discovered in 1966. These microorganisms are called thermophiles. The presence of thermophiles in Yellowstone's hydrothermal features can be observed by the features' bright colors and strong odors.\n\nAlmost all hot springs and geysers in Yellowstone host bacteria. Cyanobacteria exist in some of Yellowstone's hot springs. Cyanobacteria were the first photosynthesizers, more than 3 billion years ago, providing oxygen to Earth's early atmosphere. Other bacteria chemosynthesize, changing hydrogen or sulfur into forms other thermophiles can use. One product of chemosynthesis is a gas that smells like rotten eggs.\n\nThe table below shows some characteristics of three types of bacteria living in Yellowstone's hydrothermal features.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Type of Bacterium | Ideal pH Range | Ideal Temperature Range | Metabolism |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Hydrogenobaculum | 3 to 5.5 | \\(55^\\circ C\\)to \\(72^\\circ C\\) \\((131^\\circ F\\)to \\(162^\\circ F)\\) | chemosynthesis using hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide as energy sources; can use arsenic in place of hydrogen sulfide |\n| Phormidium | 6 to 8 | \\(35^\\circ C\\)to \\(57^\\circ C\\) \\((95^\\circ F\\)to \\(135^\\circ F)\\) | photosynthesis |\n| Synechococcus | 7 to 9 | \\(52^\\circ C\\)to \\(74^\\circ C\\) \\((126^\\circ F\\)to \\(165^\\circ F)\\) | photosynthesis by day; fermentation by night |", "question": "According to the theory of endosymbiosis, free-living cyanobacteria moved into some eukaryote cells millions of years ago and evolved into the chloroplasts of plant cells. Which statement correctly compares a cyanobacterium and a chloroplast?", "options": {"A": "Both have a cell wall.", "B": "Both contain a nucleus.", "C": "Both perform photosynthesis.", "D": "Both are single-celled organisms."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 106, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "Thermophilic Bacteria of Yellowstone National Park\n\nYellowstone National Park has over 10,000 hydrothermal features, such as hot springs and geysers. Volcanic activity below Yellowstone provides the heat for these features. The hydrothermal features of Yellowstone include environments of extremes: high temperatures, high and low pHs, and high sulfur content.\n\nMicroorganisms in Yellowstone's hot springs were first discovered in 1966. These microorganisms are called thermophiles. The presence of thermophiles in Yellowstone's hydrothermal features can be observed by the features' bright colors and strong odors.\n\nAlmost all hot springs and geysers in Yellowstone host bacteria. Cyanobacteria exist in some of Yellowstone's hot springs. Cyanobacteria were the first photosynthesizers, more than 3 billion years ago, providing oxygen to Earth's early atmosphere. Other bacteria chemosynthesize, changing hydrogen or sulfur into forms other thermophiles can use. One product of chemosynthesis is a gas that smells like rotten eggs.\n\nThe table below shows some characteristics of three types of bacteria living in Yellowstone's hydrothermal features.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Type of Bacterium | Ideal pH Range | Ideal Temperature Range | Metabolism |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Hydrogenobaculum | 3 to 5.5 | \\(55^\\circ C\\)to \\(72^\\circ C\\) \\((131^\\circ F\\)to \\(162^\\circ F)\\) | chemosynthesis using hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide as energy sources; can use arsenic in place of hydrogen sulfide |\n| Phormidium | 6 to 8 | \\(35^\\circ C\\)to \\(57^\\circ C\\) \\((95^\\circ F\\)to \\(135^\\circ F)\\) | photosynthesis |\n| Synechococcus | 7 to 9 | \\(52^\\circ C\\)to \\(74^\\circ C\\) \\((126^\\circ F\\)to \\(165^\\circ F)\\) | photosynthesis by day; fermentation by night |", "question": "Which statement best contrasts the role of enzymes in thermophilic bacteria and the plants living in Yellowstone National Park?", "options": {"A": "Enzymes of thermophilic bacteria store energy at higher sulfur concentrations than enzymes of plants do.", "B": "Enzymes of thermophilic bacteria catalyze biochemical reactions at higher temperatures than enzymes of plants do.", "C": "Enzymes of thermophilic bacteria control DNA replication in the nucleus at higher sulfur concentrations than enzymes of plants do.", "D": "Enzymes of thermophilic bacteria control the water moving into and out of the cell at higher temperatures than enzymes of plants do."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 107, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Normal Cell DNA | CAT CCC AAC GGA CCT |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mutated Cell DNA | CAT CCC CAA CGG ACC T |", "question": "Which genetic mutation is shown in the table?", "options": {"A": "a point mutation caused by a base deletion", "B": "a point mutation caused by a base substitution", "C": "a frameshift mutation caused by a base insertion", "D": "a frameshift mutation caused by a base substitution"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 108, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Students' Statements", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Student | Statement |\n| --- | --- |\n| W | If a cell is placed in a saltwater solution, the cell will shrink. |\n| X | Cells placed in water with red dye turned red after several hours. |\n| Y | If a cell is placed in distilled water without ions, the cell will swell. |\n| Z | Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and the basic unit of reproduction. |", "question": "Which student's statement would best be characterized as a scientific theory?", "options": {"A": "If a cell is placed in a saltwater solution, the cell will shrink.", "B": "Cells placed in water with red dye turned red after several hours.", "C": "If a cell is placed in distilled water without ions, the cell will swell.", "D": "Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and the basic unit of reproduction."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 109, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "Effects of Exercise on Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Levels", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Exercise Intensity | Carbon Dioxide Production (L/min) | Oxygen Consumption (mL/kg/min) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Low (e.g., washing dishes) | 0.3 | 40 |\n| Moderate (e.g., walking) | 0.7 | 60 |\n| High (e.g., dancing) | 1.3 | 80 |", "question": "Which statement correctly identifies the relationship between cellular respiration and energy requirements?", "options": {"A": "More intense exercise causes cellular respiration to decrease, resulting in a reduced output of oxygen.", "B": "The intensity of exercise does not change the rate of cellular respiration, so the carbon dioxide input remains unchanged.", "C": "As exercise intensity increases, the rate of cellular respiration increases. This requires more oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide.", "D": "As exercise intensity decreases, the rate of cellular respiration decreases. This requires less carbon dioxide and produces less oxygen."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 113, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Sample | Elements |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | Hydrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen |\n| 2 | Aluminum, silicon, and copper |\n| 3 | Calcium, potassium, and nitrogen |\n| 4 | Iron, oxygen, and magnesium |", "question": "Students are given data from an investigation that identified some of the chemical elements present in four different samples. Which sample was most likely DNA?", "options": {"F": "Sample 1", "G": "Sample 2", "H": "Sample 3", "J": "Sample 4"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 115, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Students use a microscope to look for structures present in four different cells. The students placed an X for each structure that was viewed for each cell on the table shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Cell W | Cell X | Cell Y | Cell Z |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cell Membrane | X | X | X | X |\n| Cell Wall | X | X | | X |\n| Chloroplasts | X | | | |\n| DNA | X | X | X | X |\n| Nucleus | X | | X | X |", "question": "Which cell that was viewed is most likely a prokaryote?", "options": {"F": "Cell W", "G": "Cell X", "H": "Cell Y", "J": "Cell Z"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 116, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "A dichotomous key for identifying fish is shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| 1a | Body is long and narrow. | Go to 2 |\n| 1b | Body is not long and narrow. | Go to 3 |\n| 2a | Pointed fins. | Trumpetfish |\n| 2b | Fish has smooth fins. | Moray eel |\n| 3a | Eyes located on top of the head. | Go to 4 |\n| 3b | Eyes located on either side of the head. | Go to 5 |\n| 4a | Long, whip-like tail. | Spotted eagle ray |\n| 4b | Short, blunt tail. | Peacock flounder |\n| 5a | Body is spotted. | Go to 6 |\n| 5b | Body is not spotted. | Go to 7 |\n| 6a | Chin whiskers present. | Spotted goatfish |\n| 6b | Chin whiskers absent. | Bandtail puffer |\n| 7a | Striped. | Go to 8 |\n| 7b | No stripes. | Glassy sweeper |\n| 8a | V-shaped tail. | Squirrelfish |\n| 8b | Blunt, rounded tail. | Glasseye snapper |", "question": "Based on this key, which two fish have eyes located on either side of their head and are not spotted?", "options": {"A": "Glassy sweeper and squirrelfish", "B": "Glasseye snapper and spotted eagle ray", "C": "Spotted goatfish and bandtail puffer", "D": "Peacock flounder and glassy sweeper"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 117, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Mice have two unlinked allele pairs that affect fur color. The table shows how allele pairs affect fur color. The term \"agouti\" describes fur with pigmentation that changes in each hair from the shaft to the tip, giving the fur a banded appearance. Mice with the $aa$ allele pair are albino, regardless of the second allele-pair combination.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Alleles | Fur Pigment |\n| --- | --- |\n| AA | Agouti |\n| Aa | Agouti |\n| aa | Albino |\n| BB | Agouti |\n| Bb | Agouti |\n| bb | Solid black |", "question": "What is the probability of albinism in the offspring of a cross between two mice with $AaBb$ alleles?", "options": {"A": " $\\frac{1}{16}$ ", "B": " $\\frac{3}{16}$ ", "C": " $\\frac{4}{16}$ ", "D": " $\\frac{9}{16}$ "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 118, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "A chart of some plant systems and functions is shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Option | System | Functions |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Root | absorption of water and nutrients |\n| 2 | Shoot | seed dispersal and absorption of \\text{CO}_2 |\n| 3 | Root | respiration and food storage |\n| 4 | Shoot | photosynthesis and food transport |", "question": "Which system interactions are dependent on the plant's ability to respond to the direction of light?", "options": {"A": "Option 1", "B": "Option 2", "C": "Option 3", "D": "Option 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 119, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A table of four types of carbohydrates is shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Type of Carbohydrate | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| Cellulose | Major component of plant cell walls |\n| Chitin | Major component of fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons |\n| Glycogen | Stored in liver and muscle cells, broken down to glucose when blood glucose levels decrease |\n| Starch | Stored in plant roots and seeds, provides food for seeds to germinate or for animal consumption |", "question": "Which list correctly matches the functions to the types of carbohydrates?", "options": {"F": "Energy: glycogen and starch\nStructure: cellulose and chitin", "G": "Energy: cellulose and chitin\nStructure: glycogen and starch", "H": "Energy: chitin and glycogen\nStructure: cellulose and starch", "J": "Energy: cellulose and starch\nStructure: chitin and glycogen"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 120, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The defenses of two flightless birds that live in different habitats are shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Gentoo Penguin | Common Ostrich |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Picture | | |\n| Habitat | Antarctic islands | African savanna |\n| Defenses | Wings are flattened and tapered, like paddles, allowing penguins to swim and jump out of water at speeds up to 22 km/h. | Leg muscles are located closer to the body, allowing ostriches to run at speeds up to 70 km/h. |", "question": "How do the wings of the Gentoo penguin and the legs of the common ostrich provide an advantage in their habitat?", "options": {"A": "Allows them to find prey", "B": "Allows them to escape from predators", "C": "Allows them to control their body temperature", "D": "Allows them to be camouflaged in their environments"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 121, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Materials are provided to students to build models of a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell, and a virus. The materials and the structures they represent are listed in the table shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Material | Structure Represented |\n| --- | --- |\n| Gray paper hexagon | Capsid |\n| Yellow paper oval | Cytoplasm |\n| Purple buttons | Ribosomes |\n| Blue yarn | Genetic material |\n| Orange paper circle | Nucleus |", "question": "Which material will students use in all three models?", "options": {"F": "Yellow paper oval", "G": "Gray paper hexagon", "H": "Blue yarn", "J": "Purple buttons"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 122, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The taxonomic classifications of four species of amphibians are shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Northern Cricket Frog | Northern Leopard Frog | Green Treefrog | Bullfrog |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Order | Anura | Anura | Anura | Anura |\n| Family | Hylidae | Ranidae | Hylidae | Ranidae |\n| Genus | Acris | Lithobates | Hyla | Lithobates |\n| Species | crepitans | pipiens | cinerea | catesbeianus |", "question": "Based on the information provided, which two species are most closely related?", "options": {"A": "Northern cricket frog and bullfrog", "B": "Northern leopard frog and green treefrog", "C": "Northern cricket frog and green treefrog", "D": "Northern leopard frog and bullfrog"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 123, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Some angelfish colors are determined by codominance. Possible phenotypes and genotypes of angelfish colors are shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Phenotype | Genotype |\n| --- | --- |\n| Silver | LL |\n| Black | BB |\n| Black | BL |\n| Black lace | |", "question": "Which table shows the expected phenotypes of offspring resulting from a cross between a black angelfish and a black-lace angelfish?", "options": {"A": "Phenotype: Silver Black Black Lace Phenotypic probability of offspring: — 50% 50%", "C": "Phenotype: Silver Black Black Lace Phenotypic probability of offspring: 25% 25% 50%", "B": "Phenotype: Silver Black Black Lace Phenotypic probability of offspring: 50% 50% —", "D": "Phenotype: Silver Black Black Lace Phenotypic probability of offspring: 25% 50% 25%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "C", "B", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 124, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Students set up a controlled experiment by growing the same type of seedlings in two different locations. After a period of time, the students observed the seedlings and recorded their observations in the table shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Group #1 | Group #2 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Growth Location | Enclosed in a box with a lamp on top of seedlings | On the windowsill |\n| Observation | Shoots grow straight and upright | Shoots bend in the direction of the window |", "question": "What caused the shoots of the seedlings on the windowsill to bend toward the window?", "options": {"F": "Hormones produced in response to a light stimulus", "G": "Sugars produced in response to a gravity stimulus", "H": "Carbon dioxide produced in response to a water stimulus", "J": "Water produced in response to a nitrogen stimulus"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 125, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "The table shows the classification of four mammals found in Texas.\n\n
PeccaryElkPronghornFallow Deer
KingdomAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimaliaAnimalia
PhylumChordataChordataChordataChordata
ClassMammaliaMammaliaMammaliaMammalia
OrderArtiodactylaArtiodactylaArtiodactylaArtiodactyla
FamilyTayassuidaeCervidaeAntilocapridaeCervidae
GenusTayassuCervusAntilocapraCervus
SpeciesT. tajacuC. elaphusA. americanaC. dama
", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Peccary | Elk | Pronghorn | Fallow Deer |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Kingdom | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |\n| Phylum | Chordata | Chordata | Chordata | Chordata |\n| Class | Mammalia | Mammalia | Mammalia | Mammalia |\n| Order | Artiodactyla | Artiodactyla | Artiodactyla | Artiodactyla |\n| Family | Tayassuidae | Cervidae | Antilocapridae | Cervidae |\n| Genus | Tayassu | Cervus | Antilocapra | Cervus |\n| Species | T. tajacu | C. elaphus | A. americana | C. dama |", "question": "Based on this table, which explanation best describes why elk and fallow deer are classified in the same genus?", "options": {"A": "They are both in family Cervidae and share a more recent common ancestor.", "B": "They mate and produce fertile offspring.", "C": "They live in similar habitats.", "D": "They are both in kingdom Animalia and have similar diets."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 126, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A table comparing the characteristics of four samples is shown.\n\n
SampleNucleusChloroplastRibosomeSize of Genome
Sample 1PresentPresentPresent150 billion base pairs
Sample 2AbsentAbsentPresent4.6 million base pairs
Sample 3AbsentAbsentAbsent170,000 base pairs
Sample 4PresentAbsentPresent3.2 billion base pairs
", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Sample | Nucleus | Chloroplast | Ribosome | Size of Genome |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Sample 1 | Present | Present | Present | 150 billion base pairs |\n| Sample 2 | Absent | Absent | Present | 4.6 million base pairs |\n| Sample 3 | Absent | Absent | Absent | 170,000 base pairs |\n| Sample 4 | Present | Absent | Present | 3.2 billion base pairs |", "question": "Which sample most likely contains viruses?", "options": {"F": "Sample 1", "G": "Sample 2", "H": "Sample 3", "J": "Sample 4"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 127, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "In a recent study, scientists investigated the effects of microorganisms naturally found in the body. They raised mice in two different environments and compared their immune system functions in response to a bacterial infection. Their data are shown.\n\n
MouseEnvironmentImmune SystemResponse to Bacterial Infection
1Without microorganisms• Low variety of immune cells• Weak immune response to bacteria
2With microorganisms• High variety of immune cells• Strong immune response to bacteria
", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Mouse | Environment | Immune System | Response to Bacterial Infection |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Without microorganisms | • Low variety of immune cells | • Weak immune response to bacteria |\n| 2 | With microorganisms | • High variety of immune cells | • Strong immune response to bacteria |", "question": "Which conclusion about the microorganisms naturally found in the body is most likely supported by these data?", "options": {"A": "All microorganisms are harmful to the body.", "B": "Microorganisms are important in promoting healthy immune systems.", "C": "All bacteria in the body increase the effectiveness of the immune system.", "D": "Bacteria that cause infections decrease the number and variety of immune cells in the body."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 128, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "*E. coli* has three genes that each code for different enzymes that break down lactose. Scientists conducted investigations about the production of these enzymes using samples of *E. coli*. Their results are shown in the table.\n\n***E. coli* Investigation Results**\n\n
EnvironmentContains LactoseEnzyme Concentration
1YesHigh
2NoLow
", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Environment | Contains Lactose | Enzyme Concentration |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Yes | High |\n| 2 | No | Low |", "question": "Which conclusion about the production of the enzymes can be determined by analyzing the scientists' results?", "options": {"F": "Gene expression for the enzymes was controlled by the temperature of lactose.", "G": "The genes for the enzymes were expressed in equal amounts during both experiments.", "H": "Gene expression for the enzymes was controlled by the presence of lactose.", "J": "The genes for the enzymes were mutated before being expressed by the presence of lactose."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 129, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "#### Selected Events in the History of the Gold Standard\n\n
March 1933The Emergency Banking Act gives President Franklin Roosevelt the power to control domestic and foreign exchange gold movements.
April 1933President Roosevelt formally suspends the gold standard.
May 1933President Roosevelt takes actions to increase the money supply by changing the ratio of dollars to gold and fixing the value of dollars to silver.
October 1933The Reconstruction Finance Corporation is authorized to buy gold at increasing prices, devaluing the dollar and raising prices of U.S. commodities.
January 1934Congress passes the Gold Reserve Act, permanently fixing the value of gold relative to dollars.
", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| March 1933 | The Emergency Banking Act gives President Franklin Roosevelt the power to control domestic and foreign exchange gold movements. |\n| April 1933 | President Roosevelt formally suspends the gold standard. |\n| May 1933 | President Roosevelt takes actions to increase the money supply by changing the ratio of dollars to gold and fixing the value of dollars to silver. |\n| October 1933 | The Reconstruction Finance Corporation is authorized to buy gold at increasing prices, devaluing the dollar and raising prices of U.S. commodities. |\n| January 1934 | Congress passes the Gold Reserve Act, permanently fixing the value of gold relative to dollars. |\n\ntitle:\nSelected Events in the History of the Gold Standard", "question": "What was the goal of the actions on this time line?", "options": {"A": "To ensure deposits into customer savings accounts", "B": "To increase government regulation of business", "C": "To end speculation in the stock market", "D": "To stabilize the national economy"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 130, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Percent of Voting-Age Population Casting Votes in Selected Presidential Elections\n\n
19641968
Alabama35.952.7
Georgia43.343.4
Louisiana47.354.8
Mississippi33.953.2
North Carolina52.854.3
South Carolina39.446.7
Virginia41.150.1
\n\nSource: U.S. Census Bureau", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| | 1964 | 1968 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Alabama | 35.9 | 52.7 |\n| Georgia | 43.3 | 43.4 |\n| Louisiana | 47.3 | 54.8 |\n| Mississippi | 33.9 | 53.2 |\n| North Carolina | 52.8 | 54.3 |\n| South Carolina | 39.4 | 46.7 |\n| Virginia | 41.1 | 50.1 |\n\ntitle:\nPercent of Voting-Age Population Casting Votes in Selected Presidential Elections", "question": "How did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 contribute to the changes shown in this table?", "options": {"F": "It helped reduce voter discrimination at polling sites.", "G": "It increased state revenues associated with poll taxes.", "H": "It contributed to increased involvement of lobbyists in political campaigns.", "J": "It helped voters determine educational policy based on literacy test results."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 134, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Read the information in the table and answer the question that follows.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Teapot Dome | In 1922, President Warren Harding's Interior Secretary Albert Fall was caught taking bribes from private oil companies related to oil leases. In 1929, Fall was sentenced to prison. |\n| --- | --- |\n| Watergate | On June 17, 1972, five men broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel. It was later discovered that President Richard Nixon had participated in covering up the White House connections to the break-in. Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974. |", "question": "Which statement explains one effect of these two events?", "options": {"A": "They reduced government regulation of the economy.", "B": "They led to an increase in the size of the executive branch.", "C": "They reduced public confidence in the federal government.", "D": "They led the president to increase the use of the veto power."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 135, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "# Steps in the Ballot Initiative Process", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| The proposed initiative is filed with and reviewed by the state. |\n| --- |\n| The proposed initiative is circulated to obtain the required number of signatures of registered voters. |\n| The proposed initiative is verified and placed on the ballot. |", "question": "What is one way the Progressive Era reform outlined in this diagram has affected U.S. politics?", "options": {"A": "More women have been elected to Congress.", "B": "Citizens have a more direct influence on lawmaking.", "C": "Corrupt officials can be removed from office.", "D": "Primary elections are prohibited in several states."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 136, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Workers, Aged 10- 14, in the United States: 1870- 1930 (thousands)", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Year | Workers\nAged\n10-14 | Workers Aged\n10-14 as % of\nWorkforce |\n|---|---|---|\n| 1890 | 1,504 | 6.50 |\n| 1910 | 1,622 | 4.34 |\n| 1930 | 667 | 1.37 |\n\ntitle:\nWorkers, Aged 10- 14, in the United States: 1870- 1930 (thousands)", "question": "Which reason contributed to the trend shown in this table?", "options": {"A": "The number of factories using assembly lines decreased.", "B": "A progressive movement worked to stop the use of child labor.", "C": "A political movement worked to lower taxes for businesses.", "D": "The number of people joining labor unions decreased."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 137, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Agreements within the Geneva Accords, 1954\n\n| Agreement 1 | The French government and the North Vietnamese forces agreed to a cease-fire and a temporary division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel. |\n|---|---|\n| Agreement 2 | Neither North Vietnam nor South Vietnam would join alliances with outside parties, and general elections to unify the country were scheduled for 1956. |\n\n", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Agreement 1 | The French government and the North Vietnamese forces agreed to a cease-fire and a temporary division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel. |\n| --- | --- |\n| Agreement 2 | Neither North Vietnam nor South Vietnam would join alliances with outside parties, and general elections to unify the country were scheduled for 1956. |\n\ntitle:\nAgreements within the Geneva Accords, 1954", "question": "Why was the United States concerned about Agreement 2?", "options": {"A": "Officials believed the election would lead to a civil war and revolution.", "B": "Congress members feared foreign policy decisions would lead to criticism at home.", "C": "The administration opposed the creation of regional alliances.", "D": "Leaders feared communist officials would win the election and take over the country."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 138, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 allowed investigators to obtain books, records, papers, documents and other items sought \"in connection with\" a terror investigation.\n\n| Argument For Section 215 | Argument Against Section 215 |\n|---|---|\n| Increased investigative authority is needed to avert a future terrorist attack. | If investigators have these broad powers, the ____? ____ will be ignored. |\n\n", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Argument For Section 215 | Argument Against Section 215 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Increased investigative authority is needed to avert a future terrorist attack. | If investigators have these broad powers, the ____? ____ will be ignored. |", "question": "Which phrase correctly replaces the question mark in this table?", "options": {"F": "right to privacy", "G": "right to bear arms", "H": "right to a speedy trial", "J": "right to an attorney"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 139, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The tables of ordered pairs represent some points on the graphs of lines q and v.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Line q | | | | Line v | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| x | -9 | -3 | 2 | x | -4 | 0 | 10 |\n| y | 0 | 18 | 33 | y | 10 | 8 | 3 |", "question": "Which system of equations is represented by lines q and v?", "options": ["F 21x - y = 9 5x + 6y = 40", "G 3x - y = -27 x + 2y = 16", "H 21x - y = 9 5x + 6y = 20", "J 9x - y = -27 x + 2y = 8"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 143, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table represents some points on the graph of an exponential function.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | f(x) |\n| --- | --- |\n| -2 | 12.5 |\n| -1 | 15 |\n| 0 | 18 |\n| 1 | 21.6 |\n| 2 | 25.92 |", "question": "Which function represents the same relationship?", "options": ["A $f(x) = 15{\\left(\\frac{5}{6}\\right)}^{x}$", "B $f(x) = 18{\\left(\\frac{6}{5}\\right)}^{x}$", "C $f(x) = 15{\\left(\\frac{6}{5}\\right)}^{x}$", "D $f(x) = 18{\\left(\\frac{5}{6}\\right)}^{x}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 144, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows the amount of pet food in cups remaining in an automatic feeder as a function of the number of meals the feeder has dispensed.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Meals Dispensed, n | Amount of Pet Food Remaining, f(n) (cups) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 21 |\n| 3 | 15 |\n| 6 | 6 |\n| 7 | 3 |", "question": "Based on the table, which function models this situation?", "options": ["F $f(n) = - 3n + 24$", "G $f(n) = - \\frac{1}{3} n + 16$", "H $f(n) = - 3n + 64$", "J $f(n) = - \\frac{1}{3} n + 8$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 145, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows a linear relationship between $x$ and $y$ .", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| -20 | 96 |\n| -12 | 60 |\n| -6 | 33 |\n| -2 | 15 |", "question": "What is the rate of change of $y$ with respect to $x$ ?", "options": ["A $\\frac{9}{2}$", "B $\\frac{2}{9}$", "C $\\frac{2}{9}$", "D $\\frac{9}{2}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 146, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The values in the table represent a linear relationship between $x$ and $y$.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | -8.5 | -6.5 | -2.5 | -1 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| y | -92 | -72 | -32 | -17 |", "question": "What is the rate of change of $y$ with respect to $x$?", "options": ["A. 10", "B. 17", "C. -10", "D. -17"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 147, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A ball is placed in a machine that throws the ball up in the air. The table represents some points on the graph of a function that models the ball's distance from the ground with respect to the time since the ball has been thrown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Time Since Thrown from Machine (seconds) | 0 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.50 | 1.75 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Distance from Ground (meters) | 0 | 2.76 | 4.90 | 6.43 | 7.35 | 7.66 | 7.35 | 6.43 |", "question": "What is the range for this situation?", "options": ["F. All real numbers less than or equal to 7.66", "G. All real numbers less than or equal to 1.25", "H. All real numbers greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 7.66", "J. All real numbers greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.25"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 148, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table of values shows a linear relationship between $x$ and $y$.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| -7 | 9 |\n| -2 | 1 |\n| 3 | -7 |\n| 8 | -15 |", "question": "What is the slope of the line represented by the table of values?", "options": ["A. $-\\frac{8}{5}$", "B. $-\\frac{5}{8}$", "C. $\\frac{8}{5}$", "D. $\\frac{5}{8}$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 149, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A conservation agency tracks the sea turtle population by counting the number of nesting sites where the turtles lay their eggs. The table shows the numbers of nesting sites for several years since 2001. The data can be modeled by an exponential function. Sea Turtles", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Years Since 2001, x | Number of Nesting Sites, n(x) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 46,125 |\n| 2 | 37,994 |\n| 3 | 40,513 |\n| 4 | 29,368 |\n| 5 | 34,082 |\n| 6 | 31,746 |\n| 7 | 27,691 |", "question": "Which function best models the data?", "options": ["A. $n(x) = 25,956.80(1.08)^x$", "B. $n(x) = 46,797.94(0.93)^x$", "C. $n(x) = 1.08(25,956.80)^x$", "D. $n(x) = 0.93(46,797.94)^x$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 150, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The tables of ordered pairs represent some points on the graphs of lines $f$ and $g$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nTable 1:\n| Line f | |\n| --- | --- |\n| x | y |\n| 2 | 7 |\n| 4 | 10.5 |\n| 7 | 15.75 |\n| 11 | 22.75 |\n\nTable 2:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| -3 | 4 |\n| -2 | 0 |\n| 1 | -12 |\n| 4 | -24 |", "question": "Which system of equations represents lines $f$ and $g$?", "options": ["F. $y = 1.75x + 3.5$ $y = -4x - 8$", "G. $y = 1.75x + 3.5$ $y = -4x - 2$", "H. $y = 3.5x + 1.75$ $y = -4x - 8$", "J. $y = 3.5x + 1.75$ $y = -4x - 2$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 151, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A contractor's total earnings from a job include a fixed amount plus an amount based on the number of hours worked. The values in the table represent the linear relationship between the number of hours worked and the contractor's total earnings in dollars.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Hours Worked | Total Earnings |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | $20.00 |\n| 5 | $63.75 |\n| 15 | $151.25 |\n| 25 | $238.75 |\n| 35 | $326.25 |\n| 40 | $370.00 |", "question": "What is the rate of change of the contractor's total earnings in dollars with respect to the number of hours worked?", "options": ["F. $8.75 per hour worked", "G. $9.25 per hour worked", "H. $10.00 per hour worked", "J. $20.00 per hour worked"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 152, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table represents some points on the graph of an exponential function.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | f(x) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 2 | 36 |\n| 3 | 54 |\n| 4 | 81 |\n| 5 | 121.5 |\n| 6 | 182.25 |", "question": "Which function represents this relationship?", "options": ["F. $f(x) = 16{\\left(\\frac{3}{2}\\right)}^{x}$", "G. $f(x) = 16{\\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)}^{x}$", "H. $f(x) = 36{\\left(\\frac{3}{2}\\right)}^{x}$", "J. $f(x) = 36{\\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)}^{x}$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 153, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table represents some points on the graph of linear function $f$.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | -3 | 2 | 5 | 11 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| f(x) | -130 | 0 | 78 | 234 |", "question": "Which function represents $f$?", "options": ["F. $f(x) = 26(x - 2)$", "G. $f(x) = -26(2x - 1)$", "H. $f(x) = 13(x - 2)$", "J. $f(x) = -2(26x - 1)$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 154, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A worker is packing items in boxes. The table shows the linear relationship between the number of items the worker has packed in boxes after different amounts of time.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Minutes | Number of Items Packed |\n| --- | --- |\n| 5 | 20 |\n| 7 | 28 |\n| 11 | 44 |\n| 14 | 56 |", "question": "Which statement describes the rate of change of the number of items the worker packed in boxes with respect to the number of minutes the worker has been packing items in boxes?", "options": ["F The worker packed 8 items in boxes per minute.", "G The worker packed 37 items in boxes per minute.", "H The worker packed 4 items in boxes per minute.", "J The worker packed 15 items in boxes per minute."], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 155, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A person dives into a pool from its edge to swim to the other side. The table shows the depth in feet of the person from the surface of the water after $x$ seconds. The data can be modeled by a quadratic function.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Time, x (seconds) | Depth of Person from Surface of Water, d(x) (feet) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | -2.85 |\n| 4 | -8.28 |\n| 6 | -9.3 |\n| 8.5 | -7.65 |\n| 10 | -5.1 |\n| 11.5 | -1.38 |", "question": "Which function best models the data?", "options": ["F $d(x) = 0.05x^{2} + 0.74x$", "G $d(x) = 0.05x^{2} + 0.74x + 9.17$", "H $d(x) = 0.26x^{2} - 3.11x$", "J $d(x) = 0.26x^{2} - 3.11x + 1$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 156, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows the value in dollars of a motorcycle at the end of $x$ years.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Years, x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Value, v(x) (dollars) | 9,000 | 8,100 | 7,290 | 6,561 |", "question": "Which exponential function models this situation?", "options": ["F $v(x) = 9,000(1.1)^{x}$", "G $v(x) = 9,000(0.9)^{x}$", "H $v(x) = 8,100(1.1)^{x}$", "J $v(x) = 8,100(0.9)^{x}$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 157, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows the linear relationship between the distance in feet below sea level and the time in seconds traveled by a submarine.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Time (seconds) | Distance Below Sea Level (feet) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 460 |\n| 18 | 604 |\n| 34 | 732 |\n| 52 | 876 |\n| 70 | 1,020 |", "question": "What is the rate of change of the distance in feet below sea level with respect to time that the submarine traveled?", "options": ["F 8 ft/sec", "G 10 ft/sec", "H 12 ft/sec", "J 14 ft/sec"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 158, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows the net revenue in millions of dollars of a company every three months for two years. An exponential function can be used to model the data.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Time, x (months) | Net Revenue, r(x) (millions of dollars) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 3 | 274 |\n| 6 | 389 |\n| 9 | 467 |\n| 12 | 560 |\n| 15 | 960 |\n| 18 | 1,100 |\n| 21 | 1,320 |\n| 24 | 1,584 |", "question": "Which function best models the data?", "options": ["F $r(x) = 223.06(1.09)^x$", "G $r(x) = 1.09(223.06)^x$", "H $r(x) = 2,232.91(0.92)^x$", "J $r(x) = 0.92(2,232.91)^x$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 159, "assessment_program": "virginia_sol", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A relationship between $x$ and $y$ is shown in this table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 1 |\n| 1 | 2 |\n| 2 | 5 |\n| 3 | 10 |", "question": "Which equation represents this relationship?", "options": {"A": "$y = 2x + 1$", "B": "$y = 5x - 5$", "C": "$y = x^2 + 1$", "D": "$y = (x + 1)^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 160, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "Daisun owns 2 sportswear stores (X and Y). She stocks 3 brands of T-shirts (A, B, and C) in each store. The matrices below show the numbers of each type of T-shirt in each store and the cost for each type of T-shirt.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | A | B | C | Cost |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| X | 100 | 200 | 150 | A $5 |\n| Y | 120 | 50 | 100 | B $10 |\n| | | | | C $15 |", "question": "What is the total value of the T-shirt inventory for Daisun's 2 stores?", "options": {"A": "$2,200", "B": "$2,220", "C": "$4,965", "D": "$5,450", "E": "$7,350"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 161, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A poll of 200 registered voters was taken before the election for mayor of Springdale. All 200 voters indicated which 1 of the 4 candidates they would vote for. The results of the poll are given in the table below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Candidate | Number of voters |\n| --- | --- |\n| Blackcloud | 50 |\n| Lue | 80 |\n| Gomez | 40 |\n| Whitney | 30 |", "question": "What percent of the voters polled chose Whitney in the poll?", "options": {"A": "15%", "B": "20%", "C": "25%", "D": "30%", "E": "40%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 162, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "If the poll is indicative of how the 10,000 registered voters of Springdale will actually vote in the election", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Candidate | Number of voters |\n| --- | --- |\n| Blackcloud | 50 |\n| Lue | 80 |\n| Gomez | 40 |\n| Whitney | 30 |", "question": "Which of the following is the best estimate of the number of votes Lue will receive in the election?", "options": {"A": "1,500", "B": "2,500", "C": "4,000", "D": "5,000", "E": "8,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 163, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "If the information in the table were converted into a circle graph (pie chart)", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Candidate | Number of voters |\n| --- | --- |\n| Blackcloud | 50 |\n| Lue | 80 |\n| Gomez | 40 |\n| Whitney | 30 |", "question": "What is the central angle of the sector for Gomez?", "options": {"A": "54°", "B": "72°", "C": "90°", "D": "108°", "E": "144°"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 164, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table below shows the total number of goals scored in each of 43 soccer matches in a regional tournament.