{ "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "examples": [ { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_01.py", "code": "def greeting(name: str) -> str:\n return 'Hello ' + name\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:38", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_02.py", "code": "Url = str\n\ndef retry(url: Url, retry_count: int) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:204", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_03.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Iterable, Tuple\n\nT = TypeVar('T', int, float, complex)\nVector = Iterable[Tuple[T, T]]\n\ndef inproduct(v: Vector[T]) -> T:\n return sum(x*y for x, y in v)\ndef dilate(v: Vector[T], scale: T) -> Vector[T]:\n return ((x * scale, y * scale) for x, y in v)\nvec = [] # type: Vector[float]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:216", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_04.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Iterable, Tuple\n\nT = TypeVar('T', int, float, complex)\n\ndef inproduct(v: Iterable[Tuple[T, T]]) -> T:\n return sum(x*y for x, y in v)\ndef dilate(v: Iterable[Tuple[T, T]], scale: T) -> Iterable[Tuple[T, T]]:\n return ((x * scale, y * scale) for x, y in v)\nvec = [] # type: Iterable[Tuple[float, float]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:230", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_05.py", "code": "from typing import Callable\n\ndef feeder(get_next_item: Callable[[], str]) -> None:\n ...\n # Body\n\ndef async_query(on_success: Callable[[int], None],\n on_error: Callable[[int, Exception], None]) -> None:\n ...\n # Body\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:248", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_06.py", "code": "def partial(func: Callable[..., str], *args) -> Callable[..., str]:\n ...\n # Body\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:261", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_07.py", "code": "from typing import Mapping, Set\n\ndef notify_by_email(employees: Set[Employee], overrides: Mapping[str, str]) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:288", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_08.py", "code": "from typing import Sequence, TypeVar\n\nT = TypeVar('T') # Declare type variable\n\ndef first(l: Sequence[T]) -> T: # Generic function\n return l[0]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:295", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_09.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Text\n\nAnyStr = TypeVar('AnyStr', Text, bytes)\n\ndef concat(x: AnyStr, y: AnyStr) -> AnyStr:\n return x + y\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:316", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_10.py", "code": "def count_truthy(elements: List[Any]) -> int:\n return sum(1 for elem in elements if elem)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:345", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_11.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Generic\nfrom logging import Logger\n\nT = TypeVar('T')\n\nclass LoggedVar(Generic[T]):\n def __init__(self, value: T, name: str, logger: Logger) -> None:\n self.name = name\n self.logger = logger\n self.value = value\n\n def set(self, new: T) -> None:\n self.log('Set ' + repr(self.value))\n self.value = new\n\n def get(self) -> T:\n self.log('Get ' + repr(self.value))\n return self.value\n\n def log(self, message: str) -> None:\n self.logger.info('{}: {}'.format(self.name, message))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:358", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_12.py", "code": "from typing import Iterable\n\ndef zero_all_vars(vars: Iterable[LoggedVar[int]]) -> None:\n for var in vars:\n var.set(0)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:387", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_13.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Generic\n\nT = TypeVar('T')\n\ndef fun_1(x: T) -> T: ... # T here\ndef fun_2(x: T) -> T: ... # and here could be different\n\nfun_1(1) # This is OK, T is inferred to be int\nfun_2('a') # This is also OK, now T is str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:470", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_14.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Generic\n\nT = TypeVar('T')\n\nclass MyClass(Generic[T]):\n def meth_1(self, x: T) -> T: ... # T here\n def meth_2(self, x: T) -> T: ... # and here are always the same\n\na = MyClass() # type: MyClass[int]\na.meth_1(1) # OK\na.meth_2('a') # This is an error!\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:484", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_15.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\nS = TypeVar('S')\nclass Foo(Generic[T]):\n def method(self, x: T, y: S) -> S:\n ...\n\nx = Foo() # type: Foo[int]\ny = x.method(0, \"abc\") # inferred type of y is str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:500", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_16.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\nS = TypeVar('S')\n\ndef a_fun(x: T) -> None:\n # this is OK\n y = [] # type: List[T]\n # but below is an error!\n y = [] # type: List[S]\n\nclass Bar(Generic[T]):\n # this is also an error\n an_attr = [] # type: List[S]\n\n def do_something(x: S) -> S: # this is OK though\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:512", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_17.py", "code": "from typing import List\n\ndef a_fun(x: T) -> None:\n\n # This is OK\n a_list = [] # type: List[T]\n ...\n\n # This is however illegal\n class MyGeneric(Generic[T]):\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:531", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_18.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Generic\n\nT = TypeVar('T')\n\nclass Node(Generic[T]):\n x = None # type: T # Instance attribute (see below)\n def __init__(self, label: T = None) -> None:\n ...\n\nx = Node('') # Inferred type is Node[str]\ny = Node(0) # Inferred type is Node[int]\nz = Node() # Inferred type is Node[Any]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:582", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_01.py", "code": "# (continued from previous example)\na = Node() # type: Node[int]\nb = Node() # type: Node[str]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:599", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_02.py", "code": "data = collections.defaultdict() # type: DefaultDict[int, bytes]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:644", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_19.py", "code": "from typing import Dict, List, Optional\n\nclass Node:\n ...\n\nclass SymbolTable(Dict[str, List[Node]]):\n def push(self, name: str, node: Node) -> None:\n self.setdefault(name, []).append(node)\n\n def pop(self, name: str) -> Node:\n return self[name].pop()\n\n def lookup(self, name: str) -> Optional[Node]:\n nodes = self.get(name)\n if nodes:\n return nodes[-1]\n return None\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:663", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_20.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Sized\n\nST = TypeVar('ST', bound=Sized)\n\ndef longer(x: ST, y: ST) -> ST:\n if len(x) > len(y):\n return x\n else:\n return y\n\nlonger([1], [1, 2]) # ok, return type List[int]\nlonger({1}, {1, 2}) # ok, return type Set[int]\nlonger([1], {1, 2}) # ok, return type Collection[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:728", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_21.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Iterable, Iterator\n\nT_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)\n\nclass ImmutableList(Generic[T_co]):\n def __init__(self, items: Iterable[T_co]) -> None: ...\n def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T_co]: ...\n ...\n\nclass Employee: ...\n\nclass Manager(Employee): ...\n\ndef dump_employees(emps: ImmutableList[Employee]) -> None:\n for emp in emps:\n ...\n\nmgrs = ImmutableList([Manager()]) # type: ImmutableList[Manager]\ndump_employees(mgrs) # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:786", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_22.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar\n\nclass Employee: ...\n\nclass Manager(Employee): ...\n\nE = TypeVar('E', bound=Employee)\n\ndef dump_employee(e: E) -> None: ...\n\ndump_employee(Manager()) # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:821", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_23.py", "code": "B_co = TypeVar('B_co', covariant=True)\n\ndef bad_func(x: B_co) -> B_co: # Flagged as error by a type checker\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:835", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_24.py", "code": "class Tree:\n def __init__(self, left: Tree, right: Tree):\n self.left = left\n self.right = right\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:873", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_25.py", "code": "class Tree:\n def __init__(self, left: 'Tree', right: 'Tree'):\n self.left = left\n self.right = right\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:880", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_26.py", "code": "class Tree:\n ...\n def leaves(self) -> List['Tree']:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:899", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_27.py", "code": "# File models/a.py\nfrom models.b import B\nclass A(Model):\n def foo(self, b: B): ...\n\n# File models/b.py\nfrom models.a import A\nclass B(Model):\n def bar(self, a: A): ...\n\n# File main.py\nfrom models.a import A\nfrom models.b import B\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:910", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_28.py", "code": "# File models/a.py\nfrom models import b\nclass A(Model):\n def foo(self, b: 'b.B'): ...\n\n# File models/b.py\nfrom models import a\nclass B(Model):\n def bar(self, a: 'a.A'): ...\n\n# File main.py\nfrom models.a import A\nfrom models.b import B\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:930", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_29.py", "code": "from typing import Union\n\ndef handle_employees(e: Union[Employee, Sequence[Employee]]) -> None:\n if isinstance(e, Employee):\n e = [e]\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:952", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_30.py", "code": "def handle_employee(e: Union[Employee, None]) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:968", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_31.py", "code": "from typing import Optional\n\ndef handle_employee(e: Optional[Employee]) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:973", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_32.py", "code": "def handle_employee(e: Employee = None): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:980", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_33.py", "code": "def handle_employee(e: Optional[Employee] = None) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:984", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_03.py", "code": "_empty = object()\n\ndef func(x=_empty):\n if x is _empty: # default argument value\n return 0\n elif x is None: # argument was provided and it's None\n return 1\n else:\n return x * 2\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:996", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_34.py", "code": "from typing import Union\nfrom enum import Enum\n\nclass Empty(Enum):\n token = 0\n_empty = Empty.token\n\ndef func(x: Union[int, None, Empty] = _empty) -> int:\n\n boom = x * 42 # This fails type check\n\n if x is _empty:\n return 0\n elif x is None:\n return 1\n else: # At this point typechecker knows that x can only have type int\n return x * 2\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1010", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_35.py", "code": "class Reason(Enum):\n timeout = 1\n error = 2\n\ndef process(response: Union[str, Reason] = '') -> str:\n if response is Reason.timeout:\n return 'TIMEOUT'\n elif response is Reason.error:\n return 'ERROR'\n else:\n # response can be only str, all other possible values exhausted\n return 'PROCESSED: ' + response\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1034", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_36.py", "code": "from typing import Mapping\n\ndef use_map(m: Mapping) -> None: # Same as Mapping[Any, Any]\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1066", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_37.py", "code": "from typing import Tuple, List, Callable\n\ndef check_args(args: Tuple) -> bool:\n ...\n\ncheck_args(()) # OK\ncheck_args((42, 'abc')) # Also OK\ncheck_args(3.14) # Flagged as error by a type checker\n\n# A list of arbitrary callables is accepted by this function\ndef apply_callbacks(cbs: List[Callable]) -> None:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1076", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_38.py", "code": "from typing import NoReturn\n\ndef stop() -> NoReturn:\n raise RuntimeError('no way')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1097", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_39.py", "code": "# continue from first example\ndef g(x: int) -> int:\n if x > 0:\n return x\n stop()\n return 'whatever works' # Error might be not reported by some checkers\n # that ignore errors in unreachable blocks\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1116", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_40.py", "code": "from typing import List, NoReturn\n\n# All of the following are errors\ndef bad1(x: NoReturn) -> int:\n ...\nbad2 = None # type: NoReturn\ndef bad3() -> List[NoReturn]:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1127", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_04.py", "code": "def new_user(user_class):\n user = user_class()\n # (Here we could write the user object to a database)\n return user\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1157", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_41.py", "code": "def new_user(user_class: type) -> User:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1165", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_42.py", "code": "U = TypeVar('U', bound=User)\ndef new_user(user_class: Type[U]) -> U:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1171", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_43.py", "code": "def new_non_team_user(user_class: Type[Union[BasicUser, ProUser]]):\n user = new_user(user_class)\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1189", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_44.py", "code": "def new_pro_user(pro_user_class: Type[ProUser]):\n user = new_user(pro_user_class) # OK\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1236", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_45.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T', bound='Copyable')\nclass Copyable:\n def copy(self: T) -> T:\n ...\n # return a copy of self\n\nclass C(Copyable): ...\nc = C()\nc2 = c.copy() # type here should be C\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1252", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_46.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T', bound='C')\nclass C:\n @classmethod\n def factory(cls: Type[T]) -> T:\n ...\n # make a new instance of cls\n\nclass D(C): ...\nd = D.factory() # type here should be D\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1264", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_47.py", "code": "import typing\n\nif typing.TYPE_CHECKING:\n import expensive_mod\n\ndef a_func(arg: 'expensive_mod.SomeClass') -> None:\n a_var = arg # type: expensive_mod.SomeClass\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1309", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_48.py", "code": "def foo(*args: str, **kwds: int): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1331", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_49.py", "code": "def foo(x: AnyStr, y: AnyStr = ...) -> AnyStr: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1347", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_50.py", "code": "def quux(__x: int, __y__: int = 0) -> None: ...\n\nquux(3, __y__=1) # This call is fine.\n\nquux(__x=3) # This call is an error.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1365", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_51.py", "code": "def echo_round() -> Generator[int, float, str]:\n res = yield\n while res:\n res = yield round(res)\n return 'OK'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1379", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_52.py", "code": "async def spam(ignored: int) -> str:\n return 'spam'\n\nasync def foo() -> None:\n bar = await spam(42) # type: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1389", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_05.py", "code": "from typing import List, Coroutine\nc = None # type: Coroutine[List[str], str, int]\n...\nx = c.send('hi') # type: List[str]\nasync def bar() -> None:\n x = await c # type: int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1401", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_53.py", "code": "def op() -> typing.Awaitable[str]:\n if cond:\n return spam(42)\n else:\n return asyncio.Future(...)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1412", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_06.py", "code": "x = [] # type: List[Employee]\nx, y, z = [], [], [] # type: List[int], List[int], List[str]\nx, y, z = [], [], [] # type: (List[int], List[int], List[str])\na, b, *c = range(5) # type: float, float, List[float]\nx = [1, 2] # type: List[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1456", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_07.py", "code": "with frobnicate() as foo: # type: int\n # Here foo is an int\n ...\n\nfor x, y in points: # type: float, float\n # Here x and y are floats\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1468", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_08.py", "code": "from typing import IO\n\nstream = None # type: IO[str]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1488", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_54.py", "code": "from typing import List, cast\n\ndef find_first_str(a: List[object]) -> str:\n index = next(i for i, x in enumerate(a) if isinstance(x, str))\n # We only get here if there's at least one string in a\n return cast(str, a[index])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1530", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_55.py", "code": "class UserId(int):\n pass\n\ndef get_by_user_id(user_id: UserId):\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1558", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_56.py", "code": "class Derived(Base):\n def __init__(self, _x: Base) -> None:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1570", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_57.py", "code": "UserId = NewType('UserId', int)\n\ndef name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:\n ...\n\nUserId('user') # Fails type check\n\nname_by_id(42) # Fails type check\nname_by_id(UserId(42)) # OK\n\nnum = UserId(5) + 1 # type: int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1579", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_58.py", "code": "class PacketId:\n def __init__(self, major: int, minor: int) -> None:\n self._major = major\n self._minor = minor\n\nTcpPacketId = NewType('TcpPacketId', PacketId)\n\npacket = PacketId(100, 100)\ntcp_packet = TcpPacketId(packet) # OK\n\ntcp_packet = TcpPacketId(127, 0) # Fails in type checker and at runtime\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1598", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_59.py", "code": "def __getattr__(name) -> Any: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1680", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_60.py", "code": "from typing import overload\n\nclass bytes:\n ...\n @overload\n def __getitem__(self, i: int) -> int: ...\n @overload\n def __getitem__(self, s: slice) -> bytes: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1694", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_61.py", "code": "from typing import Union\n\nclass bytes:\n ...\n def __getitem__(self, a: Union[int, slice]) -> Union[int, bytes]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1707", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_62.py", "code": "from typing import Callable, Iterable, Iterator, Tuple, TypeVar, overload\n\nT1 = TypeVar('T1')\nT2 = TypeVar('T2')\nS = TypeVar('S')\n\n@overload\ndef map(func: Callable[[T1], S], iter1: Iterable[T1]) -> Iterator[S]: ...\n@overload\ndef map(func: Callable[[T1, T2], S],\n iter1: Iterable[T1], iter2: Iterable[T2]) -> Iterator[S]: ...\n# ... and we could add more items to support more than two iterables\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1717", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_63.py", "code": "@overload\ndef map(func: None, iter1: Iterable[T1]) -> Iterable[T1]: ...\n@overload\ndef map(func: None,\n iter1: Iterable[T1],\n iter2: Iterable[T2]) -> Iterable[Tuple[T1, T2]]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1732", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_64.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Text\n\nAnyStr = TypeVar('AnyStr', Text, bytes)\n\ndef concat1(x: AnyStr, y: AnyStr) -> AnyStr: ...\n\n@overload\ndef concat2(x: str, y: str) -> str: ...\n@overload\ndef concat2(x: bytes, y: bytes) -> bytes: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:1781", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_09.py", "code": "def add(a, b): # type: (int, int) -> int\n return a + b\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:2163", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-hints/legacy_10.py", "code": "def f():\n '''Docstring'''\n # type: () -> None # Error!\n\ndef g():\n '''Docstring'''\n # # type: () -> None # This is OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:2169", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_65.py", "code": "class Node:\n \"\"\"Binary tree node.\"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, left: Node, right: Node):\n self.left = left\n self.right = right\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:2312", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-hints", "pep": "484", "introduced_in": "3.5", "form": "modern", "file": "type-hints/modern_66.py", "code": "from __future__ import annotations\n\nclass ImSet:\n def add(self, a: ImSet) -> List[ImSet]: ...\n\nassert ImSet.add.__annotations__ == {'a': 'ImSet', 'return': 'List[ImSet]'}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0484.rst:2338", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "numeric-underscores", "pep": "515", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "numeric-underscores/modern_01.py", "code": "# grouping decimal numbers by thousands\namount = 10_000_000.0\n\n# grouping hexadecimal addresses by words\naddr = 0xCAFE_F00D\n\n# grouping bits into nibbles in a binary literal\nflags = 0b_0011_1111_0100_1110\n\n# same, for string conversions\nflags = int('0b_1111_0000', 2)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0515.rst:27", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "variable-annotations/legacy_01.py", "code": "# 'primes' is a list of integers\nprimes = [] # type: List[int]\n\n# 'captain' is a string (Note: initial value is a problem)\ncaptain = ... # type: str\n\nclass Starship:\n # 'stats' is a class variable\n stats = {} # type: Dict[str, int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:47", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_01.py", "code": "primes: List[int] = []\n\ncaptain: str # Note: no initial value!\n\nclass Starship:\n stats: ClassVar[Dict[str, int]] = {}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:61", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "variable-annotations/legacy_02.py", "code": "if some_value:\n my_var = function() # type: Logger\nelse:\n my_var = another_function() # Why isn't there a type here?\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:88", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "variable-annotations/legacy_03.py", "code": "path = None # type: Optional[str] # Path to module source\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:104", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_02.py", "code": "my_var: int\nmy_var = 5 # Passes type check.\nother_var: int = 'a' # Flagged as error by type checker,\n # but OK at runtime.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:143", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_03.py", "code": "var = value # type: annotation\nvar: annotation; var = value\nvar: annotation = value\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:151", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_04.py", "code": "some_number: int # variable without initial value\nsome_list: List[int] = [] # variable with initial value\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:167", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_05.py", "code": "sane_world: bool\nif 2+2 == 4:\n sane_world = True\nelse:\n sane_world = False\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:173", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_06.py", "code": "# Tuple packing with variable annotation syntax\nt: Tuple[int, ...] = (1, 2, 3)\n# or\nt: Tuple[int, ...] = 1, 2, 3 # This only works in Python 3.8+\n\n# Tuple unpacking with variable annotation syntax\nheader: str\nkind: int\nbody: Optional[List[str]]\nheader, kind, body = message\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:182", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_07.py", "code": "a: int\nprint(a) # raises NameError\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:195", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_08.py", "code": "def f():\n a: int\n print(a) # raises UnboundLocalError\n # Commenting out the a: int makes it a NameError.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:201", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_09.py", "code": "a: int\na: str # Static type checker may or may not warn about this.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:216", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_10.py", "code": "class BasicStarship:\n captain: str = 'Picard' # instance variable with default\n damage: int # instance variable without default\n stats: ClassVar[Dict[str, int]] = {} # class variable\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:229", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_11.py", "code": "class Starship:\n captain: str = 'Picard'\n damage: int\n stats: ClassVar[Dict[str, int]] = {}\n\n def __init__(self, damage: int, captain: str = None):\n self.damage = damage\n if captain:\n self.captain = captain # Else keep the default\n\n def hit(self):\n Starship.stats['hits'] = Starship.stats.get('hits', 0) + 1\n\nenterprise_d = Starship(3000)\nenterprise_d.stats = {} # Flagged as error by a type checker\nStarship.stats = {} # This is OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:270", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_12.py", "code": "from typing import Generic, TypeVar\nT = TypeVar('T')\n\nclass Box(Generic[T]):\n def __init__(self, content):\n self.content: T = content\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:290", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_13.py", "code": "class Cls:\n pass\n\nc = Cls()\nc.x: int = 0 # Annotates c.x with int.\nc.y: int # Annotates c.y with int.\n\nd = {}\nd['a']: int = 0 # Annotates d['a'] with int.\nd['b']: int # Annotates d['b'] with int.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:304", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_14.py", "code": "(x): int # Annotates x with int, (x) treated as expression by compiler.\n(y): int = 0 # Same situation here.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:318", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_15.py", "code": "a: int\nfor a in my_iter:\n ...\n\nf: MyFile\nwith myfunc() as f:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:342", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_16.py", "code": "# file lib.pyi\n\nADDRESS: unicode = ...\n\nclass Error:\n cause: Union[str, unicode]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:359", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_17.py", "code": "code: int\n\nclass Point:\n coords: Tuple[int, int]\n label: str = ''\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:377", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_18.py", "code": "code:int # No space after colon\ncode : int # Space before colon\n\nclass Test:\n result: int=0 # No spaces around equality sign\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:385", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_19.py", "code": "def f():\n x: NonexistentName # No error.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:426", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_20.py", "code": "x: NonexistentName # Error!\nclass X:\n var: NonexistentName # Error!\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:432", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_21.py", "code": "from typing import Dict\nclass Player:\n ...\nplayers: Dict[str, Player]\n__points: int\n\nprint(__annotations__)\n# prints: {'players': typing.Dict[str, __main__.Player],\n# '_Player__points': }\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:442", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_22.py", "code": "class C:\n __annotations__ = 42\n x: int = 5 # raises TypeError\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:459", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_23.py", "code": "from typing import Dict, ClassVar, get_type_hints\nclass Starship:\n hitpoints: int = 50\n stats: ClassVar[Dict[str, int]] = {}\n shield: int = 100\n captain: str\n def __init__(self, captain: str) -> None:\n ...\n\nassert get_type_hints(Starship) == {'hitpoints': int,\n 'stats': ClassVar[Dict[str, int]],\n 'shield': int,\n 'captain': str}\n\nassert get_type_hints(Starship.__init__) == {'captain': str,\n 'return': None}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:473", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_24.py", "code": "alice: 'well done' = 'A+'\nbob: 'what a shame' = 'F-'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:502", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variable-annotations", "pep": "526", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "variable-annotations/modern_25.py", "code": "def foo(self):\n slef.name: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0526.rst:662", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "protocol/legacy_01.py", "code": "from typing import Sized, Iterable, Iterator\n\nclass Bucket(Sized, Iterable[int]):\n ...\n def __len__(self) -> int: ...