{"id": 2, "assessment_name": "new_york_regents", "assessment_type": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "Michael Powell set the world record for the long jump at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo. Table 1 shows some information about Michael Powell's record-setting jump.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/f8caced2d7d30d854d519e00231a3fc2_7_img__dc_physics_2025_chandra_md__07a17ad130.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Mass of Michael Powell | 79.4 kg |\n| --- | --- |\n| Time on runway | 6.36 s |\n| Horizontal speed at end of runway | 11.8 m/s |\n| Time in air | 0.7585 s |\n| Initial vertical velocity component of jump | 3.7 m/s |\n| Initial horizontal velocity component of jump | 11.8 m/s |", "question": "Use one or more mathematical relationships to support or refute the claim that the magnitude of the average net horizontal force causing Michael Powell to accelerate along the runway was 180. newtons. Place a checkmark (✓) in the appropriate box to indicate if your analysis supports or refutes this claim.", "answer": "Refute. The average acceleration is approximately (1.86\\ \\text{m/s}^2), and the average net force is approximately (148\\ \\text{N}).", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 5, "assessment_name": "pennsylvania_keystone", "assessment_type": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "A researcher investigated how stomata in plant leaves open and close in response to temperature changes. Four of the same plants were each given 120 milliliters (mL) of water and placed in separate rooms with different temperatures. Each room had a similar light source. The diagram shows the investigation setup, and the table shows the results of the investigation.\n\nInvestigation Setup\n\n![Diagram showing an investigation setup where a potted plant is covered with a clear plastic bag. Labels indicate 'clear plastic bag', 'plant', and 'water droplet inside bag'.](50da3e23c821131234e90ad93e84f92b_7_img.webp)\n\nInvestigation Results\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Room Temperature (°C)</th><th>Amount of Water Collected after 24 Hours (mL)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>16</td><td>5.5</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>7.3</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>9.9</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>3.8</td></tr></tbody></table>", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/50da3e23c821131234e90ad93e84f92b_7_img__2024-keystone-biology-item-sampler_md__f7c26588b4.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Room Temperature (°C) | Amount of Water Collected after 24 Hours (mL) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 16 | 5.5 |\n| 21 | 7.3 |\n| 27 | 9.9 |\n| 37 | 3.8 |", "question": "Using the data, describe how stomata most likely help plants maintain homeostasis.", "answer": "Stomata are openings (pores) in the leaves that open and close to help regulate the amount of water that the plant releases. To help the plant not lose too much water in warmer (or colder) temperatures, the stomata close to reduce water loss.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 6, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, *Pho* target genes, encode proteins involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis. When the level of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high, a transcriptional activator Pho4 is phosphorylated by a complex of two proteins, Pho80–Pho85. As a result, the *Pho* target genes are not expressed. When the level of extracellular Pi is low, the activity of the Pho80–Pho85 complex is inhibited by another protein, Pho81, enabling Pho4 to induce the expression of these target genes. A simplified model of this pathway is shown in Figure 1.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of *Pho* target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/55d1dd03e1cad3e3743d11c3ea409bfa_3_img__ap_bio_2023__b804420c64.webp"], "table_context": "To study the role of the different proteins in the PHO pathway, researchers used a wild-type strain of yeast to create a strain with a mutant form of Pho81 (*pho81mt*) and a strain with a mutant form of Pho4 (*pho4mt*). In each of these mutant strains, researchers measured the activity of a particular enzyme, APase, which removes phosphates from its substrates and is encoded by *PHO1*, a *Pho* target gene (Table 1). They then determined the level of *PHO1* mRNA relative to that of the wild-type yeast strain, which was set to 10.TABLE 1. APase ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF *PHO1* mRNA IN WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS OF YEAST IN HIGH- AND LOW-PHOSPHATE ENVIRONMENTS", "table": "| Yeast Strain | Mutation | APase Activity in High-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | APase Activity in Low-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in High-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in Low-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wild-type | None | 0.5 \\pm 0.1 | 17.3 \\pm 0.9 | 0.1 \\pm 0.0 | 10 \\pm 2.0 |\n| pho81mt | Nonfunctional Pho81 | 0.4 \\pm 0.1 | 0.6 \\pm 0.1 | 0.7 \\pm 0.2 | 0.9 \\pm 0.8 |\n| pho4mt | Nonfunctional Pho4 | 0.5 \\pm 0.0 | 0.8 \\pm 0.2 | 0.6 \\pm 0.4 | 0.3 \\pm 0.1 |", "question": "Describe the effect that the addition of a charged phosphate group can have on a protein that would cause the protein to become inactive.", "answer": "It changes the structure/shape of the protein.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 7, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, *Pho* target genes, encode proteins involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis. When the level of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high, a transcriptional activator Pho4 is phosphorylated by a complex of two proteins, Pho80–Pho85. As a result, the *Pho* target genes are not expressed. When the level of extracellular Pi is low, the activity of the Pho80–Pho85 complex is inhibited by another protein, Pho81, enabling Pho4 to induce the expression of these target genes. A simplified model of this pathway is shown in Figure 1.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of *Pho* target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/55d1dd03e1cad3e3743d11c3ea409bfa_3_img__ap_bio_2023__b804420c64.webp"], "table_context": "To study the role of the different proteins in the PHO pathway, researchers used a wild-type strain of yeast to create a strain with a mutant form of Pho81 (*pho81mt*) and a strain with a mutant form of Pho4 (*pho4mt*). In each of these mutant strains, researchers measured the activity of a particular enzyme, APase, which removes phosphates from its substrates and is encoded by *PHO1*, a *Pho* target gene (Table 1). They then determined the level of *PHO1* mRNA relative to that of the wild-type yeast strain, which was set to 10.TABLE 1. APase ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF *PHO1* mRNA IN WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS OF YEAST IN HIGH- AND LOW-PHOSPHATE ENVIRONMENTS", "table": "| Yeast Strain | Mutation | APase Activity in High-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | APase Activity in Low-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in High-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in Low-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wild-type | None | 0.5 \\pm 0.1 | 17.3 \\pm 0.9 | 0.1 \\pm 0.0 | 10 \\pm 2.0 |\n| pho81mt | Nonfunctional Pho81 | 0.4 \\pm 0.1 | 0.6 \\pm 0.1 | 0.7 \\pm 0.2 | 0.9 \\pm 0.8 |\n| pho4mt | Nonfunctional Pho4 | 0.5 \\pm 0.0 | 0.8 \\pm 0.2 | 0.6 \\pm 0.4 | 0.3 \\pm 0.1 |", "question": "Explain how a signal can be amplified during signal transduction in a pathway such as the PHO signaling pathway.", "answer": "Each enzyme (in a signal transduction pathway) can act on many copies of a protein.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 8, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, *Pho* target genes, encode proteins involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis. When the level of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high, a transcriptional activator Pho4 is phosphorylated by a complex of two proteins, Pho80–Pho85. As a result, the *Pho* target genes are not expressed. When the level of extracellular Pi is low, the activity of the Pho80–Pho85 complex is inhibited by another protein, Pho81, enabling Pho4 to induce the expression of these target genes. A simplified model of this pathway is shown in Figure 1.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of *Pho* target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/55d1dd03e1cad3e3743d11c3ea409bfa_3_img__ap_bio_2023__b804420c64.webp"], "table_context": "To study the role of the different proteins in the PHO pathway, researchers used a wild-type strain of yeast to create a strain with a mutant form of Pho81 (*pho81mt*) and a strain with a mutant form of Pho4 (*pho4mt*). In each of these mutant strains, researchers measured the activity of a particular enzyme, APase, which removes phosphates from its substrates and is encoded by *PHO1*, a *Pho* target gene (Table 1). They then determined the level of *PHO1* mRNA relative to that of the wild-type yeast strain, which was set to 10.TABLE 1. APase ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF *PHO1* mRNA IN WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS OF YEAST IN HIGH- AND LOW-PHOSPHATE ENVIRONMENTS", "table": "| Yeast Strain | Mutation | APase Activity in High-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | APase Activity in Low-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in High-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in Low-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wild-type | None | 0.5 \\pm 0.1 | 17.3 \\pm 0.9 | 0.1 \\pm 0.0 | 10 \\pm 2.0 |\n| pho81mt | Nonfunctional Pho81 | 0.4 \\pm 0.1 | 0.6 \\pm 0.1 | 0.7 \\pm 0.2 | 0.9 \\pm 0.8 |\n| pho4mt | Nonfunctional Pho4 | 0.5 \\pm 0.0 | 0.8 \\pm 0.2 | 0.6 \\pm 0.4 | 0.3 \\pm 0.1 |", "question": "Based on Table 1, identify a dependent variable in the researchers' experiment.", "answer": "APase activity\n(relative) amount of *PHO1* (mRNA)", "split": "test", "answer_type": "equation_or_expression", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 9, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, *Pho* target genes, encode proteins involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis. When the level of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high, a transcriptional activator Pho4 is phosphorylated by a complex of two proteins, Pho80–Pho85. As a result, the *Pho* target genes are not expressed. When the level of extracellular Pi is low, the activity of the Pho80–Pho85 complex is inhibited by another protein, Pho81, enabling Pho4 to induce the expression of these target genes. A simplified model of this pathway is shown in Figure 1.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of *Pho* target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/55d1dd03e1cad3e3743d11c3ea409bfa_3_img__ap_bio_2023__b804420c64.webp"], "table_context": "TABLE 1. APase ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF *PHO1* mRNA IN WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS OF YEAST IN HIGH- AND LOW-PHOSPHATE ENVIRONMENTS", "table": "| Yeast Strain | Mutation | APase Activity in High-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | APase Activity in Low-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in High-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in Low-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wild-type | None | 0.5 \\pm 0.1 | 17.3 \\pm 0.9 | 0.1 \\pm 0.0 | 10 \\pm 2.0 |\n| pho81mt | Nonfunctional Pho81 | 0.4 \\pm 0.1 | 0.6 \\pm 0.1 | 0.7 \\pm 0.2 | 0.9 \\pm 0.8 |\n| pho4mt | Nonfunctional Pho4 | 0.5 \\pm 0.0 | 0.8 \\pm 0.2 | 0.6 \\pm 0.4 | 0.3 \\pm 0.1 |", "question": "Justify the researchers' using the wild-type strain for the creation of the mutant strains.", "answer": "It ensures that any observed differences (in experimental results) between the strains are due to the introduced mutations (and not to other genetic differences between the yeast strains).\nIt ensures that the strains are genetically identical except for the introduced mutations.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 10, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, *Pho* target genes, encode proteins involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis. When the level of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high, a transcriptional activator Pho4 is phosphorylated by a complex of two proteins, Pho80–Pho85. As a result, the *Pho* target genes are not expressed. When the level of extracellular Pi is low, the activity of the Pho80–Pho85 complex is inhibited by another protein, Pho81, enabling Pho4 to induce the expression of these target genes. A simplified model of this pathway is shown in Figure 1.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of *Pho* target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/55d1dd03e1cad3e3743d11c3ea409bfa_3_img__ap_bio_2023__b804420c64.webp"], "table_context": "TABLE 1. APase ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF *PHO1* mRNA IN WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS OF YEAST IN HIGH- AND LOW-PHOSPHATE ENVIRONMENTS", "table": "| Yeast Strain | Mutation | APase Activity in High-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | APase Activity in Low-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in High-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in Low-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wild-type | None | 0.5 \\pm 0.1 | 17.3 \\pm 0.9 | 0.1 \\pm 0.0 | 10 \\pm 2.0 |\n| pho81mt | Nonfunctional Pho81 | 0.4 \\pm 0.1 | 0.6 \\pm 0.1 | 0.7 \\pm 0.2 | 0.9 \\pm 0.8 |\n| pho4mt | Nonfunctional Pho4 | 0.5 \\pm 0.0 | 0.8 \\pm 0.2 | 0.6 \\pm 0.4 | 0.3 \\pm 0.1 |", "question": "Justify the researchers' using mutant strains in which only a single component of the pathway was mutated in each strain.", "answer": "It allows them to test the effect of each mutation separately.\nIt allows them to (better) determine which component is responsible for any observed differences.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 12, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, *Pho* target genes, encode proteins involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis. When the level of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high, a transcriptional activator Pho4 is phosphorylated by a complex of two proteins, Pho80–Pho85. As a result, the *Pho* target genes are not expressed. When the level of extracellular Pi is low, the activity of the Pho80–Pho85 complex is inhibited by another protein, Pho81, enabling Pho4 to induce the expression of these target genes. A simplified model of this pathway is shown in Figure 1.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of *Pho* target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/55d1dd03e1cad3e3743d11c3ea409bfa_3_img__ap_bio_2023__b804420c64.webp"], "table_context": "TABLE 1. APase ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF *PHO1* mRNA IN WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS OF YEAST IN HIGH- AND LOW-PHOSPHATE ENVIRONMENTS", "table": "| Yeast Strain | Mutation | APase Activity in High-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | APase Activity in Low-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in High-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in Low-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wild-type | None | 0.5 \\pm 0.1 | 17.3 \\pm 0.9 | 0.1 \\pm 0.0 | 10 \\pm 2.0 |\n| pho81mt | Nonfunctional Pho81 | 0.4 \\pm 0.1 | 0.6 \\pm 0.1 | 0.7 \\pm 0.2 | 0.9 \\pm 0.8 |\n| pho4mt | Nonfunctional Pho4 | 0.5 \\pm 0.0 | 0.8 \\pm 0.2 | 0.6 \\pm 0.4 | 0.3 \\pm 0.1 |", "question": "Calculate the percent change in APase activity in wild-type yeast cells in a high-Pi environment compared with that of wild-type cells in a low-Pi environment.", "answer": "3,360% <math>\\left[\\frac{17.3-0.5}{0.5} \\times 100\\%\\right]</math>\n-97% <math>\\left[\\frac{0.5-17.3}{17.3} \\times 100\\%\\right]</math>", "split": "test", "answer_type": "equation_or_expression", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 13, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, *Pho* target genes, encode proteins involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis. When the level of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high, a transcriptional activator Pho4 is phosphorylated by a complex of two proteins, Pho80–Pho85. As a result, the *Pho* target genes are not expressed. When the level of extracellular Pi is low, the activity of the Pho80–Pho85 complex is inhibited by another protein, Pho81, enabling Pho4 to induce the expression of these target genes. A simplified model of this pathway is shown in Figure 1.