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Total number of goals in a match | Number of matches with this total |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 4 |\n| 1 | 10 |\n| 2 | 5 |\n| 3 | 9 |\n| 4 | 7 |\n| 5 | 5 |\n| 6 | 1 |\n| 7 | 2 |", "question": "What is the average number of goals scored per match, to the nearest 0.1 goal?", "options": {"A": "1.0", "B": "2.8", "C": "3.0", "D": "6.1", "E": "17.1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 165, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| t | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| y | 14 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 34 | 39 |", "question": "As part of a lesson on motion, students observed a cart rolling at a constant rate along a straight line. As shown in the chart below, they recorded the distance, y feet, of the cart from a reference point at 1-second intervals from t = 0 seconds to t = 5 seconds. Which of the following equations represents this data?", "options": {"A": "y = t + 14", "B": "y = 5t + 9", "C": "y = 5t + 14", "D": "y = 14t + 5", "E": "y = 19t"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 166, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | radius | center |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| F. | sqrt(38) | (5,0) |\n| G. | 19 | (5,0) |\n| H. | 38 | (5,0) |\n| J. | sqrt(38) | (-5,0) |\n| K. | 19 | (-5,0) |", "question": "A particular circle in the standard (x,y) coordinate plane has an equation of (x - 5)^2 + y^2 = 38. What are the radius of the circle, in coordinate units, and the coordinates of the center of the circle?", "options": {"A": "sqrt(38), (5,0)", "B": "19, (5,0)", "C": "38, (5,0)", "D": "sqrt(38), (-5,0)", "E": "19, (-5,0)"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 167, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Number and Quantity", "context": "The shipping rate for customers of Ship Quick consists of a fee per box and a price per pound for each box. The table below gives the fee and the price per pound for customers shipping boxes of various weights.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Weight of box (pounds) | Fee | Price per pound |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 10 | $5.00 | $1.00 |\n| 10—25 | $10.00 | $0.65 |\n| More than 25 | $20.00 | $0.30 |", "question": "Gregg wants Ship Quick to ship 1 box that weighs 15 pounds. What is the shipping rate for this box?", "options": {"A": "\\$9.75", "B": "\\$16.50", "C": "\\$19.75", "D": "\\$20.00", "E": "\\$24.50"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 168, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table below shows the number of cars Jing sold each month last year.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Month | Number of cars sold |\n| --- | --- |\n| January | 25 |\n| February | 15 |\n| March | 22 |\n| April | 19 |\n| May | 16 |\n| June | 13 |\n| July | 19 |\n| August | 25 |\n| September | 26 |\n| October | 27 |\n| November | 28 |\n| December | 29 |", "question": "What is the median of the data in the table?", "options": {"A": "19", "B": "20", "C": "22", "D": "25", "E": "26"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 169, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Students studying motion observed a cart rolling at a constant rate along a straight line. The table below gives the distance, $d$ feet, the cart was from a reference point at 1-second intervals from $t = 0$ seconds to $t = 5$ seconds.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| t | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| d | 14 | 20 | 26 | 32 | 38 | 44 |", "question": "Which of the following equations represents this relationship between $d$ and $t$?", "options": {"A": "d = t + 14", "B": "d = 6t + 8", "C": "d = 6t + 14", "D": "d = 14t + 6", "E": "d = 34t"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 170, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Kelly asked 120 students questions about skiing. The results of the poll are shown in the table below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Question | Yes | No |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1. Have you skied either cross-country or downhill? | 65 | 55 |\n| 2. If you answered Yes to Question 1, did you ski downhill? | 28 | 37 |\n| 3. If you answered Yes to Question 1, did you ski cross-country? | 45 | 20 |", "question": "After completing the poll, Kelly wondered how many of the students polled had skied both cross-country and downhill.How many of the students polled indicated that they had skied both cross-country and downhill?", "options": {"A": "73", "B": "65", "C": "47", "D": "18", "E": "8"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 171, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The frequency chart below shows the cumulative number of Ms. Hernandez's science students whose test scores fell within certain score ranges. All test scores are whole numbers.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Score range | Cumulative number of students |\n| --- | --- |\n| 65-70 | 12 |\n| 65-80 | 13 |\n| 65-90 | 19 |\n| 65-100 | 21 |", "question": "How many students have a test score in the interval 71-80?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "6", "C": "8", "D": "12", "E": "13"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 172, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Mario plays basketball on a town league team. The table below gives Mario's scoring statistics for last season.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Type of shot | Number attempted | Percent successful |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1-point free throw | 80 | 75% |\n| 2-point field goal | 60 | 90% |\n| 3-point field goal | 60 | 25% |", "question": "How many points did Mario score playing basketball last season?", "options": {"A": "129", "B": "190", "C": "213", "D": "330", "E": "380"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 173, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "At Sweet Stuff Fresh Produce the price of a bag of grapes depends on the total number of bags purchased at 1 time, as shown in the table below. In 2 trips to Sweet Stuff this week, Janelle purchased 3 bags of grapes on Monday and 4 bags of grapes on Wednesday.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of bags | Price per bag |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1-3 | $3.00 |\n| 4-6 | $2.80 |\n| 7-9 | $2.60 |\n| 10 or more | $2.50 |", "question": "How much money would Janelle have saved if she had instead purchased 7 bags of grapes in 1 trip on Monday?", "options": {"A": "$0.20", "B": "$1.00", "C": "$1.40", "D": "$2.00", "E": "$2.50"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 174, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "On the first 7 statistics tests of the semester, Jamal scored 61, 76, 79, 80, 80, 84, and 91. The mean, median, and mode of his scores were 79, 80, and 80, respectively. On the 8th statistics test, Jamal scored 90.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Mean | Median | Mode |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | equal | greater | greater |\n| B. | greater | greater | greater |\n| C. | greater | greater | equal |\n| D. | greater | equal | greater |\n| E. | greater | equal | equal |", "question": "How do the mean, median, and mode of all 8 of his scores compare to the mean, median, and mode of his first 7 scores?", "options": {"A": "equal, greater, greater", "B": "greater, greater, greater", "C": "greater, greater, equal", "D": "greater, equal, greater", "E": "greater, equal, equal"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 175, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Many humans carry the gene Yq77. The Yq test determines, with 100% accuracy, whether a human carries Yq77. If a Yq test result is positive, the human carries the Yq77 gene. If a Yq test result is negative, the human does NOT carry Yq77. Sam designed a less expensive test for Yq77 called the Sam77 test. It produces some incorrect results. To determine the accuracy of the Sam77 test, both tests were administered to 1,000 volunteers. The results from this administration are summarized in the table below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Positive Yq test | Negative Yq test |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Positive Sam77 test | 590 | 10 |\n| Negative Sam77 test | 25 | 375 |", "question": "What was the total cost to administer both tests to all the volunteers?", "options": {"A": "$1,537,500", "B": "$1,556,750", "C": "$1,568,250", "D": "$2,500,000", "E": "$2,550,000"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 176, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Many humans carry the gene Yq77. The Yq test determines, with 100% accuracy, whether a human carries Yq77. If a Yq test result is positive, the human carries the Yq77 gene. If a Yq test result is negative, the human does NOT carry Yq77. Sam designed a less expensive test for Yq77 called the Sam77 test. It produces some incorrect results. To determine the accuracy of the Sam77 test, both tests were administered to 1,000 volunteers. The results from this administration are summarized in the table below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Positive Yq test | Negative Yq test |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Positive Sam77 test | 590 | 10 |\n| Negative Sam77 test | 25 | 375 |", "question": "What percent of the volunteers actually carry Yq77?", "options": {"A": "57.5%", "B": "60.0%", "C": "60.5%", "D": "61.5%", "E": "62.5%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 177, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Many humans carry the gene Yq77. The Yq test determines, with 100% accuracy, whether a human carries Yq77. If a Yq test result is positive, the human carries the Yq77 gene. If a Yq test result is negative, the human does NOT carry Yq77. Sam designed a less expensive test for Yq77 called the Sam77 test. It produces some incorrect results. To determine the accuracy of the Sam77 test, both tests were administered to 1,000 volunteers. The results from this administration are summarized in the table below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Positive Yq test | Negative Yq test |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Positive Sam77 test | 590 | 10 |\n| Negative Sam77 test | 25 | 375 |", "question": "For how many volunteers did the Sam77 test give an incorrect result?", "options": {"A": "10", "B": "25", "C": "35", "D": "385", "E": "400"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 178, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Many humans carry the gene Yq77. The Yq test determines, with 100% accuracy, whether a human carries Yq77. If a Yq test result is positive, the human carries the Yq77 gene. If a Yq test result is negative, the human does NOT carry Yq77. Sam designed a less expensive test for Yq77 called the Sam77 test. It produces some incorrect results. To determine the accuracy of the Sam77 test, both tests were administered to 1,000 volunteers. The results from this administration are summarized in the table below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Positive Yq test | Negative Yq test |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Positive Sam77 test | 590 | 10 |\n| Negative Sam77 test | 25 | 375 |", "question": "To the nearest 0.001, what is the probability the chosen volunteer does NOT possess Yq77?", "options": {"A": "0.017", "B": "0.026", "C": "0.035", "D": "0.041", "E": "0.063"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 179, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Marco designs a spinner wheel that has exactly 4 sections: red, blue, green, and yellow. He wants the spinner wheel to have a 25% chance of landing on each section. He spins the wheel 500 times. The results of the spins are shown in this table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Spinner wheel section | Number of times the spinner lands in each section |\n| --- | --- |\n| Red | 80 |\n| Blue | 165 |\n| Green | 130 |\n| Yellow | 125 |", "question": "Based on the results in this table, one of the following changes would be the best fix. Which one?", "options": {"A": "He should decrease the area of the red section by increasing the area of the blue section.", "B": "He should increase the area of the red section by decreasing the area of the blue section.", "C": "He should increase the area of the red section by decreasing the area of any of the other three sections.", "D": "He should decrease the area of the blue section, and then it does **not** matter which section's area is increased."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 180, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "On a trip, 2 sisters counted 1,430 vehicles. They divided the vehicles into categories: cars, trucks, and other. They noted the color of each as white, black, red, or other, as shown in the table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | White | Black | Red | Other | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Car | 118 | 62 | 97 | 197 | 474 |\n| Truck | 100 | 31 | 116 | 232 | 479 |\n| Other | 86 | 85 | 94 | 212 | 477 |\n| Total | 304 | 178 | 307 | 641 | 1,430 |", "question": "What is the probability that a randomly selected truck is black?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{31}{178}$", "B": "$\\frac{31}{479}$", "C": "$\\frac{31}{1,430}$", "D": "$\\frac{479}{1,430}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 181, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The first 4 terms of a sequence are shown in the table. The sequence is defined by $a_1 = 2$ and $a_n = a_{n-1} + (n-1)^2$ for $n \\ge 2$ .", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| a_1 | a_2 | a_3 | a_4 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2 | 3 | 7 | 16 |", "question": "What is the sixth term, $a_6$ , of this sequence?", "options": {"A": "68", "B": "57", "C": "41", "D": "32"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 182, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Jonathan rode his bike every day for 18 days. The table shows each of the distances he rode. The table also shows the number of days he rode each of those distances.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Distance (in miles) | Number of days |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 2 |\n| 3 | 4 |\n| 4 | 3 |\n| 5 | 6 |\n| 7 | 3 |", "question": "What is the median daily distance, in miles, that Jonathan rode his bike for the 18 days?", "options": {"A": "3", "B": "3.5", "C": "4", "D": "4.5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 183, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A tourism organization randomly selected 100 tourists finishing their summer visit to Spain. The organization asked them how many cities they had toured in the country. The table shows the results.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of cities | 1 | 2 | 3 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Number of tourists | 10 | 40 | 50 |", "question": "Based on these data, for the population of tourists that visited Spain during the summer, what is the best estimate of the mean number of cities toured?", "options": {"A": "0.8", "B": "2", "C": "2.4", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 184, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The table gives values of $f(x)$ , $g(x)$ , and $h(x)$ for all positive integers $x \\le 5$ . Given $h(f(g(a))) = 1$ where $a$ is a positive integer less than or equal to 5,", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | f(x) | g(x) | h(x) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 |\n| 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 |\n| 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 |\n| 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 |\n| 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 |", "question": "what is the value of $a$ ?", "options": {"A": "2", "B": "3", "C": "4", "D": "5"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 185, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A restaurant surveyed its customers to determine whether or not they like hamburgers and whether or not they like turkey burgers. The table shows the results of the survey.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Like hamburgers | Do not like hamburgers | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Like turkey burgers | 97 | 39 | 136 |\n| Do not like turkey burgers | 98 | 78 | 176 |\n| Total | 195 | 117 | 312 |", "question": "To the nearest 1%, what percent of the customers who responded to the survey like hamburgers?", "options": {"A": "31%", "B": "50%", "C": "63%", "D": "71%"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 194, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nA teacher provided the table below to the students in a science class. The table gives 5 properties for each of Sam-ples A-H. The students were told to assume that each sample is a completely solid cube composed of a single hypothetical pure substance.\n\nNote: Assume that mass, volume, and density were determined at $20^{\\circ }C$ and that all 5 properties were determined at 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure.\n\nThe teacher asked each of 4 students to explain how these data could be used to predict which samples are com-posed of the same substance. # Student 1 If 2 samples have the same values for all 5 properties,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 2 If 2 samples have the same values for any 3 or more of the 5 properties, they are composed of the same substance.If 2 samples have the same values for fewer than 3 of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 3 If 2 samples have the same mass, volume, and density,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 properties, they are composed of different substances. Neither melting point nor boiling point, by itself, can distinguish between substances. # Student 4 If 2 samples have the same density, melting point, and boiling point, they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 proper-ties, they are composed of different substances. Neither mass nor volume, by itself, can distinguish between substances.\n| Sample | Mass (g) | Volume (cm3) | Density (g/cm3) | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| B | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 342 | 959 |\n| C | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 885 |\n| D | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 887 |\n| E | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| F | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 746 |\n| G | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| H | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 342 | 959 |", "question": "Consider the statement \"Two samples that have the same mass, volume, density, and boiling point are composed of the same substance, even if the two samples have different melting points.\" Which of Students 2 and 4, if either, would be likely to agree with this statement?", "options": {"A": "Student 2 only", "B": "Student 4 only", "C": "Both Student 2 and Student 4", "D": "Neither Student 2 nor Student 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 195, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nA teacher provided the table below to the students in a science class. The table gives 5 properties for each of Sam-ples A-H. The students were told to assume that each sample is a completely solid cube composed of a single hypothetical pure substance.\n\nNote: Assume that mass, volume, and density were determined at $20^{\\circ }C$ and that all 5 properties were determined at 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure.\n\nThe teacher asked each of 4 students to explain how these data could be used to predict which samples are com-posed of the same substance. # Student 1 If 2 samples have the same values for all 5 properties,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 2 If 2 samples have the same values for any 3 or more of the 5 properties, they are composed of the same substance.If 2 samples have the same values for fewer than 3 of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 3 If 2 samples have the same mass, volume, and density,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 properties, they are composed of different substances. Neither melting point nor boiling point, by itself, can distinguish between substances. # Student 4 If 2 samples have the same density, melting point, and boiling point, they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 proper-ties, they are composed of different substances. Neither mass nor volume, by itself, can distinguish between substances.\n| Sample | Mass (g) | Volume (cm3) | Density (g/cm3) | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| B | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 342 | 959 |\n| C | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 885 |\n| D | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 887 |\n| E | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| F | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 746 |\n| G | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| H | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 342 | 959 |", "question": "Suppose that the temperature of Sample D is increased to $890^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ at 1 atm of pressure. Will the sample's density be lower than or higher than it was at $20^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and 1 atm?", "options": {"A": "Lower; Sample D will be a gas, and gases generally have lower densities than do solids.", "B": "Lower; Sample D will be a liquid, and liquids generally have lower densities than do solids.", "C": "Higher; Sample D will be a gas, and gases generally have higher densities than do solids.", "D": "Higher; Sample D will be a liquid, and liquids generally have higher densities than do solids."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 196, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nAntioxidants are substances that can protect against cellular damage. Over time, antioxidants break down. Anti-oxidants break down faster when exposed to light or added heat. Blackberries are a good source of antioxidants such as total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA).\n\nScientists conducted an experiment to study how dif-ferent types and concentrations of pectin (a substance used in jam production) affect the breakdown of TMA in black-berry jam during 6 months of storage.\n\nThe scientists obtained fresh blackberries and deter-mined that the concentration of TMA was 200 mg TMA per 100 g of blackberries. The scientists then made 9 batches of blackberry jam. Each batch used 1 of 3 types of pectin (Pectin X, Y, or Z) at 1 of 3 concentrations (0.3%,0.7%, or 1.0% by mass). For each batch, 6 identical trans-parent jars were obtained. Each batch was equally por-tioned into its 6 jars, which were then capped and submerged in boiling water for 10 min. All jars were then placed in a dark storage area maintained at 20°C.\n\nJars from each batch were selected after storage times of 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Once selected,a jar was removed from storage, and its contents were ana-lyzed for TMA concentration before being discarded. The results are shown in Table 1.\n\nTable adapted from Mariana-Atena Poiana et al., \"Assessing the Effects of Different Pectins Addition on Color Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Blackberry Jam.\" ©2013 by Poiana et al.\n| Table 1 | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Pectin type | Pectin concentration (% by mass) | TMA concentration (mg/100 g of jam) at a storage time of: | | | |\n| | | 1 day | 1 month | 3 months | 6 months |\n| X | 0.3 | 32 | 27 | 24 | 17 |\n| | 0.7 | 34 | 31 | 27 | 20 |\n| | 1.0 | 37 | 34 | 30 | 22 |\n| Y | 0.3 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 21 |\n| | 0.7 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 26 |\n| | 1.0 | 41 | 39 | 34 | 28 |\n| Z | 0.3 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 10 |\n| | 0.7 | 26 | 22 | 20 | 13 |\n| | 1.0 | 28 | 25 | 20 | 15 |", "question": "For the batch of jam prepared with $1.0\\%$ Pectin Z by mass, as storage time increased, the TMA concentration: ", "options": {"A": "increased only. ", "B": "decreased only. ", "C": "increased and then decreased. ", "D": "decreased and then increased. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 197, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nAntioxidants are substances that can protect against cellular damage. Over time, antioxidants break down. Anti-oxidants break down faster when exposed to light or added heat. Blackberries are a good source of antioxidants such as total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA).\n\nScientists conducted an experiment to study how dif-ferent types and concentrations of pectin (a substance used in jam production) affect the breakdown of TMA in black-berry jam during 6 months of storage.\n\nThe scientists obtained fresh blackberries and deter-mined that the concentration of TMA was 200 mg TMA per 100 g of blackberries. The scientists then made 9 batches of blackberry jam. Each batch used 1 of 3 types of pectin (Pectin X, Y, or Z) at 1 of 3 concentrations (0.3%,0.7%, or 1.0% by mass). For each batch, 6 identical trans-parent jars were obtained. Each batch was equally por-tioned into its 6 jars, which were then capped and submerged in boiling water for 10 min. All jars were then placed in a dark storage area maintained at 20°C.\n\nJars from each batch were selected after storage times of 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Once selected,a jar was removed from storage, and its contents were ana-lyzed for TMA concentration before being discarded. The results are shown in Table 1.\n\nTable adapted from Mariana-Atena Poiana et al., \"Assessing the Effects of Different Pectins Addition on Color Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Blackberry Jam.\" ©2013 by Poiana et al.\n| Table 1 | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Pectin type | Pectin concentration (% by mass) | TMA concentration (mg/100 g of jam) at a storage time of: | | | |\n| | | 1 day | 1 month | 3 months | 6 months |\n| X | 0.3 | 32 | 27 | 24 | 17 |\n| | 0.7 | 34 | 31 | 27 | 20 |\n| | 1.0 | 37 | 34 | 30 | 22 |\n| Y | 0.3 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 21 |\n| | 0.7 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 26 |\n| | 1.0 | 41 | 39 | 34 | 28 |\n| Z | 0.3 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 10 |\n| | 0.7 | 26 | 22 | 20 | 13 |\n| | 1.0 | 28 | 25 | 20 | 15 |", "question": "Suppose the scientists had also prepared a batch of jam using $0.5\\%$ Pectin Y. Based on the results of the experiment, at a storage time of 3 months, the TMA concentration would most likely have been between: ", "options": {"A": "$21\\mathrm{mg / 100g}$ and $26\\mathrm{mg / 100g}$", "B": "$26\\mathrm{mg / 100g}$ and $28\\mathrm{mg / 100g}$", "C": "$28\\mathrm{mg / 100g}$ and $32\\mathrm{mg / 100g}$", "D": "$32\\mathrm{mg / 100g}$ and $34\\mathrm{mg / 100g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 198, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nAntioxidants are substances that can protect against cellular damage. Over time, antioxidants break down. Anti-oxidants break down faster when exposed to light or added heat. Blackberries are a good source of antioxidants such as total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA).\n\nScientists conducted an experiment to study how dif-ferent types and concentrations of pectin (a substance used in jam production) affect the breakdown of TMA in black-berry jam during 6 months of storage.\n\nThe scientists obtained fresh blackberries and deter-mined that the concentration of TMA was 200 mg TMA per 100 g of blackberries. The scientists then made 9 batches of blackberry jam. Each batch used 1 of 3 types of pectin (Pectin X, Y, or Z) at 1 of 3 concentrations (0.3%,0.7%, or 1.0% by mass). For each batch, 6 identical trans-parent jars were obtained. Each batch was equally por-tioned into its 6 jars, which were then capped and submerged in boiling water for 10 min. All jars were then placed in a dark storage area maintained at 20°C.\n\nJars from each batch were selected after storage times of 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Once selected,a jar was removed from storage, and its contents were ana-lyzed for TMA concentration before being discarded. The results are shown in Table 1.\n\nTable adapted from Mariana-Atena Poiana et al., \"Assessing the Effects of Different Pectins Addition on Color Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Blackberry Jam.\" ©2013 by Poiana et al.\n| Table 1 | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Pectin type | Pectin concentration (% by mass) | TMA concentration (mg/100 g of jam) at a storage time of: | | | |\n| | | 1 day | 1 month | 3 months | 6 months |\n| X | 0.3 | 32 | 27 | 24 | 17 |\n| | 0.7 | 34 | 31 | 27 | 20 |\n| | 1.0 | 37 | 34 | 30 | 22 |\n| Y | 0.3 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 21 |\n| | 0.7 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 26 |\n| | 1.0 | 41 | 39 | 34 | 28 |\n| Z | 0.3 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 10 |\n| | 0.7 | 26 | 22 | 20 | 13 |\n| | 1.0 | 28 | 25 | 20 | 15 |", "question": "Which of the following variables was not an independent variable in the experiment? ", "options": {"A": "Pectin concentration ", "B": "Storage time ", "C": "TMA concentration ", "D": "Type of pectin "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 199, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nAntioxidants are substances that can protect against cellular damage. Over time, antioxidants break down. Anti-oxidants break down faster when exposed to light or added heat. Blackberries are a good source of antioxidants such as total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA).\n\nScientists conducted an experiment to study how dif-ferent types and concentrations of pectin (a substance used in jam production) affect the breakdown of TMA in black-berry jam during 6 months of storage.\n\nThe scientists obtained fresh blackberries and deter-mined that the concentration of TMA was 200 mg TMA per 100 g of blackberries. The scientists then made 9 batches of blackberry jam. Each batch used 1 of 3 types of pectin (Pectin X, Y, or Z) at 1 of 3 concentrations (0.3%,0.7%, or 1.0% by mass). For each batch, 6 identical trans-parent jars were obtained. Each batch was equally por-tioned into its 6 jars, which were then capped and submerged in boiling water for 10 min. All jars were then placed in a dark storage area maintained at 20°C.\n\nJars from each batch were selected after storage times of 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Once selected,a jar was removed from storage, and its contents were ana-lyzed for TMA concentration before being discarded. The results are shown in Table 1.\n\nTable adapted from Mariana-Atena Poiana et al., \"Assessing the Effects of Different Pectins Addition on Color Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Blackberry Jam.\" ©2013 by Poiana et al.\n| Table 1 | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Pectin type | Pectin concentration (% by mass) | TMA concentration (mg/100 g of jam) at a storage time of: | | | |\n| | | 1 day | 1 month | 3 months | 6 months |\n| X | 0.3 | 32 | 27 | 24 | 17 |\n| | 0.7 | 34 | 31 | 27 | 20 |\n| | 1.0 | 37 | 34 | 30 | 22 |\n| Y | 0.3 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 21 |\n| | 0.7 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 26 |\n| | 1.0 | 41 | 39 | 34 | 28 |\n| Z | 0.3 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 10 |\n| | 0.7 | 26 | 22 | 20 | 13 |\n| | 1.0 | 28 | 25 | 20 | 15 |", "question": "Suppose that the experiment had been repeated, except that the jars had been stored at $30^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ . Would the TMA concentrations in this new experiment more likely have been less than or greater than the corresponding TMA concentrations listed in Table 1? The TMA concentrations in the new experiment would most likely have been: ", "options": {"A": "less, because more TMA would have broken down at the higher temperature. ", "B": "less, because more TMA would have broken down at the lower temperature. ", "C": "greater, because less TMA would have broken down at the higher temperature. ", "D": "greater, because less TMA would have broken down at the lower temperature. "}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 200, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nAntioxidants are substances that can protect against cellular damage. Over time, antioxidants break down. Anti-oxidants break down faster when exposed to light or added heat. Blackberries are a good source of antioxidants such as total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA).\n\nScientists conducted an experiment to study how dif-ferent types and concentrations of pectin (a substance used in jam production) affect the breakdown of TMA in black-berry jam during 6 months of storage.\n\nThe scientists obtained fresh blackberries and deter-mined that the concentration of TMA was 200 mg TMA per 100 g of blackberries. The scientists then made 9 batches of blackberry jam. Each batch used 1 of 3 types of pectin (Pectin X, Y, or Z) at 1 of 3 concentrations (0.3%,0.7%, or 1.0% by mass). For each batch, 6 identical trans-parent jars were obtained. Each batch was equally por-tioned into its 6 jars, which were then capped and submerged in boiling water for 10 min. All jars were then placed in a dark storage area maintained at 20°C.\n\nJars from each batch were selected after storage times of 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Once selected,a jar was removed from storage, and its contents were ana-lyzed for TMA concentration before being discarded. The results are shown in Table 1.\n\nTable adapted from Mariana-Atena Poiana et al., \"Assessing the Effects of Different Pectins Addition on Color Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Blackberry Jam.\" ©2013 by Poiana et al.\n| Table 1 | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Pectin type | Pectin concentration (% by mass) | TMA concentration (mg/100 g of jam) at a storage time of: | | | |\n| | | 1 day | 1 month | 3 months | 6 months |\n| X | 0.3 | 32 | 27 | 24 | 17 |\n| | 0.7 | 34 | 31 | 27 | 20 |\n| | 1.0 | 37 | 34 | 30 | 22 |\n| Y | 0.3 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 21 |\n| | 0.7 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 26 |\n| | 1.0 | 41 | 39 | 34 | 28 |\n| Z | 0.3 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 10 |\n| | 0.7 | 26 | 22 | 20 | 13 |\n| | 1.0 | 28 | 25 | 20 | 15 |", "question": "Assume that, in the recipe the scientists used, $100\\mathrm{g}$ of jam was produced for every $70\\mathrm{g}$ of blackberries. If no TMA broke down as the jam was prepared, what mass of TMA would have been found in $100\\mathrm{g}$ of jam before the jars were placed in boiling water? ", "options": {"A": "$70\\mathrm{mg}$", "B": "$140\\mathrm{mg}$", "C": "$200\\mathrm{mg}$", "D": "$280\\mathrm{mg}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 201, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nAntioxidants are substances that can protect against cellular damage. Over time, antioxidants break down. Anti-oxidants break down faster when exposed to light or added heat. Blackberries are a good source of antioxidants such as total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA).\n\nScientists conducted an experiment to study how dif-ferent types and concentrations of pectin (a substance used in jam production) affect the breakdown of TMA in black-berry jam during 6 months of storage.\n\nThe scientists obtained fresh blackberries and deter-mined that the concentration of TMA was 200 mg TMA per 100 g of blackberries. The scientists then made 9 batches of blackberry jam. Each batch used 1 of 3 types of pectin (Pectin X, Y, or Z) at 1 of 3 concentrations (0.3%,0.7%, or 1.0% by mass). For each batch, 6 identical trans-parent jars were obtained. Each batch was equally por-tioned into its 6 jars, which were then capped and submerged in boiling water for 10 min. All jars were then placed in a dark storage area maintained at 20°C.\n\nJars from each batch were selected after storage times of 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Once selected,a jar was removed from storage, and its contents were ana-lyzed for TMA concentration before being discarded. The results are shown in Table 1.\n\nTable adapted from Mariana-Atena Poiana et al., \"Assessing the Effects of Different Pectins Addition on Color Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Blackberry Jam.\" ©2013 by Poiana et al.\n| Table 1 | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Pectin type | Pectin concentration (% by mass) | TMA concentration (mg/100 g of jam) at a storage time of: | | | |\n| | | 1 day | 1 month | 3 months | 6 months |\n| X | 0.3 | 32 | 27 | 24 | 17 |\n| | 0.7 | 34 | 31 | 27 | 20 |\n| | 1.0 | 37 | 34 | 30 | 22 |\n| Y | 0.3 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 21 |\n| | 0.7 | 39 | 37 | 32 | 26 |\n| | 1.0 | 41 | 39 | 34 | 28 |\n| Z | 0.3 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 10 |\n| | 0.7 | 26 | 22 | 20 | 13 |\n| | 1.0 | 28 | 25 | 20 | 15 |", "question": "A total of how many jars were prepared in the experiment? ", "options": {"A": "12 ", "B": "36 ", "C": "48 ", "D": "54"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 202, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "You are studying the four genes E, F, G, H. In the chart below, you will find the crossing over frequencies for each pair of genes.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | F | G | H |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| E | 22 | 17 | 12 |\n| F | | 5 | 10 |\n| G | | | 5 |", "question": "Which of the following expresses the gene sequence on the chromosome?", "options": {"A": "EGFH", "B": "EGHF", "C": "EHGF", "D": "EFGH", "E": "EFHG"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 203, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Professor Dacb has managed to mix up several beakers. He has taken samples from each beaker and enlisted your help in identifying them. Below are the results of a series of reagent tests.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Beaker | Biuret | Benedict's | Ninhydrin | Iodine | Sudan |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Blue | Blue | Blue | Orange | Rather pale |\n| 2 | Blue | Blue | Pale yellow | Red-orange | Red-orange |\n| 3 | Purple | Blue | Pale yellow | Orange | Rather pale |\n| 4 | Blue | Red precipitate | Pale yellow | Orange-yellow | Rather pale |\n| 5 | Blue | Blue | Pale yellow | Orange | Rather pale |", "question": "Which of the following correctly matches each beaker to its possible contents?", "options": {"A": "1: Gelatin, 2: Corn oil, 3: A solution of asparagine, 4: A solution of glucose, 5: A solution of sucrose", "B": "1: Gelatin, 2: Triglycerides, 3: A solution of asparagine, 4: A solution of sucrose, 5: A solution of glucose", "C": "1: A solution of asparagine, 2: Triglycerides, 3: Gelatin, 4: A solution of glucose, 5: A solution of sucrose", "D": "1: A solution of sucrose, 2: Corn oil, 3: A solution of glucose, 4: A solution of asparagine, 5: Gelatin", "E": "1: A solution of glucose, 2: Triglycerides, 3: A solution of sucrose, 4: A solution of asparagine, 5: Gelatin"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 204, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "In 1904, soon after Mendel's work was rediscovered, the French biologist Lucien Cuenot performed experiments with mice that did not appear to follow Mendel's laws. He found that when two yellow-colored mice were crossed, litters with both yellow- and gray-colored offspring were always produced. Over the years, he collected the following data. Yellow x Yellow $\\rightarrow$ 263 yellow-colored mice and 100 gray-colored mice. In 1910, W.E. Castle confirmed Cuenot's results with similar experiments. Their combined data are shown in the table below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Yellow | Gray | Total | % Yellow |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cuenot | 263 | 100 | 363 | 72.45 |\n| Castle | 800 | 435 | 1235 | 64.77 |\n| Total | 1063 | 535 | 1598 | 66.52 |", "question": "Which of the following is the most likely explanation for yellow and gray coat colors in the mice?", "options": {"A": "Gray color is caused by a homozygous recessive condition in either or both of two separate genes that are interacting epistatically.", "B": "Gray color is homozygous recessive, and yellow color can either be homozygous or heterozygous.", "C": "Gray color is homozygous, yellow color is heterozygous, and the yellow allele is lethal when homozygous.", "D": "Yellow color is caused by the recessive allele of a X-linked gene.", "E": "There are fewer gray-colored mice than expected due to double-crossover."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 205, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Choice | Problem | Adaptation |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | Waterlogged sediment | Lenticels |\n| B. | Increased salt levels | High salinity tolerance level |\n| C. | Increased salt levels | Proportion of root/above ground biomass decreases |\n| D. | Waterlogged sediment: | Aerial roots |\n| E. | Increased salt levels | Sheds leaves |", "question": "Mangroves tend to grow around the fringes of tropical estuaries and lagoons, as well as in the intertidal regions of tropical coasts. Two key problems for the survival of the mangrove in these areas are waterlogged sediment and increased salinity. Below is the environment condition matched with an adaption of the mangrove. Which of the adaptations to the problems of waterlogged sediment or increased salt levels is FALSE?", "options": {"A": "Waterlogged sediment - Lenticels", "B": "Increased salt levels - High salinity tolerance level", "C": "Increased salt levels - Proportion of root/above ground biomass decreases", "D": "Waterlogged sediment: - Aerial roots", "E": "Increased salt levels - Sheds leaves"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 206, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Biome | Typical plant/plant descriptor | Typical animal |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | Forests vertically layered. | Animal diversity is higher than other terrestrial environs. |\n| B. | Low, widely scattered vegetation. | Many animal species are nocturnal. |\n| C. | Scattered trees found at different densities. | Large, plant-eating mammals. |\n| D. | Dominated by cone-bearing trees. | Diverse mammals |\n| E. | Forests have distinct vertical layers, closed canopy, understory, shrub and herb layers. | Mammals hibernate in winter. |", "question": "Below are the parameters for five biomes. Which biome is characterized by warm temperatures year round and a dry season that can last up to nine months?", "options": {"A": "Forests vertically layered. - Animal diversity is higher than other terrestrial environs.", "B": "Low, widely scattered vegetation. - Many animal species are nocturnal.", "C": "Scattered trees found at different densities. - Large, plant-eating mammals.", "D": "Dominated by cone-bearing trees. - Diverse mammals", "E": "Forests have distinct vertical layers, closed canopy, understory, shrub and herb layers. - Mammals hibernate in winter."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 207, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Question, refer to the following experiment on voles: Two varieties of the same species of voles (meadow mice), albino and red- backed, were used in an experiment. Both varieties were subjected to the predation of a hawk, under controlled laboratory conditions. During the experiment, the floor of the test room was covered on alternate days with white ground cover that matched the albino voles and red- brown cover that matched the red- backed voles. The chart below shows the results of 50 trials.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Number of Voles Captured | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Variety | White Cover | Red-Brown Cover | Total |\n| Albino | 35 | 57 | 92 |\n| Red-backed | 60 | 40 | 100 |\n| Total | 95 | 97 | 192 |", "question": "The purpose of the experiment was to:", "options": {"A": "Compare the agility of the several varieties of voles.", "B": "Compare the effects of protective coloration.", "C": "Decrease the vole population.", "D": "Determine the basic intelligence of hawks and voles.", "E": "Measure the visual acuity of hawks."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 208, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Two varieties of the same species of voles (meadow mice), albino and red- backed, were used in an experiment. Both varieties were subjected to the predation of a hawk, under controlled laboratory conditions. During the experiment, the floor of the test room was covered on alternate days with white ground cover that matched the albino voles and red- brown cover that matched the red- backed voles. The chart below shows the results of 50 trials. ", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Number of Voles Captured | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Variety | White Cover | Red-Brown Cover | Total |\n| Albino | 35 | 57 | 92 |\n| Red-backed | 60 | 40 | 100 |\n| Total | 95 | 97 | 192 |", "question": "Which result would have been most likely if only red-brown floor covering had been used?", "options": {"A": "A greater number of red-backed voles would not have survived.", "B": "Ninety-seven red-backed voles would have survived.", "C": "Ninety-five albino voles would have survived.", "D": "There would have been no change in the results.", "E": "The survival rate of the albino voles would have decreased markedly."