\n def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[int]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:39", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "protocol/legacy_02.py", "code": "from zope.interface import Interface, Attribute, implementer\n\nclass IEmployee(Interface):\n\n name = Attribute(\"Name of employee\")\n\n def do(work):\n \"\"\"Do some work\"\"\"\n\n@implementer(IEmployee)\nclass Employee:\n\n name = 'Anonymous'\n\n def do(self, work):\n return work.start()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:128", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "protocol/legacy_03.py", "code": "from zope.interface import invariant\n\ndef required_contact(obj):\n if not (obj.email or obj.phone):\n raise Exception(\"At least one contact info is required\")\n\nclass IPerson(Interface):\n\n name = Attribute(\"Name\")\n email = Attribute(\"Email Address\")\n phone = Attribute(\"Phone Number\")\n\n invariant(required_contact)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:148", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "protocol/legacy_04.py", "code": "from abc import ABC\n\nclass MyTuple(ABC):\n pass\n\nMyTuple.register(tuple)\n\nassert issubclass(tuple, MyTuple)\nassert isinstance((), MyTuple)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:174", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import Protocol\n\nclass SupportsClose(Protocol):\n def close(self) -> None:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:293", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_02.py", "code": "from typing import Protocol\nfrom abc import abstractmethod\n\nclass Example(Protocol):\n def first(self) -> int: # This is a protocol member\n return 42\n\n @abstractmethod\n def second(self) -> int: # Method without a default implementation\n raise NotImplementedError\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:338", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_03.py", "code": "from typing import Protocol, List\n\nclass Template(Protocol):\n name: str # This is a protocol member\n value: int = 0 # This one too (with default)\n\n def method(self) -> None:\n self.temp: List[int] = [] # Error in type checker\n\nclass Concrete:\n def __init__(self, name: str, value: int) -> None:\n self.name = name\n self.value = value\n\n def method(self) -> None:\n return\n\nvar: Template = Concrete('value', 42) # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:359", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_04.py", "code": "class PColor(Protocol):\n @abstractmethod\n def draw(self) -> str:\n ...\n def complex_method(self) -> int:\n # some complex code here\n ...\n\nclass NiceColor(PColor):\n def draw(self) -> str:\n return \"deep blue\"\n\nclass BadColor(PColor):\n def draw(self) -> str:\n return super().draw() # Error, no default implementation\n\nclass ImplicitColor: # Note no 'PColor' base here\n def draw(self) -> str:\n return \"probably gray\"\n def complex_method(self) -> int:\n # class needs to implement this\n ...\n\nnice: NiceColor\nanother: ImplicitColor\n\ndef represent(c: PColor) -> None:\n print(c.draw(), c.complex_method())\n\nrepresent(nice) # OK\nrepresent(another) # Also OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:399", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_05.py", "code": "class RGB(Protocol):\n rgb: Tuple[int, int, int]\n\n @abstractmethod\n def intensity(self) -> int:\n return 0\n\nclass Point(RGB):\n def __init__(self, red: int, green: int, blue: str) -> None:\n self.rgb = red, green, blue # Error, 'blue' must be 'int'\n\n # Type checker might warn that 'intensity' is not defined\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:436", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_06.py", "code": "from typing import Sized, Protocol\n\nclass SizedAndClosable(Sized, Protocol):\n def close(self) -> None:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:473", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_07.py", "code": "from typing import Sized\n\nclass SupportsClose(Protocol):\n def close(self) -> None:\n ...\n\nclass SizedAndClosable(Sized, SupportsClose, Protocol):\n pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:486", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_08.py", "code": "class Iterable(Protocol[T]):\n @abstractmethod\n def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:516", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_09.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\nT_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)\nT_contra = TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)\n\nclass Box(Protocol[T_co]):\n def content(self) -> T_co:\n ...\n\nbox: Box[float]\nsecond_box: Box[int]\nbox = second_box # This is OK due to the covariance of 'Box'.\n\nclass Sender(Protocol[T_contra]):\n def send(self, data: T_contra) -> int:\n ...\n\nsender: Sender[float]\nnew_sender: Sender[int]\nnew_sender = sender # OK, 'Sender' is contravariant.\n\nclass Proto(Protocol[T]):\n attr: T # this class is invariant, since it has a mutable attribute\n\nvar: Proto[float]\nanother_var: Proto[int]\nvar = another_var # Error! 'Proto[float]' is incompatible with 'Proto[int]'.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:528", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_10.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\n\nclass AnotherBox(Protocol[T]): # Error, this protocol is covariant in T,\n def content(self) -> T: # not invariant.\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:559", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_11.py", "code": "class Traversable(Protocol):\n def leaves(self) -> Iterable['Traversable']:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:574", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_12.py", "code": "C = TypeVar('C', bound='Copyable')\nclass Copyable(Protocol):\n def copy(self: C) -> C:\n ...\n\nclass One:\n def copy(self) -> 'One':\n ...\n\nT = TypeVar('T', bound='Other')\nclass Other:\n def copy(self: T) -> T:\n ...\n\nc: Copyable\nc = One() # OK\nc = Other() # Also OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:605", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_13.py", "code": "from typing import Optional, List, Protocol\n\nclass Combiner(Protocol):\n def __call__(self, *vals: bytes,\n maxlen: Optional[int] = None) -> List[bytes]: ...\n\ndef good_cb(*vals: bytes, maxlen: Optional[int] = None) -> List[bytes]:\n ...\ndef bad_cb(*vals: bytes, maxitems: Optional[int]) -> List[bytes]:\n ...\n\ncomb: Combiner = good_cb # OK\ncomb = bad_cb # Error! Argument 2 has incompatible type because of\n # different name and kind in the callback\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:631", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_14.py", "code": "# file lib.py\nfrom typing import Sized\n\nT = TypeVar('T', contravariant=True)\nclass ListLike(Sized, Protocol[T]):\n def append(self, x: T) -> None:\n pass\n\ndef populate(lst: ListLike[int]) -> None:\n ...\n\n# file main.py\nfrom lib import populate # Note that ListLike is NOT imported\n\nclass MockStack:\n def __len__(self) -> int:\n return 42\n def append(self, x: int) -> None:\n print(x)\n\npopulate([1, 2, 3]) # Passes type check\npopulate(MockStack()) # Also OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:677", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_15.py", "code": "from typing import Union, Optional, Protocol\n\nclass Exitable(Protocol):\n def exit(self) -> int:\n ...\nclass Quittable(Protocol):\n def quit(self) -> Optional[int]:\n ...\n\ndef finish(task: Union[Exitable, Quittable]) -> int:\n ...\nclass DefaultJob:\n ...\n def quit(self) -> int:\n return 0\nfinish(DefaultJob()) # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:707", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_16.py", "code": "from typing import Iterable, Hashable\n\nclass HashableFloats(Iterable[float], Hashable, Protocol):\n pass\n\ndef cached_func(args: HashableFloats) -> float:\n ...\ncached_func((1, 2, 3)) # OK, tuple is both hashable and iterable\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:727", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_17.py", "code": "class Proto(Protocol):\n @abstractmethod\n def meth(self) -> int:\n ...\nclass Concrete:\n def meth(self) -> int:\n return 42\n\ndef fun(cls: Type[Proto]) -> int:\n return cls().meth() # OK\nfun(Proto) # Error\nfun(Concrete) # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:748", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_18.py", "code": "from typing import Any, Protocol\n\nclass ProtoA(Protocol):\n def meth(self, x: int) -> int: ...\nclass ProtoB(Protocol):\n def meth(self, obj: Any, x: int) -> int: ...\n\nclass C:\n def meth(self, x: int) -> int: ...\n\na: ProtoA = C # Type check error, signatures don't match!\nb: ProtoB = C # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:777", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_19.py", "code": "from typing import NewType, Protocol, Iterator\n\nclass Id(Protocol):\n code: int\n secrets: Iterator[bytes]\n\nUserId = NewType('UserId', Id) # Error, can't provide distinct type\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:798", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_20.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, Reversible, Iterable, Sized\n\nT = TypeVar('T')\nclass SizedIterable(Iterable[T], Sized, Protocol):\n pass\nCompatReversible = Union[Reversible[T], SizedIterable[T]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:809", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_21.py", "code": "# file default_config.py\ntimeout = 100\none_flag = True\nother_flag = False\n\n# file main.py\nimport default_config\nfrom typing import Protocol\n\nclass Options(Protocol):\n timeout: int\n one_flag: bool\n other_flag: bool\n\ndef setup(options: Options) -> None:\n ...\n\nsetup(default_config) # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:824", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_22.py", "code": "# callbacks.py\ndef on_error(x: int) -> None:\n ...\ndef on_success() -> None:\n ...\n\n# main.py\nimport callbacks\nfrom typing import Protocol\n\nclass Reporter(Protocol):\n def on_error(self, x: int) -> None:\n ...\n def on_success(self) -> None:\n ...\n\nrp: Reporter = callbacks # Passes type check\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:846", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_23.py", "code": "from typing import runtime_checkable, Protocol\n\n@runtime_checkable\nclass SupportsClose(Protocol):\n def close(self):\n ...\n\nassert isinstance(open('some/file'), SupportsClose)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:884", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_24.py", "code": "class Foo(Protocol):\n @property\n def c(self) -> int:\n return 42 # Default value can be provided for property...\n\n @abstractproperty\n def d(self) -> int: # ... or it can be abstract\n return 0\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:943", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_25.py", "code": "from typing import Protocol\n\nclass Base:\n attr: str\n\nclass Proto(Base, Protocol):\n def meth(self) -> int:\n ...\n\nclass C:\n attr: str\n def meth(self) -> int:\n return 0\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:1080", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_26.py", "code": "class Proto(Protocol):\n @abstractmethod\n def first(self) -> int:\n raise NotImplementedError\n def second(self) -> int:\n return self.first() + 1\n\ndef fun(arg: Proto) -> None:\n arg.second()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:1152", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_27.py", "code": "class P(Protocol):\n x: int\n\nclass C:\n def initialize(self) -> None:\n self.x = 0\n\nc = C()\nisinstance(c, P) # False\nc.initialize()\nisinstance(c, P) # True\n\ndef f(x: Union[P, int]) -> None:\n if isinstance(x, P):\n # Static type of x is P here.\n ...\n else:\n # Static type of x is int, but can be other type at runtime...\n print(x + 1)\n\nf(C()) # ...causing a TypeError.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:1239", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_28.py", "code": "class Proto(Proto1, Proto2, ..., Protocol):\n pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:1276", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_29.py", "code": "class P(Protocol):\n x: float\n\ndef f(arg: P) -> None:\n arg.x = 0.42\n\nclass C:\n x: int\n\nc = C()\nf(c) # Would typecheck if covariant subtyping\n # of mutable attributes were allowed.\nc.x >> 1 # But this fails at runtime\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:1319", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_30.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\n\nclass P(Protocol[T]): # Protocol is declared as invariant.\n def meth(self) -> T:\n ...\nclass C:\n def meth(self) -> float:\n ...\nclass D(C):\n def meth(self) -> int:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:1347", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "protocol", "pep": "544", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "protocol/modern_31.py", "code": "class OldIterable(Sized, Protocol[T]):\n def __getitem__(self, item: int) -> T: ...\n\nCompatIterable = Union[Iterable[T], OldIterable[T]]\n\nclass A:\n def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]: ...\nclass B:\n def __len__(self) -> int: ...\n def __getitem__(self, item: int) -> str: ...\n\ndef iterate(it: CompatIterable[str]) -> None:\n ...\n\niterate(A()) # OK\niterate(B()) # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0544.rst:1394", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "positional-only-params", "pep": "570", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "positional-only-params/modern_01.py", "code": "def name(positional_only_parameters, /, positional_or_keyword_parameters,\n *, keyword_only_parameters):\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0570.rst:443", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "positional-only-params", "pep": "570", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "positional-only-params/modern_02.py", "code": "def name(p1, p2, /, p_or_kw, *, kw):\n ...\ndef name(p1, p2=None, /, p_or_kw=None, *, kw):\n ...\ndef name(p1, p2=None, /, *, kw):\n ...\ndef name(p1, p2=None, /):\n ...\ndef name(p1, p2, /, p_or_kw):\n ...\ndef name(p1, p2, /):\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0570.rst:461", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "positional-only-params", "pep": "570", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "positional-only-params/modern_03.py", "code": "def foo(name, /, **kwds):\n return 'name' in kwds\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0570.rst:539", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "positional-only-params", "pep": "570", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "positional-only-params/modern_04.py", "code": "def standard_arg(arg):\n print(arg)\n\ndef pos_only_arg(arg, /):\n print(arg)\n\ndef kwd_only_arg(*, arg):\n print(arg)\n\ndef combined_example(pos_only, /, standard, *, kwd_only):\n print(pos_only, standard, kwd_only)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0570.rst:635", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "positional-only-params", "pep": "570", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "positional-only-params/modern_05.py", "code": "def f(pos1, pos2, /, pos_or_kwd, *, kwd1, kwd2):\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0570.rst:705", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "builtin-generics", "pep": "585", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "builtin-generics/modern_01.py", "code": "from __future__ import annotations\n\ndef find(haystack: dict[str, list[int]]) -> int:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0585.rst:70", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "builtin-generics", "pep": "585", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "builtin-generics/modern_02.py", "code": "list[str]\ntuple[int, ...]\nChainMap[str, list[str]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0585.rst:146", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "builtin-generics", "pep": "585", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "builtin-generics/modern_03.py", "code": "l = list[str]()\nlist is list[str]\nlist == list[str]\nlist[str] == list[str]\nlist[str] == list[int]\nisinstance([1, 2, 3], list[str])\nissubclass(list, list[str])\nisinstance(list[str], types.GenericAlias)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0585.rst:171", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "builtin-generics", "pep": "585", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "builtin-generics/modern_04.py", "code": "l: list[str] = []\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0585.rst:197", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "builtin-generics", "pep": "585", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "builtin-generics/modern_05.py", "code": "l = list[str]()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0585.rst:201", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "builtin-generics", "pep": "585", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "builtin-generics/modern_06.py", "code": "list[str]\ntuple[int, ...]\ncollections.ChainMap[str, list[str]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0585.rst:247", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "builtin-generics", "pep": "585", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "builtin-generics/legacy_01.py", "code": "from typing import List, Tuple, ChainMap\nList[str]\nTuple[int, ...]\nChainMap[str, List[str]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0585.rst:258", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "builtin-generics", "pep": "585", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "builtin-generics/modern_07.py", "code": "isinstance([1, 2, 3], list[str])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0585.rst:326", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import Literal\n\ndef accepts_only_four(x: Literal[4]) -> None:\n pass\n\naccepts_only_four(4) # OK\naccepts_only_four(19) # Rejected\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:25", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_02.py", "code": "# Note: this is a simplification of the true type signature.\n_PathType = Union[str, bytes, int]\n\n@overload\ndef open(path: _PathType,\n mode: Literal[\"r\", \"w\", \"a\", \"x\", \"r+\", \"w+\", \"a+\", \"x+\"],\n ) -> IO[Text]: ...\n@overload\ndef open(path: _PathType,\n mode: Literal[\"rb\", \"wb\", \"ab\", \"xb\", \"r+b\", \"w+b\", \"a+b\", \"x+b\"],\n ) -> IO[bytes]: ...\n\n# Fallback overload for when the user isn't using literal types\n@overload\ndef open(path: _PathType, mode: str) -> IO[Any]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:127", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_03.py", "code": "Literal[26]\nLiteral[0x1A] # Exactly equivalent to Literal[26]\nLiteral[-4]\nLiteral[\"hello world\"]\nLiteral[b\"hello world\"]\nLiteral[u\"hello world\"]\nLiteral[True]\nLiteral[Color.RED] # Assuming Color is some enum\nLiteral[None]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:167", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_04.py", "code": "ReadOnlyMode = Literal[\"r\", \"r+\"]\nWriteAndTruncateMode = Literal[\"w\", \"w+\", \"wt\", \"w+t\"]\nWriteNoTruncateMode = Literal[\"r+\", \"r+t\"]\nAppendMode = Literal[\"a\", \"a+\", \"at\", \"a+t\"]\n\nAllModes = Literal[ReadOnlyMode, WriteAndTruncateMode,\n WriteNoTruncateMode, AppendMode]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:184", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_05.py", "code": "Literal[Literal[Literal[1, 2, 3], \"foo\"], 5, None]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:198", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_06.py", "code": "Literal[1, 2, 3, \"foo\", 5, None]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:202", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_07.py", "code": "Optional[Literal[1, 2, 3, \"foo\", 5]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:206", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_08.py", "code": "def my_function(x: Literal[1 + 2]) -> int:\n return x * 3\n\nx: Literal = 3\ny: Literal[my_function] = my_function\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:273", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_09.py", "code": "def expects_str(x: str) -> None: ...\nvar: Literal[\"foo\"] = \"foo\"\n\n# Legal: Literal[\"foo\"] is a subtype of str\nexpects_str(var)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:362", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_10.py", "code": "def expects_literal(x: Literal[\"foo\"]) -> None: ...\n\ndef runner(my_str: str) -> None:\n # ILLEGAL: str is not a subclass of Literal[\"foo\"]\n expects_literal(my_str)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:371", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_11.py", "code": "a: Literal[0] = 0\nb: Literal[5] = 5\n\nsome_tuple: Tuple[int, str, List[bool]] = (3, \"abc\", [True, False])\nreveal_type(some_tuple[a]) # Revealed type is 'int'\nsome_tuple[b] # Error: 5 is not a valid index into the tuple\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:395", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_12.py", "code": "class Test:\n def __init__(self, param: int) -> None:\n self.myfield = param\n\n def mymethod(self, val: int) -> str: ...\n\na: Literal[\"myfield\"] = \"myfield\"\nb: Literal[\"mymethod\"] = \"mymethod\"\nc: Literal[\"blah\"] = \"blah\"\n\nt = Test()\nreveal_type(getattr(t, a)) # Revealed type is 'int'\nreveal_type(getattr(t, b)) # Revealed type is 'Callable[[int], str]'\ngetattr(t, c) # Error: No attribute named 'blah' in Test\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:404", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_13.py", "code": "_PathType = Union[str, bytes, int]\n\n@overload\ndef open(path: _PathType,\n mode: Literal[\"r\", \"w\", \"a\", \"x\", \"r+\", \"w+\", \"a+\", \"x+\"],\n ) -> IO[Text]: ...\n@overload\ndef open(path: _PathType,\n mode: Literal[\"rb\", \"wb\", \"ab\", \"xb\", \"r+b\", \"w+b\", \"a+b\", \"x+b\"],\n ) -> IO[bytes]: ...\n\n# Fallback overload for when the user isn't using literal types\n@overload\ndef open(path: _PathType, mode: str) -> IO[Any]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:432", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_14.py", "code": "A = TypeVar('A', bound=int)\nB = TypeVar('B', bound=int)\nC = TypeVar('C', bound=int)\n\n# A simplified definition for Matrix[row, column]\nclass Matrix(Generic[A, B]):\n def __add__(self, other: Matrix[A, B]) -> Matrix[A, B]: ...\n def __matmul__(self, other: Matrix[B, C]) -> Matrix[A, C]: ...\n def transpose(self) -> Matrix[B, A]: ...\n\nfoo: Matrix[Literal[2], Literal[3]] = Matrix(...)\nbar: Matrix[Literal[3], Literal[7]] = Matrix(...)\n\nbaz = foo @ bar\nreveal_type(baz) # Revealed type is 'Matrix[Literal[2], Literal[7]]'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:469", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_15.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T', Literal[\"a\"], Literal[\"b\"], Literal[\"c\"])\nS = TypeVar('S', bound=Literal[\"foo\"])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:488", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_16.py", "code": "@overload\ndef is_int_like(x: Union[int, List[int]]) -> Literal[True]: ...\n@overload\ndef is_int_like(x: object) -> bool: ...\ndef is_int_like(x): ...\n\nvector: List[int] = [1, 2, 3]\nif is_int_like(vector):\n vector.append(3)\nelse:\n vector.append(\"bad\") # This branch is inferred to be unreachable\n\nscalar: Union[int, str]\nif is_int_like(scalar):\n scalar += 3 # Type checks: type of 'scalar' is narrowed to 'int'\nelse:\n scalar += \"foo\" # Type checks: type of 'scalar' is narrowed to 'str'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:570", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_17.py", "code": "def expects_three(x: Literal[3]) -> None: ...\n\nexpects_three(foo) # Type checks, since 'foo' is Final and equal to 3\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:602", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-types", "pep": "586", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-types/modern_18.py", "code": "def foobar(arg1: Literal[1], arg2: Literal[True]) -> None:\n pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0586.rst:668", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import TypedDict\n\nclass Movie(TypedDict):\n name: str\n year: int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:39", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_02.py", "code": "class EmptyDict(TypedDict):\n pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:161", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_03.py", "code": "class Strings(TypedDict):\n items: List[str]\n\nprint(isinstance({'items': [1]}, Strings)) # Should be False\nprint(isinstance({'items': ['x']}, Strings)) # Should be True\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:233", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_04.py", "code": "class BookBasedMovie(TypedDict):\n name: str\n year: int\n based_on: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:257", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_05.py", "code": "class X(TypedDict):\n x: int\n\nclass Y(TypedDict):\n y: str\n\nclass XYZ(X, Y):\n z: bool\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:264", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_06.py", "code": "class X(TypedDict):\n x: str\n\nclass Y(X):\n x: int # Type check error: cannot overwrite TypedDict field \"x\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:284", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_07.py", "code": "class X(TypedDict):\n x: int\n\nclass Y(TypedDict):\n x: str\n\nclass XYZ(X, Y): # Type check error: cannot overwrite TypedDict field \"x\" while merging\n xyz: bool\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:298", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_08.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):\n name: str\n year: int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:315", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_09.py", "code": "Movie = TypedDict('Movie', {'name': str, 'year': int})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:344", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_10.py", "code": "Movie = TypedDict('Movie',\n {'name': str, 'year': int},\n total=False)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:348", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_11.py", "code": "class A(TypedDict):\n x: Optional[int]\n\nclass B(TypedDict):\n x: int\n\ndef f(a: A) -> None:\n a['x'] = None\n\nb: B = {'x': 0}\nf(b) # Type check error: 'B' not compatible with 'A'\nb['x'] + 1 # Runtime error: None + 1\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:393", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_12.py", "code": "class A(TypedDict, total=False):\n x: int\n\nclass B(TypedDict):\n x: int\n\ndef f(a: A) -> None:\n del a['x']\n\nb: B = {'x': 0}\nf(b) # Type check error: 'B' not compatible with 'A'\nb['x'] + 1 # Runtime KeyError: 'x'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:410", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_13.py", "code": "class A(TypedDict):\n x: int\n\nclass B(A):\n y: str\n\ndef f(d: Dict[str, int]) -> None:\n d['y'] = 0\n\ndef g(a: A) -> None:\n f(a) # Type check error: 'A' incompatible with Dict[str, int]\n\nb: B = {'x': 0, 'y': 'foo'}\ng(b)\nb['y'] + 'bar' # Runtime error: int + str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:455", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-dict", "pep": "589", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-dict/modern_14.py", "code": "class A(TypedDict):\n x: int\n\nclass B(TypedDict):\n x: int\n y: str\n\ndef sum_values(m: Mapping[str, int]) -> int:\n n = 0\n for v in m.values():\n n += v # Runtime error\n return n\n\ndef f(a: A) -> None:\n sum_values(a) # Error: 'A' incompatible with Mapping[str, int]\n\nb: B = {'x': 0, 'y': 'foo'}\nf(b)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0589.rst:477", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import final\n\n@final\nclass Base:\n ...\n\nclass Derived(Base): # Error: Cannot inherit from final class \"Base\"\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:85", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_02.py", "code": "from typing import final\n\nclass Base:\n @final\n def foo(self) -> None:\n ...\n\nclass Derived(Base):\n def foo(self) -> None: # Error: Cannot override final attribute \"foo\"\n # (previously declared in base class \"Base\")\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:96", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_03.py", "code": "from typing import Any, overload\n\nclass Base:\n @overload\n def method(self) -> None: ...\n @overload\n def method(self, arg: int) -> int: ...\n @final\n def method(self, x=None):\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:112", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_04.py", "code": "ID: Final[float] = 1\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:138", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_05.py", "code": "ID: Final = 1\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:142", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_06.py", "code": "from typing import Final\n\nRATE: Final = 3000\n\nclass Base:\n DEFAULT_ID: Final = 0\n\nRATE = 300 # Error: can't assign to final attribute\nBase.DEFAULT_ID = 1 # Error: can't override a final attribute\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:172", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_07.py", "code": "from typing import Final\n\nclass Window:\n BORDER_WIDTH: Final = 2.5\n ...\n\nclass ListView(Window):\n BORDER_WIDTH = 3 # Error: can't override a final attribute\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:189", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_08.py", "code": "class ImmutablePoint:\n x: Final[int]\n y: Final[int] # Error: final attribute without an initializer\n\n def __init__(self) -> None:\n self.x = 1 # Good\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:201", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_09.py", "code": "x: List[Final[int]] = [] # Error!\n\ndef fun(x: Final[List[int]]) -> None: # Error!