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of *Pho* target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/55d1dd03e1cad3e3743d11c3ea409bfa_3_img__ap_bio_2023__b804420c64.webp"], "table_context": "TABLE 1. APase ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF *PHO1* mRNA IN WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS OF YEAST IN HIGH- AND LOW-PHOSPHATE ENVIRONMENTS", "table": "| Yeast Strain | Mutation | APase Activity in High-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | APase Activity in Low-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in High-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in Low-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wild-type | None | 0.5 \\pm 0.1 | 17.3 \\pm 0.9 | 0.1 \\pm 0.0 | 10 \\pm 2.0 |\n| pho81mt | Nonfunctional Pho81 | 0.4 \\pm 0.1 | 0.6 \\pm 0.1 | 0.7 \\pm 0.2 | 0.9 \\pm 0.8 |\n| pho4mt | Nonfunctional Pho4 | 0.5 \\pm 0.0 | 0.8 \\pm 0.2 | 0.6 \\pm 0.4 | 0.3 \\pm 0.1 |", "question": "In a follow-up experiment, researchers created a strain of yeast with a mutation that resulted in a nonfunctional Pho85 protein. Based on Figure 1, predict the effects of this mutation on *PHO1* expression in the mutant strain in a high-Pi environment.", "answer": "It/<i>PHO1</i>/Target genes will be expressed.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 14, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "In eukaryotic microorganisms, the PHO signaling pathway regulates the expression of certain genes. These genes, *Pho* target genes, encode proteins involved in regulating phosphate homeostasis. When the level of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high, a transcriptional activator Pho4 is phosphorylated by a complex of two proteins, Pho80–Pho85. As a result, the *Pho* target genes are not expressed. When the level of extracellular Pi is low, the activity of the Pho80–Pho85 complex is inhibited by another protein, Pho81, enabling Pho4 to induce the expression of these target genes. A simplified model of this pathway is shown in Figure 1.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of *Pho* target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/55d1dd03e1cad3e3743d11c3ea409bfa_3_img__ap_bio_2023__b804420c64.webp"], "table_context": "TABLE 1. APase ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF *PHO1* mRNA IN WILD-TYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS OF YEAST IN HIGH- AND LOW-PHOSPHATE ENVIRONMENTS", "table": "| Yeast Strain | Mutation | APase Activity in High-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | APase Activity in Low-Pi Environment (mU/mL/OD 600 ) \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in High-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} | Relative Amounts of PHO1 mRNA in Low-Pi Environment \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Wild-type | None | 0.5 \\pm 0.1 | 17.3 \\pm 0.9 | 0.1 \\pm 0.0 | 10 \\pm 2.0 |\n| pho81mt | Nonfunctional Pho81 | 0.4 \\pm 0.1 | 0.6 \\pm 0.1 | 0.7 \\pm 0.2 | 0.9 \\pm 0.8 |\n| pho4mt | Nonfunctional Pho4 | 0.5 \\pm 0.0 | 0.8 \\pm 0.2 | 0.6 \\pm 0.4 | 0.3 \\pm 0.1 |", "question": "Provide reasoning to justify your prediction.", "answer": "(In a high-Pi environment) a nonfunctional Pho85 will be unable to phosphorylate/inhibit Pho4.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 15, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Ruminants are hoofed animals, including cattle and sheep, that have a unique four-chambered stomach specialized to digest tough, fiber-filled grasses. Researchers studying ruminants are investigating the morphological and molecular characteristics of different ruminant families in order to determine the evolutionary relationships among the families. Cladograms of several ruminant families were constructed based on morphological data (Figure 1A) and molecular data (Figure 1B). Table 1 shows a sample of the morphological characteristics present in each family used to construct the cladogram in Figure 1A.", "image_context": "Figure 1. Cladogram of six ruminant families based on (A) morphological data and (B) molecular data", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/42a785a7225556790c4b970b7f45dd49_3_img__ap_bio_2023__352cffba73.webp"], "table_context": "TABLE 1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOUND IN EACH RUMINANT FAMILY", "table": "| Characteristic Number | Morphological Characteristic | Tragulidae | Giraffidae | Bovidae | Moschidae | Antilocapridae | Cervidae |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Extra tooth material |  |  | X |  | X |  |\n| 2 | Third stomach |  | X | X | X | X | X |\n| 3 | Double opening for tear ducts |  |  |  |  | X | X |", "question": "Describe how a scientist would use a comparison of the DNA sequences of different organisms to suggest the most likely evolutionary relationship among the organisms.", "answer": "The (DNA) sequences of organisms that are more closely related are more similar (than those of organisms that are less closely related).", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 16, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Ruminants are hoofed animals, including cattle and sheep, that have a unique four-chambered stomach specialized to digest tough, fiber-filled grasses. Researchers studying ruminants are investigating the morphological and molecular characteristics of different ruminant families in order to determine the evolutionary relationships among the families. Cladograms of several ruminant families were constructed based on morphological data (Figure 1A) and molecular data (Figure 1B). Table 1 shows a sample of the morphological characteristics present in each family used to construct the cladogram in Figure 1A.", "image_context": "Figure 1. Cladogram of six ruminant families based on (A) morphological data and (B) molecular data", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/42a785a7225556790c4b970b7f45dd49_3_img__ap_bio_2023__352cffba73.webp"], "table_context": "TABLE 1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOUND IN EACH RUMINANT FAMILY", "table": "| Characteristic Number | Morphological Characteristic | Tragulidae | Giraffidae | Bovidae | Moschidae | Antilocapridae | Cervidae |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Extra tooth material |  |  | X |  | X |  |\n| 2 | Third stomach |  | X | X | X | X | X |\n| 3 | Double opening for tear ducts |  |  |  |  | X | X |", "question": "Based on Figure 1, explain why Bovidae is likely to be more closely related to Moschidae than it is to Giraffidae.", "answer": "The molecular data/Figure 1B support(s) this relationship, and) molecular data are more reliable (than are morphological data).\nThe molecular data/Figure 1B support(s) this relationship.) Morphological similarities may not reliably indicate evolutionary relatedness.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 17, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Ruminants are hoofed animals, including cattle and sheep, that have a unique four-chambered stomach specialized to digest tough, fiber-filled grasses. Researchers studying ruminants are investigating the morphological and molecular characteristics of different ruminant families in order to determine the evolutionary relationships among the families. Cladograms of several ruminant families were constructed based on morphological data (Figure 1A) and molecular data (Figure 1B). Table 1 shows a sample of the morphological characteristics present in each family used to construct the cladogram in Figure 1A.", "image_context": "Figure 1. Cladogram of six ruminant families based on (A) morphological data and (B) molecular data", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/42a785a7225556790c4b970b7f45dd49_3_img__ap_bio_2023__352cffba73.webp"], "table_context": "TABLE 1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOUND IN EACH RUMINANT FAMILY", "table": "| Characteristic Number | Morphological Characteristic | Tragulidae | Giraffidae | Bovidae | Moschidae | Antilocapridae | Cervidae |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Extra tooth material |  |  | X |  | X |  |\n| 2 | Third stomach |  | X | X | X | X | X |\n| 3 | Double opening for tear ducts |  |  |  |  | X | X |", "question": "Using the template in the space provided for your response, represent the point(s) at which characteristic 1, listed in Table 1, evolved by marking \"X\" on the line(s) of the cladogram in the correct location(s).", "answer": "Response must show an X placed on the line leading to Bovidae and an X placed on the line leading to Antilocapridae.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 18, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Ecology", "context": "Ruminants are hoofed animals, including cattle and sheep, that have a unique four-chambered stomach specialized to digest tough, fiber-filled grasses. Researchers studying ruminants are investigating the morphological and molecular characteristics of different ruminant families in order to determine the evolutionary relationships among the families. Cladograms of several ruminant families were constructed based on morphological data (Figure 1A) and molecular data (Figure 1B). Table 1 shows a sample of the morphological characteristics present in each family used to construct the cladogram in Figure 1A.", "image_context": "Figure 1. Cladogram of six ruminant families based on (A) morphological data and (B) molecular data", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/42a785a7225556790c4b970b7f45dd49_3_img__ap_bio_2023__352cffba73.webp"], "table_context": "TABLE 1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOUND IN EACH RUMINANT FAMILY", "table": "| Characteristic Number | Morphological Characteristic | Tragulidae | Giraffidae | Bovidae | Moschidae | Antilocapridae | Cervidae |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | Extra tooth material |  |  | X |  | X |  |\n| 2 | Third stomach |  | X | X | X | X | X |\n| 3 | Double opening for tear ducts |  |  |  |  | X | X |", "question": "Based on Figure 1A, explain why a characteristic found only in the Cervidae and Bovidae families is more likely evidence of convergent evolution than it is of common ancestry.", "answer": "There are other families that have the same common ancestor as the Bovidae and Cervidae families but do not have the characteristic.\nIt is more likely that the characteristic arose independently in Cervidae and Bovidae than it arose in their common ancestor and was lost in Giraffidae, Moschidae, and Antilocapridae.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 20, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Many insects rely on pheromones (chemical signals) that are released by the females to find mating partners. Scientists hypothesize that, in a certain type of moth, the behavior of male moths in response to pheromones is regulated by the extracellular signaling molecule 20E. To investigate whether the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR, affects behavior in moths, scientists injected male moths with saline (control solution) or with small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) that inhibit the expression of the gene encoding DopEcR. The scientists then exposed the moths to the pheromone and determined the percent of total time observed that the moths engaged in general activity, defined as movement in any direction. The scientists also determined the percent of the general activity time that the moths spent in oriented activity, defined as movement toward an area of high pheromone concentration (Table 1). DopEcR is a G protein-coupled receptor. When 20E binds to DopEcR, GTP displaces the GDP bound to the G protein, and a signaling pathway is activated. The scientists hypothesize that this leads to the transcription of genes associated with the oriented activity observed in the male moths (Figure 1).", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of a signaling pathway activated by the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9689c4e13e3b0fcab395f5980cf67db0_3_img__ap_bio_2025__50031bbed7.webp"], "table_context": "Table 1. Average General and Oriented Activity in Male Moths Injected With Saline or siRNA Molecules", "table": "| Treatment | General Activity (percent of total time observed, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) | Oriented Activity (percent of general activity, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Male moths injected with saline (control solution) | 95 \\pm 5 | 60 \\pm 4 |\n| Male moths injected with siRNAs that inhibit expression of the gene encoding DopEcR | 90 \\pm 8 | 25 \\pm 6 |", "question": "B. ii. Based on the data in Table 1, determine the type of activity that was affected by inhibiting the expression of the DopEcR receptor.", "answer": "Oriented activity (was affected).", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 21, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Many insects rely on pheromones (chemical signals) that are released by the females to find mating partners. Scientists hypothesize that, in a certain type of moth, the behavior of male moths in response to pheromones is regulated by the extracellular signaling molecule 20E. To investigate whether the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR, affects behavior in moths, scientists injected male moths with saline (control solution) or with small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) that inhibit the expression of the gene encoding DopEcR. The scientists then exposed the moths to the pheromone and determined the percent of total time observed that the moths engaged in general activity, defined as movement in any direction. The scientists also determined the percent of the general activity time that the moths spent in oriented activity, defined as movement toward an area of high pheromone concentration (Table 1). DopEcR is a G protein-coupled receptor. When 20E binds to DopEcR, GTP displaces the GDP bound to the G protein, and a signaling pathway is activated. The scientists hypothesize that this leads to the transcription of genes associated with the oriented activity observed in the male moths (Figure 1).", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of a signaling pathway activated by the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9689c4e13e3b0fcab395f5980cf67db0_3_img__ap_bio_2025__50031bbed7.webp"], "table_context": "Table 1. Average General and Oriented Activity in Male Moths Injected With Saline or siRNA Molecules", "table": "| Treatment | General Activity (percent of total time observed, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) | Oriented Activity (percent of general activity, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Male moths injected with saline (control solution) | 95 \\pm 5 | 60 \\pm 4 |\n| Male moths injected with siRNAs that inhibit expression of the gene encoding DopEcR | 90 \\pm 8 | 25 \\pm 6 |", "question": "C. i. Based on Table 1, identify the treatment group in which the oriented activity was greater than 50% of the general activity.", "answer": "The control/saline-treated group Male moths injected with saline/control solution", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 22, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Many insects rely on pheromones (chemical signals) that are released by the females to find mating partners. Scientists hypothesize that, in a certain type of moth, the behavior of male moths in response to pheromones is regulated by the extracellular signaling molecule 20E. To investigate whether the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR, affects behavior in moths, scientists injected male moths with saline (control solution) or with small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) that inhibit the expression of the gene encoding DopEcR. The scientists then exposed the moths to the pheromone and determined the percent of total time observed that the moths engaged in general activity, defined as movement in any direction. The scientists also determined the percent of the general activity time that the moths spent in oriented activity, defined as movement toward an area of high pheromone concentration (Table 1). DopEcR is a G protein-coupled receptor. When 20E binds to DopEcR, GTP displaces the GDP bound to the G protein, and a signaling pathway is activated. The scientists hypothesize that this leads to the transcription of genes associated with the oriented activity observed in the male moths (Figure 1).", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of a signaling pathway activated by the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9689c4e13e3b0fcab395f5980cf67db0_3_img__ap_bio_2025__50031bbed7.webp"], "table_context": "Table 1. Average General and Oriented Activity in Male Moths Injected With Saline or siRNA Molecules", "table": "| Treatment | General Activity (percent of total time observed, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) | Oriented Activity (percent of general activity, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Male moths injected with saline (control solution) | 95 \\pm 5 | 60 \\pm 4 |\n| Male moths injected with siRNAs that inhibit expression of the gene encoding DopEcR | 90 \\pm 8 | 25 \\pm 6 |", "question": "C. ii. The scientists studied some moths with a mutation in the gene encoding the G protein. The mutation prevents GTP from displacing the GDP bound to the G protein. Based on Figure 1, predict the effect of this mutation on the oriented activity in male moths exposed to the pheromone.", "answer": "(The moths will show) decreased (oriented) activity.