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 209, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | KI (μM-1/min) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Cell Type 1 | 8 |\n| Cell Type 2 | 16 |", "question": "You are analyzing a receptor that is expressed on the cell surface of two different cell types (Cell Type I and Cell Type II). Based on the information given in the table below, identify the cell type whose receptor is more sensitive to the ligand?", "options": {"A": "Cell Type 1 is more sensitive, because its $k_{D}$ is larger.", "B": "Cell Type 1 is more sensitive, because its $k_{D}$ is smaller.", "C": "Cell Type 2 is more sensitive, because its $k_{D}$ is larger.", "D": "Cell Type 2 is more sensitive, because its $k_{D}$ is smaller."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 210, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | C3 plants | C4 plants |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | Rubisco performs initial carbon fixation step | PEPase performs initial carbon fixation step |\n| B. | Loses water and energy through photorespiration | No or very low photorespiration rate |\n| C. | RuBP initially accepts carbon dioxide | PEP initially accepts carbon dioxide |\n| D. | Most plants | Tropical grasses |\n| E. | Spatial separation of carbon fixation and photosynthesis | Temporal separation of carbon fixation and photosynthesis |", "question": "Which of the following incorrectly compares C3 versus C4 plants?", "options": {"A": "Rubisco performs initial carbon fixation step", "B": "Loses water and energy through photorespiration", "C": "RuBP initially accepts carbon dioxide", "D": "Most plants", "E": "Spatial separation of carbon fixation and photosynthesis"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 211, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Consider the following experiment similar to those first performed in the 1950's. Individual Arabidopsis thaliana plants are grown in a hydroponic solution (without soil). Some plants (Group A) are grown in water labeled $(20\\%)$ with oxygen-18 and atmospheric air with unlabeled $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ while others (Group B) are grown in unlabeled water and atmospheric air with $50\\%$ of the $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ labeled with oxygen-18. Gases produced by the plant are collected for 20 minutes. After 1 day, the following are analyzed for oxygen-18 content: the collected gas, tissue from the plants, and tissue from the plants baked until dry. The results are as follows, where a $+$ indicates a statistically significant enrichment and a - indicates no enrichment:", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Collected gas | Plant tissue | Dried plant tissue |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Group A (H2O labeled) | + | - | - |\n| Group B (CO2 labeled) | - | + | + |", "question": "Assuming that the detailed mechanisms of photosynthesis have not yet been discovered, what would be concluded about photosynthesis from this experiment?", "options": {"A": "The oxygen atoms in plant sugars (or other organic compounds) are derived from water.", "B": "The oxygen atoms in the $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ produced by plant respiration originated from water.", "C": "The oxygen atoms in the labeled $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ were incorporated into plant sugars (or other organic compounds) only.", "D": "Oxygen $(\\mathrm{O}_{2})$ is formed from the splitting of water during photosynthesis.", "E": "The oxygen in the labeled $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ was released as $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 212, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Standard genetic code | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2nd base | | | | | | | |\n| 1st base | U | | | A | | G | |\n| | UUU | ( Phe/F) Phenylalanine | UCU | UAU | ( Tyr/Y) Tyrosine | UGU | ( Cys/C) Cysteine |\n| U | UUC | UCC | ( Ser/S) Serine | UAC | UGC | ( Cys/C) Cysteine | C |\n| | UUA | UCA | UAA | Stop (Ochre) | UGA | Stop (Gpa) | A |\n| | UUG | UCG | UAG | Stop (Amber) | UGG | ( Tp/W) Tryptophan | G |\n| | CUU | (Ceu/L) Leucine | CUC | CAU | ( His/H) Histidine | CUG | U |\n| | CUC | CCC | ( Pro/P) Proline | CAC | ( Ala/L) Glutamine | CGA | C |\n| | CUA | CCA | ( Ala/L) Glutamine | CAA | ( Gln/L) Glutamine | CGG | A |\n| | CUG | CGG | CAG | ( Gln/L) Glutamine | CGA | ( Ser/S) Serine | U |\n| | AUU | ACU | AUU | ( Asn/N) Asparagine | AGU | ( Ser/S) Serine | U |\n| A | AUC | ACC | ( Thr/T) Threonine | AAC | ( Lys/L) Lysine | AGA | A |\n| | AUA | ACA | AAA | ( Lys/L) Lysine | AGA | ( Arg/R) Arginine | A |\n| | AUG | ( Met/M) Methionine | ACG | AGG | ( Asp/D) Aspartic acid | GUG | U |\n| | GUU | GCU | GAU | ( Asp/D) Aspartic acid | GUG | ( Gly/G) Glycine | C |\n| G | GUC | GCC | GAA | ( Glu/E) Glutamic acid | GGA | ( Gln/L) Glutamine | A |\n| | GUA | GCA | GAG | ( Glu/E) Glutamic acid | GGA | ( Gln/L) Glutamine | A |\n| | GUG | GCC | GAA | ( Glu/E) Glutamic acid | GGA | ( Gln/L) Glutamine | A |", "question": "Influenza is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, which means that its genome is copied into complementary, positive-sense mRNA that is then translated into protein. Use the codon table provided below to determine what protein sequence is produced by this 3-codon segment of the influenza virus genome. 5'-ACGUACUGU-3'", "options": {"A": "TYC.", "B": "CYT.", "C": "RVT.", "D": "TVR.", "E": "TY*."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 213, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "The following are the results of a trihybrid cross.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| vcv+ct+ | 580 |\n| --- | --- |\n| v+cvt | 592 |\n| vcvct+ | 45 |\n| v+cv+ct | 40 |\n| vcvt | 89 |\n| v+cv+ct+ | 94 |\n| vcv+ct | 3 |\n| v+cvct+ | 5 |", "question": "Which of the following correctly shows the correct chromosomal map and distance (in CM) between the three genes?", "options": {"A": "v(13,2)ct(6,4)cv,", "B": "cv(13,2)ct(6,4)v.", "C": "ct(13,2)v(6,4)cv.", "D": "ct(6,4)v(13,2)cv.", "E": "v(6,4)cv(13,2)ct."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 214, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Human Physiology", "context": "The concentration of ions inside an amoeba is expressed below as ion-units per milliliter. The composition of the extra-cellular environment (ECE) is given for comparison. Assume the amoeba has been in the environment for some time.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | \\text{Na}^+ | \\text{K}^+ | \\text{Cl}^- | \\text{HCO}_3^- |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Amoeba | 1 | 42 | 3 | 119 |\n| ECE | 21 | 16 | 41 | 119 |", "question": "Simple diffusion alone could account for which ionic concentration inside the amoeba: [Assume the membrane is permeable in some degree to all of the above ions.]", "options": {"A": " $\\text{Na}^+$ ", "B": " $\\text{HCO}_3^-$ ", "C": " $\\text{Na}^+, \\text{K}^+, \\text{Cl}^-$ and $\\text{HCO}_3^-$ ", "D": " $\\text{Na}^+, \\text{Cl}^-$ and $\\text{HCO}_3^-$ ", "E": " $\\text{K}^+"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 215, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| A | Collenchyma cells | Fibers | Sieve tube member |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| B | Meristematic cells | Tracheary elements | Collenchyma cells |\n| C | Sclereids | Collenchyma cells | Sieve cells |\n| D | Sieve elements | Meristematic cells | Collenchyma cells |\n| E | Vessels members | Meristematic cells | Parenchyma cells |", "question": "Which of the following combinations have only primary walls in a mature plant?", "options": {"A": "Collenchyma cells, Fibers, Sieve tube member", "B": "Meristematic cells, Tracheary elements, Collenchyma cells", "C": "Sclereids, Collenchyma cells, Sieve cells", "D": "Sieve elements, Meristematic cells, Collenchyma cells", "E": "Vessels members, Meristematic cells, Parenchyma cells"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 216, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "The table below shows data from an experiment with two groups of plants. For two weeks, Group I was not fertilized and Groups II was fertilized. The growth in millimeters of each plant was measured for the each group.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Group I | Group II |\n| --- | --- |\n| 3.2 | 6.7 |\n| 3.5 | 10.4 |\n| 4.0 | 8.7 |\n| 2.9 | 9.8 |\n| 4.1 | 11.5 |", "question": "Based on the results in the chart below, which statement is true?", "options": {"A": "Experimental populations contained different sample sizes", "B": "After two weeks the mean size of fertilized and unfertilized plants was similar", "C": "The unfertilized group has a larger standard deviation than the fertilized", "D": "In order to observe any differences the experiment should have been run for longer than two weeks", "E": "The fertilized group has a larger standard error than the unfertilized"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 217, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Allele | Associated phenotype | Frequency |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A^+ | bay (wild type) | 0.4 |\n| A | dark bay (black mane and tail) | 0.2 |\n| a^t | seal brown | 0.1 |\n| a | recessive black | 0.3 |", "question": "You have discovered a series of mutations in the A locus which governs the distribution of pigment in the coat of horses. The alleles, their associated phenotypes, and frequencies in a certain population are as follows:.The order of dominance of the alleles is: $A^+ > A > a^t > a$\n\nWhat are the expected frequencies of the four possible phenotypes, assuming this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "0.09 bay, 0.64 dark bay, 0.07 seal brown, 0.2 black", "B": "0.48 bay, 0.2 dark bay, 0.23 seal brown, 0.09 black", "C": "0.48 bay, 0.23 dark bay, 0.2 seal brown, 0.09 black", "D": "0.64 bay, 0.2 dark bay, 0.09 seal brown, 0.07 black", "E": "0.64 bay, 0.2 dark bay, 0.07 seal brown, 0.09 black"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 218, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "As a researcher in Nigeria, you are painfully aware of Sickle Cell Anemia. In an effort to address the issue, you study a population of 100 individuals in a rural area by sampling their blood for the normal hemoglobin gene (HBA) and the sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS). To analyze your samples, you perform a Western blot and protein electrophoresis with the following results:", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Genotype | Number of individuals |\n| --- | --- |\n| HbA/HbA | 88 |\n| HbA/HbS | 10 |\n| HbS/HbS | 2 |", "question": "What is the frequency of the HbS allele in this population?", "options": {"A": "0.02.", "B": "0.04.", "C": "0.07", "D": "0.10.", "E": "0.93."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 224, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Questions 53 through 57, use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False regarding the description of the indicated biome in all categories.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Biome | Physical Environment | Chemical Environment | Autotrophs | Heterotrophs |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wetland Marsh | Water-saturated soil | High organic production, high filtering capacity for dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants | One of the most productive biomes | Diverse community of invertebrates |\n| Ocean Pelagic | Water is constantly mixed | High oxygen levels | Low levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Zooplankton abundant |\n| Coral Reef | High water clarity | Excluded by high inputs of fresh water | High levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Invertebrates include many Cinderella |\n| Intertidal Zone | Exposed by tides twice a day | Oxygen and nutrient levels high | Algae | Worms, clams, and sponges |\n| Estuary | Seawater mixes with fresh water | Salinity varies spatially | Grasses, algae | Oysters, worms, and crabs |", "question": "Intertidal Zone", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 227, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Consider the following life table for a population of organisms:", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Percentage Maximum Lifespan | # Survivors |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 1000 (at birth) |\n| 10 | 950 |\n| 50 | 900 |\n| 70 | 500 |\n| 90 | 50 |\n| 100 | 0 |", "question": "A species with this life table (and survivorship curve) likely:\n\nI. Is r-selected\nII. Is K-selected\nIII. Produces relatively few offspring\nIV. Has high death rate for the young\nV. Provides high levels of care for young", "options": {"A": "I and III only.", "B": "I, III, and V only.", "C": "II and V only.", "D": "II, III, and IV only.", "E": "II, III, and V only."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 228, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A geneticist has sequenced the genomes of several flu strains isolated from patients in a recent outbreak and is examining patterns of variation at six single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genotypes are given at the table below. Determine whether the following statements are TRUE (Select \"A\") or FALSE (Select \"B\".", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Locus 1 | Locus 2 | Locus 3 | Locus 4 | Locus 5 | Locus 6 | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Outgroup | A | A | G | C | T | C | |\n| Strain 1 | A | A | G | C | A | T | |\n| Strain 2 | A | C | A | C | T | T | |\n| Strain 3 | A | A | G | C | C | C | |\n| Strain 4 | G | A | G | A | A | T | |\n| Strain 5 | A | A | G | A | A | T | |\n| | G | A | G | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 6 | G | C | A | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 7 | G | C | A | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 8 | A | A | G | C | G | T | |", "question": "Locus 5 is likely an example of purifying selection.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 229, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A geneticist has sequenced the genomes of several flu strains isolated from patients in a recent outbreak and is examining patterns of variation at six single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genotypes are given at the table below. Determine whether the following statements are TRUE (Select \"A\") or FALSE (Select \"B\".", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Locus 1 | Locus 2 | Locus 3 | Locus 4 | Locus 5 | Locus 6 | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Outgroup | A | A | G | C | T | C | |\n| Strain 1 | A | A | G | C | A | T | |\n| Strain 2 | A | C | A | C | T | T | |\n| Strain 3 | A | A | G | C | C | C | |\n| Strain 4 | G | A | G | A | A | T | |\n| Strain 5 | A | A | G | A | A | T | |\n| | G | A | G | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 6 | G | C | A | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 7 | G | C | A | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 8 | A | A | G | C | G | T | |", "question": "Loci 2 and 3, which are 10 base pairs apart, are likely experiencing linkage disequilibrium.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 230, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A geneticist has sequenced the genomes of several flu strains isolated from patients in a recent outbreak and is examining patterns of variation at six single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genotypes are given at the table below. Determine whether the following statements are TRUE (Select \"A\") or FALSE (Select \"B\".", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Locus 1 | Locus 2 | Locus 3 | Locus 4 | Locus 5 | Locus 6 | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Outgroup | A | A | G | C | T | C | |\n| Strain 1 | A | A | G | C | A | T | |\n| Strain 2 | A | C | A | C | T | T | |\n| Strain 3 | A | A | G | C | C | C | |\n| Strain 4 | G | A | G | A | A | T | |\n| Strain 5 | A | A | G | A | A | T | |\n| | G | A | G | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 6 | G | C | A | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 7 | G | C | A | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 8 | A | A | G | C | G | T | |", "question": "Based on these variable sites, Strain 3 is most closely related to the outgroup.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 231, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A geneticist has sequenced the genomes of several flu strains isolated from patients in a recent outbreak and is examining patterns of variation at six single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genotypes are given at the table below. Determine whether the following statements are TRUE (Select \"A\") or FALSE (Select \"B\".", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Locus 1 | Locus 2 | Locus 3 | Locus 4 | Locus 5 | Locus 6 | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Outgroup | A | A | G | C | T | C | |\n| Strain 1 | A | A | G | C | A | T | |\n| Strain 2 | A | C | A | C | T | T | |\n| Strain 3 | A | A | G | C | C | C | |\n| Strain 4 | G | A | G | A | A | T | |\n| Strain 5 | A | A | G | A | A | T | |\n| | G | A | G | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 6 | G | C | A | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 7 | G | C | A | C | C | T | |\n| Strain 8 | A | A | G | C | G | T | |", "question": "The allele frequencies at the six loci closely match those predicted by neutral models of evolution.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 232, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Consider the table of marine mammal and rat synapomorphies. + indicates the presence and - indicates the absence of the traits. If you were to construct a phylogeny based off the table data, which of the following would be true?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Species | Dorsal Fin | Teeth | Fusiform | Hind Legs | Body Hair | Blubber | Fluke-like tail |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Blue Whale | + | - | + | - | - | + | + |\n| Sperm Whale | + | + | + | - | - | + | + |\n| Sea Lion | - | + | + | + | + | + | - |\n| Sea Otter | - | + | - | + | + | - | - |\n| Manatee | - | + | - | - | + | + | + |\n| Rat | - | + | - | + | + | - | - |", "question": "Blue whales, sperm whales and manatees display homoplasy with respect to tail shape.", "options": {"A": "True", "B": "False"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 233, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "coordinates_and_time", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Deneb | Albireo |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Parallax ( \\pi ) | 2.29 mas | 7.51 mas |\n| Declination ( \\delta ) | 45 ° 17' | 27 ° 57' |\n| Right ascension ( \\alpha ) | 20h 41min | 19h 31min |", "question": "Deneb is a very important star in the Northern hemisphere as it is one of the three stars in the Summer Triangle. Deneb ( $\\alpha$ Cyg) is also the brightest star in the Cygnus constellation. Knowing the following information calculate the distance between Deneb and Albireo ( $\\beta$ Cyg).", "options": {"A": "569 pc", "B": "102 pc", "C": "432 pc", "D": "317 pc", "E": "459 pc"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 234, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "astrophysics", "domain": "stellar_systems", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n![Graph showing the rotation curve of a galaxy. The x-axis is Distance (light years) from 0 to 40,000. The y-axis is Velocity (km s⁻¹) from 0 to 100. Observations from starlight (yellow dots) and Observations from 21 cm hydrogen (blue dots) are plotted, showing a flat rotation curve. A dashed line labeled 'Expected from the visible disk' shows a decreasing velocity profile. A solid line labeled 'Low-radius best fit' shows an increasing velocity profile, matching the observations at small distances.](e1215865b040a1cc46c1215c8cbbcfff_3_img.webp)", "question": "Now, for larger values of $r$ , the discrepancy between the observed and expected rotation curves begins to appear more significant. Assume that the expected rotation curve (dashed gray) curve is calculated off the distribution of all baryonic (“standard”) matter, while the observed rotation curve (solid white) is due to the combination of baryonic matter and dark matter. Within a radius of $r = 40,000$ ly from the galactic center, and according to the graph, which of the following is closest to the ratio between the dark matter mass and the baryonic matter mass enclosed?", "options": {"A": "(a) 2", "B": "(b) 5", "C": "(c) 10", "D": "(d) 25", "E": "(e) 50"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 235, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Apparatus | Purpose |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| (A) | aspirator | measure height |\n| (B) | buret | measure volume |\n| (C) | calorimeter | measure thermal energy change |\n| (D) | desiccator | store samples in dry conditions |", "question": "Which piece of laboratory apparatus is not used for the purpose listed?", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 236, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Substance | PCl 5 (s) | H 2 O(l) | H 3 PO 4 (aq) | HCl(aq) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\Delta H^\\circ , kJ/mol | -443.5 | -285.8 | -1284.4 | -167.1 |", "question": "PCl5(s) reacts with H2O(l) according to the equation: $\\text{PCl}_5(\\text{s}) + 4\\text{H}_2\\text{O}(\\text{l}) \\rightarrow \\text{H}_3\\text{PO}_4(\\text{aq}) + 5\\text{HCl}(\\text{aq})$ What is $\\Delta H^\\circ$ for this reaction in kJ·mol-1?", "options": {"A": "-722.2", "B": "-533.2", "C": "533.2", "D": "722.2"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 243, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | \\Delta H^\\circ_f \\text{kJ mol}^{-1} |\n| --- | --- |\n| \\text{OH}^-(aq) | -230 |\n| \\text{HCO}_3^-(aq) | -692 |\n| \\text{CO}_3^{2-}(aq) | -677 |\n| \\text{H}_2\\text{O}(l) | -286 |", "question": "40.0 mL of 0.200 M aqueous NaOH is added to 200.0 mL of 0.100 M aqueous $\\text{NaHCO}_3$ in a flask maintained at $25^\\circ\\text{C}$ . Neglecting the effects of dilution, what is $q$ for this reaction?", "options": {"A": "-41 J", "B": "-74 J", "C": "-330 J", "D": "-820 J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 244, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| [A] 0 , M | [B] 0 , M | Initial rate, M s -1 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.050 | 0.100 | 0.085 |\n| 0.050 | 0.200 | 0.170 |\n| 0.100 | 0.300 | 0.510 |", "question": " What is the rate law for the following reaction? $$A + 2 B \\rightarrow C + D$$", "options": {"A": "Rate = $k[A]$", "B": "Rate = $k[B]$", "C": "Rate = $k[A][B]$", "D": "Rate = $k[A][B]^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 245, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at $25^\\circ\\text{C}$ ?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E^\\circ , V |\n| --- | --- |\n| \\text{Ag}^+(aq) + e^- \\rightarrow \\text{Ag}(s) | +0.80 |\n| \\text{Cu}^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- \\rightarrow \\text{Cu}(s) | +0.34 |", "question": "$$2 \\text{Ag}^+(aq) + \\text{Cu}(s) \\rightarrow \\text{Cu}^{2+}(aq) + 2 \\text{Ag}(s)$$", "options": {"A": "$6.0 \\times 10^7$", "B": "$3.6 \\times 10^{15}$", "C": "$3.6 \\times 10^{38}$", "D": "$4.2 \\times 10^{42}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 246, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The specific heat capacities of three metals are given below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Metal | Fe | Pb | Zn |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Specific heat, J·g-1·°C-1 | 0.470 | 0.130 | 0.388 |", "question": "If $1.00\\mathrm{g}$ of each metal is heated to $100^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ and added to $10.0\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ at $25.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , what is the order of the temperatures of the final mixtures from the lowest to the highest?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Fe}< \\mathrm{Zn}< \\mathrm{Pb}$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Pb}< \\mathrm{Zn}< \\mathrm{Fe}$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Zn}< \\mathrm{Pb}< \\mathrm{Fe}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Zn}< \\mathrm{Fe}< \\mathrm{Pb}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 247, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "$\\mathrm{A(g) + B(g)\\rightarrow C(g)}$ The data below were obtained for the reaction between A and B.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Trial | [A]0 (mol·L−1) | [B]0 (mol·L−1) | Initial Rate of Reaction (mol·L−1·s−1) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 6.5 x 10−5 |\n| 2 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 2.6 x 10−4 |\n| 3 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 6.5 x 10−5 |", "question": "What is the rate law for this reaction?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k[A]}$", "B": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k[A][B]}$", "C": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k[A]}^2$", "D": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k[A]}^2[\\mathrm{B}]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 248, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n$\\begin{array}{c|cc} \\text{Half-Reaction} & E^\\circ (\\mathrm{V}) \\\\ \\hline 2\\mathrm{H}^{+} + 2\\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{H}_2 & 0.00 \\\\ \\mathrm{Pd}^{2+} + 2\\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Pd} & 0.90 \\\\ \\mathrm{O}_2 + 4\\mathrm{H}^{+} + 4\\mathrm{e}^{-} \\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O} & 1.23 \\end{array}$", "question": "According to the equations and data in the table above, which species is the strongest reducing agent of the following choices?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{H}^+$", "B": "$\\mathrm{H}_2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Pd}^{2+}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 253, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| Al3+(aq) + 3 e-→ Al(s) | -1.66 |\n| Zn2+(aq) + 2 e-→ Zn(s) | -0.76 |", "question": "What is $E^\\circ$ for the following reaction?\n\n$$2\\mathrm{Al}^{3 + }(\\mathrm{aq}) + 3\\mathrm{Zn}(\\mathrm{s})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{Al}(\\mathrm{s}) + 3\\mathrm{Zn}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq})$$", "options": {"A": "$-1.04\\mathrm{V}$", "B": "$-0.90\\mathrm{V}$", "C": "$0.90\\mathrm{V}$", "D": "$1.04\\mathrm{V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 254, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V (at 298 K) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Hg2+ + 2e-→ 2 Hg(l) | +0.80 |\n| Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e-→ 2 Hg(l) + 2 Cl(aq) | +0.31 |", "question": "What is the $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{Hg_2Cl_2}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$2.6\\times 10^{-17}$", "B": "$3.3\\times 10^{-11}$", "C": "$5.1\\times 10^{-9}$", "D": "$5.7\\times 10^{-6}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 255, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Substance | ΔHf, kJ mol-1 | S°, J mol-1 K-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| H2(g) | 0 | 131 |\n| N2(g) | 0 | 192 |\n| NH3(g) | -46 | 193 |", "question": "What is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation, $\\Delta G_{\\mathrm{f}}^{\\circ}$ , of $\\mathrm{NH}_3(g)$ at $298 \\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-104 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-16 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$-7 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$13 \\mathrm{kJ} \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 256, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| Ni2+(aq) + 2e- → Ni(s) | -0.23 |\n| Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag(s) | +0.80 |", "question": "What is the standard cell potential of the following electrochemical cell? \n\n$$\\mathrm{Ni(s)}|\\mathrm{Ni}^{2 + }(aq),1.0\\mathrm{M}||\\mathrm{Ag}^{+}(aq),1.0\\mathrm{M}|\\mathrm{Ag(s)}$$", "options": {"A": "-1.83 V", "B": "0.57 V", "C": "1.03 V", "D": "1.83 V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 258, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| Ca2+(aq) + 2 e- → Ca(s) | -2.87 V |\n| Ca(OH)2(s) + 2 e- → Ca(s) + 2 OH-(aq) | -3.02 V |", "question": "What is the $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{Ca(OH)_2}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$1.6\\times 10^{-6}$", "B": "$3.1\\times 10^{-6}$", "C": "$8.4\\times 10^{-6}$", "D": "$2.9\\times 10^{-3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 259, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Species | ΔHF, kJ mol-1 |\n| --- | --- |\n| C2H6(g) | -84.7 |\n| H(g) | 217.9 |\n| C(g) | 718.4 |", "question": "If the average carbon-hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpy in ethane is $416\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ , what is the bond dissociation enthalpy of the carbon-carbon bond in ethane?", "options": {"A": "$164\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$333\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$386\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$404\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 260, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| Cu+(aq) + e- → Cu(s) | +0.52 |\n| Co2+(aq) + 2 e- → Co(s) | -0.28 |\n| In3+(aq) + 3 e- → In(s) | -0.34 |", "question": "Which reactions are spontaneous under standard conditions?\n\nI. $2\\mathrm{Cu}^{+}(\\mathrm{aq}) + \\mathrm{Co}(\\mathrm{s})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Co}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq}) + 2\\mathrm{Cu}(\\mathrm{s})$\nII. $3\\mathrm{Co}^{2+}(\\mathrm{aq}) + 2\\mathrm{In}(\\mathrm{s})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{In}^{3+}(\\mathrm{aq}) + 3\\mathrm{Co}(\\mathrm{s})$", "options": {"A": "1 only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 261, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | | E°, V |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Zn2+(aq) + 2 e- → Zn(s) | | -0.762 |\n| AgCl(s) + e- → Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) | | +0.222 |", "question": "What is the cell potential of the following galvanic cell under the stated conditions at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ?\n\n$$\\mathrm{Zn(s)}|\\mathrm{Zn^{2 + }(aq,1.0\\times 10^{-4}M)}||\\mathrm{AgCl(s)}|\\mathrm{Ag(s),Cl^{-}(aq,0.50M)}$$", "options": {"A": "$+0.884\\mathrm{V}$", "B": "$+0.984\\mathrm{V}$", "C": "$+1.084\\mathrm{V}$", "D": "$+1.120\\mathrm{V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 262, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A galvanic cell is constructed under standard conditions using cobalt in cobalt(II) nitrate solution and indium in indium(III) nitrate solution.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| Co2+(aq) + 2e- → Co(s) | -0.28 |\n| In3+(aq) + 3e- → In(s) | -0.34 |", "question": "Which statements about this cell are correct?I. The standard cell potential is $0.46\\mathrm{V}$ II. Indium is the anode.", "options": {"A": "I only", "B": "II only", "C": "Both I and II", "D": "Neither I nor II"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 263, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Substance | ΔH°f, kJ mol-1 | S°, J mol-1 K-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| N2(g) | 0 | 191.6 |\n| O2(g) | 0 | 205.2 |\n| NO(g) | 90.3 | 210.8 |", "question": "What is $\\Delta G^f\\circ$ of $\\mathrm{NO(g)}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "27.5 kJ mol-1", "B": "86.6 kJ mol-1", "C": "145.7 kJ mol-1", "D": "153.1 kJ mol-1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 264, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Species | ΔH°f, kJ mol-1 |\n| --- | --- |\n| OH (aq) | -230 |\n| HSO4- (aq) | -886 |\n| SO42- (aq) | -909 |\n| H2O(l) | -286 |", "question": "4.00 mL of $2.00\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous $\\mathrm{NaOH}$ is added to $100.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of $0.200\\mathrm{M}$ aqueous $\\mathrm{NaHSO_4}$ , all initially at $25.00^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ , in a well-insulated flask. Neglecting the effects of dilution, and assuming that volumes are additive and that all solutions have the same density and specific heat capacity as pure water, what is the final temperature of the mixture?", "options": {"A": "$25.18^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$26.06^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$26.45^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$28.63^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 265, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| TeO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e- →
Te(s) + 2 H2O(l) | +0.59 |\n| MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5e- →
Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O | +1.51 |", "question": "What is $E^\\circ$ for the following redox reaction?\n\n$5\\mathrm{Te}(s) + 4\\mathrm{MnO}_4^-(aq) + 12\\mathrm{H}^+(aq)\\rightarrow$\n$5\\mathrm{TeO}_2(s) + 4\\mathrm{Mn}^{2 + }(aq) + 6\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l)$", "options": {"A": "-3.09 V", "B": "0.92 V", "C": "3.09 V", "D": "5.19 V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 266, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Measurement | Mass of crucible and solid |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 12.00 g |\n| 1 | 11.48 g |\n| 2 | 11.24 g |\n| 3 | 11.25 g |\n| 4 | 11.24 g |", "question": "A $2.00\\mathrm{g}$ sample of $\\mathrm{NaHCO}_3(s)$ is heated in a $10.00\\mathrm{g}$ crucible to drive off $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ and $\\mathrm{CO}_2$ . The mass data in the table were collected by heating the crucible and then periodically letting it cool to room temperature and reweighing it. Which is the first measurement after which heating could have been stopped?", "options": {"A": "Measurement 1", "B": "Measurement 2", "C": "Measurement 3", "D": "Measurement 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 267, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Species | ΔG°f (298 K), kJ mol-1 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Ag+(aq) | 77.1 |\n| Br-(aq) | -102.8 |\n| AgBr(s) | -96.9 |", "question": "What is the $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{AgBr}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$3.3\\times 10^{-13}$", "B": "$3.1\\times 10^{-14}$", "C": "$1.0\\times 10^{-17}$", "D": "$3.2\\times 10^{-22}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 268, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| CO2(g) + 6 H+(aq) + 6 e- → CH3OH(l) + H2O(l) | -0.02 |\n| O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e- → 2 H2O(l) | 1.23 |", "question": "What is the standard potential of a fuel cell where methanol is oxidized to carbon dioxide and oxygen is reduced to water?", "options": {"A": "0.30 V", "B": "0.31 V", "C": "1.21 V", "D": "1.25 V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 269, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "bonding_structure", "context": "The formulas and boiling points of three compounds are given in this table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Formula | CH3CH2CH3 | CH3OCH3 | CH3CHO |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| BP, K | 231 | 250 | 294 |", "question": "The trend in boiling points is best attributed to variations in", "options": {"A": "covalent bonding.", "B": "dipole forces.", "C": "dispersion forces.", "D": "hydrogen bonding."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 270, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "One of the steps in the manufacture of nitric acid is represented by the equation 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) for which ΔH° = -136.5kJ/mol.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Substance | NO2(g) | H2O(l) | HNO3(aq) | NO(g) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ΔH°formation | ? | -285.8 | -207.0 | 91.3 |", "question": "Determine ΔH° formation for NO2 in kJ/mol.", "options": {"A": "33.2", "B": "99.6", "C": "102.2", "D": "157.0"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 271, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "Hemoglobin (Hb) reacts with carbon monoxide according to the equation 4Hb + 3CO → Hb4(CO)3", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Trial | [Hb], M | [CO], M | Initial rate of disappearance of Hb M·s-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 1.50 × 10-6 | 1.00 × 10-6 | 9.20 × 10-7 |\n| 2 | 3.00 × 10-6 | 1.00 × 10-6 | 1.84 × 10-6 |\n| 3 | 3.00 × 10-6 | 3.00 × 10-6 | 5.52 × 10-6 |", "question": "What is the rate law for this reaction at 20°C?", "options": {"A": "Rate = k[Hb][CO]", "B": "Rate = k[Hb][CO]^2", "C": "Rate = k[Hb]^2[CO]", "D": "Rate = k[Hb][CO]^3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 272, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "Equal volumes of 1×10⁻⁴M solutions of Cd²⁺ and CO3²⁻ ions are mixed in one flask and equal volumes of 1×10⁻⁴M solutions of Ag⁺ and CrO4²⁻ ions are mixed in a second.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Formula | CdCO3 | Ag2CrO4 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Ksp | 5.2 × 10-12 | 1.1 × 10-12 |", "question": "Which substances precipitate?", "options": {"A": "CdCO3 only", "B": "Ag2CrO4 only", "C": "Both", "D": "Neither"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 273, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "When the permanganate ion, $\\mathrm{MnO}_4^-$ , acts as an oxidizing agent it forms different products depending on the pH of the solution.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | acidic | basic | neutral |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | Mn2+ | Mn(OH)2 | MnO2 |\n| B | Mn2+ | MnO4- | MnO2 |\n| C | MnO2 | MnO4- | Mn(OH)2 |\n| D | Mn2+ | Mn(OH)2 | MnO4- |", "question": "Which species correspond to the conditions listed?", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 274, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "Iodine monochloride reacts with hydrogen according to the equation: $2\\mathrm{ICl}(\\mathrm{g}) + \\mathrm{H}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow \\mathrm{I}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + 2\\mathrm{HCl}(\\mathrm{g})$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| [ICl], M | [H2], M | Initial Rate, M·s-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.030 |\n| 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.060 |\n| 0.10 | 0.050 | 0.015 |", "question": "The rate data below have been obtained. What is the rate law for the reaction?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k}[ICl][H_2]$", "B": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k}[ICl]^2 [H_2]$", "C": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k}[ICl][H_2]^{1 / 2}$", "D": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k}[ICl]^2 [H_2]^{1 / 2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 275, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "$\\mathrm{Cu(s)}|\\mathrm{Cu^{2 + }(aq)}||\\mathrm{NO_3^{-}(aq)}|\\mathrm{NO(s)}|\\mathrm{Pt(s)}$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| NO3-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e- → NO(g) + 2H2O(l) | 0.960 |\n| Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) | 0.340 |", "question": "What is the $\\Delta G^\\circ$ value for the electrochemical cell below?", "options": {"A": "-753 kJ", "B": "-359 kJ", "C": "-179 kJ", "D": "-59.8 kJ"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 276, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) | 0.340 |\n| Sn2+(aq) + 2e- → Sn(s) | -0.136 |\n| Fe2+(aq) + 2e- → Fe(s) | -0.440 |\n| Zn2+(aq) + 2e- → Zn(s) | -0.763 |\n| Mg2+(aq) + 2e- → Mg(s) | -2.37 |", "question": "According to the standard reduction potentials above, cathodic protection of iron can be achieved by", "options": {"A": "Cu(s) only.", "B": "Cu(s) and Sn(s) only.", "C": "Mg(s) only.", "D": "Mg(s) and Zn(s) only."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 277, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "The combustion of 2-propanol ( $M = 60.0\\mathrm{g}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$ ) occurs according to the equation,\n\n$2\\mathrm{CH}_3\\mathrm{CHOHCH}_3(\\mathrm{l}) + 9\\mathrm{O}_2(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 6\\mathrm{CO}_2(\\mathrm{g}) + 8\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l})$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | CH3CHOHCH3(l) | CO2(g) | H2O(l) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ΔHf, kJ·mol-1 | -318.2 | -393.5 | -285.8 |", "question": "What is $q$ for the combustion of $15.0\\mathrm{g}$ of 2-propanol?", "options": {"A": "$-5.01\\times 10^{2}\\mathrm{kJ}$", "B": "$-1.00\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{kJ}$", "C": "$-2.01\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{kJ}$", "D": "$-4.01\\times 10^{3}\\mathrm{kJ}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 279, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A 10.0 g piece of gallium ( $M = 69.7$ ) at $25.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ is placed in $10.0\\mathrm{g}$ of $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}$ at $55.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Cp J·g-1·K-1 | melting point °C | ΔHfus, kJ·mol-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Ga | 0.371 | 30.0 | 5.576 |\n| H2O | 4.184 | | |", "question": "What is the final temperature when this system comes to equilibrium? (Assume the specific heat capacity of liquid Ga is the same as that of solid Ga.)", "options": {"A": "$35.0^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "B": "$38.1^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "C": "$41.8^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$", "D": "$52.6^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 280, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "When the kinetics of the reaction, $2\\mathrm{A} + 2\\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C}$, were studied using the method of initial rates, the data in the table below were obtained.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Trial | [A]0 in mol·L-1 | [B]0 in mol·L-1 | Initial Rate of Formation of C in mol·L-1·s-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0.060 | 0.040 | 3.6 x 10-4 |\n| 2 | 0.060 | 0.080 | 7.2 x 10-4 |\n| 3 | 0.030 | 0.12 | 5.4 x 10-4 |", "question": "What is the rate law for the reaction?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k[A][B]}$", "B": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k[A]}^2[\\mathrm{B}]$", "C": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k[A][B]}^2$", "D": "Rate $= \\mathrm{k[A]}^2[\\mathrm{B}]^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 281, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "$\\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-} + 5\\mathrm{Fe}^{2 + } + 8\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{Mn}^{2 + } + 5\\mathrm{Fe}^{3 + } + 4\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}$ $E^\\circ = 0.743\\mathrm{V}$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| [MnO4] | [Fe2+] | [Mn2+] | [Fe3+] | pH |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2.3×10-2 M | 1×10-4 M | 1.0 M | 1.0 M | 3.00 |", "question": "What is the value of $E$ for the cell based on the reaction above at $25^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ for the following conditions?", "options": {"A": "0.20 V", "B": "0.45 V", "C": "0.64 V", "D": "1.28 V"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 282, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "What is $\\Delta H^{\\circ}$ for the reaction shown?