\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:216", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_10.py", "code": "x: Final = ['a', 'b']\nx.append('c') # OK\n\ny: Final[Sequence[str]] = ['a', 'b']\ny.append('x') # Error: \"Sequence[str]\" has no attribute \"append\"\nz: Final = ('a', 'b') # Also works\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:226", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "final-qualifier", "pep": "591", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "final-qualifier/modern_11.py", "code": "from typing import NamedTuple, Final\n\nX: Final = \"x\"\nY: Final = \"y\"\nN = NamedTuple(\"N\", [(X, int), (Y, int)])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0591.rst:238", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_01.py", "code": "UnsignedShort = Annotated[int, struct2.ctype('H')]\nSignedChar = Annotated[int, struct2.ctype('b')]\n\nclass Student(struct2.Packed):\n # mypy typechecks 'name' field as 'str'\n name: Annotated[str, struct2.ctype(\"<10s\")]\n serialnum: UnsignedShort\n school: SignedChar\n\n# 'unpack' only uses the metadata within the type annotations\nStudent.unpack(record)\n# Student(name=b'raymond ', serialnum=4658, school=264)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:71", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_02.py", "code": "Currency = Annotated[\n TypedDict('Currency', {'dollars': float, 'pounds': float}, total=False),\n TaggedUnion,\n]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:104", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_03.py", "code": "Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype(\"char\")]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:132", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_04.py", "code": "Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype(\"char\")] != Annotated[\n int, ctype(\"char\"), ValueRange(3, 10)\n]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:140", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_05.py", "code": "Annotated[Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10)], ctype(\"char\")] == Annotated[\n int, ValueRange(3, 10), ctype(\"char\")\n]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:147", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_06.py", "code": "Annotated[int, ValueRange(3, 10)] != Annotated[\n int, ValueRange(3, 10), ValueRange(3, 10)\n]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:153", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_07.py", "code": "T1 = Annotated[int, ValueRange(-10, 5)]\nT2 = Annotated[T1, ValueRange(-20, 3)]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:194", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_08.py", "code": "T2 = Annotated[int, ValueRange(-10, 5), ValueRange(-20, 3)]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:199", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_09.py", "code": "@struct2.packed\nclass Student(NamedTuple):\n name: Annotated[str, struct.ctype(\"<10s\")]\n\nget_type_hints(Student) == {'name': str}\nget_type_hints(Student, include_extras=False) == {'name': str}\nget_type_hints(Student, include_extras=True) == {\n 'name': Annotated[str, struct.ctype(\"<10s\")]\n}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:210", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "annotated", "pep": "593", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "annotated/modern_10.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\nConst = Annotated[T, my_annotations.CONST]\n\nclass C:\n def const_method(self: Const[List[int]]) -> int:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0593.rst:227", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_01.py", "code": "isinstance(5, int | str)\nissubclass(bool, int | float)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:52", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_02.py", "code": "isinstance(None, int | None)\nisinstance(42, None | int)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:58", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_03.py", "code": "# Instead of\n# def f(list: List[Union[int, str]], param: Optional[int]) -> Union[float, str]\ndef f(list: List[int | str], param: int | None) -> float | str:\n pass\n\nf([1, \"abc\"], None)\n\n# Instead of typing.List[typing.Union[str, int]]\ntyping.List[str | int]\nlist[str | int]\n\n# Instead of typing.Dict[str, typing.Union[int, float]]\ntyping.Dict[str, int | float]\ndict[str, int | float]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:70", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_04.py", "code": "int | str == typing.Union[int, str]\n\ntyping.Union[int, int] == int\nint | int == int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:89", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_05.py", "code": "(int | str) == (str | int)\n(int | str | float) == typing.Union[str, float, int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:98", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_06.py", "code": "None | t == typing.Optional[t]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:106", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_07.py", "code": "str(int | list[str])\n# int | list[str]\n\nstr(int | int)\n# int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:112", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_08.py", "code": "# valid\nisinstance(\"\", int | str)\n\n# invalid\nisinstance(2, list[int]) # TypeError: isinstance() argument 2 cannot be a parameterized generic\nisinstance(1, int | list[int])\n\n# valid\nissubclass(bool, int | float)\n\n# invalid\nissubclass(bool, bool | list[int])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:125", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_09.py", "code": "class M(type):\n def __or__(self, other): return \"Hello\"\n\nclass C(metaclass=M): pass\n\nC | int\nint | C\nUnion[C, int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:147", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "union-syntax", "pep": "604", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "union-syntax/modern_10.py", "code": "from __future__ import annotations\ndef foo() -> int | str: pass\n\neval(foo.__annotations__['return'])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0604.rst:194", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "legacy", "file": "param-spec/legacy_01.py", "code": "from typing import Awaitable, Callable, TypeVar\n\nR = TypeVar(\"R\")\n\ndef add_logging(f: Callable[..., R]) -> Callable[..., Awaitable[R]]:\n async def inner(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> R:\n await log_to_database()\n return f(*args, **kwargs)\n return inner\n\n@add_logging\ndef takes_int_str(x: int, y: str) -> int:\n return x + 7\n\nawait takes_int_str(1, \"A\")\nawait takes_int_str(\"B\", 2) # fails at runtime\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:37", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import Awaitable, Callable, ParamSpec, TypeVar\n\nP = ParamSpec(\"P\")\nR = TypeVar(\"R\")\n\ndef add_logging(f: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[R]]:\n async def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:\n await log_to_database()\n return f(*args, **kwargs)\n return inner\n\n@add_logging\ndef takes_int_str(x: int, y: str) -> int:\n return x + 7\n\nawait takes_int_str(1, \"A\") # Accepted\nawait takes_int_str(\"B\", 2) # Correctly rejected by the type checker\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:87", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "legacy", "file": "param-spec/legacy_02.py", "code": "class Request:\n ...\n\ndef with_request(f: Callable[..., R]) -> Callable[..., R]:\n def inner(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> R:\n return f(Request(), *args, **kwargs)\n return inner\n\n@with_request\ndef takes_int_str(request: Request, x: int, y: str) -> int:\n # use request\n return x + 7\n\ntakes_int_str(1, \"A\")\ntakes_int_str(\"B\", 2) # fails at runtime\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:111", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_02.py", "code": "from typing import Concatenate\n\ndef with_request(f: Callable[Concatenate[Request, P], R]) -> Callable[P, R]:\n def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:\n return f(Request(), *args, **kwargs)\n return inner\n\n@with_request\ndef takes_int_str(request: Request, x: int, y: str) -> int:\n # use request\n return x + 7\n\ntakes_int_str(1, \"A\") # Accepted\ntakes_int_str(\"B\", 2) # Correctly rejected by the type checker\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:133", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_03.py", "code": "from typing import ParamSpec\nP = ParamSpec(\"P\") # Accepted\nP = ParamSpec(\"WrongName\") # Rejected because P =/= WrongName\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:163", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_04.py", "code": "def foo(x: P) -> P: ... # Rejected\ndef foo(x: Concatenate[int, P]) -> int: ... # Rejected\ndef foo(x: typing.List[P]) -> None: ... # Rejected\ndef foo(x: Callable[[int, str], P]) -> None: ... # Rejected\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:202", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_05.py", "code": "T = TypeVar(\"T\")\nP_2 = ParamSpec(\"P_2\")\n\nclass X(Generic[T, P]):\n f: Callable[P, int]\n x: T\n\ndef f(x: X[int, P_2]) -> str: ... # Accepted\ndef f(x: X[int, Concatenate[int, P_2]]) -> str: ... # Accepted\ndef f(x: X[int, [int, bool]]) -> str: ... # Accepted\ndef f(x: X[int, ...]) -> str: ... # Accepted\ndef f(x: X[int, int]) -> str: ... # Rejected\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:218", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_06.py", "code": "P = ParamSpec(\"P\")\n\ndef foo(x: Callable[P, int], y: Callable[P, int]) -> Callable[P, bool]: ...\n\ndef x_y(x: int, y: str) -> int: ...\ndef y_x(y: int, x: str) -> int: ...\n\nfoo(x_y, x_y) # Should return (x: int, y: str) -> bool\n\nfoo(x_y, y_x) # Could return (__a: int, __b: str) -> bool\n # This works because both callables have types that are\n # behavioral subtypes of Callable[[int, str], int]\n\n\ndef keyword_only_x(*, x: int) -> int: ...\ndef keyword_only_y(*, y: int) -> int: ...\nfoo(keyword_only_x, keyword_only_y) # Rejected\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:279", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_07.py", "code": "def bar(x: int, *args: bool) -> int: ...\n\ndef add(x: Callable[P, int]) -> Callable[Concatenate[str, P], bool]: ...\n\nadd(bar) # Should return (__a: str, x: int, *args: bool) -> bool\n\ndef remove(x: Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]) -> Callable[P, bool]: ...\n\nremove(bar) # Should return (*args: bool) -> bool\n\ndef transform(\n x: Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]\n) -> Callable[Concatenate[str, P], bool]: ...\n\ntransform(bar) # Should return (__a: str, *args: bool) -> bool\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:324", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_08.py", "code": "def expects_int_first(x: Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]) -> None: ...\n\n@expects_int_first # Rejected\ndef one(x: str) -> int: ...\n\n@expects_int_first # Rejected\ndef two(*, x: int) -> int: ...\n\n@expects_int_first # Rejected\ndef three(**kwargs: int) -> int: ...\n\n@expects_int_first # Accepted\ndef four(*args: int) -> int: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:347", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_09.py", "code": "def puts_p_into_scope(f: Callable[P, int]) -> None:\n\n def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None: # Accepted\n pass\n\n def mixed_up(*args: P.kwargs, **kwargs: P.args) -> None: # Rejected\n pass\n\n def misplaced(x: P.args) -> None: # Rejected\n pass\n\ndef out_of_scope(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None: # Rejected\n pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:390", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_10.py", "code": "def puts_p_into_scope(f: Callable[P, int]) -> None:\n\n stored_args: P.args # Rejected\n\n stored_kwargs: P.kwargs # Rejected\n\n def just_args(*args: P.args) -> None: # Rejected\n pass\n\n def just_kwargs(**kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None: # Rejected\n pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:414", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_11.py", "code": "def decorator(f: Callable[P, int]) -> Callable[P, None]:\n\n def foo(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None:\n\n f(*args, **kwargs) # Accepted, should resolve to int\n\n f(*kwargs, **args) # Rejected\n\n f(1, *args, **kwargs) # Rejected\n\n return foo # Accepted\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:454", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_12.py", "code": "def add(f: Callable[P, int]) -> Callable[Concatenate[str, P], None]:\n\n def foo(s: str, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None: # Accepted\n pass\n\n def bar(*args: P.args, s: str, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None: # Rejected\n pass\n\n return foo # Accepted\n\n\ndef remove(f: Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]) -> Callable[P, None]:\n\n def foo(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None:\n f(1, *args, **kwargs) # Accepted\n\n f(*args, 1, **kwargs) # Rejected\n\n f(*args, **kwargs) # Rejected\n\n return foo\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:479", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_13.py", "code": "def outer(f: Callable[P, None]) -> Callable[P, None]:\n def foo(x: int, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None:\n f(*args, **kwargs)\n\n def bar(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None:\n foo(1, *args, **kwargs) # Accepted\n foo(x=1, *args, **kwargs) # Rejected\n\n return bar\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:507", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_14.py", "code": "def twice(f: Callable[P, int], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> int:\n return f(*args, **kwargs) + f(*args, **kwargs)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:545", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_15.py", "code": "def add_n(f: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[Concatenate[(\"n\", int), P], R]:\n def inner(*args: P.args, n: int, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:\n # use n\n return f(*args, **kwargs)\n return inner\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:714", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "param-spec", "pep": "612", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "param-spec/modern_16.py", "code": "def innocent_wrapper(f: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, R]:\n def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:\n added = add_n(f)\n return added(*args, n=1, **kwargs)\n return inner\n\n@innocent_wrapper\ndef problem(n: int) -> None:\n pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0612.rst:728", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-alias/legacy_01.py", "code": "MyType = \"ClassName\"\ndef foo() -> MyType: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:53", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-alias/modern_01.py", "code": "MyType: TypeAlias = \"ClassName\"\ndef foo() -> MyType: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:64", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-alias/legacy_02.py", "code": "MyType1 = InvalidType\nMyType2 = MyGeneric(int) # i.e., intention was MyGeneric[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:77", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-alias/modern_02.py", "code": "MyType1: TypeAlias = InvalidType\nMyType2: TypeAlias = MyGeneric(int)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:89", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-alias/modern_03.py", "code": "class Foo:\n x = ClassName\n y: TypeAlias = ClassName\n z: Type[ClassName] = ClassName\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:103", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-alias/legacy_03.py", "code": "x = ClassName\ndef foo() -> None:\n x = ClassName\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:114", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-alias/modern_04.py", "code": "x: TypeAlias = ClassName\ndef foo() -> None:\n x = ClassName\ndef bar() -> None:\n x: TypeAlias = ClassName\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:127", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-alias/legacy_04.py", "code": "x = 1 # untyped global expression\nx: int = 1 # typed global expression\n\nx = int # type alias\nx: Type[int] = int # typed global expression\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:152", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-alias/modern_05.py", "code": "x = 1 # untyped global expression\nx: int = 1 # typed global expression\n\nx = int # untyped global expression (see note below)\nx: Type[int] = int # typed global expression\n\nx: TypeAlias = int # type alias\nx: TypeAlias = \"MyClass\" # type alias\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:163", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-alias/modern_06.py", "code": "MyType: TypeAlias[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:200", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-alias", "pep": "613", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-alias/modern_07.py", "code": "MyType = TypeAlias[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0613.rst:206", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "variadic-generics/legacy_01.py", "code": "Axis1 = TypeVar('Axis1')\nAxis2 = TypeVar('Axis2')\n\nclass Array1(Generic[Axis1]): ...\n\nclass Array2(Generic[Axis1, Axis2]): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:95", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar, TypeVarTuple\n\nDType = TypeVar('DType')\nShape = TypeVarTuple('Shape')\n\nclass Array(Generic[DType, *Shape]):\n\n def __abs__(self) -> Array[DType, *Shape]: ...\n\n def __add__(self, other: Array[DType, *Shape]) -> Array[DType, *Shape]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:117", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_02.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVarTuple\n\nTs = TypeVarTuple('Ts')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:181", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_03.py", "code": "Shape = TypeVarTuple('Shape')\n\nclass Array(Generic[*Shape]): ...\n\nHeight = NewType('Height', int)\nWidth = NewType('Width', int)\nx: Array[Height, Width] = Array()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:193", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_04.py", "code": "class Array(Generic[*Shape]):\n\n def __init__(self, shape: Tuple[*Shape]):\n self._shape: Tuple[*Shape] = shape\n\n def get_shape(self) -> Tuple[*Shape]:\n return self._shape\n\nshape = (Height(480), Width(640))\nx: Array[Height, Width] = Array(shape)\ny = abs(x) # Inferred type is Array[Height, Width]\nz = x + x # ... is Array[Height, Width]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:229", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_05.py", "code": "# Unpacking using the star operator in new versions of Python\nclass Array(Generic[*Shape]): ...\n\n# Unpacking using ``Unpack`` in older versions of Python\nclass Array(Generic[Unpack[Shape]]): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:270", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_06.py", "code": "def foo(arg1: Tuple[*Ts], arg2: Tuple[*Ts]): ...\n\na = (0,)\nb = ('0',)\nfoo(a, b) # Can Ts be bound to Tuple[int | str]?\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:297", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_07.py", "code": "def pointwise_multiply(\n x: Array[*Shape],\n y: Array[*Shape]\n) -> Array[*Shape]: ...\n\nx: Array[Height]\ny: Array[Width]\nz: Array[Height, Width]\npointwise_multiply(x, x) # Valid\npointwise_multiply(x, y) # Error\npointwise_multiply(x, z) # Error\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:310", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_08.py", "code": "class Array(Generic[*Ts1, *Ts2]): ... # Error\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:329", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_09.py", "code": "Shape = TypeVarTuple('Shape')\nBatch = NewType('Batch', int)\nChannels = NewType('Channels', int)\n\ndef add_batch_axis(x: Array[*Shape]) -> Array[Batch, *Shape]: ...\ndef del_batch_axis(x: Array[Batch, *Shape]) -> Array[*Shape]: ...\ndef add_batch_channels(\n x: Array[*Shape]\n) -> Array[Batch, *Shape, Channels]: ...\n\na: Array[Height, Width]\nb = add_batch_axis(a) # Inferred type is Array[Batch, Height, Width]\nc = del_batch_axis(b) # Array[Height, Width]\nd = add_batch_channels(a) # Array[Batch, Height, Width, Channels]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:344", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_10.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\nTs = TypeVarTuple('Ts')\n\ndef prefix_tuple(\n x: T,\n y: Tuple[*Ts]\n) -> Tuple[T, *Ts]: ...\n\nz = prefix_tuple(x=0, y=(True, 'a'))\n# Inferred type of z is Tuple[int, bool, str]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:364", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_11.py", "code": "def process_batch_channels(\n x: Array[Batch, *Tuple[Any, ...], Channels]\n) -> None:\n ...\n\n\nx: Array[Batch, Height, Width, Channels]\nprocess_batch_channels(x) # OK\ny: Array[Batch, Channels]\nprocess_batch_channels(y) # OK\nz: Array[Batch]\nprocess_batch_channels(z) # Error: Expected Channels.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:409", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_12.py", "code": "y: Array[*Tuple[Any, ...]] = read_from_file()\n\ndef expect_variadic_array(\n x: Array[Batch, *Shape]\n) -> None: ...\n\nexpect_variadic_array(y) # OK\n\ndef expect_precise_array(\n x: Array[Batch, Height, Width, Channels]\n) -> None: ...\n\nexpect_precise_array(y) # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:431", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_13.py", "code": "x: Tuple[int, *Ts, str, *Ts2] # Error\ny: Tuple[int, *Tuple[int, ...], str, *Tuple[str, ...]] # Error\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:467", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_14.py", "code": "Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')\n\ndef args_to_tuple(*args: *Ts) -> Tuple[*Ts]: ...\n\nargs_to_tuple(1, 'a') # Inferred type is Tuple[int, str]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:484", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_15.py", "code": "# os.execle takes arguments 'path, arg0, arg1, ..., env'\ndef execle(path: str, *args: *Tuple[*Ts, Env]) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:500", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_16.py", "code": "def execle(path: str, *args: *Ts, env: Env) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:507", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_17.py", "code": "def foo(*args: *Tuple[int, ...]) -> None: ...\n\n# equivalent to:\ndef foo(*args: int) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:518", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_18.py", "code": "def foo(*args: *Tuple[int, *Tuple[str, ...], str]) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:529", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_19.py", "code": "def foo(*args: *Tuple[int, str]) -> None: ...\n\nfoo(1, \"hello\") # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:536", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_20.py", "code": "def foo(*args: Tuple[*Ts]): ...\n\nfoo((0,), (1,)) # Valid\nfoo((0,), (1, 2)) # Error\nfoo((0,), ('1',)) # Error\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:555", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_21.py", "code": "class Process:\n def __init__(\n self,\n target: Callable[[*Ts], None],\n args: Tuple[*Ts],\n ) -> None: ...\n\ndef func(arg1: int, arg2: str) -> None: ...\n\nProcess(target=func, args=(0, 'foo')) # Valid\nProcess(target=func, args=('foo', 0)) # Error\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:578", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_22.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\n\ndef foo(f: Callable[[int, *Ts, T], Tuple[T, *Ts]]): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:595", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_23.py", "code": "def foo(*args: *Ts) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:606", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_24.py", "code": "def foo(*args: *Tuple[int, *Ts, T]) -> Tuple[T, *Ts]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:613", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_25.py", "code": "def takes_any_array(arr: Array): ...\n\n# equivalent to:\ndef takes_any_array(arr: Array[*Tuple[Any, ...]]): ...\n\nx: Array[Height, Width]\ntakes_any_array(x) # Valid\ny: Array[Time, Height, Width]\ntakes_any_array(y) # Also valid\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:624", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_26.py", "code": "IntTuple = Tuple[int, *Ts]\nNamedArray = Tuple[str, Array[*Ts]]\n\nIntTuple[float, bool] # Equivalent to Tuple[int, float, bool]\nNamedArray[Height] # Equivalent to Tuple[str, Array[Height]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:664", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_27.py", "code": "Shape = TypeVarTuple('Shape')\nDType = TypeVar('DType')\nclass Array(Generic[DType, *Shape]):\n ...\n\n# E.g. Float32Array[Height, Width, Channels]\nFloat32Array = Array[np.float32, *Shape]\n\n# E.g. Array1D[np.uint8]\nArray1D = Array[DType, Any]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:679", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_28.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\nFoo = Tuple[T, *Ts]\n\n# T bound to str, Ts to Tuple[int]\nFoo[str, int]\n# T bound to float, Ts to Tuple[()]\nFoo[float]\n# T bound to Any, Ts to an Tuple[Any, ...]\nFoo\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:717", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_29.py", "code": "Ts1 = TypeVar('Ts1')\nTs2 = TypeVar('Ts2')\n\nIntTuple = Tuple[int, *Ts1]\nIntFloatTuple = IntTuple[float, *Ts2] # Valid\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:744", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_30.py", "code": "IntFloatsTuple = IntTuple[*Tuple[float, ...]] # Valid\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:759", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_31.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\n\nIntTuple = Tuple[int, T]\n\nIntTuple[str] # Valid\nIntTuple[*Ts] # NOT valid\nIntTuple[*Tuple[float, ...]] # NOT valid\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:774", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_32.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T')\nFoo = Tuple[T, *Ts]\n\nFoo[str, int] # T bound to str, Ts to Tuple[int]\nFoo[str, int, float] # T bound to str, Ts to Tuple[int, float]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:795", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_33.py", "code": "T1 = TypeVar('T1')\nT2 = TypeVar('T2')\nT3 = TypeVar('T3')\n\nTuple[*Ts, T1, T2] # Valid\nTuple[T1, T2, *Ts] # Valid\nTuple[T1, *Ts, T2, T3] # Valid\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:808", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_34.py", "code": "Shrubbery = Tuple[*Ts, T1, T2]\n\nShrubbery[str, bool] # T2=bool, T1=str, Ts=Tuple[()]\nShrubbery[str, bool, float] # T2=float, T1=bool, Ts=Tuple[str]\nShrubbery[str, bool, float, int] # T2=int, T1=float, Ts=Tuple[str, bool]\n\nPtang = Tuple[T1, *Ts, T2, T3]\n\nPtang[str, bool, float] # T1=str, T3=float, T2=bool, Ts=Tuple[()]\nPtang[str, bool, float, int] # T1=str, T3=int, T2=float, Ts=Tuple[bool]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:823", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_35.py", "code": "Elderberries = Tuple[*Ts, T1]\nHamster = Elderberries[*Tuple[int, ...]] # valid\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:851", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_36.py", "code": "Elderberries[*Tuple[int, ...], str]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:870", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_37.py", "code": "Elderberries[str, *Tuple[int, ...]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:880", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_38.py", "code": "Ts1 = TypeVarTuple('Ts1')\nTs2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')\n\nCamelot = Tuple[T, *Ts1]\nCamelot[*Ts2] # NOT valid\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:897", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_39.py", "code": "Shape = TypeVarTuple('Shape')\nAxis1 = TypeVar('Axis1')\nAxis2 = TypeVar('Axis2')\nAxis3 = TypeVar('Axis3')\n\nclass Array(Generic[*Shape]):\n\n @overload\n def transpose(\n self: Array[Axis1, Axis2]\n ) -> Array[Axis2, Axis1]: ...\n\n @overload\n def transpose(\n self: Array[Axis1, Axis2, Axis3]\n ) -> Array[Axis3, Axis2, Axis1]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:916", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "variadic-generics/legacy_02.py", "code": "class Array1(Generic[Axis1]): ...\nclass Array2(Generic[Axis1, Axis2]): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:960", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_40.py", "code": "DType = TypeVar('DType')\nShape = TypeVarTuple('Shape')\nclass Array(Generic[DType, *Shape]):\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:1078", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_41.py", "code": "idxs = (1, 2)\narray_slice = array[0, *idxs, -1] # Equivalent to [0, 1, 2, -1]\narray[0, *idxs, -1] = array_slice # Also allowed\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:1147", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_42.py", "code": "array[*idxs_to_select, *idxs_to_select] # Equivalent to array[1, 2, 1, 2]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:1155", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_43.py", "code": "array[3:5, *idxs_to_select] # Equivalent to array[3:5, 1, 2]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:1165", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_44.py", "code": "Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')\ndef foo(*args: *Ts): pass\nfoo.__annotations__\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:1229", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "variadic-generics", "pep": "646", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "variadic-generics/modern_45.py", "code": "foo = [1]\ndef bar(*args: *foo): pass\nbar.__annotations__\nfoo = [1, 2]\ndef bar(*args: *foo): pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0646.rst:1282", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-guard", "pep": "647", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-guard/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import TypeGuard\n\ndef is_str_list(val: List[object]) -> TypeGuard[List[str]]:\n \"\"\"Determines whether all objects in the list are strings\"\"\"\n return all(isinstance(x, str) for x in val)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0647.rst:103", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-guard", "pep": "647", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-guard/modern_02.py", "code": "class Person(TypedDict):\n name: str\n age: int\n\ndef is_person(val: dict) -> \"TypeGuard[Person]\":\n try:\n return isinstance(val[\"name\"], str) and isinstance(val[\"age\"], int)\n except KeyError:\n return False\n\ndef print_age(val: dict):\n if is_person(val):\n print(f\"Age: {val['age']}\")\n else:\n print(\"Not a person!