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 23, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Many insects rely on pheromones (chemical signals) that are released by the females to find mating partners. Scientists hypothesize that, in a certain type of moth, the behavior of male moths in response to pheromones is regulated by the extracellular signaling molecule 20E. To investigate whether the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR, affects behavior in moths, scientists injected male moths with saline (control solution) or with small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) that inhibit the expression of the gene encoding DopEcR. The scientists then exposed the moths to the pheromone and determined the percent of total time observed that the moths engaged in general activity, defined as movement in any direction. The scientists also determined the percent of the general activity time that the moths spent in oriented activity, defined as movement toward an area of high pheromone concentration (Table 1). DopEcR is a G protein-coupled receptor. When 20E binds to DopEcR, GTP displaces the GDP bound to the G protein, and a signaling pathway is activated. The scientists hypothesize that this leads to the transcription of genes associated with the oriented activity observed in the male moths (Figure 1). Expression of the gene encoding DopEcR is low in the male moths during their first few days as adults, when they are sexually immature. Gene expression rapidly increases as the moths reach sexual maturity. The scientists claim that this increase in gene expression increases the likelihood of males finding females with whom to mate.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of a signaling pathway activated by the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9689c4e13e3b0fcab395f5980cf67db0_3_img__ap_bio_2025__50031bbed7.webp"], "table_context": "Table 1. Average General and Oriented Activity in Male Moths Injected With Saline or siRNA Molecules", "table": "| Treatment | General Activity (percent of total time observed, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) | Oriented Activity (percent of general activity, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Male moths injected with saline (control solution) | 95 \\pm 5 | 60 \\pm 4 |\n| Male moths injected with siRNAs that inhibit expression of the gene encoding DopEcR | 90 \\pm 8 | 25 \\pm 6 |", "question": "D. i. Use evidence from the information provided to support the scientists' claim.", "answer": "(Increased expression of DopEcR) will increase oriented activity (and the moths' ability to find a mate). (An increase in DopEcR expression) will enable the binding of 20E to more receptors. (An increase in DopEcR expression) will make the males more sensitive to pheromones from the females. (An increase in DopEcR expression) will enable the binding of 20E to more receptors and will make the males more sensitive to pheromones from the females.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 24, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Cell Biology", "context": "Many insects rely on pheromones (chemical signals) that are released by the females to find mating partners. Scientists hypothesize that, in a certain type of moth, the behavior of male moths in response to pheromones is regulated by the extracellular signaling molecule 20E. To investigate whether the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR, affects behavior in moths, scientists injected male moths with saline (control solution) or with small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) that inhibit the expression of the gene encoding DopEcR. The scientists then exposed the moths to the pheromone and determined the percent of total time observed that the moths engaged in general activity, defined as movement in any direction. The scientists also determined the percent of the general activity time that the moths spent in oriented activity, defined as movement toward an area of high pheromone concentration (Table 1). DopEcR is a G protein-coupled receptor. When 20E binds to DopEcR, GTP displaces the GDP bound to the G protein, and a signaling pathway is activated. The scientists hypothesize that this leads to the transcription of genes associated with the oriented activity observed in the male moths (Figure 1). Expression of the gene encoding DopEcR is low in the male moths during their first few days as adults, when they are sexually immature. Gene expression rapidly increases as the moths reach sexual maturity. The scientists claim that this increase in gene expression increases the likelihood of males finding females with whom to mate.", "image_context": "Figure 1. A simplified model of a signaling pathway activated by the binding of 20E to its receptor, DopEcR", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9689c4e13e3b0fcab395f5980cf67db0_3_img__ap_bio_2025__50031bbed7.webp"], "table_context": "Table 1. Average General and Oriented Activity in Male Moths Injected With Saline or siRNA Molecules", "table": "| Treatment | General Activity (percent of total time observed, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) | Oriented Activity (percent of general activity, average \\pm 2SE_{\\bar{x}} ) |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Male moths injected with saline (control solution) | 95 \\pm 5 | 60 \\pm 4 |\n| Male moths injected with siRNAs that inhibit expression of the gene encoding DopEcR | 90 \\pm 8 | 25 \\pm 6 |", "question": "D. ii. Based on Figure 1, explain how an inhibitor of the DopEcR pathway might serve as an effective chemical to protect crops from moth damage.", "answer": "(An inhibitor of the pathway) will reduce oriented activity/expression of genes associated with oriented activity and therefore decrease mating/population growth.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 25, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "maths", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "As part of a study on the chemistry of Alaskan streams, researchers took water samples from many streams with temperatures colder than 8°C and from many streams with temperatures warmer than 8°C. For each sample, the researchers measured the dissolved oxygen concentration, in milligrams per liter (mg/l).", "image_context": "Histogram showing Dissolved Oxygen Concentration (mg/l) in Streams with Temperatures Colder than 8°C", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/6894558a76ca1f1710e4b0bd358f7341_12_img__ap_maths_23staticstics__3dd57a30cf.webp"], "table_context": "Summary statistics for the dissolved oxygen concentration in streams with water temperatures warmer than 8°C", "table": "| Min | Q1 | Median | Q3 | Max | Mean | Std. Dev. |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2.10 | 4.39 | 5.43 | 6.12 | 13.45 | 5.54 | 1.64 |", "question": "Which streams are generally healthier for wildlife, those with water temperature colder than 8°C or those with water temperature warmer than 8°C? Using characteristics of the distribution of dissolved oxygen concentration for temperatures colder than 8°C and characteristics of the distribution of dissolved oxygen concentration for temperatures warmer than 8°C, justify your answer.", "answer": "The researchers believe that streams with higher dissolved oxygen concentration are generally healthier for wildlife.If the researchers’ belief is correct, then streams with water temperatures below (8^\\circ\\text{C}) are healthier for wildlife. The distribution of dissolved oxygen concentration for colder streams has a higher center because its median (between 11 mg/l and 12 mg/l) is larger than the median for warmer streams (5.43 mg/l). The shape of the distribution of dissolved oxygen concentration for colder streams is different from the shape of the distribution for warmer streams. The distribution of values of dissolved oxygen concentration for colder streams is skewed to the left but the distribution of values for warmer streams is skewed to the right. Both distributions have a similar spread because they both have similar IQR values — approximately 2 mg/l for the colder streams and 1.73 mg/l for the warmer streams.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "long_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 26, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "maths", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A farmer wants to reduce the number of aphids in a cabbage field. A river is located 100 meters south of the cabbage field. The farmer divides the field into 25 regions of equal size, as shown in the diagram. Each region has approximately the same number of cabbage plants. The farmer would like to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are affected by aphids and believes that the extent of aphid damage is greater for the regions in the cabbage field closer to the river. To obtain the estimate, the farmer is considering three sampling methods. - Sampling method I: Select region 3, which is closest to the farmer's house and farthest from the river. Examine every cabbage plant in the region for aphid damage.- Sampling method II: Randomly select one row (A, B, C, D, or E). For every region in the selected row, examine every cabbage plant for aphid damage.- Sampling method III: Randomly select one region from each of rows A, B, C, D, and E. For each selected region, examine every cabbage plant for aphid damage.A. Explain whether sampling method I is an appropriate sampling method for the farmer to use to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are damaged by aphids.", "image_context": "Farmer's House and Cabbage Field", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/87c62408cb9e5c7365749dff3fd0720d_4_img__ap_maths_25statistics__5fc2f8ff6f.webp"], "table_context": "Farmer's House and Cabbage Field", "table": "|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |\n| B | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |\n| C | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |\n| D | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |\n| E |  |  |  |  |  |", "question": "Explain whether sampling method I is an appropriate sampling method for the farmer to use to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are damaged by aphids.", "answer": "Sampling method I is not an appropriate sampling method for the farmer to use to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are affected by aphids. Sampling method I is a convenience sample where region 3 is not selected randomly. If the farmer's belief is correct, there may be fewer cabbage plants that are affected by aphids in region 3 than in most other regions of the cabbage field because region 3 is in the row farthest from the river. This may lead to an underestimate of the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are damaged by aphids.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "long_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 27, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "maths", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A farmer wants to reduce the number of aphids in a cabbage field. A river is located 100 meters south of the cabbage field. The farmer divides the field into 25 regions of equal size, as shown in the diagram. Each region has approximately the same number of cabbage plants. The farmer would like to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are affected by aphids and believes that the extent of aphid damage is greater for the regions in the cabbage field closer to the river. To obtain the estimate, the farmer is considering three sampling methods. - Sampling method I: Select region 3, which is closest to the farmer's house and farthest from the river. Examine every cabbage plant in the region for aphid damage. - Sampling method II: Randomly select one row (A, B, C, D, or E). For every region in the selected row, examine every cabbage plant for aphid damage. - Sampling method III: Randomly select one region from each of rows A, B, C, D, and E. For each selected region, examine every cabbage plant for aphid damage.A. Explain whether sampling method I is an appropriate sampling method for the farmer to use to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are damaged by aphids.", "image_context": "Farmer's House and Cabbage Field", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/87c62408cb9e5c7365749dff3fd0720d_4_img__ap_maths_25statistics__5fc2f8ff6f.webp"], "table_context": "Farmer's House and Cabbage Field", "table": "|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |\n| B | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |\n| C | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |\n| D | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |\n| E |  |  |  |  |  |", "question": "Using sampling method II, the farmer randomly selected row E and examined every cabbage plant in row E. If the farmer's belief is correct, determine whether the selection of row E is likely to provide an overestimate or an underestimate of the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are damaged by aphids. Justify your answer.", "answer": "The selection of row E is likely to provide an overestimate of the proportion of all cabbage plants in the field that are damaged by aphids. If the farmer's belief that the extent of aphid damage is greater for the regions in the cabbage field closer to the river is correct, then row E, which is the row of regions located closest to the river, is likely to have a greater proportion of cabbage plants damaged by aphids than regions farther from the river.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "long_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 28, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "maths", "domain": "Statistics and Probability", "context": "A farmer wants to reduce the number of aphids in a cabbage field. A river is located 100 meters south of the cabbage field. The farmer divides the field into 25 regions of equal size, as shown in the diagram. Each region has approximately the same number of cabbage plants. The farmer would like to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are affected by aphids and believes that the extent of aphid damage is greater for the regions in the cabbage field closer to the river. To obtain the estimate, the farmer is considering three sampling methods. - Sampling method I: Select region 3, which is closest to the farmer's house and farthest from the river. Examine every cabbage plant in the region for aphid damage. - Sampling method II: Randomly select one row (A, B, C, D, or E). For every region in the selected row, examine every cabbage plant for aphid damage.- Sampling method III: Randomly select one region from each of rows A, B, C, D, and E. For each selected region, examine every cabbage plant for aphid damage.A. Explain whether sampling method I is an appropriate sampling method for the farmer to use to estimate the proportion of cabbage plants in the field that are damaged by aphids.", "image_context": "Farmer's House and Cabbage Field", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/87c62408cb9e5c7365749dff3fd0720d_4_img__ap_maths_25statistics__5fc2f8ff6f.webp"], "table_context": "Farmer's House and Cabbage Field", "table": "|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| A | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |\n| B | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |\n| C | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |\n| D | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |\n| E |  |  |  |  |  |", "question": "Using the information provided in the diagram of the cabbage field, describe how to implement sampling method III, which requires a random selection of one region from each of rows A, B, C, D, and E.", "answer": "The farmer should write the region numbers from row A, 1 through 5, onto same-size slips of paper, then put the numbers into a hat, mix well, and select one of the numbers. The farmer should repeat this process for the region numbers of each of the other rows (i.e., row B, 6 through 10; row C, 11 through 15; row D, 16 through 20; row E, 21 through 25) and select one number from each row. This process will result in the selection of one region from each row. The farmer will examine every cabbage plant in each of the selected regions for aphid damage to determine the proportion of cabbage plants in the selected regions that are damaged by aphids.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "long_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 29, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Another compound of manganese, MnO_2, is used in alkaline batteries, represented by the following diagram. Some half-reactions are given in the table.