\n\n$$2\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{S}(\\mathrm{g}) + 3\\mathrm{O}_{2}(\\mathrm{g})\\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}(\\mathrm{l}) + 2\\mathrm{SO}_{2}(\\mathrm{g})$$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Compound | ΔH°f, kJ mol-1 |\n| --- | --- |\n| H2S(g) | -20.15 |\n| H2O(l) | -285.8 |\n| SO2(g) | -296.4 |", "question": "What is $\\Delta H^{\\circ}$ for the reaction shown?", "options": {"A": "$-19.4\\mathrm{kJ mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-374.7\\mathrm{kJ mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$-562.1\\mathrm{kJ mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$-1124.1\\mathrm{kJ mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 283, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "What is $\\Delta G^{\\circ}$ of $\\mathrm{CH}_4(\\mathrm{g})$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ? (All data are given at 298 K.)", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Substance | ΔH°, kJ mol-1 | S°, J mol-1 K-1 | ΔG°, kJ mol-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CH4(g) | -74.8 | 186.3 | |\n| H2(g) | 0.0 | 130.7 | 0.0 |\n| CO2(g) | -393.5 | 213.7 | -394.4 |\n| H2O(g) | -241.8 | 188.8 | -228.6 |", "question": "What is $\\Delta G^{\\circ}$ of $\\mathrm{CH}_4(\\mathrm{g})$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-50.7\\mathrm{kJ mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-75.7\\mathrm{kJ mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$-98.0\\mathrm{kJ mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$-130.3\\mathrm{kJ mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 284, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "What is the standard reduction potential of $\\mathrm{Hg^{2 + }(aq)}$ to $\\mathrm{Hg(l)}$ ?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half Reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| 2 Hg2+(aq) + 2e- → Hg2+(aq) | +0.90 |\n| Hg2+(aq) + 2e- → 2 Hg(l) | +0.80 |", "question": "What is the standard reduction potential of $\\mathrm{Hg^{2 + }(aq)}$ to $\\mathrm{Hg(l)}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$+1.70\\mathrm{V}$", "B": "$+0.85\\mathrm{V}$", "C": "$+0.10\\mathrm{V}$", "D": "$-0.10\\mathrm{V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 285, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The initial rate of the reaction $\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow$ products varies with the initial concentrations of A and B as follows:", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| [A], M | [B], M | Initial rate, M s-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.20 | 0.30 | 2.1 × 10-4 |\n| 0.40 | 0.30 | 4.2 × 10-4 |\n| 0.20 | 0.90 | 1.9 × 10-3 |", "question": "What is the rate law for this reaction?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{A}]$", "B": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{A}][\\mathrm{B}]$", "C": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{A}]^2[\\mathrm{B}]$", "D": "Rate $= k[\\mathrm{A}][\\mathrm{B}]^2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 286, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V (at 298 K) |\n| --- | --- |\n| $\\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}(s)$ | -0.44 |\n| $\\mathrm{Fe(OH)}_2(s) + 2e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Fe}(s) + 2 OH^-(aq)$ | -0.89 |", "question": "What is the $K_{\\mathrm{sp}}$ of $\\mathrm{Fe(OH)_2}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$2.4\\times 10^{-8}$", "B": "$6.0\\times 10^{-16}$", "C": "$1.0\\times 10^{-45}$", "D": "$8.3\\times 10^{-46}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 287, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| $\\mathrm{Cd}^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cd}(s)$ | -0.40 |\n| $\\mathrm{Tl}^{+}(aq) + e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Tl}(s)$ | -0.34 |\n| $\\mathrm{AgCl(s)} + e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Ag}(s) + \\mathrm{Cl}^{-}(aq)$ | +0.22 |\n| $\\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Cu}(s)$ | +0.34 |", "question": "Which electrochemical cell has the greatest (most positive) standard cell potential?", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Cu(s)}|\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq})|\\mathrm{Cd}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq})|\\mathrm{Cd}(\\mathrm{s})$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Tl(s)}|\\mathrm{Tl}^{+}(\\mathrm{aq})|\\mathrm{AgCl(s)}|\\mathrm{Ag(s)},\\mathrm{Cl}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Cd(s)}|\\mathrm{Cd}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq})|\\mathrm{AgCl(s)}|\\mathrm{Ag(s)},\\mathrm{Cl}^{-}(\\mathrm{aq})$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Tl(s)}|\\mathrm{Tl}^{+}(\\mathrm{aq})|\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }(\\mathrm{aq})|\\mathrm{Cu(s)}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 288, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "nuclear_chemistry", "context": "An irreversible reaction $\\mathrm{A} + \\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow$ products is monitored in buffered aqueous solution under conditions where [B] $>>$ [A] by measuring the concentration of A as a function of time. The decay of A is found to be first-order under these conditions, with the half-life for its disappearance varying as shown.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| [B] | pH | Half-life for disappearance of A |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.100 M | 1.00 | 120 s |\n| 0.200 M | 1.00 | 60 s |\n| 0.200 M | 1.50 | 190 s |", "question": "What is the rate law for this reaction?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= k[A][B][H^{-}]$", "B": "Rate $= k[A][B]$", "C": "Rate $= k[A][H^{+}]^{2} / [B]$", "D": "Rate $= k[A][B][H^{+}]^{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 289, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-Reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e- → Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l) | +1.51 |\n| MnO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e- → Mn2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l) | +1.23 |\n| MnO4-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3 e- → MnO2(s) + 2 H2O(l) | ???? |", "question": "What is the standard reduction potential for the reduction of permanganate ion to manganese dioxide in acidic solution?", "options": {"A": "$+0.28\\mathrm{V}$", "B": "$+1.37\\mathrm{V}$", "C": "$+1.43\\mathrm{V}$", "D": "$+1.70\\mathrm{V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 290, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "The standard enthalpy of formation of $\\mathrm{NO_2(g)}$ is $33.1\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$ .", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Bond | Bond dissociation enthalpy, kJ mol-1 |\n| --- | --- |\n| N≡N | 945.4 |\n| O=O | 498.4 |", "question": "What is the average bond dissociation enthalpy of a nitrogen-oxygen bond in $\\mathrm{NO_2(g)}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$469.0\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$", "B": "$502.1\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$", "C": "$705.4\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$", "D": "$738.5\\mathrm{kJmol^{-1}}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 291, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "In a reaction $\\mathrm{A} + 2\\mathrm{B}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{C} + \\mathrm{D}$ , initial rates were measured as shown in the table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| [A]0, M | [B]0, M | Initial rate, M s-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.120 | 0.300 | 1.80 × 10-5 |\n| 0.180 | 0.450 | 4.05 × 10-5 |\n| 0.080 | 0.200 | 8.00 × 10-6 |\n| 0.200 | 0.400 | ??? |", "question": "What is the initial rate of the reaction with $[A]_0 = 0.200\\mathrm{M}$ and $[\\mathrm{B}]_0 = 0.400\\mathrm{M}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$3.20\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{M s}^{-1}$", "B": "$4.00\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{M s}^{-1}$", "C": "$5.00\\times 10^{-5}\\mathrm{M s}^{-1}$", "D": "It cannot be determined from the information given."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 292, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "To a solution that is 0.010 M each in fluoride, sulfite, and phosphate ions is added dropwise a 1.00 M solution of $\\mathrm{CaCl}_2$ .", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Solid | Ksp |\n| --- | --- |\n| CaSO3 | 6.8 × 10-8 |\n| CaF2 | 5.3 × 10-9 |\n| Ca3(PO4)2 | 1.0 × 10-25 |", "question": "In what order will the solids precipitate?", "options": {"A": "First $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$ , then $\\mathrm{CaF_2}$ , last $\\mathrm{CaSO_3}$", "B": "First $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$ , then $\\mathrm{CaSO_3}$ , last $\\mathrm{CaF_2}$", "C": "First $\\mathrm{CaSO_3}$ , then $\\mathrm{CaF_2}$ , last $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$", "D": "First $\\mathrm{CaF_2}$ , then $\\mathrm{CaSO_3}$ , last $\\mathrm{Ca_3(PO_4)_2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 293, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "The rate of the gas-phase reaction of nitrogen dioxide with carbon monoxide at $177^\\circ\\mathrm{C}$ was measured under three different sets of concentrations as shown. What is the rate law for this reaction under these conditions?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Initial [NO2], mol L-1 | Initial [CO], mol L-1 | Initial rate, mol L-1 min-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Ex 1 | 4.0 × 10-4 | 1.7 × 10-2 | 1.70 × 10-7 |\n| Ex 2 | 4.0 × 10-4 | 3.4 × 10-2 | 1.70 × 10-7 |\n| Ex 3 | 1.2 × 10-3 | 3.4 × 10-2 | 1.53 × 10-6 |", "question": "$\\mathrm{NO_2(g) + CO(g)\\rightarrow NO(g) + CO_2(g)}$", "options": {"A": "$\\mathrm{Rate} = k[\\mathrm{NO}_2]$", "B": "$\\mathrm{Rate} = k[\\mathrm{NO}_2]^2$", "C": "$\\mathrm{Rate} = k[\\mathrm{CO}]$", "D": "$\\mathrm{Rate} = k[\\mathrm{NO}_2][\\mathrm{CO}]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 294, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 4e- → Se(s) + 3 H2O(l) | 0.74 |\n| HSeO4-(aq) + 3 H+(aq) + 2e- → H2SeO3(aq) + H2O(l) | 1.15 |\n| HSeO4-(aq) + 7 H+(aq) + 6e- → Se(s) + 4 H2O(l) | ??? |", "question": "What is the standard reduction potential of hydrogen selenate ion to form elemental selenium under acidic conditions at 298 K?", "options": {"A": "$0.88\\mathrm{V}$", "B": "$0.94\\mathrm{V}$", "C": "$1.56\\mathrm{V}$", "D": "$1.89\\mathrm{V}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 295, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "The cathodic compartment of an electrolytic cell is 0.100 M in the ions $\\mathrm{Fe}(\\mathrm{CN})_6^{3 - }$ and $\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }$ and has a chemically inert electrode. As current is passed through the cell,", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) | +0.337 |\n| Fe(CN)6-3+ e- → Fe(CN)6-4+ | +0.370 |", "question": "which best describes how $\\mathrm{Cu(s)}$ is deposited on the electrode?", "options": {"A": "Copper is deposited immediately, but at a rate much lower than 1 mol per 193000 C. As the electrolysis proceeds, the rate of copper deposition increases.", "B": "Copper is deposited immediately, at a rate close to 1 mol per 193000 C. As the electrolysis proceeds, the rate of copper deposition decreases.", "C": "No copper is deposited for a certain length of time, then copper deposition begins.", "D": "Copper is deposited at a rate of 1 mol per 193000 C for a certain length of time, then the rate of copper deposition decreases."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 296, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| Fe(CN)6 3-(aq) + e- → Fe(CN)6 4-(aq) | 0.370 |\n| Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) | 0.337 |", "question": "The cathode of an electrolytic cell with a copper electrode initially has $100.0\\mathrm{mL}$ of a solution that is $1.00\\mathrm{M}$ in both $\\mathrm{Cu}^{2 + }(aq)$ and $\\mathrm{Fe(CN)_6}^{3 - }(aq)$ . The solution is electrolyzed with a constant current of $0.500\\mathrm{A}$ at a constant temperature of $298\\mathrm{K}$ . How much time elapses before $\\mathrm{Cu(s)}$ begins to deposit on the electrode?", "options": {"A": "$0\\mathrm{min}$", "B": "$89.4\\mathrm{min}$", "C": "$252\\mathrm{min}$", "D": "$322\\mathrm{min}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 297, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Half-reaction | E°, V |\n| --- | --- |\n| $\\mathrm{PbO_2(s) + 4H^+(aq) + 4e^- \\rightarrow Pb(s) + 2H_2O(l)}$ | 0.671 |\n| $\\mathrm{PbO(s) + H_2O(l) + 2e^- \\rightarrow Pb(s) + 2OH^-(aq)}$ | -0.580 |", "question": "What is $\\Delta G^{\\circ}$ at $298\\mathrm{K}$ for the disproportionation of $\\mathrm{PbO(s)}$ ? $2\\mathrm{PbO(s)}\\rightarrow \\mathrm{PbO}_2(s) + \\mathrm{Pb(s)}\\qquad \\Delta G^{\\circ} = ???$", "options": {"A": "$163\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$241\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$403\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$483\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 298, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| I E1, kJ mol-1 | I E2, kJ mol-1 | I E3, kJ mol-1 | I E4, kJ mol-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 738 | 1450 | 7730 | 10500 |", "question": "In what group is the atom with the following ionization energies?", "options": {"A": "Group 1", "B": "Group 2", "C": "Group 3", "D": "Group 13"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 301, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "For the linear function f, the table shows three values of x and their corresponding values of f(x).", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | f(x) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 29 |\n| 1 | 32 |\n| 2 | 35 |", "question": "Which equation defines f(x)?", "options": {"A": "f(x) = 3x + 29", "B": "f(x) = 29x + 32", "C": "f(x) = 35x + 29", "D": "f(x) = 32x + 35"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 303, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows the linear relationship between the number of cars, $c$, on a commuter train and the maximum number of passengers and crew, $p$, that the train can carry.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of cars | Maximum number of passengers and crew |\n| --- | --- |\n| 3 | 174 |\n| 5 | 284 |\n| 10 | 559 |", "question": "Which equation represents the linear relationship between $c$ and $p$?", "options": {"A": "$55c - p = -9$", "B": "$55c - p = 9$", "C": "$55p - c = -9$", "D": "$55p - c = 9$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 304, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "
Weight (pounds)Frequency
1312
148
155
167
179
1810
1913
207
\n\nThe frequency table summarizes a data set of the weights, rounded to the nearest pound, of 71 tortoises. A weight of 39 pounds is added to the original data set, creating a new data set of the weights, rounded to the nearest pound, of 72 tortoises.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Weight (pounds) | Frequency |\n| --- | --- |\n| 13 | 12 |\n| 14 | 8 |\n| 15 | 5 |\n| 16 | 7 |\n| 17 | 9 |\n| 18 | 10 |\n| 19 | 13 |\n| 20 | 7 |", "question": "Which statement best compares the mean and median of the new data set to the mean and median of the original data set?", "options": {"A": "The mean of the new data set is greater than the mean of the original data set, and the median of the new data set is greater than the median of the original data set.", "B": "The mean of the new data set is greater than the mean of the original data set, and the medians of the two data sets are equal.", "C": "The mean of the new data set is less than the mean of the original data set, and the median of the new data set is less than the median of the original data set.", "D": "The mean of the new data set is less than the mean of the original data set, and the medians of the two data sets are equal."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 305, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "
Type of storeAverage number of employees
Warehouse store365
Department store213
Supermarket130
\n\nFor a certain region, the table shows the average number of store employees in 2016 by type of store.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Type of store | Average number of employees |\n| --- | --- |\n| Warehouse store | 365 |\n| Department store | 213 |\n| Supermarket | 130 |", "question": "Based on the table, how much greater was the average number of store employees in warehouse stores than in supermarkets?", "options": {"A": "83", "B": "152", "C": "235", "D": "495"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 306, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table shows the results of a poll. A total of 803 voters selected at random were asked which candidate they would vote for in the upcoming election. According to the poll, if 6,424 people vote in the election, by how many votes would Angel Cruz be expected to win?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Angel Cruz | 483 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Terry Smith | 320 |", "question": "According to the poll, if 6,424 people vote in the election, by how many votes would Angel Cruz be expected to win?", "options": {"A": "163", "B": "1,304", "C": "3,864", "D": "5,621"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 307, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table summarizes members of a local organization by age and whether they live east or west of the river. If a member of the organization is selected at random, what is the probability that the selected member is at least 40 years old?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Live east of the river | Live west of the river | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Less than 40 years old | 17 | 11 | 28 |\n| At least 40 years old | 18 | 89 | 107 |\n| Total | 35 | 100 | 135 |", "question": "If a member of the organization is selected at random, what is the probability that the selected member is at least 40 years old?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{28}{135}$", "B": "$\\frac{35}{135}$", "C": "$\\frac{100}{135}$", "D": "$\\frac{107}{135}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 308, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows three values of $x$ and their corresponding values of $y$. There is a linear relationship between $x$ and $y$. Which of the following equations represents this relationship?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 18 |\n| 1 | 13 |\n| 2 | 8 |", "question": "Which of the following equations represents this relationship?", "options": {"A": "$y = 18x + 13$", "B": "$y = 18x + 18$", "C": "$y = -5x + 13$", "D": "$y = -5x + 18$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 309, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Rosa opened a savings account at a bank. The table shows the exponential relationship between the time $t$, in years, since Rosa opened the account and the total amount $n$, in dollars, in the account. If Rosa made no additional deposits or withdrawals, which of the following equations best represents the relationship between $t$ and $n$?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Time (years) | Total amount (dollars) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 604.00 |\n| 1 | 606.42 |\n| 2 | 608.84 |", "question": "Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between $t$ and $n$?", "options": {"A": "$n = (1 + 604)^t$", "B": "$n = (1 + 0.004)^t$", "C": "$n = 604(1 + 0.004)^t$", "D": "$n = 0.004(1 + 604)^t$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 310, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Each of 157 gemstones can be classified as one of three classifications, as shown in the frequency table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Classification | Frequency |\n| --- | --- |\n| color X | 119 |\n| color Y | 3 |\n| color Z | 35 |", "question": "If one of the gemstones is selected at random, what is the probability of selecting a gemstone of color Y?", "options": {"A": "3/157", "B": "35/157", "C": "119/157", "D": "154/157"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 311, "assessment_program": "psat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows two values of x and their corresponding values of y. In the xy - plane, the graph of the linear equation representing this relationship passes through the point (1/7, a). What is the value of a?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| -18 | -48 |\n| 7 | 52 |", "question": "What is the value of a?", "options": {"A": "-4/11", "B": "-4/77", "C": "4/7", "D": "172/7"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 312, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "The table at right lists the finish times for the 2008 Men's Olympic 100 m butterfly swim final in Beijing.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| 100 m Men's Butterfly Swim | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Michael Phelps | 50.58 s |\n| 2 | Milorad Cavic | 50.59 s |\n| 3 | Andrew Lauterstein | 51.12 s |\n| 4 | Ian Crocker | 51.13 s |\n| 5 | Jason Dunford | 51.47 s |\n| 6 | Takuro Fujii | 51.50 s |\n| 7 | Andrii Serdinov | 51.59 s |\n| 8 | Ryan Pini | 51.86 s |", "question": "From the data, what is the best estimate of the distance the 2nd place finisher, Cavic, was behind the 1st place finisher, Phelps?", "options": {"A": "0.05 m", "B": "0.10 m", "C": "0.15 m", "D": "0.20 m", "E": "0.25 m"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 313, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A ticker tape timer is operating at 60 Hz. It was used to analyze the motion of a battery-powered car. The following displacements were measured for five intervals on the ticker tape.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Interval 1 | Interval 2 | Interval 3 | Interval 4 | Interval 5 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Displacement | 0.055 m | 0.065 m | 0.055 m | 0.070 m | 0.060 m |", "question": "What is the average speed of the car?", "options": {"A": "$0.612 \\text{ m/s}$", "B": "$3.66 \\text{ m/s}$", "C": "$0.366 \\text{ m/s}$", "D": "$0.947 \\text{ m/s}$", "E": "$6.32 \\text{ m/s}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 314, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": "MARKET FOR NOTEBOOKS \n", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Price | Quantity of Notebooks Supplied | Quantity of Notebooks Demanded |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| $1.00 | 100 units | 100 units |\n| $2.00 | 125 units | 75 units |\n| $3.00 | 150 units | 50 units |\n| $4.00 | 175 units | 25 units |", "question": "According to the table above, what is the equilibrium price of notebooks?", "options": {"A": "$1.00", "B": "$2.00", "C": "$3.00", "D": "$4.00"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 316, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The National Economy", "context": "FEDERAL BUDGET INFORMATION (in billions of dollars)", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| REVENUES | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Personal income taxes | $300 |\n| Corporate income taxes | $100 |\n\ntable_2:\n| EXPENDITURES | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Defense spending | $100 |\n| Nondefense spending | $325 |", "question": "The table above shows hypothetical federal government revenues and expenditures for a single year. Which of the following terms best describes the status of this federal budget?", "options": {"A": "Surplus", "B": "Deficit", "C": "Balanced", "D": "Static"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 317, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The Market Economy", "context": "DARA'S SHOP", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Workers | Total Revenue per Day |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | $200 |\n| 2 | $320 |\n| 3 | $400 |\n| 4 | $460 |", "question": "Assume that the daily wage of a worker at Dara's Shop is $100 and that labor is the only cost of production at the shop. To earn the largest profit, how many workers should Dara hire?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 318, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Juniors | Seniors |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Women | 3 | 4 |\n| Men | 2 | 5 |", "question": "What is the probability that a junior woman will be chosen?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{3}$", "B": "$\\frac{3}{4}$", "C": "$\\frac{3}{5}$", "D": "$\\frac{3}{7}$", "E": "$\\frac{3}{14}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["E"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 319, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "Mary created a spreadsheet to keep a record of the taxes she pays during the year. Mary works every week during the year. Portions of Marys spreadsheet are shown above. The spreadsheet is set up so that Mary enters the amount of her hourly pay in cell C3 and the tax rate in cell F3. The tax rate is the number of dollars of tax paid for every dollar earned. Marys hourly pay and the tax rate do not change during the year. Each week Mary enters the number of hours she worked into the spreadsheet.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | A | B | C | D | E | F | G |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | MARY'S TAX SUMMARY | | | | | | |\n| 2 | | | | | | | |\n| 3 | | Hourly Pay = | $9.00 | | Tax Rate = | $0.085 | |\n| 4 | | | | | | | |\n| 5 | Date | Hours Worked | Tax Paid | | | | |\n| 6 | Jan 1-5 | 10 | $7.65 | | | | |\n| 7 | Jan 8-12 | 15 | $11.48 | | | | |\n| 8 | Jan 15-19 | 13 | $9.95 | | | | |\n| 9 | Jan 22-26 | 19 | $14.54 | | | | |\n| 10 | Jan 29-Feb 2 | 12 | $9.18 | | | | |\n| 11 | Feb 5-9 | 16 | $12.24 | | | | |\n| 12 | Feb 12-16 | 12 | $9.95 | | | | |\n| 37 | Aug 6-10 | 22 | $16.83 | | | | |\n| 38 | Aug 13-17 | 25 | | | | | |\n| 56 | Dec 17-21 | | | | | | |\n| 57 | Dec 24-28 | | | | | | |\n| 58 | | | | | | | |\n| 59 | | Total Taxes = | | | | | |", "question": "Which of the following spreadsheet formulas could Mary use in cell C38 to compute the amount of tax she paid on her earnings during the week of August 13 to August 17? (The amount of tax she paid each week is the product of her weekly pay and the tax rate.)", "options": {"A": "$C38 = A38 * B3 * E3$", "B": "$C38 = A38 * C3 * F3$", "C": "$C38 = B38 * B3 * E3$", "D": "$C38 = B38 * C3 * F3$", "E": "$C38 = C38 * B3 * E3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 321, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "People with cystic fibrosis have thickened mucus and fluid buildup in their lungs. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene. Individuals can be tested to determine if they are symptomless carriers of this disorder.\n\nA scientist tested 100 children whose parents were all symptomless carriers of the disorder to learn about the children's genetic makeup. The table shows the scientist's findings.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| GENETIC MAKEUP OF CHILDREN TESTED | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Group | Genetic Makeup of Children Whose Mothers and Fathers Were Carriers |\n| 1 | 24 children who have the disorder |\n| 2 | 51 children who are carriers |\n| 3 | 25 children who do not have any alleles for the disorder and are not carriers |", "question": "In a family with 4 children from the same parents, one child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. The child's siblings show no symptoms of the disorder.\n\nUsing the information in the table, what is the most likely genetic makeup of the parents of these children?", "options": {"A": "Father FF Mother ff", "B": "Father Ff Mother FF", "C": "Father Ff Mother Ff", "D": "Father ff Mother ff"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 322, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "People with cystic fibrosis have thickened mucus and fluid buildup in their lungs. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene. Individuals can be tested to determine if they are symptomless carriers of this disorder.\n\nA scientist tested 100 children whose parents were all symptomless carriers of the disorder to learn about the children's genetic makeup. The table shows the scientist's findings.\n\nThe scientist used *F* to represent the dominant allele for the disorder and *f* to represent the recessive allele.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Group | Genetic Makeup of Children Whose Mothers and Fathers Were Carriers |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 24 children who have the disorder |\n| 2 | 51 children who are carriers |\n| 3 | 25 children who do not have any alleles for the disorder and are not carriers |", "question": "A single gene mutation causes cystic fibrosis.\n\nWhich statement best describes how the gene mutation affects an individual with the disorder?", "options": {"A": "A defective protein is produced.", "B": "Cells lining the airway cannot divide.", "C": "RNA transcription fails in cells.", "D": "Chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 323, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "The table shows the mRNA codons for three amino acids.", "table_context": null, "tables": "| Valine | Threonine | Proline |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| GUU | ACU | CCU |\n| GCC | ACC | CCC |\n| GCA | ACA | CGA |\n| GCG | ACG | CCG |", "question": "Which substitution mutation of a base triplet on a DNA strand will lead to the same polypeptide being formed at translation?", "options": {"A": "TGA to TCA", "B": "CGT to CTA", "C": "CAA to CGA", "D": "GCT to GGA"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 324, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "periodicity", "context": "The table lists successive ionization energies of an element Z.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Ionization number | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Ionization energy / \\text{kJ mol}^{-1} | 577.54 | 1816.68 | 2744.78 | 11577.5 | 14841.9 | 18379.0 |", "question": "Which is the formula of the stable oxide of the element Z?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{Z}_2\\text{O}$", "B": "ZO", "C": "$\\text{Z}_2\\text{O}_3$", "D": "$\\text{ZO}_2$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 326, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fields", "context": "A spacecraft, moving with speed $v$ relative to Earth, passes Earth on its way to a planet. As the spacecraft passes Earth, clocks on Earth and in the spacecraft show zero. The planet is a distance $D$ from Earth, according to an observer on Earth.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Earth clock reading | Spacecraft clock reading |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | \\frac{D}{v} | \\frac{D}{v}\\sqrt{1-\\frac{v^2}{c^2}} |\n| B. | \\frac{D}{v} | \\frac{D}{v}\\sqrt{1-\\frac{v^2}{c^2}} |\n| C. | \\frac{D}{v}\\sqrt{1-\\frac{v^2}{c^2}} | \\frac{D}{v} |\n| D. | \\frac{D}{v}\\sqrt{1-\\frac{v^2}{c^2}} | \\frac{D}{v} |", "question": "What are the readings on the Earth clock and on the spacecraft clock when the spacecraft arrives at the planet?", "options": {"A": "Earth clock reading: $\\frac{D}{v}$; Spacecraft clock reading: $\\frac{D}{v}\\sqrt{1-\\frac{v^2}{c^2}}$", "B": "Earth clock reading: $\\frac{D}{v}$; Spacecraft clock reading: $\\frac{D}{v}\\sqrt{1-\\frac{v^2}{c^2}}$", "C": "Earth clock reading: $\\frac{D}{v}\\sqrt{1-\\frac{v^2}{c^2}}$; Spacecraft clock reading: $\\frac{D}{v}$", "D": "Earth clock reading: $\\frac{D}{v}\\sqrt{1-\\frac{v^2}{c^2}}$; Spacecraft clock reading: $\\frac{D}{v}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 327, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "Diagram 1 shows the variation with position of the displacement of a standing wave formed on a string.\n\nDiagram 2 shows the variation with position of the displacement of a travelling wave moving to the right along a string.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Phase difference between P and Q | Phase difference between R and S |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | 0 | 0 |\n| B. | \\frac{\\pi}{2} | 0 |\n| C. | 0 | \\frac{\\pi}{2} |\n| D. | \\frac{\\pi}{2} | \\frac{\\pi}{2} |", "question": "What is the phase difference between P and Q and the phase difference between R and S?", "options": {"A": "Phase difference between P and Q: 0; Phase difference between R and S: 0", "B": "Phase difference between P and Q: $\\frac{\\pi}{2}$; Phase difference between R and S: 0", "C": "Phase difference between P and Q: 0; Phase difference between R and S: $\\frac{\\pi}{2}$", "D": "Phase difference between P and Q: $\\frac{\\pi}{2}$; Phase difference between R and S: $\\frac{\\pi}{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 328, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "A charged rod is brought near an initially neutral metal sphere without touching it.\n\nWhen the sphere is grounded (earthed), there is an electric current for a short time from the sphere to the ground.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Charge on the rod | Charge induced on the sphere |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | negative | negative |\n| B. | negative | positive |\n| C. | positive | negative |\n| D. | positive | positive |", "question": "The ground connection is then removed. What are the charge on the rod and the charge induced on the sphere when the connection is removed?", "options": {"A": "Charge on the rod: negative; Charge induced on the sphere: negative", "B": "Charge on the rod: negative; Charge induced on the sphere: positive", "C": "Charge on the rod: positive; Charge induced on the sphere: negative", "D": "Charge on the rod: positive; Charge induced on the sphere: positive"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 329, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": "Consider the following data:", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nConsider the following data:\n| Sea Level Temperature | Dew Point | Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate | Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate | Dew Point Lapse Rate | Environmental Lapse Rate |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 34 degrees Celsius | 22 degrees Celsius | 10 degrees Celsius per kilometer | 6 degrees Celsius per kilometer | 2 degrees Celsius per kilometer | 7 degrees Celsius per kilometer |", "question": "At what minimum altitude will clouds begin to exhibit significant vertical development (hint: they must be convectively buoyant)?", "options": {"a": "1 km", "b": "1.5 km", "c": "2 km", "d": "2.5 km", "e": "3 km", "f": "3.5 km", "g": "4 km", "h": "4.5 km", "i": "5 km", "j": "5.5 km", "k": "6 km", "l": "6.5 km"}, "option_labels": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l"], "answer": ["k"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 334, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": "Use the following table of masses and densities of the 4 inner planets of the solar system to answer the following question.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Planet | Mass (Earth masses) | Density (grams per centimeter cubed) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Mercury | 0.055 | 5.4 |\n| Venus | 0.815 | 5.2 |\n| Earth | 1 | 5.5 |\n| Mars | 0.107 | 3.9 |", "question": "Accounting for the fact that gravity compresses larger planets to a greater degree, which planet do you expect to have the largest metal core relative to its volume?", "options": {"A": "Mercury", "B": "Venus", "C": "Earth", "D": "Mars"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 335, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Jaime finds a carbon film with the following isotopic composition:", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Isotope | mol % |\n| --- | --- |\n| ^{12}\\text{C} | 98.1% |\n| ^{13}\\text{C} | 1.03% |\n| ^{14}\\text{C} | 0.522% |\n| ^{14}\\text{N} | 0.347% |\n| ^{15}\\text{N} | <0.001% |", "question": "He knows that the half-life of one of the isotopes is around 5,700 years but cannot remember which! Which of the following is closest to the age of the sample?", "options": {"A": "<100 years", "B": "2400 years", "C": "4200 years", "D": "7500 years"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 336, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Two soils sampled several miles apart are found overlying the same limestone bedrock.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Soil A | Soil B |\n| --- | --- |\n| Hematite | Quartz |\n| Goethite | Calcite |\n| Pyrite | Dolomite |", "question": "Given that the significant minerals in each of the soils are shown in the table above, which of the following is the most likely explanation for their difference in compositions?", "options": {"A": "Differences in regional weathering led to the formation of different minerals in Soil A versus Soil B", "B": "The sediment composing Soil A was eroded from an ancient reef and was transported onto the limestone bedrock, while Soil B was weathered directly from the limestone", "C": "Soil A is older than Soil B and thus consists of minerals that are oxidation products of the minerals in Soil B", "D": "The sediment in Soil A eroded from a mafic batholith and was transported onto the limestone bedrock, while Soil B was weathered directly from the limestone"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 337, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "The data table below compares the percentage of sunlight reflected from various types of Earth surfaces.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Surface | Percent of Sunlight Reflected |\n| --- | --- |\n| Fresh snow | 80–85 |\n| Old snow | 50–60 |\n| Sand | 20–30 |\n| Grass | 20–25 |\n| Dry soil | 15–25 |\n| Wet soil | 10 |\n| Forest | 5–10 |\n| Water (Sun at sunset) | 50–80 |\n| Water (Sun overhead) | 3–5 |\n| Thick cloud | 70–80 |\n| Thin cloud | 25–50 |", "question": "Which statements are best supported by the table? More than one correct answer.", "options": {"1": "Light colored surfaces reflect more sunlight than dark- colored surfaces.", "2": "Rough surfaces reflect more sunlight than smooth surfaces.", "3": "Soil surfaces reflect more sunlight than cloud surfaces.", "4": "Vegetative surfaces reflect more sunlight than ice surfaces", "5": "As arctic ice melts, it leads to less sunlight energy being reflected.", "6": "When forests are cut down, exposing grass and soil, it leads to more sunlight energy being reflected.", "7": "Clouds caused by the condensation trails of jets generally help to reflect more sunlight"}, "option_labels": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7"], "answer": ["1", "5", "6", "7"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 4} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table__text_options/train/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_table__text_options/train/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aca24e9ce77e39cee6019378aac1a6856ac90688 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table__text_options/train/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +{"id": 7, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Humans have a close working relationship with horses. As a result, many horse disorders have been thoroughly researched. A student serves a summer internship at a veterinary office specializing in horses. Over the course of the summer, the student observes horses with the following symptoms: Horse 1: female - smaller than average body size. Horse 2: female - third pregnancy failure. Horse 3: male infant - multiple infections.", "table_context": "Table 1. Summary of Observations of Horses.", "tables": "Table 1. Summary of Observations of Horses.\n| Horse | Symptoms | Occurs in Families? | Disorder |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Small body size, reproductive system not fully developed | No | Equine Turner Syndrome (ETS) |\n| 2 | Pregnancy failure | No | Repeated Early Embryonic Loss (REEL) |\n| 3 | Immune system failure, lack of white blood cells | Yes | Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) |", "question": "Using the data in Table 1 about SCID, which question would best guide further research?", "options": {"A": "Which gene or genes cause it?", "B": "Was it inherited from other species?", "C": "Is it acquired from the environment?", "D": "How does it provide a survival benefit?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 8, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Humans have a close working relationship with horses. As a result, many horse disorders have been thoroughly researched. A student serves a summer internship at a veterinary office specializing in horses. Over the course of the summer, the student observes horses with the following symptoms: Horse 1: female - smaller than average body size. Horse 2: female - third pregnancy failure. Horse 3: male infant - multiple infections.", "table_context": "Table 1. Summary of Observations of Horses.", "tables": "Table 1. Summary of Observations of Horses.\n| Horse | Symptoms | Occurs in Families? | Disorder |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Small body size, reproductive system not fully developed | No | Equine Turner Syndrome (ETS) |\n| 2 | Pregnancy failure | No | Repeated Early Embryonic Loss (REEL) |\n| 3 | Immune system failure, lack of white blood cells | Yes | Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) |", "question": "Although REEL does not occur in families, it does have a genetic basis, and transcription and translation are affected. Given its genetic basis, which question could best guide further research into the causes of its symptoms?", "options": {"A": "Why do only female horses develop it?", "B": "Does it ever occur more than once in the same family?", "C": "What is its effect on proteins manufactured in a horse's cells?", "D": "Do any existing treatments allow horses with the disorder to reproduce?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 15, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "The table defines a quadratic function.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| -1 | 5 |\n| 0 | 1 |\n| 1 | -1 |\n| 3 | 1 |", "question": "Which is the average rate of change between \\(x = -1\\) and \\(x = 1\\)?", "options": {"A": "undefined", "B": "\\(-\\frac{1}{3}\\)", "C": "-3", "D": "-4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 16, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The table shows the changes in size of the populations of grasses, shrubs, and trees over 150 years.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| | Year 1 | Year 50 | Year 100 | Year 150 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Grasses | 60 | 30 | 15 | 10 |\n| Shrubs | 0 | 12 | 15 | 4 |\n| Trees | 0 | 2 | 5 | 25 |\n\ntitle:\nChanges in Plant Population Size over Time", "question": "What type of succession was taking place?", "options": {"A": "primary succession because trees replaced bushes", "B": "secondary succession because the type of species changed twice", "C": "primary succession because there was a decrease in the number of species", "D": "secondary succession because the first organisms to grow were grasses"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 29, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Three friends are hiking through an area of trees in late October. Some leaves and fruits are falling from the trees. Others are lying on the ground or still on trees. The fruit of a walnut tree falls and just misses one of the hikers. The hikers wonder whether it is more dangerous to be struck by some falling fruits than others. One hiker asks, \"Which object falling from a tree would have more energy: an acorn falling from about 18 meters (m) or an apple falling from about 3 m?\" The hikers find this table about tree heights and fruit masses on a park information sheet. For comparison, they estimate each object would fall from about halfway up each type of tree. The hikers know Newton's second law of motion is $F_{\text{(net)}} = ma$ . They also discover that they can calculate potential energy (PE) of the fruit with the formula $PE = mgh$ , where $m$ = mass, $g$ = acceleration due to gravity, and $h$ = height above ground. The fruit's kinetic energy (KE) can be calculated with the formula $KE = \f\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$ , where $m$ = mass, and $v$ = velocity. For these calculations, the hikers ignore the possible effects of air resistance and assume that the objects drop straight to the ground with no initial velocity and with an acceleration due to gravity of $9.8\text{m/s}^2$ . The hikers decide to estimate the energy of a falling apple. They launch an apple straight up to the same height as a target in the trees that is 19.6 m above the starting point. They design the launch so that the potential energy and kinetic energy of the apple are zero at the start. They also want the apple to fall back to the same spot it was launched from. The hikers perform several launches. The table shows the average height and velocity of the data collected. An apple is thrown upward with an initial velocity of 20 m/s.