\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0647.rst:115", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-guard", "pep": "647", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-guard/modern_03.py", "code": "_T = TypeVar(\"_T\")\n\ndef is_two_element_tuple(val: Tuple[_T, ...]) -> TypeGuard[Tuple[_T, _T]]:\n return len(val) == 2\n\ndef func(names: Tuple[str, ...]):\n if is_two_element_tuple(names):\n reveal_type(names) # Tuple[str, str]\n else:\n reveal_type(names) # Tuple[str, ...]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0647.rst:159", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-guard", "pep": "647", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-guard/modern_04.py", "code": "def is_str_list(val: List[object], allow_empty: bool) -> TypeGuard[List[str]]:\n if len(val) == 0:\n return allow_empty\n return all(isinstance(x, str) for x in val)\n\n_T = TypeVar(\"_T\")\n\ndef is_set_of(val: Set[Any], type: Type[_T]) -> TypeGuard[Set[_T]]:\n return all(isinstance(x, type) for x in val)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0647.rst:185", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-guard", "pep": "647", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "type-guard/modern_05.py", "code": "def f(value: int) -> TypeGuard[str]:\n return True\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0647.rst:300", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_01.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict):\n title: str\n year: NotRequired[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:63", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_02.py", "code": "Actor = TypedDict('Actor', {\n 'name': str,\n # \"in\" is a keyword, so the functional syntax is necessary\n 'in': NotRequired[List[str]],\n})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:75", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_03.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):\n title: Required[str]\n year: int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:129", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_04.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict): # implicitly total=True\n title: str\n year: NotRequired[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:139", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_05.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict):\n title: Required[str] # redundant\n year: NotRequired[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:152", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_06.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict):\n title: str\n year: NotRequired[Required[int]] # ERROR\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:161", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_07.py", "code": "Movie = TypedDict('Movie', {'name': str, 'year': NotRequired[int]})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:175", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_08.py", "code": "class _MovieBase(TypedDict):\n title: str\n\nclass Movie(_MovieBase):\n year: NotRequired[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:200", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_09.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict):\n title: str\n year: NotRequired[Annotated[int, ValueRange(-9999, 9999)]] # ok\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:215", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_10.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict):\n title: str\n year: Annotated[NotRequired[int], ValueRange(-9999, 9999)] # ok\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:221", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_11.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict):\n title: str\n year: NotRequired[int]\n\nassert get_type_hints(Movie) == \\\n {'title': str, 'year': int}\nassert get_type_hints(Movie, include_extras=True) == \\\n {'title': str, 'year': NotRequired[int]}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:250", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_12.py", "code": "assert get_origin(Required[int]) is Required\nassert get_args(Required[int]) == (int,)\n\nassert get_origin(NotRequired[int]) is NotRequired\nassert get_args(NotRequired[int]) == (int,)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:268", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_13.py", "code": "from __future__ import annotations # for Python 3.7-3.9\n\nclass Dog(TypedDict):\n name: str\n owner: NotRequired[str|None]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:317", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_14.py", "code": "class Dog(TypedDict):\n name: str\n owner: 'NotRequired[str|None]'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:328", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_15.py", "code": "class Dog(TypedDict):\n name: str\n # ick; avoid using both Optional and NotRequired\n owner: NotRequired[Optional[str]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:337", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_16.py", "code": "from typing import NotRequired, TypedDict\n\nclass Dog(TypedDict):\n name: str\n owner: NotRequired[str|None]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:356", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_17.py", "code": "from __future__ import annotations # for Python 3.7-3.9\n\nfrom typing_extensions import NotRequired, TypedDict # for Python <3.11 with (Not)Required\n\nclass Dog(TypedDict):\n name: str\n owner: NotRequired[str|None]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:367", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "required-notrequired", "pep": "655", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "required-notrequired/modern_18.py", "code": "from typing import TypedDict # oops: should import from typing_extensions instead\nfrom typing_extensions import NotRequired\n\nclass Movie(TypedDict):\n title: str\n year: NotRequired[int]\n\nassert Movie.__required_keys__ == frozenset({'title', 'year'}) # yikes\nassert Movie.__optional_keys__ == frozenset() # yikes\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0655.rst:380", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "self-type/legacy_01.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar\n\nTShape = TypeVar(\"TShape\", bound=\"Shape\")\n\nclass Shape:\n def set_scale(self: TShape, scale: float) -> TShape:\n self.scale = scale\n return self\n\n\nclass Circle(Shape):\n def set_radius(self, radius: float) -> Circle:\n self.radius = radius\n return self\n\nCircle().set_scale(0.5).set_radius(2.7) # => Circle\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:80", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import Self\n\nclass Shape:\n def set_scale(self, scale: float) -> Self:\n self.scale = scale\n return self\n\n\nclass Circle(Shape):\n def set_radius(self, radius: float) -> Self:\n self.radius = radius\n return self\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:113", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_02.py", "code": "from typing import Self\n\nclass Shape:\n def set_scale(self, scale: float) -> Self:\n self.scale = scale\n return self\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:163", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "self-type/legacy_02.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar\n\nSelfShape = TypeVar(\"SelfShape\", bound=\"Shape\")\n\nclass Shape:\n def set_scale(self: SelfShape, scale: float) -> SelfShape:\n self.scale = scale\n return self\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:174", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_03.py", "code": "class Circle(Shape):\n def set_radius(self, radius: float) -> Self:\n self.radius = radius\n return self\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:187", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "self-type/legacy_03.py", "code": "SelfCircle = TypeVar(\"SelfCircle\", bound=\"Circle\")\n\nclass Circle(Shape):\n def set_radius(self: SelfCircle, radius: float) -> SelfCircle:\n self.radius = radius\n return self\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:196", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "self-type/legacy_04.py", "code": "Self = TypeVar(\"Self\", bound=\"Shape\")\n\nclass Shape:\n @classmethod\n def from_config(\n cls: type[Self], config: dict[str, float]\n ) -> Self:\n return cls(config[\"scale\"])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:248", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_04.py", "code": "from typing import Self\n\nclass Shape:\n @classmethod\n def from_config(cls, config: dict[str, float]) -> Self:\n return cls(config[\"scale\"])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:261", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "self-type/legacy_05.py", "code": "Self = TypeVar(\"Self\", bound=\"Shape\")\n\nclass Shape:\n def difference(self: Self, other: Self) -> float: ...\n\n def apply(self: Self, f: Callable[[Self], None]) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:280", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_05.py", "code": "from typing import Self\n\nclass Shape:\n def difference(self, other: Self) -> float: ...\n\n def apply(self, f: Callable[[Self], None]) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:291", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_06.py", "code": "class Shape:\n def difference(self: Self, other: Self) -> float: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:303", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_07.py", "code": "from typing import Self\n\n@dataclass\nclass LinkedList(Generic[T]):\n value: T\n next: Self | None = None\n\n@dataclass\nclass OrdinalLinkedList(LinkedList[int]):\n def ordinal_value(self) -> str:\n return as_ordinal(self.value)\n\nxs = OrdinalLinkedList(value=1, next=LinkedList[int](value=2))\n# Type error: Expected OrdinalLinkedList, got LinkedList[int].\n\nif xs.next is not None:\n xs.next = OrdinalLinkedList(value=3, next=None) # OK\n xs.next = LinkedList[int](value=3, next=None) # Not OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:352", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "self-type/legacy_06.py", "code": "from dataclasses import dataclass\nfrom typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar\n\nT = TypeVar(\"T\")\nSelf = TypeVar(\"Self\", bound=\"LinkedList\")\n\n\nclass LinkedList(Generic[T]):\n value: T\n\n @property\n def next(self: Self) -> Self | None:\n return self._next\n\n @next.setter\n def next(self: Self, next: Self | None) -> None:\n self._next = next\n\nclass OrdinalLinkedList(LinkedList[int]):\n def ordinal_value(self) -> str:\n return str(self.value)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:378", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_08.py", "code": "class Container(Generic[T]):\n value: T\n def set_value(self, value: T) -> Self: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:407", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "self-type/legacy_07.py", "code": "Self = TypeVar(\"Self\", bound=\"Container[Any]\")\n\nclass Container(Generic[T]):\n value: T\n def set_value(self: Self, value: T) -> Self: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:416", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_09.py", "code": "class Container(Generic[T]):\n def foo(\n self, other: Self[int], other2: Self,\n ) -> Self[str]: # Rejected\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:457", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_10.py", "code": "from typing import Protocol, Self\n\nclass ShapeProtocol(Protocol):\n scale: float\n\n def set_scale(self, scale: float) -> Self:\n self.scale = scale\n return self\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:482", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "legacy", "file": "self-type/legacy_08.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar\n\nSelfShape = TypeVar(\"SelfShape\", bound=\"ShapeProtocol\")\n\nclass ShapeProtocol(Protocol):\n scale: float\n\n def set_scale(self: SelfShape, scale: float) -> SelfShape:\n self.scale = scale\n return self\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:495", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_11.py", "code": "from typing import Protocol\n\nclass ShapeProtocol(Protocol):\n def set_scale(self, scale: float) -> Self: ...\n\nclass ReturnSelf:\n scale: float = 1.0\n\n def set_scale(self, scale: float) -> Self:\n self.scale = scale\n return self\n\nclass ReturnConcreteShape:\n scale: float = 1.0\n\n def set_scale(self, scale: float) -> ReturnConcreteShape:\n self.scale = scale\n return self\n\nclass BadReturnType:\n scale: float = 1.0\n\n def set_scale(self, scale: float) -> int:\n self.scale = scale\n return 42\n\nclass ReturnDifferentClass:\n scale: float = 1.0\n\n def set_scale(self, scale: float) -> ReturnConcreteShape:\n return ReturnConcreteShape(...)\n\ndef accepts_shape(shape: ShapeProtocol) -> None:\n y = shape.set_scale(0.5)\n reveal_type(y)\n\ndef main() -> None:\n return_self_shape: ReturnSelf\n return_concrete_shape: ReturnConcreteShape\n bad_return_type: BadReturnType\n return_different_class: ReturnDifferentClass\n\n accepts_shape(return_self_shape) # OK\n accepts_shape(return_concrete_shape) # OK\n accepts_shape(bad_return_type) # Not OK\n # Not OK because it returns a non-subclass.\n accepts_shape(return_different_class)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:519", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_12.py", "code": "class ReturnsSelf:\n def foo(self) -> Self: ... # Accepted\n\n @classmethod\n def bar(cls) -> Self: # Accepted\n return cls()\n\n def __new__(cls, value: int) -> Self: ... # Accepted\n\n def explicitly_use_self(self: Self) -> Self: ... # Accepted\n\n # Accepted (Self can be nested within other types)\n def returns_list(self) -> list[Self]: ...\n\n # Accepted (Self can be nested within other types)\n @classmethod\n def return_cls(cls) -> type[Self]:\n return cls\n\nclass Child(ReturnsSelf):\n # Accepted (we can override a method that uses Self annotations)\n def foo(self) -> Self: ...\n\nclass TakesSelf:\n def foo(self, other: Self) -> bool: ... # Accepted\n\nclass Recursive:\n # Accepted (treated as an @property returning ``Self | None``)\n next: Self | None\n\nclass CallableAttribute:\n def foo(self) -> int: ...\n\n # Accepted (treated as an @property returning the Callable type)\n bar: Callable[[Self], int] = foo\n\nclass HasNestedFunction:\n x: int = 42\n\n def foo(self) -> None:\n\n # Accepted (Self is bound to HasNestedFunction).\n def nested(z: int, inner_self: Self) -> Self:\n print(z)\n print(inner_self.x)\n return inner_self\n\n nested(42, self) # OK\n\n\nclass Outer:\n class Inner:\n def foo(self) -> Self: ... # Accepted (Self is bound to Inner)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:579", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_13.py", "code": "def foo(bar: Self) -> Self: ... # Rejected (not within a class)\n\nbar: Self # Rejected (not within a class)\n\nclass Foo:\n # Rejected (Self is treated as unknown).\n def has_existing_self_annotation(self: T) -> Self: ...\n\nclass Foo:\n def return_concrete_type(self) -> Self:\n return Foo() # Rejected (see FooChild below for rationale)\n\nclass FooChild(Foo):\n child_value: int = 42\n\n def child_method(self) -> None:\n # At runtime, this would be Foo, not FooChild.\n y = self.return_concrete_type()\n\n y.child_value\n # Runtime error: Foo has no attribute child_value\n\nclass Bar(Generic[T]):\n def bar(self) -> T: ...\n\nclass Baz(Bar[Self]): ... # Rejected\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:638", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_14.py", "code": "TupleSelf = Tuple[Self, Self] # Rejected\n\nclass Alias:\n def return_tuple(self) -> TupleSelf: # Rejected\n return (self, self)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:673", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_15.py", "code": "class Base:\n @staticmethod\n def make() -> Self: # Rejected\n ...\n\n @staticmethod\n def return_parameter(foo: Self) -> Self: # Rejected\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:686", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "self-type", "pep": "673", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "self-type/modern_16.py", "code": "class MyMetaclass(type):\n def __new__(cls, *args: Any) -> Self: # Rejected\n return super().__new__(cls, *args)\n\n def __mul__(cls, count: int) -> list[Self]: # Rejected\n return [cls()] * count\n\nclass Foo(metaclass=MyMetaclass): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0673.rst:705", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import LiteralString\n\ndef execute(self, sql: LiteralString, parameters: Iterable[str] = ...) -> Cursor: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:131", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_02.py", "code": "variable_annotation: LiteralString\n\ndef my_function(literal_string: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n\nclass Foo:\n my_attribute: LiteralString\n\ntype_argument: List[LiteralString]\n\nT = TypeVar(\"T\", bound=LiteralString)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:296", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_03.py", "code": "bad_union: Literal[\"hello\", LiteralString] # Not OK\nbad_nesting: Literal[LiteralString] # Not OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:311", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_04.py", "code": "literal_string: LiteralString\ns: str = literal_string # OK\n\nliteral_string: LiteralString = s # Error: Expected LiteralString, got str.\nliteral_string: LiteralString = \"hello\" # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:382", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_05.py", "code": "def expect_literal_string(s: LiteralString) -> None: ...\n\nexpect_literal_string(\"foo\" + \"bar\") # OK\nexpect_literal_string(literal_string + \"bar\") # OK\n\nliteral_string2: LiteralString\nexpect_literal_string(literal_string + literal_string2) # OK\n\nplain_string: str\nexpect_literal_string(literal_string + plain_string) # Not OK.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:392", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_06.py", "code": "expect_literal_string(\",\".join([\"foo\", \"bar\"])) # OK\nexpect_literal_string(literal_string.join([\"foo\", \"bar\"])) # OK\nexpect_literal_string(literal_string.join([literal_string, literal_string2])) # OK\n\nxs: List[LiteralString]\nexpect_literal_string(literal_string.join(xs)) # OK\nexpect_literal_string(plain_string.join([literal_string, literal_string2]))\n# Not OK because the separator has type 'str'.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:407", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_07.py", "code": "literal_name: LiteralString\nexpect_literal_string(f\"hello {literal_name}\")\n# OK because it is composed from literal strings.\n\nexpect_literal_string(\"hello {}\".format(literal_name)) # OK\n\nexpect_literal_string(f\"hello\") # OK\n\nusername: str\nexpect_literal_string(f\"hello {username}\")\n# NOT OK. The format-string is constructed from 'username',\n# which has type 'str'.\n\nexpect_literal_string(\"hello {}\".format(username)) # Not OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:428", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_08.py", "code": "def add_limit(query: LiteralString) -> LiteralString:\n return query + \" LIMIT = 1\"\n\ndef my_query(query: LiteralString, user_id: str) -> None:\n sql_connection().execute(add_limit(query), (user_id,)) # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:458", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_09.py", "code": "def return_literal_string() -> LiteralString:\n return \"foo\" if condition1() else \"bar\" # OK\n\ndef return_literal_str2(literal_string: LiteralString) -> LiteralString:\n return \"foo\" if condition1() else literal_string # OK\n\ndef return_literal_str3() -> LiteralString:\n if condition1():\n result: Literal[\"foo\"] = \"foo\"\n else:\n result: LiteralString = \"bar\"\n\n return result # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:468", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_10.py", "code": "from typing import Literal, LiteralString, TypeVar\n\nTLiteral = TypeVar(\"TLiteral\", bound=LiteralString)\n\ndef literal_identity(s: TLiteral) -> TLiteral:\n return s\n\nhello: Literal[\"hello\"] = \"hello\"\ny = literal_identity(hello)\nreveal_type(y) # => Literal[\"hello\"]\n\ns: LiteralString\ny2 = literal_identity(s)\nreveal_type(y2) # => LiteralString\n\ns_error: str\nliteral_identity(s_error)\n# Error: Expected TLiteral (bound to LiteralString), got str.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:490", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_11.py", "code": "class Container(Generic[T]):\n def __init__(self, value: T) -> None:\n self.value = value\n\nliteral_string: LiteralString = \"hello\"\nx: Container[LiteralString] = Container(literal_string) # OK\n\ns: str\nx_error: Container[LiteralString] = Container(s) # Not OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:514", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_12.py", "code": "xs: List[LiteralString] = [\"foo\", \"bar\", \"baz\"]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:528", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_13.py", "code": "@overload\ndef foo(x: Literal[\"foo\"]) -> int: ...\n@overload\ndef foo(x: LiteralString) -> bool: ...\n@overload\ndef foo(x: str) -> str: ...\n\nx1: int = foo(\"foo\") # First overload.\nx2: bool = foo(\"bar\") # Second overload.\ns: str\nx3: str = foo(s) # Third overload.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:541", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_14.py", "code": "x: LiteralString = \"hello\"\nexpect_literal_string(x)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:584", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_15.py", "code": "def run(command: LiteralString, *args: str, shell: bool=...): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:868", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_16.py", "code": "def mark_safe(s: LiteralString) -> str: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:899", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_17.py", "code": "class Template:\n def __init__(self, source: LiteralString): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:933", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_18.py", "code": "def info(msg: LiteralString, *args: object) -> None:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:969", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_19.py", "code": "# before\ndef capitalize(self) -> str: ...\n\n# after\n@overload\ndef capitalize(self: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef capitalize(self) -> str: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:1047", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_20.py", "code": "@overload\ndef capitalize(self: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef capitalize(self) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef casefold(self: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef casefold(self) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef center(self: LiteralString, __width: SupportsIndex, __fillchar: LiteralString = ...) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef center(self, __width: SupportsIndex, __fillchar: str = ...) -> str: ...\n\nif sys.version_info >= (3, 8):\n @overload\n def expandtabs(self: LiteralString, tabsize: SupportsIndex = ...) -> LiteralString: ...\n @overload\n def expandtabs(self, tabsize: SupportsIndex = ...) -> str: ...\n\nelse:\n @overload\n def expandtabs(self: LiteralString, tabsize: int = ...) -> LiteralString: ...\n @overload\n def expandtabs(self, tabsize: int = ...) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef format(self: LiteralString, *args: LiteralString, **kwargs: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef format(self, *args: str, **kwargs: str) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef join(self: LiteralString, __iterable: Iterable[LiteralString]) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef join(self, __iterable: Iterable[str]) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef ljust(self: LiteralString, __width: SupportsIndex, __fillchar: LiteralString = ...) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef ljust(self, __width: SupportsIndex, __fillchar: str = ...) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef lower(self: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef lower(self) -> LiteralString: ...\n\n@overload\ndef lstrip(self: LiteralString, __chars: LiteralString | None = ...) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef lstrip(self, __chars: str | None = ...) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef partition(self: LiteralString, __sep: LiteralString) -> tuple[LiteralString, LiteralString, LiteralString]: ...\n@overload\ndef partition(self, __sep: str) -> tuple[str, str, str]: ...\n\n@overload\ndef replace(self: LiteralString, __old: LiteralString, __new: LiteralString, __count: SupportsIndex = ...) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef replace(self, __old: str, __new: str, __count: SupportsIndex = ...) -> str: ...\n\nif sys.version_info >= (3, 9):\n @overload\n def removeprefix(self: LiteralString, __prefix: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n @overload\n def removeprefix(self, __prefix: str) -> str: ...\n\n @overload\n def removesuffix(self: LiteralString, __suffix: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n @overload\n def removesuffix(self, __suffix: str) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef rjust(self: LiteralString, __width: SupportsIndex, __fillchar: LiteralString = ...) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef rjust(self, __width: SupportsIndex, __fillchar: str = ...) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef rpartition(self: LiteralString, __sep: LiteralString) -> tuple[LiteralString, LiteralString, LiteralString]: ...\n@overload\ndef rpartition(self, __sep: str) -> tuple[str, str, str]: ...\n\n@overload\ndef rsplit(self: LiteralString, sep: LiteralString | None = ..., maxsplit: SupportsIndex = ...) -> list[LiteralString]: ...\n@overload\ndef rsplit(self, sep: str | None = ..., maxsplit: SupportsIndex = ...) -> list[str]: ...\n\n@overload\ndef rstrip(self: LiteralString, __chars: LiteralString | None = ...) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef rstrip(self, __chars: str | None = ...) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef split(self: LiteralString, sep: LiteralString | None = ..., maxsplit: SupportsIndex = ...) -> list[LiteralString]: ...\n@overload\ndef split(self, sep: str | None = ..., maxsplit: SupportsIndex = ...) -> list[str]: ...\n\n@overload\ndef splitlines(self: LiteralString, keepends: bool = ...) -> list[LiteralString]: ...\n@overload\ndef splitlines(self, keepends: bool = ...) -> list[str]: ...\n\n@overload\ndef strip(self: LiteralString, __chars: LiteralString | None = ...) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef strip(self, __chars: str | None = ...) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef swapcase(self: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef swapcase(self) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef title(self: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef title(self) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef upper(self: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef upper(self) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef zfill(self: LiteralString, __width: SupportsIndex) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef zfill(self, __width: SupportsIndex) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef __add__(self: LiteralString, __s: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef __add__(self, __s: str) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef __iter__(self: LiteralString) -> Iterator[str]: ...\n@overload\ndef __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]: ...\n\n@overload\ndef __mod__(self: LiteralString, __x: Union[LiteralString, Tuple[LiteralString, ...]]) -> str: ...\n@overload\ndef __mod__(self, __x: Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef __mul__(self: LiteralString, __n: SupportsIndex) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef __mul__(self, __n: SupportsIndex) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef __repr__(self: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef __repr__(self) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef __rmul__(self: LiteralString, n: SupportsIndex) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef __rmul__(self, n: SupportsIndex) -> str: ...\n\n@overload\ndef __str__(self: LiteralString) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef __str__(self) -> str: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:1068", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "literal-string", "pep": "675", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "literal-string/modern_21.py", "code": "# OK\n@overload\ndef my_transform(x: LiteralString, y: Literal[\"a\", \"b\"]) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef my_transform(x: str, y: str) -> str: ...\n\n# Not OK\n@overload\ndef my_transform(x: LiteralString, y: str) -> LiteralString: ...\n@overload\ndef my_transform(x: str, y: str) -> str: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0675.rst:1252", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclass-transform", "pep": "681", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclass-transform/modern_01.py", "code": "_T = TypeVar(\"_T\")\n\n# The ``create_model`` decorator is defined by a library.\n# This could be in a type stub or inline.\n@typing.dataclass_transform()\ndef create_model(cls: Type[_T]) -> Type[_T]:\n cls.__init__ = ...\n cls.__eq__ = ...\n cls.__ne__ = ...\n return cls\n\n# The ``create_model`` decorator can now be used to create new model\n# classes, like this:\n@create_model\nclass CustomerModel:\n id: int\n name: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0681.rst:151", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclass-transform", "pep": "681", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclass-transform/modern_02.py", "code": "# The ``ModelBase`` class is defined by a library. This could be in\n# a type stub or inline.\n@typing.dataclass_transform()\nclass ModelBase: ...\n\n# The ``ModelBase`` class can now be used to create new model\n# subclasses, like this:\nclass CustomerModel(ModelBase):\n id: int\n name: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0681.rst:174", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclass-transform", "pep": "681", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclass-transform/modern_03.py", "code": "# The ``ModelMeta`` metaclass and ``ModelBase`` class are defined by\n# a library. This could be in a type stub or inline.