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/d72bd37bde0668580bfacdf45a09ad5f_4_img__ap_chemistry_2023__37c2d98af5.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Reduction Half-Reaction | E^\\circ (V) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2 e^- ightarrow Zn(s) | -0.76 |\n| ZnO(s) + H_2O(l) + 2 e^- ightarrow Zn(s) + 2 OH^-(aq) | -1.28 |\n| 2 MnO_2(s) + H_2O(l) + 2 e^- ightarrow Mn_2O_3(s) + 2 OH^-(aq) | 0.15 |", "question": "Based on the half-reactions given in the table, write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction that has the greatest thermodynamic favorability.", "answer": "2 MnO₂(s) + H₂O(l) + 2 e⁻ → Mn₂O₃(s) + 2 OH⁻(aq)\nZn(s) + 2 OH⁻(aq) → ZnO(s) + H₂O(l) + 2 e⁻\n2 MnO₂(s) + Zn(s) → Mn₂O₃(s) + ZnO(s)", "split": "test", "answer_type": "multi_part_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 30, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Another compound of manganese, MnO_2, is used in alkaline batteries, represented by the following diagram. Some half-reactions are given in the table.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/d72bd37bde0668580bfacdf45a09ad5f_4_img__ap_chemistry_2023__37c2d98af5.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Reduction Half-Reaction | E^\\circ (V) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2 e^- ightarrow Zn(s) | -0.76 |\n| ZnO(s) + H_2O(l) + 2 e^- ightarrow Zn(s) + 2 OH^-(aq) | -1.28 |\n| 2 MnO_2(s) + H_2O(l) + 2 e^- ightarrow Mn_2O_3(s) + 2 OH^-(aq) | 0.15 |", "question": "Calculate the value of E°cell for the overall reaction.", "answer": "E°cell = 0.15 V − (−1.28 V) = 1.43 V", "split": "test", "answer_type": "equation_or_expression", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 31, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Another compound of manganese, MnO_2, is used in alkaline batteries, represented by the following diagram. Some half-reactions are given in the table.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/d72bd37bde0668580bfacdf45a09ad5f_4_img__ap_chemistry_2023__37c2d98af5.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Reduction Half-Reaction | E^\\circ (V) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2 e^- ightarrow Zn(s) | -0.76 |\n| ZnO(s) + H_2O(l) + 2 e^- ightarrow Zn(s) + 2 OH^-(aq) | -1.28 |\n| 2 MnO_2(s) + H_2O(l) + 2 e^- ightarrow Mn_2O_3(s) + 2 OH^-(aq) | 0.15 |", "question": "Calculate the value of ΔG° in kJ/molrxn.", "answer": "ΔG° = −nFE° = −2 mol e⁻ × 96,485 C/mol e⁻ × 1.43 J/C × 1 kJ/1000 J = −276 kJ/molrxn", "split": "test", "answer_type": "equation_or_expression", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 32, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "Another compound of manganese, MnO_2, is used in alkaline batteries, represented by the following diagram. Some half-reactions are given in the table.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/d72bd37bde0668580bfacdf45a09ad5f_4_img__ap_chemistry_2023__37c2d98af5.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Reduction Half-Reaction | E^\\circ (V) |\n| --- | --- |\n| Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2 e^- ightarrow Zn(s) | -0.76 |\n| ZnO(s) + H_2O(l) + 2 e^- ightarrow Zn(s) + 2 OH^-(aq) | -1.28 |\n| 2 MnO_2(s) + H_2O(l) + 2 e^- ightarrow Mn_2O_3(s) + 2 OH^-(aq) | 0.15 |", "question": "A student claims that the total mass of an alkaline battery decreases as the battery operates because the anode loses mass. Do you agree with the student's claim? Justify your answer.", "answer": "Disagree. The battery is enclosed, so no change in the total mass will occur. All reactants and products are in the solid phase, so the mass of the sealed battery will remain the same (no gases enter or exit the battery).", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 33, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "HCl is a molecular gas as a pure substance but acts as an acid in aqueous solution. The K_a values for three acids are shown in the preceding table.", "image_context": "A particulate diagram showing the ionization of an acid HA. Inside a container, there are several molecules of HA (one black sphere and one gray sphere) and several ions, including H3O+ (one white sphere bonded to three black spheres) and A- (one gray sphere). The legend indicates that the H3O+ molecule is composed of one white sphere and three black spheres, HA is composed of one black sphere and one gray sphere, and A- is composed of one gray sphere.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/7683db08ecc19d490654bde6205fdf50_6_img__ap_chemistry_2023__6ce6f54c34.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Acid (HA) | Anion ( A^- ) | K_a Value |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| ext{HNO}_2 | ext{NO}_2^- | 5.6 imes 10^{-4} |\n| HCl | ext{Cl}^- | 2.0 imes 10^7 |\n| ext{HClO}_4 | ext{ClO}_4^- | 1.6 imes 10^{15} |", "question": "The following particulate diagram represents the ionization of one of the acids in the data table. Water molecules have been omitted for clarity. Which acid (HNO_2, HCl, or HClO_4) is represented in the diagram? Justify your answer using the information in the table.", "answer": "HNO_2. The diagram shows most of the molecules in their un-ionized form, indicating a weak acid with a K_a value less than 1, which is consistent with HNO_2.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 34, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "analytical_lab_methods", "context": "A student performs an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal. The student places a cube of the metal in boiling water so its temperature will be $100.0^\\circ\\text{C}$. The student then places the metal cube into a calorimeter that contains water and records the highest temperature of the water. A data table and a diagram of the thermometer at the highest temperature are shown.", "image_context": "Diagram of a calorimeter with a magnified thermometer scale.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9f4e3d77983ff0918254c374bf65de5c_5_img__ap_chemistry_2024__c91f5767e6.webp"], "table_context": "Experimental data for the calorimetry experiment", "table": "| Mass of metal cube | 98.1 g |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mass of water | 52.0 g |\n| Initial temperature of metal cube | 100.0^\\circ\\text{C} |\n| Initial temperature of water | 25.0^\\circ\\text{C} |\n| Highest temperature of water | ? |", "question": "What should the student report as the highest temperature of the water?", "answer": "$38.5^\\circ\\text{C}$", "split": "test", "answer_type": "numerical_value_with_units", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 35, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "A student performs an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal. The student places a cube of the metal in boiling water so its temperature will be $100.0^\\circ\\text{C}$. The student then places the metal cube into a calorimeter that contains water and records the highest temperature of the water. A data table and a diagram of the thermometer at the highest temperature are shown. A particle-level representation of water molecules in the calorimeter before and after the metal cube was added is shown. The length of the arrows in the Before diagram represents the speed of the water molecules in the system.", "image_context": "Particle-level representations of water molecules before and after the metal cube is added.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9f4e3d77983ff0918254c374bf65de5c_7_img__ap_chemistry_2024__fe31a88cfe.webp"], "table_context": "Experimental data for the calorimetry experiment", "table": "| Mass of metal cube | 98.1 g |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mass of water | 52.0 g |\n| Initial temperature of metal cube | 100.0^\\circ\\text{C} |\n| Initial temperature of water | 25.0^\\circ\\text{C} |\n| Highest temperature of water | ? |", "question": "In the After diagram, draw an arrow for each molecule to indicate how the speed of each of the molecules changes after the metal cube is added.", "answer": "The \"After\" drawing should contain arrows that are longer, on average.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 36, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A student performs an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal. The student places a cube of the metal in boiling water so its temperature will be $100.0^\\circ\\text{C}$. The student then places the metal cube into a calorimeter that contains water and records the highest temperature of the water. A data table and a diagram of the thermometer at the highest temperature are shown.", "image_context": "Diagram of a calorimeter with a magnified thermometer scale.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9f4e3d77983ff0918254c374bf65de5c_5_img__ap_chemistry_2024__c91f5767e6.webp"], "table_context": "Experimental data for the calorimetry experiment", "table": "| Mass of metal cube | 98.1 g |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mass of water | 52.0 g |\n| Initial temperature of metal cube | 100.0^\\circ\\text{C} |\n| Initial temperature of water | 25.0^\\circ\\text{C} |\n| Highest temperature of water | ? |", "question": "Assuming the metal transfers 2940 J of thermal energy to the water, calculate the specific heat of the metal in $\\text{J}/(\\text{g}\\cdot^\\circ\\text{C})$.", "answer": "$$q = mc\\Delta T$$\n$$c_{\\text{metal}} = \\frac{q_{\\text{metal}}}{m_{\\text{metal}}\\Delta T_{\\text{metal}}} = \\frac{-2940 \\text{ J}}{(98.1 \\text{ g})(38.5^\\circ\\text{C} - 100.0^\\circ\\text{C})} = 0.487 \\frac{\\text{J}}{\\text{g}\\cdot^\\circ\\text{C}}$$", "split": "test", "answer_type": "calculation_with_work", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 37, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "A student performs an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal. The student places a cube of the metal in boiling water so its temperature will be $100.0^\\circ\\text{C}$. The student then places the metal cube into a calorimeter that contains water and records the highest temperature of the water. A data table and a diagram of the thermometer at the highest temperature are shown.", "image_context": "Diagram of a calorimeter with a magnified thermometer scale.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9f4e3d77983ff0918254c374bf65de5c_5_img__ap_chemistry_2024__c91f5767e6.webp"], "table_context": "Experimental data for the calorimetry experiment", "table": "| Mass of metal cube | 98.1 g |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mass of water | 52.0 g |\n| Initial temperature of metal cube | 100.0^\\circ\\text{C} |\n| Initial temperature of water | 25.0^\\circ\\text{C} |\n| Highest temperature of water | ? |", "question": "In a second experiment, 2940 J of thermal energy is transferred from 98.1 g of aluminum, which has a specific heat capacity of $0.897 \\text{ J}/(\\text{g}\\cdot^\\circ\\text{C})$. Explain how the magnitude of the temperature change of the aluminum, $\\Delta T_{\\text{Al}}$, compares with the magnitude of the temperature change of the metal in the original experiment.", "answer": "Accept one of the following:\n- The value of $\\Delta T_{\\text{Al}}$ will be smaller because Al has a greater specific heat capacity than the metal in the original experiment. Therefore, the same thermal energy transfer applied to the same mass will result in a smaller change in temperature, according to the equation $q = mc\\Delta T$.\n- $q = mc\\Delta T$\n\n$$|\\Delta T_{\\text{Al}}| = \\left| \\frac{q_{\\text{Al}}}{m_{\\text{Al}}c_{\\text{Al}}} \\right| = \\left| \\frac{-2940 \\text{ J}}{(98.1 \\text{ g})(0.897 \\frac{\\text{J}}{\\text{g}\\cdot^\\circ\\text{C}})} \\right| = 33.4^\\circ\\text{C}$$\n$$|\\Delta T_{\\text{metal}}| = |38.5^\\circ\\text{C} - 100.0^\\circ\\text{C}| = 61.5^\\circ\\text{C}$$\n$$\\text{Thus, } \\Delta T_{\\text{Al}} < \\Delta T_{\\text{metal}}$$", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 38, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "equilibrium", "context": "$P_4O_{10}(s)$ reacts exothermically with water to form phosphoric acid, as represented by equation 2.\n$$\\text{Equation 2: } P_4O_{10}(s) + 6 H_2O(l) \\rightarrow 4 H_3PO_4(aq)$$\nA chemist uses a calorimetry experiment to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction, as represented by the following diagram.", "image_context": "Diagram of a calorimeter setup. An inner vessel is placed inside an outer vessel, both labeled. The inner vessel contains a solution and is fitted with an insulating cover. A thermometer and a stirrer are inserted through the cover.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/e72a0ca33270d1f615f8d855a698cc90_5_img__ap_chemistry_2025__b894de66d3.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Mass of P_4O_{10} | 0.100 g |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mass of H_2O | 100.0 g |\n| Initial temperature | 22.00°C |\n| Final temperature | 22.38°C |\n| Molar mass of P_4O_{10} | 283.9 g/mol |\n| Specific heat of H_2O | 4.18 J/(g·°C) |", "question": "The chemist carries out the calorimetry experiment and records the following information. Calculate the amount of heat, $q$, released during the experiment, in kJ. Assume that the specific heat of the solution is the same as that of water.", "answer": "$q = mc\\Delta T = (100.1 \\text{ g})(4.18 \\text{ J/(g}\\cdot\\text{C)})(22.38^\\circ\\text{C} - 22.00^\\circ\\text{C})$\n$q = 160 \\text{ J} = 0.16 \\text{ kJ}$", "split": "test", "answer_type": "calculation_with_work", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 39, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "thermochemistry_thermodynamics", "context": "$P_4O_{10}(s)$ reacts exothermically with water to form phosphoric acid, as represented by equation 2.\n$$\\text{Equation 2: } P_4O_{10}(s) + 6 H_2O(l) \\rightarrow 4 H_3PO_4(aq)$$\nA chemist uses a calorimetry experiment to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction, as represented by the following diagram.", "image_context": "Diagram of a calorimeter setup. An inner vessel is placed inside an outer vessel, both labeled. The inner vessel contains a solution and is fitted with an insulating cover. A thermometer and a stirrer are inserted through the cover.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/e72a0ca33270d1f615f8d855a698cc90_5_img__ap_chemistry_2025__b894de66d3.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Mass of P_4O_{10} | 0.100 g |\n| --- | --- |\n| Mass of H_2O | 100.0 g |\n| Initial temperature | 22.00°C |\n| Final temperature | 22.38°C |\n| Molar mass of P_4O_{10} | 283.9 g/mol |\n| Specific heat of H_2O | 4.18 J/(g·°C) |", "question": "The chemist carries out the calorimetry experiment and records the following information. Calculate the value of $\\Delta H_{\\text{rxn}}^\\circ$ for equation 2 in $\\text{kJ/mol}_{\\text{rxn}}$. Include the sign in your answer.", "answer": "$q_{rxn} = -q_{surr} = -0.16 \\text{ kJ}$\n$\\Delta H^\\circ_{rxn} = \\frac{-0.16 \\text{ kJ}}{0.100 \\text{ g } \\text{P}_4\\text{O}_{10}} \\times \\frac{283.9 \\text{ g } \\text{P}_4\\text{O}_{10}}{1 \\text{ mol } \\text{P}_4\\text{O}_{10}} \\times \\frac{1 \\text{ mol } \\text{P}_4\\text{O}_{10}}{1 \\text{ mol}_{rxn}} = -450 \\text{ kJ/mol}_{rxn}$\n\nFor the correct sign:\n$-450 \\text{ kJ/mol}_{rxn}$", "split": "test", "answer_type": "calculation_with_work", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 40, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A scientist constructs a galvanic cell as shown in the diagram. As the cell operates, the $\\text{Zn}(s)$ electrode increases in mass and the $\\text{Al}(s)$ electrode decreases in mass.", "image_context": "Diagram of a galvanic cell. The left half-cell contains Zn(s) in 1.0 M Zn(NO₃)₂(aq). The right half-cell contains Al(s) in 1.0 M Al(NO₃)₃(aq). The half-cells are connected by a salt bridge. The measured cell voltage is 0.90 V.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/5edc426dcfb2be9fe04ef30465065083_3_img__ap_chemistry_2025__a960ab2fc1.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Half-Reaction | E^\\circ (V) |\n| --- | --- |\n| ext{Zn}^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- ightarrow ext{Zn}(s) | -0.76 |\n| ext{Al}^{3+}(aq) + 3e^- ightarrow ext{Al}(s) | -1.66 |", "question": "Write the half-reaction for the oxidation that occurs at the anode.", "answer": "$\\text{Al}(s) \\rightarrow \\text{Al}^{3+}(\\text{aq}) + 3 e^{-}$", "split": "test", "answer_type": "equation_or_expression", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 41, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A scientist constructs a galvanic cell as shown in the diagram. As the cell operates, the $\\text{Zn}(s)$ electrode increases in mass and the $\\text{Al}(s)$ electrode decreases in mass.", "image_context": "Diagram of a galvanic cell. The left half-cell contains Zn(s) in 1.0 M Zn(NO₃)₂(aq). The right half-cell contains Al(s) in 1.0 M Al(NO₃)₃(aq). The half-cells are connected by a salt bridge. The measured cell voltage is 0.90 V.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/5edc426dcfb2be9fe04ef30465065083_3_img__ap_chemistry_2025__a960ab2fc1.