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nTable 1:\n| Tree Species | Object Height (m) | Object | Average Mass (kg) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| white oak | 18 | acorn | 0.004 |\n| pin oak | 14 | acorn | 0.001 |\n| McIntosh apple | 3 | apple | 0.182 |\n\nTable 2:\n| Time (s) | Average Height (m) | Velocity (m/s) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.6 |\n| 0.5 | 8.6 | 14.7 |\n| 1.0 | 14.7 | 9.8 |\n| 1.5 | 18.4 | 4.9 |\n| 2.0 | 19.6 | 0.0 |\n| 2.5 | 18.4 | -4.9 |\n| 3.0 | 14.7 | -9.8 |\n| 3.5 | 8.6 | -14.7 |\n| 4.0 | 0.0 | -19.6 |", "question": "What is the force on the apple when it reaches its maximum height of 19.6 meters?", "options": {"A": "1.78 N upward", "B": "1.78 N downward", "C": "half the force that is on the apple at 10 meters", "D": "twice the force that is on the apple at 10 meters"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 30, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Three friends are hiking through an area of trees in late October. Some leaves and fruits are falling from the trees. Others are lying on the ground or still on trees. The fruit of a walnut tree falls and just misses one of the hikers. The hikers wonder whether it is more dangerous to be struck by some falling fruits than others. One hiker asks, \"Which object falling from a tree would have more energy: an acorn falling from about 18 meters (m) or an apple falling from about 3 m?\" The hikers find this table about tree heights and fruit masses on a park information sheet. For comparison, they estimate each object would fall from about halfway up each type of tree. The hikers know Newton's second law of motion is $F_{\text{(net)}} = ma$ . They also discover that they can calculate potential energy (PE) of the fruit with the formula $PE = mgh$ , where $m$ = mass, $g$ = acceleration due to gravity, and $h$ = height above ground. The fruit's kinetic energy (KE) can be calculated with the formula $KE = \f\\frac{1}{2}mv^2$ , where $m$ = mass, and $v$ = velocity. For these calculations, the hikers ignore the possible effects of air resistance and assume that the objects drop straight to the ground with no initial velocity and with an acceleration due to gravity of $9.8\text{m/s}^2$ . The hikers decide to estimate the energy of a falling apple. They launch an apple straight up to the same height as a target in the trees that is 19.6 m above the starting point. They design the launch so that the potential energy and kinetic energy of the apple are zero at the start. They also want the apple to fall back to the same spot it was launched from. The hikers perform several launches. The table shows the average height and velocity of the data collected. The hikers want to know more about the changes in energy during free fall motion. They consider an apple, a pin oak acorn, and a white oak acorn falling from a height of 3 m above the ground.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Tree Species | Object Height (m) | Object | Average Mass (kg) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| white oak | 18 | acorn | 0.004 |\n| pin oak | 14 | acorn | 0.001 |\n| McIntosh apple | 3 | apple | 0.182 |\n\ntitle:\nFalling Objects\n\ntable_1_2:\nTable 1:\n| Tree Species | Object Height (m) | Object | Average Mass (kg) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| white oak | 18 | acorn | 0.004 |\n| pin oak | 14 | acorn | 0.001 |\n| McIntosh apple | 3 | apple | 0.182 |\n\nTable 2:\n| Time (s) | Average Height (m) | Velocity (m/s) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.6 |\n| 0.5 | 8.6 | 14.7 |\n| 1.0 | 14.7 | 9.8 |\n| 1.5 | 18.4 | 4.9 |\n| 2.0 | 19.6 | 0.0 |\n| 2.5 | 18.4 | -4.9 |\n| 3.0 | 14.7 | -9.8 |\n| 3.5 | 8.6 | -14.7 |\n| 4.0 | 0.0 | -19.6 |", "question": "Which fruit would have 5.35 J of energy just before hitting the ground?", "options": {"A": "The pin oak acorn has 5.35 J of energy just before hitting the ground.", "B": "The white oak acorn has 5.35 J of energy just before hitting the ground.", "C": "The apple has 5.35 J of energy just before hitting the ground.", "D": "All have 5.35 J of energy just before hitting the ground."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 52, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "This table shows some values of function $f(x)$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | 0 | 3 | 5 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| f(x) | 13 | 104 | 416 |", "question": "Which of the following equations models $f(x)$ ?", "options": {"A": "$f(x) = 2x + 13$", "B": "$f(x) = 13(2)^{x}$", "C": "$f(x) = 8x + 80$", "D": "$f(x) = 91(2)^{x - 1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 53, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A teacher surveyed all of the students at a school about whether they participate in a sport and whether they play sports-related video games. This table shows some of the results of the survey.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Participate in a Sport | Do Not Participate in a Sport | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Play Sports-Related Video Games | 110 | | 294 |\n| Do Not Play Sports-Related Video Games | 165 | 278 | 443 |\n| Total | 275 | 462 | 737 |", "question": "Given that a randomly selected student from the school participates in a sport, what is the probability that the student also plays sports- related video games?", "options": {"A": "110 737", "B": "110 275", "C": "275 737", "D": "275 462"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 54, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "This table lists some input and output values for a function, $f(x)$ .", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | f(x) |\n| --- | --- |\n| -1 | 8.1 |\n| 0 | 2.5 |\n| 1 | -1.1 |\n| 2 | -2.7 |", "question": "Which of the following statements correctly describes this function?", "options": {"A": "On average, $f(x)$ increases by 1.6 units as $x$ increases by 1 unit over the interval $- 1 \\leq x \\leq 2$ .", "B": "On average, $f(x)$ decreases by 1.6 units as $x$ increases by 1 unit over the interval $- 1 \\leq x \\leq 2$ .", "C": "On average, $f(x)$ increases by 3.6 units as $x$ increases by 1 unit over the interval $- 1 \\leq x \\leq 2$ .", "D": "On average, $f(x)$ decreases by 3.6 units as $x$ increases by 1 unit over the interval $- 1 \\leq x \\leq 2$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 55, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "The velocities and masses of four objects are listed in the table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Object | Velocity (m/s) | Mass (kg) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| W | 9 | 14 |\n| X | 10 | 14 |\n| Y | 11 | 12 |\n| Z | 12 | 12 |", "question": "Which object has the greatest momentum?", "options": {"A": "object W", "B": "object X", "C": "object Y", "D": "object Z"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 66, "assessment_program": "missouri_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The following table provides a list of four international cities, their populations, and the area of the cities.Determine the population densities of each city and then order them from least to greatest. Which list shows the population densities of each city in order from least to greatest?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| City/Urban Area | Country | Population (in million people) | Area (square miles) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Tokyo | Japan | 33.2 | 2,697 |\n| Sao Paulo | Brazil | 17.7 | 759 |\n| Seoul | Korea | 17.5 | 405 |\n| Mexico City | Mexico | 17.4 | 799 |", "question": "Which list shows the population densities of each city in order from least to greatest?", "options": {"A": "Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Tokyo", "B": "Sao Paulo, Tokyo, Seoul, Mexico City", "C": "Seoul, Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Tokyo", "D": "Tokyo, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Seoul"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 71, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "One way farmers can optimize the soil for blueberry growth is by adding elemental sulfur. Equation 1 shows the process when bacteria in the soil oxidizes the sulfur.\n\n**Equation 1:** $2S(s) + 3O_2(g) + 6H_2O(\\ell) \\rightarrow 4H_3O^+(aq) + 2SO_4^{2-}(aq)$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Cause | Effect |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| (1) | increases the pH by 3 | hydronium ion concentration decreasing by 1000 |\n| (2) | decreases the hydronium ion concentration by 1000 | pH increasing by 3 |\n| (3) | decreases the pH by 3 | hydronium ion concentration increasing by 1000 |\n| (4) | increases the hydronium ion concentration by 1000 | pH decreasing by 3 |", "question": "Which row in the options completes the claim describing a possible cause and effect of adding elemental sulfur to the soil?", "options": {"A": "increases the pH by 3 | hydronium ion concentration decreasing by 1000", "B": "decreases the hydronium ion concentration by 1000 | pH increasing by 3", "C": "decreases the pH by 3 | hydronium ion concentration increasing by 1000", "D": "increases the hydronium ion concentration by 1000 | pH decreasing by 3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 74, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "This chart shows characteristics of four different cells observed under a microscope.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Cell | Cell Wall | Chloroplast | Mitochondria | Ribosome |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | | | ✓ | ✓ |\n| 2 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |\n| 3 | ✓ | | | ✓ |\n| 4 | ✓ | | ✓ | ✓ |", "question": "Which is most likely a prokaryotic cell?", "options": {"A": "Cell 1", "B": "Cell 2", "C": "Cell 3", "D": "Cell 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 75, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Biochemistry", "context": "The table below describes several different types of energy transfer processes.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Transfer | Starting Energy Type | Ending Energy Type |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | solar | chemical |\n| 2 | chemical | heat |\n| 3 | chemical | ATP |\n| 4 | solar | ATP |", "question": "Which transfer represents photosynthesis?", "options": {"A": "1", "B": "2", "C": "3", "D": "4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 89, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The table below represents a function of x.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 4 | 16 |\n| 6 | 12 |\n| 8 | 8 |\n| 10 | 4 |", "question": "Which equation describes the function?", "options": {"A": "A. $y = - 2x + 12$", "B": "B. $y = - 2x + 24$", "C": "C. $y = 2x + 12$", "D": "D. $y = 2x + 24$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 90, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The table below shows a pattern in the cost of online data storage for different numbers of terabytes of data stored.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Terabytes (t) | Cost in Dollars (c) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 3 | 240 |\n| 4 | 315 |\n| 5 | 390 |\n| 6 | 465 |", "question": "Which equation describes the pattern in the cost of online data storage?", "options": {"A": "$c = 3t + 225$", "B": "$c = 5t + 225$", "C": "$c = 50t + 90$", "D": "$c = 75t + 15$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 91, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Sonya is baking cookies. The table below shows the relationship between the number of batches of cookies she bakes and the number of cups of sugar she uses: Number of Batches: 1, 2, 3; Number of Cups of Sugar: $2\\frac{1}{4}$, $4\\frac{1}{2}$, $6\\frac{3}{4}$.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Batches | Number of Cups of Sugar |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 2 1/4 |\n| 2 | 4 1/2 |\n| 3 | 6 3/4 |", "question": "Based on the relationship shown in the table, how many more cups of sugar does Sonya use to bake 9 batches of cookies than to bake 3 batches of cookies?", "options": {"A": "6", "B": "12", "C": "$13\\frac{1}{2}$", "D": "$20\\frac{1}{4}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 92, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "The table below lists all the ordered pairs representing a relation. \n\n$$\\begin{array}{|c|c|}\n\\hline\nx & y \\\\\n\\hline\n1 & 0 \\\\\n\\hline\n1 & 4 \\\\\n\\hline\n2 & 4 \\\\\n\\hline\n3 & 0 \\\\\n\\hline\n5 & 4 \\\\\n\\hline\n5 & 0 \\\\\n\\hline\n\\end{array}$$", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0 |\n| 1 | 4 |\n| 2 | 4 |\n| 3 | 0 |\n| 5 | 4 |\n| 5 | 0 |", "question": "What is the domain of the relation?", "options": {"A": "{0, 4}", "B": "{1, 2, 3, 5}", "C": "{all real numbers from 0 to 4}", "D": "{all real numbers from 1 to 5}"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 110, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Partial Amino Acid Sequence | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Organism 1 | SER LEU VAL GLU |\n| Organism 2 | LEU SER ASN VAL |\n| Organism 3 | ALA LEU SER GLU |\n| Organism 4 | THR LEU SER GLU |", "question": "Scientists can determine relatedness among organisms by comparing partial amino acid sequences. The table shows four partial amino acid sequences from four organisms. Which organism is the LEAST related to the other three organisms?", "options": {"F": "Organism 1", "G": "Organism 2", "H": "Organism 3", "J": "Organism 4"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 131, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Beneficiaries as of October 2015", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Type of Beneficiary | Total (thousands) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Aged 65 or older | 43,947 |\n| Disabled, under age 65 | 14,228 |\n| Other | 6,817 |\n\ntitle:\nBeneficiaries as of October 2015", "question": "Which New Deal agency was created to specifically serve this population?", "options": {"F": "Federal Housing Administration", "G": "Securities and Exchange Commission", "H": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation", "J": "Social Security Administration"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 132, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Study the diagram and answer the question that follows.", "table_context": null, "tables": "| Industry in the late 1800s expanded. | → | Job opportunities became available. | → | ? |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |", "question": "Which trend of the late 1800s correctly replaces the question mark in this cause-and-effect diagram?", "options": {"A": "The number of immigrants from Europe declined.", "B": "The government passed laissez-faire laws.", "C": "People moved from rural to urban areas.", "D": "Settlement houses lost federal funding."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 133, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This table shows the number of civilians employed by the U.S. government each year from 1915 to 1918.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Year | Total |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1915 | 395,429 |\n| 1916 | 399,881 |\n| 1917 | 438,500 |\n| 1918 | 854,500 |\n\ntitle:\nNumber of Civilians Employed by the \nFederal Government, 1915–1918", "question": "Based on this table, how did World War I affect the U.S. economy?", "options": {"F": "It led to decreased spending in order to conserve resources during the war effort.", "G": "It led to decreased pressure on private companies to supply the war effort.", "H": "It increased the economic opportunities available for U.S. citizens.", "J": "It increased the number of immigrants searching for U.S. jobs."}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 140, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows the linear relationship between the average height in feet of trees on a tree farm and the number of years since the trees were planted.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Years Since the Trees Were Planted | 1 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 15 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Average Height (ft) | 10 | 24 | 45 | 80 | 108 |", "question": "What is the rate of change of the average height in feet of the trees on the farm with respect to the number of years since the trees were planted?", "options": ["A 14 ft/yr", "B 3 ft/yr", "C 7 ft/yr", "D 10 ft/yr"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 141, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A company collected data for the number of text messages sent and received using a text- message application since October 2011. The table shows the number of text messages sent and received in billions over time. The data can be modeled by a quadratic function.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Months since October 2011, t | Number of Text Messages, n(t) (billions) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 5 | 3 |\n| 10 | 10 |\n| 15 | 17 |\n| 20 | 27 |\n| 25 | 44 |\n| 30 | 64 |\n| 35 | 86 |\n| 40 | 112 |", "question": "Which function best models the data?", "options": ["A $n(t) = - 0.002t^2 + 0.55t + 5.02$", "B $n(t) = 0.072t^2 - 0.15t + 2.73$", "C $n(t) = - 0.002t^2 + 5.02$", "D $n(t) = 0.072t^2 + 2.73$"], "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 142, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "A company advertises on a website. A worker tracked the number of visits to the website and the number of clicks on the advertisement. The table shows the data for several days. A linear function can be used to model the data.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Visits to Website, x | Number of Clicks on Advertisement, y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 153 | 14 |\n| 629 | 38 |\n| 471 | 30 |\n| 914 | 53 |\n| 307 | 21 |\n| 1,045 | 60 |\n| 510 | 32 |\n| 1,106 | 63 |", "question": "Based on the table, what is the best prediction of the number of clicks on the advertisement if 1,500 people visit the website?", "options": ["F 77", "G 137", "H 83", "J 105"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 186, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Functions", "context": "Some values of the function $g$ are given in the table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | -2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| g(x) | 0 | -8 | -6 | 0 | 10 |", "question": "One of the following equations defines $g$. Which one?", "options": {"A": "$g(x) = -2x - 8$", "B": "$g(x) = -x - 8$", "C": "$g(x) = x^2 + 2$", "D": "$g(x) = 2x^2 - 8$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 187, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A tourism organization randomly selected 100 tourists finishing their summer visit to Spain. The organization asked them how many cities they had toured in the country. The table shows the results.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of cities | 1 | 2 | 3 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Number of tourists | 10 | 40 | 50 |", "question": "Based on these data, for the population of tourists that visited Spain during the summer, what is the best estimate of the mean number of cities toured?", "options": {"A": "0.8", "B": "2", "C": "2.4", "D": "3"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 188, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "solutions_mixtures", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nExperiment 1\nA dry 100 mL graduated cylinder was placed on an electronic balance and tared (the balance was reset to 0.000 g). $H_{2}O$ was added to the graduated cylinder until a certain mass was obtained. Ethanol was added to the gradu-ated cylinder until the volume of liquid was 50.0 mL. The density of the liquid was then calculated. The procedure was repeated with different amounts of ethanol and $H_{2}O$ (see Table 1).\n\nTable 1\n| Table 1 | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Liquid | Mass of $H_{2}O$(g) | Mass of ethanol (g) | Total mass (g) | Density (g/mL) |\n| 1 | 0 | 39.67 | 39.67 | 0.793 |\n| 2 | 10.24 | 32.43 | 42.67 | 0.853 |\n| 3 | 19.79 | 25.23 | 45.02 | 0.900 |\n| 4 | 35.42 | 12.47 | 47.89 | 0.958 |\n| 5 | 49.96 | 0 | 49.96 | 0.999 |\n\ntable_2:\nExperiment 2\nA known mass of potassium iodide (KI) was dissolved in a known mass of $H_{2}O$ . A dry 100 mL graduated cylinder was placed on the balance and tared. The solution was added to the graduated cylinder until the volume was 50.0 mL. The density of the liquid was then calculated. The procedure was repeated with different amounts of KI and $H_{2}O$ (see Table 2).\n\nTable 2\n| Table 2 | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Liquid | Mass of $H_{2}O$in solution (g) | Mass of KI in solution (g) | Mass of solution in graduated cylinder (g) | Density (g/mL) |\n| 6 | 97.66 | 7.36 | 52.51 | 1.05 |\n| 7 | 95.41 | 15.52 | 55.70 | 1.11 |\n| 8 | 94.38 | 20.68 | 57.53 | 1.15 |\n| 9 | 92.18 | 29.08 | 60.63 | 1.21 |\n| 10 | 87.77 | 41.31 | 64.64 | 1.29 |\n\ntable_3:\nExperiment 3\nA solid plastic bead was placed at the bottom of a sample of each of Liquids 1-10 from Experiments 1 and 2.If the bead stayed at the bottom, “S” was recorded in Table 3. If the bead rose, “R” was recorded in Table 3. The procedure was repeated for various plastics.\n\nTable 3\n| Table 3 | | | | | | | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Plastic | Liquid | | | | | | | | | |\n| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |\n| Polybutylene VLDPE | R S | R S | R R | R R | R R | R R | RR R | R R | R R | R R |\n| LDPE | S | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |\n| HDPE | S | S | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | R |\n| PA-11 | S | S | S | S | S | R | R | R | R | R |\n| PA-6 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | R | R |\n| Polycarbonate PVC | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | SS | S | S |\n\ntable_4:\n| Liquid | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |", "question": "A plastic bead was tested as in Experiment 3 using Liquids 1-4. Which of the following is NOT a plausible set of results for the plastic?", "options": {"A": "R \nR \nR \nR", "B": "R \nR \nS \nS", "C": "S \nS \nR \nR", "D": "S \nS \nS \nS"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 189, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nA teacher provided the table below to the students in a science class. The table gives 5 properties for each of Sam-ples A-H. The students were told to assume that each sample is a completely solid cube composed of a single hypothetical pure substance.\n\nNote: Assume that mass, volume, and density were determined at $20^{\\circ }C$ and that all 5 properties were determined at 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure.\n\nThe teacher asked each of 4 students to explain how these data could be used to predict which samples are com-posed of the same substance. # Student 1 If 2 samples have the same values for all 5 properties,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 2 If 2 samples have the same values for any 3 or more of the 5 properties, they are composed of the same substance.If 2 samples have the same values for fewer than 3 of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 3 If 2 samples have the same mass, volume, and density,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 properties, they are composed of different substances. Neither melting point nor boiling point, by itself, can distinguish between substances. # Student 4 If 2 samples have the same density, melting point, and boiling point, they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 proper-ties, they are composed of different substances. Neither mass nor volume, by itself, can distinguish between substances.\n| Sample | Mass (g) | Volume (cm3) | Density (g/cm3) | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| B | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 342 | 959 |\n| C | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 885 |\n| D | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 887 |\n| E | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| F | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 746 |\n| G | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| H | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 342 | 959 |", "question": "Based on Student 1's explanation, the same substance composes both of the samples in which of the follow-ing pairs?", "options": {"A": "Samples A and B", "B": "Samples B and C", "C": "Samples C and D", "D": "Samples D and E"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 190, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nA teacher provided the table below to the students in a science class. The table gives 5 properties for each of Sam-ples A-H. The students were told to assume that each sample is a completely solid cube composed of a single hypothetical pure substance.\n\nNote: Assume that mass, volume, and density were determined at $20^{\\circ }C$ and that all 5 properties were determined at 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure.\n\nThe teacher asked each of 4 students to explain how these data could be used to predict which samples are com-posed of the same substance. # Student 1 If 2 samples have the same values for all 5 properties,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 2 If 2 samples have the same values for any 3 or more of the 5 properties, they are composed of the same substance.If 2 samples have the same values for fewer than 3 of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 3 If 2 samples have the same mass, volume, and density,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 properties, they are composed of different substances. Neither melting point nor boiling point, by itself, can distinguish between substances. # Student 4 If 2 samples have the same density, melting point, and boiling point, they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 proper-ties, they are composed of different substances. Neither mass nor volume, by itself, can distinguish between substances.\n| Sample | Mass (g) | Volume (cm3) | Density (g/cm3) | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| B | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 342 | 959 |\n| C | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 885 |\n| D | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 887 |\n| E | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| F | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 746 |\n| G | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| H | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 342 | 959 |", "question": "Based on Student 3's explanation, the same substance composes both of the samples in which of the following pairs?", "options": {"A": "Samples A and C", "B": "Samples B and E", "C": "Samples F and G", "D": "Samples G and H"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 191, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nA teacher provided the table below to the students in a science class. The table gives 5 properties for each of Sam-ples A-H. The students were told to assume that each sample is a completely solid cube composed of a single hypothetical pure substance.\n\nNote: Assume that mass, volume, and density were determined at $20^{\\circ }C$ and that all 5 properties were determined at 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure.\n\nThe teacher asked each of 4 students to explain how these data could be used to predict which samples are com-posed of the same substance.# Student 1 If 2 samples have the same values for all 5 properties,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 2 If 2 samples have the same values for any 3 or more of the 5 properties, they are composed of the same substance.If 2 samples have the same values for fewer than 3 of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 3 If 2 samples have the same mass, volume, and density,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 properties, they are composed of different substances. Neither melting point nor boiling point, by itself, can distinguish between substances. # Student 4 If 2 samples have the same density, melting point, and boiling point, they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 proper-ties, they are composed of different substances. Neither mass nor volume, by itself, can distinguish between substances.\n| Sample | Mass (g) | Volume (cm3) | Density (g/cm3) | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| B | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 342 | 959 |\n| C | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 885 |\n| D | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 887 |\n| E | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| F | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 746 |\n| G | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| H | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 342 | 959 |", "question": "Suppose that the temperature of Sample A is increased to $250^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ at 1 atm of pressure. At $250^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ , would Sample A be a solid or a liquid?", "options": {"A": "Solid, because the melting point of Sample A is $126^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .", "B": "Solid, because the melting point of Sample A is $747^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .", "C": "Liquid, because the melting point of Sample A is $126^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ .", "D": "Liquid, because the melting point of Sample A is $747^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 219, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "For Questions 5 and 6, consider the following table that describes the lac operon in Escherichia coli. Expression of the lac operon depends on the concentrations of glucose and lactose in the environment. In wild type cells, the expression is as follows: \n\n
Lactose
GlucoseLowHigh
Low++++
High-++
\n\nwhere $+$ , $+$ , $^{+ + }$ , and $^{+ + + }$ indicate successively higher levels of gene expression.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Lactose | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Glucose | Low | High |\n| Low | +++ | +++ |\n| High | ++ | ++ |", "question": "In one strain you are working with, the expression pattern is as follows: \n\n
Lactose
GlucoseLowHigh
Low++++++
High++++
\n\nIn which of the following components might your strain have a loss of function mutation? Select all that apply (Point value: 2).", "options": {"A": "LacI, repressor allolactose binding site", "B": "LacI, repressor DNA binding site", "C": "LacO, operator", "D": "LacZ, β-galactosidase", "E": "LacY, lactose permease"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B", "C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 220, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Population | Number of individuals | r value |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 200,000 | .020 |\n| B | 500,000 | .040 |\n| C | 2 million | .008 |\n| D | 10 million | .002 |\n| E | 30 million | .001 |", "question": "Assuming exponential growth, which of the following populations will show the greatest population increase in the coming year?", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D", "E": "E"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 221, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Questions 53 through 57, use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False regarding the description of the indicated biome in all categories.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Biome | Physical Environment | Chemical Environment | Autotrophs | Heterotrophs |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wetland Marsh | Water-saturated soil | High organic production, high filtering capacity for dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants | One of the most productive biomes | Diverse community of invertebrates |\n| Ocean Pelagic | Water is constantly mixed | High oxygen levels | Low levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Zooplankton abundant |\n| Coral Reef | High water clarity | Excluded by high inputs of fresh water | High levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Invertebrates include many Cinderella |\n| Intertidal Zone | Exposed by tides twice a day | Oxygen and nutrient levels high | Algae | Worms, clams, and sponges |\n| Estuary | Seawater mixes with fresh water | Salinity varies spatially | Grasses, algae | Oysters, worms, and crabs |", "question": "Wetland Marsh", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 222, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Questions 53 through 57, use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False regarding the description of the indicated biome in all categories.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Biome | Physical Environment | Chemical Environment | Autotrophs | Heterotrophs |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wetland Marsh | Water-saturated soil | High organic production, high filtering capacity for dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants | One of the most productive biomes | Diverse community of invertebrates |\n| Ocean Pelagic | Water is constantly mixed | High oxygen levels | Low levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Zooplankton abundant |\n| Coral Reef | High water clarity | Excluded by high inputs of fresh water | High levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Invertebrates include many Cinderella |\n| Intertidal Zone | Exposed by tides twice a day | Oxygen and nutrient levels high | Algae | Worms, clams, and sponges |\n| Estuary | Seawater mixes with fresh water | Salinity varies spatially | Grasses, algae | Oysters, worms, and crabs |", "question": "Ocean Pelagic", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 223, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Questions 53 through 57, use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False regarding the description of the indicated biome in all categories.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Biome | Physical Environment | Chemical Environment | Autotrophs | Heterotrophs |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wetland Marsh | Water-saturated soil | High organic production, high filtering capacity for dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants | One of the most productive biomes | Diverse community of invertebrates |\n| Ocean Pelagic | Water is constantly mixed | High oxygen levels | Low levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Zooplankton abundant |\n| Coral Reef | High water clarity | Excluded by high inputs of fresh water | High levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Invertebrates include many Cinderella |\n| Intertidal Zone | Exposed by tides twice a day | Oxygen and nutrient levels high | Algae | Worms, clams, and sponges |\n| Estuary | Seawater mixes with fresh water | Salinity varies spatially | Grasses, algae | Oysters, worms, and crabs |", "question": "Coral Reef", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 237, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Rate of reaction -\\frac{\\Delta[\\text{CH}_3\\text{NC}]}{\\Delta t} , (\\text{M}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1}) | Half-life, (s) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| (A) | remains the same | decreases |\n| (B) | decreases | remains the same |\n| (C) | remains the same | remains the same |\n| (D) | decreases | decreases |", "question": "For this first-order isomerization reaction,\n\n$$\\text{CH}_3\\text{NC} \\rightarrow \\text{CH}_3\\text{CN}$$\n\nhow do the properties of the reaction in the table below vary as the reaction proceeds?", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 238, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Experiment | [A], M | [B], M | Observed Rate, \\text{mol}\\cdot\\text{L}^{-1}\\cdot\\text{s}^{-1} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0.10 | 0.10 | R |\n| 2 | 0.30 | 0.20 | ? |", "question": "The rate of a reaction between A and B follows the rate law $\\text{Rate} = k[\\text{A}]^2[\\text{B}]$ .\n\nDetermine the rate of Experiment Two in the table below at the same temperature as Experiment One.", "options": {"A": "3R", "B": "6R", "C": "12R", "D": "18R"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 239, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Indicator | Color change | pH range |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Methyl violet | red → blue | 0 → 2 |\n| Methyl red | red → yellow | 4 → 6 |\n| Cresol red | yellow → purple | 7 → 9 |\n| Phenolphthalein | colorless → pink | 8 → 10 |", "question": "Which acid-base indicator will give the best results for the titration of an aqueous ammonia solution with 0.10 M HCl?", "options": {"A": "Methyl violet", "B": "Methyl red", "C": "Cresol red", "D": "Phenolphthalein"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 240, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Reaction | E^\\circ , V |\n| --- | --- |\n| \\text{L}^{2+} + 2\\text{e}^- \\rightarrow \\text{L} | -0.13 |\n| \\text{M}^{2+} + 2\\text{e}^- \\rightarrow \\text{M} | -0.44 |\n| \\text{N}^{2+} + 2\\text{e}^- \\rightarrow \\text{N} | -0.76 |", "question": "According to the reduction potentials in the table below, which statement is true at standard conditions?", "options": {"A": "$\\text{L}^{2+}$ ions oxidize M metal.", "B": "M metal reduces $\\text{N}^{2+}$ ions.", "C": "M is a better reducing agent than N.", "D": "$\\text{M}^{2+}$ ions are better oxidizing agents than $\\text{L}^{2+}$ ions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 241, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Substance | \\text{CH}_4(\\text{g}) | \\text{CH}_2\\text{Cl}_2(\\text{g}) | \\text{HCl}(\\text{g}) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| \\Delta H_f^\\circ , \\text{kJ} \\cdot \\text{mol}^{-1} | -74.6 | -95.4 | -92.3 |", "question": "$\\text{CH}_4(\\text{g}) + \\text{Cl}_2(\\text{g}) \\rightarrow \\text{CH}_2\\text{Cl}_2(\\text{g}) + 2 \\text{HCl}(\\text{g})$ \n\nUse the data in the table below to calculate the standard enthalpy, $\\Delta H^\\circ$, for the reaction above.", "options": {"A": "$-205 \\text{ kJ} \\cdot \\text{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-113 \\text{ kJ} \\cdot \\text{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$113 \\text{ kJ} \\cdot \\text{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$205 \\text{ kJ} \\cdot \\text{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 242, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "atomic_structure", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | protons | neutrons | electrons |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 25 | 30 | 23 |\n| B | 25 | 55 | 23 |\n| C | 27 | 30 | 25 |\n| D | 30 | 25 | 28 |", "question": "The ion $^{55}\\text{Mn}^{2+}$ contains which combination of protons, neutrons and electrons?", "options": {"A": "25 protons, 30 neutrons, 23 electrons", "B": "25 protons, 55 neutrons, 23 electrons", "C": "27 protons, 30 neutrons, 25 electrons", "D": "30 protons, 25 neutrons, 28 electrons"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 249, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "When 1.0 mole of $\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ decomposes to form $\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}$ and $\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ , 103 kJ of energy is released. Given the bond energies below,", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Bond | H-O | O=O |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Bond Energy, kJ·mol-1 | 463 | 498 |", "question": "what is the bond energy of the $\\mathrm{O} - \\mathrm{O}$ single bond in $\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\mathrm{O}_{2}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$+395\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$+249\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$+146\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$+103\\mathrm{kJ}\\cdot \\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 250, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Substance | ΔHP, kJ mol-1 | S°, J mol-1 K-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| PCl5(g) | -288.7 | 311.6 |\n| Cl2(g) | 0 | 223.1 |\n| PCl5(g) | -374.9 | 364.2 |", "question": "At what temperature is the following reaction at equilibrium when all substances are at standard pressure? Assume that entropies and enthalpies of reaction do not vary with temperature.\n\n$$\\mathrm{PCl}_3(g) + \\mathrm{Cl}_2(g)\\rightleftharpoons \\mathrm{PCl}_5(g)$$", "options": {"A": "$506\\mathrm{K}$", "B": "$1640\\mathrm{K}$", "C": "$1980\\mathrm{K}$", "D": "$4260\\mathrm{K}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 251, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Bond | BDE, kJ mol-1 | Bond | BDE, kJ mol-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| H-H | 432 | O-O | 146 |\n| O-H | 467 | O=O | 495 |", "question": "Given the bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) below, what is the approximate $\\Delta H_P^\\circ$ for $\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(g)$ ?", "options": {"A": "$-934\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "B": "$-510. \\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "C": "$-429\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$", "D": "$-255\\mathrm{kJ}\\mathrm{mol}^{-1}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 299, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "The table gives the distribution of votes for a new school mascot and grade level for 80 students.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Mascot | Grade level | | | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | Sixth | Seventh | Eighth | |\n| Badger | 4 | 9 | 9 | 22 |\n| Lion | 9 | 2 | 9 | 20 |\n| Longhorn | 4 | 6 | 4 | 14 |\n| Tiger | 6 | 9 | 9 | 24 |\n| Total | 23 | 26 | 31 | 80 |", "question": "If one of these students is selected at random, what is the probability of selecting a student whose vote for new mascot was for a lion?", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{9}$", "B": "$\\frac{1}{5}$", "C": "$\\frac{1}{4}$", "D": "$\\frac{2}{3}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 300, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "The table shows the exponential relationship between the number of years, $x$, since Hana started training in pole vault, and the estimated height $h(x)$, in meters, of her best pole vault for that year.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| x | h(x) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0 | 1.23 |\n| 2 | 1.54 |\n| 4 | 1.94 |", "question": "Which of the following functions best represents this relationship, where $x \\le 4$?", "options": {"A": "$h(x) = 1.12(0.23)^x$", "B": "$h(x) = 1.12(1.23)^x$", "C": "$h(x) = 1.23(0.12)^x$", "D": "$h(x) = 1.23(1.12)^x$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 315, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "economics", "domain": "The International Economy", "context": "OUTPUT OF RICE AND WHEAT PER ACRE (in bushels)", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Country | Rice | Wheat |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 100 | 100 |\n| B | 80 | 40 |\n\ntable_2:\n| Country | Rice | Wheat |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 60 | 30 |\n| B | 40 | 40 |", "question": "The tables above show the amounts of rice and wheat (in bushels per acre) that Country A and Country B can produce each year over a two-year period. Which of the following statements about comparative advantage is correct?", "options": {"A": "In both years, Country A has a comparative advantage in wheat.", "B": "In both years, Country A has a comparative advantage in rice.", "C": "From year 1 to year 2, Country B's comparative advantage shifts from wheat to rice.", "D": "From year 1 to year 2, Country B's comparative advantage shifts from rice to wheat."