\n@typing.dataclass_transform()\nclass ModelMeta(type): ...\n\nclass ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ...\n\n# The ``ModelBase`` class can now be used to create new model\n# subclasses, like this:\nclass CustomerModel(ModelBase):\n id: int\n name: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0681.rst:190", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclass-transform", "pep": "681", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclass-transform/modern_04.py", "code": "# Indicate that the ``create_model`` function assumes keyword-only\n# parameters for the synthesized ``__init__`` method unless it is\n# invoked with ``kw_only=False``. It always synthesizes order-related\n# methods and provides no way to override this behavior.\n@typing.dataclass_transform(kw_only_default=True, order_default=True)\ndef create_model(\n *,\n frozen: bool = False,\n kw_only: bool = True,\n) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], Type[_T]]: ...\n\n# Example of how this decorator would be used by code that imports\n# from this library:\n@create_model(frozen=True, kw_only=False)\nclass CustomerModel:\n id: int\n name: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0681.rst:279", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclass-transform", "pep": "681", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclass-transform/modern_05.py", "code": "# Indicate that classes that derive from this class default to\n# synthesizing comparison methods.\n@typing.dataclass_transform(eq_default=True, order_default=True)\nclass ModelBase:\n def __init_subclass__(\n cls,\n *,\n init: bool = True,\n frozen: bool = False,\n eq: bool = True,\n order: bool = True,\n ):\n ...\n\n# Example of how this class would be used by code that imports\n# from this library:\nclass CustomerModel(\n ModelBase,\n init=False,\n frozen=True,\n eq=False,\n order=False,\n):\n id: int\n name: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0681.rst:302", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclass-transform", "pep": "681", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclass-transform/modern_06.py", "code": "# Indicate that classes that use this metaclass default to\n# synthesizing comparison methods.\n@typing.dataclass_transform(eq_default=True, order_default=True)\nclass ModelMeta(type):\n def __new__(\n cls,\n name,\n bases,\n namespace,\n *,\n init: bool = True,\n frozen: bool = False,\n eq: bool = True,\n order: bool = True,\n ):\n ...\n\nclass ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta):\n ...\n\n# Example of how this class would be used by code that imports\n# from this library:\nclass CustomerModel(\n ModelBase,\n init=False,\n frozen=True,\n eq=False,\n order=False,\n):\n id: int\n name: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0681.rst:333", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclass-transform", "pep": "681", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclass-transform/modern_07.py", "code": "# Library code (within type stub or inline)\n# In this library, passing a resolver means that init must be False,\n# and the overload with Literal[False] enforces that.\n@overload\ndef model_field(\n *,\n default: Optional[Any] = ...,\n resolver: Callable[[], Any],\n init: Literal[False] = False,\n ) -> Any: ...\n\n@overload\ndef model_field(\n *,\n default: Optional[Any] = ...,\n resolver: None = None,\n init: bool = True,\n ) -> Any: ...\n\n@typing.dataclass_transform(\n kw_only_default=True,\n field_specifiers=(model_field, ))\ndef create_model(\n *,\n init: bool = True,\n) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], Type[_T]]: ...\n\n# Code that imports this library:\n@create_model(init=False)\nclass CustomerModel:\n id: int = model_field(resolver=lambda : 0)\n name: str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0681.rst:447", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclass-transform", "pep": "681", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclass-transform/modern_08.py", "code": "# ModelBase is not considered either \"frozen\" or \"non-frozen\"\n# because it is decorated with ``dataclass_transform``\n@typing.dataclass_transform()\nclass ModelBase(): ...\n\n# Vehicle is considered non-frozen because it does not specify\n# \"frozen=True\".\nclass Vehicle(ModelBase):\n name: str\n\n# Car is a frozen class that derives from Vehicle, which is a\n# non-frozen class. This is an error.\nclass Car(Vehicle, frozen=True):\n wheel_count: int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0681.rst:525", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclass-transform", "pep": "681", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclass-transform/modern_09.py", "code": "@typing.dataclass_transform()\nclass ModelMeta(type): ...\n\n# ModelBase is not considered either \"frozen\" or \"non-frozen\"\n# because it directly specifies ModelMeta as its metaclass.\nclass ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ...\n\n# Vehicle is considered non-frozen because it does not specify\n# \"frozen=True\".\nclass Vehicle(ModelBase):\n name: str\n\n# Car is a frozen class that derives from Vehicle, which is a\n# non-frozen class. This is an error.\nclass Car(Vehicle, frozen=True):\n wheel_count: int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0681.rst:544", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "buffer-protocol", "pep": "688", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "buffer-protocol/modern_01.py", "code": "def need_buffer(b: Buffer) -> memoryview:\n return memoryview(b)\n\nneed_buffer(b\"xy\") # ok\nneed_buffer(\"xy\") # rejected by static type checkers\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0688.rst:184", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "buffer-protocol", "pep": "688", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "buffer-protocol/modern_02.py", "code": "from collections.abc import Buffer\nisinstance(b\"xy\", Buffer)\nissubclass(bytes, Buffer)\nissubclass(memoryview, Buffer)\nisinstance(\"xy\", Buffer)\nissubclass(str, Buffer)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0688.rst:195", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "buffer-protocol", "pep": "688", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "buffer-protocol/modern_03.py", "code": "import contextlib\nimport inspect\n\nclass MyBuffer:\n def __init__(self, data: bytes):\n self.data = bytearray(data)\n self.view = None\n\n def __buffer__(self, flags: int) -> memoryview:\n if flags != inspect.BufferFlags.FULL_RO:\n raise TypeError(\"Only BufferFlags.FULL_RO supported\")\n if self.view is not None:\n raise RuntimeError(\"Buffer already held\")\n self.view = memoryview(self.data)\n return self.view\n\n def __release_buffer__(self, view: memoryview) -> None:\n assert self.view is view # guaranteed to be true\n self.view.release()\n self.view = None\n\n def extend(self, b: bytes) -> None:\n if self.view is not None:\n raise RuntimeError(\"Cannot extend held buffer\")\n self.data.extend(b)\n\nbuffer = MyBuffer(b\"capybara\")\nwith memoryview(buffer) as view:\n view[0] = ord(\"C\")\n\n with contextlib.suppress(RuntimeError):\n buffer.extend(b\"!\") # raises RuntimeError\n\nbuffer.extend(b\"!\") # ok, buffer is no longer held\n\nwith memoryview(buffer) as view:\n assert view.tobytes() == b\"Capybara!\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0688.rst:219", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_01.py", "code": "def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:116", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_02.py", "code": "def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]) -> None:\n assert_type(kwargs, Movie) # OK!\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:130", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_03.py", "code": "def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]) -> None: ...\n\nmovie: dict[str, object] = {\"name\": \"Life of Brian\", \"year\": 1979}\nfoo(**movie) # WRONG! Movie is of type dict[str, object]\n\ntyped_movie: Movie = {\"name\": \"The Meaning of Life\", \"year\": 1983}\nfoo(**typed_movie) # OK!\n\nanother_movie = {\"name\": \"Life of Brian\", \"year\": 1979}\nfoo(**another_movie) # Depends on the type checker.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:146", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_04.py", "code": "def foo(name, **kwargs: Unpack[Movie]) -> None: ... # WRONG! \"name\" will\n # always bind to the\n # first parameter.\n\ndef foo(name, /, **kwargs: Unpack[Movie]) -> None: ... # OK! \"name\" is a\n # positional-only parameter,\n # so **kwargs can contain\n # a \"name\" keyword.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:166", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_05.py", "code": "class Animal(TypedDict):\n name: str\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n breed: str\n\ndef accept_animal(**kwargs: Unpack[Animal]): ...\ndef accept_dog(**kwargs: Unpack[Dog]): ...\n\naccept_dog = accept_animal # OK! Expression of type Dog can be\n # assigned to a variable of type Animal.\n\naccept_animal = accept_dog # WRONG! Expression of type Animal\n # cannot be assigned to a variable of type Dog.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:208", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_06.py", "code": "class Example(TypedDict):\n animal: Animal \n string: str\n number: NotRequired[int]\n\ndef src(**kwargs: Unpack[Example]): ...\ndef dest(*, animal: Dog, string: str, number: int = ...): ...\n\ndest = src # OK!\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:236", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_07.py", "code": "def dest(**kwargs: Unpack[Animal]): ...\ndef src(name: str): ...\n\ndog: Dog = {\"name\": \"Daisy\", \"breed\": \"Labrador\"}\nanimal: Animal = dog\n\ndest = src # WRONG!\ndest(**animal) # Fails at runtime.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:268", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_08.py", "code": "def src(**kwargs): ...\ndef dest(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...\n\ndest = src # OK!\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:286", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_09.py", "code": "class Vehicle:\n ...\n\nclass Car(Vehicle):\n ...\n\nclass Motorcycle(Vehicle):\n ...\n\nclass Vehicles(TypedDict):\n car: Car\n moto: Motorcycle\n\ndef dest(**kwargs: Unpack[Vehicles]): ...\ndef src(**kwargs: Vehicle): ...\n\ndest = src # OK!\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:299", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_10.py", "code": "class Animal(TypedDict):\n name: str\n\nclass Dog(Animal):\n breed: str\n\ndef takes_name(name: str): ...\n\ndog: Dog = {\"name\": \"Daisy\", \"breed\": \"Labrador\"}\nanimal: Animal = dog\n\ndef foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Animal]):\n print(kwargs[\"name\"].capitalize())\n\ndef bar(**kwargs: Unpack[Animal]):\n takes_name(**kwargs)\n\ndef baz(animal: Animal):\n takes_name(**animal)\n\ndef spam(**kwargs: Unpack[Animal]):\n baz(kwargs)\n\nfoo(**animal) # OK! foo only expects and uses keywords of 'Animal'.\n\nbar(**animal) # WRONG! This will fail at runtime because 'breed' keyword\n # will be passed to 'takes_name' as well.\n\nspam(**animal) # WRONG! Again, 'breed' keyword will be eventually passed\n # to 'takes_name'.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:333", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_11.py", "code": "def bar(**kwargs: Unpack[Animal]):\n name = kwargs[\"name\"]\n takes_name(name)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:382", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_12.py", "code": "def foo(name: str, year: int): ... # Preferred way.\ndef foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:425", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_13.py", "code": "class Book(TypedDict):\n genre: str\n pages: int\n\nTypedDictUnion = Movie | Book\n\ndef foo(**kwargs: Unpack[TypedDictUnion]) -> None: ... # WRONG! Unsupported use\n # of a union of\n # TypedDicts to type\n # **kwargs\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:486", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_14.py", "code": "@overload\ndef foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...\n\n@overload\ndef foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Book]): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:500", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "typed-kwargs", "pep": "692", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "typed-kwargs/modern_15.py", "code": "def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0692.rst:532", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-param-syntax/legacy_01.py", "code": "from typing import Generic, TypeVar\n\n_T_co = TypeVar(\"_T_co\", covariant=True, bound=str)\n\nclass ClassA(Generic[_T_co]):\n def method1(self) -> _T_co:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:120", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_01.py", "code": "class ClassA[T: str]:\n def method1(self) -> T:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:133", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-param-syntax/legacy_02.py", "code": "from typing import TypeVar\n\n_T = TypeVar(\"_T\")\n\ndef func(a: _T, b: _T) -> _T:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:142", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_02.py", "code": "def func[T](a: T, b: T) -> T:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:153", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-param-syntax/legacy_03.py", "code": "from typing import TypeAlias\n\n_T = TypeVar(\"_T\")\n\nListOrSet: TypeAlias = list[_T] | set[_T]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:161", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_03.py", "code": "type ListOrSet[T] = list[T] | set[T]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:172", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_04.py", "code": "# This generic class is parameterized by a TypeVar T, a\n# TypeVarTuple Ts, and a ParamSpec P.\nclass ChildClass[T, *Ts, **P]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:192", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_05.py", "code": "class ClassA[T](Generic[T]): ... # Runtime error\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:204", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_06.py", "code": "class ClassA[S, T](Protocol): ... # OK\n\nclass ClassB[S, T](Protocol[S, T]): ... # Recommended type checker error\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:215", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_07.py", "code": "class ClassA[T, *T]: ... # Syntax Error\n\ndef func1[T, **T](): ... # Syntax Error\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:227", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_08.py", "code": "class ClassA[T: str]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:247", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_09.py", "code": "class ClassA[T: dict[str, int]]: ... # OK\n\nclass ClassB[T: \"ForwardReference\"]: ... # OK\n\nclass ClassC[V]:\n class ClassD[T: dict[str, V]]: ... # Type checker error: generic type\n\nclass ClassE[T: [str, int]]: ... # Type checker error: illegal expression form\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:259", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_10.py", "code": "class ClassA[AnyStr: (str, bytes)]: ... # OK\n\nclass ClassB[T: (\"ForwardReference\", bytes)]: ... # OK\n\nclass ClassC[T: ()]: ... # Type checker error: two or more types required\n\nclass ClassD[T: (str, )]: ... # Type checker error: two or more types required\n\nt1 = (bytes, str)\nclass ClassE[T: t1]: ... # Type checker error: literal tuple expression required\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:279", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_11.py", "code": "class ClassF[T: (3, bytes)]: ... # Type checker error: invalid expression form\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:297", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_12.py", "code": "class ClassG[T: (list[S], str)]: ... # Type checker error: generic type\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:306", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_13.py", "code": "# A non-generic type alias\ntype IntOrStr = int | str\n\n# A generic type alias\ntype ListOrSet[T] = list[T] | set[T]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:327", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_14.py", "code": "# A type alias that includes a forward reference\ntype AnimalOrVegetable = Animal | \"Vegetable\"\n\n# A generic self-referential type alias\ntype RecursiveList[T] = T | list[RecursiveList[T]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:338", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_15.py", "code": "T = TypeVar(\"T\")\ntype MyList = list[T] # Type checker error: traditional type variable usage\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:364", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_16.py", "code": "# The following generates no compiler error, but a type checker\n# should generate an error because an upper bound type must be concrete,\n# and ``Sequence[S]`` is generic. Future extensions to the type system may\n# eliminate this limitation.\nclass ClassA[S, T: Sequence[S]]: ...\n\n# The following generates no compiler error, because the bound for ``S``\n# is lazily evaluated. However, type checkers should generate an error.\nclass ClassB[S: Sequence[T], T]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:413", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_17.py", "code": "class ClassA[T](BaseClass[T], param = Foo[T]): ... # OK\n\nprint(T) # Runtime error: 'T' is not defined\n\n@dec(Foo[T]) # Runtime error: 'T' is not defined\nclass ClassA[T]: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:433", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_18.py", "code": "def func1[T](a: T) -> T: ... # OK\n\nprint(T) # Runtime error: 'T' is not defined\n\ndef func2[T](a = list[T]): ... # Runtime error: 'T' is not defined\n\n@dec(list[T]) # Runtime error: 'T' is not defined\ndef func3[T](): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:450", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_19.py", "code": "type Alias1[K, V] = Mapping[K, V] | Sequence[K]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:464", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_20.py", "code": "S = 0\n\ndef outer1[S]():\n S = 1\n T = 1\n\n def outer2[T]():\n\n def inner1():\n nonlocal S # OK because it binds variable S from outer1\n nonlocal T # Syntax error: nonlocal binding not allowed for type parameter\n\n def inner2():\n global S # OK because it binds variable S from global scope\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:472", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_21.py", "code": "class Outer:\n class Private:\n pass\n\n # If the type parameter scope was like a traditional scope,\n # the base class 'Private' would not be accessible here.\n class Inner[T](Private, Sequence[T]):\n pass\n\n # Likewise, 'Inner' would not be available in these type annotations.\n def method1[T](self, a: Inner[T]) -> Inner[T]:\n return a\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:500", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_22.py", "code": "T = 0\n\n@decorator(T) # Argument expression `T` evaluates to 0\nclass ClassA[T](Sequence[T]):\n T = 1\n\n # All methods below should result in a type checker error\n # \"type parameter 'T' already in use\" because they are using the\n # type parameter 'T', which is already in use by the outer scope\n # 'ClassA'.\n def method1[T](self):\n ...\n\n def method2[T](self, x = T): # Parameter 'x' gets default value of 1\n ...\n\n def method3[T](self, x: T): # Parameter 'x' has type T (scoped to method3)\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:523", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_23.py", "code": "T = 0\n\n# T refers to the global variable\nprint(T) # Prints 0\n\nclass Outer[T]:\n T = 1\n\n # T refers to the local variable scoped to class 'Outer'\n print(T) # Prints 1\n\n class Inner1:\n T = 2\n\n # T refers to the local type variable within 'Inner1'\n print(T) # Prints 2\n\n def inner_method(self):\n # T refers to the type parameter scoped to class 'Outer';\n # If 'Outer' did not use the new type parameter syntax,\n # this would instead refer to the global variable 'T'\n print(T) # Prints 'T'\n\n def outer_method(self):\n T = 3\n\n # T refers to the local variable within 'outer_method'\n print(T) # Prints 3\n\n def inner_func():\n # T refers to the variable captured from 'outer_method'\n print(T) # Prints 3\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:548", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_24.py", "code": "class ClassA[T]((x := Sequence[T])): ... # Syntax error: assignment expression not allowed\n\ndef func1[T](val: (x := int)): ... # Syntax error: assignment expression not allowed\n\ndef func2[T]() -> (x := Sequence[T]): ... # Syntax error: assignment expression not allowed\n\ntype Alias1[T] = (x := list[T]) # Syntax error: assignment expression not allowed\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:597", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_25.py", "code": "class ClassA[T1, T2, T3](list[T1]):\n def method1(self, a: T2) -> None:\n ...\n\n def method2(self) -> T3:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:664", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "legacy", "file": "type-param-syntax/legacy_04.py", "code": "T1 = TypeVar(\"T1\", infer_variance=True) # Inferred variance\nT2 = TypeVar(\"T2\") # Invariant\nT3 = TypeVar(\"T3\", covariant=True) # Covariant\n\n# A type checker should infer the variance for T1 but use the\n# specified variance for T2 and T3.\nclass ClassA(Generic[T1, T2, T3]): ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:719", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_26.py", "code": "K = TypeVar(\"K\")\n\nclass ClassA[V](dict[K, V]): ... # Type checker error\n\nclass ClassB[K, V](dict[K, V]): ... # OK\n\nclass ClassC[V]:\n # The use of K and V for \"method1\" is OK because it uses the\n # \"traditional\" generic function mechanism where type parameters\n # are implicit. In this case V comes from an outer scope (ClassC)\n # and K is introduced implicitly as a type parameter for \"method1\".\n def method1(self, a: V, b: K) -> V | K: ...\n\n # The use of M and K are not allowed for \"method2\". A type checker\n # should generate an error in this case because this method uses the\n # new syntax for type parameters, and all type parameters associated\n # with the method must be explicitly declared. In this case, ``K``\n # is not declared by \"method2\", nor is it supplied by a new-style\n # type parameter defined in an outer scope.\n def method2[M](self, a: M, b: K) -> M | K: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:744", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_27.py", "code": "X = int\n\nclass Foo[T: X, U: X]:\n t, u = T, U\n\nprint(Foo.t.__bound__) # prints \"int\"\nX = str\nprint(Foo.u.__bound__) # prints \"str\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:866", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_28.py", "code": "type Alias = int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:946", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_29.py", "code": "type Alias[T: int] = list[T]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:957", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_30.py", "code": "def f[T](x: T) -> T:\n return x\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:974", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_31.py", "code": "class C[T](Base):\n def __init__(self, x: T):\n self.x = x\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:1028", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-syntax", "pep": "695", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-syntax/modern_32.py", "code": "class C:\n class Nested: ...\n def generic_method[T](self, x: T, y: Nested) -> T: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0695.rst:1048", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_01.py", "code": "T = TypeVar(\"T\", default=int) # This means that if no type is specified T = int\n\n@dataclass\nclass Box(Generic[T]):\n value: T | None = None\n\nreveal_type(Box()) # type is Box[int]\nreveal_type(Box(value=\"Hello World!\")) # type is Box[str]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:37", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_02.py", "code": "YieldT = TypeVar(\"YieldT\")\nSendT = TypeVar(\"SendT\", default=None)\nReturnT = TypeVar(\"ReturnT\", default=None)\n\nclass Generator(Generic[YieldT, SendT, ReturnT]): ...\n\nGenerator[int] == Generator[int, None] == Generator[int, None, None]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:50", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_03.py", "code": "class Bot: ...\n\nBotT = TypeVar(\"BotT\", bound=Bot, default=Bot)\n\nclass Context(Generic[BotT]):\n bot: BotT\n\nclass MyBot(Bot): ...\n\nreveal_type(Context().bot) # type is Bot # notice this is not Any which is what it would be currently\nreveal_type(Context[MyBot]().bot) # type is MyBot\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:62", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_04.py", "code": "DefaultStrT = TypeVar(\"DefaultStrT\", default=str)\nDefaultIntT = TypeVar(\"DefaultIntT\", default=int)\nDefaultBoolT = TypeVar(\"DefaultBoolT\", default=bool)\nT = TypeVar(\"T\")\nT2 = TypeVar(\"T2\")\n\nclass NonDefaultFollowsDefault(Generic[DefaultStrT, T]): ... # Invalid: non-default TypeVars cannot follow ones with defaults\n\n\nclass NoNonDefaults(Generic[DefaultStrT, DefaultIntT]): ...\n\n(\n NoNoneDefaults ==\n NoNoneDefaults[str] ==\n NoNoneDefaults[str, int]\n) # All valid\n\n\nclass OneDefault(Generic[T, DefaultBoolT]): ...\n\nOneDefault[float] == OneDefault[float, bool] # Valid\nreveal_type(OneDefault) # type is type[OneDefault[T, DefaultBoolT = bool]]\nreveal_type(OneDefault[float]()) # type is OneDefault[float, bool]\n\n\nclass AllTheDefaults(Generic[T1, T2, DefaultStrT, DefaultIntT, DefaultBoolT]): ...\n\nreveal_type(AllTheDefaults) # type is type[AllTheDefaults[T1, T2, DefaultStrT = str, DefaultIntT = int, DefaultBoolT = bool]]\nreveal_type(AllTheDefaults[int, complex]()) # type is AllTheDefaults[int, complex, str, int, bool]\nAllTheDefaults[int] # Invalid: expected 2 arguments to AllTheDefaults\n(\n AllTheDefaults[int, complex] ==\n AllTheDefaults[int, complex, str] ==\n AllTheDefaults[int, complex, str, int] ==\n AllTheDefaults[int, complex, str, int, bool]\n) # All valid\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:104", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_05.py", "code": "type Alias[DefaultT = int, T] = tuple[DefaultT, T] # SyntaxError: non-default TypeVars cannot follow ones with defaults\n\ndef generic_func[DefaultT = int, T](x: DefaultT, y: T) -> None: ... # SyntaxError: non-default TypeVars cannot follow ones with defaults\n\nclass GenericClass[DefaultT = int, T]: ... # SyntaxError: non-default TypeVars cannot follow ones with defaults\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:144", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_06.py", "code": "DefaultP = ParamSpec(\"DefaultP\", default=[str, int])\n\nclass Foo(Generic[DefaultP]): ...\n\nreveal_type(Foo) # type is type[Foo[DefaultP = [str, int]]]\nreveal_type(Foo()) # type is Foo[[str, int]]\nreveal_type(Foo[[bool, bool]]()) # type is Foo[[bool, bool]]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:159", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_07.py", "code": "DefaultTs = TypeVarTuple(\"DefaultTs\", default=Unpack[tuple[str, int]])\n\nclass Foo(Generic[*DefaultTs]): ...\n\nreveal_type(Foo) # type is type[Foo[DefaultTs = *tuple[str, int]]]\nreveal_type(Foo()) # type is Foo[str, int]\nreveal_type(Foo[int, bool]()) # type is Foo[int, bool]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:176", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_08.py", "code": "StartT = TypeVar(\"StartT\", default=int)\nStopT = TypeVar(\"StopT\", default=StartT)\nStepT = TypeVar(\"StepT\", default=int | None)\n\nclass slice(Generic[StartT, StopT, StepT]): ...\n\nreveal_type(slice) # type is type[slice[StartT = int, StopT = StartT, StepT = int | None]]\nreveal_type(slice()) # type is slice[int, int, int | None]\nreveal_type(slice[str]()) # type is slice[str, str, int | None]\nreveal_type(slice[str, bool, timedelta]()) # type is slice[str, bool, timedelta]\n\nT2 = TypeVar(\"T2\", default=DefaultStrT)\n\nclass Foo(Generic[DefaultStrT, T2]):\n def __init__(self, a: DefaultStrT, b: T2) -> None: ...\n\nreveal_type(Foo(1, \"\")) # type is Foo[int, str]\nFoo[int](1, \"\") # Invalid: Foo[int, str] cannot be assigned to self: Foo[int, int] in Foo.__init__\nFoo[int](\"\", 1) # Invalid: Foo[str, int] cannot be assigned to self: Foo[int, int] in Foo.__init__\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:200", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_09.py", "code": "T2 = TypeVar(\"T2\", default=T1)\n\nclass Foo(Generic[T1, T2]): ... # Valid\nclass Foo(Generic[T1]):\n class Bar(Generic[T2]): ... # Valid\n\nStartT = TypeVar(\"StartT\", default=\"StopT\") # Swapped defaults around from previous example\nStopT = TypeVar(\"StopT\", default=int)\nclass slice(Generic[StartT, StopT, StepT]): ...\n # ^^^^^^ Invalid: ordering does not allow StopT to be bound\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:230", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_10.py", "code": "T1 = TypeVar(\"T1\", bound=int)\nTypeVar(\"Ok\", default=T1, bound=float) # Valid\nTypeVar(\"AlsoOk\", default=T1, bound=int) # Valid\nTypeVar(\"Invalid\", default=T1, bound=str) # Invalid: int is not a subtype of str\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:250", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_11.py", "code": "T1 = TypeVar(\"T1\", bound=int)\nTypeVar(\"Invalid\", float, str, default=T1) # Invalid: upper bound int is incompatible with constraints float or str\n\nT1 = TypeVar(\"T1\", int, str)\nTypeVar(\"AlsoOk\", int, str, bool, default=T1) # Valid\nTypeVar(\"AlsoInvalid\", bool, complex, default=T1) # Invalid: {bool, complex} is not a superset of {int, str}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:262", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_12.py", "code": "T = TypeVar(\"T\")\nListDefaultT = TypeVar(\"ListDefaultT\", default=list[T])\n\nclass Bar(Generic[T, ListDefaultT]):\n def __init__(self, x: T, y: ListDefaultT): ...