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Half-Reaction | E^\\circ (V) |\n| --- | --- |\n| ext{Zn}^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- ightarrow ext{Zn}(s) | -0.76 |\n| ext{Al}^{3+}(aq) + 3e^- ightarrow ext{Al}(s) | -1.66 |", "question": "Write the balanced net ionic equation for the overall reaction that occurs in the galvanic cell.", "answer": "$2 \\text{ Al}(s) + 3 \\text{ Zn}^{2+}(\\text{aq}) \\rightarrow 2 \\text{ Al}^{3+}(\\text{aq}) + 3 \\text{ Zn}(s)$", "split": "test", "answer_type": "equation_or_expression", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 42, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "redox", "context": "A scientist constructs a galvanic cell as shown in the diagram. As the cell operates, the $\\text{Zn}(s)$ electrode increases in mass and the $\\text{Al}(s)$ electrode decreases in mass.", "image_context": "Diagram of a galvanic cell. The left half-cell contains Zn(s) in 1.0 M Zn(NO₃)₂(aq). The right half-cell contains Al(s) in 1.0 M Al(NO₃)₃(aq). The half-cells are connected by a salt bridge. The measured cell voltage is 0.90 V.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/5edc426dcfb2be9fe04ef30465065083_3_img__ap_chemistry_2025__a960ab2fc1.webp"], "table_context": null, "table": "| Half-Reaction | E^\\circ (V) |\n| --- | --- |\n| ext{Zn}^{2+}(aq) + 2e^- ightarrow ext{Zn}(s) | -0.76 |\n| ext{Al}^{3+}(aq) + 3e^- ightarrow ext{Al}(s) | -1.66 |", "question": "Initially, each electrode has a mass of 50.0 g. The cell is allowed to run for a period of time and is then stopped. Which electrode's mass changed the most? Justify your answer with a calculation.", "answer": "Examples of acceptable responses may include the following:\n- $\\text{Zn}$ experiences a greater change in mass. Assuming the entire $\\text{Al}$ anode reacts:\n\n$50.0 \\text{ g Al} \\times \\frac{1 \\text{ mol Al}}{26.98 \\text{ g Al}} \\times \\frac{3 \\text{ mol Zn}}{2 \\text{ mol Al}} \\times \\frac{65.38 \\text{ g Zn}}{1 \\text{ mol Zn}} = 182 \\text{ g Zn}$\n\n- $\\text{Zn}$ experiences a greater change in mass.\n\n$1 \\text{ mol}_{\\text{rxn}} \\times \\frac{3 \\text{ mol Zn}}{1 \\text{ mol}_{\\text{rxn}}} \\times \\frac{65.38 \\text{ g Zn}}{1 \\text{ mol Zn}} = 196.1 \\text{ g Zn}$\n$1 \\text{ mol}_{\\text{rxn}} \\times \\frac{2 \\text{ mol Al}}{1 \\text{ mol}_{\\text{rxn}}} \\times \\frac{26.98 \\text{ g Al}}{1 \\text{ mol Al}} = 53.96 \\text{ g Al}$\n\nThus, for however many moles of reaction that proceed, the mass of $\\text{Zn}$ produced will be greater than the mass of $\\text{Al}$ consumed.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "calculation_with_work", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 43, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "EnvironmentalScience", "domain": "ecosystems", "context": "Common Terns are a species of shore bird that live along coasts and build nests on beaches above the high-tide line. From 1989 to 2008, researchers monitored a stretch of shoreline along a coast that contained a population of Common Terns. Each year they conducted nest surveys during the breeding season to estimate the number of breeding pairs. They also computed the change in sea level compared to the first year of the study. The graph shows the number of breeding pairs of Common Terns in the study area and relative change in sea level.Wading birds are a group of large-bodied birds that inhabit coastal wetlands all over the world. Researchers monitored the number of wading bird species at four coastal locations experiencing rising sea levels over a 5-year period. The data are shown in the following table.", "image_context": "Common Tern Breeding Pairs and Increase in Sea Level, 1989–2008", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/4f73863dcbb20f23d5a0cea5f2cb0c25_4_img__ap_env_2025set2__be0b43f31e.webp"], "table_context": "Sea Level Rise and Number of Wading Bird Species at Four Coastal Locations", "table": "| Year | Increase in Sea Level (m) | Location A | Location B | Location C | Location D |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0.05 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 4 |\n| 2 | 0.08 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 6 |\n| 3 | 0.10 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 |\n| 4 | 0.12 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 |\n| 5 | 0.15 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 |", "question": "Identify a hypothesis that researchers are likely investigating in the wading bird study.", "answer": "If sea level rises, wading bird diversity/species richness will decrease. If sea level rises, wading bird diversity/species richness will increase. Sea level rise will/will not affect wading bird diversity/species richness. Wading bird diversity/species richness is correlated with sea level rise.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 45, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "EnvironmentalScience", "domain": "aquatic_terrestrial_pollution", "context": "Wading birds are a group of large-bodied birds that inhabit coastal wetlands all over the world. Researchers monitored the number of wading bird species at four coastal locations experiencing rising sea levels over a 5-year period. The data are shown in the following table. One year after the completion of the study of wading bird species described in Part E, locations A and B experienced an increase in the concentration of PCBs, known to be a persistent organic pollutant, running off into the water.", "image_context": "Common Tern Breeding Pairs and Increase in Sea Level, 1989–2008", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/4f73863dcbb20f23d5a0cea5f2cb0c25_4_img__ap_env_2025set2__be0b43f31e.webp"], "table_context": "Sea Level Rise and Number of Wading Bird Species at Four Coastal Locations", "table": "| Year | Increase in Sea Level (m) | Location A | Location B | Location C | Location D |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0.05 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 4 |\n| 2 | 0.08 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 6 |\n| 3 | 0.10 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 |\n| 4 | 0.12 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 |\n| 5 | 0.15 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 |", "question": "If the researchers repeated their study, explain how this environmental change could affect the results of the study.", "answer": "There would be a decrease in wading birds because PCBs tend to magnify/concentrate in higher trophic levels. There would be a decrease in wading birds because PCBs can bioaccumulate (in fatty tissue). There would be a decrease in wading birds because PCBs are toxic/kill birds/make birds sick when ingested. There would be a decrease in wading birds because of eggshell thinning/developmental deformities/reproductive problems caused by PCBs.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 46, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "EnvironmentalScience", "domain": "ecosystems", "context": "Wading birds are a group of large-bodied birds that inhabit coastal wetlands all over the world. Researchers monitored the number of wading bird species at four coastal locations experiencing rising sea levels over a 5-year period. The data are shown in the following table.Wetlands are being studied for their ecological functions.", "image_context": "Common Tern Breeding Pairs and Increase in Sea Level, 1989–2008", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/4f73863dcbb20f23d5a0cea5f2cb0c25_4_img__ap_env_2025set2__be0b43f31e.webp"], "table_context": "Sea Level Rise and Number of Wading Bird Species at Four Coastal Locations", "table": "| Year | Increase in Sea Level (m) | Location A | Location B | Location C | Location D |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0.05 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 4 |\n| 2 | 0.08 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 6 |\n| 3 | 0.10 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 |\n| 4 | 0.12 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 |\n| 5 | 0.15 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 |", "question": "Describe a regulating ecosystem service that can be provided by wetlands.", "answer": "(Wetlands) filter/purify/improve water (quality). (Wetlands) provide flood regulation/erosion control. (Wetlands) store/sequester carbon.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 47, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "EnvironmentalScience", "domain": "ecosystems", "context": "Wading birds are a group of large-bodied birds that inhabit coastal wetlands all over the world. Researchers monitored the number of wading bird species at four coastal locations experiencing rising sea levels over a 5-year period. The data are shown in the following table.Since 1990, there has been an increase in urbanization around the coastal wetlands that wading bird communities inhabit. Most of these bird species eat fish and locate prey visually while walking through shallow water. An increase in sediment was discovered in a wetland located near an urban area.", "image_context": "Common Tern Breeding Pairs and Increase in Sea Level, 1989–2008", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/4f73863dcbb20f23d5a0cea5f2cb0c25_4_img__ap_env_2025set2__be0b43f31e.webp"], "table_context": "Sea Level Rise and Number of Wading Bird Species at Four Coastal Locations", "table": "| Year | Increase in Sea Level (m) | Location A | Location B | Location C | Location D |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0.05 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 4 |\n| 2 | 0.08 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 6 |\n| 3 | 0.10 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 |\n| 4 | 0.12 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 |\n| 5 | 0.15 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 |", "question": "Explain how increased sediment might lead to a change in the size of the wading bird populations.", "answer": "(Increased sediment) can reduce the ability of wading birds to see prey/food/fish. (Increased sediment) can reduce/increase the ability of wading birds to hunt. (Increased sediment) negatively impacts organisms in lower trophic levels, reducing food/energy for the wading birds. Reduced light infiltration can decrease the (number of) primary producers, resulting in less energy for higher trophic levels.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 48, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "EnvironmentalScience", "domain": "land_water_use", "context": "Wading birds are a group of large-bodied birds that inhabit coastal wetlands all over the world. Researchers monitored the number of wading bird species at four coastal locations experiencing rising sea levels over a 5-year period. The data are shown in the following table.Since 1990, there has been an increase in urbanization around the coastal wetlands that wading bird communities inhabit. Most of these bird species eat fish and locate prey visually while walking through shallow water. An increase in sediment was discovered in a wetland located near an urban area.", "image_context": "Common Tern Breeding Pairs and Increase in Sea Level, 1989–2008", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/4f73863dcbb20f23d5a0cea5f2cb0c25_4_img__ap_env_2025set2__be0b43f31e.webp"], "table_context": "Sea Level Rise and Number of Wading Bird Species at Four Coastal Locations", "table": "| Year | Increase in Sea Level (m) | Location A | Location B | Location C | Location D |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 0.05 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 4 |\n| 2 | 0.08 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 6 |\n| 3 | 0.10 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 |\n| 4 | 0.12 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 |\n| 5 | 0.15 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 |", "question": "Describe an environmental problem, other than an increase in sediment, that can occur in wetlands that is associated with increased urbanization and development.", "answer": "Construction projects can reduce/fragment wetland habitats. Runoff of fertilizers/wastewater effluent can lead to eutrophication, (decreasing DO and killing fish). Runoff of litter can kill animals when ingested/tangled. More impervious structures/roads/buildings/sidewalks/parking lots can lead to flooding. Runoff of heavy metals/pesticides can kill/weaken organisms when absorbed/ingested. Noise/light pollution can disrupt hunting/migrating/behavior. Runoff of oil can block light, preventing photosynthesis. Increased water use can decrease the amount of groundwater/cause wetlands to dry up.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "long_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 49, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "geographic_skills_spatial_analysis", "context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.\n\nSELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSince the 1980s, the northeastern United States has developed into a major global center of high-technology industry that specializes in the medical field.", "image_context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img__ap_history_23set1_ap23_frq_human_geography_set_1__b180979db7.webp"], "table_context": "SELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>", "table": "| Category | Product or Service |\n| --- | --- |\n| Biotechnology: | Genetic engineering research Biochemistry research Diagnostic and testing science |\n| Gene therapies: | Cancer treatments Neurological treatments Rare and genetic disease treatments Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna) |", "question": "A. Describe the spatial pattern of the companies and institutions shown in the inset map.", "answer": "There is a concentration of similar economic activities within a metropolitan area in Massachusetts.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 50, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "industrial_economic_development", "context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.\n\nSELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSince the 1980s, the northeastern United States has developed into a major global center of high-technology industry that specializes in the medical field.", "image_context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img__ap_history_23set1_ap23_frq_human_geography_set_1__b180979db7.webp"], "table_context": "SELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>", "table": "| Category | Product or Service |\n| --- | --- |\n| Biotechnology: | Genetic engineering research Biochemistry research Diagnostic and testing science |\n| Gene therapies: | Cancer treatments Neurological treatments Rare and genetic disease treatments Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna) |", "question": "B. Describe the concept of a growth pole.", "answer": "An area designated by a government to facilitate economic activity for a specific purpose.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 52, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "urban_land_use", "context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.\n\nSELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSince the 1980s, the northeastern United States has developed into a major global center of high-technology industry that specializes in the medical field.", "image_context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img__ap_history_23set1_ap23_frq_human_geography_set_1__b180979db7.webp"], "table_context": "SELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>", "table": "| Category | Product or Service |\n| --- | --- |\n| Biotechnology: | Genetic engineering research Biochemistry research Diagnostic and testing science |\n| Gene therapies: | Cancer treatments Neurological treatments Rare and genetic disease treatments Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna) |", "question": "D. Explain how the pattern shown on the map resembles the galactic city model.", "answer": " The region contains several highway intersections that serve as nodes for new business districts, central business districts, or development centers.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 53, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "industrial_economic_development", "context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.