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 325, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_chemistry", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds break down to produce chlorine radicals but usually not fluorine radicals. | A single chlorine radical breaks down many ozone, O_3 , molecules. |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | C–Cl bond is stronger than C–F bond | chain propagation steps produce more radicals |\n| B. | C–F bond is stronger than C–Cl bond | chain termination steps cause chlorine radicals to reform chlorine molecules |\n| C. | C–Cl bond is stronger than C–F bond | chain termination steps cause chlorine radicals to reform chlorine molecules |\n| D. | C–F bond is stronger than C–Cl bond | chain propagation steps produce more radicals |", "question": "Which statements explain the following reactions occurring in the upper atmosphere?", "options": {"A": "C–Cl bond is stronger than C–F bond; chain propagation steps produce more radicals", "B": "C–F bond is stronger than C–Cl bond; chain termination steps cause chlorine radicals to reform chlorine molecules", "C": "C–Cl bond is stronger than C–F bond; chain termination steps cause chlorine radicals to reform chlorine molecules", "D": "C–F bond is stronger than C–Cl bond; chain propagation steps produce more radicals"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 330, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Surface weather observations for multiple cities were recorded in a table.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nSurface weather observations for multiple cities.\n| City | Relative humidity (%) | Wind speed (m/s) | Barometric pressure (hPa) | Observed cloud types, if any |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 75 | 1.5 | 1028 | cirrus |\n| B | 30 | 7.5 | 1030 | none |\n| C | 90 | 7.5 | 1008 | nimbostratus |\n| D | 65 | 4.5 | 1020 | stratus |\n| E | 40 | 1.5 | 1010 | altocumulus |", "question": "Assume that all cities have the same temperature and pollutant output levels, and that the only significant source of pollution is from within the city. Which city is most likely to experience low visibility and severe air pollution?", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D", "E": "E"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 331, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Hydrosphere", "context": "Oceanographers collect samples of marine sediment, described in the table below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nDescription of marine sediment samples\n| Sample | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| A | Black shale and pyrite with trace hydrogen sulfide ($\\text{H}_2\\text{S}$) |\n| B | Red and brown clays interbedded with manganese nodules |\n| C | Crystalline chert and opal |", "question": "Which of the following is most likely true about the marine sediment samples?", "options": {"A": "Samples A and B represent sediment commonly found near hydrothermal vents, whereas Sample C represents terrigenous sediment widely found in abyssal plains", "B": "Samples A and B indicate regions of significant downwelling, whereas Sample C indicates a region of significant upwelling", "C": "Samples A and B are likely found in deep marine environments, whereas Sample C is likely found in warm, shallow waters", "D": "Samples A and B formed in regions with relatively low productivity, whereas Sample C formed in a region with relatively high productivity", "E": "Samples A and B are sourced from continental shelf deposits, whereas Sample C is sourced near a mid-ocean ridge"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table__text_options/validation/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_table__text_options/validation/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f3c96dd5de0061d58d1210686a2334131a8d94d --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table__text_options/validation/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{"id": 6, "assessment_program": "dc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "A student uses a light microscope to examine the leaf of a tomato plant. She observes that tiny openings in the plant leaves open and close under different light conditions. These openings are called stomata (singular: stoma). The student decides to design an experiment exploring how stomata open and close in a tomato plant in response to stimuli. The results will allow the student to model the relationship of stomata to homeostasis in the plant overall. The student exposed the plants to different amounts of light and humidity for a period of 30 minutes and then made observations.", "table_context": "Table 1. Experimental Results for stomata under different brightness and humidity conditions.", "tables": "Table 1. Experimental Results for stomata under different brightness and humidity conditions.\n| Experimental Condition | | Stomata State |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Brightness | Humidity | Results |\n| Very bright | Humid | Open |\n| Very bright | Dry | Closed |\n| Ordinary brightness | Very humid | Open |\n| Ordinary brightness | Very dry | Closed |\n| No light - dark | Humid | Closed |\n| No light - dark | Dry | Closed |", "question": "In a plant, when the turgor pressure is low, the stomata close and the leaves wilt. When the turgor pressure is high, the stomata open and the leaves are firm. Based on the data in Table 1, under which conditions would the leaf stay firm?", "options": {"A": "Ordinary brightness, very humid", "B": "Ordinary brightness, very dry", "C": "No light - dark, humid", "D": "No light - dark, dry"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 14, "assessment_program": "georgia_milestones_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "A random survey was conducted about gender and hair color. This table records the data.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| | Brown | Blonde | Red | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Male | 548 | 876 | 82 | 1,506 |\n| Female | 612 | 716 | 66 | 1,394 |\n| Total | 1,160 | 1,592 | 148 | 2,900 |\n\ntitle:\nHair Color", "question": "What is the probability that a randomly selected person has blonde hair, given that the person selected is male?", "options": {"A": "0.51", "B": "0.55", "C": "0.58", "D": "0.63"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 77, "assessment_program": "north_carolina_eoc", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "A biologist analyzed a sample of pond water and recorded the different organisms in the sample. This table shows the number of each organism in the pond sample.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Organisms | Number |\n| --- | --- |\n| phytoplankton | 50,000–70,000 |\n| frogs | 50 |\n| insect larvae | 800–900 |\n| trout | 3 |", "question": "Why does the sample contain more phytoplankton than trout?", "options": {"A": "A trout requires less energy than a phytoplankton organism.", "B": "Phytoplankton receive energy from the other organisms.", "C": "Insect larvae obtain energy directly from the sun and transfer energy to the other organisms.", "D": "Phytoplankton obtain energy directly from the sun and transfer energy to the other organisms."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 94, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "For a store's grand opening, the first 800 customers to enter the store receive a coupon for 10% off, 20% off, or 30% off their entire purchase. The coupons are distributed randomly. The table below shows the number of each type of coupon that will be distributed.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Coupon Value | Number of Coupons |\n| --- | --- |\n| 10% off | 525 |\n| 20% off | 225 |\n| 30% off | 50 |", "question": "Which expression shows how to find the probability that the first three customers to enter the store each receive a coupon for 30% off?", "options": {"A": "50/800 + 50/800 + 50/800", "B": "50/800 + 49/799 + 48/798", "C": "50/800 * 50/800 * 50/800", "D": "50/800 * 49/799 * 48/798"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 111, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| | | Second Base | | | | Third Base |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | U | C | A | G | |\n| First Base | U | Phenylalanine | Serine | Tyrosine | Cysteine | U |\n| | | Phenylalanine | Serine | Tyrosine | Cysteine | C |\n| | | Leucine | Serine | Stop | Stop | A |\n| | | Leucine | Serine | Stop | Tryptophan | G |\n| C | | Leucine | Proline | Historine | Arginine | U |\n| | | Leucine | Proline | Historine | Arginine | C |\n| | | Leucine | Proline | Glutamine | Arginine | A |\n| | | Leucine | Proline | Glutamine | Arginine | G |\n| A | | Isoleucine | Threonine | Asparagine | Serine | U |\n| | | Isoleucine | Threonine | Asparagine | Serine | C |\n| | | Isoleucine | Threonine | Lysine | Arginine | A |\n| | | Methionine | Threonine | Lysine | Arginine | G |\n| G | | Valine | Alanine | Aspartic acid | Glycine | U |\n| | | Valine | Alanine | Aspartic acid | Glycine | C |\n| | | Valine | Alanine | Glutamic acid | Glycine | A |\n| | | Valine | Alanine | Glutamic acid | Glycine | G |", "question": "A sequence of a DNA template strand is shown. Which of these is the correct amino acid chain produced from the DNA template strand?", "options": {"F": "Arginine - Leucine - Proline - Asparagine - Lysine - Arginine", "G": "Tryptophan - Phenylalanine - Leucine - Glycine - Asparagine - Phenylalanine", "H": "Serine - Leucine - Proline - Asparagine - Lysine - Arginine", "J": "Tryptophan - Phenylalanine - Leucine - Glycine - Asparagine - Serine"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["F"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 112, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Organism | Energy Source |\n| --- | --- |\n| Raccoon | Frogs, bird eggs, fish, insects, snails, reptiles, plants |\n| Grass carp | Plants, mosquito larvae |\n| Great blue heron | Fish, frogs |\n| American alligator | Reptiles, birds, fish, mammals |\n| Southern leopard frog | Insects |\n| Butterfly orchid | Sunlight |\n| Eastern mud turtle | Fish, snails, tadpoles, plants, worms, insects |", "question": "The table lists some organisms found in a swamp ecosystem and their sources of energy. When constructing an energy pyramid of the swamp ecosystem, which of these would be placed at the top of the pyramid?", "options": {"F": "Grass carp", "G": "American alligator", "H": "Eastern mud turtle", "J": "Great blue heron"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 114, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Type of Community | Dominant Characteristics |\n| --- | --- |\n| Open oak woodland | Several species of oaks, cacti, and some scattered grasses among scattered boulders |\n| Mesquite grassland | Mesquite trees, abundant grasses in areas with thick soil, and few boulders |\n| Floodplain | A thick mix of trees, shrubs, grasses, and numerous wildflowers; floods with heavy rains |\n| Granite rock | Barren rock with lichen patches |", "question": "Enchanted Rock State Natural Area is located in Central Texas. Enchanted Rock is a dome of granite. The area contains four easily identifiable communities. The table describes characteristics of each type of community in the area. A student studying primary succession should focus on which of these communities?", "options": {"A": "Open oak woodland", "B": "Mesquite grassland", "C": "Floodplain", "D": "Granite rock"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 192, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nA teacher provided the table below to the students in a science class. The table gives 5 properties for each of Sam-ples A-H. The students were told to assume that each sample is a completely solid cube composed of a single hypothetical pure substance.\n\nNote: Assume that mass, volume, and density were determined at $20^{\\circ }C$ and that all 5 properties were determined at 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure.\n\nThe teacher asked each of 4 students to explain how these data could be used to predict which samples are com-posed of the same substance. # Student 1 If 2 samples have the same values for all 5 properties,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 2 If 2 samples have the same values for any 3 or more of the 5 properties, they are composed of the same substance.If 2 samples have the same values for fewer than 3 of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 3 If 2 samples have the same mass, volume, and density,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 properties, they are composed of different substances. Neither melting point nor boiling point, by itself, can distinguish between substances. # Student 4 If 2 samples have the same density, melting point, and boiling point, they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 proper-ties, they are composed of different substances. Neither mass nor volume, by itself, can distinguish between substances.\n| Sample | Mass (g) | Volume (cm3) | Density (g/cm3) | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| B | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 342 | 959 |\n| C | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 885 |\n| D | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 887 |\n| E | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| F | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 746 |\n| G | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| H | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 342 | 959 |", "question": "Consider the claim that 2 samples having the same density will always be composed of the same substance, regardless of the values of the other 4 properties. Which of the students, if any, would be likely to agree with this claim?", "options": {"A": "Students 1 and 2 only", "B": "Students 2, 3, and 4 only", "C": "All of the students", "D": "None of the students"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 193, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "states_of_matter_imfs", "context": null, "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nA teacher provided the table below to the students in a science class. The table gives 5 properties for each of Sam-ples A-H. The students were told to assume that each sample is a completely solid cube composed of a single hypothetical pure substance.\n\nNote: Assume that mass, volume, and density were determined at $20^{\\circ }C$ and that all 5 properties were determined at 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure.\n\nThe teacher asked each of 4 students to explain how these data could be used to predict which samples are com-posed of the same substance. # Student 1 If 2 samples have the same values for all 5 properties,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 2 If 2 samples have the same values for any 3 or more of the 5 properties, they are composed of the same substance.If 2 samples have the same values for fewer than 3 of the 5 properties, they are composed of different substances. # Student 3 If 2 samples have the same mass, volume, and density,they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 properties, they are composed of different substances. Neither melting point nor boiling point, by itself, can distinguish between substances. # Student 4 If 2 samples have the same density, melting point, and boiling point, they are composed of the same substance. If 2 samples have different values for any of these 3 proper-ties, they are composed of different substances. Neither mass nor volume, by itself, can distinguish between substances.\n| Sample | Mass (g) | Volume (cm3) | Density (g/cm3) | Melting point (°C) | Boiling point (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| B | 8.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 342 | 959 |\n| C | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 885 |\n| D | 6.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 237 | 887 |\n| E | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| F | 8.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 746 |\n| G | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 126 | 747 |\n| H | 4.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 342 | 959 |", "question": "Which of Students 2, 3, and 4 would be likely to agree that Sample A and Sample B are composed of the same substance?", "options": {"A": "Students 2 and 3 only", "B": "Students 2 and 4 only", "C": "Students 3 and 4 only", "D": "Students 2, 3, and 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 225, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "For Questions 53 through 57, use \"A\" for True and \"B\" for False regarding the description of the indicated biome in all categories.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Biome | Physical Environment | Chemical Environment | Autotrophs | Heterotrophs |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wetland Marsh | Water-saturated soil | High organic production, high filtering capacity for dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants | One of the most productive biomes | Diverse community of invertebrates |\n| Ocean Pelagic | Water is constantly mixed | High oxygen levels | Low levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Zooplankton abundant |\n| Coral Reef | High water clarity | Excluded by high inputs of fresh water | High levels of photosynthetic bacteria | Invertebrates include many Cinderella |\n| Intertidal Zone | Exposed by tides twice a day | Oxygen and nutrient levels high | Algae | Worms, clams, and sponges |\n| Estuary | Seawater mixes with fresh water | Salinity varies spatially | Grasses, algae | Oysters, worms, and crabs |", "question": "Estuary", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 226, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "In the ABC hypothesis of flower development, the expression of the following combinations of genes leads to the development of specific flower organs (parts of this table are intentionally left blank):", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Genes expressed | Flower part |\n| --- | --- |\n| A | Sepals |\n| A+B | |\n| B+C | Stamens |\n| C | |", "question": "Predict the flower part(s) of the table above, recalling that flower organs occur in whorls, and that the \"A\" gene is not expressed in the inner two whorls. If a flowering plant mutant with no \"B\" gene is produced, what flower organs does it lack?", "options": {"A": "Carpels", "B": "Petals", "C": "Stamens", "D": "Two of the above", "E": "ALL of the above"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 252, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "kinetics", "context": "For the reaction:\n\n$$\\mathrm{Cr}(\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O})_6^{3 + }(aq) + \\mathrm{SCN}(aq)\\rightarrow$$\n\n$$\\mathrm{Cr}(\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O})_5\\mathrm{SCN}^{2 + }(aq) + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}(l)$$\n\nThe following data were collected:", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| [Cr(H2O)6+3], M | [SCN], M | Rate, M hr-1 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.028 | 0.040 | 8.1×10-6 |\n| 0.028 | 0.055 | 1.1×10-5 |\n| 0.037 | 0.055 | 1.5×10-5 |", "question": "What is the rate law for the reaction?", "options": {"A": "Rate $= (9.1\\times 10^{-9}\\mathrm{M}^{-1}\\mathrm{hr}^{-1})[\\mathrm{Cr}(\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O})_6^{3 + }][\\mathrm{SCN}^{-}]$", "B": "Rate $= (7.2\\times 10^{-3}\\mathrm{M}^{-1}\\mathrm{hr}^{-1})[\\mathrm{Cr}(\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O})_6^{3 + }][\\mathrm{SCN}^{-}]$", "C": "Rate $= (2.9\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{hr}^{-1})[\\mathrm{Cr}(\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O})_6^{3 + }]$", "D": "Rate $= (3.9\\times 10^{-4}\\mathrm{hr}^{-1})[\\mathrm{Cr}(\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O})_6^{3 + }]$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 257, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "prequalifying", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "chemical_reactions", "context": "The following data were collected for the reaction of A and B:", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| [A]0 (M) | [B]0 (M) | Initial rate (M/s) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.20 | 0.20 | 600 |\n| 0.60 | 0.40 | 7200 |\n| 0.60 | 0.80 | 28800 |", "question": "What is the order of the reaction with respect to A and B?", "options": {"A": "$0^{\\mathrm{th}}$ order in A, $2^{\\mathrm{nd}}$ order in B", "B": "$1^{\\mathrm{st}}$ order in A, $1^{\\mathrm{st}}$ order in B", "C": "$2^{\\mathrm{nd}}$ order in A, $1^{\\mathrm{st}}$ order in B", "D": "$1^{\\mathrm{st}}$ order in A, $2^{\\mathrm{nd}}$ order in B"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 302, "assessment_program": "sat", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "Five *Eretmochelys imbricata*, a type of sea turtle, each have a nest. The table shows an original data set of the number of eggs that each turtle laid in its nest.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| Nest | Number of eggs |\n| --- | --- |\n| A | 149 |\n| B | 144 |\n| C | 148 |\n| D | 136 |\n| E | 139 |", "question": "A sixth nest with 121 eggs is added to create a new data set. Which of the following correctly compares the means of the two data sets?", "options": {"A": "The mean of the original data set is greater than the mean of the new data set.", "B": "The mean of the original data set is less than the mean of the new data set.", "C": "The means of both data sets are equal.", "D": "There is not enough information to compare the means."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 320, "assessment_program": "naep", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "People with cystic fibrosis have thickened mucus and fluid buildup in their lungs. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene. Individuals can be tested to determine if they are symptomless carriers of this disorder.\n\nA scientist tested 100 children whose parents were all symptomless carriers of the disorder to learn about the children's genetic makeup. The table shows the scientist's findings.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\n| GENETIC MAKEUP OF CHILDREN TESTED | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Group | Genetic Makeup of Children Whose Mothers and Fathers Were Carriers |\n| 1 | 24 children who have the disorder |\n| 2 | 51 children who are carriers |\n| 3 | 25 children who do not have any alleles for the disorder and are not carriers |", "question": "Which statement correctly describes the information provided in the table?", "options": {"A": "Children in group 1 have the genetic makeup $FF$ .", "B": "Children in group 3 have the genetic makeup $ff$ .", "C": "Children in group 2 have the genetic makeup either $FF$ or $ff$ .", "D": "Children in group 2 have the genetic makeup $Ff$ ."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 332, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "At a given point, two weather models, A and B, predict the same geopotential heights for the 1000 and 500 hPa pressure levels. However, they predict different temperature anomalies (relative to the climatological average within each pressure level), as shown in the table below.", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nTable showing temperature anomalies (°C) for two weather models at 1000 hPa and 500 hPa pressure levels.\n| | 1000 hPa | 500 hPa |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A | +3 °C | +1 °C |\n| B | +3 °C | +5 °C |", "question": "Which of the following about the 1000-500 hPa layer must be true given the information above? I) A predicts a less stable atmosphere than BII) A predicts a conditionally unstable atmosphereIII) B predicts an atmospheric inversion", "options": {"A": "None", "B": "I only", "C": "III only", "D": "I and II", "E": "I and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 333, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": "A total solar eclipse occurs during July. Assuming that the Sun, Moon and Earth are collinear during the height of the eclipse and using the table of values provided below, which of the following is closest to the maximum radius of the resulting umbra?", "table_context": null, "tables": "table_1:\nTable of values for the radii and distances of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.\n| Radius of the Sun | 6.96 \\cdot 10^5 km |\n| --- | --- |\n| Radius of Earth | 6370 km |\n| Radius of the Moon | 1740 km |\n| Perihelion of Earth | 1.47 \\cdot 10^8 km |\n| Aphelion of Earth | 1.52 \\cdot 10^8 km |\n| Perigee of Moon | 3.62 \\cdot 10^5 km |\n| Apogee of Moon | 4.05 \\cdot 10^5 km |", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the maximum radius of the resulting umbra?", "options": {"A": "28 km", "B": "56 km", "C": "84 km", "D": "112 km"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table_image__image_options/test/images/context_text_table_image__image_options/12_0.jpg b/subsets/context_text_table_image__image_options/test/images/context_text_table_image__image_options/12_0.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a49d7f1b5e642daef83b6a29c8d8ae7670341355 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table_image__image_options/test/images/context_text_table_image__image_options/12_0.jpg @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:e5f5c85f616469565bb02b2a580aaafa291711e71af732038064c96c10c773a6 +size 19216 diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table_image__image_options/test/images/context_text_table_image__image_options/16_0.jpg b/subsets/context_text_table_image__image_options/test/images/context_text_table_image__image_options/16_0.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d87de86a1b30c2971df4a51a07acf384f66707bf --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table_image__image_options/test/images/context_text_table_image__image_options/16_0.jpg @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:f49f2bdeb0a64af69ea41f76a9dbb0b5703cc3601c19dd62d0181864cc01c994 +size 68119 diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table_image__image_options/test/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_table_image__image_options/test/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1df5351b58eaddefce8117ee026d4b8803358b29 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table_image__image_options/test/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +{"id": 1, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Rock pocket mice are small rodents that live in Arizona and New Mexico. They can have either light- colored fur or dark- colored fur. Fur color is determined by a group of pigments called melanin. Two types of melanin are pheomelanin and eumelanin. Mice with light- colored fur mostly have pheomelanin, whereas mice with dark- colored fur mostly have eumelanin. In rock pocket mice, the Mc1r gene controls whether eumelanin or pheomelanin is produced. Scientists have identified two alleles, D and d, for the gene. The allele for dark- colored fur (D) is dominant to the allele for light- colored fur (d). ost of the habitat for rock pocket mice consists of light- colored rock called granite. However, there are several areas where the mice live that are made up of dark- colored rock called basalt. Basalt rock formed when lava flowed over granite rock and cooled. Owls and other predators use their sense of sight to hunt rock pocket mice. The map shows six study sites where scientists have observed these mice. Scientists collected data on the fur color of rock pocket mice and the type of rock at each study site. The table shows the type of rock, the number of mice with light-colored fur, and the number of mice with dark-colored fur at each study site.A new predator that hunts rock pocket mice moves into site 3.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__image_options/12_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Study Site | Type of Rock | Light-Colored Fur | Dark-Colored Fur |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | basalt | 2 | 6 |\n| 2 | granite | 10 | 1 |\n| 3 | granite | 15 | 0 |\n| 4 | granite | 5 | 0 |\n| 5 | granite | 12 | 0 |\n| 6 | basalt | 1 | 7 |", "question": "Which of the following graphs shows what will most likely happen to the rock pocket mouse population size at site 3 after 40 generations?", "options": {"image": "images/context_text_table_image__image_options/16_0.jpg"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1, "option_image_label_groups": [["A", "B", "C", "D"]]} diff --git 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--- |\n| 1 | In response to light, a plant hormone causes the shoot to lengthen more on one side, and the stem bends toward the light. |\n| 2 | In response to gravity, a plant hormone accumulates in certain areas, and the roots grow downward. |\n\ntitle:\nTable A\n\ntable_2:\nmarkdown:\n| Response | Explanation |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | In response to the heat, sensors in the shoot are activated, and the shoot bends toward the Sun. |\n| 2 | In response to touching the soil, sensors in the root are activated, and the roots grow downward. |\n\ntitle:\nTable C\n\ntable_3:\nmarkdown:\n| Response | Explanation |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | In response to light, the chloroplasts begin to photosynthesize, and the shoot leans toward the light. |\n| 2 | In response to water, the vacuoles on one side of the roots swell, and the roots grow downward. |\n\ntitle:\nTable B\n\ntable_4:\nmarkdown:\n| Response | Explanation |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | In response to gravity, a plant hormone causes cell replication, and the shoot grows upward. |\n| 2 | In response to light, a plant hormone causes cells to move away from the Sun, and the roots grow downward. |\n\ntitle:\nTable D", "question": "Which table presents explanations for the plant's responses?", "options": {"A": "Table A", "B": "Table B", "C": "Table C", "D": "Table D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 2, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Three friends are hiking through an area of trees in late October. Some leaves and fruits are falling from the trees. Others are lying on the ground or still on trees. The fruit of a walnut tree falls and just misses one of the hikers. The hikers wonder whether it is more dangerous to be struck by some falling fruits than others. One hiker asks, \"Which object falling from a tree would have more energy: an acorn falling from about 18 meters (m) or an apple falling from about 3 m?\" The hikers find this table about tree heights and fruit masses on a park information sheet. For comparison, they estimate each object would fall from about halfway up each type of tree. The hikers know Newton's second law of motion is $F_{\text{(net)}} = ma$ . They also discover that they can calculate potential energy (PE) of the fruit with the formula $PE = mgh$ , where $m$ = mass, $g$ = acceleration due to gravity, and $h$ = height above ground. The fruit's kinetic energy (KE) can be calculated with the formula $KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ , where $m$ = mass, and $v$ = velocity. For these calculations, the hikers ignore the possible effects of air resistance and assume that the objects drop straight to the ground with no initial velocity and with an acceleration due to gravity of $9.8\text{m/s}^2$ . The hikers decide to estimate the energy of a falling apple. They launch an apple straight up to the same height as a target in the trees that is 19.6 m above the starting point. They design the launch so that the potential energy and kinetic energy of the apple are zero at the start. They also want the apple to fall back to the same spot it was launched from. The hikers perform several launches. The table shows the average height and velocity of the data collected.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/06ad68b0cea2ad6d77fa7c4b8254d530_3_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/06ad68b0cea2ad6d77fa7c4b8254d530_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/06ad68b0cea2ad6d77fa7c4b8254d530_7_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Tree Species | Object Height (m) | Object | Average Mass (kg) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| white oak | 18 | acorn | 0.004 |\n| pin oak | 14 | acorn | 0.001 |\n| McIntosh apple | 3 | apple | 0.182 |\n\ntitle:\nFalling Objects\n\ntable_1_2:\nTable 1:\n| Tree Species | Object Height (m) | Object | Average Mass (kg) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| white oak | 18 | acorn | 0.004 |\n| pin oak | 14 | acorn | 0.001 |\n| McIntosh apple | 3 | apple | 0.182 |\n\nTable 2:\n| Time (s) | Average Height (m) | Velocity (m/s) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.6 |\n| 0.5 | 8.6 | 14.7 |\n| 1.0 | 14.7 | 9.8 |\n| 1.5 | 18.4 | 4.9 |\n| 2.0 | 19.6 | 0.0 |\n| 2.5 | 18.4 | -4.9 |\n| 3.0 | 14.7 | -9.8 |\n| 3.5 | 8.6 | -14.7 |\n| 4.0 | 0.0 | -19.6 |", "question": "One of the hikers drops the white oak acorn, pin oak acorn, and McIntosh apple from the same height. Which set shows the fruits in order from the fruit with the least amount of force to the fruit with the greatest amount of force when it hits the ground?", "options": {"A": "McIntosh apple → pin oak acorn → white oak acorn", "B": "McIntosh apple → white oak acorn → pin oak acorn", "C": "white oak acorn → pin oak acorn → McIntosh apple", "D": "pin oak acorn → white oak acorn → McIntosh apple"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 3, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Earth Systems", "context": "A group of students want to examine how the storage of solar radiation impacts Earth's global climate. They decide to perform an experiment in which they determine how land and water absorb and retain thermal energy. To represent land, the students use sand. The students place each material in a beaker and place them under a heat lamp for 10 minutes. Every 2 minutes they record the temperatures. After 10 minutes, the students turn off the heat lamp and continue to record the temperatures as the materials cool. The students created the graph using the data they collected.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/a5964689b0b760d284c3cc421c38233c_4_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Material | Specific Heat (Joule/gram °C) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Liquid water | 4.18 |\n| Solid water (ice) | 2.11 |\n| Water vapor | 2.00 |\n| Seawater | 3.90 |\n| Oxygen (gas) | 0.92 |\n| Dry air | 1.01 |\n| Moist air | 1.44 |\n| Granite rock | 0.84 |\n| Dry sand | 0.80 |\n| Moist sand | 2.51 |\n\ntitle:\nSpecific Heat of Earth Materials", "question": "Which phenomenon are the students most likely trying to understand by investigating the specific heat of several earth materials?", "options": {"A": "the amount of thermal energy each Earth material is able to reflect and redistribute", "B": "the amount of thermal energy each Earth material is able to store and redistribute", "C": "the time it takes for different Earth materials to heat up as well as the time it takes for their stored energy to go away", "D": "the time it takes for the air around each Earth material to be heated or cooled"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 6, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Given: lines $k$ and $n$ intersect to form angles 1, 2, 3, and 4.\n\n![Diagram showing two intersecting lines, k and n, forming four angles: 1, 2, 3, and 4. Angles 1 and 2 are adjacent on line n, forming a linear pair. Angles 1 and 4 are adjacent on line k, forming a linear pair.](7427b6e4ab31edbe57a4a0d513a5188d_4_img.webp)\n\nProve: $\\angle 2 \\cong \\angle 4$\n\nAn incomplete proof is shown.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/7427b6e4ab31edbe57a4a0d513a5188d_4_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Step | Statement | Reason |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Lines k and n intersect to form angles 1, 2, 3, and 4. | Given |\n| 2 | Angles 1 and 2 form a linear pair. Angles 1 and 4 form a linear pair. | Definition of a linear pair |\n| 3 | Angles 1 and 2 are supplementary. Angles 1 and 4 are supplementary. | Angles that form a linear pair are supplementary. |\n| 4 | m\\angle 1 + m\\angle 2 = 180^\\circ m\\angle 1 + m\\angle 4 = 180^\\circ | The sum of the measures of supplementary angles is 180^\\circ . |\n| 5 | m\\angle 1 + m\\angle 2 = m\\angle 1 + m\\angle 4 | Transitive Property |\n| 6 | m\\angle 2 = m\\angle 4 | ? |\n| 7 | \\angle 2 \\cong \\angle 4 | Angles that have the same measure are congruent. |", "question": "Which reason for step 6 correctly completes the proof?", "options": {"A": "Substitution", "B": "Reflexive Property", "C": "Subtraction Property of Equality", "D": "Definition of Supplementary Angles"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 7, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Given: $\\angle P \\cong \\angle J$ , $\\angle Q \\cong \\angle K$\n\nProve: $KL = 2.8$\n\nAn incomplete proof is shown in the table.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/7af52b427e9ced02e96e18be0eca084c_5_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Step | Statement | Reason |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | \\angle P \\cong \\angle J , \\angle Q \\cong \\angle K , PR = 5 , QR = 7 , and JL = 2 . | Given |\n| 2 | \\triangle PQR \\sim \\triangle JKL | ? |\n| 3 | \\frac{KL}{QR} = \\frac{JL}{PR} | ? |\n| 4 | \\frac{KL}{7} = \\frac{2}{5} | Substitution |\n| 5 | KL = \\frac{14}{5} = 2.8 | Multiplication property of equality |", "question": "What are the reasons for Step 2 and Step 3 that can be used to complete the proof?", "options": {"A": "Step 2: AA Similarity Step 3: Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.", "B": "Step 2: AA Similarity Step 3: The measures of corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal.", "C": "Step 2: SAS Similarity Step 3: Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.", "D": "Step 2: SAS Similarity Step 3: The measures of corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 8, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Given: $\\overline{PQ} \\parallel \\overline{JL}$\n\nProve: $\\frac{JP}{PK} = \\frac{LQ}{QK}$\n\nAn incomplete proof is shown in the table.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/f543080c73e247811d79bc20155949bb_6_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Step | Statement | Reason |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | \\overline{PQ} \\parallel \\overline{JL} | Given |\n| 2 | \\angle KPQ \\cong \\angle KJL, \\angle KQP \\cong \\angle KLJ ? | |\n| 3 | \\triangle PKQ \\sim \\triangle JKL | AA criterion |\n| 4 | \\frac{JK}{PK} = \\frac{LK}{QK} | ? |\n| 5 | \\frac{JP + PK}{PK} = \\frac{LQ + QK}{QK} | Segment addition postulate |\n| 6 | \\frac{JP}{PK} + \\frac{PK}{PK} = \\frac{LQ}{QK} + \\frac{QK}{QK} | Distributive property |\n| 7 | \\frac{JP}{PK} = \\frac{LQ}{QK} | Addition property of equality |", "question": "Which reasons for Step 2 and Step 4 complete the proof?", "options": {"A": "Step 2: When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, corresponding angles are congruent.", "B": "Step 2: When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, alternate interior angles are congruent.", "C": "Step 4: Corresponding sides of similar triangles are congruent.", "D": "Step 4: Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.", "E": "Step 4: Corresponding sides of congruent triangles are congruent.", "F": "Step 4: Corresponding sides of congruent triangles are proportional."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"], "answer": ["A", "D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 9, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Some species of snakes can produce a toxin known as venom. Scientists have identified specific genes responsible for producing venom. The cladogram shows groups of snakes and the percentage of venomous species in each group.\n\n
Percentage of Species that Are Venomous
Blind snakes0%
Pythons and boas0%
Vipers100%
Cobras, mambas, and sea snakes100%
Burrowing vipers100%
Rear-fanged snakes35%