\n\nreveal_type(Bar) # type is type[Bar[T, ListDefaultT = list[T]]]\nreveal_type(Bar[int]) # type is type[Bar[int, list[int]]]\nreveal_type(Bar[int]()) # type is Bar[int, list[int]]\nreveal_type(Bar[int, list[str]]()) # type is Bar[int, list[str]]\nreveal_type(Bar[int, str]()) # type is Bar[int, str]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:279", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_13.py", "code": "TypeVar(\"Ok\", bound=float, default=int) # Valid\nTypeVar(\"Invalid\", bound=str, default=int) # Invalid: the bound and default are incompatible\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:357", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_14.py", "code": "TypeVar(\"Ok\", float, str, default=float) # Valid\nTypeVar(\"Invalid\", float, str, default=int) # Invalid: expected one of float or str got int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:369", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_15.py", "code": "T = TypeVar('T', default=int)\ndef func(x: int | set[T]) -> T: ...\nreveal_type(func(0)) # a type checker may reveal T's default of int here\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:386", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_16.py", "code": "Ts = TypeVarTuple(\"Ts\")\nT = TypeVar(\"T\", default=bool)\n\nclass Foo(Generic[Ts, T]): ... # Type checker error\n\n# Could be reasonably interpreted as either Ts = (int, str, float), T = bool\n# or Ts = (int, str), T = float\nFoo[int, str, float]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:399", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_17.py", "code": "Ts = TypeVarTuple(\"Ts\")\nP = ParamSpec(\"P\", default=[float, bool])\n\nclass Foo(Generic[Ts, P]): ... # Valid\n\nFoo[int, str] # Ts = (int, str), P = [float, bool]\nFoo[int, str, [bytes]] # Ts = (int, str), P = [bytes]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:416", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_18.py", "code": "class Foo[T = int]:\n def meth(self) -> Self:\n return self\n\nreveal_type(Foo.meth) # type is (self: Foo[int]) -> Foo[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:453", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_19.py", "code": "YieldT = TypeVar(\"YieldT\", default=Any)\nSendT = TypeVar(\"SendT\", default=Any)\nReturnT = TypeVar(\"ReturnT\")\n\nclass Coroutine(Generic[YieldT, SendT, ReturnT]): ...\n\nCoroutine[int] == Coroutine[Any, Any, int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:570", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-param-defaults", "pep": "696", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-param-defaults/modern_20.py", "code": "T = TypeVar(\"T\", bound=int) # default is implicitly int\nU = TypeVar(\"U\")\n\nclass Foo(Generic[T, U]):\n ...\n\n# would expand to\n\nT = TypeVar(\"T\", bound=int, default=int)\nU = TypeVar(\"U\")\n\nclass Foo(Generic[T, U]):\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0696.rst:601", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "override-decorator", "pep": "698", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "override-decorator/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import override\n\nclass Parent:\n def foo(self) -> int:\n return 1\n\n def bar(self, x: str) -> str:\n return x\n\nclass Child(Parent):\n @override\n def foo(self) -> int:\n return 2\n\n @override\n def baz(self) -> int: # Type check error: no matching signature in ancestor\n return 1\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0698.rst:186", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring-grammar", "pep": "701", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring-grammar/modern_01.py", "code": "f'Magic wand: { bag['wand'] }'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0701.rst:43", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring-grammar", "pep": "701", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring-grammar/modern_02.py", "code": "f'''A complex trick: {\nbag['bag'] # recursive bags!\n}'''\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0701.rst:55", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring-grammar", "pep": "701", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring-grammar/modern_03.py", "code": "f\"These are the things: {\", \".join(things)}\"\nf\"{source.removesuffix(\".py\")}.c: $(srcdir)/{source}\"\nf\"{f\"{f\"infinite\"}\"}\" + \" \" + f\"{f\"nesting!!!\"}\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0701.rst:143", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring-grammar", "pep": "701", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring-grammar/modern_04.py", "code": "a = [\"hello\", \"world\"]\nf\"{'\\n'.join(a)}\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0701.rst:156", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring-grammar", "pep": "701", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring-grammar/modern_05.py", "code": "f\"{f\"{f\"{f\"{f\"{f\"{1+1}\"}\"}\"}\"}\"}\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0701.rst:191", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring-grammar", "pep": "701", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring-grammar/modern_06.py", "code": "x = 1\nf\"___{\n x\n}___\"\nf\"___{(\n x\n)}___\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0701.rst:421", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring-grammar", "pep": "701", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring-grammar/modern_07.py", "code": "def py2c(source):\n return f\"{source.removesuffix(\".py\")}.c\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0701.rst:490", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "deprecated-decorator", "pep": "702", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "deprecated-decorator/modern_01.py", "code": "from warnings import deprecated\n\n@deprecated(\"Use Spam instead\")\nclass Ham: ...\n\n@deprecated(\"It is pining for the fiords\")\ndef norwegian_blue(x: int) -> int: ...\n\n@overload\n@deprecated(\"Only str will be allowed\")\ndef foo(x: int) -> str: ...\n@overload\ndef foo(x: str) -> str: ...\n\nclass Spam:\n @deprecated(\"There is enough spam in the world\")\n def __add__(self, other: object) -> object: ...\n\n @property\n @deprecated(\"All spam will be equally greasy\")\n def greasy(self) -> float: ...\n\n @property\n def shape(self) -> str: ...\n @shape.setter\n @deprecated(\"Shapes are becoming immutable\")\n def shape(self, value: str) -> None: ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0702.rst:162", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_01.py", "code": "from typing import NotRequired, ReadOnly, TypedDict\n\nclass Movie(TypedDict):\n name: ReadOnly[str]\n year: ReadOnly[NotRequired[int | None]]\n\ndef movie_string(movie: Movie) -> str:\n if movie.get(\"year\") is None:\n return movie[\"name\"]\n else:\n return f'{movie[\"name\"]} ({movie[\"year\"]})'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:135", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_02.py", "code": "class HasTimestamp(TypedDict):\n timestamp: float\n\nclass HasTimestampedMetadata(TypedDict):\n metadata: ReadOnly[HasTimestamp]\n\ndef update_metadata_timestamp(d: HasTimestampedMetadata) -> None:\n d[\"metadata\"][\"timestamp\"] = now()\n\nclass Logs(HasTimestamp):\n loglines: list[str]\n\nclass UserAudit(TypedDict):\n name: str\n metadata: Logs\n\ndef rename_user(d: UserAudit, name: str) -> None:\n d[\"name\"] = name\n update_metadata_timestamp(d) # Now OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:149", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_03.py", "code": "from typing import ReadOnly\n\nclass Band(TypedDict):\n name: str\n members: ReadOnly[list[str]]\n\nblur: Band = {\"name\": \"blur\", \"members\": []}\nblur[\"name\"] = \"Blur\" # OK: \"name\" is not read-only\nblur[\"members\"] = [\"Damon Albarn\"] # Type check error: \"members\" is read-only\nblur[\"members\"].append(\"Damon Albarn\") # OK: list is mutable\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:184", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_04.py", "code": "Band = TypedDict(\"Band\", {\"name\": str, \"members\": ReadOnly[list[str]]})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:200", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_05.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict):\n title: ReadOnly[Required[str]] # OK\n year: ReadOnly[NotRequired[Annotated[int, ValueRange(-9999, 9999)]]] # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:209", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_06.py", "code": "class Movie(TypedDict):\n title: Required[ReadOnly[str]] # OK\n year: Annotated[NotRequired[ReadOnly[int]], ValueRange(-9999, 9999)] # OK\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:215", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_07.py", "code": "class NamedDict(TypedDict):\n name: ReadOnly[str]\n\nclass Album(NamedDict):\n name: str\n year: int\n\nalbum: Album = { \"name\": \"Flood\", \"year\": 1990 }\nalbum[\"year\"] = 1973\nalbum[\"name\"] = \"Dark Side Of The Moon\" # OK: \"name\" is not read-only in Album\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:226", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_08.py", "code": "class AlbumCollection(TypedDict):\n albums: ReadOnly[Collection[Album]]\n\nclass RecordShop(AlbumCollection):\n name: str\n albums: ReadOnly[list[Album]] # OK: \"albums\" is read-only in AlbumCollection\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:247", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_09.py", "code": "class OptionalName(TypedDict):\n name: ReadOnly[NotRequired[str]]\n\nclass RequiredName(OptionalName):\n name: ReadOnly[Required[str]]\n\nd: RequiredName = {} # Type check error: \"name\" required\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:256", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_10.py", "code": "class OptionalIdent(TypedDict):\n ident: ReadOnly[NotRequired[str | int]]\n\nclass User(OptionalIdent):\n ident: str # Required, mutable, and not an int\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:266", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_11.py", "code": "class A(TypedDict):\n x: ReadOnly[int | None]\n\nclass B(TypedDict):\n x: int\n\ndef f(a: A) -> None:\n print(a[\"x\"] or 0)\n\nb: B = {\"x\": 1}\nf(b) # Accepted by type checker\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:293", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_12.py", "code": "class A(TypedDict):\n x: int\n\nclass B(TypedDict):\n x: int\n y: ReadOnly[NotRequired[object]]\n\na: A = { \"x\": 1 }\nb: B = a # Accepted by type checker\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:307", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_13.py", "code": "class A(TypedDict):\n x: ReadOnly[int]\n y: int\n\na1: A = { \"x\": 1, \"y\": 2 }\na2: A = { \"x\": 3, \"y\": 4 }\na1.update(a2) # Type check error: \"x\" is read-only in A\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:322", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_14.py", "code": "class B(TypedDict):\n x: NotRequired[typing.Never]\n y: ReadOnly[int]\n\ndef update_a(a: A, b: B) -> None:\n a.update(b) # Accepted by type checker: \"x\" cannot be set on b\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:332", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_15.py", "code": "class Args(TypedDict):\n key1: int\n key2: str\n\nclass ReadOnlyArgs(TypedDict):\n key1: ReadOnly[int]\n key2: ReadOnly[str]\n\nclass Function(Protocol):\n def __call__(self, **kwargs: Unpack[Args]) -> None: ...\n\ndef impl(**kwargs: Unpack[ReadOnlyArgs]) -> None:\n kwargs[\"key1\"] = 3 # Type check error: key1 is readonly\n\nfn: Function = impl # Accepted by type checker: function signatures are identical\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:346", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_16.py", "code": "class Example(TypedDict):\n a: int\n b: ReadOnly[int]\n c: int\n d: ReadOnly[int]\n\nassert Example.__readonly_keys__ == frozenset({'b', 'd'})\nassert Example.__mutable_keys__ == frozenset({'a', 'c'})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:367", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_17.py", "code": "assert get_type_hints(Example)['b'] == int\nassert get_type_hints(Example, include_extras=True)['b'] == ReadOnly[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:378", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_18.py", "code": "assert get_origin(ReadOnly[int]) is ReadOnly\nassert get_args(ReadOnly[int]) == (int,)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:383", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_19.py", "code": "class A(TypedDict):\n x: ReadOnly[int]\n\nclass B(TypedDict):\n x: ReadOnly[str]\n\nclass C(TypedDict):\n x: int | str\n\ndef copy_and_modify(a: A) -> C:\n c: C = copy.copy(a)\n if not c['x']:\n c['x'] = \"N/A\"\n return c\n\ndef merge_and_modify(a: A, b: B) -> C:\n c: C = a | b\n if not c['x']:\n c['x'] = \"N/A\"\n return c\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:474", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "readonly-items", "pep": "705", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "readonly-items/modern_20.py", "code": "@final\nclass D(TypedDict):\n field: ReadOnly[Collection[str]]\n\n@final\nclass E(TypedDict):\n field: list[str]\n\ne: E = { \"field\": [\"value1\", \"value2\"] }\nd: D = e # Error?\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0705.rst:551", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-is", "pep": "742", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-is/modern_01.py", "code": "def narrower(x: I) -> TypeIs[R]: ...\n\ndef func1(val: A):\n if narrower(val):\n assert_type(val, NP)\n else:\n assert_type(val, NN)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0742.rst:147", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-is", "pep": "742", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-is/modern_02.py", "code": "from typing import TypeIs, assert_type\n\ndef is_str(x: object) -> TypeIs[str]:\n return isinstance(x, str)\n\ndef f(x: str | int) -> None:\n if is_str(x):\n assert_type(x, str)\n else:\n assert_type(x, int)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0742.rst:173", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-is", "pep": "742", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-is/modern_03.py", "code": "from collections.abc import Awaitable\nfrom typing import Any, TypeIs, assert_type\nimport inspect\n\ndef isawaitable(x: object) -> TypeIs[Awaitable[Any]]:\n return inspect.isawaitable(x)\n\ndef f(x: Awaitable[int] | int) -> None:\n if isawaitable(x):\n # Type checkers may also infer the more precise type\n # \"Awaitable[int] | (int & Awaitable[Any])\"\n assert_type(x, Awaitable[int])\n else:\n assert_type(x, int)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0742.rst:187", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-is", "pep": "742", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-is/modern_04.py", "code": "from typing import TypeIs\n\ndef is_str(x: int) -> TypeIs[str]: # Type checker error\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0742.rst:204", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-is", "pep": "742", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-is/modern_05.py", "code": "def takes_narrower(x: int | str, narrower: Callable[[object], TypeIs[int]]):\n if narrower(x):\n print(x + 1) # x is an int\n else:\n print(\"Hello \" + x) # x is a str\n\ndef is_bool(x: object) -> TypeIs[bool]:\n return isinstance(x, bool)\n\ntakes_narrower(1, is_bool) # Error: is_bool is not a TypeIs[int]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0742.rst:222", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-is", "pep": "742", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-is/modern_06.py", "code": "from typing import TypeIs, Literal\n\ntype Direction = Literal[\"N\", \"E\", \"S\", \"W\"]\n\ndef is_direction(x: str) -> TypeIs[Direction]:\n return x in {\"N\", \"E\", \"S\", \"W\"}\n\ndef maybe_direction(x: str) -> None:\n if is_direction(x):\n print(f\"{x} is a cardinal direction\")\n else:\n print(f\"{x} is not a cardinal direction\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0742.rst:280", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-is", "pep": "742", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-is/modern_07.py", "code": "from typing import TypeIs\n\n# Correct\ndef good_typeis(x: object) -> TypeIs[int]:\n return isinstance(x, int)\n\n# Incorrect: does not return True for all ints\ndef bad_typeis1(x: object) -> TypeIs[int]:\n return isinstance(x, int) and x > 0\n\n# Incorrect: returns True for some non-ints\ndef bad_typeis2(x: object) -> TypeIs[int]:\n return isinstance(x, (int, float))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0742.rst:307", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-is", "pep": "742", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-is/modern_08.py", "code": "from typing import TypedDict, TypeIs\n\nclass Point(TypedDict):\n x: int\n y: int\n\ndef is_point(x: object) -> TypeIs[Point]:\n return (\n isinstance(x, dict)\n and all(isinstance(key, str) for key in x)\n and \"x\" in x\n and \"y\" in x\n and isinstance(x[\"x\"], int)\n and isinstance(x[\"y\"], int)\n )\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0742.rst:339", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "type-is", "pep": "742", "introduced_in": "3.13", "form": "modern", "file": "type-is/modern_09.py", "code": "from typing import TypeGuard, TypeIs, reveal_type, final\n\nclass Base: ...\nclass Child(Base): ...\n@final\nclass Unrelated: ...\n\ndef is_base_typeguard(x: object) -> TypeGuard[Base]:\n return isinstance(x, Base)\n\ndef is_base_typeis(x: object) -> TypeIs[Base]:\n return isinstance(x, Base)\n\ndef use_typeguard(x: Child | Unrelated) -> None:\n if is_base_typeguard(x):\n reveal_type(x) # Base\n else:\n reveal_type(x) # Child | Unrelated\n\ndef use_typeis(x: Child | Unrelated) -> None:\n if is_base_typeis(x):\n reveal_type(x) # Child\n else:\n reveal_type(x) # Unrelated\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0742.rst:388", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_01.py", "code": "import datetime\nname = 'Fred'\nage = 50\nanniversary = datetime.date(1991, 10, 12)\nf'My name is {name}, my age next year is {age+1}, my anniversary is {anniversary:%A, %B %d, %Y}.'\nf'He said his name is {name!r}.'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:36", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "fstring/legacy_01.py", "code": "msg = 'disk failure'\n'error: %s' % msg\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:62", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "fstring/legacy_02.py", "code": "msg = ('disk failure', 32)\n'error: %s' % msg\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:68", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "fstring/legacy_03.py", "code": "'error: %s' % (msg,)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:76", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "fstring/legacy_04.py", "code": "value = 4 * 20\n'The value is {value}.'.format(value=value)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:90", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "fstring/legacy_05.py", "code": "'The value is {}.'.format(value)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:98", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_02.py", "code": "f'The value is {value}.'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:103", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_03.py", "code": "value = 1234\nf'input={value:#06x}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:118", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_04.py", "code": "date = datetime.date(1991, 10, 12)\nf'{date} was on a {date:%A}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:125", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "fstring/legacy_06.py", "code": "def outer(x):\n def inner():\n return 'x={x}'.format_map(locals())\n return inner\n\nouter(42)()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:137", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "fstring/legacy_07.py", "code": "def outer(x):\n def inner():\n x\n return 'x={x}'.format_map(locals())\n return inner\n\nouter(42)()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:152", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_05.py", "code": "f'{\"quoted string\"}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:254", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_06.py", "code": "f'{{ {4*10} }}'\nf'{{{4*10}}}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:263", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_07.py", "code": "fr'x={4*10}\\n'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:271", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_08.py", "code": "f\"abc {a['x']} def\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:281", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_09.py", "code": "f'''abc {a['x']} def'''\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:285", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_10.py", "code": "f'abc{expr1:spec1}{expr2!r:spec2}def{expr3}ghi'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:297", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_11.py", "code": "def foo():\n return 20\n\nf'result={foo()}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:317", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_12.py", "code": "x = 0\nf'''{x\n+1}'''\nd = {0: 'zero'}\nf'''{d[0\n]}'''\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:334", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_13.py", "code": "width = 10\nprecision = 4\nvalue = decimal.Decimal('12.34567')\nf'result: {value:{width}.{precision}}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:350", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_14.py", "code": "x = 10\ny = 'hi'\n'a' 'b' f'{x}' '{c}' f'str<{y:^4}>' 'd' 'e'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:368", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_15.py", "code": "d = {0:10, 1:20}\nfor i in range(3):\n print(f'{i}:{d[i]}')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:413", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_16.py", "code": "for x in (32, 100, 'fifty'):\n print(f'x = {x:+3}')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:425", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_17.py", "code": "def fn(l, incr):\n result = l[0]\n l[0] += incr\n return result\n\nlst = [0]\nf'{fn(lst,2)} {fn(lst,3)}'\nf'{fn(lst,2)} {fn(lst,3)}'\nlst\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:447", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_18.py", "code": "f'Column={col_idx+1}'\nf'number of items: {len(items)}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:521", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_19.py", "code": "col_number = col_idx+1\nf'Column={col_number}'\nn_items = len(items)\nf'number of items: {n_items}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:526", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_20.py", "code": "f'mapping is { {a:b for (a, b) in ((1, 2), (3, 4))} }'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:535", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "fstring/legacy_08.py", "code": "d = {'a': 10, 'b': 20}\n'a={d[a]}'.format(d=d)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:554", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_21.py", "code": "f'a={d[\"a\"]}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:564", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_22.py", "code": "a = 'b'\nf'a={d[a]}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:570", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "fstring/legacy_09.py", "code": "'{i[\";]}'.format(i={'\";':4})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:580", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_23.py", "code": "header = 'Subject'\nfr'{header}:\\s+'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:600", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_24.py", "code": "a = 'some string'\nf'{a!r}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:635", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_25.py", "code": "f'{repr(a)}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:641", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_26.py", "code": "f'{(lambda x: x*2)(3)}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:664", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_27.py", "code": "extra = '{},waiters:{}'.format(extra, len(self._waiters))\nextra = f'{extra},waiters:{len(self._waiters)}'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:686", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_28.py", "code": "message.append(\" [line {0:2d}]\".format(lineno))\nmessage.append(f\" [line {lineno:2d}]\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:691", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_29.py", "code": "methoddef_name = \"{}_METHODDEF\".format(c_basename.upper())\nmethoddef_name = f\"{c_basename.upper()}_METHODDEF\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:696", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "fstring", "pep": "498", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "fstring/modern_30.py", "code": "print(\"Usage: {0} [{1}]\".format(sys.argv[0], '|'.join('--'+opt for opt in valid_opts)), file=sys.stderr)\nprint(f\"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} [{'|'.join('--'+opt for opt in valid_opts)}]\", file=sys.stderr)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0498.rst:701", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_01.py", "code": "match = re.match(data)\ngroup = match.group(1) if match else None\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:87", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_02.py", "code": "group = re.match(data).group(1) if re.match(data) else None\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:92", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_03.py", "code": "match1 = pattern1.match(data)\nmatch2 = pattern2.match(data)\nif match1:\n result = match1.group(1)\nelif match2:\n result = match2.group(2)\nelse:\n result = None\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:97", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_04.py", "code": "match1 = pattern1.match(data)\nif match1:\n result = match1.group(1)\nelse:\n match2 = pattern2.match(data)\n if match2:\n result = match2.group(2)\n else:\n result = None\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:110", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_01.py", "code": "# Handle a matched regex\nif (match := pattern.search(data)) is not None:\n ...\n # Do something with match\n\n# A loop that can't be trivially rewritten using 2-arg iter()\nwhile chunk := file.read(8192):\n process(chunk)\n\n# Reuse a value that's expensive to compute\n[y := f(x), y**2, y**3]\n\n# Share a subexpression between a comprehension filter clause and its output\nfiltered_data = [y for x in data if (y := f(x)) is not None]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:133", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_02.py", "code": "f'{(x:=10)}' # Valid, uses assignment expression\nx = 10\nf'{x:=10}' # Valid, passes '=10' to formatter\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:222", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_03.py", "code": "if any((comment := line).startswith('#') for line in lines):\n print(\"First comment:\", comment)\nelse:\n print(\"There are no comments\")\n\nif all((nonblank := line).strip() == '' for line in lines):\n print(\"All lines are blank\")\nelse:\n print(\"First non-blank line:\", nonblank)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:257", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_04.py", "code": "# Compute partial sums in a list comprehension\ntotal = 0\npartial_sums = [total := total + v for v in values]\nprint(\"Total:\", total)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:270", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_05.py", "code": "[[(j := j) for i in range(5)] for j in range(5)] # INVALID\n[i := 0 for i, j in stuff] # INVALID\n[i+1 for i in (i := stuff)] # INVALID\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:287", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_06.py", "code": "[False and (i := 0) for i, j in stuff] # INVALID\n[i for i, j in stuff if True or (j := 1)] # INVALID\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:299", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_07.py", "code": "[i+1 for i in (j := stuff)] # INVALID\n[i+1 for i in range(2) for j in (k := stuff)] # INVALID\n[i+1 for i in [j for j in (k := stuff)]] # INVALID\n[i+1 for i in (lambda: (j := stuff))()] # INVALID\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:316", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_08.py", "code": "class Example:\n [(j := i) for i in range(5)] # INVALID\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:327", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_09.py", "code": "# Valid\nif any(len(longline := line) >= 100 for line in lines):\n print(\"Extremely long line:\", longline)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:386", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_10.py", "code": "x = 1, 2 # Sets x to (1, 2)\n(x := 1, 2) # Sets x to 1\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:433", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_05.py", "code": "env_base = os.environ.get(\"PYTHONUSERBASE\", None)\nif env_base:\n return env_base\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:491", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_11.py", "code": "if env_base := os.environ.get(\"PYTHONUSERBASE\", None):\n return env_base\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:497", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_06.py", "code": "if self._is_special:\n ans = self._check_nans(context=context)\n if ans:\n return ans\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:507", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_12.py", "code": "if self._is_special and (ans := self._check_nans(context=context)):\n return ans\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:514", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_07.py", "code": "reductor = dispatch_table.get(cls)\nif reductor:\n rv = reductor(x)\nelse:\n reductor = getattr(x, \"__reduce_ex__\", None)\n if reductor:\n rv = reductor(4)\n else:\n reductor = getattr(x, \"__reduce__\", None)\n if reductor:\n rv = reductor()\n else:\n raise Error(\n \"un(deep)copyable object of type %s\" % cls)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:525", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_13.py", "code": "if reductor := dispatch_table.get(cls):\n rv = reductor(x)\nelif reductor := getattr(x, \"__reduce_ex__\", None):\n rv = reductor(4)\nelif reductor := getattr(x, \"__reduce__\", None):\n rv = reductor()\nelse:\n raise Error(\"un(deep)copyable object of type %s\" % cls)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:542", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_08.py", "code": "s = _format_time(self._hour, self._minute,\n self._second, self._microsecond,\n timespec)\ntz = self._tzstr()\nif tz:\n s += tz\nreturn s\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:559", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_14.py", "code": "s = _format_time(self._hour, self._minute,\n self._second, self._microsecond,\n timespec)\nif tz := self._tzstr():\n s += tz\nreturn s\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:569", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_09.py", "code": "while True:\n line = fp.readline()\n if not line:\n break\n m = define_rx.match(line)\n if m:\n n, v = m.group(1, 2)\n try:\n v = int(v)\n except ValueError:\n pass\n vars[n] = v\n else:\n m = undef_rx.match(line)\n if m:\n vars[m.group(1)] = 0\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:585", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_15.py", "code": "while line := fp.readline():\n if m := define_rx.match(line):\n n, v = m.group(1, 2)\n try:\n v = int(v)\n except ValueError:\n pass\n vars[n] = v\n elif m := undef_rx.match(line):\n vars[m.group(1)] = 0\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:604", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_16.py", "code": "results = [(x, y, x/y) for x in input_data if (y := f(x)) > 0]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:622", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_17.py", "code": "stuff = [[y := f(x), x/y] for x in range(5)]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:627", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_18.py", "code": "# Loop-and-a-half\nwhile (command := input(\"> \")) != \"quit\":\n print(\"You entered:\", command)\n\n# Capturing regular expression match objects\n# See, for instance, Lib/pydoc.py, which uses a multiline spelling\n# of this effect\nif match := re.search(pat, text):\n print(\"Found:\", match.group(0))\n# The same syntax chains nicely into 'elif' statements, unlike the\n# equivalent using assignment statements.