\n\nSELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSince the 1980s, the northeastern United States has developed into a major global center of high-technology industry that specializes in the medical field.", "image_context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img__ap_history_23set1_ap23_frq_human_geography_set_1__b180979db7.webp"], "table_context": "SELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>", "table": "| Category | Product or Service |\n| --- | --- |\n| Biotechnology: | Genetic engineering research Biochemistry research Diagnostic and testing science |\n| Gene therapies: | Cancer treatments Neurological treatments Rare and genetic disease treatments Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna) |", "question": "E. Explain ONE way local economic changes may be a result of deindustrialization.", "answer": "Cities and communities may see decreased tax revenues due to higher unemployment and/or a decrease in population as people move away to search for jobs elsewhere (e.g., backwash effects, migration).", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 54, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "industrial_economic_development", "context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.\n\nSELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSince the 1980s, the northeastern United States has developed into a major global center of high-technology industry that specializes in the medical field.", "image_context": "MAJOR MEDICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE REGION\n\n**INSET MAP**\n\nHarvard University, CAMBRIDGE, Moderna, M.I.T., Charles River, BOSTON, Boston Harbor, Boston University, Northeastern University, Tufts U. School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston U. School of Medicine.\n\n25 miles\n\n**Major Research and Corporate Locations**\n\n- H Research and teaching hospital\n- Medical research university\n- Medical technology equipment manufacturing\n- Biotechnology research and development firm\n- Pharmaceutical manufacturing firm\n\n![](..\\human_geography\\23set1\\ap23-frq-human-geography-set-1\\0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img.webp)\n\nSource: National Institutes of Health\n\nThe inset map shows the downtown areas of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/0bb533311c8a1c9e0eef4c9dfcbe1fd7_4_img__ap_history_23set1_ap23_frq_human_geography_set_1__b180979db7.webp"], "table_context": "SELECTED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS\nIN THE MEDICAL FIELD\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Category</th><th>Product or Service</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Biotechnology:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Genetic engineering research</li><li>Biochemistry research</li><li>Diagnostic and testing science</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gene therapies:</strong></td><td><ul><li>Cancer treatments</li><li>Neurological treatments</li><li>Rare and genetic disease treatments</li><li>Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>", "table": "| Category | Product or Service |\n| --- | --- |\n| Biotechnology: | Genetic engineering research Biochemistry research Diagnostic and testing science |\n| Gene therapies: | Cancer treatments Neurological treatments Rare and genetic disease treatments Antiviral treatments and vaccines (e.g., Moderna) |", "question": "F. Explain how the products and services listed in the table demonstrate that this economy has moved into the quaternary sector.", "answer": "The products and services are dependent on the use of information technology for firms, institutions, and/or the workforce to be more productive, efficient, and/or cost-effective.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 55, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "urban_land_use", "context": "The world cities and metacities shown on the map are features of contemporary globalization and urbanization. The data table shows gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at the city and country scale.", "image_context": "Map titled 'Metacities and Top-Tier World Cities, 2020'. The map shows various cities worldwide categorized by their status: Metacity (solid black square), World city (solid black circle), or Metacity and world city (hatched square). Cities labeled include Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, São Paulo, Amsterdam, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Cairo, Beijing, Tokyo, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Dhaka, Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9fdb9fc2e00e6ee347a9aeb350a5db55_4_img__ap_history_24set1_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_1__062d59159b.webp"], "table_context": "Selected Cities\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Urban Area</th><th>Population, 2000</th><th>Population, 2020</th><th>Population Growth, 2000 to 2020</th><th>City GDP per Capita, 2020</th><th>Country GDP per Capita, 2020</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Cairo</td><td>13.6 million</td><td>20.9 million</td><td>54%</td><td>$4,865</td><td>$3,609</td></tr><tr><td>Dhaka</td><td>10.3 million</td><td>21.0 million</td><td>104%</td><td>$7,920</td><td>$2,001</td></tr><tr><td>New York City</td><td>17.9 million</td><td>18.8 million</td><td>5%</td><td>$86,615</td><td>$63,529</td></tr><tr><td>Paris</td><td>9.7 million</td><td>11.0 million</td><td>13%</td><td>$71,346</td><td>$39,180</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nNote: Values are estimates based on publicly available data.", "table": "| Urban Area | Population, 2000 | Population, 2020 | Population Growth, 2000 to 2020 | City GDP per Capita, 2020 | Country GDP per Capita, 2020 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cairo | 13.6 million | 20.9 million | 54% | $4,865 | $3,609 |\n| Dhaka | 10.3 million | 21.0 million | 104% | $7,920 | $2,001 |\n| New York City | 17.9 million | 18.8 million | 5% | $86,615 | $63,529 |\n| Paris | 9.7 million | 11.0 million | 13% | $71,346 | $39,180 |", "question": "Identify ONE city on the map that is both a metacity and a world city.", "answer": "Beijing, Shanghai, or Tokyo", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 56, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "geographic_skills_spatial_analysis", "context": "The world cities and metacities shown on the map are features of contemporary globalization and urbanization. The data table shows gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at the city and country scale.", "image_context": "Map titled 'Metacities and Top-Tier World Cities, 2020'. The map shows various cities worldwide categorized by their status: Metacity (solid black square), World city (solid black circle), or Metacity and world city (hatched square). Cities labeled include Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, São Paulo, Amsterdam, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Cairo, Beijing, Tokyo, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Dhaka, Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9fdb9fc2e00e6ee347a9aeb350a5db55_4_img__ap_history_24set1_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_1__062d59159b.webp"], "table_context": "Selected Cities\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Urban Area</th><th>Population, 2000</th><th>Population, 2020</th><th>Population Growth, 2000 to 2020</th><th>City GDP per Capita, 2020</th><th>Country GDP per Capita, 2020</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Cairo</td><td>13.6 million</td><td>20.9 million</td><td>54%</td><td>$4,865</td><td>$3,609</td></tr><tr><td>Dhaka</td><td>10.3 million</td><td>21.0 million</td><td>104%</td><td>$7,920</td><td>$2,001</td></tr><tr><td>New York City</td><td>17.9 million</td><td>18.8 million</td><td>5%</td><td>$86,615</td><td>$63,529</td></tr><tr><td>Paris</td><td>9.7 million</td><td>11.0 million</td><td>13%</td><td>$71,346</td><td>$39,180</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nNote: Values are estimates based on publicly available data.", "table": "| Urban Area | Population, 2000 | Population, 2020 | Population Growth, 2000 to 2020 | City GDP per Capita, 2020 | Country GDP per Capita, 2020 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cairo | 13.6 million | 20.9 million | 54% | $4,865 | $3,609 |\n| Dhaka | 10.3 million | 21.0 million | 104% | $7,920 | $2,001 |\n| New York City | 17.9 million | 18.8 million | 5% | $86,615 | $63,529 |\n| Paris | 9.7 million | 11.0 million | 13% | $71,346 | $39,180 |", "question": "Describe the spatial pattern of world cities shown on the map.", "answer": "World cities are located in North America, Europe, and/or Asia.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 57, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "urban_land_use", "context": "The world cities and metacities shown on the map are features of contemporary globalization and urbanization. The data table shows gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at the city and country scale.", "image_context": "Map titled 'Metacities and Top-Tier World Cities, 2020'. The map shows various cities worldwide categorized by their status: Metacity (solid black square), World city (solid black circle), or Metacity and world city (hatched square). Cities labeled include Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, São Paulo, Amsterdam, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Cairo, Beijing, Tokyo, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Dhaka, Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9fdb9fc2e00e6ee347a9aeb350a5db55_4_img__ap_history_24set1_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_1__062d59159b.webp"], "table_context": "Selected Cities\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Urban Area</th><th>Population, 2000</th><th>Population, 2020</th><th>Population Growth, 2000 to 2020</th><th>City GDP per Capita, 2020</th><th>Country GDP per Capita, 2020</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Cairo</td><td>13.6 million</td><td>20.9 million</td><td>54%</td><td>$4,865</td><td>$3,609</td></tr><tr><td>Dhaka</td><td>10.3 million</td><td>21.0 million</td><td>104%</td><td>$7,920</td><td>$2,001</td></tr><tr><td>New York City</td><td>17.9 million</td><td>18.8 million</td><td>5%</td><td>$86,615</td><td>$63,529</td></tr><tr><td>Paris</td><td>9.7 million</td><td>11.0 million</td><td>13%</td><td>$71,346</td><td>$39,180</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nNote: Values are estimates based on publicly available data.", "table": "| Urban Area | Population, 2000 | Population, 2020 | Population Growth, 2000 to 2020 | City GDP per Capita, 2020 | Country GDP per Capita, 2020 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cairo | 13.6 million | 20.9 million | 54% | $4,865 | $3,609 |\n| Dhaka | 10.3 million | 21.0 million | 104% | $7,920 | $2,001 |\n| New York City | 17.9 million | 18.8 million | 5% | $86,615 | $63,529 |\n| Paris | 9.7 million | 11.0 million | 13% | $71,346 | $39,180 |", "question": "Compare the concept of a metacity with the concept of a world city. (Response must include both concepts in the comparison.)", "answer": "World cities function at the top of the world's urban hierarchy and/or drive globalization, whereas metacities primarily have national economic and/or cultural importance.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 58, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "industrial_economic_development", "context": "The world cities and metacities shown on the map are features of contemporary globalization and urbanization. The data table shows gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at the city and country scale.", "image_context": "Map titled 'Metacities and Top-Tier World Cities, 2020'. The map shows various cities worldwide categorized by their status: Metacity (solid black square), World city (solid black circle), or Metacity and world city (hatched square). Cities labeled include Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, São Paulo, Amsterdam, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Cairo, Beijing, Tokyo, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Dhaka, Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9fdb9fc2e00e6ee347a9aeb350a5db55_4_img__ap_history_24set1_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_1__062d59159b.webp"], "table_context": "Selected Cities\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Urban Area</th><th>Population, 2000</th><th>Population, 2020</th><th>Population Growth, 2000 to 2020</th><th>City GDP per Capita, 2020</th><th>Country GDP per Capita, 2020</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Cairo</td><td>13.6 million</td><td>20.9 million</td><td>54%</td><td>$4,865</td><td>$3,609</td></tr><tr><td>Dhaka</td><td>10.3 million</td><td>21.0 million</td><td>104%</td><td>$7,920</td><td>$2,001</td></tr><tr><td>New York City</td><td>17.9 million</td><td>18.8 million</td><td>5%</td><td>$86,615</td><td>$63,529</td></tr><tr><td>Paris</td><td>9.7 million</td><td>11.0 million</td><td>13%</td><td>$71,346</td><td>$39,180</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nNote: Values are estimates based on publicly available data.", "table": "| Urban Area | Population, 2000 | Population, 2020 | Population Growth, 2000 to 2020 | City GDP per Capita, 2020 | Country GDP per Capita, 2020 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cairo | 13.6 million | 20.9 million | 54% | $4,865 | $3,609 |\n| Dhaka | 10.3 million | 21.0 million | 104% | $7,920 | $2,001 |\n| New York City | 17.9 million | 18.8 million | 5% | $86,615 | $63,529 |\n| Paris | 9.7 million | 11.0 million | 13% | $71,346 | $39,180 |", "question": "Explain ONE reason why the cities shown on the table have higher city GDP per capita than the country GDP per capita.", "answer": "People in these cities are less likely to work in primary sector activities (e.g., agriculture, resource extraction) than people outside of cities.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 59, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "urban_land_use", "context": "The world cities and metacities shown on the map are features of contemporary globalization and urbanization. The data table shows gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at the city and country scale.", "image_context": "Map titled 'Metacities and Top-Tier World Cities, 2020'. The map shows various cities worldwide categorized by their status: Metacity (solid black square), World city (solid black circle), or Metacity and world city (hatched square). Cities labeled include Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, São Paulo, Amsterdam, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Cairo, Beijing, Tokyo, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Dhaka, Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9fdb9fc2e00e6ee347a9aeb350a5db55_4_img__ap_history_24set1_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_1__062d59159b.webp"], "table_context": "Selected Cities\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Urban Area</th><th>Population, 2000</th><th>Population, 2020</th><th>Population Growth, 2000 to 2020</th><th>City GDP per Capita, 2020</th><th>Country GDP per Capita, 2020</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Cairo</td><td>13.6 million</td><td>20.9 million</td><td>54%</td><td>$4,865</td><td>$3,609</td></tr><tr><td>Dhaka</td><td>10.3 million</td><td>21.0 million</td><td>104%</td><td>$7,920</td><td>$2,001</td></tr><tr><td>New York City</td><td>17.9 million</td><td>18.8 million</td><td>5%</td><td>$86,615</td><td>$63,529</td></tr><tr><td>Paris</td><td>9.7 million</td><td>11.0 million</td><td>13%</td><td>$71,346</td><td>$39,180</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nNote: Values are estimates based on publicly available data.", "table": "| Urban Area | Population, 2000 | Population, 2020 | Population Growth, 2000 to 2020 | City GDP per Capita, 2020 | Country GDP per Capita, 2020 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cairo | 13.6 million | 20.9 million | 54% | $4,865 | $3,609 |\n| Dhaka | 10.3 million | 21.0 million | 104% | $7,920 | $2,001 |\n| New York City | 17.9 million | 18.8 million | 5% | $86,615 | $63,529 |\n| Paris | 9.7 million | 11.0 million | 13% | $71,346 | $39,180 |", "question": "Explain ONE way population growth in a metacity may challenge environmental sustainability.", "answer": "By consuming natural resources (e.g., water, energy, forests) faster than they can be replaced, creating a larger ecological footprint, larger energy footprint, or larger carbon footprint.