\n\n![](2e36639b9a415c27986481d04ef72f56_5_img.webp)", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/2e36639b9a415c27986481d04ef72f56_5_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Percentage of Species that Are Venomous | |\n| --- | --- |\n| Blind snakes | 0% |\n| Pythons and boas | 0% |\n| Vipers | 100% |\n| Cobras, mambas, and sea snakes | 100% |\n| Burrowing vipers | 100% |\n| Rear-fanged snakes | 35% |", "question": "Which of the following locations on the cladogram shows where the ability to produce venom most likely originated?", "options": {"A": "(A) location W", "B": "(B) location X", "C": "(C) location Y", "D": "(D) location Z"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 10, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Corn is one of the most important crops grown in the United States. Corn, which is mostly starch, is used as a food source for humans and other animals.\n\nHumans first developed corn as a food crop over 8000 years ago. These early farmers produced corn by selectively breeding a wild grass called teosinte. The kernels of teosinte have a hard coating that makes them difficult for humans to eat. A key step in developing corn as a food crop was selecting individual plants that produced kernels without this coating so that they could more easily be used as a food source. The illustrations show the kernels on an ear of corn and the kernels on an ear of teosinte.\n\nCorn and teosinte share the scientific name Zea mays. A single gene with two alleles codes for kernel coating (H) or no kernel coating (h) in Zea mays. To determine the inheritance pattern of this gene, scientists crossed teosinte that is true- breeding (homozygous) for kernel coating and domestic corn that is true- breeding for no kernel coating to produce offspring with partially formed kernel coatings. The three phenotypes and their genotypes are shown in the table.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/15_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Phenotype | Genotype |\n| --- | --- |\n| kernel coating | HH |\n| no kernel coating | hh |\n| partially formed kernel coating | Hh |", "question": "A student claims that the inheritance pattern for kernel coating is incomplete dominance.\n\nWhich of the following pieces of evidence best supports the student's claim?", "options": {"A": "Corn and teosinte share the scientific name Zea mays.", "B": "Early farmers produced corn by selectively breeding teosinte.", "C": "A single gene with two alleles codes for the presence or absence of kernel coating in Zea mays.", "D": "The cross between domestic corn and teosinte produced offspring with partially formed kernel coatings."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 11, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Corn is one of the most important crops grown in the United States. Corn, which is mostly starch, is used as a food source for humans and other animals.\n\nHumans first developed corn as a food crop over 8000 years ago. These early farmers produced corn by selectively breeding a wild grass called teosinte. The kernels of teosinte have a hard coating that makes them difficult for humans to eat. A key step in developing corn as a food crop was selecting individual plants that produced kernels without this coating so that they could more easily be used as a food source. The illustrations show the kernels on an ear of corn and the kernels on an ear of teosinte.\n\nCorn and teosinte share the scientific name Zea mays. A single gene with two alleles codes for kernel coating (H) or no kernel coating (h) in Zea mays. To determine the inheritance pattern of this gene, scientists crossed teosinte that is true- breeding (homozygous) for kernel coating and domestic corn that is true- breeding for no kernel coating to produce offspring with partially formed kernel coatings. The three phenotypes and their genotypes are shown in the table.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/15_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Phenotype | Genotype |\n| --- | --- |\n| kernel coating | HH |\n| no kernel coating | hh |\n| partially formed kernel coating | Hh |", "question": "Scientists crossed true- breeding corn and true- breeding teosinte to determine whether the plants produce fertile offspring. Which of the following questions was this experiment designed to answer?", "options": {"A": "Are corn and teosinte different species?", "B": "Do corn and teosinte both use seeds to reproduce?", "C": "Can corn and teosinte plants grow in similar environments?", "D": "Do corn plants contain more dominant alleles than teosinte plants do?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 12, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Corn is one of the most important crops grown in the United States. Corn, which is mostly starch, is used as a food source for humans and other animals.\n\nHumans first developed corn as a food crop over 8000 years ago. These early farmers produced corn by selectively breeding a wild grass called teosinte. The kernels of teosinte have a hard coating that makes them difficult for humans to eat. A key step in developing corn as a food crop was selecting individual plants that produced kernels without this coating so that they could more easily be used as a food source. The illustrations show the kernels on an ear of corn and the kernels on an ear of teosinte.\n\nCorn and teosinte share the scientific name Zea mays. A single gene with two alleles codes for kernel coating (H) or no kernel coating (h) in Zea mays. To determine the inheritance pattern of this gene, scientists crossed teosinte that is true- breeding (homozygous) for kernel coating and domestic corn that is true- breeding for no kernel coating to produce offspring with partially formed kernel coatings. The three phenotypes and their genotypes are shown in the table. An insect called the European corn borer can reduce the amount of corn from corn crops. To protect corn from this insect, scientists genetically modified corn plants. The scientists inserted a gene into the genome of corn plants. The gene codes for the production of a toxin that can kill the corn borer.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/15_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Phenotype | Genotype |\n| --- | --- |\n| kernel coating | HH |\n| no kernel coating | hh |\n| partially formed kernel coating | Hh |", "question": "What will most likely happen within the corn borer population over time?", "options": {"A": "Corn borers will produce new genes and will become less common.", "B": "Corn borers that can reproduce asexually will become more common.", "C": "Corn borers that start eating other insects to avoid the toxin will become less common.", "D": "Corn borers with resistance to the toxin will survive to reproduce and will become more common."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 13, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Corn is one of the most important crops grown in the United States. Corn, which is mostly starch, is used as a food source for humans and other animals.\n\nHumans first developed corn as a food crop over 8000 years ago. These early farmers produced corn by selectively breeding a wild grass called teosinte. The kernels of teosinte have a hard coating that makes them difficult for humans to eat. A key step in developing corn as a food crop was selecting individual plants that produced kernels without this coating so that they could more easily be used as a food source. The illustrations show the kernels on an ear of corn and the kernels on an ear of teosinte.\n\nCorn and teosinte share the scientific name Zea mays. A single gene with two alleles codes for kernel coating (H) or no kernel coating (h) in Zea mays. To determine the inheritance pattern of this gene, scientists crossed teosinte that is true- breeding (homozygous) for kernel coating and domestic corn that is true- breeding for no kernel coating to produce offspring with partially formed kernel coatings. The three phenotypes and their genotypes are shown in the table. An insect called the European corn borer can reduce the amount of corn from corn crops. To protect corn from this insect, scientists genetically modified corn plants. The scientists inserted a gene into the genome of corn plants. The gene codes for the production of a toxin that can kill the corn borer.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/15_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Phenotype | Genotype |\n| --- | --- |\n| kernel coating | HH |\n| no kernel coating | hh |\n| partially formed kernel coating | Hh |", "question": "Scientists studied reproduction in corn and teosinte. Select two types of cells that combine to produce offspring when a corn plant is crossed with a teosinte plant.", "options": {"A": "egg", "B": "leaf", "C": "root", "D": "stem"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A", "B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 2} +{"id": 14, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": "Corn is one of the most important crops grown in the United States. Corn, which is mostly starch, is used as a food source for humans and other animals.\n\nHumans first developed corn as a food crop over 8000 years ago. These early farmers produced corn by selectively breeding a wild grass called teosinte. The kernels of teosinte have a hard coating that makes them difficult for humans to eat. A key step in developing corn as a food crop was selecting individual plants that produced kernels without this coating so that they could more easily be used as a food source. The illustrations show the kernels on an ear of corn and the kernels on an ear of teosinte.\n\nCorn and teosinte share the scientific name Zea mays. A single gene with two alleles codes for kernel coating (H) or no kernel coating (h) in Zea mays. To determine the inheritance pattern of this gene, scientists crossed teosinte that is true- breeding (homozygous) for kernel coating and domestic corn that is true- breeding for no kernel coating to produce offspring with partially formed kernel coatings. The three phenotypes and their genotypes are shown in the table. An insect called the European corn borer can reduce the amount of corn from corn crops. To protect corn from this insect, scientists genetically modified corn plants. The scientists inserted a gene into the genome of corn plants. The gene codes for the production of a toxin that can kill the corn borer. Scientists studied reproduction in corn and teosinte.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/15_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Phenotype | Genotype |\n| --- | --- |\n| kernel coating | HH |\n| no kernel coating | hh |\n| partially formed kernel coating | Hh |", "question": "Corn kernels are fertilized seeds that develop into corn plants after they are planted. How does the number of chromosomes in a corn kernel cell compare to the number of chromosomes in the body cell of a corn plant?", "options": {"A": "A corn kernel cell has half as many chromosomes as the body cell because the kernel is a gamete.", "B": "A corn kernel cell has the same number of chromosomes as the body cell because the kernel developed from a zygote.", "C": "A corn kernel cell has twice as many chromosomes as the body cell because the kernel developed from two corn plants.", "D": "A corn kernel cell has no chromosomes and the body cell has a full set of chromosomes because chromosomes are produced as the corn plant grows."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 16, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "Rock pocket mice are small rodents that live in Arizona and New Mexico. They can have either light- colored fur or dark- colored fur. Fur color is determined by a group of pigments called melanin. Two types of melanin are pheomelanin and eumelanin. Mice with light- colored fur mostly have pheomelanin, whereas mice with dark- colored fur mostly have eumelanin. In rock pocket mice, the Mc1r gene controls whether eumelanin or pheomelanin is produced. Scientists have identified two alleles, D and d, for the gene. The allele for dark- colored fur (D) is dominant to the allele for light- colored fur (d). ost of the habitat for rock pocket mice consists of light- colored rock called granite. However, there are several areas where the mice live that are made up of dark- colored rock called basalt. Basalt rock formed when lava flowed over granite rock and cooled. Owls and other predators use their sense of sight to hunt rock pocket mice. The map shows six study sites where scientists have observed these mice. Scientists collected data on the fur color of rock pocket mice and the type of rock at each study site. The table shows the type of rock, the number of mice with light-colored fur, and the number of mice with dark-colored fur at each study site.The pigment eumelanin contains the elements hydrogen and oxygen.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/12_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Study Site | Type of Rock | Light-Colored Fur | Dark-Colored Fur |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | basalt | 2 | 6 |\n| 2 | granite | 10 | 1 |\n| 3 | granite | 15 | 0 |\n| 4 | granite | 5 | 0 |\n| 5 | granite | 12 | 0 |\n| 6 | basalt | 1 | 7 |", "question": "What other two elements make up eumelanin?", "options": {"A": "iron and nitrogen", "B": "carbon and nickel", "C": "carbon and nitrogen", "D": "calcium and potassium"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 20, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Algebra", "context": "This graph shows quadratic function $f(x)$.\n\nThis table represents points on the graph of a different quadratic function, $g(x)$.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/17_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| x | -4 | -2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| g(x) | -7 | -4 | -3 | -4 | -7 | -12 |", "question": "Part A\n\nWhich of the following statements about functions $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ is true?", "options": {"A": "The minimum value of $f(x)$ is equal to the maximum value of $g(x)$.", "B": "The minimum value of $f(x)$ is less than the maximum value of $g(x)$.", "C": "The minimum value of $f(x)$ is greater than the maximum value of $g(x)$.", "D": "The minimum value of $f(x)$ cannot be compared to the maximum value of $g(x)$."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 23, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "Based on the data in the table, which of the following graphs best represents the gravitational potential energy (GPE) and kinetic energy (KE) of the ball at position 1 and at position 2?", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/aa392e199d4b437e02eafc3904fe8ec3_4_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/aa392e199d4b437e02eafc3904fe8ec3_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/aa392e199d4b437e02eafc3904fe8ec3_6_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/aa392e199d4b437e02eafc3904fe8ec3_7_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Position | Speed (m/s) | Height (m) | Direction of Motion |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0 | 1.16 | no motion |\n| 2 | 3.2 | 0.65 | downward |\n| 3 | 0 | 0 | no motion |\n| 4 | 2.8 | 0.65 | upward |\n| 5 | 0 | 1.04 | no motion |", "question": "Which of the following graphs best represents the gravitational potential energy (GPE) and kinetic energy (KE) of the ball at position 1 and at position 2?", "options": {"A": "Graph A", "B": "Graph B", "C": "Graph C", "D": "Graph D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 24, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "Tritium is a form of hydrogen. The diagram shows a model of a tritium nucleus before and after it undergoes a nuclear process.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/b11ecd1ffc0e0bcb0f09cb7f733e9aa1_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/b11ecd1ffc0e0bcb0f09cb7f733e9aa1_7_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Key |\n| --- |\n| Proton |\n| Neutron |\n| Electron |", "question": "Which of the following best describes the nuclear process shown in the model?", "options": {"A": "The nuclear process is fusion, and energy is released.", "B": "The nuclear process is fusion, and energy is absorbed.", "C": "The nuclear process is beta decay, and energy is released.", "D": "The nuclear process is beta decay, and energy is absorbed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 25, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "modern_physics", "context": "Tritium is a form of hydrogen. The diagram shows a model of a tritium nucleus before and after it undergoes a nuclear process. The tritium nucleus is at rest before the nuclear process. The arrows represent the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the particles after the nuclear process.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/08fc5cbf719611cec3a0661163d3730f_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/08fc5cbf719611cec3a0661163d3730f_7_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Key | |\n| --- | --- |\n| (+) | Proton |\n| (Gray circle) | Neutron |\n| (Black circle) | Electron |", "question": "Which of the following best describes the nuclear process shown in the model?", "options": {"A": "The nuclear process is fusion, and energy is released.", "B": "The nuclear process is fusion, and energy is absorbed.", "C": "The nuclear process is beta decay, and energy is released.", "D": "The nuclear process is beta decay, and energy is absorbed."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 26, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "In an investigation, students wrapped an insulated copper wire around an iron nail so that the nail had 20 loops around it. They connected the ends of the wire to a 1.5 V battery. The setup is shown.\n\nA student held the nail with the wire above several metal paper clips. Some of the paper clips accelerated upward toward the nail.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/c95d368c6d23cf7c428556f4763a3758_5_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Number of Loops of Wire | Number of Paper Clips Picked Up |\n| --- | --- |\n| 10 | |\n| 20 | |\n| 30 | |\n| 40 | |", "question": "### Part B\n\nThe students next investigated the number of paper clips that could be picked up when there were different numbers of loops of wire around the nail. The students made the table shown to record their data.\n\nWhich of the following questions were the students most likely trying to answer in their investigation?", "options": {"A": "How does the number of paper clips picked up affect the electric field around the battery?", "B": "How does the number of paper clips picked up affect the gravitational field on the battery?", "C": "How does the number of loops of wire affect the strength of the magnetic field around the wire?", "D": "How does the number of loops of wire affect the electric field that moves through the paper clips?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 27, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A student conducted two investigations to learn about thermal energy transfer.\n\n## Investigation 1\n\nDuring investigation 1, the student used two insulated containers, container 1 and container 2. The student added 500 g of 95°C water to container 1 and 500 g of 5°C water to container 2. The student closed the containers and placed a thermometer in each. The student then placed one end of a U-shaped piece of metal into the water in container 1 and the other end into the water in container 2, as shown.\n\nNext, the student measured the water temperature in each container over time. The data are shown in Table 1.\n\n**Table 1: Temperature of Water over Time**", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/84b5e29912598949e8f8759c367910cb_4_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/4e276d04a6dd5a7afa88bde0766d63c4_8_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Key |\n| --- |\n| ----- Container 1 |\n| ---- Container 2 |\n\ntable_2:\n| Time (s) | Container 1 Temperature (°C) | Container 2 Temperature (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0 | 95.0 | 5.0 |\n| 100 | 77.3 | 22.7 |\n| 200 | 66.6 | 33.4 |\n| 300 | 60.0 | 40.0 |\n| 400 | 56.1 | 43.9 |\n| 500 | 53.7 | 46.3 |\n| 600 | 52.2 | 47.8 |\n| 700 | 50.0 | 50.0 |\n| 800 | 50.0 | 50.0 |", "question": "The data from investigation 1 are represented in the graph. Four points on the graph are labeled W, X, Y, and Z.\n\n**Water Temperature vs. Time**\n\nThe graph shows Water Temperature ($^\\circ$ C) on the Y-axis (0 to 100) versus Time (s) on the X-axis (0 to 800). Two curves represent thermal equilibrium. Container 1 (dotted line) starts at 80 $^\\circ$ C and cools. Container 2 (solid line) starts at 0 $^\\circ$ C and heats up. They intersect at point Y, which is approximately 48 $^\\circ$ C and 700 s. Points W, X, and Z are also marked on the graph.\n\n![](84b5e29912598949e8f8759c367910cb_4_img.webp)\n\nAt which point did container 1 and container 2 first reach thermal equilibrium?", "options": {"A": "point W", "B": "point X", "C": "point Y", "D": "point Z"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 28, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A student conducted two investigations to learn about thermal energy transfer.\n\n## Investigation 1\n\nDuring investigation 1, the student used two insulated containers, container 1 and container 2. The student added 500 g of 95°C water to container 1 and 500 g of 5°C water to container 2. The student closed the containers and placed a thermometer in each. The student then placed one end of a U-shaped piece of metal into the water in container 1 and the other end into the water in container 2, as shown.\n\nNext, the student measured the water temperature in each container over time. The data are shown in Table 1.\n\n**Table 1: Temperature of Water over Time**", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/4e276d04a6dd5a7afa88bde0766d63c4_8_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Time (s) | Container 1 Temperature (°C) | Container 2 Temperature (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0 | 95.0 | 5.0 |\n| 100 | 77.3 | 22.7 |\n| 200 | 66.6 | 33.4 |\n| 300 | 60.0 | 40.0 |\n| 400 | 56.1 | 43.9 |\n| 500 | 53.7 | 46.3 |\n| 600 | 52.2 | 47.8 |\n| 700 | 50.0 | 50.0 |\n| 800 | 50.0 | 50.0 |", "question": "Before beginning investigation 1, the student predicted that the direction of thermal energy transfer would be from container 1 to container 2.\n\nWhich of the following observations best supports the student's prediction?", "options": {"A": "The containers are good thermal insulators.", "B": "The U-shaped piece of metal is a good thermal conductor.", "C": "The water in container 1 is in thermal contact with the water in container 2.", "D": "The water in container 1 is at a higher temperature than the water in container 2."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 29, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "thermal_physics", "context": "A student conducted two investigations to learn about thermal energy transfer.\n\n## Investigation 1\n\nDuring investigation 1, the student used two insulated containers, container 1 and container 2. The student added 500 g of 95°C water to container 1 and 500 g of 5°C water to container 2. The student closed the containers and placed a thermometer in each. The student then placed one end of a U-shaped piece of metal into the water in container 1 and the other end into the water in container 2, as shown.\n\nNext, the student measured the water temperature in each container over time. The data are shown in Table 1.\n\n**Table 1: Temperature of Water over Time**\n\n### Investigation 2\n\nThe student investigated how the specific heat capacity of a substance affects the temperature change of the substance. During investigation 2, the student heated four liquids, W, X, Y, and Z. Each liquid had a mass of 200 g and was heated for the same amount of time using the same heat source. The specific heat capacities of the four liquids are shown in Table 2.\n\n**Table 2: Specific Heat Capacity of Liquids**", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/4e276d04a6dd5a7afa88bde0766d63c4_8_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Time (s) | Container 1 Temperature (°C) | Container 2 Temperature (°C) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0 | 95.0 | 5.0 |\n| 100 | 77.3 | 22.7 |\n| 200 | 66.6 | 33.4 |\n| 300 | 60.0 | 40.0 |\n| 400 | 56.1 | 43.9 |\n| 500 | 53.7 | 46.3 |\n| 600 | 52.2 | 47.8 |\n| 700 | 50.0 | 50.0 |\n| 800 | 50.0 | 50.0 |\n\ntable_2:\n| Liquid | Specific Heat Capacity (J/g • °C) |\n| --- | --- |\n| W | 4.18 |\n| X | 1.97 |\n| Y | 3.94 |\n| Z | 3.67 |", "question": "In investigation 2, liquid Z had an initial temperature of $25^\\circ\\text{C}$ before $54,316$ J of thermal energy was added. What was the final temperature of liquid Z?", "options": {"A": "$49^\\circ\\text{C}$", "B": "$74^\\circ\\text{C}$", "C": "$99^\\circ\\text{C}$", "D": "$272^\\circ\\text{C}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 30, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "When scientists analyzed leaf fossils formed after the asteroid impact, they discovered that the number and types of plants changed over time. They grouped the fossils found in the New Mexico and Colorado rock layers into “phases” of changing diversity. During this time, the environment was gradually warming.\n\n**Table 1: Leaf Fossils as Indicators of Diversity in New Mexico and Colorado Rock Layers**\n\n
Raton Basin FormationPhaseNumber of Species
Phase 5535
Phase 4425
Phase 338
Phase 122
Phase 2147
\n\n![Diagram illustrating the Raton Basin Formation leaf fossils over time. Phases 5 (highest diversity) to Phase 1 (lowest diversity) show a decrease in the number of species. The diagram includes a K-T boundary line and an arrow indicating 'About 1.5 million years'.](92636ca00c6fbf9407848ca2b75689f8_8_img.webp)", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/92636ca00c6fbf9407848ca2b75689f8_8_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Raton Basin Formation | Phase | Number of Species |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Phase 5 | 5 | 35 |\n| Phase 4 | 4 | 25 |\n| Phase 3 | 3 | 8 |\n| Phase 1 | 2 | 2 |\n| Phase 2 | 1 | 47 |", "question": "Which statement provides evidence that could be used to support the claim that the evolution of plants is the result of changes that occurred in the environment?", "options": {"A": "The diversity of plants in Phase 1 remained constant after the K-T extinction event changed environmental conditions on Earth.", "B": "The number of plant species decreased during the 1.5 million years before the K-T extinction event due to stable environmental conditions on Earth.", "C": "The diversity of plant species increased during the 1.5 million years after the K-T extinction event changed environmental conditions on Earth.", "D": "The number of plant species remained stable from Phase 3 to Phase 5 as the environment on Earth recovered from the K-T extinction event."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 31, "assessment_program": "new_york_regents", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Astronomy and Space Science", "context": "The data table below shows some information about celestial objects viewed from Vanderpool, Texas. Vanderpool, Texas is a location where two types of solar eclipses were visible.\n\n#### Eclipses Visible from Vanderpool, Texas", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/7cddce084a65365337600b8993d2babe_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/bbc47a9b686a142227b974850f47daec_5_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Solar Eclipse Date | Type of Solar Eclipse | Earth-Sun Distance (km) | Percent of Sun Blocked |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| October 14, 2023 | Annular | 149,224,442 | 90% |\n| April 8, 2024 | Total | 149,823,117 | 100% |", "question": "Which statement summarizes evidence in the *Model of Moon's Orbit Around Earth* and the table *Solar Eclipses at Vanderpool, Texas* that describes three conditions that occur during the April 8, 2024 total solar eclipse for an observer in Vanderpool, Texas?", "options": {"A": "The Moon is in the new phase, closer to Earth, and appears smaller than during an annular solar eclipse.", "B": "The Moon is in the full phase, farther from Earth, and appears smaller than during an annular solar eclipse.", "C": "The Moon is in the new phase, closer to Earth, and appears larger than during an annular solar eclipse.", "D": "The Moon is in the full phase, farther from Earth, and appears larger than during an annular solar eclipse."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 33, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": "For many years, scientists thought that carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) were necessary building blocks for all living things. These elements are required to make many biological molecules. A scientist working for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) claimed to have discovered a bacterium that could use arsenate ($\\mathrm{AsO_4^{3-}}$) instead of phosphate ($\\mathrm{PO_4^{3-}}$) as a building block for biological molecules. This bacterium, GFAJ-1, lives in Mono Lake, a briny body of water located in central California.\n\nThe NASA scientist collected mud from Mono Lake and added it to a container of salt medium. This medium did not have phosphate ($\\mathrm{PO_4^{3-}}$), but it did have a high concentration of arsenate ($\\mathrm{AsO_4^{3-}}$). After diluting the mud sample several times and adding more arsenate, the scientist thought phosphate levels were too low for any microbe to use. However, the scientist discovered one type of microbe, the bacterium GFAJ-1, in the mud mixture that seemed to thrive when other microbes struggled to survive.\n\nFurther tests on GFAJ-1 seemed to confirm that arsenate had taken the place of phosphate in some biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. However, other scientists were unable to reproduce the NASA scientist's results. They thought the samples used by the NASA scientist likely contained phosphate contaminants that could still support GFAJ-1 growth.\n\nFinally, scientists determined that the bacterium used a special protein to discriminate between phosphate and arsenate. This protein allowed the bacterium to reject arsenate and accept phosphate, even when arsenate molecules outnumbered phosphate molecules 4,500 to 1. Thus, GFAJ-1 turned out to be a bacterium that was highly resistant to arsenate, not an arsenic-loving bacterium.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/19_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\nChemical Composition of Mono Lake\n\n| Element | Concentration (g/L) | Element | Concentration (g/L) |\n|---------|---------------------|---------|---------------------|\n| Sodium | 39.3 | Phosphate | 0.088 |\n| Chloride| 23.0 | Fluoride | 0.065 |\n| Sulfate | 13.1 | Magnesium | 0.044 |\n| Potassium| 1.8 | Silica | 0.028 |\n| Boron | 0.474 | Arsenic | 0.017 |", "question": "Which statement best explains how a property of water influences the chemical composition of Mono Lake?", "options": {"A": "The nonpolar nature of water molecules allows water to neutralize ions.", "B": "The nonpolar nature of water molecules allows water to engulf the salts.", "C": "The polar nature of water molecules allows water to repel different salts.", "D": "The polar nature of water molecules allows water to form bonds with ions."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 34, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "biochemistry", "context": "For many years, scientists thought that carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) were necessary building blocks for all living things. These elements are required to make many biological molecules. A scientist working for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) claimed to have discovered a bacterium that could use arsenate ($\\mathrm{AsO_4^{3-}}$) instead of phosphate ($\\mathrm{PO_4^{3-}}$) as a building block for biological molecules. This bacterium, GFAJ-1, lives in Mono Lake, a briny body of water located in central California.\n\nThe NASA scientist collected mud from Mono Lake and added it to a container of salt medium. This medium did not have phosphate ($\\mathrm{PO_4^{3-}}$), but it did have a high concentration of arsenate ($\\mathrm{AsO_4^{3-}}$). After diluting the mud sample several times and adding more arsenate, the scientist thought phosphate levels were too low for any microbe to use. However, the scientist discovered one type of microbe, the bacterium GFAJ-1, in the mud mixture that seemed to thrive when other microbes struggled to survive.\n\nFurther tests on GFAJ-1 seemed to confirm that arsenate had taken the place of phosphate in some biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. However, other scientists were unable to reproduce the NASA scientist's results. They thought the samples used by the NASA scientist likely contained phosphate contaminants that could still support GFAJ-1 growth.\n\nFinally, scientists determined that the bacterium used a special protein to discriminate between phosphate and arsenate. This protein allowed the bacterium to reject arsenate and accept phosphate, even when arsenate molecules outnumbered phosphate molecules 4,500 to 1. Thus, GFAJ-1 turned out to be a bacterium that was highly resistant to arsenate, not an arsenic-loving bacterium.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/19_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\nChemical Composition of Mono Lake\n\n| Element | Concentration (g/L) | Element | Concentration (g/L) |\n|---------|---------------------|---------|---------------------|\n| Sodium | 39.3 | Phosphate | 0.088 |\n| Chloride| 23.0 | Fluoride | 0.065 |\n| Sulfate | 13.1 | Magnesium | 0.044 |\n| Potassium| 1.8 | Silica | 0.028 |\n| Boron | 0.474 | Arsenic | 0.017 |", "question": "Based on the final conclusion scientists reached about GFAJ-1, what would happen to energy production by the bacterium when given an arsenate-rich, phosphate-free medium?", "options": {"A": "Neither ADP nor ATP would be produced because the bacterium can only use $\\mathrm{PO}_4^{3 - }$, and this would cause energy production to stop.", "B": "ADP and $\\mathrm{P}_i$ would continue to be converted into ATP using $\\mathrm{AsO}_4^{3 - }$ instead of $\\mathrm{PO}_4^{3 - }$, and this conversion would maintain energy production.", "C": "Neither ADP nor ATP would be produced because the bacterium has no mitochondria to produce $\\mathrm{PO}_4^{3 - }$, and this would cause energy production to stop.", "D": "ADP and $\\mathrm{P}_i$ would continue to be converted into ATP using $\\mathrm{PO}_4^{3 - }$ produced by the mitochondria, and this conversion would maintain energy production."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 35, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Photosynthesis Model\n\n", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/3f61130c3427e6b0d89d779668a02178_6_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Student | Site of Process | Input 1 | Input 2 | Output 1 | Output 2 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | mitochondrion | oxygen | water | carbon dioxide | water |\n| 2 | chloroplast | carbon dioxide | water | oxygen | glucose |\n| 3 | mitochondrion | oxygen | water | carbon dioxide | glucose |\n| 4 | chloroplast | carbon dioxide | glucose | oxygen | water |", "question": "Students labeled a photosynthesis model. Which student labeled the model correctly?", "options": {"A": "student 1", "B": "student 2", "C": "student 3", "D": "student 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 36, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Genetics", "context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/81b5b1fccf830cf9b299b80a643ea7cb_2_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| | Normal gene | Mutated gene |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| DNA | G A G C T C | G T G C A C |\n| mRNA | G A G G U G | G U G |\n| Protein | [GLU] Normal protein | [VAL] Mutated protein |", "question": "A certain mutation in the gene for hemoglobin results in the red blood cells becoming sticky, rigid, and irregularly shaped. These irregularly shaped red blood cells block the flow of blood throughout the body. A single base mutation is responsible for these irregularly shaped blood cells. Which of these mutations most likely results in the mutated hemoglobin gene?", "options": {"F": "Insertion", "G": "Deletion", "H": "Duplication", "J": "Substitution"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 37, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "The diagram shows data on the evolution of horses.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/bdddfba46092ea56348862fef0da81db_2_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Recent Pleistocene | | 3 million years ago |\n| Pliocene | | 7 million years ago |\n| Miocene | | 25 million years ago |\n| Oligocene | | 40 million years ago |\n| Eocene | | 60 million years ago |", "question": "The data in the diagram is evidence that —", "options": {"F": "a new species of horse suddenly appeared", "G": "horses slowly developed over time", "H": "horses have similar stages of rapid embryological development", "J": "horses have a common ancestry with other hooved animals"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 40, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "This is a time line of events in U.S. history.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/69ff70e1af46acb8d8a38f4e51725552_2_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| 1943 | Secretary of NAACP in Montgomery, Alabama |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1955 | Arrested for violating bus segregation laws |\n| 1956 | Arrested for violating anti-boycott laws |\n| 1963 | Participated in March on Washington, D.C. |\n| 1964 | Part of Freedom Summer voter registration drive |\n\ntitle:\nRosa Parks's Activism", "question": "What does this time line imply about Rosa Parks's activism during the Civil Rights era?", "options": {"A": "Rosa Parks acted independently from civil rights organizations.", "B": "Rosa Parks continued her activism after the Montgomery bus boycott.", "C": "Rosa Parks completed a large portion of her activism while awaiting trial.", "D": "Rosa Parks learned of civil rights issues following the Montgomery bus boycott."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 41, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "algebra", "context": "A zookeeper recorded the feeding schedule for a baby rhinoceros for 20 weeks. The table and scatterplot show the percentage of the baby rhinoceros's body mass that was used to determine the amount of food given at each feeding as a linear function of its age in weeks.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/12_0__dc_maths_2018_md__7d88f45a8e.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Age (weeks) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 20 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Percentage of Body Mass | 20 | 19.5 | 17 | 15 | 14 | 13.5 | 12.4 | 11.6 | 11 | 9 |", "question": "What is the best prediction of the percentage of the baby rhinoceros's body mass that should be used to determine the amount of food given at each feeding when it is 25 weeks old?", "options": ["F 8.5%", "G 6%", "H 2.5%", "J 10%"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["G"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 42, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "algebra", "context": "A system of linear equations is represented by line $h$ and line $j$. A table representing some points on line $h$ and the graph of line $j$ are shown.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/17_0__dc_maths_2022_md__990c3bdd50.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| x | -16 | -8 | -4 | 12 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| y | 7 | 1 | -2 | -14 |", "question": "Which system of equations is best represented by lines $h$ and $j$?", "options": ["F $y = \\frac{4}{3} x - 5$ $y = \\frac{4}{5} x + 1$", "G $y = \\frac{3}{4} x - 5$ $y = \\frac{5}{4} x + 1$", "H $y = -\\frac{4}{3} x - 5$ $y = -\\frac{4}{5} x + 1$", "J $y = -\\frac{3}{4} x - 5$ $y = -\\frac{5}{4} x + 1$"], "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 43, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Microbiology", "context": "Bacteria break down sugars by fermentation. To study 2 fermentation pathways, researchers performed 2 experiments using broth that contained either the sugar sucrose or the sugar lactose. One of the fermentation pathways produces $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ gas and increases the acidity (lowers the $\\mathrm{pH}$ ) of the solution. The other pathway produces acid but not $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$\n\nExperiment 1\n\nSucrose broth was added to 5 large test tubes. Next, phenol red (a $\\mathrm{pH}$ indicator that is yellow if $\\mathrm{pH}< 7$ , red if $\\mathrm{pH}\\geq 7$ ) was added to each large test tube. A Durham tube (a small test tube) was placed, inverted, in each large test tube to collect $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ (see Figure 1).\n\nFigure 1\n\nThe large test tubes were capped, heated until the solutions were sterile, then cooled. One of 4 bacterial species (Species A- D) was added to each of 4 of the large test tubes. The procedure was repeated using lactose broth instead of sucrose broth. The 10 large test tubes (all containing solutions at a $\\mathrm{pH}$ of 7) were then incubated at $37^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ for $48\\mathrm{hr}$ .\n\nThe large test tubes and Durham tubes were examined. If acid was produced, the solution was yellow. If no acid was produced, the solution remained red. If $\\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ was produced, a gas bubble was observed at the top of the Durham tube (see Table 1).\n\nExperiment 2\n\nSynergism occurs when 2 bacterial species act together to ferment a sugar by using a pathway that neither species can use alone. To investigate synergism, Experiment 1 was repeated, except that different pairs of bacterial species were added to each large test tube (see Table 2).", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/51_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n\n| Table 1 | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Species added | Sucrose broth | | Lactose broth | |\n| | acid | CO2 | acid | CO2 |\n| A | - | - | - | - |\n| B | - | - | + | + |\n| C | + | + | - | - |\n| D | + | - | + | - |\n| None | - | - | - | - |\n\ntable_2:\n| Table 2 | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Species added | Sucrose broth | | Lactose broth | |\n| | acid | CO2 | acid | CO2 |\n| A and B | - | - | + | + |\n| A and C | + | + | - | - |\n| B and D | + | + | + | + |\n| C and D | + | + | + | + |\n\ntable_3:\n| Sucrose broth | | Lactose broth | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| acid | CO2 | acid | CO2 |", "question": "Suppose that in Experiment 2 both Species B and Species C had been added to a large test tube containing sucrose broth and to a large test tube containing lactose broth. Which of the following would most likely depict the results?", "options": {"A": {"Sucrose broth": {"acid": "-", "CO2": "-"}, "Lactose broth": {"acid": "+", "CO2": "+"}}, "B": {"Sucrose broth": {"acid": "+", "CO2": "+"}, "Lactose broth": {"acid": "-", "CO2": "-"}}, "C": {"Sucrose broth": {"acid": "+", "CO2": "+"}, "Lactose broth": {"acid": "+", "CO2": "+"}}, "D": {"Sucrose broth": {"acid": "-", "CO2": "-"}, "Lactose broth": {"acid": "-", "CO2": "-"}}}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 44, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Scientists studied the effects of pH and of nickel concentration on plant growth and on the uptake of iron and zinc by plants. Recently germinated seedlings of Species M and Species U were fed 1 of 12 nutrient solutions (Solutions 1- 12) for 8 days and then were harvested. Solutions 1- 12 differed only in pH and/or nickel concentration. Table 1 shows, for each species, the average dry mass of the plants that were fed each nutrient solution. Figure 1 shows, for each species, the average iron content and the average zinc content of the plants that were fed Solutions 1- 4.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/42_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Table 1 | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Solution | pH | Nickel concentration (μM*) | Average dry mass (g) of plants of Species: | |\n| | | | M | U |\n| 1 | 7 | 0 | 33.9 | 10.7 |\n| 2 | 7 | 5 | 28.8 | 10.7 |\n| 3 | 7 | 10 | 23.8 | 9.6 |\n| 4 | 7 | 15 | 18.7 | 8.5 |\n| 5 | 6 | 0 | 33.9 | 9.2 |\n| 6 | 6 | 5 | 28.8 | 9.2 |\n| 7 | 6 | 10 | 23.8 | 8.1 |\n| 8 | 6 | 15 | 18.7 | 7.0 |\n| 9 | 5 | 0 | 27.8 | 7.7 |\n| 10 | 5 | 5 | 22.7 | 7.7 |\n| 11 | 5 | 10 | 17.6 | 6.6 |\n| 12 | 5 | 15 | 12.4 | 5.4 |\n| *μM = micromoles per liter | | | | |", "question": "According to Figure 1, as the nickel concentration in the nutrient solutions increased, the average iron content of Species M plants:", "options": {"A": "increased only.", "B": "decreased only.", "C": "increased, then decreased.", "D": "decreased, then increased."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 46, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Scientists studied the effects of pH and of nickel concentration on plant growth and on the uptake of iron and zinc by plants. Recently germinated seedlings of Species M and Species U were fed 1 of 12 nutrient solutions (Solutions 1- 12) for 8 days and then were harvested. Solutions 1- 12 differed only in pH and/or nickel concentration. Table 1 shows, for each species, the average dry mass of the plants that were fed each nutrient solution. Figure 1 shows, for each species, the average iron content and the average zinc content of the plants that were fed Solutions 1- 4.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/42_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Table 1 | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Solution | pH | Nickel concentration (μM*) | Average dry mass (g) of plants of Species: | |\n| | | | M | U |\n| 1 | 7 | 0 | 33.9 | 10.7 |\n| 2 | 7 | 5 | 28.8 | 10.7 |\n| 3 | 7 | 10 | 23.8 | 9.6 |\n| 4 | 7 | 15 | 18.7 | 8.5 |\n| 5 | 6 | 0 | 33.9 | 9.2 |\n| 6 | 6 | 5 | 28.8 | 9.2 |\n| 7 | 6 | 10 | 23.8 | 8.1 |\n| 8 | 6 | 15 | 18.7 | 7.0 |\n| 9 | 5 | 0 | 27.8 | 7.7 |\n| 10 | 5 | 5 | 22.7 | 7.7 |\n| 11 | 5 | 10 | 17.6 | 6.6 |\n| 12 | 5 | 15 | 12.4 | 5.4 |\n| *μM = micromoles per liter | | | | |", "question": "According to Table 1 and Figure 1, the Species M plants that were fed Solution 3 had an average zinc content of:", "options": {"A": "$100 \\mu \\mathrm{g / g}$", "B": "$150 \\mu \\mathrm{g / g}$", "C": "$200 \\mu \\mathrm{g / g}$", "D": "$400 \\mu \\mathrm{g / g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 47, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Scientists studied the effects of pH and of nickel concentration on plant growth and on the uptake of iron and zinc by plants. Recently germinated seedlings of Species M and Species U were fed 1 of 12 nutrient solutions (Solutions 1- 12) for 8 days and then were harvested. Solutions 1- 12 differed only in pH and/or nickel concentration. Table 1 shows, for each species, the average dry mass of the plants that were fed each nutrient solution. Figure 1 shows, for each species, the average iron content and the average zinc content of the plants that were fed Solutions 1- 4.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/42_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Table 1 | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Solution | pH | Nickel concentration (μM*) | Average dry mass (g) of plants of Species: | |\n| | | | M | U |\n| 1 | 7 | 0 | 33.9 | 10.7 |\n| 2 | 7 | 5 | 28.8 | 10.7 |\n| 3 | 7 | 10 | 23.8 | 9.6 |\n| 4 | 7 | 15 | 18.7 | 8.5 |\n| 5 | 6 | 0 | 33.9 | 9.2 |\n| 6 | 6 | 5 | 28.8 | 9.2 |\n| 7 | 6 | 10 | 23.8 | 8.1 |\n| 8 | 6 | 15 | 18.7 | 7.0 |\n| 9 | 5 | 0 | 27.8 | 7.7 |\n| 10 | 5 | 5 | 22.7 | 7.7 |\n| 11 | 5 | 10 | 17.6 | 6.6 |\n| 12 | 5 | 15 | 12.4 | 5.4 |\n| *μM = micromoles per liter | | | | |", "question": "According to Table 1 and Figure 1, for the Species M plants that were fed Solutions 1-4, what was the order of the nutrient solutions, from the solution that resulted in the lowest average iron content to the solution that resulted in the highest average iron content?", "options": {"A": "1, 2, 3, 4", "B": "1, 4, 3, 2", "C": "4, 2, 1, 3", "D": "4, 3, 2, 1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 48, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Scientists studied the effects of pH and of nickel concentration on plant growth and on the uptake of iron and zinc by plants. Recently germinated seedlings of Species M and Species U were fed 1 of 12 nutrient solutions (Solutions 1- 12) for 8 days and then were harvested. Solutions 1- 12 differed only in pH and/or nickel concentration. Table 1 shows, for each species, the average dry mass of the plants that were fed each nutrient solution. Figure 1 shows, for each species, the average iron content and the average zinc content of the plants that were fed Solutions 1- 4.