\nelif match := re.search(otherpat, text):\n print(\"Alternate found:\", match.group(0))\nelif match := re.search(third, text):\n print(\"Fallback found:\", match.group(0))\n\n# Reading socket data until an empty string is returned\nwhile data := sock.recv(8192):\n print(\"Received data:\", data)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:639", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_19.py", "code": "if pid := os.fork():\n ...\n # Parent code\nelse:\n ...\n # Child code\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:669", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_20.py", "code": "pos = -1\nwhile pos := buffer.find(search_term, pos + 1) >= 0:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:862", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_21.py", "code": "(point := (x, y))\n(point := x, y)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:882", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_22.py", "code": "foo(x := 1, y)\nfoo(x := (1, y))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:892", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_23.py", "code": "# Top level in if\nif match := pattern.match(line):\n return match.group(1)\n\n# Short call\nlen(lines := f.readlines())\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:907", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_10.py", "code": "mylast = mylast[1]\nyield mylast[0]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:996", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_24.py", "code": "yield (mylast := mylast[1])[0]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1001", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_11.py", "code": "while True:\n old = total\n total += term\n if old == total:\n return total\n term *= mx2 / (i*(i+1))\n i += 2\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1009", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_25.py", "code": "while total != (total := total + term):\n term *= mx2 / (i*(i+1))\n i += 2\nreturn total\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1019", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_12.py", "code": "result = solution(xs, n)\nif result:\n ...\n # use result\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1037", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_26.py", "code": "if result := solution(xs, n):\n ...\n # use result\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1044", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_13.py", "code": "reductor = dispatch_table.get(cls)\nif reductor:\n rv = reductor(x)\nelse:\n reductor = getattr(x, \"__reduce_ex__\", None)\n if reductor:\n rv = reductor(4)\n else:\n reductor = getattr(x, \"__reduce__\", None)\n if reductor:\n rv = reductor()\n else:\n raise Error(\"un(shallow)copyable object of type %s\" % cls)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1057", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_27.py", "code": "if reductor := dispatch_table.get(cls):\n rv = reductor(x)\nelif reductor := getattr(x, \"__reduce_ex__\", None):\n rv = reductor(4)\nelif reductor := getattr(x, \"__reduce__\", None):\n rv = reductor()\nelse:\n raise Error(\"un(shallow)copyable object of type %s\" % cls)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1074", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_14.py", "code": "diff = x - x_base\nif diff:\n g = gcd(diff, n)\n if g > 1:\n return g\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1091", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_28.py", "code": "if (diff := x - x_base) and (g := gcd(diff, n)) > 1:\n return g\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1099", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_29.py", "code": "while a > (d := x // a**(n-1)):\n a = ((n-1)*a + d) // n\nreturn a\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1122", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "legacy", "file": "walrus/legacy_15.py", "code": "while True:\n d = x // a**(n-1)\n if a <= d:\n break\n a = ((n-1)*a + d) // n\nreturn a\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1140", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_30.py", "code": "def f():\n a = [TARGET := EXPR for VAR in ITERABLE]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1192", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_31.py", "code": "def f():\n global TARGET\n a = [TARGET := EXPR for VAR in ITERABLE]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1211", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_32.py", "code": "def g():\n TARGET = ...\n def f():\n nonlocal TARGET\n a = [TARGET := EXPR for VAR in ITERABLE]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1230", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_33.py", "code": "def f():\n a = [[TARGET := i for i in range(3)] for j in range(2)]\n # I.e., a = [[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2]]\n print(TARGET) # prints 2\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1253", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "walrus", "pep": "572", "introduced_in": "3.8", "form": "modern", "file": "walrus/modern_34.py", "code": "a = 42\ndef f():\n # `a` is local to `f`, but remains unbound\n # until the caller executes this genexp:\n yield ((a := i) for i in range(3))\n yield lambda: a + 100\n print(\"done\")\n try:\n print(f\"`a` is bound to {a}\")\n assert False\n except UnboundLocalError:\n print(\"`a` is not yet bound\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0572.rst:1284", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_01.py", "code": "match command.split():\n case [action, obj]:\n ... # interpret action, obj\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:66", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_02.py", "code": "match command.split():\n case [action]:\n ... # interpret single-verb action\n case [action, obj]:\n ... # interpret action, obj\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:97", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_03.py", "code": "match command.split():\n case [\"quit\"]:\n print(\"Goodbye!\")\n quit_game()\n case [\"look\"]:\n current_room.describe()\n case [\"get\", obj]:\n character.get(obj, current_room)\n case [\"go\", direction]:\n current_room = current_room.neighbor(direction)\n # The rest of your commands go here\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:119", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_04.py", "code": "match command.split():\n case [\"drop\", *objects]:\n for obj in objects:\n character.drop(obj, current_room)\n # The rest of your commands go here\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:150", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_05.py", "code": "match command.split():\n case [\"go\", (\"north\" | \"south\" | \"east\" | \"west\")]:\n current_room = current_room.neighbor(...)\n # how do I know which direction to go?\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:248", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_06.py", "code": "match command.split():\n case [\"go\", (\"north\" | \"south\" | \"east\" | \"west\") as direction]:\n current_room = current_room.neighbor(direction)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:258", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_07.py", "code": "match command.split():\n case [\"go\", direction] if direction in current_room.exits:\n current_room = current_room.neighbor(direction)\n case [\"go\", _]:\n print(\"Sorry, you can't go that way\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:274", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_08.py", "code": "match event.get():\n case Click((x, y)):\n handle_click_at(x, y)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:347", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_09.py", "code": "match event.get():\n case Click((x, y), button=Button.LEFT): # This is a left click\n handle_click_at(x, y)\n case Click():\n pass # ignore other clicks\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:378", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_10.py", "code": "for action in actions:\n match action:\n case {\"text\": message, \"color\": c}:\n ui.set_text_color(c)\n ui.display(message)\n case {\"sleep\": duration}:\n ui.wait(duration)\n case {\"sound\": url, \"format\": \"ogg\"}:\n ui.play(url)\n case {\"sound\": _, \"format\": _}:\n warning(\"Unsupported audio format\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:406", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_11.py", "code": "for action in actions:\n match action:\n case {\"text\": str(message), \"color\": str(c)}:\n ui.set_text_color(c)\n ui.display(message)\n case {\"sleep\": float(duration)}:\n ui.wait(duration)\n case {\"sound\": str(url), \"format\": \"ogg\"}:\n ui.play(url)\n case {\"sound\": _, \"format\": _}:\n warning(\"Unsupported audio format\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:442", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_12.py", "code": "def http_error(status):\n match status:\n case 400:\n return \"Bad request\"\n case 404:\n return \"Not found\"\n case 418:\n return \"I'm a teapot\"\n case _:\n return \"Something's wrong with the Internet\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:468", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_13.py", "code": "# point is an (x, y) tuple\nmatch point:\n case (0, 0):\n print(\"Origin\")\n case (0, y):\n print(f\"Y={y}\")\n case (x, 0):\n print(f\"X={x}\")\n case (x, y):\n print(f\"X={x}, Y={y}\")\n case _:\n raise ValueError(\"Not a point\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:490", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_14.py", "code": "from dataclasses import dataclass\n\n@dataclass\nclass Point:\n x: int\n y: int\n\ndef where_is(point):\n match point:\n case Point(x=0, y=0):\n print(\"Origin\")\n case Point(x=0, y=y):\n print(f\"Y={y}\")\n case Point(x=x, y=0):\n print(f\"X={x}\")\n case Point():\n print(\"Somewhere else\")\n case _:\n print(\"Not a point\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:514", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_15.py", "code": "match points:\n case []:\n print(\"No points\")\n case [Point(0, 0)]:\n print(\"The origin\")\n case [Point(x, y)]:\n print(f\"Single point {x}, {y}\")\n case [Point(0, y1), Point(0, y2)]:\n print(f\"Two on the Y axis at {y1}, {y2}\")\n case _:\n print(\"Something else\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:548", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_16.py", "code": "match point:\n case Point(x, y) if x == y:\n print(f\"Y=X at {x}\")\n case Point(x, y):\n print(f\"Not on the diagonal\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:564", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "pattern-matching", "pep": "634", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "pattern-matching/modern_17.py", "code": "from enum import Enum\nclass Color(Enum):\n RED = 0\n GREEN = 1\n BLUE = 2\n\nmatch color:\n case Color.RED:\n print(\"I see red!\")\n case Color.GREEN:\n print(\"Grass is green\")\n case Color.BLUE:\n print(\"I'm feeling the blues :(\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0636.rst:598", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_01.py", "code": "d1 = {'spam': 1}\nd2 = {'eggs': 2}\nmerged = ChainMap(d2, d1)\nmerged['eggs'] = 999\nd2\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:83", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_02.py", "code": "d1 = {\"spam\": 1}\nd2 = {3665: 2}\ndict(d1, **d2)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:98", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_03.py", "code": "{'a': 1, 'a': 2}\n{**d, **e}\nd.update(e)\nd[k] = v\n{k: v for x in (d, e) for (k, v) in x.items()}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:124", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_01.py", "code": "d = {'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'cheese': 3}\ne = {'cheese': 'cheddar', 'aardvark': 'Ethel'}\nd | e\ne | d\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:150", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_02.py", "code": "d |= e\nd\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:159", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_03.py", "code": "d | [('spam', 999)]\nd |= [('spam', 999)]\nd\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:170", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_04.py", "code": "new = {}\nfor d in many_dicts:\n new |= d\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:270", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_05.py", "code": "flags |= WRITEABLE # Probably numeric bitwise-or.\nDO_NOT_RUN = WEEKENDS | HOLIDAYS # Probably set union.\nsettings = DEFAULT_SETTINGS | user_settings | workspace_settings # Probably dict union.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:388", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_06.py", "code": "d2 | d1 # d1 merged with d2, keeping existing values in d1\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:491", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_07.py", "code": "{'a': [1, 2]} | {'a': [3, 4]}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:501", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_04.py", "code": "aliases = dict(kernel_aliases)\naliases.update(shell_aliases)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:670", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_08.py", "code": "aliases = kernel_aliases | shell_aliases\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:675", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_05.py", "code": "kernel_aliases = dict(base_aliases)\nkernel_aliases.update({\n 'ip' : 'KernelApp.ip',\n 'hb' : 'KernelApp.hb_port',\n 'shell' : 'KernelApp.shell_port',\n 'iopub' : 'KernelApp.iopub_port',\n 'stdin' : 'KernelApp.stdin_port',\n 'parent': 'KernelApp.parent',\n})\nif sys.platform.startswith('win'):\n kernel_aliases['interrupt'] = 'KernelApp.interrupt'\n\nkernel_flags = dict(base_flags)\nkernel_flags.update({\n 'no-stdout' : (\n {'KernelApp' : {'no_stdout' : True}},\n \"redirect stdout to the null device\"),\n 'no-stderr' : (\n {'KernelApp' : {'no_stderr' : True}},\n \"redirect stderr to the null device\"),\n})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:684", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_09.py", "code": "kernel_aliases = base_aliases | {\n 'ip' : 'KernelApp.ip',\n 'hb' : 'KernelApp.hb_port',\n 'shell' : 'KernelApp.shell_port',\n 'iopub' : 'KernelApp.iopub_port',\n 'stdin' : 'KernelApp.stdin_port',\n 'parent': 'KernelApp.parent',\n}\nif sys.platform.startswith('win'):\n kernel_aliases['interrupt'] = 'KernelApp.interrupt'\n\nkernel_flags = base_flags | {\n 'no-stdout' : (\n {'KernelApp' : {'no_stdout' : True}},\n \"redirect stdout to the null device\"),\n 'no-stderr' : (\n {'KernelApp' : {'no_stderr' : True}},\n \"redirect stderr to the null device\"),\n}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:708", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_06.py", "code": "attrib = attrib.copy()\nattrib.update(extra)\nattrib = attrib.items()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:735", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_10.py", "code": "attrib = (attrib | extra).items()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:741", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_07.py", "code": "edges = {}\nedges.update(dict(zip(self.triangle_nodes[border[:,0]][:,1],\n self.triangle_nodes[border[:,0]][:,2])))\nedges.update(dict(zip(self.triangle_nodes[border[:,1]][:,2],\n self.triangle_nodes[border[:,1]][:,0])))\nedges.update(dict(zip(self.triangle_nodes[border[:,2]][:,0],\n self.triangle_nodes[border[:,2]][:,1])))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:750", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_11.py", "code": "edges = {}\nedges |= zip(self.triangle_nodes[border[:,0]][:,1],\n self.triangle_nodes[border[:,0]][:,2])\nedges |= zip(self.triangle_nodes[border[:,1]][:,2],\n self.triangle_nodes[border[:,1]][:,0])\nedges |= zip(self.triangle_nodes[border[:,2]][:,0],\n self.triangle_nodes[border[:,2]][:,1])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:760", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_08.py", "code": "hm = default_handler_map.copy()\nhm.update(self._handler_map)\nreturn hm\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:775", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_12.py", "code": "return default_handler_map | self._handler_map\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:781", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_09.py", "code": "_optinfo = {}\n_optinfo.update(getattr(obj, '_optinfo', {}))\n_optinfo.update(getattr(obj, '_basedict', {}))\nif not isinstance(obj, MaskedArray):\n _optinfo.update(getattr(obj, '__dict__', {}))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:790", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_13.py", "code": "_optinfo = {}\n_optinfo |= getattr(obj, '_optinfo', {})\n_optinfo |= getattr(obj, '_basedict', {})\nif not isinstance(obj, MaskedArray):\n _optinfo |= getattr(obj, '__dict__', {})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:798", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_10.py", "code": "data = {'name': six.text_type(user), 'type': relationship}\ndata.update(kwargs)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:811", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_14.py", "code": "data = {'name': six.text_type(user), 'type': relationship} | kwargs\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:816", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_11.py", "code": "kwargs.update(lexer.options)\nlx = lexer.__class__(**kwargs)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:825", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_15.py", "code": "lx = lexer.__class__(**(kwargs | lexer.options))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:830", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_12.py", "code": "merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting))\nmerged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:839", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_16.py", "code": "merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting)) | to_key_val_list(request_setting)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:844", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_13.py", "code": "self.attrs = self.known_attrs.copy()\nself.attrs.update(attrs)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:853", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_17.py", "code": "self.attrs = self.known_attrs | attrs\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:858", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_14.py", "code": "new_opt = code[0].options.copy()\nnew_opt.update(example.options)\nexample.options = new_opt\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:867", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_18.py", "code": "example.options = code[0].options | example.options\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:873", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_15.py", "code": "n_attrs = self.default_node_attrs.copy()\ne_attrs = self.default_edge_attrs.copy()\ng_attrs.update(graph_attrs)\nn_attrs.update(node_attrs)\ne_attrs.update(edge_attrs)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:882", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_19.py", "code": "g_attrs |= graph_attrs\nn_attrs = self.default_node_attrs | node_attrs\ne_attrs = self.default_edge_attrs | edge_attrs\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:890", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_16.py", "code": "kwargs.update(self.formatter_args)\nreturn self.formatter(**kwargs)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:901", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_20.py", "code": "return self.formatter(**(kwargs | self.formatter_args))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:906", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_17.py", "code": "d2 = DEFAULT_VALUE.copy()\nd2.update(dict((\"ext_\"+ext, False) for ext in EXTENSIONS))\nd2.update(d)\nd = d2\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:915", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_21.py", "code": "d = DEFAULT_VALUE | dict((\"ext_\"+ext, False) for ext in EXTENSIONS) | d\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:922", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_18.py", "code": "clash = {}\nclash.update(clash1)\nclash.update(clash2)\nreturn clash1, clash2, clash\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:931", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_22.py", "code": "return clash1, clash2, clash1 | clash2\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:938", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_19.py", "code": "dct = MaximaHelpers.__dict__.copy()\ndct.update(name_dict)\nobj = sympify(str, locals=dct)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:947", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_23.py", "code": "obj = sympify(str, locals=MaximaHelpers.__dict__|name_dict)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:953", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_20.py", "code": "self.known_functions = dict(known_functions)\nuserfuncs = settings.get('user_functions', {})\nself.known_functions.update(userfuncs)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:962", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_24.py", "code": "self.known_functions = known_functions | settings.get('user_functions', {})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:968", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "dict-union/legacy_21.py", "code": "globs = globs.copy()\nif extraglobs is not None:\n globs.update(extraglobs)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:977", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dict-union", "pep": "584", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "dict-union/modern_25.py", "code": "globs = globs | (extraglobs if extraglobs is not None else {})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0584.rst:983", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_01.py", "code": "eg = ExceptionGroup(\n \"one\",\n [\n TypeError(1),\n ExceptionGroup(\n \"two\",\n [TypeError(2), ValueError(3)]\n ),\n ExceptionGroup(\n \"three\",\n [OSError(4)]\n )\n ]\n)\nimport traceback\ntraceback.print_exception(eg)\ntype_errors = eg.subgroup(lambda e: isinstance(e, TypeError))\ntraceback.print_exception(type_errors)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:183", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_02.py", "code": "class MyExceptionGroup(ExceptionGroup):\n def __new__(cls, message, excs, errcode):\n obj = super().__new__(cls, message, excs)\n obj.errcode = errcode\n return obj\n\n def derive(self, excs):\n return MyExceptionGroup(self.message, excs, self.errcode)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:309", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_03.py", "code": "eg = MyExceptionGroup(\"eg\", [TypeError(1), ValueError(2)], 42)\n\nmatch, rest = eg.split(ValueError)\nprint(f'match: {match!r}: {match.errcode}')\nprint(f'rest: {rest!r}: {rest.errcode}')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:329", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_04.py", "code": "class MyExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup):\n pass\n\neg = MyExceptionGroup(\"eg\", [ValueError(1), KeyboardInterrupt(2)])\nmatch, rest = eg.split(ValueError)\nprint(f'match: {match!r}')\nprint(f'rest: {rest!r}')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:345", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_05.py", "code": "def f(v):\n try:\n raise ValueError(v)\n except ValueError as e:\n return e\n\ntry:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\"one\", [f(1)])\nexcept ExceptionGroup as e:\n eg = e\n\nraise ExceptionGroup(\"two\", [f(2), eg])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:385", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_06.py", "code": "def leaf_generator(exc, tbs=None):\n if tbs is None:\n tbs = []\n\n tbs.append(exc.__traceback__)\n if isinstance(exc, BaseExceptionGroup):\n for e in exc.exceptions:\n yield from leaf_generator(e, tbs)\n else:\n # exc is a leaf exception and its traceback\n # is the concatenation of the traceback\n # segments in tbs.\n\n # Note: the list returned (tbs) is reused in each iteration\n # through the generator. Make a copy if your use case holds\n # on to it beyond the current iteration or mutates its contents.\n\n yield exc, tbs\n tbs.pop()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:465", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_07.py", "code": "import traceback\n\ndef g(v):\n try:\n raise ValueError(v)\n except Exception as e:\n return e\n\ndef f():\n raise ExceptionGroup(\"eg\", [g(1), g(2)])\n\ntry:\n f()\nexcept BaseException as e:\n eg = e\n\nfor (i, (exc, tbs)) in enumerate(leaf_generator(eg)):\n print(f\"\\n=== Exception #{i+1}:\")\n traceback.print_exception(exc)\n print(f\"The complete traceback for Exception #{i+1}:\")\n for tb in tbs:\n traceback.print_tb(tb)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:490", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_08.py", "code": "try:\n ...\nexcept* SpamError:\n ...\nexcept* FooError as e:\n ...\nexcept* (BarError, BazError) as e:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:542", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_09.py", "code": "try:\n low_level_os_operation()\nexcept* OSError as eg:\n for e in eg.exceptions:\n print(type(e).__name__)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:582", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_10.py", "code": "try:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\"problem\", [BlockingIOError()])\nexcept* OSError as e: # Would catch the error\n print(repr(e))\nexcept* BlockingIOError: # Would never run\n print('never')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:603", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_11.py", "code": "try:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\n \"eg\",\n [\n ValueError('a'),\n TypeError('b'),\n ExceptionGroup(\n \"nested\",\n [TypeError('c'), KeyError('d')])\n ]\n )\nexcept* TypeError as e1:\n print(f'e1 = {e1!r}')\nexcept* Exception as e2:\n print(f'e2 = {e2!r}')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:620", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_12.py", "code": "try:\n try:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\n \"msg\", [\n ValueError('a'), TypeError('b'),\n TypeError('c'), KeyError('e')\n ]\n )\n except* ValueError as e:\n print(f'got some ValueErrors: {e!r}')\n except* TypeError as e:\n print(f'got some TypeErrors: {e!r}')\nexcept ExceptionGroup as e:\n print(f'propagated: {e!r}')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:648", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_13.py", "code": "try:\n raise BlockingIOError\nexcept* OSError as e:\n print(repr(e))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:680", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_14.py", "code": "try:\n try:\n raise ValueError(12)\n except* TypeError as e:\n print('never')\nexcept ValueError as e:\n print(f'caught ValueError: {e!r}')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:692", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_15.py", "code": "try:\n try:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\n \"eg\",\n [\n ValueError(1),\n TypeError(2),\n OSError(3),\n ExceptionGroup(\n \"nested\",\n [OSError(4), TypeError(5), ValueError(6)])\n ]\n )\n except* ValueError as e:\n print(f'*ValueError: {e!r}')\n raise\n except* OSError as e:\n print(f'*OSError: {e!r}')\nexcept ExceptionGroup as e:\n print(repr(e))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:754", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_16.py", "code": "try:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\n \"eg\",\n [\n ValueError(1),\n TypeError(2),\n OSError(3),\n ExceptionGroup(\n \"nested\",\n [OSError(4), TypeError(5), ValueError(6)])\n ]\n )\nexcept* ValueError as e:\n print(f'*ValueError: {e!r}')\n raise e\nexcept* OSError as e:\n print(f'*OSError: {e!r}')\n raise\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:793", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_17.py", "code": "try:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\"one\", [ValueError('a'), TypeError('b')])\nexcept* ValueError:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\"two\", [KeyError('x'), KeyError('y')])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:855", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_18.py", "code": "try:\n raise TypeError('bad type')\nexcept* TypeError as e:\n raise ValueError('bad value') from e\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:898", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_19.py", "code": "try:\n raise TypeError(1)\nexcept* TypeError:\n raise ValueError(2) from None # <- not caught in the next clause\nexcept* ValueError:\n print('never')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:923", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_20.py", "code": "try:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\"eg\", [ValueError('a')])\nexcept* ValueError:\n raise KeyError('x')\n\n\ntry:\n raise ExceptionGroup(\"eg\", [ValueError('a'), TypeError('b')])\nexcept* ValueError:\n raise KeyError('x')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:944", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_21.py", "code": "try:\n low_level_os_operation()\nexcept* OSError as errors:\n exc = errors.subgroup(lambda e: e.errno != errno.EPIPE)\n if exc is not None:\n raise exc from None\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:1000", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_22.py", "code": "eg = ExceptionGroup(\"eg\", [TypeError(12)])\neg.foo = 'foo'\ntry:\n raise eg\nexcept* TypeError as e:\n e.foo = 'bar'\n# ^----------- ``e`` is an ephemeral object that might get\n# destroyed after the ``except*`` clause.