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 60, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "urban_land_use", "context": "The world cities and metacities shown on the map are features of contemporary globalization and urbanization. The data table shows gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at the city and country scale.", "image_context": "Map titled 'Metacities and Top-Tier World Cities, 2020'. The map shows various cities worldwide categorized by their status: Metacity (solid black square), World city (solid black circle), or Metacity and world city (hatched square). Cities labeled include Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, São Paulo, Amsterdam, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Cairo, Beijing, Tokyo, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Dhaka, Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9fdb9fc2e00e6ee347a9aeb350a5db55_4_img__ap_history_24set1_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_1__062d59159b.webp"], "table_context": "Selected Cities\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Urban Area</th><th>Population, 2000</th><th>Population, 2020</th><th>Population Growth, 2000 to 2020</th><th>City GDP per Capita, 2020</th><th>Country GDP per Capita, 2020</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Cairo</td><td>13.6 million</td><td>20.9 million</td><td>54%</td><td>$4,865</td><td>$3,609</td></tr><tr><td>Dhaka</td><td>10.3 million</td><td>21.0 million</td><td>104%</td><td>$7,920</td><td>$2,001</td></tr><tr><td>New York City</td><td>17.9 million</td><td>18.8 million</td><td>5%</td><td>$86,615</td><td>$63,529</td></tr><tr><td>Paris</td><td>9.7 million</td><td>11.0 million</td><td>13%</td><td>$71,346</td><td>$39,180</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nNote: Values are estimates based on publicly available data.", "table": "| Urban Area | Population, 2000 | Population, 2020 | Population Growth, 2000 to 2020 | City GDP per Capita, 2020 | Country GDP per Capita, 2020 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cairo | 13.6 million | 20.9 million | 54% | $4,865 | $3,609 |\n| Dhaka | 10.3 million | 21.0 million | 104% | $7,920 | $2,001 |\n| New York City | 17.9 million | 18.8 million | 5% | $86,615 | $63,529 |\n| Paris | 9.7 million | 11.0 million | 13% | $71,346 | $39,180 |", "question": "Explain ONE reason why migrants to metacities may have difficulty obtaining housing.", "answer": "Migrants may encounter high housing costs or may not be able to find vacancies due to high population densities.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 61, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "population_migration", "context": "The world cities and metacities shown on the map are features of contemporary globalization and urbanization. The data table shows gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at the city and country scale.", "image_context": "Map titled 'Metacities and Top-Tier World Cities, 2020'. The map shows various cities worldwide categorized by their status: Metacity (solid black square), World city (solid black circle), or Metacity and world city (hatched square). Cities labeled include Los Angeles, Mexico City, New York City, São Paulo, Amsterdam, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Cairo, Beijing, Tokyo, Shanghai, Delhi, Mumbai, Dhaka, Hong Kong, Manila, and Singapore.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/9fdb9fc2e00e6ee347a9aeb350a5db55_4_img__ap_history_24set1_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_1__062d59159b.webp"], "table_context": "Selected Cities\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Urban Area</th><th>Population, 2000</th><th>Population, 2020</th><th>Population Growth, 2000 to 2020</th><th>City GDP per Capita, 2020</th><th>Country GDP per Capita, 2020</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Cairo</td><td>13.6 million</td><td>20.9 million</td><td>54%</td><td>$4,865</td><td>$3,609</td></tr><tr><td>Dhaka</td><td>10.3 million</td><td>21.0 million</td><td>104%</td><td>$7,920</td><td>$2,001</td></tr><tr><td>New York City</td><td>17.9 million</td><td>18.8 million</td><td>5%</td><td>$86,615</td><td>$63,529</td></tr><tr><td>Paris</td><td>9.7 million</td><td>11.0 million</td><td>13%</td><td>$71,346</td><td>$39,180</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nNote: Values are estimates based on publicly available data.", "table": "| Urban Area | Population, 2000 | Population, 2020 | Population Growth, 2000 to 2020 | City GDP per Capita, 2020 | Country GDP per Capita, 2020 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Cairo | 13.6 million | 20.9 million | 54% | $4,865 | $3,609 |\n| Dhaka | 10.3 million | 21.0 million | 104% | $7,920 | $2,001 |\n| New York City | 17.9 million | 18.8 million | 5% | $86,615 | $63,529 |\n| Paris | 9.7 million | 11.0 million | 13% | $71,346 | $39,180 |", "question": "Using the data from the table, explain the relationship between a city's level of economic development and the city's percent population growth over time.", "answer": "For cities in the table, economic productivity may encourage population growth due to pull factors (e.g., employment opportunities, business opportunities, or investment opportunities).", "split": "test", "answer_type": "multi_part_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 62, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "population_migration", "context": "The demographic transition model can be used to theorize the changes in a country's total population over time.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/123154735eacdb75ab6e86b11ab2ec51_4_img__ap_history_24set2_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_2__e9a25156dc.webp"], "table_context": "Demographic Data for Selected Countries, 2019\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Birth Rate</th><th>Death Rate</th><th>Population Over Age 65</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>9</td><td>13</td><td>21%</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>20%</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>7</td><td>11</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>23%</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>19%</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSource: World Bank", "table": "| Country | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Population Over Age 65 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Croatia | 9 | 13 | 21% |\n| Estonia | 11 | 12 | 20% |\n| Germany | 9 | 11 | 22% |\n| Greece | 8 | 12 | 22% |\n| Japan | 7 | 11 | 28% |\n| Portugal | 8 | 11 | 23% |\n| Romania | 10 | 13 | 19% |", "question": "Select ONE country listed in the table and identify its stage in the demographic transition model.", "answer": "Any country in the table (Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal, or Romania) and stage 4 or stage 5.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 63, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "political_patterns_processes", "context": "The demographic transition model can be used to theorize the changes in a country's total population over time.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/123154735eacdb75ab6e86b11ab2ec51_4_img__ap_history_24set2_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_2__e9a25156dc.webp"], "table_context": "Demographic Data for Selected Countries, 2019\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Birth Rate</th><th>Death Rate</th><th>Population Over Age 65</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>9</td><td>13</td><td>21%</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>20%</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>7</td><td>11</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>23%</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>19%</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSource: World Bank", "table": "| Country | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Population Over Age 65 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Croatia | 9 | 13 | 21% |\n| Estonia | 11 | 12 | 20% |\n| Germany | 9 | 11 | 22% |\n| Greece | 8 | 12 | 22% |\n| Japan | 7 | 11 | 28% |\n| Portugal | 8 | 11 | 23% |\n| Romania | 10 | 13 | 19% |", "question": "Define the concept of a pronatalist policy.", "answer": "Pronatalist policies are designed to increase the birth rate and/or the fertility rate of an area.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 64, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "population_migration", "context": "The demographic transition model can be used to theorize the changes in a country's total population over time.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/123154735eacdb75ab6e86b11ab2ec51_4_img__ap_history_24set2_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_2__e9a25156dc.webp"], "table_context": "Demographic Data for Selected Countries, 2019\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Birth Rate</th><th>Death Rate</th><th>Population Over Age 65</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>9</td><td>13</td><td>21%</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>20%</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>7</td><td>11</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>23%</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>19%</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSource: World Bank", "table": "| Country | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Population Over Age 65 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Croatia | 9 | 13 | 21% |\n| Estonia | 11 | 12 | 20% |\n| Germany | 9 | 11 | 22% |\n| Greece | 8 | 12 | 22% |\n| Japan | 7 | 11 | 28% |\n| Portugal | 8 | 11 | 23% |\n| Romania | 10 | 13 | 19% |", "question": "Explain ONE factor that affects birth rates as countries move from stage 3 to stage 4 in the demographic transition model.", "answer": "Government policies and/or programs may reduce fertility (e.g., antinatalist policies).", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 65, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "industrial_economic_development", "context": "The demographic transition model can be used to theorize the changes in a country's total population over time.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/123154735eacdb75ab6e86b11ab2ec51_4_img__ap_history_24set2_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_2__e9a25156dc.webp"], "table_context": "Demographic Data for Selected Countries, 2019\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Birth Rate</th><th>Death Rate</th><th>Population Over Age 65</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>9</td><td>13</td><td>21%</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>20%</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>7</td><td>11</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>23%</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>19%</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSource: World Bank", "table": "| Country | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Population Over Age 65 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Croatia | 9 | 13 | 21% |\n| Estonia | 11 | 12 | 20% |\n| Germany | 9 | 11 | 22% |\n| Greece | 8 | 12 | 22% |\n| Japan | 7 | 11 | 28% |\n| Portugal | 8 | 11 | 23% |\n| Romania | 10 | 13 | 19% |", "question": "Describe ONE likely economic effect when countries have negative population growth.", "answer": "Economies may shift from labor-intensive primary and/or secondary sector activities to tertiary or higher-sector activities that can be performed by an aging workforce or outsourced to workers in other countries.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 66, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "industrial_economic_development", "context": "The demographic transition model can be used to theorize the changes in a country's total population over time.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/123154735eacdb75ab6e86b11ab2ec51_4_img__ap_history_24set2_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_2__e9a25156dc.webp"], "table_context": "Demographic Data for Selected Countries, 2019\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Birth Rate</th><th>Death Rate</th><th>Population Over Age 65</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>9</td><td>13</td><td>21%</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>20%</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>7</td><td>11</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>23%</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>19%</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSource: World Bank", "table": "| Country | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Population Over Age 65 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Croatia | 9 | 13 | 21% |\n| Estonia | 11 | 12 | 20% |\n| Germany | 9 | 11 | 22% |\n| Greece | 8 | 12 | 22% |\n| Japan | 7 | 11 | 28% |\n| Portugal | 8 | 11 | 23% |\n| Romania | 10 | 13 | 19% |", "question": "Based on the data shown in the table, describe a policy that a government might develop in response to demographic change.", "answer": "Governments might try to slow or halt rural population loss by improving rural-to-urban transportation systems, encouraging remote work, and/or promoting rural economic growth (e.g., tourism, industry).", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 67, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "population_migration", "context": "The demographic transition model can be used to theorize the changes in a country's total population over time.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/123154735eacdb75ab6e86b11ab2ec51_4_img__ap_history_24set2_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_2__e9a25156dc.webp"], "table_context": "Demographic Data for Selected Countries, 2019\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Birth Rate</th><th>Death Rate</th><th>Population Over Age 65</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>9</td><td>13</td><td>21%</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>20%</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>7</td><td>11</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>23%</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>19%</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSource: World Bank", "table": "| Country | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Population Over Age 65 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Croatia | 9 | 13 | 21% |\n| Estonia | 11 | 12 | 20% |\n| Germany | 9 | 11 | 22% |\n| Greece | 8 | 12 | 22% |\n| Japan | 7 | 11 | 28% |\n| Portugal | 8 | 11 | 23% |\n| Romania | 10 | 13 | 19% |", "question": "Explain ONE reason why the life expectancy in urban areas may be higher than the life expectancy in the entire country.", "answer": " Urban living may lead to healthier lifestyles due to greater access to recreation facilities, sports activities, walkable cities, and/or bikeable cities.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 68, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "geography", "domain": "population_migration", "context": "The demographic transition model can be used to theorize the changes in a country's total population over time.", "image_context": null, "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/123154735eacdb75ab6e86b11ab2ec51_4_img__ap_history_24set2_ap24_frq_human_geography_set_2__e9a25156dc.webp"], "table_context": "Demographic Data for Selected Countries, 2019\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Birth Rate</th><th>Death Rate</th><th>Population Over Age 65</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>9</td><td>13</td><td>21%</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>20%</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>7</td><td>11</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>23%</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>19%</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nSource: World Bank", "table": "| Country | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Population Over Age 65 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Croatia | 9 | 13 | 21% |\n| Estonia | 11 | 12 | 20% |\n| Germany | 9 | 11 | 22% |\n| Greece | 8 | 12 | 22% |\n| Japan | 7 | 11 | 28% |\n| Portugal | 8 | 11 | 23% |\n| Romania | 10 | 13 | 19% |", "question": "Using the data in the table, explain how, over time, low birth rates may impact the country's percent of population over age 65.", "answer": "Low birth rates may lead to an increase in the percent of population over age 65 because the overall population ages and/or there are fewer children.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 70, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "An identical meterstick of mass $M$ is attached to a wall axle and held horizontal by a string connected to a spring scale. The measured quantities satisfy $F_T=\\frac{5Mg}{6\\sin\\theta}$. Table 1 gives measured values of $\\theta$ and $F_T$, and the graph uses $1/\\sin\\theta$ on the horizontal axis.", "image_context": "Figure 2 shows a horizontal meterstick attached to a wall axle. A string connected $60\\text{ cm}$ from the axle supports the meterstick at angle $\\theta$ and is connected to a spring scale.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/2d61f94d8e7ea22dc1619980c10771da_3_img__AP_Physics_2025_Physics1_media_and_answers_completed__1546111936.webp"], "table_context": "Table 1: Measured string angle $\\theta$ and tension $F_T$.", "table": "| \\theta (degrees) | F_T (N) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 22 | 21 |\n| 31 | 17 |\n| 36 | 13 |\n| 45 | 12 |\n| 80 | 8 |", "question": "Indicate what measured or calculated quantity could be plotted on the vertical axis to yield a linear graph whose slope can be used to calculate an experimental value for $M$.\n\nVertical axis: ______    Horizontal axis: $1/\\sin\\theta$", "answer": "An accepted choice is $F_T$ on the vertical axis. Other accepted choices include $F_T/g$, $\\frac{6}{5}F_T/g$, or $\\frac{6}{5}F_T$.