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/42_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Table 1 | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Solution | pH | Nickel concentration (μM*) | Average dry mass (g) of plants of Species: | |\n| | | | M | U |\n| 1 | 7 | 0 | 33.9 | 10.7 |\n| 2 | 7 | 5 | 28.8 | 10.7 |\n| 3 | 7 | 10 | 23.8 | 9.6 |\n| 4 | 7 | 15 | 18.7 | 8.5 |\n| 5 | 6 | 0 | 33.9 | 9.2 |\n| 6 | 6 | 5 | 28.8 | 9.2 |\n| 7 | 6 | 10 | 23.8 | 8.1 |\n| 8 | 6 | 15 | 18.7 | 7.0 |\n| 9 | 5 | 0 | 27.8 | 7.7 |\n| 10 | 5 | 5 | 22.7 | 7.7 |\n| 11 | 5 | 10 | 17.6 | 6.6 |\n| 12 | 5 | 15 | 12.4 | 5.4 |\n| *μM = micromoles per liter | | | | |", "question": "According to Table 1, compared to the average dry mass of Species U plants that were fed Solution 3, the average dry mass of Species M plants that were fed Solution 6 was approximately:", "options": {"A": "$\\frac{1}{3}$ as great.", "B": "$\\frac{1}{3}$ as great.", "C": "2 times as great.", "D": "3 times as great."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 51, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/53_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\nTable 1\nElement\nSymbol\nPercent by mass in Alloy Q\n| Table 1 | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Element | Symbol | Percent by mass in Alloy Q |\n| Aluminum | Al | 88.7 |\n| Silicon | Si | 10.8 |\n| Manganese | Mn | 0.28 |\n| Magnesium | Mg | 0.22 |", "question": " Based on Figure 1, which of the following combinations of values for initial temperature and $F$ would produce the shortest average crystal length in an ingot of Alloy Q? The smallest $\\bar{L}$ would be produced with a temperature of:", "options": {"A": "$280^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and $F = 10\\times 10^{7}$", "B": "$280^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and $F = 40\\times 10^{7}$", "C": "$550^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and $F = 10\\times 10^{7}$", "D": "$550^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and $F = 40\\times 10^{7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 52, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/53_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\nTable 1\nElement\nSymbol\nPercent by mass in Alloy Q\n| Table 1 | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Element | Symbol | Percent by mass in Alloy Q |\n| Aluminum | Al | 88.7 |\n| Silicon | Si | 10.8 |\n| Manganese | Mn | 0.28 |\n| Magnesium | Mg | 0.22 |\n\ntable_2:\n| Sample | Mass of Si (g) |\n| --- | --- |\n| W | 0.11 |\n| X | 0.14 |\n| Y | 2.7 |\n| Z | 5.4 |", "question": " The following table 2 lists the mass of silicon in $50 \\mathrm{g}$ samples of 4 different alloys, one of which is Alloy Q. \nGiven the composition of Alloy Q, which sample is most likely Alloy Q?", "options": {"A": "Sample W", "B": "Sample X", "C": "Sample Y", "D": "Sample Z"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 53, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/53_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\nTable 1\nElement\nSymbol\nPercent by mass in Alloy Q\n| Table 1 | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Element | Symbol | Percent by mass in Alloy Q |\n| Aluminum | Al | 88.7 |\n| Silicon | Si | 10.8 |\n| Manganese | Mn | 0.28 |\n| Magnesium | Mg | 0.22 |", "question": "Based on Table 1, if an ingot of Alloy Q had a mass of $200 \\mathrm{g}$ , that ingot would contain what mass of $\\mathrm{Mg}$ ?", "options": {"A": "$0.22 \\mathrm{g}$", "B": "$0.44 \\mathrm{g}$", "C": "$2.2 \\mathrm{g}$", "D": "$4.4 \\mathrm{g}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 54, "assessment_program": "bowl", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "electricity_magnetism", "context": "Two circular loops of resistive wire are placed next to each other as in the figure. The circular loop on the left is connected to a constant voltage source $V$. The resistance of this loop is increasing linearly with time.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/7_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| | Magnetic Field Direction | Current Orientation |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| (A) | Into the plane of the page | Counterclockwise |\n| (B) | Into the plane of the page | Clockwise |\n| (C) | Out of the plane of the page | Counterclockwise |\n| (D) | Out of the plane of the page | Clockwise |\n| (E) | There is no field | There is no current |", "question": "As the resistance is changing, what is the direction of the magnetic field at point P (the center of the left-hand loop) and what is the orientation of the conventional current in the right-hand loop (as viewed in the figure from above)?", "options": {"A": "Magnetic Field Direction: Into the plane of the page, Current Orientation: Counterclockwise", "B": "Magnetic Field Direction: Into the plane of the page, Current Orientation: Clockwise", "C": "Magnetic Field Direction: Out of the plane of the page, Current Orientation: Counterclockwise", "D": "Magnetic Field Direction: Out of the plane of the page, Current Orientation: Clockwise", "E": "Magnetic Field Direction: There is no field, Current Orientation: There is no current"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 55, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "energetics", "context": "The potential energy profile for a \"coffee cup\" calorimetry experiment is shown.\nThe figure displays a coffee cup calorimeter setup with a Thermometer and a potential energy profile graph. The graph plots Potential energy (y-axis) versus Reaction coordinate (x-axis). The Reactants are shown at a higher energy level than the Products, indicating an exothermic reaction.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/ea9f1dc15b50ade0683b4c6b14b2879c_7_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| | Temperature | Type of reaction |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | increases | exothermic |\n| B. | increases | endothermic |\n| C. | decreases | exothermic |\n| D. | decreases | endothermic |", "question": "What is the correct interpretation of this reaction?", "options": {"A": "Temperature: increases; Type of reaction: exothermic", "B": "Temperature: increases; Type of reaction: endothermic", "C": "Temperature: decreases; Type of reaction: exothermic", "D": "Temperature: decreases; Type of reaction: endothermic"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 56, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "energetics", "context": "The diagram shows the energy profile of a reaction.\nA potential energy profile diagram showing the reaction coordinate (horizontal axis) versus potential energy (vertical axis). The diagram illustrates an exothermic reaction where the reactants are at a higher energy level than the products. The activation energy of the forward reaction is labeled $X$ (the energy difference between reactants and the transition state). The activation energy of the reverse reaction is labeled $Y$ (the energy difference between products and the transition state). The overall energy change (enthalpy change) is labeled $Z$ (the difference between reactants and products).", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8d6b18cbf14f65034b3b276def8a38c4_10_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| | Activation energy of forward reaction | Activation energy of reverse reaction |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | X | Z |\n| B. | Y - X | Y - Z |\n| C. | Y | Y |\n| D. | Y - X | Z - X |", "question": "Which combination is correct?", "options": {"A": "Activation energy of forward reaction: $X$; Activation energy of reverse reaction: $Z$", "B": "Activation energy of forward reaction: $Y - X$; Activation energy of reverse reaction: $Y - Z$", "C": "Activation energy of forward reaction: $Y$; Activation energy of reverse reaction: $Y$", "D": "Activation energy of forward reaction: $Y - X$; Activation energy of reverse reaction: $Z - X$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 57, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "waves", "context": "Diagram 1 shows the variation with position of the displacement of a standing wave formed on a string. Diagram 2 shows the variation with position of the displacement of a travelling wave moving to the right along a string.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/1368424068bc9fa34f2baac0c773612e_5_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/1368424068bc9fa34f2baac0c773612e_6_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| | Phase difference between P and Q | Phase difference between R and S |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | 0 | 0 |\n| B. | \\frac{\\pi}{2} | 0 |\n| C. | 0 | \\frac{\\pi}{2} |\n| D. | \\frac{\\pi}{2} | \\frac{\\pi}{2} |", "question": "What is the phase difference between P and Q and the phase difference between R and S?", "options": {"A": "Phase difference between P and Q: 0; Phase difference between R and S: 0", "B": "Phase difference between P and Q: $\\frac{\\pi}{2}$; Phase difference between R and S: 0", "C": "Phase difference between P and Q: 0; Phase difference between R and S: $\\frac{\\pi}{2}$", "D": "Phase difference between P and Q: $\\frac{\\pi}{2}$; Phase difference between R and S: $\\frac{\\pi}{2}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 58, "assessment_program": "ib", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "fields", "context": "A charged rod is brought near an initially neutral metal sphere without touching it. When the sphere is grounded (earthed), there is an electric current for a short time from the sphere to the ground. The ground connection is then removed.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/febf236bd4f5e9720ea7be2aa663a3fe_5_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| | Charge on the rod | Charge induced on the sphere |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A. | negative | negative |\n| B. | negative | positive |\n| C. | positive | negative |\n| D. | positive | positive |", "question": "What are the charge on the rod and the charge induced on the sphere when the connection is removed?", "options": {"A": "Charge on the rod: negative; Charge induced on the sphere: negative", "B": "Charge on the rod: negative; Charge induced on the sphere: positive", "C": "Charge on the rod: positive; Charge induced on the sphere: negative", "D": "Charge on the rod: positive; Charge induced on the sphere: positive"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 59, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Shown below is a Doppler radar image of some thunderstorms and a table of winds at the 500 mb and 1000 mb isobaric surfaces of three possible environments in knots (kt).", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/aebc8df10d612c3675bd15413fc8c416_5_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\nWinds at the 500 mb and 1000 mb isobaric surfaces of three possible environments in knots (kt).\n| Isobaric surface | Environment X | Environment Y | Environment Z |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 500 mb | southwest, 35 kt | west, 45 kt | southwest, 25 kt |\n| 1000 mb | southwest, 15 kt | southeast, 5 kt | south, 20 kt |", "question": "Which environment most favors the pattern of storms shown in the radar image?", "options": {"A": "Environment X", "B": "Environment Y", "C": "Environment Z"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 60, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Atmosphere", "context": "Shown below is a Doppler radar image of some thunderstorms and a table of winds at the 500 mb and 1000 mb isobaric surfaces of three possible environments in knots (kt).", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/aebc8df10d612c3675bd15413fc8c416_5_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\nWinds at the 500 mb and 1000 mb isobaric surfaces of three possible environments in knots (kt).\n| Isobaric surface | Environment X | Environment Y | Environment Z |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 500 mb | southwest, 35 kt | west, 45 kt | southwest, 25 kt |\n| 1000 mb | southwest, 15 kt | southeast, 5 kt | south, 20 kt |", "question": "Which of the following offers the best interpretation of the radar image?", "options": {"A": "The storms form a squall line producing damaging winds and flooding", "B": "The storms are supercells producing large hail and tornadoes"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 61, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Studies have been done on the natural carbonation of serpentinite, which forms from the hydrothermal alteration of basalt. One such study showed that the carbonation of serpentinite occurs via a pathway of four reactions, labeled here R₁a, R₁b, R₂, and R₃.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/aabb167894fcec1f1dfbca23f0e35b84_4_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Srp | serpentine group |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mgs | magnesite |\n| Tlc | talc |\n| Qtz | quartz |\n| Fo | forsterite |", "question": "(2 points) Which reaction occurred within the tan conduits (labeled 1) but did not occur in the green matrix (labeled 3) that distinguishes the tan mineral assemblage from that of the green mineral assemblage?", "options": {"A": "$R_{1a}$", "B": "$R_{1b}$", "C": "$R_2$", "D": "$R_3$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 62, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Hydrosphere", "context": "The 2002 Larsen B calving event was distinctive due to its splinter-style calving. Based on ice loss data and images of the calving areas, which of the following processes was most likely responsible for ice loss during this event?", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/21be12cf25bc2ac86fbf92fe9f767a58_2_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Date | Ice Loss |\n| --- | --- |\n| Jan 31 - Feb 17 | 611 km 2 |\n| Feb 17 - Feb 23 | 164 km 2 |\n| Feb 25 - Mar 5 | 1973 km 2 |", "question": "Which of the following processes was most likely responsible for ice loss during this event?", "options": {"A": "Higher albedos led to more melting, which led to further melting of the ice", "B": "Ocean water intruded into the ice sheet, which split apart the ice", "C": "Meltwater formed and solidified, which wedged apart the ice", "D": "Meltwater infiltrated beneath existing fractures, which weakened the ice"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 63, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Which of the following entries of the table best describes the components and the formation environment of the bedform depicted below?", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/4279645bb4aab72b350fb8b6f2778152_3_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\nTable showing possible components and formation environments for a bedform.\n| Entry | Dark Component | Light Component | Formation Environment |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | Basalt | Ash deposit | Volcano flank |\n| B | Mud | Sand | Intertidal zone |\n| C | Clay | Silt | Glacial lake |\n| D | Blueschist | Quartzite | Region of tectonic extension |", "question": "Which of the following entries of the table best describes the components and the formation environment of the bedform depicted below?", "options": {"A": "Entry A", "B": "Entry B", "C": "Entry C", "D": "Entry D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 64, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Shown below are stratigraphic columns for the coastal towns Northtown and Southtown. Assume they are the same distance from the coast.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/b77fa4ebdbdbab4f29c5ef3c32b35a69_4_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Northtown | Southtown | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | | Sandstone |\n| | | Shale |\n| | | Conglomerate |\n| | | Limestone |", "question": "Which of these can be inferred from the columns above?\n\nI) In both columns, groundwater in sandstone is less saline than groundwater in limestone.\nII) The column at Northtown contains a confined aquifer.\nIII) The column at Southtown contains a confined aquifer.", "options": {"A": "II", "B": "III", "C": "I and II", "D": "I and III", "E": "II and III"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 65, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Earth Systems", "context": "Paige the pilot explores three planets identical to Earth except with different directions of rotation (when viewed from above the North Pole) and day lengths as shown in the table below.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/aad30f4a0e71d155160facea932be531_3_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Planet | Direction of Rotation | Day Length |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A | Clockwise | 12 hours |\n| B | Clockwise | 36 hours |\n| C | Counterclockwise | 36 hours |", "question": "Paige begins flying at each planet's equator and travels northward until she reaches $60^\\circ\\text{N}$ latitude. Which of the above configurations best approximates her final location on each of the three planets?", "options": {"A": "A", "B": "B", "C": "C", "D": "D"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 66, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Roger the rock hound collects samples from the rock layers shown below to be radiometrically dated. After processing the samples, he obtains the data in the table to the right.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/3eec39e005348c87e853d2b1b7b7bc06_2_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Structure | Approximate Age of Formation |\n| --- | --- |\n| A | 5.5 imes 10^8 years ago |\n| I | 3.1 imes 10^8 years ago |\n| K | 2.7 imes 10^8 years ago |\n| N | 2.0 imes 10^8 years ago |\n| O | 1.1 imes 10^8 years ago |", "question": "How many millions of years ago (mya) could Structure 1 have formed?", "options": {"A": "400 mya", "B": "300 mya", "C": "250 mya", "D": "150 mya"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "test", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 67, "assessment_program": "olympiad", "assessment_stage": "pre-qualifying", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Geosphere", "context": "Lunar rock samples are collected from two sites, labeled 1 and 2 in the image below.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/3_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Lunar rock sample | Ca-rich plagioclase content | Olivine content |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 45% | 35% |\n| B | 90% | 5% |", "question": "Data from chemical analysis of two of the lunar rock samples, A and B, are presented in the table above. Based on this information, which of the following could be reasonably concluded? 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sha256:76814c3aea16b8856fd0d770212d47545271a3e2437a60d8f424783e6566d5b4 +size 23924 diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/train/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/train/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3569bd74f9a20a2225ee3f1e455a3e74977d74e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/train/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +{"id": 4, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "Earth Systems", "context": "A group of students want to examine how the storage of solar radiation impacts Earth's global climate. They decide to perform an experiment in which they determine how land and water absorb and retain thermal energy. To represent land, the students use sand. The students place each material in a beaker and place them under a heat lamp for 10 minutes. Every 2 minutes they record the temperatures. After 10 minutes, the students turn off the heat lamp and continue to record the temperatures as the materials cool. The students created the graph using the data they collected.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/a5964689b0b760d284c3cc421c38233c_4_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Material | Specific Heat (Joule/gram °C) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Liquid water | 4.18 |\n| Solid water (ice) | 2.11 |\n| Water vapor | 2.00 |\n| Seawater | 3.90 |\n| Oxygen (gas) | 0.92 |\n| Dry air | 1.01 |\n| Moist air | 1.44 |\n| Granite rock | 0.84 |\n| Dry sand | 0.80 |\n| Moist sand | 2.51 |\n\ntitle:\nSpecific Heat of Earth Materials", "question": "Which change to the specific heat experiment might the students have made to better understand the relationship between specific heat of earth materials and climate?", "options": {"A": "Set up a thermometer in each beaker to record the temperature of the air inside the beakers.", "B": "Heat the materials for a longer period of time until they could not have absorbed any more thermal energy.", "C": "Test salt water and rock as well to compare the results with other earth materials.", "D": "Record temperature data until the earth material stopped cooling off."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 15, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Molecular Biology", "context": "The CFTR gene is responsible for regulating the flow of water across cell membranes that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, and tears. Mucus is the substance that moistens and protects the lining of airways in the lungs, the digestive system, and other tissues in the body.\n\nAn inherited condition is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene. For people with this CFTR mutation, the cells that make mucus produce a very thick mucus, which builds up. The buildup of thick mucus in the lungs can lead to severe breathing problems, such as frequent coughing and respiratory infections. A buildup of thick mucus in the pancreas can also disrupt digestion.\n\nThe diagram shows a pedigree for a family that is affected by this inherited condition. The table shows the amino acids coded for by mRNA codons.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/11_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| UUU Phe UUC Phe UUA Leu UUG Leu | UCU Ser UCC Ser UCA Ser UCG Ser | UAU Tyr UAC Tyr UAA STOP UAG STOP | UGU Cys UGC Cys UGA STOP UGG Trp |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CUU Leu CUC Leu CUA Leu CUG Leu | CCU Pro CCC Pro CCA Pro CCG Pro | CAU His CAC His CAA Gln CAG Gln | CGU Arg CGC Arg CGA Arg GGG Arg |\n| AUU Ile AUC Ile AUA Ile AUG Met | ACU Thr ACC Thr ACA Thr ACG Thr | AAU Asn AAC Asn AAA Lys AAG Lys | AGU Ser AGC Ser AGA Arg AGG Arg |\n| GUU Val GUC Val GUA Val GUG Val | GCU Ala GCC Ala GCA Ala GCG Ala | GAU Asp GAC Asp GAA Glu GAG Glu | GGU Gly GGC Gly GGG Gly GGG Gly |", "question": "Based on the information, which amino acid is missing in the protein produced by the CFTR mutation?", "options": {"A": "Glu", "B": "Phe", "C": "Ser", "D": "Val"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 17, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Rock pocket mice are small rodents that live in Arizona and New Mexico. They can have either light- colored fur or dark- colored fur. Fur color is determined by a group of pigments called melanin. Two types of melanin are pheomelanin and eumelanin. Mice with light- colored fur mostly have pheomelanin, whereas mice with dark- colored fur mostly have eumelanin. In rock pocket mice, the Mc1r gene controls whether eumelanin or pheomelanin is produced. Scientists have identified two alleles, D and d, for the gene. The allele for dark- colored fur (D) is dominant to the allele for light- colored fur (d). ost of the habitat for rock pocket mice consists of light- colored rock called granite. However, there are several areas where the mice live that are made up of dark- colored rock called basalt. Basalt rock formed when lava flowed over granite rock and cooled. Owls and other predators use their sense of sight to hunt rock pocket mice. The map shows six study sites where scientists have observed these mice. Scientists collected data on the fur color of rock pocket mice and the type of rock at each study site. The table shows the type of rock, the number of mice with light-colored fur, and the number of mice with dark-colored fur at each study site.Researchers want to determine whether the mice at site 5 have become a different species from the mice at site 6.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/12_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Study Site | Type of Rock | Light-Colored Fur | Dark-Colored Fur |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | basalt | 2 | 6 |\n| 2 | granite | 10 | 1 |\n| 3 | granite | 15 | 0 |\n| 4 | granite | 5 | 0 |\n| 5 | granite | 12 | 0 |\n| 6 | basalt | 1 | 7 |", "question": "An investigation designed to answer which of the following questions would best help researchers determine whether the mice at these two sites have become different species?", "options": {"A": "Do the mice at sites 5 and 6 eat the same types of food?", "B": "Do the mice at sites 5 and 6 have similar population sizes?", "C": "Do the mice at sites 5 and 6 interbreed and produce fertile offspring?", "D": "Do the mice at sites 5 and 6 spend more time underground or above ground?"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 18, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Evolution and Biodiversity", "context": "Rock pocket mice are small rodents that live in Arizona and New Mexico. They can have either light- colored fur or dark- colored fur. Fur color is determined by a group of pigments called melanin. Two types of melanin are pheomelanin and eumelanin. Mice with light- colored fur mostly have pheomelanin, whereas mice with dark- colored fur mostly have eumelanin. In rock pocket mice, the Mc1r gene controls whether eumelanin or pheomelanin is produced. Scientists have identified two alleles, D and d, for the gene. The allele for dark- colored fur (D) is dominant to the allele for light- colored fur (d). ost of the habitat for rock pocket mice consists of light- colored rock called granite. However, there are several areas where the mice live that are made up of dark- colored rock called basalt. Basalt rock formed when lava flowed over granite rock and cooled. Owls and other predators use their sense of sight to hunt rock pocket mice. The map shows six study sites where scientists have observed these mice. Scientists collected data on the fur color of rock pocket mice and the type of rock at each study site. The table shows the type of rock, the number of mice with light-colored fur, and the number of mice with dark-colored fur at each study site.Scientists think that fur color in mice evolved through natural selection.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/12_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Study Site | Type of Rock | Light-Colored Fur | Dark-Colored Fur |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | basalt | 2 | 6 |\n| 2 | granite | 10 | 1 |\n| 3 | granite | 15 | 0 |\n| 4 | granite | 5 | 0 |\n| 5 | granite | 12 | 0 |\n| 6 | basalt | 1 | 7 |", "question": "Which of the following would have been necessary for natural selection to occur?", "options": {"A": "variation in the alleles for fur color in mice", "B": "migration of mice with different fur colors", "C": "identical genetic sequences in mice", "D": "small populations of mice"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["A"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 19, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Rock pocket mice are small rodents that live in Arizona and New Mexico. They can have either light- colored fur or dark- colored fur. Fur color is determined by a group of pigments called melanin. Two types of melanin are pheomelanin and eumelanin. Mice with light- colored fur mostly have pheomelanin, whereas mice with dark- colored fur mostly have eumelanin. In rock pocket mice, the Mc1r gene controls whether eumelanin or pheomelanin is produced. Scientists have identified two alleles, D and d, for the gene. The allele for dark- colored fur (D) is dominant to the allele for light- colored fur (d). ost of the habitat for rock pocket mice consists of light- colored rock called granite. However, there are several areas where the mice live that are made up of dark- colored rock called basalt. Basalt rock formed when lava flowed over granite rock and cooled. Owls and other predators use their sense of sight to hunt rock pocket mice. The map shows six study sites where scientists have observed these mice. Scientists collected data on the fur color of rock pocket mice and the type of rock at each study site. The table shows the type of rock, the number of mice with light-colored fur, and the number of mice with dark-colored fur at each study site.Predation of rock pocket mice plays a role in their population sizes. Scientists concluded that the primary selection pressure affecting fur color in rock pocket mice is predation.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/12_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Study Site | Type of Rock | Light-Colored Fur | Dark-Colored Fur |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | basalt | 2 | 6 |\n| 2 | granite | 10 | 1 |\n| 3 | granite | 15 | 0 |\n| 4 | granite | 5 | 0 |\n| 5 | granite | 12 | 0 |\n| 6 | basalt | 1 | 7 |", "question": "Which of the following best supports this conclusion?", "options": {"A": "Mice with dark-colored fur have fewer offspring on basalt rock.", "B": "Mice with dark-colored fur have decreased fitness on basalt rock.", "C": "Mice with light-colored fur are more likely to survive and reproduce on granite rock.", "D": "Mice with light-colored fur are more likely to mate with mice with dark-colored fur on granite rock."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 32, "assessment_program": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "## An Erie Ecosystem Presque Isle is located along the short stretch of Pennsylvania coastline on Lake Erie. ### Presque Isle and Vicinity Many different species of plants and animals live in the waters near Presque Isle. An environmental scientist decided to investigate the impact of human activity on the environment surrounding Presque Isle. The scientist used a net to catch several different fish species in the waters off the west shore of the isle. The scientist also took water samples and scrapings from the bottom of Lake Erie to analyze. The scientist was able to identify several different organisms. The food web shows the relationship of some of the organisms within the Presque Isle coastal ecosystem.**Food Web** The scientist observed that very few amphipods were present in the water samples that were collected. The scientist thought that the reduced number of amphipods might indicate an endangered ecosystem. In a preliminary report, the scientist hypothesized that the absence of amphipods was due to pesticides being released into Lake Erie that were especially toxic to aquatic invertebrates.Use the table below to answer the question.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/84e07176a86844b3866d5bc66c9862df_8_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/84e07176a86844b3866d5bc66c9862df_10_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Step | Action |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | Analyze the water for the presence of different pesticides. |\n| 2 | Communicate the data and results of the investigation to a peer-reviewed scientific journal. |\n| 3 | Allow many other scientists to perform experiments, review the data, and agree with the hypothesis. |\n| 4 | Draw a conclusion about any pesticides found in the water that could be causing the extinction of water fleas. |\n| 5 | Collect additional samples from Presque Isle Bay and the waters north and east of Presque Isle. |", "question": "Which sequence of steps is needed for the scientist's hypothesis about the absence of amphipods to eventually become a theory?", "options": {"A": "3, 2, 4, 1, 5", "B": "4, 3, 5, 1, 2", "C": "5, 1, 4, 2, 3", "D": "5, 4, 3, 2, 1"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 38, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A model of transcription and a codon chart are shown.\n\n![Diagram illustrating transcription. A DNA double helix is unwound, showing the template strand (3' to 5') and the complementary RNA transcript (5' to 3'). The template strand sequence is ATGCTAGTCGCGCCTTAT. The RNA transcript sequence is AUGCUAGUCGCGGAATA. The RNA transcript sequence is highlighted, labeled 'RNA Transcript'.](7e825c649144bf5403f23502985d81d3_2_img.webp)\n\nCodon Chart\n\n
Second BaseThird Base
UCAG
First Base
U		PheSerTyrCysU
PheSerTyrCysC
LeuSerStopStopA
LeuSerStopTrpG
First Base
C		LeuProHisArgU
LeuProHisArgC
LeuProGlnArgA
LeuProGlnArgG
First Base
A		IleThrAsnSerU
IleThrAsnSerC
IleThrLysArgA
MetThrLysArgG
First Base
G		ValAlaAspGlyU
ValAlaAspGlyC
ValAlaGluGlyA
ValAlaGluGlyG
", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/7e825c649144bf5403f23502985d81d3_2_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| | Second Base | | | | Third Base |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | U | C | A | G | |\n| First Base U | Phe | Ser | Tyr | Cys | U |\n| | Phe | Ser | Tyr | Cys | C |\n| | Leu | Ser | Stop | Stop | A |\n| | Leu | Ser | Stop | Trp | G |\n| First Base C | Leu | Pro | His | Arg | U |\n| | Leu | Pro | His | Arg | C |\n| | Leu | Pro | Gln | Arg | A |\n| | Leu | Pro | Gln | Arg | G |\n| First Base A | Ile | Thr | Asn | Ser | U |\n| | Ile | Thr | Asn | Ser | C |\n| | Ile | Thr | Lys | Arg | A |\n| | Met | Thr | Lys | Arg | G |\n| First Base G | Val | Ala | Asp | Gly | U |\n| | Val | Ala | Asp | Gly | C |\n| | Val | Ala | Glu | Gly | A |\n| | Val | Ala | Glu | Gly | G |", "question": "Which amino acid would be coded first from the DNA strand being transcribed?", "options": {"F": "Cys", "G": "Phe", "H": "Ile", "J": "Met"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["J"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 39, "assessment_program": "staar", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "history", "domain": "us_history", "context": "Events in the United States in the Late 1920s", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/31d696dd118dcd6fae261da2c2c136b9_8_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\nmarkdown:\n| Consumers are unable to continue making payments on installment plans | Demand for consumer goods declines | Manufacturers reduce production | ? |\n\ntitle:\nEvents in the United States in the Late 1920s", "question": "Which action completes this cause-and-effect diagram?", "options": {"F": "Banks lower interest rates", "G": "Elected leaders lower tariff rates", "H": "Companies lay off employees", "J": "Labor unions demand higher wages"}, "option_labels": ["F", "G", "H", "J"], "answer": ["H"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 49, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/53_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\nTable 1\nElement\nSymbol\nPercent by mass in Alloy Q\n| Table 1 | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Element | Symbol | Percent by mass in Alloy Q |\n| Aluminum | Al | 88.7 |\n| Silicon | Si | 10.8 |\n| Manganese | Mn | 0.28 |\n| Magnesium | Mg | 0.22 |", "question": " A linear region of a graph is a range of data that can be approximated with a straight line. Based on Figure 1, for Alloy Q initially at a temperature of $550^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ , which of the following ranges of $F$ best represents a linear region?", "options": {"A": "Between 0 and $10\\times 10^{7}$", "B": "Between $10\\times 10^{7}$ and $20\\times 10^{7}$", "C": "Between $20\\times 10^{7}$ and $30\\times 10^{7}$", "D": "Between $30\\times 10^{7}$ and $40\\times 10^{7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 50, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "environmental_materials_chemistry", "context": null, "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/53_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\nTable 1\nElement\nSymbol\nPercent by mass in Alloy Q\n| Table 1 | | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Element | Symbol | Percent by mass in Alloy Q |\n| Aluminum | Al | 88.7 |\n| Silicon | Si | 10.8 |\n| Manganese | Mn | 0.28 |\n| Magnesium | Mg | 0.22 |", "question": "Consider the 2 trends shown for Alloy Q initially at the temperatures of $280^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ and $550^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ , from $F = 40\\times 10^{7}$ through $F = 48\\times 10^{7}$ . If these lines were to continue along the same trend, at which of the following values of $F$ would the average crystal lengths most likely be the same?", "options": {"A": "$F = 50\\times 10^{7}$", "B": "$F = 60\\times 10^{7}$", "C": "$F = 70\\times 10^{7}$", "D": "$F = 80\\times 10^{7}$"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "train", "num_answer_options": 1} diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/42_0.jpg b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/42_0.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52a84b38700176d464b5daeb2e64d1fce1c5b30b --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/42_0.jpg @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:9575e27195e58e4eaaf193eb79d505a9a9a55c594c59a31a85d761748e218dac +size 38683 diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_6_img.webp b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_6_img.webp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd8cdb0ae5173ee0e402077f917fd1d5a64e6272 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_6_img.webp @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:71a4bcc734536978fd0b0aad6c9f719e68d6fc64bf68658ec1cc599c231bc508 +size 8422 diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_8_img.webp b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_8_img.webp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95974b9caa1de5cd42328434453da915516e4e30 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_8_img.webp @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:61b89bef933a702a926b27a3f645d8b03b7fe4726461958a191f11eb92fe0c3f +size 13866 diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/a05ca17027e81c68dba90282662a8c4f_5_img.webp b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/a05ca17027e81c68dba90282662a8c4f_5_img.webp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8a82d1ff96d689d71f76ba2bbbd4f0737c9cd88 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/images/context_text_table_image__text_options/a05ca17027e81c68dba90282662a8c4f_5_img.webp @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:5ddfb4f9b192b335ecb65996af354e2ee57abe7d484f6807ad196add3975de1b +size 998 diff --git a/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/metadata.jsonl b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/metadata.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80351dfe6abed2b61bc694b7e616f87d79409f41 --- /dev/null +++ b/subsets/context_text_table_image__text_options/validation/metadata.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +{"id": 5, "assessment_program": "mcap", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "mathematics", "domain": "Geometry", "context": "Given: Parallelogram $PQRS$ with $m\\angle P = 90^\\circ$\n\nProve: Parallelogram $PQRS$ is a rectangle.\n\nAn incomplete proof is shown in the table.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/a05ca17027e81c68dba90282662a8c4f_5_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Step | Statement | Reason |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Parallelogram PQRS with m\\angle P = 90^\\circ | Given |\n| 2 | \\angle P and \\angle Q are supplementary. | ? |\n| 3 | m\\angle P + m\\angle Q = 180^\\circ | Definition of supplementary angles |\n| 4 | 90^\\circ + m\\angle Q = 180^\\circ | Substitution |\n| 5 | m\\angle Q = 90^\\circ | Subtraction Property of Equality |\n| 6 | \\angle P \\cong \\angle R and \\angle Q \\cong \\angle S | ? |\n| 7 | m\\angle P = m\\angle R and m\\angle Q = m\\angle S | Congruent angles have the same measure. |\n| 8 | m\\angle R = m\\angle S = 90^\\circ | Substitution |\n| 9 | \\angle P , \\angle Q , \\angle R , and \\angle S are right angles. | Definition of a right angle |\n| 10 | PQRS is a rectangle. | Definition of a rectangle |", "question": "What are the reasons for Step 2 and Step 6 that can be used to complete the proof?", "options": {"A": "Step 2: Definition of a linear pair Step 6: Vertical angles are congruent.", "B": "Step 2: Definition of a linear pair Step 6: Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.", "C": "Step 2: Consecutive angles of a parallelogram are supplementary. Step 6: Vertical angles are congruent.", "D": "Step 2: Consecutive angles of a parallelogram are supplementary. Step 6: Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["D"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 21, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "motion_forces_interactions", "context": "The following section focuses on energy conversions that occurred when a ball bounced on a trampoline. Students used a trampoline and a ball to investigate energy conversions.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_6_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_8_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Position | Speed (m/s) | Height (m) | Direction of Motion |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0 | 1.16 | no motion |\n| 2 | 3.2 | 0.65 | downward |\n| 3 | 0 | 0 | no motion |\n| 4 | 2.8 | 0.65 | upward |\n| 5 | 0 | 1.04 | no motion |", "question": "In which of the following positions did the ball have the greatest momentum?", "options": {"A": "position 1", "B": "position 2", "C": "position 3", "D": "position 4"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 22, "assessment_program": "mcas", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "Energy", "context": "The following section focuses on energy conversions that occurred when a ball bounced on a trampoline. Students used a trampoline and a ball to investigate energy conversions.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_6_img.webp", "images/context_text_table_image__text_options/8c17e8a803023a740ad5688e8723d2a1_8_img.webp"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Position | Speed (m/s) | Height (m) | Direction of Motion |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0 | 1.16 | no motion |\n| 2 | 3.2 | 0.65 | downward |\n| 3 | 0 | 0 | no motion |\n| 4 | 2.8 | 0.65 | upward |\n| 5 | 0 | 1.04 | no motion |", "question": "What was the gravitational potential energy of the 5 kg ball when it was at position 4?", "options": {"A": "9.1 J", "B": "19.6 J", "C": "32.5 J", "D": "50.0 J"}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["C"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1} +{"id": 45, "assessment_program": "act", "assessment_stage": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Scientists studied the effects of pH and of nickel concentration on plant growth and on the uptake of iron and zinc by plants. Recently germinated seedlings of Species M and Species U were fed 1 of 12 nutrient solutions (Solutions 1- 12) for 8 days and then were harvested. Solutions 1- 12 differed only in pH and/or nickel concentration. Table 1 shows, for each species, the average dry mass of the plants that were fed each nutrient solution. Figure 1 shows, for each species, the average iron content and the average zinc content of the plants that were fed Solutions 1- 4.", "images": ["images/context_text_table_image__text_options/42_0.jpg"], "tables": "table_1:\n| Table 1 | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Solution | pH | Nickel concentration (μM*) | Average dry mass (g) of plants of Species: | |\n| | | | M | U |\n| 1 | 7 | 0 | 33.9 | 10.7 |\n| 2 | 7 | 5 | 28.8 | 10.7 |\n| 3 | 7 | 10 | 23.8 | 9.6 |\n| 4 | 7 | 15 | 18.7 | 8.5 |\n| 5 | 6 | 0 | 33.9 | 9.2 |\n| 6 | 6 | 5 | 28.8 | 9.2 |\n| 7 | 6 | 10 | 23.8 | 8.1 |\n| 8 | 6 | 15 | 18.7 | 7.0 |\n| 9 | 5 | 0 | 27.8 | 7.7 |\n| 10 | 5 | 5 | 22.7 | 7.7 |\n| 11 | 5 | 10 | 17.6 | 6.6 |\n| 12 | 5 | 15 | 12.4 | 5.4 |\n| *μM = micromoles per liter | | | | |", "question": "According to Table 1, the Species U plants that were fed the solution that had a pH of 6 and a nickel concentration of $10 \\mu \\mathrm{M}$ had an average dry mass of:", "options": {"A": "7.0 g.", "B": "8.1 g.", "C": "9.2 g.", "D": "23.8 g."}, "option_labels": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "answer": ["B"], "split": "val", "num_answer_options": 1}