\neg.foo\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:1018", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_23.py", "code": "try:\n ...\nexcept ExceptionGroup: # <- This works\n pass\n\ntry:\n ...\nexcept* ExceptionGroup: # <- Runtime error\n pass\n\ntry:\n ...\nexcept* (TypeError, ExceptionGroup): # <- Runtime error\n pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:1053", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_24.py", "code": "try:\n async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as g:\n g.create_task(task1); g.create_task(task2)\nexcept* KeyError:\n ...\n # handling KeyError here is meaningless, there's\n # no context to do anything with it but to log it.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:1305", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_25.py", "code": "try:\n try:\n ...\n except SomeError:\n ...\n # handle the naked exception\nexcept* SomeError:\n ...\n # handle the exception group\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:1347", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-groups", "pep": "654", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-groups/modern_26.py", "code": "try:\n async with trio.open_nursery() as nursery:\n # Make two concurrent calls to child()\n nursery.start_soon(child)\n nursery.start_soon(child)\nexcept* ValueError:\n pass\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0654.rst:1400", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "legacy", "file": "async-generators/legacy_01.py", "code": "class Ticker:\n \"\"\"Yield numbers from 0 to `to` every `delay` seconds.\"\"\"\n\n def __init__(self, delay, to):\n self.delay = delay\n self.i = 0\n self.to = to\n\n def __aiter__(self):\n return self\n\n async def __anext__(self):\n i = self.i\n if i >= self.to:\n raise StopAsyncIteration\n self.i += 1\n if i:\n await asyncio.sleep(self.delay)\n return i\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:46", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_01.py", "code": "async def ticker(delay, to):\n \"\"\"Yield numbers from 0 to `to` every `delay` seconds.\"\"\"\n for i in range(to):\n yield i\n await asyncio.sleep(delay)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:69", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_02.py", "code": "async def coro(): # a coroutine function\n await smth()\n\nasync def asyncgen(): # an asynchronous generator function\n await smth()\n yield 42\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:101", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_03.py", "code": "async def genfunc():\n yield 1\n yield 2\n\ngen = genfunc()\n\nassert gen.__aiter__() is gen\n\nassert await gen.__anext__() == 1\nassert await gen.__anext__() == 2\n\nawait gen.__anext__() # This line will raise StopAsyncIteration.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:129", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_04.py", "code": "async def square_series(con, to):\n async with con.transaction():\n cursor = con.cursor(\n 'SELECT generate_series(0, $1) AS i', to)\n async for row in cursor:\n yield row['i'] ** 2\n\nasync for i in square_series(con, 1000):\n if i == 100:\n break\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:155", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_05.py", "code": "async def gen():\n try:\n yield\n finally:\n await asyncio.sleep(1) # Can use 'await'.\n\n yield # Cannot use 'yield',\n # this line will trigger a\n # RuntimeError.\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:191", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_06.py", "code": "async def gen():\n await asyncio.sleep(0.1)\n v = yield 42\n print(v)\n await asyncio.sleep(0.2)\n\ng = gen()\n\nawait g.asend(None) # Will return 42 after sleeping\n # for 0.1 seconds.\n\nawait g.asend('hello') # Will print 'hello' and\n # raise StopAsyncIteration\n # (after sleeping for 0.2 seconds.)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:307", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_07.py", "code": "N = 10 ** 7\n\nasync def agen():\n for i in range(N):\n yield i\n\nclass AIter:\n def __init__(self):\n self.i = 0\n\n def __aiter__(self):\n return self\n\n async def __anext__(self):\n i = self.i\n if i >= N:\n raise StopAsyncIteration\n self.i += 1\n return i\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:493", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_08.py", "code": "async def g1():\n yield 1\n yield 2\n\nasync def g2():\n async for v in g1():\n yield v\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:554", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_09.py", "code": "@async_context_manager\nasync def ctx():\n await open()\n try:\n yield\n finally:\n await close()\n\nasync with ctx():\n await ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:571", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "async-generators", "pep": "525", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "async-generators/modern_10.py", "code": "async def ticker(delay, to):\n for i in range(to):\n yield i\n await asyncio.sleep(delay)\n\n\nasync def run():\n async for i in ticker(1, 10):\n print(i)\n\n\nimport asyncio\nloop = asyncio.get_event_loop()\ntry:\n loop.run_until_complete(run())\nfinally:\n loop.close()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0525.rst:600", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_01.py", "code": "# Declare a context variable 'var' with the default value 42.\nvar = ContextVar('var', default=42)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:150", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_02.py", "code": "ctx = contextvars.copy_context()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:234", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_03.py", "code": "var = ContextVar('var')\nvar.set('spam')\n\ndef main():\n # 'var' was set to 'spam' before\n # calling 'copy_context()' and 'ctx.run(main)', so:\n # var.get() == ctx[var] == 'spam'\n\n var.set('ham')\n\n # Now, after setting 'var' to 'ham':\n # var.get() == ctx[var] == 'ham'\n\nctx = copy_context()\n\n# Any changes that the 'main' function makes to 'var'\n# will be contained in 'ctx'.\nctx.run(main)\n\n# The 'main()' function was run in the 'ctx' context,\n# so changes to 'var' are contained in it:\n# ctx[var] == 'ham'\n\n# However, outside of 'ctx', 'var' is still set to 'spam':\n# var.get() == 'spam'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:244", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_04.py", "code": "ctx = contextvars.copy_context()\n\n# Print all context variables and their values in 'ctx':\nprint(ctx.items())\n\n# Print the value of 'some_variable' in context 'ctx':\nprint(ctx[some_variable])\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:279", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_05.py", "code": "def call_soon(self, callback, *args, context=None):\n if context is None:\n context = contextvars.copy_context()\n\n # ... some time later\n context.run(callback, *args)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:312", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_06.py", "code": "class Task:\n def __init__(self, coro):\n ...\n # Get the current context snapshot.\n self._context = contextvars.copy_context()\n self._loop.call_soon(self._step, context=self._context)\n\n def _step(self, exc=None):\n ...\n # Every advance of the wrapped coroutine is done in\n # the task's context.\n self._loop.call_soon(self._step, context=self._context)\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:323", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_07.py", "code": "var = ContextVar('var')\n\nctx = copy_context()\nctx[var] = 'value'\nprint(ctx[var]) # Prints 'value'\n\nprint(var.get()) # Raises a LookupError\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:711", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_08.py", "code": "ctx = copy_context()\n\ndef func():\n ctx[var] = 'value'\n\n # Contrary to the previous example, this would work\n # because 'func()' is running within 'ctx'.\n print(ctx[var])\n print(var.get())\n\nctx.run(func)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:721", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_09.py", "code": "# Framework:\ncurrent_request: ContextVar[Request] = \\\n ContextVar('current_request')\n\n\n# Later, while handling an HTTP request:\nrequest: Request = current_request.get()\n\n# Work with the 'request' object:\nreturn request.method\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:755", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_10.py", "code": "# Framework:\ncurrent_request: ContextVar[Optional[Request]] = \\\n ContextVar('current_request', initial_value=None)\n\n\n# Later, while handling an HTTP request:\nrequest: Optional[Request] = current_request.get()\n\n# Check if the current request object was set:\nif request is None:\n raise RuntimeError\n\n# Work with the 'request' object:\nreturn request.method\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:774", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "legacy", "file": "context-vars/legacy_01.py", "code": "class PrecisionStorage(threading.local):\n # Subclass threading.local to specify a default value.\n value = 0.0\n\nprecision = PrecisionStorage()\n\n# To set a new precision:\nprecision.value = 0.5\n\n# To read the current precision:\nprint(precision.value)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:816", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_11.py", "code": "precision = contextvars.ContextVar('precision', default=0.0)\n\n# To set a new precision:\nprecision.set(0.5)\n\n# To read the current precision:\nprint(precision.get())\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:831", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "context-vars", "pep": "567", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "context-vars/modern_12.py", "code": "executor = ThreadPoolExecutor()\ncurrent_context = contextvars.copy_context()\n\nexecutor.submit(current_context.run, some_function)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0567.rst:846", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "breakpoint", "pep": "553", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "legacy", "file": "breakpoint/legacy_01.py", "code": "foo()\nimport pdb; pdb.set_trace()\nbar()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0553.rst:28", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "breakpoint", "pep": "553", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "breakpoint/modern_01.py", "code": "foo()\nbreakpoint()\nbar()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0553.rst:71", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "breakpoint", "pep": "553", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "breakpoint/modern_02.py", "code": "os.environ['PYTHONBREAKPOINT'] = 'foo.bar.baz'\nbreakpoint() # Imports foo.bar and calls foo.bar.baz()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0553.rst:142", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "str-affix-removal/legacy_01.py", "code": "if test_func_name.startswith(\"test_\"):\n print(test_func_name[5:])\nelse:\n print(test_func_name)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:105", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "str-affix-removal/modern_01.py", "code": "print(test_func_name.removeprefix(\"test_\"))\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:112", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "str-affix-removal/legacy_02.py", "code": "if funcname.startswith(\"context.\"):\n self.funcname = funcname.replace(\"context.\", \"\")\n self.contextfunc = True\nelse:\n self.funcname = funcname\n self.contextfunc = False\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:124", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "str-affix-removal/modern_02.py", "code": "if funcname.startswith(\"context.\"):\n self.funcname = funcname.removeprefix(\"context.\")\n self.contextfunc = True\nelse:\n self.funcname = funcname\n self.contextfunc = False\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:133", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "str-affix-removal/modern_03.py", "code": "self.contextfunc = funcname.startswith(\"context.\")\nself.funcname = funcname.removeprefix(\"context.\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:142", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "str-affix-removal/legacy_03.py", "code": "def strip_quotes(text):\n if text.startswith('\"'):\n text = text[1:]\n if text.endswith('\"'):\n text = text[:-1]\n return text\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:151", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "str-affix-removal/modern_04.py", "code": "def strip_quotes(text):\n return text.removeprefix('\"').removesuffix('\"')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:160", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "legacy", "file": "str-affix-removal/legacy_04.py", "code": "creationDate = header['POT-Creation-Date']\n\n# peel off the escaped newline at the end of string\nif creationDate.endswith('\\\\n'):\n creationDate = creationDate[:-len('\\\\n')]\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:169", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "str-affix-removal/modern_05.py", "code": "creationDate = header['POT-Creation-Date'].removesuffix('\\\\n')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:177", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "str-affix-removal", "pep": "616", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "str-affix-removal/modern_06.py", "code": "s = 'Foo' * 100 + 'Bar'\nprefix = 'Foo'\nwhile s.startswith(prefix): s = s.removeprefix(prefix)\ns\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0616.rst:206", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-notes", "pep": "678", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-notes/modern_01.py", "code": "try:\n raise TypeError('bad type')\nexcept Exception as e:\n e.add_note('Add some information')\n raise\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0678.rst:68", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "exception-notes", "pep": "678", "introduced_in": "3.11", "form": "modern", "file": "exception-notes/modern_02.py", "code": "@contextlib.contextmanager\ndef add_exc_note(note: str):\n try:\n yield\n except Exception as err:\n err.add_note(note)\n raise\n\nwith add_exc_note(f\"While attempting to frobnicate {item=}\"):\n frobnicate_or_raise(item)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0678.rst:326", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "class-creation-hooks", "pep": "487", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "class-creation-hooks/modern_01.py", "code": "class QuestBase:\n # this is implicitly a @classmethod (see below for motivation)\n def __init_subclass__(cls, swallow, **kwargs):\n cls.swallow = swallow\n super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)\nclass Quest(QuestBase, swallow=\"african\"):\n pass\nQuest.swallow\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0487.rst:69", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "class-creation-hooks", "pep": "487", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "class-creation-hooks/modern_02.py", "code": "import weakref\n\nclass WeakAttribute:\n def __get__(self, instance, owner):\n return instance.__dict__[self.name]()\n\n def __set__(self, instance, value):\n instance.__dict__[self.name] = weakref.ref(value)\n\n # this is the new initializer:\n def __set_name__(self, owner, name):\n self.name = name\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0487.rst:110", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "class-creation-hooks", "pep": "487", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "class-creation-hooks/modern_03.py", "code": "class PluginBase:\n subclasses = []\n\n def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):\n super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)\n cls.subclasses.append(cls)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0487.rst:197", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "class-creation-hooks", "pep": "487", "introduced_in": "3.6", "form": "modern", "file": "class-creation-hooks/modern_04.py", "code": "class Trait:\n def __init__(self, minimum, maximum):\n self.minimum = minimum\n self.maximum = maximum\n\n def __get__(self, instance, owner):\n return instance.__dict__[self.key]\n\n def __set__(self, instance, value):\n if self.minimum < value < self.maximum:\n instance.__dict__[self.key] = value\n else:\n raise ValueError(\"value not in range\")\n\n def __set_name__(self, owner, name):\n self.key = name\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0487.rst:216", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_01.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass InventoryItem:\n '''Class for keeping track of an item in inventory.'''\n name: str\n unit_price: float\n quantity_on_hand: int = 0\n\n def total_cost(self) -> float:\n return self.unit_price * self.quantity_on_hand\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:43", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "legacy", "file": "dataclasses/legacy_01.py", "code": "def __init__(self, name: str, unit_price: float, quantity_on_hand: int = 0) -> None:\n self.name = name\n self.unit_price = unit_price\n self.quantity_on_hand = quantity_on_hand\ndef __repr__(self):\n return f'InventoryItem(name={self.name!r}, unit_price={self.unit_price!r}, quantity_on_hand={self.quantity_on_hand!r})'\ndef __eq__(self, other):\n if other.__class__ is self.__class__:\n return (self.name, self.unit_price, self.quantity_on_hand) == (other.name, other.unit_price, other.quantity_on_hand)\n return NotImplemented\ndef __ne__(self, other):\n if other.__class__ is self.__class__:\n return (self.name, self.unit_price, self.quantity_on_hand) != (other.name, other.unit_price, other.quantity_on_hand)\n return NotImplemented\ndef __lt__(self, other):\n if other.__class__ is self.__class__:\n return (self.name, self.unit_price, self.quantity_on_hand) < (other.name, other.unit_price, other.quantity_on_hand)\n return NotImplemented\ndef __le__(self, other):\n if other.__class__ is self.__class__:\n return (self.name, self.unit_price, self.quantity_on_hand) <= (other.name, other.unit_price, other.quantity_on_hand)\n return NotImplemented\ndef __gt__(self, other):\n if other.__class__ is self.__class__:\n return (self.name, self.unit_price, self.quantity_on_hand) > (other.name, other.unit_price, other.quantity_on_hand)\n return NotImplemented\ndef __ge__(self, other):\n if other.__class__ is self.__class__:\n return (self.name, self.unit_price, self.quantity_on_hand) >= (other.name, other.unit_price, other.quantity_on_hand)\n return NotImplemented\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:56", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_02.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass C:\n ...\n\n@dataclass()\nclass C:\n ...\n\n@dataclass(init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False)\nclass C:\n ...\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:177", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_03.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass C:\n a: int # 'a' has no default value\n b: int = 0 # assign a default value for 'b'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:266", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_04.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass C:\n x: int\n y: int = field(repr=False)\n z: int = field(repr=False, default=10)\n t: int = 20\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:343", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_05.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass C:\n a: float\n b: float\n c: float = field(init=False)\n\n def __post_init__(self):\n self.c = self.a + self.b\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:384", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_06.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass C:\n i: int\n j: int = None\n database: InitVar[DatabaseType] = None\n\n def __post_init__(self, database):\n if self.j is None and database is not None:\n self.j = database.lookup('j')\n\nc = C(10, database=my_database)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:424", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_07.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass Base:\n x: Any = 15.0\n y: int = 0\n\n@dataclass\nclass C(Base):\n z: int = 10\n x: int = 15\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:465", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_08.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass D:\n x: List = []\n def add(self, element):\n self.x += element\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:520", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_09.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass D:\n x: list = field(default_factory=list)\n\nassert D().x is not D().x\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:551", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_10.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass Point:\n x: int\n y: int\n\n@dataclass\nclass C:\n l: List[Point]\n\np = Point(10, 20)\nassert asdict(p) == {'x': 10, 'y': 20}\n\nc = C([Point(0, 0), Point(10, 4)])\nassert asdict(c) == {'l': [{'x': 0, 'y': 0}, {'x': 10, 'y': 4}]}\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:572", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_11.py", "code": "C = make_dataclass('C',\n [('x', int),\n 'y',\n ('z', int, field(default=5))],\n namespace={'add_one': lambda self: self.x + 1})\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:614", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_12.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass C:\n x: int\n y: 'typing.Any'\n z: int = 5\n\n def add_one(self):\n return self.x + 1\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:622", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "legacy", "file": "dataclasses/legacy_02.py", "code": "Time = namedtuple('Time', ['hour', 'minute'])\ndef get_time():\n return Time(12, 0)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:711", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_13.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass C:\n x: int\n\n @classmethod\n def from_file(cls, filename):\n with open(filename) as fl:\n file_value = int(fl.read())\n return C(file_value)\n\nc = C.from_file('file.txt')\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:763", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_14.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass Square:\n length: float\n area: float = field(init=False, default=0.0)\n\n def __post_init__(self):\n self.area = self.length * self.length\n\ns1 = Square(1.0)\ns2 = replace(s1, length=2.0)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:832", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_15.py", "code": "@dataclass(init=False)\nclass ArgHolder:\n args: List[Any]\n kwargs: Mapping[Any, Any]\n\n def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n self.args = args\n self.kwargs = kwargs\n\na = ArgHolder(1, 2, three=3)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:868", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "legacy", "file": "dataclasses/legacy_03.py", "code": "class Application:\n def __init__(self, name, requirements, constraints=None, path='', executable_links=None, executables_dir=()):\n self.name = name\n self.requirements = requirements\n self.constraints = {} if constraints is None else constraints\n self.path = path\n self.executable_links = [] if executable_links is None else executable_links\n self.executables_dir = executables_dir\n self.additional_items = []\n\n def __repr__(self):\n return f'Application({self.name!r},{self.requirements!r},{self.constraints!r},{self.path!r},{self.executable_links!r},{self.executables_dir!r},{self.additional_items!r})'\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:884", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "dataclasses", "pep": "557", "introduced_in": "3.7", "form": "modern", "file": "dataclasses/modern_16.py", "code": "@dataclass\nclass Application:\n name: str\n requirements: List[Requirement]\n constraints: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)\n path: str = ''\n executable_links: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)\n executable_dir: Tuple[str] = ()\n additional_items: List[str] = field(init=False, default_factory=list)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0557.rst:899", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "zoneinfo", "pep": "615", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "zoneinfo/modern_01.py", "code": "a = ZoneInfo(key)\nb = ZoneInfo(key)\nassert a is b\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0615.rst:108", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "zoneinfo", "pep": "615", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "zoneinfo/modern_02.py", "code": "a = ZoneInfo.no_cache(key)\nb = ZoneInfo(key)\na is not b\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0615.rst:152", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "zoneinfo", "pep": "615", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "zoneinfo/modern_03.py", "code": "NYC0 = ZoneInfo(\"America/New_York\")\nNYC0 is ZoneInfo(\"America/New_York\")\nZoneInfo.clear_cache()\nNYC1 = ZoneInfo(\"America/New_York\")\nNYC0 is NYC1\nNYC1 is ZoneInfo(\"America/New_York\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0615.rst:219", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "zoneinfo", "pep": "615", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "zoneinfo/modern_04.py", "code": "NYC0 = ZoneInfo(\"America/New_York\")\nLA0 = ZoneInfo(\"America/Los_Angeles\")\nZoneInfo.clear_cache(only_keys=[\"America/New_York\"])\nNYC1 = ZoneInfo(\"America/New_York\")\nLA0 = ZoneInfo(\"America/Los_Angeles\")\nNYC0 is NYC1\nLA0 is LA1\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0615.rst:234", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "zoneinfo", "pep": "615", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "zoneinfo/modern_05.py", "code": "zone = ZoneInfo(\"Pacific/Kwajalein\")\nstr(zone)\ndt = datetime(2020, 4, 1, 3, 15, tzinfo=zone)\nf\"{dt.isoformat()} [{dt.tzinfo}]\"\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0615.rst:263", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "zoneinfo", "pep": "615", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "zoneinfo/modern_06.py", "code": "zone = ZoneInfo.from_file(f)\nstr(zone)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0615.rst:275", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "zoneinfo", "pep": "615", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "zoneinfo/modern_07.py", "code": "a = ZoneInfo(\"Europe/Berlin\")\nb = pickle.loads(europe_berlin_pkl)\na is b\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0615.rst:310", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "zoneinfo", "pep": "615", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "zoneinfo/modern_08.py", "code": "a = ZoneInfo(\"Europe/Berlin\")\nb = pickle.loads(europe_berlin_pkl_nc)\na is b\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0615.rst:324", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "zoneinfo", "pep": "615", "introduced_in": "3.9", "form": "modern", "file": "zoneinfo/modern_09.py", "code": "reset_tzpath(to=[\"/my/custom/tzdb\"])\na = ZoneInfo(\"My/Custom/Zone\")\nreset_tzpath()\nb = ZoneInfo(\"My/Custom/Zone\")\ndel a\ndel b\nc = ZoneInfo(\"My/Custom/Zone\")\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0615.rst:534", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "explicit-encoding", "pep": "597", "introduced_in": "3.10", "form": "modern", "file": "explicit-encoding/modern_01.py", "code": "def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None):\n encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)\n with self.open(mode='r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f:\n return f.read()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0597.rst:176", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "tarfile-filter", "pep": "706", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "tarfile-filter/modern_01.py", "code": "with StatefulFilter() as filter_func:\n my_tar.extract(path, filter=filter_func)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0706.rst:488", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "tarfile-filter", "pep": "706", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "tarfile-filter/modern_02.py", "code": "my_tarfile.extraction_filter = (lambda member, path: member)\nmy_tarfile.extractall()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0706.rst:543", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "tarfile-filter", "pep": "706", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "tarfile-filter/modern_03.py", "code": "my_tarfile.extraction_filter = getattr(tarfile, 'data_filter',\n (lambda member, path: member))\nmy_tarfile.extractall()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0706.rst:549", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "tarfile-filter", "pep": "706", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "tarfile-filter/modern_04.py", "code": "my_tarfile.extractall(filter=tarfile.data_filter)\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0706.rst:558", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "tarfile-filter", "pep": "706", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "tarfile-filter/modern_05.py", "code": "my_tarfile.extraction_filter = tarfile.data_filter\nmy_tarfile.extractall()\n", "source": "pydocs", "origin": "pep-0706.rst:562", "origin_revision": "fb134c39c42a8d461083b42b0507f0c6aee2d0d4", "license": "CC0-1.0" }, { "cut": "train", "version": "3.13", "idiom_id": "tarfile-filter", "pep": "706", "introduced_in": "3.12", "form": "modern", "file": "tarfile-filter/modern_06.py", "code": "if hasattr(tarfile, 'data_filter'):\n my_tarfile.extractall(filter='data')\nelse:\n # remove this when no longer needed\n warn_the_user('Extracting may be unsafe; consider updating Python')\n my_tarfile.extractall()\n", "source": "pydocs", 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