T = TypeVar('T') T_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True) T_contra = TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True) class Box(Protocol[T_co]): def content(self) -> T_co: ... box: Box[float] second_box: Box[int] box = second_box # This is OK due to the covariance of 'Box'. class Sender(Protocol[T_contra]): def send(self, data: T_contra) -> int: ... sender: Sender[float] new_sender: Sender[int] new_sender = sender # OK, 'Sender' is contravariant. class Proto(Protocol[T]): attr: T # this class is invariant, since it has a mutable attribute var: Proto[float] another_var: Proto[int] var = another_var # Error! 'Proto[float]' is incompatible with 'Proto[int]'.