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 71, "assessment_name": "AP", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "A box is connected to one end of a rigid rod. Both the box and the rod have negligible mass. The other end of the rod is connected to a pivot. The box is open on one side, and a block is placed inside the box. The center of mass of the block is displaced a vertical distance $h$, as shown in Figure 1. The block-box system is released from rest and swings downward. There is negligible friction about the pivot. At the lowest point of the swing, the rod collides with a rigid stopper, as shown in Figure 2. The box comes to rest, and the block is launched horizontally out of the box. The block moves across a horizontal surface toward a motion sensor that measures its speed. All frictional forces are negligible.\n\nThe experiment is repeated with a new rough horizontal surface, as shown in Figure 3. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the new surface is $\\mu$. The block-box system is released from various vertical displacements $h$. For each displacement, students measure the position $x=x_{\\text{max}}$ at which the block comes to rest. Their measurements are shown in Table 1.", "image_context": "Figure 3: Rough-surface setup and stopping position $x_{\\text{max}}$.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/2753317a9bbd6c553db9fecf63cf2afd_3_img__AP_Physics_2025_Mechanics_media_and_answers_completed__d60bba948c.webp"], "table_context": "Table 1: Release height and stopping-position data.", "table": "| h (m) | x_{\\text{max}} (m) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 0.30 | 0.76 |\n| 0.45 | 1.10 |\n| 0.60 | 1.40 |\n| 0.75 | 1.90 |\n| 0.90 | 2.30 |", "question": "Indicate two quantities, either measured quantities from Table 1 or additional calculated quantities, that could be graphed to produce a straight line that could be used to determine $\\mu$.\n\nVertical axis: ______\nHorizontal axis: ______", "answer": "Vertical axis: $h$\nHorizontal axis: $x_{\\text{max}}$\n\nThe reciprocal graph is also acceptable.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "multi_part_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 74, "assessment_name": "olympiad", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "physics", "domain": "mechanics", "context": "A frictionless hemisphere of radius  $R$  is fixed on top of a flat cylinder. One end of a spring with zero relaxed length and spring constant  $k$  (i.e. the force from the spring when stretched to length  $\\ell$  is  $-k\\ell$ ) is fixed to the top of the hemisphere. Its other end is attached to a point mass of mass  $m$ .", "image_context": "Side view of the hemisphere and spring-mass system, showing the semicircular arc parameterized by  $\\theta$ .", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/92c6fdb2ac85b03cac64ed362778f531_7_img__USAPhO_2021_corrected_standard__bff7519f95.webp"], "table_context": "Blank table to fill with ranges of spring constant  $k$ , the number of equilibria, and the number of stable equilibria.", "table": "| Range of k ( k_{\\min} < k < k_{\\max} ) | # of Equilibria | # of Stable Equilibria |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 0 < k < ? |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n| ? < k < \\infty |  |  |", "question": "The number and nature of the equilibrium points on the hemisphere depends on the value of the spring constant  $k$ . Consider the semicircular arc shown above as a dashed line, which is parameterized by angles in the range  $-\\pi/2 \\le \\theta \\le \\pi/2$ . Make a table indicating the number of equilibrium points on the arc, and the number that are stable, for each range of  $k$  values. A blank table for your reference is given below. (You may need more or fewer rows than shown.)", "answer": "The spring force attracts the mass toward the top of the hemisphere, whereas the gravitational force tends to pull it away.\n\nFor very small  $k$ , the spring force is negligible compared to the gravitational force for  $|\\theta| < \\pi/2$ . For these  $k$  values, we only have one unstable equilibrium at the top of the hemisphere due to the gravitational force being zero there.\n\nFor some large enough value of (k), the spring force at (\\pi/2) exactly compensates for the gravitational force – this marks the end of the first regime. In this next regime, we still have an unstable equilibrium at the top of the hemisphere – because the spring force only compensates for the gravitational force for larger (\\theta). Additionally, we have two equilibria at (0<|\\theta^*|<\\pi/2). These equilibria must be stable because, for (\\theta<\\theta^*), the gravitational force is stronger than the spring force and forces the mass toward (\\theta^*), whereas the opposite holds for (\\theta>\\theta^*), and the mass is again forced toward (\\theta^*). Thus, we have three total equilibria: two stable and one unstable.\n\nFinally, for sufficiently large  $k$  the spring force is stronger than the gravitational force even for arbitrarily small  $\\theta$ , and so we have just one stable equilibrium point at the top of the hemisphere in this third regime.\n\nWe now compute the two critical points for us to fill out the table. The first critical point is given by the balancing of the two forces at  $\\theta = \\pi/2$ , so we compute\n\n$$mg \\sin \\pi/2 = k_1 R(\\pi/2) \\implies k_1 = \\frac{2mg}{\\pi R}.$$\n\nThe second critical point is given by the balancing of the two forces for  $\\theta \\ll 1$ , so we compute\n\n$$mg \\sin \\theta \\approx mg\\theta = k_2 R\\theta \\implies k_2 = mg/R.$$\n\nWe thus get the following table:\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>Range of <math>k</math> values (<math>k_{\\min} &lt; k &lt; k_{\\max}</math>)</th><th># of Equilibria</th><th># of Stable Equilibria</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><math>0 &lt; k &lt; 2mg/(\\pi R)</math></td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><math>2mg/(\\pi R) &lt; k &lt; mg/R</math></td><td>3</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td><math>mg/R &lt; k &lt; \\infty</math></td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table>\n\nNotice that the system is symmetric under flipping  $\\theta \\to -\\theta$ . Thus, one could incorrectly guess that the only possible equilibrium point is  $\\theta = 0$  by symmetry. In fact, when  $k$  is in the right range, we get a pair of new equilibrium points at opposite  $\\theta$ , which map to each other under symmetry. This kind of situation, where the overall setup is still symmetric but the individual equilibrium points are not, is called spontaneous symmetry breaking.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "calculation_with_work", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 76, "assessment_name": "naep", "assessment_type": "standalone", "subject": "physics", "domain": "experimental_physics", "context": "Improve the accuracy of an investigation about conservation of energy", "image_context": "The student then graphed the results.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/c9772f8a84fc11f249504ba264195d25_8_img__science_2024_constructed_response__128e471b7e.webp"], "table_context": "The student wanted to test the law of conservation of energy. He dropped a ball with a mass of 100 grams from each of four platforms, and the ball hit the ground. The height of platform 1 was 3 meters, platform 2 was 6 meters high, platform 3 was 9 meters high, and platform 4 was 12 meters high.\n\nEach time he dropped the ball, the student took appropriate measurements and calculated the potential energy of the ball before it was dropped and the kinetic energy of the ball just before it hit the ground. His calculated results are shown in the table.", "table": "| RESULTS |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Platform from Which Ball is Dropped | Potential Energy at Platform (joules) | Kinetic Energy just above the Ground (joules) |\n| 1 | 3.0 | 2.8 |\n| 2 | 6.0 | 5.4 |\n| 3 | 9.0 | 7.8 |\n| 4 | 12.0 | 10.0 |", "question": "The student dropped the ball once from each of the four platforms.\n\nHow could he improve his experiment to get more accurate results? Could the student perform the experiment in a way that the kinetic energy data points would have a higher value than the corresponding potential energy data points? state reasons for selecting yes or no.", "answer": "(a) Repeat the experiment (drop the same ball multiple times from each platform) - compare (or average) the results (or data).Drop the (same) ball more than once from one or more platforms - average the results for each different platform height.\n(b) Student response selects (B) No, or makes no selection, and explains that the kinetic energy will never be greater than the potential energy in this experiment unless some additional force is applied to the ball, as described in Complete (a) above.", "split": "test", "answer_type": "multi_part_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 83, "assessment_name": "ib", "assessment_type": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Duckweed (Lemna minor) is a small flowering plant that floats on water. Duckweed can reproduce rapidly using asexual reproduction, giving rise to dense populations. A group of students investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of population growth of duckweed. They set up three culture dishes using 500ml of filtered pond water with a pH of 7.0. The culture dishes were given a small starting population of plants and each dish was incubated at a fixed temperature (15, 20 or $25^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ ). The number of duckweed plants in each dish was counted over several weeks. The data are summarized in the table.", "image_context": "The micrograph shows a transverse section of a leaf from a flowering plant.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/110_0__ib_biology_SL_paper_1B__3faa9dffa6.jpg"], "table_context": "The data are summarized in the table.", "table": "| Time / weeks | Number of plants at a given temperature |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|  | 15℃ ±1℃ | 20℃ ±1℃ | 25℃ ±1℃ |\n| 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 |\n| 1 | 10 | 14 | 15 |\n| 2 | 31 | 37 | 50 |\n| 3 | 38 | 76 | 80 |\n| 4 | 24 | 115 | 117 |\n| 5 | 23 | 168 | 177 |", "question": "Identify the temperature that gives the highest overall population growth rate over the experimental period. [1]", "answer": "25\\,^\\circ\\mathrm{C}", "split": "test", "answer_type": "equation_or_expression", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 84, "assessment_name": "ib", "assessment_type": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Duckweed (Lemna minor) is a small flowering plant that floats on water. Duckweed can reproduce rapidly using asexual reproduction, giving rise to dense populations. A group of students investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of population growth of duckweed. They set up three culture dishes using 500ml of filtered pond water with a pH of 7.0. The culture dishes were given a small starting population of plants and each dish was incubated at a fixed temperature (15, 20 or $25^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ ). The number of duckweed plants in each dish was counted over several weeks. The data are summarized in the table.", "image_context": "The micrograph shows a transverse section of a leaf from a flowering plant.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/110_0__ib_biology_SL_paper_1B__3faa9dffa6.jpg"], "table_context": "The data are summarized in the table.", "table": "| Time / weeks | Number of plants at a given temperature |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|  | 15℃ ±1℃ | 20℃ ±1℃ | 25℃ ±1℃ |\n| 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 |\n| 1 | 10 | 14 | 15 |\n| 2 | 31 | 37 | 50 |\n| 3 | 38 | 76 | 80 |\n| 4 | 24 | 115 | 117 |\n| 5 | 23 | 168 | 177 |", "question": "Explain how temperature can influence population growth in a species such as Lemna minor. [2]", "answer": "a. temperature is a limiting factor (for enzymes) b. at higher temperature exchange of materials is more efficient;", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 85, "assessment_name": "ib", "assessment_type": "standalone", "subject": "biology", "domain": "Plant Biology", "context": "Duckweed (Lemna minor) is a small flowering plant that floats on water. Duckweed can reproduce rapidly using asexual reproduction, giving rise to dense populations. A group of students investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of population growth of duckweed. They set up three culture dishes using 500ml of filtered pond water with a pH of 7.0. The culture dishes were given a small starting population of plants and each dish was incubated at a fixed temperature (15, 20 or $25^{\\circ}\\mathrm{C}$ ). The number of duckweed plants in each dish was counted over several weeks. The data are summarized in the table.", "image_context": "The micrograph shows a transverse section of a leaf from a flowering plant.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/110_0__ib_biology_SL_paper_1B__3faa9dffa6.jpg"], "table_context": "The data are summarized in the table.", "table": "| Time / weeks | Number of plants at a given temperature |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n|  | 15℃ ±1℃ | 20℃ ±1℃ | 25℃ ±1℃ |\n| 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 |\n| 1 | 10 | 14 | 15 |\n| 2 | 31 | 37 | 50 |\n| 3 | 38 | 76 | 80 |\n| 4 | 24 | 115 | 117 |\n| 5 | 23 | 168 | 177 |", "question": "Suggest how the reliability of this investigation could be improved. [1]", "answer": "a. (larger culture dishes with) bigger starting duckweed populations;", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 86, "assessment_name": "ib", "assessment_type": "standalone", "subject": "chemistry", "domain": "acids_bases", "context": "Hydrochloric acid is an important chemical reactant and industrial chemical.\nA pH probe is placed in a small volume of 0.10 mol dm⁻³ solution of hydrochloric acid. The pH is recorded while a steady stream of distilled water is added to the acid at constant temperature.", "image_context": "Use the colour wheel and the electromagnetic spectrum in sections 5 and 15 of the data booklet.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/52_0__ib_chemistry_hl_paper_2__a336ca9b17.jpg"], "table_context": "Lithium carbide, Li2C2, is one of many compounds of lithium and carbon. The formulas and colours of three compounds of cobalt are:", "table": "| Compound | Colour |\n| --- | --- |\n| [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 | orange-yellow |\n| [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 | purple |\n| [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl | green |", "question": "State and explain, in which of the complex ions, the electron transitions responsible for the colour require the highest energy. Use the colour wheel and the electromagnetic spectrum in sections 5 and 15 of the data booklet.", "answer": "complex [Co(NH3)6] Cl3\nabsorbs blue-purple light/wavelength 424 nm/shortest wavelength/highest energy", "split": "test", "answer_type": "brief_explanation", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}
{"id": 87, "assessment_name": "olympiad", "assessment_type": "final", "subject": "earth_science", "domain": "geosphere", "context": "Consider a subducting oceanic slab that leads to partial melting of the mantle under a continental arc. The composition of the eutectic melt M formed is given in Figure 1 below as the red dot. As the magma body M ascends and cools, rocks A, B, and C are formed, shown as thin sections in Figure 2.", "image_context": "Diagram of an AFM (Alkali Feldspar - FeO - MgO) phase diagram. The vertices are labeled F (FeO + Fe₂O₃), A (Na₂O + K₂O), and M (MgO). The diagram is divided into smaller triangles by lines parallel to the sides. Four points are marked: Point 1 is located near the F vertex; Point 2 is located near the A vertex; Point 3 is located near the M vertex; and Point 4 is located closer to the M vertex. The eutectic melt M is marked in red.", "image": ["images/context_table_image__text_response/14a3103954eb01c28d2252d35167a59f_1_img__2020_rm_key__a4eb459ee7.webp"], "table_context": "Relative composition and mineral content of rocks A, B, and C.", "table": "| Rock | Description |\n| --- | --- |\n| A | Contains aegirine (a pyroxene with formula NaFe(SiO₃)₂ abbreviated Ae) and xenotime (a phosphate with formula YPO₄ abbreviated Xe) in a matrix of orthoclase. |\n| B | Contains Al₇₀ (70% albite, 30% anorthite plagioclase) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄, abbreviated Mt) crystals in a fine-grained orthopyroxene matrix. |\n| C | Contains Al₂₀ (20% albite, 80% anorthite plagioclase) crystals in a matrix of fine-grained olivine, clinopyroxene, and magnetite. |", "question": "Determine the order of crystallization (first to last) of rocks A, B, and C from melt M, giving your answer as three letters separated by no spaces (e.g. ABC).", "answer": "CBA", "split": "test", "answer_type": "short_answer", "context_policy": "context_first_then_domain_knowledge"}